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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Pithapuram<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (37-Pithapuram highlighted).png<br />
| mla = [[Pawan Kalyan]]<Br>{{Small|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]}}<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Pendem Dorababu]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg<br />
| electors = 229,591<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 37<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pithapuram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Pawan Kalyan]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=generator |first=metatags |title=JanaSena Party Official Website |url=https://janasenaparty.org/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=JanaSena Party Official Website |language=en}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 230,188 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
<br />
The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" /><br />
<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gollaprolu Mandal|Gollaprolu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pithapuram Mandal|Pithapuram]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kothapalle Mandal|Kothapalle]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<mapframe text="Mandals in Pithapuram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58660214,Q59939811,Q59939802"}</mapframe><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| R. V. Jagga Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| Vadrevu Gopalkrishna<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1960 by-election<br />
| Peketi Thammiraju<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| Rao Bhavanna<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |Yalla Suryanarayanamurty<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| Koppana Venkata Chandra Mohanarao<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |Venna Nageswara Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| Koppana Venkata Chandra Mohanarao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| Venna Nageswara Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| Veera Bhadra Rao Sangisetti<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| [[Pendem Dorababu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Vanga Geetha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[S. V. S. N. Varma]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Pendem Dorababu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Pawan Kalyan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}} <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram<ref name="Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 2024 - Pithapuram">{{cite news |title=Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 2024 - Pithapuram |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0137.htm |access-date=7 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307182531/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0137.htm |archive-date=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pithapuram Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pithapuram Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pithapuram |access-date=7 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307182624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pithapuram |archive-date=7 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Pawan Kalyan]]|votes=134,394|percentage=64.87|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Vanga Geetha|Vanga Geetha Viswanath]]|votes=64,115|percentage=30.95|change=}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,027|percentage=0.98|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|INC|candidate=Madepalli Satyananda Rao|votes=1,231|percentage=0.59|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=70,279|percentage=33.92|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=207,169|percentage=86.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Janasena Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pendem Dorababu]]<br />
|votes = 83,459<br />
|percentage = 44.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. V. S. N. Varma]]|votes=68,467|percentage=36.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Makineedi Seshu Kumari|votes=28,011|percentage=15.00|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=14,992|percentage=8.03|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=186,682|percentage=83.31|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Independent (politician)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[S. V. S. N. Varma]]<br />
|votes = 97,511<br />
|percentage = 57.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pendem Dorababu]]|votes=50,431|percentage=29.78|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=P. V. Viswam|votes=15,187|percentage=8.90|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=47,080|percentage=27.81|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=169,330|percentage=79.45|change=+1.16}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Independent (politician)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vanga Geetha]]<br />
|votes = 46,623<br />
|percentage = 31.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. V. S. N. Varma]]|votes=45,587|percentage=30.50|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mudragada Padmanabham]]|votes=43,431|percentage=29.05|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,036|percentage=0.69|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=149,479|percentage=78.29|change=+6.56}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pendem Dorababu]]<br />
|votes = 46,518<br />
|percentage = 50.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. V. Chandra Mohana Rao|votes=28,628|percentage=31.06|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Madepalli Rangababu|votes=8,629|percentage=9.36|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=17,899|percentage=19.41|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,182|percentage=71.73|change=+3.08}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = Independent (politician)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Veera Sangisetti<br />
|votes = 36,612<br />
|percentage = 41.6<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dorababu Pendem|votes=32,199|percentage=36.6|change={{increase}}35.3}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Devarapalli Rajarajeswari|votes=17,087|percentage=19.4|change={{decrease}}18}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Venkateswara Rao Mogali|votes=1,000|percentage=11.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party Of India (MARXIST-LENINIST) (LIBERATION)|candidate=Pilla Mariyamma|votes=906|percentage=1.0|change={{decrease}}18}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=J.V. Kameswara Rao|votes=132|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=4,413|percentage=4.8|change={{decrease}}8.5}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,690|percentage=72.4|change={{decrease}}1.5}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Independent<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Venna Nageswara Rao <br />
|votes = 43,905<br />
|percentage = 50.9<br />
|change = {{increase}}6.3<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sangisetti Veerabhadra Rao|votes=32,277|percentage=37.4|change={{decrease}}14.9}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Syamprasad Bandi|votes=8,033|percentage=9.3|change={{increase}}8.4}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bavavarapu Babu|votes=1,109|percentage=1.3|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|candidate=Yegupati Arjunarao|votes=380|percentage=0.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pilli Raju|votes=208|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Vanga Geeta|votes=164|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Neelam Rao|votes=113|percentage=0.1|change={{decrease}}0.1}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Devarapalli Venkataramana Murty|votes=47|percentage=0.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=11,628|percentage=13.3|change={{increase}}5.8}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=87,493|percentage=73.9|change={{decrease}}0.7}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Koppana Mohanarao<br />
|votes = 42,241<br />
|percentage = 52.3<br />
|change = {{increase}}14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Venna Nageshwararao|votes=35,987|percentage=44.6|change={{decrease}}14.9}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pilla Mariyamma|votes=888|percentage=1.1|change={{increase}}8.4}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Medisetti Chandra Rao|votes=685|percentage=0.9|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Talisetti Venkateswararao|votes=466|percentage=0.6|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Neelam Murali Mohanrao|votes=192|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bandi Appayya|votes=177|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pilli Rainndra Kumar|votes=141|percentage=0.2|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=6,254|percentage=7.5|change={{decrease}}13.5}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=83,357|percentage=74.6|change={{increase}}4.2}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Venna Nageswara Rao<br />
|votes = 40,375<br />
|percentage = 59.5<br />
|change = {{decrease}}7.2<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sangisetty Veerabhadararao|votes=25,986|percentage=38.3|change={{increase}}7.3}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bandi Appayya|votes=544|percentage=0.8|change={{increase}}7.3}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Padmaraju Punyamanthula|votes=346|percentage=0.5|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=M. S. N. Sastry|votes=307|percentage=0.5|change={{increase}}0.1}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Neelam Rao|votes=300|percentage=0.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=14,389|percentage=12.0|change={{decrease}}14.3}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=68.618|percentage=70.4|change={{decrease}}1.9}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Venna Nageswara Rao <br />
|votes = 43,318<br />
|percentage = 66.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Koppana Mohanarao (incumbent)|votes=20,128|percentage=31|change={{decrease}}13}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bandili Sesharatanam|votes=691|percentage=1.1|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Madepalli Rama Rao|votes=531|percentage=0.8|change={{decrease}}35.7}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Satyanarayana Sastry Meka|votes=243|percentage=0.4|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=23,190|percentage=35.3|change={increase}}27.9}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=65,650|percentage=72.3|change={{decrease}}4.9}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|candidate = Koppana Mohanarao<br />
|votes = 28,585<br />
|percentage = 44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Peketi Thammiraju|votes=23,685|percentage=36.5|change={{increase}}35.3}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Singisetty Veerabhadra Rao|votes=9,897|percentage=15.2|change={{decrease}}18}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Yella Suryanarayanamurthy (incumbent)|votes=2,754|percentage=4.2|change={{decrease}}33.79}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=4,900|percentage=7.4|change={{increase}}4.06}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=66,028|percentage=77.2|change={{increase}}3.48}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Yalla Suryanarayanamurty<br />
|votes = 21,103<br />
|percentage = 37.99<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.8<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Venkata Rao|votes=19,251|percentage=34.65|change={{increase}}14.19}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Thammiraju Peketi|votes=14,205|percentage=25.57|change={{decrease}}15.52}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|candidate=Venkateswara Rao Pitta|votes=996|percentage=1.79|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,852|percentage=3.34|change={{decrease}}1.34}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=55,555|percentage=73.72|change={{decrease}}4.96}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Yalla Suryanarayanamurty<br />
|votes = 21,053<br />
|percentage = 40.79<br />
|change = {{decrease}}16.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Peketi Thammiraju|votes=18,636|percentage=36.11|change={{decrease}}6.64}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=M. Suryarao|votes=10,559|percentage=20.46|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=S. Sanaboyina|votes=1,365|percentage=2.64|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=2,417|percentage=4.68|change={{decrease}}9.81}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=51,613|percentage=78.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Rao Bhavanna<br />
|votes = 30,010<br />
|percentage = 57.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Peketi Thammiraju|votes=22,414|percentage=42.75|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=7,596|percentage=14.49|change={{decrease}}14.75}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=52,424|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1955 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party<br />
|candidate = Vadrevu Gopalkrishna<br />
|votes = 23,773<br />
|percentage = 64.62<br />
|change = {{increase}}43.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Kandkikonda Bulliraju|votes=13,018|percentage=35.38|change={{decrease}}3.17}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=10,755|percentage=29.24|change={{increase}}16.03}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=36,791|percentage=62.95|change={{increase}}3.97}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Pithapuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = R. V. Jagga Rao <br />
|party = Communist Party of India <br />
|votes = 18,920 <br />
|percentage = 38.55 <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate=R. Atachayya Rao <br />
|party=Indian National Congress <br />
|votes=12,438<br />
|percentage=25.35 <br />
|change=25.35 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate=V. G. Krishna <br />
|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=10,357 <br />
|percentage=21.10 <br />
|change= <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate=K. Rajalingeswara Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,373 <br />
|percentage=6.87 <br />
|change= <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| <br />
|candidate=C. Bhavanarao |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,445 <br />
|percentage=2.94% <br />
|change= <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Triupathi Rao |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=1,375 |percentage=2.80 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Sathiraju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,166 |percentage=2.38% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,482 |percentage=13.21 |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,074 |percentage=66.92 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,335 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Coord|17.12|82.52|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kakinada district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adireddy_Bhavani&diff=484619Adireddy Bhavani2026-04-24T22:05:51Z<p>BeauGleason6763: starting a data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Adireddy Bhavani<br />
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Andhra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2019<br />
| preceded = [[Akula Satyanarayana]]<br />
| constituency = [[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmendravaram City]]<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| parents = [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]] (father)<br />
| relations = [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]] (brother)<br />
[[Atchannaidu Kinjarapu]] (Uncle)<br />
| spouse = [[Adireddy Srinivas]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|34|2019|5|24}}<ref name=":0" /><br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| succeeded = [[Adireddy Srinivas]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
'''Adireddy Bhavani''' (born {{Birth based on age as of date|34|2019|5|24|noage=yes}}, in [[Nimmada]])<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician currently serving as a Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]] from the [[Rajahmundry City (Assembly constituency)|Rajahmundry City Constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Adireddy Bhavani is the first child of former Union Minister [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]] and sister of [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]]. She completed her Masters of Science from [[IILM University Gurugram|IILM University]]. She married Adireddy Srinivas, son of Adireddy Appa Rao, a [[Member of Legislative Council]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల్లో గెలిచిన యువత వీళ్లే |language=te |work=BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-48392475 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Talari |first=Yadedya |date=6 March 2019 |title=TDP leader Yerram Naidu's daughter to contest from Rajamahendravaram |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-03-06/TDP-leader-Yerram-Naidus-daughter-to-contest-from-Rajamahendravaram/508242 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Adireddy">{{Cite web |title=Adireddy Bhavani(TDP):Constituency- RAJAHMUNDRY CITY(EAST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5245 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is of the [[velama]] community (caste).<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Adireddy Bhavani contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rajahmundry City (Assembly constituency)|Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency]] on behalf of Telugu Desam Party and won as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavani, Adireddy}}<br />
[[Category:1980s births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rajahmundry]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Vyas_(musician)&diff=533487Satish Vyas (musician)2026-04-21T12:02:31Z<p>BeauGleason6763: creating basic entry w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian santoor player (born 1952)}}<br />
{{for|the actor|Satish Vyas (actor)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{notability|Music|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Satish Vyas<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|11|16}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| origin = <br />
| instrument = [[Santoor]]<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br />
| occupation = musician<br />
| years_active = 1992-present<br />
| label = <br />
| website = {{url|http://satishvyas.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Satish Vyas''' (born November 16, 1952) is an Indian [[santoor]] player. He is the son of the [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] singer [[C. R. Vyas]]. From 1978 he studied santoor with [[Shivkumar Sharma]]. He lives in [[Chembur]].<br />
<br />
== Performances ==<br />
Pandit Satish Vyas has performed all over the world at prestigious venues. Most recently, he performed at the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in Toronto, Canada in 2019 for the Raag-Mala Music Society of Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scintillating Santoor and Agra Gharana Gayaki|url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/scintillating-santoor-and-agra-gharana-gayaki-with-pandit-satish-vyas-and-ustad-waseem-ahmed-khan|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Aga Khan Museum|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/news-and-interviews/37308671_1_cr-vyas-shivkumar-sharma-pt-vyas|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710185337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/news-and-interviews/37308671_1_cr-vyas-shivkumar-sharma-pt-vyas|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-10|title=What's wrong with music being commercialised: Pt Satish Vyas|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2013-02-26}}</ref><br />
* [[Tansen Samman]], 26 December 2020<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://satishvyas.in/index.html satishvyas.in – Official Site]<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Satish}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Santoor players]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_C._P._Ramaswami_Aiyar_Foundation&diff=540444The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation2026-04-19T10:48:37Z<p>BeauGleason6763: creating a data w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Non Profit Organization}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| formation = 14 October 1966<br />
| founder = [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]<br />
| type = Non-profit organization<br />
| headquarters = 1, Eldam's Road, Alwarpet, Chennai, India<br />
| location = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| region_served = India<br />
| leader_title = President<br />
| leader_name = [[Nanditha Krishna]]<br />
| website = <br />
| fields = Education, Culture, Social Work<br />
}}<br />
The '''C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation''' is a [[non-profit]] organization founded on 14 October 1966 as per the will of lawyer [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]. The foundation is headquartered a1 1, Eldam's Road, [[Alwarpet]] in [[Chennai]], India (also known as C. P. Ramaswami Road) on the property known as "The Grove" which belongs to the C. P. Ramaswami Iyer family.<ref name="thehindu_20150207">{{cite news|title=Where culture, conservation, art and education converge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/where-culture-conservation-art-and-education-converge/article6868665.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 February 2015|first=V.|last=Sarumathi}}</ref> The President of the foundation (in 2015) was [[Nanditha Krishna]], a member of the family.<ref name="thehindu_20150207" /><ref name="d691">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=‘Each One Teach One’ programme of C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation completes 25 years | website=The Hindu | date=5 May 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/each-one-teach-one-programme-of-cp-ramaswami-aiyar-foundation-completes-25-years/article66817772.ece | access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
The foundation runs several institutions that contribute to society in the fields of education, culture and social work. These include:<ref name="thehindu_20150207" /><br />
# The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Studies. Affiliated to [[Madras University]], this institute is a recognized center for earning a Ph.D. in Indological studies<br />
# The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Environmental Education Centre, a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India.<br />
# The Saraswathi Kendra Learning Centre for Children, a learning centre for children with disabilities in Chennai<br />
#The Shakunthala Jagannathan Museum of Folk Art in Kanchipuram<br />
# The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar art centre<br />
#The Grove School in Chennai<br />
#The Rangammal Vidyalaya school for Girls in [[Kanchipuram]]<br />
#The Sir C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Memorial School in [[Kumbakonam]].<br />
<br />
== Presidents ==<br />
<br />
* [[Sir Arcot Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar]] (1966-1974)<br />
* [[S. Chitra Narayanaswami]] (1974-1990)<br />
* [[M. V. Arunachalam]] (1990-1996)<br />
* [[S. Viswanathan]] (1996-2001)<br />
* [[A. R. Jagannathan]] (2001-2005)<br />
* [[Sarojini Varadappan]] (2005-2013)<br />
* [[Nanditha Krishna]] (2013-present)<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://cprfoundation.org/About-us.htm Website of The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:1966 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:Asian studies]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, The}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajapati_(title)&diff=499637Gajapati (title)2026-04-14T07:05:03Z<p>BeauGleason6763: added first stub basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Regnal title from Odisha, India}}<br />
[[File:Deities enshrined in the Jagannath Temple.jpg|thumb|200px|The Jagannath Temple deities]]<br />
'''Gajapati''' is a regnal title from the region of modern [[Odisha]] in the Indian subcontinent. The word 'Gajapati' in [[Odia language|Odia]] refers to "[[Gaja]]" meaning elephant and "[[Pati (title)|Pati]]" meaning ''master'' or ''lord.'' Thus Gajapati etymologically means ''a lord with an army of elephants''. The institution of Gajapati lordship as a title was used by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] and was used by succeeding dynasties, as [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapati dynasties]], with the patronisation of Lord [[Jagannath]] as the deity of the [[Odia people|Odia]] cultural realm. Four ruling dynasties have been part of Gajapati lordship or dynasties.<ref name="Panda 2008 226">{{citation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147183 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=226 |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |title = Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (Royal Letters)|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=2008 |volume = 69|jstor = 44147183}}</ref><br />
<br />
The current titular Gajapati belongs to the head of the [[Bhoi dynasty]], as the dynasty inherited the legacy of the historical ruling lords of Odisha invested in the title of ''Gajapati''.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS PURI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Puri_Gazetteer.pdf |page=37 |date=1994 }}</ref><ref name="deogarh" >{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS DEOGARH |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Deogarh_Gazetteer.pdf |page=19 |date=1994 }}</ref> They also exercised administrative control of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://puri.nic.in/history/|publisher=Government of Orissa|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The ruling lords of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]], [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] and [[Dakshina Kosala]] used various regnal titles upon coronation or conquest of regions, chiefly being the titles of ''Kalingadhipati'' and ''Tri-Kalingadhipati''. Anantavarman Vajrahasta V assumed the titles as Trikalingadhipati (''lord of the three Kalingas'') and Sakalakalingadhipati (''lord of complete Kalinga'') challenging the authority of the Somavanshis and eventually laying the foundations for the Eastern Ganga dynasty as the unification of the Odia kingdoms eventually culminated under [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]].<br />
[[File:Narasingha Deva Practicing Archery.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Narasingha Deva I]], the first Gajapati monarch (1246 CE)]]<br />
[[Narasingha Deva I]] was the first ruler from the Eastern Ganga dynasty to use the title of ''Gajapati'' among the Odishan rulers in the 1246 CE inscription at the [[Kapilash Temple]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYFAQAAIAAJ <br />
|title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |page=22 |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173040375 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.) |publisher=DDCE Utkal University |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |pages=109, 111 |author=Manas Kumar Das |date=24 June 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Anangabhima Deva III]] laid the foundations of the Gajapati institution and establishment of Lord [[Jagannath]] as the patron deity of the realm. His son [[Narasingha Deva I]] was the first ruler from the Eastern Ganga dynasty to use the title of ''Gajapati'' among the Odishan rulers in the 1246 CE inscription at the [[Kapilash Temple]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYFAQAAIAAJ |title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |page=22 |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173040375 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.) |publisher=DDCE Utkal University |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |pages=109, 111 |author=Manas Kumar Das |date=24 June 2015 }}</ref> The Gajapati monarchs were devout worshipper of Lord [[Jagannath]] and patronized the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]] with the [[Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]] becoming the major religious hub of the Gajapati rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa |url=http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804040129/http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |archive-date=2012-08-04 |access-date=2011-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Events===<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* Eastern Ganga monarch [[Narasingha Deva I]] institutes the Gajapati title in 1246 CE<br />
** [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] reign till 1434 CE<br />
** Coronation of [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1434 CE<br />
*** [[Suryavamsa Gajapatis|Suryavamsa dynasty]] reign till 1541 CE<br />
*** [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] usurps the throne in 1541 CE<br />
**** [[Bhoi dynasty]] 1st reign till 1560 CE<br />
**** [[Mukunda Deva]] of Eastern Chalukya usurps the throne in 1560 CE<br />
***** [[Mukunda Deva]] is overthrown during the Bengal Sultanate invasions in 1568 CE<br />
*** [[Ramachandra Deva I]] restores the [[Bhoi dynasty]] at [[Khurda]] in 1568 CE<br />
**** Coronation of [[Ramachandra Deva I]] as the Gajapati in 1575 CE<br />
***** [[Bhoi dynasty]] becomes the incumbent holder of Gajapati dynasty and institutions<br />
***** Reign of the Bhois over [[Khurda Kingdom]] till 1804 CE<br />
****** Establishment of the [[Puri Estate]] in 1809 CE during [[British Raj|British rule]] and control of [[Jagannath Temple]]<br />
******* Indian independence in 1947 and titular institutions<br />
{{tree end}}<br />
<br />
==Gajapati dynasties==<br />
The '''Gajapati dynasty''' refers to the ruling dynasty from the region of modern [[Odisha]] in the Indian subcontinent, whose monarch carries the regnal title of ''Gajapati''. The institution of Gajapati dynasty or lordship was founded by the monarchs of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] and was used by the succeeding dynasties. A major religious function included the patronisation of Lord [[Jagannath]] as the deity of the [[Odia people|Odia]] cultural realm.<ref name="Panda 2008 226"/><br />
<br />
Till date, four ruling dynasties from the region of [[Odisha]] have presided over the institution of Gajapati dynasty. The current titular Gajapati belongs to the head of the [[Bhoi dynasty]], which the dynasty had inherited the legacy of the historical ruling lords of Odisha invested in the title of ''Gajapati''.<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS PURI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Puri_Gazetteer.pdf |page=37 |date=1994 }}</ref><ref name="deogarh" /> They also exercised administrative control of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]].<ref name="History"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Gajapati dynasty !! Reign !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] || 1246–1434 || Gajapati lordship initiated in 1246<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gajapati Empire|Suryavamsa dynasty]] || 1434–1541 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhoi dynasty]] || 1541–1560 || 1st reign<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mukunda Deva|Chalukya dynasty]] || 1560–1568 || <br />
|-<br />
| Bhoi dynasty || 1568–present || 2nd reign, titular since 1947<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Modern ceremonial titles==<br />
The ceremonial regnal title of the Gajapati [[Maharaja]] is as follows:<ref name="gajapatirole" >{{citation |title=The Traditional Role of Gajapati Maharaja in Shri Jagannath Temple |publisher=Orissa Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |page=28 |author=Bhaskar Mishra |date=July 2011 |quote="Shree Shree Shree Veerashree Gajapati Goudeswar Nabakotikarnatatkala Kalabaragesvara Viradhiviravar Bhuta Vairaba Sadhu Sasnotirna Routraja Atula Balaparakrama Sahasra Bahu Kshetriyakula Dhumaketu Maharaja Adhiraja..." |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2021-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704020135/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Shri|''Shree'']] ''Shree Shree Veerashree Gajapati Goudeswar Nabakotikarnata Kalabaragesvara Viradhiviravar Bhuta Vairaba Sadhu Sasnotirna Routraja Atula Balaparakrama Sahasra Bahu [[Kshatriya|Kshetriya]] kula Dhumaketu Maharaja Adhiraja (regnal name)''<br />
<br />
===Customary title of Gajapati upon accession===<br />
The cyclical order the names of the Gajapati Maharaja:<ref>{{citation |title=The Traditional Role of Gajapati Maharaja in Shri Jagannath Temple |publisher=Orissa Review |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |page=28 |author=Bhaskar Mishra |date=July 2011 |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2021-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704020135/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/27-30.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*Ramchandra Deva<br />
*Birakeshari Deva<br />
*Divyasingha Deva<br />
*Mukunda Deva<br />
<br />
===Customary title of the ladies of Gajapati upon accession===<br />
*Chandramani Patamahadei<br />
*Suryamani Patamahadei<br />
*Leelavati Patamahadei<br />
*Padmabati Patamahadei<br />
<br />
==List of Gajapatis of the ruling dynasties==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ruler !! Reign !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Eastern Ganga dynasty'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narasingha Deva I]] || 1246–1263 || Initiation of Gajapati title in 1246, reign since 1238<br />
|-<br />
| Bhanudeva I || 1264–1279 || <br />
|-<br />
| Narasimhadeva II || 1279–1306 || <br />
|-<br />
| Bhanudeva II || 1306–1328 || <br />
|-<br />
| Narasimhadeva III || 1328–1352 || <br />
|-<br />
| Bhanudeva III || 1352–1378 || <br />
|-<br />
| Narasimhadeva IV || 1378–1414 || <br />
|-<br />
| Bhanudeva IV || 1414–1434 ||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Suryavamsa dynasty'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kapilendra Deva]]<ref>{{citation|title=THE 19TH ANKA YEAR INSCRIPTION OF KAPILESWARADEVA OF THE PURI—JAGANNATHA TEMPLE |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44140844.pdf |publisher=Indian History Congress |last=Tripathi |first=K.B. |journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=1956 |volume = 19|pages = 251–253|jstor = 44140844}}</ref> || 1434–1470 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Purushottama Deva]] || 1470–1497 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prataparudra Deva]] || 1497–1540 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Kalua Deva || 1540–1541 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Kakharua Deva || 1541 ||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Bhoi dynasty (1st reign)'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] || 1541–1548 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Chakrapratapa || 1548–1557 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Narasimha Jena || 1557–1558 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Raghuram Chhotaraya || 1558–1560 ||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Chalukya dynasty'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mukunda Deva]] || 1560–1568 ||<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Bhoi dynasty (2nd reign)'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ramachandra Deva I]] || 1568–1600 || founder of the [[Khurda Kingdom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Purusottam Deva || 1600–1621 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Narasingha Deva || 1621–1647 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Balabhadra Deva || 1647–1657 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Mukunda Deva I || 1657–1689 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Divyasingha Deva I || 1689–1716 || <br />
|-<br />
| Harekrushna Deva || 1716–1720 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Gopinath Deva || 1720–1727 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Ramachandra Deva II || 1727–1736 || <br />
|-<br />
| Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva)<ref>{{citation |title=Kings without a kingdom: The rajas of Khurda and the Jagannatha cult |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630298.pdf |author=Hermann Kulke |journal= South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |pages=60–77 |date=1974 |volume= 4 |doi= 10.1080/00856407408730688 }}</ref> || 1736–1793 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Divyasingha Deva II || 1793–1798 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Mukundeva Deva II || 1798–1817 || [[Puri Estate]] in 1809<br />
|-<br />
| Ramchandra Deva III || 1817–1854 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Birakesari Deva II || 1854–1859 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Divyasingha Deva III || 1859–1882 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Mukundeva Deva III || 1882–1926 ||<br />
|-<br />
| Ramchandra Deva IV || 1926–1956 || Pretender since 1947 (Indian independence)<br />
|-<br />
| Birakisore Deva III || 1956–1970 ||Pretender<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dibyasingha Deb|Divyasingha Deva IV]] || 1970–current ||Pretender<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Odia culture}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Titles in India]]<br />
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]<br />
[[Category:Royal titles]]<br />
[[Category:Men's social titles]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nobility]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Vaitarna&diff=531450SS Vaitarna2026-04-10T20:29:50Z<p>BeauGleason6763: started a data nd citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Steamship that disappeared in 1888}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|infobox_caption=<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
| image = SS Vaitarna in Grangemouth Docks (Accession No P09431).png<br />
| image_caption = SS ''Vaitarna'' in Grangemouth Docks, 1885<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
| hide_header = no<br />
|flag = {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| name = ''Vaitarna''<br />
| nickname = {{transliteration|gu|Vijli}}<br />
| owner = A J Shepherd & Co, Bombay<ref name=ws1/><br />
| operator = Bombay Steamer Navigation Company<br />
| registry = [[Glasgow]]<ref name=ws1/><br />
| route = [[Mandvi]] – [[Bombay]]<br />
| ordered = <br />
| builder = [[Grangemouth Dockyard Company|Grangemouth Dockyard Co. Ltd.]]<ref name=ws1/><br />
| original_cost =<br />
| yard_number = 86<br />
| way_number = <br />
| laid_down = 1882<br />
| launched = 27 June 1885<br />
| completed = <br />
| christened = <br />
| acquired = <br />
| maiden_voyage = <br />
| in_service = <br />
| out_of_service = <br />
| identification = [[Official Number]] 90062<ref name=ws1/><br />
| fate = Missing after 8 November 1888 and presumed sunk<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
| hide_header = <br />
| header_caption = <br />
| class =<br />
| type = Cargo/Passenger ship<br />
| tonnage = {{GRT|292}}, {{NRT|63}}, 258 under deck<ref name=ws1/><ref name="Internet Archivex"/><br />
| displacement = <br />
| length = {{convert|170.1|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Internet Archivex"/><br />
| beam = {{convert|26.5|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Internet Archivex"/><br />
| height = <br />
| draught = <br />
| draft = <br />
| depth = {{convert|9.9|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Internet Archivex"/><br />
| decks = <br />
| deck_clearance = <br />
| ramps = <br />
| ice_class = <br />
| sail_plan = <br />
| power = 73 [[Horsepower|hp]]<br />
| propulsion = Steam propulsion<br />
| speed = 13 [[Knot (unit)|knots]]<br />
| capacity =<br />
| crew =<br />
| notes = as per ''[[Lloyd's Register of Shipping]]''<ref name="Internet Archivex">{{cite web | title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping | website=Internet Archive | year=1889 | url=https://archive.org/stream/lloydsregisters28unkngoog#page/n706/mode/2up | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''SS ''Vaitarna''''', popularly known as '''{{transliteration|gu|Vijli}}''' or '''{{transliteration|gu|Haji Kasam ni Vijli}}''', and the '''''Titanic of Gujarat''''', was a [[steamship]] owned by A J Shepherd & Co, [[Bombay]] that disappeared on 8 November 1888 off the coast of [[Kathiawar]] (now [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of [[Gujarat]]) in the [[1888 Arabian Sea cyclone]] during a crossing from [[Mandvi]] to [[Bombay]]. More than 740 people on board went missing in the disaster. The incident resulted in the creation of nautical lore and songs.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Named ''Vaitarna'' after [[Vaitarna]] river of [[Bombay Presidency]], the ship was nicknamed {{transliteration|gu|Vijli}}, literally electricity, as it was lit with electric bulbs.<ref name="Ved 2012">{{cite web | last=Ved | first=Mahendra | title=India, too, had sinking of 'Vilji' 124 years ago | publisher=New Straits Times | date=23 April 2012 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-204657197.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225015346/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-204657197.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 February 2016 | access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> The ship is often dubbed the "Titanic of Gujarat" even though [[RMS Titanic]] sank 24 years later.<ref name="epaper.timesofindia.com 2010">{{cite web | title=Vignettes of maritime history Ancient sea route maps, sketches of coastlines, architecture, textiles and rare pictures of legendary vessels are lined up for public viewing at an exhibition called 'Gujarat and the sea' at NID. The exhibition, which will be open on Saturday and Sunday, was inaugurated on Friday. One of the major attractions is a photo of the legendary vessel built in 1885 called Vaitarna or popularly known as Vijli because of its electric lights which was a rare sight those days. It capsized on November 8, 1888, drowning 1,300 people. | website=epaper.timesofindia.com | date=November 20, 2010 | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929112528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/11/20&ID=Pc00410 | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 29, 2015 | accessdate=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Vashi 2010">{{cite web | last=Vashi | first=Ashish | title=Gujarat saw a Titanic in 1888 | website=The Times of India | date=6 May 2010 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-saw-a-Titanic-in-1888/articleshow/5895425.cms | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mDB2011">{{cite web | title=ગુજરાતની ટાઈટેનિક એટલે 'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી (Vijli was the Titanic of Gujarat) | website=m.divyabhaskar.co.in | date=2011-04-14 | url=http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/Bhaskar-Gyan/2421/NAT-vijli-was-the-titanic-of-gujarat-2015600.html | language=gu | accessdate=2015-06-05 | archive-date=2015-09-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929102621/http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/Bhaskar-Gyan/2421/NAT-vijli-was-the-titanic-of-gujarat-2015600.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012">{{cite web | title=સવાસો વર્ષ પહેલાં ડૂબેલી ગુજરાતી 'ટાઈટેનિક'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી! | first=Lalit|last=Khambhayata|website=Sandesh Gujarati Newspaper | date=2012-04-03 | url=http://sandesh.com/printarticle.aspx?newsid=48093&lang=Read%20in%20English | language=gu | accessdate=2015-06-05}}</ref><ref name="gs">{{cite web | title=હાજી કાસમની વીજળીના બે નામ હતા | website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] | url=http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/haji-qassam-electricity-two-name | language=gu | accessdate=2015-06-05 | archive-date=2015-06-10 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150610101650/http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/haji-qassam-electricity-two-name | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Design==<br />
SS Vaitarna was the first steamship built by [[Grangemouth Dockyard Company|Grangemouth Dockyard Co. Ltd.]], [[Grangemouth]] and launched in 1885. She was a [[schooner]] made of steel and took three years to complete. This screw steamer had three floors and twenty five cabins. She had a single [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]], two [[Mast (sailing)|masts]] and a [[fore-and-aft rig]]ged sail furled against the forward mast.<ref name="Vernon Browser">{{cite web| title=SS Vaitarna| website=collections.falkirk.gov.uk| url=http://collections.falkirk.gov.uk/search.do?id=551905&db=object&page=1&view=detail| accessdate=4 June 2015| archive-date=29 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929104405/http://collections.falkirk.gov.uk/search.do?id=551905&db=object&page=1&view=detail| url-status=dead}}</ref> Her register tonnage were {{GRT|292}}, {{NRT|63}}, and 258 under deck. Her [[compound steam engine]]s had two cylinders with 21" diameter and had stroke of 42" and 30" generating 73 [[Horsepower]]. These engines were built by Dunsmuir & Jackson, Glasgow. She was owned by A J Shepherd & Co, Bombay and was registered in [[Glasgow]]. She was 170.1 feet long, 26.5 feet broad and 9.9 feet deep.<ref name=ws1>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/docBrowser.aspx?2294?5?1|title=Vaitarna SS (+1888) document|website=Wrecksite|date=1888}}</ref><ref name="Internet Archivex"/><ref name="Ramavat 2013">{{cite web | last=Ramavat | first=Shishir | title=ટેક ઓફ : હાજી કાસમ તારી વીજળી વેરણ થઈ | website=Sandesh (Ardhsaptahik) | date=13 November 2013 | url=http://sandesh.com/printarticle.aspx?newsid=2883270&lang=Read%20in%20English | language=gu | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aksharnaad2012">{{cite web | title=હાજી કાસમની વીજળી... - ઝવેરચંદ મેઘાણી, ગુણવંતરાય આચાર્ય, રાજેન્દ્ર દવે | website=Aksharnaad.com | date=2012-10-22 | url=http://aksharnaad.com/2012/10/23/haji-kasamni-vijli-ship/ | language=gu | accessdate=2015-06-05}}</ref> It was brought to [[Karachi]] by traveling around Africa for a maiden trip to Bombay.<ref name="Ved 2012"/><br />
<br />
==Career and disappearance==<br />
[[File:Haji Kasam Captain of SS Vaitarna aka Vijli.jpg|thumb|Haji Kasam, Captain of SS Vaitarna]]<br />
She traded between [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch State]] and Bombay ferrying passengers and goods. She took 30 hours to travel from Mandvi to Bombay at a fare of {{INR|link=yes}}8.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/> The ships of the region were not designed to mitigate storms as they generally travelled along the coast from port to port during calm seasons and were laid up in harbor during stormy monsoon sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/docBrowser.aspx?2291?5?1|title=Vaitarna SS (+1888) document|website=Wrecksite|date=1888}}</ref><ref name="Commerce1915">{{cite book|author=Bombay Chamber of Commerce|title=Report of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivsTAAAAIAAJ|year=1915|page=556}}</ref><br />
<br />
SS Vaitarna was anchored on Mandvi port on 8 November 1888, Thursday ([[Vikram Samvat]] 1945 Kartik Sud Pancham), at noon and she left for [[Dwarka]] after taking 520 passengers on board. She reached Dwarka and had some more passengers on board, reaching 703 in number. She left for [[Porbandar]]. Though according to lores, Porbandar port administrator Lelie told the Captain not to venture into the sea, but later research did not support the claim. Due to bad weather she did not stop at Porbandar and directly headed for Bombay. In the evening, she was seen off the coast of [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]], and later at night some people claimed that she was seen wrecking near [[Madhavpur Ghed|Madhavpur (Ghed)]] amid severe storm ([[1888 Arabian Sea cyclone]]). The next day she was declared missing.<ref name="Ved 2012"/><ref name="Vashi 2010"/><ref name="mDB2011"/><ref name="Ramavat 2013"/><ref name="Aksharnaad2012"/><br />
<br />
===Casualties===<br />
No bodies or debris of the ship was found. She was assumed to be wrecked in a cyclonic storm in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=Eliot>{{cite book |last=Eliot|first=Sir John |title=Hand-book of Cyclonic Storms in the Bay of Bengal: For the Use of Sailors|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookcycloni00deptgoog#page/n34/mode/2up|page=34|year=1890|publisher=Metereological Department, Government of India | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref> Though the folklores states casualty of 1300 people,<ref name="Ved 2012"/> there were 746 people (703 passengers and 43 crew members) on board who went missing in the disaster.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012"/><ref name="Ramavat 2013"/><ref name=jrs>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hujWAAAAIAAJ|year=1892|publisher=Edward Stanford|page=228}}</ref><ref name="Pathak 2012">{{cite web | last=Pathak | first=Maulik | title=Old man and the sea | website=livemint.com/ | date=2012-08-13 | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3mABRLqNEbR6W4rviG8a3M/Old-man-and-the-sea.html | accessdate=2015-06-05}}</ref> The other numbers reported are 798,<ref name="mid-day 2010">{{cite web | title=Freedom fighter's kin keen on making Indian Titanic | website=mid-day | date=15 August 2010 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/freedom-fighters-kin-keen-on-making-indian-titanic/91634 | accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref> 741 (38 crew member and 703 passengers)<ref name="Papers Past">{{cite web | title=Otago Daily Times - 10 April 1889 - SHIPPING. | website=Papers Past | url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT18890410.2.2 | accessdate=2015-06-05}}</ref> and 744.<ref name="gs"/> There were thirteen wedding parties on board and several students headed for Bombay to appear in the [[matriculation]] examination of [[Bombay University]] in December.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/><ref name="mDB2011"/><br />
<br />
Kasam Ibrahim or Haji Kasam was the captain of the ship. He was an aristocrat from Kutch holding tracts of land between [[Borivali]] and [[Dahisar]] in Bombay. He had his office at Abdul Rehman Street and lived at [[Malabar Hill]]. According to folklore, it is believed that he was blessed by a [[Fakir]] that he will own 99 ships and ''Vijli'' was his last. Haji Kasam Chawl in [[Mumbai Central railway station|Bombay Central]] is named after him.<ref name="Ved 2012"/><ref name="mDB2011"/><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012"/><ref name="mid-day 2010"/><br />
<br />
==Inquiry==<br />
Following the disappearance of the ship, the [[Bombay Presidency]] formed a committee, Marine Court of Inquiry, to probe the matter.<ref name="Eliot" /><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012"/> It pointed out that Vaitarna was ill-equipped with safety measures. It did not have enough lifeboats and life jackets aboard. She was overwhelmed by the heavy storm. The [[Pressure measurement|aneroid]]s used on board the other steamers of the line of the ships to which Vaitarna belonged were checked and found inaccurate.<ref name="Eliot" /> The Bombay Presidency government and some shipping companies sent steamers to search for the shipwreck but were unsuccessful.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/><br />
<br />
==Cultural influence==<br />
{{Wikisource|gu|હાજી કાસમ, તારી વીજળી રે મધદરિયે વેરણ થઇ|હાજી કાસમ, તારી વીજળી રે મધદરિયે વેરણ થઇ|has=a folksong in Gujarati|nocat=yes}}<br />
<br />
The incident resulted in formation of many [[urban legends|nautical lores]], myths, legends and songs over the years and became popular in folklore of [[Gujarat]]. The ship was popularly referred to as ''Vijli'' in folklore and is chiefly associated with its captain Kasam Ibrahim. There was also Haji Kasam Noor Mohammed, a booking agent of Shepherd at Porbandar.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/><ref name="mDB2011"/><br />
<br />
After the disappearance of the ship, a poet from [[Jamnagar]], Durlabhrai V. Shyamji Dhruv published a collection of songs titled ''Vijli Vilap''. Bhikharam Savji Joshi also published another collection in the same name. [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] collected and published one of such songs in his folksong collection, ''Radhiyali Raat'', titled ''"Haji Kasam, Tari Vijli Re Madhdariye Veran Thai"'' ({{langx|gu|"હાજી કાસમ, તારી વીજળી રે મધદરિયે વેરણ થઈ"}}). Gujarati author [[Gunvantrai Acharya]] wrote a fiction titled, ''Haji Kasam Tari Vijli'' (1954) based on the incident.<ref name="mDB2011"/><ref name="Ramavat 2013"/><ref name="Mumbaig">{{cite web | title=આ જહાજ નથી, દરિયામાં તરતું લોઢાનું ગામ છે ગામ | first=Praful | last=Shah | website=Mumbai Samachar | url=http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=148507 | language=gu | accessdate=2015-06-05 | archive-date=2015-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930101823/http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=148507 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Y. M. Chitalwala, a researcher based in [[Dhoraji]] researched the incident and documented it in ''Vijli Haji Kasamni'' published by Darshak Itihas Nidhi in 2010.<ref name="Vashi 2010"/><ref name="Sandesh Guj2012"/><ref name="Ramavat 2013"/><br />
<br />
In the preface of ''Twin Tales from Kutcch: A family saga set in Colonial India'', Saeed Ibrahim has mentioned that he lost his grandparents in the event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/tuesday-trivia-before-bhoot-the-haunted-ship-the-real-haunted-ship-that-shook-india-1649838-2020-02-25|title=Tuesday Trivia: Before Bhoot The Haunted Ship, the real haunted ship that shook India|last=Sharma|first=Divyanshi|date=2020-02-25|website=India Today|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
A film based on the incident, ''Vijli: Mystery of the Phantom Ship'', directed by Dhwanil Mehta and starring [[Rana Daggubati]], was announced in 2017 with story written by Yogesh Joshi. No further updates were provided.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180917/rana-daggubati-turns-scientist.html|title=Rana Daggubati turns scientist|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|date=2017-09-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.greatreporter.com/content/3083/london-digital-tv-studios-announces-their-1st-studio-film-vijli-mistery-phantom-ship | title=London Digital & TV Studios announces their 1st Studio film - 'Vijli - Mistery of the Phantom Ship' - Greatreporter | date=12 September 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|author=India. Native Passenger Ships Commission|title=Report of the Native Passenger Ships Commission: Appointed in November 1890, Under the Orders of His Excellency the Governor General in Council : with Proceedings and Appendices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yg4-AQAAMAAJ|year=1891|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print., India}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{1888 shipwrecks}}<br />
{{coord missing|Indian Ocean}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaitarna (1885)}}<br />
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1888]]<br />
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea]]<br />
[[Category:Missing ships]]<br />
[[Category:1885 ships]]<br />
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1888 disasters]]<br />
[[Category:1888 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1880s disasters in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhatrala_Yadupati&diff=493973Chhatrala Yadupati2026-04-10T18:42:34Z<p>BeauGleason6763: added some data basic info...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian princely title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort Palace Museum-3-Audience hall-20131010.jpg|alt=Meghadambar chhatra at Jaisalmer Fort|thumb|180x180px|Meghadambar chhatra at [[Jaisalmer Fort]]]]<br />
'''Chhatrala Yadupati''' (also spelled '''Chhatrala Yadava Pati'''; {{lit|canopied Lord of the [[Yadava|Yadavas]]}}) is a title borne by the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajasthan_Through_the_Ages_Art_architect/vZrpAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: Art, architecture and memoirs |last2=Sharma |first2=Usha |date=1999 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-158-3 |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indian_Year_Book/xnGStugsS2sC |title=The Indian Year Book |date=1937 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=1062 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Maharawal of Jaisalmer is the lineal descendant of [[Krishna]] and belongs to the [[Bhati]] branch of the [[Yadava]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_The_Del/pXxDAAAAYAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526 |date=1970 |publisher=Orient Longmans |pages=818 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/bHiBAAAAIAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref> His family possesses a chhatra, or umbrella, called Meghadambar, which is believed to have been presented by [[Indra]], the King of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], to Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Modern_Review/rrGVEHJ2uicC |title=The Modern Review |date=1929 |publisher=Modern Review Office |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Feudatory_and_zemindari_India/SxMnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1929 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref>.According to tradition, this chhatra was held over Krishna while he reigned in [[Dvārakā]], and ever since, it has been similarly employed by the Maharawal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=330 |language=en}}</ref> The Maharawal is therefore styled Chhatrala Yadupati.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sikund |first=L. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36107 |title=Report of the Administration of Jaisalmer State for the year 1936-37 |date=2 February 1940 |publisher=Shree Jawahir Printing Press |location=Jaisalmer State |pages=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Maharajas]]<br />
[[Category:Monarchy]]<br />
[[Category:Royal titles]]<br />
[[Category:Noble titles]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in India]]<br />
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]<br />
<br />
{{India-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations&diff=504307India–Tuvalu relations2026-03-31T15:21:59Z<p>BeauGleason6763: created first data and citations</p>
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<div>{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Tuvalu|India|Tuvalu|map=India_Tuvalu_Locator.png}}<br />
<br />
'''India–Tuvalu relations''' are the international relations that exist between [[India]] and [[Tuvalu]]. The High Commission of India in [[Suva]], [[Fiji]] is concurrently accredited to Tuvalu. Tuvalu maintains an Honorary Consulate General in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Consulates in India|url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a4Tuvalu?New/Delhi|website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Tuvalu is a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Diplomatic ties between the two countries received a boost when the High Commission of India in Suva, Fiji which had been closed in May 1990, was re-opened in March 1999.<ref name="MEA2015" /> Bilateral relations intensified after the initiation of the [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation]] (FIPIC) by the [[Narendra Modi]] government in 2014.<ref name="JagranJosh" /> A Tuvaluan delegation led by Governor-General Sir [[Iakoba Italeli]] attended the first FIPIC Summit hosted in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tuvalu was one of 34 countries to co-sponsor of the G-4 resolution on the reform of the United Nations in 2005. Tuvalu supported the candidature of Indian diplomat Kamalesh Sharma in the election for Commonwealth Secretary-General held at Kampala, Uganda in November 2007.<ref name="MEA2015">{{cite web |date=7 July 2015 |title=India-Tuvalu Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113221/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref><br />
<br />
Speaker of Parliament Sir [[Kamuta Latasi]] visited New Delhi to attend the 20th Conference of Commonwealth Speakers in New Delhi on 4–8 January 2010.<ref name="MEA2015" /> Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Taukelina Finikaso]] visited India and inaugurated the Honorary Consulate General of Tuvalu in New Delhi on 27 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bisht |first=Archita |date=8 January 2014 |title=Taukelina Finikaso hosted commissioning ceremony of Dr Deepak Jain in Delhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Taukelina-Finikaso-hosted-commissioning-ceremony-of-Dr-Deepak-Jain/articleshow/22699280.cms |access-date=2017-04-17 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Minister of Education, Youth and Sports [[Fauoa Maani]] led a Tuvaluan delegation to participate in the Second High Level Meeting (HLM) on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific held at New Delhi in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=AGENDA FOR HLM2|url=http://hlmdelhi2013.org/agenda-for-hlm2/|website=2nd High Level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="MEA2015" /><br />
<br />
Prime Minister Enele Sosene Sopoaga was a guest of honour at the ITEC Day 2013 event organized by the High Commission of India in Suva on 29 November 2013. Sopoaga led a Tuvaluan delegation to participate in the 2nd India-Forum for Pacific Island Countries (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur on 21 August 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2015 |title=Pacific Island leaders say only global cooperation can save them |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-23/pacific-leaders-repeat-climate-warnings/6717878 |access-date=2017-04-17 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2015 |title=Tuvalu looking at buying NZ and Aust land for displaced |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/282241/tuvalu-looking-at-buying-nz-and-aust-land-for-displaced |access-date=2017-04-17 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://econews.com.au/47849/pacific-island-leaders-warn-of-climate-change-struggle/|title=Pacific Island leaders warn of climate change struggle|last=Twomey|first=David|website=Eco News|date=24 August 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> Governor-General Sir Italeli Iakoba visited India in October 2015 to participate in the 16th [[International Conference of Chief Justices of the World]] held in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joyous Occasion at the 16th International Conference of Chief Justices of the World – People from 194 Countries Respond to An Era of Conscience Movement|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1278110|website=CNN iReport|access-date=19 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2015 |title=Make new laws to tackle problems of migrants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/make-new-laws-to-tackle-problems-of-migrants-480064-2015-10-08 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=India Today |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Movement of An Era of Conscience — At the 16th International Conference of Chief Justices of the World|url=http://www.barcletmagazine.com/post/183/the-movement-of-an-era-of-conscience-%E2%80%94-at-the-16th-international-conference-of-chief-justices-of-the-world|website=Barclet Magazine|access-date=19 April 2017|date=2016-12-11|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419192315/http://www.barcletmagazine.com/post/183/the-movement-of-an-era-of-conscience-%E2%80%94-at-the-16th-international-conference-of-chief-justices-of-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several other Tuvaluan officials have also visited the country. There have been no high-level visits from India to Tuvalu.<br />
<br />
India and Tuvalu were among the first 19 countries to join the [[International Solar Alliance]], proposed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on 15 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=17 November 2016 |title=19 countries sign up for solar alliance |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/19-countries-sign-up-for-solar-alliance-116111701463_1.html |access-date=2017-04-14 |work=Business Standard India |agency=IANS}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trade==<br />
Bilateral trade between India and Tuvalu totaled US$700,000 in 2015–16, declining from $1.45 million the previous fiscal. India exported $600,000 worth of goods to Tuvalu and imported $100,000 in 2015–16. Exports of ships, boats and floating structures from Tuvalu to India had boosted Indian imports from Tuvalu to $1.42 million. The main commodities exported by India to Tuvalu are tobacco, sugar and confectionery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total Trade |url=https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of Commerce, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the FICCI premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The [[Confederation of Indian Industries]] (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA - SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221425/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cultural relations==<br />
There is a small Indian community in Tuvalu, consisting mostly of [[Indo-Fijians]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2013 |title=India-Tuvalu Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909084259/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Foreign aid==<br />
India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including Tuvalu, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009. Tuvalu utilized the grants for several activities such as procuring computers, medicines, and medical equipment for the Princess Margaret Hospital (the only government hospital in the capital city of Funafuti). India donated $100,000 to build facilities for the storage, supply and management of water in the aftermath of a severe drought in Tuvalu in February 2012. India provided Tuvalu with two chain-saws in 2012, and funding to purchase a lawn-mower and a grass cutter in March 2013.<ref name="MEA2015"/> <br />
<br />
At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including Tuvalu, such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to US$200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries. Funds were provided to procure a new ambulance for the Princess Margaret Hospital in September 2014, and to acquire medical equipment for them in October 2014. India has also provided funds to procure dental equipment at the hospital, and to purchase office equipment for the Lofeagai Community Church.<ref name="MEA2015"/><br />
<br />
Citizens of the Tuvalu are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2015"/> Tuvaluan diplomats attended a special training course for diplomats from Pacific Island Countries organized by the Foreign Service Institute and held in Nadi, Fiji.<ref name="MEA2015" /><ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=16 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Foreign relations of India}}<br />
{{Foreign relations of Tuvalu}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Politics|India|Tuvalu}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Tuvalu relations}}<br />
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Tuvalu]]<br />
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Tuvalu]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharjari_Gandu&diff=490982Bharjari Gandu2026-03-29T00:24:51Z<p>BeauGleason6763: starting a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language, romantic drama film}}<br />
{{for|the 2024 Kannada film|Bharjari Gandu (2024 film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bharjari Gandu <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Renuka Sharma]]<br />
| writer = T. N. Narasimhan<br />
| producer = Lakshmi Govindraj<br />
| starring = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]<br />Roopashree<br />[[Lokesh]]<br />
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]] <br />
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan<br />
| editing = S. Manohar<br />
| studio = Sri Bhavani Combines<br />
| distributor = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Poornima Enterprises]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|09|29}}<br />
| runtime = 139 mins<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bharjari Gandu''''' is a 1992 [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language, [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Renuka Sharma]] and written by T. N. Narasimhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/t_n_narasimhan|title=T. N. Narasimhan Movies List<br />
|work=Rotten Tomatoes.com|access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The film stars [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and Roopashree in lead roles. Produced under Sri Bhavani Combines banner, the film also stars [[Lokesh]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] and [[Sudheer]] in key supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/movies/bharjari-gandu-1992.html|title=Bharjari Gandu (1992) (1992) Movie: ಕಲಾವಿದರು ಮತ್ತು ...|work=Filmibeat.com|access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The film's music is composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/bharjari-gandu-1992|title=Bharjari Gandu (1992) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |work=Chiloka}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as Gopi<br />
*Roopashree<br />
*[[Lokesh]] <br />
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]<br />
*[[Doddanna]]<br />
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]<br />
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] <br />
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]] <br />
*[[Girija Lokesh]]<br />
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]<br />
*[[Tennis Krishna]]<br />
*[[Bank Janardhan]]<br />
*[[Mandeep Roy]]<br />
*Ashalatha<br />
*Sundarashree<br />
*Sithara<br />
*Go Ra Bheemarao<br />
*Latha<br />
*Venu<br />
*Mico Seetharam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bharjari Gandu<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1992<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 18:24<br />
| label =<br />
| producer = [[Upendra Kumar]]<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's music is composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bharjari-gandu/FI35V4T1FCg_|title=BHARJARI GANDU Soundtrack|work=jiosaavn.com |date=25 August 1992 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|"Bottle Haaki"<br />
|Sri Ranga<br />
|[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Lokesh]]<br />
|4:54<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|"Duddina Jambhada Koli"<br />
|Sri Ranga<br />
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, [[Manjula Gururaj]]<br />
|4:44<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|"Aakashave Vandane"<br />
|M. N. Vyasa Rao<br />
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, Manjula Gururaj<br />
|3:34<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Mai Touchchadare"<br />
|Sri Ranga<br />
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, Manjula Gururaj<br />
|4.03<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Yamma Yamma"<br />
|Sri Ranga<br />
|Manjula Gururaj<br />
|3:46<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|bharjari_gandu}}<br />
*[https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/songs/Bharjari--Gandu_1992 Bharjari Gandu]<br />
*[https://kannada.filmibeat.com/movies/bharjari-gandu-1992/user-review.html ಭರ್ಜರಿ ಗಂಡು (1992) ಓದುಗರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ]<br />
*[https://gaana.com/album/bharjari-gandu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack BHARJARI GANDU (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Renuka Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asmaka&diff=462797Asmaka2026-03-28T15:30:33Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Ancient kingdom in India}}<br />
{{About|the historical region of Asmaka|the kingdom in Indian Epic Literature|Asmaka kingdom}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| native_name = Aśmaka<br />
| conventional_long_name = Asmaka<br />
| common_name = Assaka<br />
| era = [[Iron Age]]<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| year_start = c. 700 BCE<br />
| year_end = 425 or 345 BCE<br />
| s1 = Nanda Empire{{!}}Magadha<br />
| image_map = Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png<br />
| image_map_alt = <br />
| image_map_caption = Asmaka and other [[Mahajanapadas]] in the Post [[Vedic]] period.<br />
| leader1 = <br />
| capital = [[Paithan]]<ref name="Indian History">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=assaka+mahajanapada&pg=SL1-PA173|title=Indian History|date=1988|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4|language=en}}</ref><br/> Potali<br/>Podana<br />
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]]<br/>[[Sanskrit]]<br />
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]<br>[[Jainism]]<br>[[Buddhism]]<br>[[Hinduism]]<br />
| currency = <br />
| title_leader = <br />
| today = [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aśmaka''' or '''Assaka''' was a [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] in ancient South Asia which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the [[Buddhist texts]] and ''[[Puranas]]''. It included areas in present-day [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] in south-central India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA18|title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals|last=Gupta|first=Parmanand|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222484|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Anshuman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ5kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307 |title=Laxminama: Monks, Merchants, Money and Mantra |date=2018-08-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=307 |isbn=978-93-87146-80-8 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Gautama Buddha]]'s time, many of the Assakas were located on the banks of the [[Godavari River]] (south of the [[Vindhya]] mountains).The capital of Aśmaka was the city variously named Podana, Potali, Paudanyapura, and Potana. Most scholars identify it with present-day [[Bodhan]] in [[Telangana]], while some correspond it to modern-day [[Paithan]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Indian History" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=potana&pg=PA109 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In ancient India, during the 6th century BCE, there were sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]]. Among them, Ashmaka (or Assaka) was the only Mahajanapada located in [[South India]].<br />
<br />
Ashmaka or Assaka was one of the 16 Mahajanapadas of ancient India. In the sixth century BC i.e. 2600 years ago, Its capital was Pratishthana (other names included Potna, Potli, Paithan), today's [[Paithan|Paithan city]]. Which is today situated in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) district of Maharashtra. Ashmak Mahajanapada was ruled by the descendants of [[Rama]] i.e. the kings of Ikshvaku Dynasty. A king named Ashmak of [[Solar dynasty|Ikshvaku dynasty]] established this Mahajanapada, hence it is called Ashmak Mahajanapada.<ref>{{cite book |last=नाहर |first= डॉ रतिभानु सिंह|title= प्राचीन भारत का राजनैतिक एवं सांस्कृतिक इतिहास |year= 1974 |publisher= किताबमहल|location= इलाहाबाद, भारत|id= |page= 112|editor= }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
Aśmaka was located on the [[Godavari River|Godāvarī]] river,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89}} between Mūlaka and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kaliṅga]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89}} The capital of Aśmaka was the city variously named Podana, Potali, Paudanyapura, and Potana, which corresponds to modern-day [[Bodhan]] in [[Telangana]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Aśmaka kingdom already existed at the time of the [[Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}]]s, when its king Brahmadatta was mentioned in the {{Transliteration|pi|Mahāgovinda Suttanta}} as a contemporary of Reṇu of [[Videha]] and Dhataraṭṭha or Dhṛtarāṣṭra of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=89}}<br />
<br />
[[Pāṇini|Panini]] who lived in about the seventh century B.C. makes mention of Asmaka which was in the interior of the Deccan watered by the Godavari, which is identified with modern [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pushpavathi |first=Kore |title=The early social history of Andhra Desa |url=https://www.historyjournal.net/article/20/2-1-1-898.pdf |journal=International Journal of History |pages=33}}</ref><br />
<br />
Aśmaka annexed the small kingdom of Mūlaka located to its west during the [[Mahajanapadas|Mahajanapada]] period, after which it became the southern neighbour of the kingdom of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=143-144}}<br />
<br />
The [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of [[Kharavela]] (2nd century BCE) mentions Kharavela's threat to a city variously interpreted as "Masika" (Masikanagara), "Musika" (Musikanagara) or "Asika" (Asikanagara). N. K. Sahu identifies Asika as the capital of Asmaka.<ref name="NKSahu_1984">{{cite book|author1=N. K. Sahu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlMhAAAAMAAJ|title=Khâravela|author2=Kharavela (King of Kalinga)|publisher=Orissa State Museum|year=1984}}</ref>{{rp|127}} According to [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]], "Asika-nagara" was located in the present-day village of Adam in [[Nagpur district]] (on the [[Wainganga River]]). A terracotta seal excavated in the village mentions the Asmaka [[janapada]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework|publisher=Dattsons|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7192-031-0|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Inguva Karthikeya Sarma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDsaAAAAYAAJ|title=Early Brāhmī Inscriptions from Sannati|author2=J. Vara Prasada Rao|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Harman Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85151-68-7|page=68}}</ref> Asmaka also included Mulaka area around [[Paithan]] known in ancient times as [[Pratishthana]].<ref name="Indian History">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=assaka+mahajanapada&pg=SL1-PA173|title=Indian History|date=1988|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4|language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Sutta Nipata]]'' Saketa or [[Ayodhya]] was first halting place on the southward road ([[Dakshinapatha]]) from [[Shravasti]] to Pratishthana.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}}<br />
<br />
[[Aṅguttara Nikāya|Anguttara Nikaya]] like the Puranas tells that Assaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas of [[Jambudvīpa]]. It had abundance of food and gems. It was wealthy and prosperous. One of the oldest works of the Pali-Buddhist literature, the [[Sutta Nipata|Sutta-Nipata]] (verses 976-7) speak of a Brahman guru called Bavarl, as having left the [[Kosala]] country and settled near a village on the Godavari in the Assaka territory in the Dakshinapatha.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India on the period from 650 to 325 B.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7014/page/n15/mode/2up?q=asmaka |journal=Internet Archive | date=1919 |pages=15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Puranas ==<br />
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Journal Of The Asiatic Society Of Bengal 1924 Vol Xx |url=https://www.discoveringbuddha.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Asmakas-or-Assakas-in-Ancient-India-BC-Law-JASBgl-1924-NS20-p47.pdf |journal=Discovering Buddha}}</ref><br />
* [[Naradiya Purana|Brihannaradiya Purana]] narrates entire story of the origin of Asmakas. King [[Saudasa]], also known as [[Kalmashapada]]. After killing a tiger, a vengeful monster assumes the form of his priest, Vasistha, and tricks him into offering human flesh as a sacrifice. Vasistha curses [[Saudasa]] to become a monster for twelve years. Despite his efforts to avoid his fate, Sudas eventually succumbs to the curse. Every night, he took the form of a monster and used to kill human beings. One night in spite of the requests of a Brahmani, he ate up her husband. As a result, he is further cursed to die during union with his wife. After twelve years, [[Saudasa]] is freed from Vasistha's curse but remains haunted by the Brahmani's curse. With Vasistha's help, his queen, MadayantI, conceives a son named Asmaka. Asmaka's grandson, Narikavaca, is saved by naked women and is named accordingly. [[Dilīpa]] the forefather of the Lord [[Rama]], is a descendant of Narikavaca, establishing a connection between the [[Ikshvaku clan|Ikshvakus]] and the Asmakas.<br />
* [[Bhavishya Purana]] also mentions Asmaka as the son of [[Saudasa]].<br />
<br />
== Jataka tales ==<br />
Source:<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Jataka tales]], narrates a story of King Assaka of Potali, who is deeply grieved by the loss of his beautiful queen. The Bodhisattva, witnessing the king's sorrow, decides to intervene. A young Brahmin informs the king about the [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattva's]] ability to communicate with the dead. The Bodhisattva reveals to the king that his queen has been reincarnated as a tiny dung-worm. Despite the king's pleas and declarations of love, the dung-worm, speaking in a human voice, reveals that she now prefers the life of a worm over her former existence. The king is astonished by this revelation and learns a valuable lesson from the Bodhisattva.<br />
* Another story of the Assaka country and its connection with [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] is narrated in the Jataka tales. King Assaka of Potali, in the Assaka country, faced a challenge when King Kalinga of Dantapura sent his four beautiful daughters on a royal tour. Kalinga declared that any king who desired his daughters would have to fight him. Despite the initial resistance, Assaka's minister, Mandisena, welcomed the princesses and persuaded Assaka to marry them. Upon hearing this, Kalinga invaded Assaka, but was ultimately defeated through Nandisena's diplomacy. Kalinga was forced to send a portion of his daughters' dowry to Assaka. From then on, the two kings maintained a peaceful relationship.This story shows that the Assakas and the Kalingas were neighbours and that their countries bordered on each other. Evidently, it is the southern Assaka country on the [[Godavari River|Godavari]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Asmaka kingdom]] <br />
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]<br />
*[[Mahajanapada]]<br />
*[[Janapada]]<br />
*[[History of India]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |year=1984 |isbn=9069800071 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984}}}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}<br />
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{{Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Telangana}}<br />
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[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhishma_Narain_Singh&diff=468685Bhishma Narain Singh2026-03-28T03:54:28Z<p>BeauGleason6763: correct details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1933–2018)}}<br />
{{rewrite|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bhishma Narain Singh<br />
| image = Bhishma Narain Singh (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 13 July 1933<br />
| birth_place = Udaigarh<br />
| residence = [[India]]<br />
| death_date = 9 September 2018 (aged 85)<br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| term = 15 February 1991 – 30 May 1993<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]<br />
| successor = [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]<br />
| office1 = [[Governor of Assam]]<br />
| term1 = 15 April 1984 – 10 May 1989<br />
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]<br/>[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Tribeni Sahai Misra|T. S. Mishra]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Harideo Joshi]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = 4 (late Prem Shankar Singh & Uma Shankar Singh, Sushma Singh & Saroj Singh)<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bhishma Narain Singh''' (13 July 1933 &ndash; 1 August 2018)<ref>[https://newswing.com/palamu-not-the-former-governor-and-land-lord-of-palamu-bhishma-narayan-singh-the-wave-of-mourning/52925/ पलामू : नहीं रहे पूर्व राज्यपाल भीष्म नारायण सिंह, शोक की लहर] {{In lang|hi}}</ref> was an Indian politician who served as the [[List of Governors of Assam|Governor of Assam]] from 15 April 1984 to 10 May 1989<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAU |url=https://www.aau.ac.in/chancellor/about/Bhishma-Narain-Singh/19 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.aau.ac.in}}</ref> and was the [[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]] between 15 February 1991 and 30 May 1993. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://newswing.com/palamu-not-the-former-governor-and-land-lord-of-palamu-bhishma- | title=पलामू : नहीं रहे पूर्व राज्यपाल भीष्म नारायण सिंह, शोक की लहर }}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Tamil-Nadu Indian states since 1947], (Worldstatesmen, 16 September 2008)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607030900/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/05/stories/2008060559380400.htm Award for eye doctor] (The Hindu, 17 September 2008)</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Singh was born in a village in [[Jharkhand]] (Udaigarh, Palamu District) on 13 July 1933 and graduated from [[Benaras Hindu University|Banaras Hindu University]]. He was a member of [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) for more than three decades and was a permanent invitee of the Congress Parliamentary Board from 1978 to 1983 under the Presidency of Mrs. [[Indira Gandhi]]. Currently, his grandson Kranti Pratap Singh is an active politician from [[Hussainabad Assembly constituency|Hussainabad]].<ref>[https://m.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/palamu/story-congress-held-a-meeting-and-discussed-public-issues-3504191.html]</ref> Notable positions he has held include:<br />
<br />
* 1967: Member of Legislative Assembly of Bihar State<br />
* 1971: [[Bihar]] State Minister for Education<br />
* 1972: Bihar State Minister for Mines & Geology<br />
* 1973: Bihar State Minister for Food, Supply & Commerce<br />
* 1976: Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House of Indian Parliament)<br />
* 1978: [[Chief Whip]] of Congress Party in Parliament<br />
* 1980: Cabinet Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Works and Housing & labor and Communications in Mrs. [[Indira Gandhi]]'s Government<br />
* 1983: Cabinet Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in Mrs. Indira Gandhi's Prime Ministership<br />
* 1984: Governor of Assam & Meghalaya and Chairman of North Eastern Council; additional charge as Governor of Sikkim in 1985 and Arunachal Pradesh in 1987<br />
* 1991: [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] along with additional charge of Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands<br />
<br />
Services rendered to the nation include:<br />
* As Governor of [[Tamil Nadu]] in President's Rule he restored critical law and order and maintained the functioning of democratic institutions, while also focusing on efforts to improve the state's economic conditions.<br />
* As chairman of North Eastern Council he covered the administration of the seven sisters [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian States]] (namely [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]] & [[Arunachal Pradesh]]). During this time, efforts were made to accelerate economic and social development, contributing to a transformation in the region's profile and aiming to improve the quality of life for its residents. Social reforms and initiatives for tribal welfare were also implemented.<br />
* In Assam as governor, he pacified the social & political agitations and factions, leading to the signing of the Historic [[Assam Accord]] between the Central & State Governments and Assam Students' Union (conflict resolution).<br />
* As Cabinet Minister Works & Housing, he was involved with the establishment of sports infrastructure for holding the [[1982 Asian Games|IX Asian Games]] in New Delhi, and ensuring its completion in record time (1980–1982).<br />
* As governor of several states in India, he served as the chancellor of over two dozen universities. He ensured qualitative improvements in education and related facilities and promoted women's rights.<br />
<br />
He has been a member of the following organizations:<br />
* Associate Life Member of the Inter Parliamentary Union, Indian Branch<br />
* Associate Life Member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association in India<br />
* President of Unity International Foundation<br />
* President of All India Conference of Intellectuals<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
He was the recipient of several national and international awards, including the Medal of Merit and Certificate of Honoured by the Government of Algeria in April, 2005 and most recently receiving the highest Award of Russian Federation "[[Order of Friendship]]" in April 2009.<br />
<br />
Singh travelled widely throughout Asia, Europe, some African countries and the US. He personally enjoyed brisk morning walks, horse riding and tribal folk place.<br />
<br />
During his time as a politician, he took part in numerous events on diplomatic visits to other countries:<br />
<br />
* He visited foreign countries on invitation after demitting office as governor.<br />
* He visited Macedonia on the invitation of the Vice President of the Assembly Mr. Kiro Popovski in April 1994.<br />
* He visited Yugoslavia on the invitation of the President of the Chamber of Citizens of the Federal Assembly of the Republic of Yugoslavia Dr. Radoman Božović in July 1994.<br />
* He visited Bahrain in February 1996 on the special invitation of the Government of Bahrain to attend NRI's Conference.<br />
* In May 1998 he visited [[Kazakhstan]] on the invitation of the President of Kazakhstan.<br />
* He was invited to attend the World Bhojpuri Conference as a Special Guest held in Mauritius in February 2000.<br />
* He visited Yugoslavia as international observer to monitor the election of the President, XXXX Federal Assembly and the bodies of local self - rule of Serbia scheduled for 24 September 2000 onwards on the invitation of the Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee.<br />
* He visited China on the invitation of the External Cultural Relations of Ministry of Culture People's Republic of China in May 2001.<br />
* He visited Bhutan on the invitation of the Govt. of Bhutan through the Ambassador of Bhutan in New Delhi in September 2002.<br />
* He visited China on the invitation of the [[Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries]] in May 2004.<br />
* He visited Seoul, South Korea on the invitation of the [[International Federation of Agricultural Producers]] (IFAP) in May 2006.<br />
* He visited UK on the invitation of the NRI's Society London Chapter and addressed the NRI's in October 2006.<br />
* He visited Stuttgart (Germany) on the invitation of the Mercedes Benz Museum Asia Circle as Chief Guest and addressed 300 delegates on India's rich cultural heritage of religious tolerance in 2007.<br />
* He visited UK on the invitation of the British Institute of Technology & E-commerce in October 2008.<br />
* He visited Moscow on the invitation of the Government of Russia to attend a public dialogue on 18 November 2009.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf Profile of Singh Bhishma Narain at Rajya Sabha website]<br />
<br />
{{Governors of Sikkim}}<br />
{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Governors of Meghalaya}}<br />
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhishma Narain}}<br />
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:2018 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:People from Palamu district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&diff=474301G. M. Trevelyan2026-03-25T22:39:04Z<p>BeauGleason6763: basic update formatting based on references additionally and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British historian and academic (1876–1962)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{use British English|date=April 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = G.&nbsp;M. Trevelyan<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|CBE|FRS|FBA|size=100%}}<br />
| image = GM Trevelyan by Beresford.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Trevelyan photographed by [[George Charles Beresford]] in 1926<br />
| order1 = 6th<br />
| office1 = Chancellor of Durham University<br />
| term_start1 = 1950<br />
| term_end1 = 1957<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|The Earl of Scarbrough]]<br />
| office2 = [[Master (college)|Master]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1940<br />
| term_end2 = 1951<br />
| predecessor2 = [[J. J. Thomson|Sir J.&nbsp;J. Thomson]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian]]<br />
| office3 = [[Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)|Regius Professor of History]] <br /> [[University of Cambridge]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1927<br />
| term_end3 = 1943<br />
| predecessor3 = [[J.&nbsp;B. Bury]]<br />
| successor3 = [[George Norman Clark|Sir George Clark]]<br />
| birth_name = George Macaulay Trevelyan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1876|02|16|df=y}}<ref name="frs"/><br />
| birth_place = [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Warwickshire]], England<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1962|07|21|1876|02|16|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]], England<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = Holy Trinity Church, [[Chapel Stile]], [[Great Langdale]], [[Cumbria]]<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| residence = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Janet Trevelyan]], née Ward|1904|1956|end=died}}<br />
| occupation = Historian<br />
| children = 3<br />
}}<br />
'''George Macaulay Trevelyan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|CBE|FRS|FBA}} (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962) was an English [[historian]] and academic. He was a Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], from 1898 to 1903. He then spent more than twenty years as a full-time author. He returned to the [[University of Cambridge]] and was [[Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)|Regius Professor of History]] from 1927 to 1943. He served as [[Master (college)|Master]] of Trinity College from 1940 to 1951. In retirement, he was [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Durham University]].<br />
<br />
Trevelyan was the third son of [[Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet]], and great-nephew of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]]. He espoused Macaulay's staunch liberal [[British Whig Party|Whig]] principles in accessible works of literate narrative unfettered by scholarly neutrality, his style becoming old-fashioned in the course of his long and productive career. The historian [[E. H. Carr]] considered Trevelyan to be one of the last historians of the [[Whig history|Whig tradition]].<ref>{{cite book|title=What Is History?|last=Carr |first=E.&nbsp;H. |chapter=The Historian and His Facts|page=17|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=0333977017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many of his writings promoted the [[Whig (British political faction)|Whig Party]], an important British political movement from the 17th to the mid-19th centuries, as well as its successor, the Liberal Party. Whigs and Liberals believed the common people had a more positive effect on history than did royalty and that democratic government would bring about steady social progress.<ref name="hernon" /><br />
<br />
Trevelyan's history is engaged and partisan. Of his [[Garibaldi]] trilogy, "reeking with bias", he remarked in his essay "Bias in History": "Without bias, I should never have written them at all. For I was moved to write them by a poetical sympathy with the passions of the Italian patriots of the period, which I retrospectively shared."<ref name="hernon" /><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
[[File:GMtrevelyan.jpg|thumb|300px|Trevelyan in 1910 with his eldest son, Theo, and father, Sir G.&nbsp;O. Trevelyan. Theo died of appendicitis in 1911.<ref>[http://morpeth.journallive.co.uk/2009/04/journey-into-wallington-histor.html Journey into Wallington historian's own history]. Journal Live. 17 April 2009</ref>]]<br />
Trevelyan was born into late Victorian Britain in [[Welcombe Hotel|Welcombe House]], [[Stratford-on-Avon]], the [[English country house|large house and estate]] owned by his maternal grandfather, [[Robert Needham Philips]],<ref name="britannica-1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Trevelyan, Sir George Otto |volume= 27 | page = 255; see final three lines |quote= The third son, George Macaulay Trevelyan (b. 1876), became well known as a brilliant historical writer, notably with two books on Garibaldi (1907 and 1909)}}</ref> a wealthy [[Lancashire]] merchant and the Liberal [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Bury (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury]]. Today Welcombe is a hotel and spa for tourists visiting [[Shakespeare]]'s birthplace.<ref name="hernon" /> On his paternal side, he was the third son of [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet]], who had served as Secretary for Scotland, under Liberal Prime Ministers [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], and the [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Earl of Rosebery]], and the grandson of [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet]], who had served as a civil servant and had faced considerable criticism for his and the British government's handling of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine of Ireland]].<br />
<br />
Trevelyan's parents used Welcombe as a winter resort after they inherited it in 1890. They looked upon [[Wallington Hall]], the Trevelyan [[family seat|family estate]] in [[Northumberland]], as their real home. After attending [[Wixenford School|Wixenford]] and [[Harrow School|Harrow]], where he specialised in history, Trevelyan studied at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he was a member of the secret society the [[Cambridge Apostles]] and founder of the still existing Lake Hunt, a [[Paper Chase (game)|hare and hounds]] chase where both hounds and hares are human.<ref name="hernon" /><ref>{{acad|id=TRVN893GM|name=Trevelyan, George Macaulay}}</ref> In 1898, he won a fellowship at Trinity with a dissertation that was published the following year as ''England in the Age of Wycliffe''.<ref name="hernon">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.2307/1863741|last1 = Hernon|first1 = Jr.|last2 = Joseph|first2 = M.|year = 1976|title = The Last Whig Historian and Consensus History: George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962|jstor = 1863741| journal = The American Historical Review|volume = 81|issue = 1| pages = 66–97}}</ref> One professor at the university, [[Lord Acton]], enchanted the young Trevelyan with his great wisdom and his belief in moral judgement and individual liberty.<ref name="hernon" /><br />
<br />
==Garibaldi==<br />
Trevelyan made his own reputation by depicting Italian patriot [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] as a great hero who stood for British ideals of liberty. According to historian [[David Cannadine]]:<br />
<blockquote>[Trevelyan's] great work was his Garibaldi trilogy (1907–11), which established his reputation as the outstanding literary historian of his generation. It depicted Garibaldi as a [[Carlylean]] hero—poet, patriot, and man of action—whose inspired leadership created the Italian nation. For Trevelyan, Garibaldi was the champion of freedom, progress, and tolerance, who vanquished the despotism, reaction, and obscurantism of the Austrian empire and the Neapolitan monarchy. The books were also notable for their vivid evocation of landscape (Trevelyan had himself followed the course of Garibaldi's marches), for their innovative use of documentary and oral sources, and for their spirited accounts of battles and military campaigns.<ref name=Cannadine2004/></blockquote><br />
<br />
Historian Lucy Voakes argues that his Garibaldi project was part of a larger movement among English intellectuals to consolidate, celebrate and sometimes critique liberal culture and politics. She sees Trevelyan's conception of the hero, and his study of the Italian Risorgimento emerging from his promotion of a distinctly "English" patriotism based upon Whig gradualism, parliamentary monarchy and a hierarchical anti-republicanism.<ref>Lucy <br />
Turner Voakes, "The Risorgimento and English literary history, 1867–1911: the liberal heroism of Trevelyan's Garibaldi." ''Modern Italy'' 15.4 (2010): 433-450. [http://www.academia.edu/download/51730016/The_Risorgimento_and_English_literary_history_1867_1911_the_liberal_heroism_of_Trevelyan_s_Garibaldi.pdf Online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Role in education==<br />
Trevelyan lectured at Cambridge until 1903, at which point he left academic life to become a full-time writer. In 1927, he returned to the university to take up a position as [[Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge)|Regius Professor of Modern History]], where the single student whose doctorate he agreed to supervise was [[J. H. Plumb]] (1936). During his professorship, he was also familiar with [[Guy Burgess]] – he gave a positive reference for Burgess when he applied for a post at the [[BBC]] in 1935, describing him as a "first rate man", but also stating that "He has passed through the communist measles that so many of our clever young men go through, and is well out of it".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/burgess/7701.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511060206/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/burgess/7701.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2012 |title=Archive – Guy Burgess at the BBC – Memo quoting a recommendation for Burgess |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]|access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> In 1940 he was appointed as Master of Trinity College and served in the post until 1951 when he retired.<br />
<br />
Trevelyan declined the presidency of the [[British Academy]] but served as chancellor of [[Durham University]] from 1950 to 1958. [[Trevelyan College, Durham|Trevelyan College]] at Durham University is named after him. He won the 1920 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for the biography ''Lord Grey of the Reform Bill'', was elected a fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 1925, made a fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1950,<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Adrian | first1 = L. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1963.0017 | doi-access = free| title = George Macaulay Trevelyan 1876-1962 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 9 | pages = 315–321 | year = 1963 }}</ref> and was an honorary doctor of many universities including Cambridge.<br />
<br />
==Place in British ideas==<br />
<br />
Shocked by the horrors of the Great War he saw as an ambulance driver just behind the front lines, Trevelyan became more appreciative of conservatism as a positive force, and less insistent that progress was inevitable. In ''History of England'' (1926), he searched for the deepest meaning of English history. Cannadine says he reported they were "the nation's evolution and identity: parliamentary government, the rule of law, religious toleration, freedom from continental interference or involvement, and a global horizon of maritime supremacy and imperial expansion".<ref name=Cannadine2004/><br />
<br />
Cannadine concluded in ''G.M. Trevelyan: A Life in History'' (1992):<br />
<blockquote>During the first half of the twentieth century Trevelyan was the most famous, the most honored, the most influential and the most widely read historian of his generation. He was a scion of the greatest historical dynasty that (Britain) has ever produced. He knew and corresponded with many of the greatest figures of his time... For fifty years, Trevelyan acted as a public moralist, public teacher and public benefactor, wielding unchallenged cultural authority among the governing and the educated classes of his day.</blockquote><br />
<br />
Once called "probably the most widely read historian in the world; perhaps in the history of the world",<ref>{{cite book|author=Tombs, Robert |title=The English and Their History|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJzGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT409|year=2015|page=271|isbn=9781101874776}}</ref> Trevelyan saw how two world wars shook the belief in progress. Historiography had changed and the belief in progress declined. [[Roy Jenkins]] argued:<br />
{{blockquote|Trevelyan's reputation as a historian barely survived his death in 1962. He is now amongst the great unread, widely regarded by the professionals of a later generation as a pontificating old windbag, as short on cutting edge as on reliable facts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jenkins, Roy |author-link = Roy Jenkins|title=Portraits and Miniatures|publisher=A&C Black|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsICNA8gGdIC&pg=PT254|year=2011|page=254|isbn = 9781448202881}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On the other hand, [[J. H. Plumb]] argued:<br />
{{blockquote|What is perhaps most frequently forgotten, or ignored, is the skill of his literary craftsmanship. Trevelyan was a born writer and a natural storyteller; and this, among historians, is a rare gift&nbsp;... If one quality is to be singled out, is should be this, for all historians he is the poet of English history&nbsp;... His work has one other great and enduring merit: the tradition within which it was written. The Victorian liberals and their Edwardian successors have made one of the greatest contributions to science and to culture ever made by a ruling class. To these by birth and by instinct Trevelyan belonged.<ref>Plumb, J.&nbsp;H. (1983) "G.M. Trevelyan". In: ''British Writers. Vol VI''. Scribner's.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Other activities==<br />
During World War I, Trevelyan commanded a [[British Red Cross]] ambulance unit on the Italian front;<ref>{{cite book|author=Powell, Anne |title=Women in the War Zone: Hospital Service in the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg0MAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-5059-6}}</ref> his defective eyesight meant he was unfit for military service. On 24 December 1915, he was personally decorated by king [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] with the [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] for having bravely cleared out a military hospital made the target of Austro-Hungarian fire.<ref>Francesco degli Azzoni Avogadro, L'Amico del Re - Il diario di guerra inedito dell'Aiutante di campo di Vittorio Emanuele III, Leggiamo la Grande Guerra, I, Gaspari editor, 2009, ISBN 88-7541-177-8</ref><br />
<br />
In 1919, he delivered the British Academy's Italian Lecture.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Trevelyan, G. M.|title=Englishmen and Italians: Some Aspects of Their Relations, Past and Present|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|year=1919|volume=9|pages=91–108|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015029392563&view=1up&seq=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Italian Lectures|website=British Academy|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/listings/italian-lectures-symposia/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trevelyan was the first president of the [[Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)|Youth Hostels Association]] and the YHA headquarters are called Trevelyan House in his honour. He worked throughout his career on behalf of the [[National Trust]], in preserving not merely historic houses, but historic landscapes. He was an International Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1931)<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Macaulay Trevelyan |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/george-macaulay-trevelyan |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> and an International Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+M.+Trevelyan&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> Trevelyan was also a member of the [[Cambridge Apostles]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Alan |title=The Voice from the Hearth-Rug |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n21/alan-ryan/the-voice-from-the-hearth-rug |website=London Review of Books |language=en |date=28 October 1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trevelyan's works==<br />
Trevelyan was a prolific author:<br />
* {{cite book |title=England in the Age of Wycliffe, 1368–1520 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandinagewyc01trevgoog |year=1900 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company}} His first book, based on his fellowship dissertation. The title of this work is somewhat misleading since it concentrates on the political, social and religious conditions of England during the later years of [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]]'s life only. Six of the nine chapters are devoted to the years 1377–1385, while the last two treat the history of the [[Lollards]] from 1382 until the Reformation. The work is critical of Roman Catholicism in favour of Wycliffe.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/ahr/5.1.120 |author=Kriehn, George |title=England in the Age of Wycliffe |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1899 |pages=120–122}}</ref><br />
* {{cite book |title=England Under the Stuarts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUErAyNExM0C |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-27785-3}} Covers 1603 to 1714.<ref>Smith, David L. (2002) [http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/364 Review of ''England under the Stuarts'']. history.ac.uk</ref><br />
* {{cite book |title=The Poetry and Philosophy of George Meredith |date=1906}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/stream/garibaldisdefenc00trev#page/n7/mode/2up |date=1907}} This volume marks the entry of a new foreign historian in the field of Italian [[Risorgimento]], a period much neglected, or, unworthily treated, outside of Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/1834542 |last1=Grey |first1=Nelson H. |last2=Trevelyan |year=2008 |first2=George Macaulay |title=Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic (1907) |jstor=1834542 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=134–136 |hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t04x5vt29 |url=http://archive.org/details/garibaldisdefe00trev |hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
* {{cite book |title=Garibaldi and the Thousand |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173220 |year=1909 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Garibaldi and the Making of Italy |url=https://archive.org/details/garibaldiandmak01trevgoog |orig-year=1911 | date=2001 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |isbn=978-1-84212-473-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Life of John Bright |date=1913}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''John Bright'' by George Macaulay Trevelyan |journal=The Athenaeum |date=7 June 1893 |issue=4467 |pages=609–610 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c108351;view=1up;seq=437}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRYXUZ4PqXIC |title=Clio, A Muse and Other Essays |year=1949 |last1=Trevelyan |first1=G. M. }}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdHFXwAACAAJ |title=Scenes From Italy's War |year=1919 |publisher=T. C. and E. C. Jack}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=The Recreations of an Historian |date=1919}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Lord Grey of the Reform Bill |date=1920}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishhistoryi00trevgoog |year=1922 |publisher=London, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co.}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54148 |year=1923}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=History of England |url=https://archive.org/details/historyengland01trevgoog |year=1953 |publisher=Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Select Documents for Queen Anne's Reign, Down to the Union with Scotland 1702-7 |date=1929}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=England Under Queen Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh78oAEACAAJ |year=1930 |publisher=Longmans}} His magnum opus in 3 volumes: "Blenheim" (1930), "Ramillies and the Union with Scotland" (1932), "Peace and the Protestant Succession" (1934).<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Sir George Otto Trevelyan: A Memoir |date=1932}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Grey of Fallodon |date=1937}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=The English Revolution, 1688–1689 |url=https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20240601 | date=1965 |orig-year=1938 |publisher=T. Butterworth Limited |isbn=978-7-240-01048-8 |language=en}} Portrays [[James II of England|James II]] as a tyrant whose excesses led directly to the [[Glorious Revolution]].<br />
* {{Cite book |title=A Shortened History of England |url=https://archive.org/details/shortenedhistory00geor |url-access=registration |year=1987 |publisher=Penguin Books |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=English Social History |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54826 | date=1978 |orig-year=1944 |language=en |isbn=978-0-582-48488-7 |last1=Trevelyan |first1=George Macaulay |publisher=Longman }} Published during the darkest days of World War Two, it painted a nostalgic picture of England's glorious past as the beacon of liberty and progress, stirring patriotic feelings and becoming his best selling book, also his last major history book.<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Trinity College: An Historical Sketch |date=1943 |isbn=0-903258-01-3 |last1=Trevelyan |first1=George Macaulay |publisher=The University Press }}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=History and the Reader |date=1945}} <br />
* {{Cite book |title=An Autobiography and Other Essays |date=1949 |isbn=0-8369-2205-0 |last1=Trevelyan |first1=George Macaulay |publisher=Books for Libraries Press }}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Carlyle: An Anthology |date=1953}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=A Layman's Love of Letters |date=1954}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Biography}}<br />
* [[Historiography of the United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=Cannadine2004>[[David Cannadine|Cannadine, David]] (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36554 "Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Adams, Edward. ''Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill'' (University of Virginia Press, 2011).<br />
* [[David Cannadine|Cannadine, David]]. [https://archive.org/details/gmtrevelyanlifei0000cann "G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History"], 1998.<br />
* Cannadine, David. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9416806/GM-Trevelyan-a-historian-in-tune-with-his-time-and-ours.html "GM Trevelyan: a historian in tune with his time, and ours"], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 21 July 2012<br />
* Hernon, Joseph M. "The Last Whig Historian and Consensus History: George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962". ''American Historical Review'' 81.1 (1976): 66–97. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1863741 online]<br />
* Raina, Peter. ''George Macaulay Trevelyan. A Portrait in Letters''. Pentland Books, 2001.<br />
* [[A. L. Rowse|Rowse, A. L.]] ''Historians I Have Known''. London: Duckworth, 1995, 1–11.<br />
* Voakes, Lucy Turner. "The Risorgimento and English literary history, 1867–1911: the liberal heroism of Trevelyan's Garibaldi." ''Modern Italy'' 15.4 (2010): 433–450. [http://www.academia.edu/download/51730016/The_Risorgimento_and_English_literary_history_1867_1911_the_liberal_heroism_of_Trevelyan_s_Garibaldi.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
* Winkler, Henry R. "George Macaulay Trevelyan" in E. William Helperin, ed., ''Some 20th-Century Historians'' (1961), pp.&nbsp;31–56.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|George Macaulay Trevelyan}}<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=}}<br />
* {{FadedPage|id=Trevelyan, G. M. (George Macaulay)|name=G. M. Trevelyan|author=yes}}<br />
* {{Find a Grave|15553672}}<br />
* [http://www.jmu.edu/history/mhr/McNaylor/Paper.pdf Mitchell McNaylor, "G.M. Trevelyan"]<br />
* The Master of Trinity at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], Internet website [http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172].<br />
* {{Librivox author |id=10916}}<br />
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{{succession box|title=[[Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)|Regius Professor of Modern History]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]|years=1927–1943|before=[[J. B. Bury]]|after=[[George Clark (historian)|George Clark]]}}<br />
{{succession box |before=[[J.J. Thomson|Sir Joseph Thomson]] |<br />
title=[[List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge|Master of Trinity College, Cambridge]] |<br />
years=1940–1951 |<br />
after=[[Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian|Edgar Adrian]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box|title=[[University of Durham|Chancellor of the University of Durham]]|before=[[Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]]|after=[[Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough|The Earl of Scarbrough]]|years=1950–1957}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevelyan, G. M.}}<br />
[[Category:1876 births]]<br />
[[Category:1962 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century English historians]]<br />
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[[Category:Macaulay family (Lewis)]]<br />
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[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Wixenford School]]<br />
[[Category:People from Stratford-upon-Avon]]<br />
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[[Category:Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)]]<br />
[[Category:British social historians]]<br />
[[Category:Trevelyan College]]<br />
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]<br />
[[Category:Trevelyan family|G. M.]]<br />
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asansol&diff=470553Asansol2026-03-25T15:09:15Z<p>BeauGleason6763: general corrected references after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Industrial city in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Asansol<br />
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<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = [[Asansol Junction railway station]], [[IISCO Steel Plant]], Asansol Engineering College, Burnpur Nehru Park, Gandhi More street<br />
| nicknames = ''"The City of Brotherhood"''<ref>{{citation |url=https://asansol.org/ |work=Asansol.org |date=2022 |title=Asansol, The City of Brotherhood |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120190947/https://asansol.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and <br/> ''"The Land of Black Diamonds"'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/|title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames - Complete List|work=Day Today GK |date=22 July 2015|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101063027/https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/|url-status=live |author1=Vignesh }}</ref><br />
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1885<br />
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| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]|<br />
| leader_title = Mayor<br />
| leader_name = [[Bidhan Upadhyay]]<br />
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor<br />
| leader_name1 = {{ubl|Abhijeet Ghatak|Wasim Ul Haque}}<br />
| leader_title2 = Police Commissioner<br />
| leader_name2 = Sunil kumar Choudhury, IPS<ref>{{cite web |title=ASANSOL-DURGAPUR POLICE COMMISSIONERATE |url=https://asansoldurgapurpolice.wb.gov.in/ |website=asansoldurgapurpolice.wb.gov.in |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref><br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = Police<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 326<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Asansol City'>{{cite web|title=Asansol City|url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/aboutus/1|website=asansolmunicipalcorporation|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815054512/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.com/aboutus/1|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name='Asansol Info'>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/asansol-india/|title=City - Asansol (West Bengal, India) -|accessdate=6 September 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020231031/https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/asansol-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| area_metro_km2 = 1615<br />
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ADDA">{{citation |title=Asansol Durgapur Development Authority |url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_ADDA.htm |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413200132/https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_ADDA.htm |work=Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
| area_rank = [[List of metropolitan area in West Bengal|2nd]] in [[West Bengal]]<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 111<br />
| population_total = 1,243,414 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21405/Asansol/population|title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population 1950-2021|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215200/https://uat5-b.investingchannel.com/data/df17ac1e-cc7f-11e8-82a5-0abbb61c4a6a?browsersize=1400x783&consentsknown=null&usprivacy=&pageurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fglobal-metrics%2Fcities%2F21405%2FAsansol%2Fpopulation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Census2011"/><ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 9 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Asansol City'/><ref name='Asansol Info'/><br />
| population_rank = [[List of metropolitan area in West Bengal|2nd]] in [[West Bengal]]<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_metro = <br />
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ADDA"/><br />
| population_demonym = Asansolians / Asansolites/ Asansolvasi<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=28 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff" /><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 713 3xx<br />
| area_code = 0341<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = WB 37 / WB 38 / WB 44 (WB 44A, WB 44B, WB 44C, WB 44D)<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.08<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151530/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 84.82<ref name="auto"/><br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] (MP&nbsp;— [[Shatrughan Sinha]] &nbsp;— [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] (MLA&nbsp;— [[Moloy Ghatak]]&nbsp;—[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
<br />
[[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Dakshin]] (MLA&nbsp;—[[Agnimitra Paul]]&nbsp;—[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />
<br />
[[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]] (MLA&nbsp;— Narendranath Chakraborty&nbsp;—[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
<br />
[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (MLA&nbsp;— Tapas Banerjee&nbsp;—[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
<br />
[[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]] (MLA &nbsp;— Hareram Singh&nbsp;—[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
<br />
[[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]] (MLA&nbsp;—Ajay Kumar Poddar&nbsp;—[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br />
<br />
[[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]] (MLA&nbsp;—Bidhan Upadhyay&nbsp;—[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <mapframe latitude="23.68" longitude="86.99" zoom="11" width="300" height="227" align="center">{<br />
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<br />
'''Asansol''' is a city in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the [[List of cities in West Bengal by population|second largest city in West Bengal]]. It is the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|33rd]] largest [[Urban area|urban agglomeration]] in India by population. Asansol is the district headquarters of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]. According to a 2010 report released by the [[International Institute for Environment and Development]], a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol was ranked 11th among Indian cities and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities.<ref name="citymayors1">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |publisher=City Mayors |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106225845/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Asansol is classed as a [[Classification of Indian cities|Y-category city]] for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants (rate 16%) making it a "Tier-II" city.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
"[[Terminalia elliptica|Asan]]", a species of tree which generally grows thirty meters tall, is found on the banks of the Damodar River; "sol" refers to land. The name "Asansol" is a combination of these two words. Asansol is a city on the banks of Damodar and its land is rich in minerals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Indian%20Laurel.html|title=Indian Laurel|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225061636/http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Indian%20Laurel.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Historically the city was anglicised as ''Assensole'' during the British era but the name was reverted after Independence.<ref>{{cite journal |title=General Report - Public Instruction In Bengal |date=1884–1885 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47105/GIPE-070160.pdf |page=108 |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221025113/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47105/GIPE-070160.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The region is believed to have been a part of the kingdom of Vishnupur where the [[Mallabhum|Malla dynasty]] ruled for approximately a thousand years till the emergence of the British. This theory is backed by the presence of Vishnupur style temple present at Chhotodighari village and Domohani village in Asansol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/amrut/amrut%20news.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205021336/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/amrut/amrut%20news.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=390| height=380| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|54|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the western portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district'''<br />MC: municipal corporation, P: rural administrative centre, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, OG: out growth, T: temple<br />Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|51|10|N|86|54|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Chittaranjan | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chittaranjan]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|50|1|N|86|54|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hindustan Cables Township| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Rupnarayanpur|Hindustan Cables Township]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|57|12|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Pangachhiya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Pangachhiya]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|45|25|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Domohani| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Domohani]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|43|54|N|87|1|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bhanowara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bhanowara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|43|7|N|87|1|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Majiara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Majiara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|22|N|86|59|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Panuria| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Panuria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|44|19|N|87|2|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Charanpur| numbered8=OG| mark-title8=[[Charanpur]] (OG)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|46|36|N|86|52|35|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Salanpur| numbered9=P| mark-title9=[[Salanpur]] (P) |label-color9=#800000<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|3|N|87|0|37|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Barabani| numbered10=P| mark-title10=[[Barabani]] (P) |label-color10=#800000<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|18|N|86|49|42|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Kalyaneshwari|labela11= Temple| numbered11=T| mark-title11=[[Kalyaneshwari Temple]] (T) |label-color11=#800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|40|N|86|56|53|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=ECL Salanpur|labela12= Area Office | numbered12=0| mark-title12=[[Salanpur Area|ECL Salanpur Area Office]] |shape-color12=#AA6666| label-size12=11<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|48|N|86|51|49|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=ECL Sodepur|labela13= Area Office | numbered13=0| mark-title13=[[Sodepur Area|ECL Sodepur Area Office]]|shape-color13=#AA6666| label-size13=11<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos14=right| label14=Asansol | numbered14=MC| mark-title14=Asansol (MC)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colours --><br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|39|44|N|86|56|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Burnpur | numbered15=N| mark-title15= [[Burnpur]] (N)|shape-color15=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|5|N|86|52|46|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Neamatpur | numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Neamatpur]] (N)|shape-color16=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|44|21|N|86|50|13|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Kulti | numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Kulti]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|41|29|N|86|49|45|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Dishergarh | numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Dishergarh]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|6|N|86|59|47|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19= Kalla | numbered19=N| mark-title19= [[Kalla, Asansol]] (N)|shape-color19=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|47|46|N|86|52|50|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Rupnarayanpur| numbered20=P| mark-title20=[[Rupnarayanpur]] (P) |label-color20=#800000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|44|10|N|86|48|45|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Barakar | numbered21=N| mark-title21= Barakar (N)|shape-color21=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|28|N|86|53|39|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Sitarampur | numbered22=N| mark-title22= [[Sitarampur]] (N)|shape-color22=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.6652|86.9162}}| label23= IISCO|labela23= Steel Plant| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.85591|86.9011}}| label24= Chittaranjan |labela24= Locomotive|labelb24= Works| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.6774|86.8366}}| label25=Damodar| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.6684|86.8508}}| label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=60| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7076|86.7952}}| label27=Barakar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=110| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.6956|86.7952}}| label28=River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=58| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|48|12|N|86|48|25|E}} |label29=Maithon Dam|labela29= Reservoir| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|51|0|N|87|0|11|E}} |label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=20| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Overview===<br />
Asansol is a cosmopolitan city located on the lower [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], which occupies most of [[Jharkhand]], between the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and [[Ajay River|Ajay]] rivers. Another river, the [[Barakar River|Barakar]], joins the Damodar near [[Dishergarh]]. Two small rivulets, Nunia and Garui flow past Asansol.<br />
[[File:Map of Paschim Bardhaman district.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Paschim Bardhaman district]]<br />
While [[Dhanbad district]] in Jharkhand lies on the western side, [[Durgapur subdivision]] lies on the eastern side. To the south, across the Damodar river are the [[Purulia district|Purulia]] and [[Bankura district]]s. To the north are [[Dumka district|Dumka]] and [[Birbhum district]]s. Dhanbad district is a major coal mining area and has close links with Asansol; both lie in the Damodar valley.<br />
<br />
The city is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Durgapur, Burdwan, and Kolkata. It is an important coal-trading and railway centre, with large railway workshops and a railway colony.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
Asansol has sweltering summers and warm to very warm winters. In summer temperatures can soar above {{convert|45|°C|disp=or}} with dry hot winds known as 'loo' blowing while in winter temperatures go below {{convert|10|°C|disp=or}}. Monsoon lasts from June to September and sometimes into October. The [[Köppen Climate Classification|Köppen]] sub-type for this climate is ''Aw'' ([[tropical savanna climate]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units= |title=Climate Summary for Asansol |publisher=Weatherbase.com |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717163639/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units= |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{Weather box|width=auto<br />
|location = Asansol, India<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|temperature colour = pastel<br />
|Jan high F = 78<br />
|Feb high F = 82<br />
|Mar high F = 94<br />
|Apr high F = 111<br />
|May high F = 113<br />
|Jun high F = 110<br />
|Jul high F = 90<br />
|Aug high F = 89<br />
|Sep high F = 90<br />
|Oct high F = 89<br />
|Nov high F = 84<br />
|Dec high F = 79<br />
|year high F = 90<br />
|Jan low F = 53<br />
|Feb low F = 57<br />
|Mar low F = 66<br />
|Apr low F = 74<br />
|May low F = 78<br />
|Jun low F = 79<br />
|Jul low F = 78<br />
|Aug low F = 78<br />
|Sep low F = 77<br />
|Oct low F = 71<br />
|Nov low F = 60<br />
|Dec low F = 53<br />
|year low F = 69<br />
|rain colour = green<br />
|Jan rain inch = 0.7<br />
|Feb rain inch = 1.3<br />
|Mar rain inch = 0.8<br />
|Apr rain inch = 0.8<br />
|May rain inch = 2.9<br />
|Jun rain inch = 9.5<br />
|Jul rain inch = 13.7<br />
|Aug rain inch = 13.3<br />
|Sep rain inch = 8.3<br />
|Oct rain inch = 4.3<br />
|Nov rain inch = 0.6<br />
|Dec rain inch = 0.2<br />
|year rain inch = 56.3<br />
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web<br />
|title=Asansol, India {{ndash}} Monthly - All Weather Averages<br />
|website=Weatherbase<br />
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units=<br />
|year=2013<br />
|access-date=31 July 2013<br />
|archive-date=1 April 2016<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032033/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=40724&cityname=Asansol%2C+West+Bengal%2C+India&units=<br />
|url-status=live<br />
}}<br />
Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref><br />
|date=July 2013<br />
}}Asansol has been ranked 16th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=prana.cpcb.gov.in |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Further|Salanpur (community development block)#Language and religion}}{{Historical populations<br />
| source = <ref>{{cite web |title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population {{!}} Historical Data {{!}} Chart {{!}} 1950-2025 {{!}} MacroTrends |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/datasets/global-metrics/cities/21170/asansol/population |website=www.macrotrends.net |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref><br />
| 1951 | 185000<br />
| 1961 | 289000<br />
| 1971 | 376000<br />
| 1981 | 637000<br />
| 1991 | 942000<br />
| 2001 | 1073000<br />
| 2011 | 1243414<br />
}}<br />
As per the 2011 census, the Asansol municipal area has a total population of 563,917,<ref name="CensusRel"/> and the total population of Asansol UA is 1,243,414 out of which 646,052 are males and 597,362 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226022814/http://censusindia.gov.in/%20}}</ref><ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|title=Asansol City Population Census 2011 - West Bengal|url=https://www.census.gov.in/census/city/200-asansol.html|access-date=3 July 2020|website=census.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The city has a literacy rate of 83.30%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Asansol-growing-faster-than-Kolkata-says-UN-report/articleshow/17107465.cms|title=Asansol growing faster than Kolkata, says UN report|website=The Times of India|date=6 November 2012|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221185034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Asansol-growing-faster-than-Kolkata-says-UN-report/articleshow/17107465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|title=Kolkata {{!}} History, Population, Government, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813040212/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Asansol as of 2011.|label4=[[Christianity]]|value6=0.43|label6=Not stated|color5=brown|value5=1.04|label5=Others|color4=blue|value4=0.99|value3=1.09|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color3=beige|label3=[[Sikhism]]|color2=green|value2=21.26|label2=[[Islam]]|color1=orange|value1=75.18|color6=silver}}<br />
The major religions in Asansol are Hinduism, followed by 75.18% of the population, and Islam, followed by 21.26% of the population. 1.09% of the populace are adherents of Sikhism, while 0.99% of the population adheres to Christianity.<ref name="CensusRel">{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|access-date=18 December 2021|website=censusindia.gov.in|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages spoken in Asansol (2011)<ref name=Census2011_Language>{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040127/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|value1 = 43.1<br />
|color1 = orchid<br />
|label2 = [[Hindi]]<br />
|value2 = 31.7<br />
|color2 = orange<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
|value3 = 19.4<br />
|color3 = green<br />
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
|value4 = 2.9<br />
|color4 = cyan<br />
|label5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
|value5 = 1.2<br />
|color5 = beige<br />
|label6 = Others<br />
|value6 = 1.7<br />
|color6 = black<br />
}}<br />
[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by the majority (43.1%), followed by [[Hindi]] (31.7%), [[Urdu]] (19.4%), [[Santali language|Santali]] (2.9%), and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (1.2%).<ref name=Census2011_Language/><br />
<br />
==Government and politics==<br />
===Administration===<br />
[[File:Durand Institute, (Vivekananda Institute) in Asansol 10.jpg|left|thumb|Heritage Durand Institute in Asansol]]<br />
Asansol is administered by the [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]. In 1850, a union committee was formed to look after the civic needs of Asansol. The Assensole (now Asansol) Municipality was approved in 1885 but started functioning effectively in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A)_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6|title=পাতা:গবর্ণমেণ্ট্ গেজেট্ (মার্চ) ১৮৮৬.pdf/৩৪০ - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|website=bn.wikisource.org|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221182953/https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A)_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A6|url-status=live}}</ref> It was upgraded to the status of a corporation in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/over_view.php |title=Asansol Municipal Corporation |publisher=Asansol Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930171207/http://www.asansolmunicipalcorporation.org/over_view.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2011 it has had its own Police Commissionerate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |title=Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate |publisher=Asansoldurgapurpolice.in |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223044428/http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
In 2015, Kulti, Jamuria and Raniganj Municipalities were dissolved and now these areas are administered by the Asansol Municipal Corporation. Thus the proper city limits of Asansol includes the old Asansol Area, including [[Burnpur]], as well as other prominent locations like Raniganj, Chinakuri, Mithani, Barakar, [[Kulti]], [[Dishergarh]], [[Neamatpur]], [[Sitarampur]] and [[Jamuria]]. Asansol Municipal Corporation has 106 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA) was established in April 1980 by the merger of the Asansol Planning Organisation and the Durgapur Development Authority. Jurisdiction of ADDA covers the areas administered by Asansol Municipal Corporation, the Jamuria Panchayet Samiti, the [[Andal (community development block)|Community Development Blocks of Andal]], Pandabeswar and Durgapur-Faridpur, [[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]] and a small part of Kanksa Community Development Block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://addaonline.in/adda-at-a-glance/|title=Welcome to ADDA|website=addaonline.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Municipal finance ===<br />
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Asansol Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/asansol |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Asansol Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹187 crore (US$22.5 million) and total expenditure of ₹236 crore (US$28.4 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 16.6% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹129 crore in grants during the financial year.<br />
<br />
===Police stations===<br />
[[File:Bhagat Singh Chowk at Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman 10.jpg|left|thumb|Bhagat Singh Chowk in Asansol]]<br />
Asansol North police station has jurisdiction over [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] CD Block and parts of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]. The area covered is 50&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and the population covered is 410,000 (2001). It has police investigation centres at Kanyapur and Jahagirmohalla.<ref name=ps1>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ps2>{{cite web|url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003743/http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2012 |title=Asansol Durgapur Police Commissionerate |work=Find your police station |publisher=Asansol Durgapur Police |access-date=18 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Asansol South police station has jurisdiction over parts of Asansol municipal corporation. The area covered is 69&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and the population covered is 475,439 (2001).<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/><br />
<br />
Asansol Women PS covers Asansol subdivision.<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/><br />
<br />
Raniganj PS has jurisdiction within the city and has the following centres under its area:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! PP/IC ||Address<br />
|-<br />
|Panjabi More Investigation Centre||Panjabi More<br />
|-<br />
|Ballavpur Police Post||Raghunathchak<br />
|-<br />
|Nimcha Investigation Centre||Jemari<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Jamuria PS has jurisdiction over the following centres;<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! PP/IC ||Address<br />
|-<br />
|Sripur Investigation Centre||Nigha, Bengala Occidental<br />
|-<br />
|Kendra Police Post||Kendra<br />
|-<br />
|Churulia Investigation Centre||Churulia<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Hirapur and Kulti Police Stations also serve the following parts of Asansol municipal corporation area.<ref name=ps1/><ref name=ps2/><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! PP/IC/OP ||Address<br />
|-<br />
|Neamatpur Investigation Centre||Neamatpur Fanri Rd, Neamatpur<br />
|-<br />
|Barakar Police Post||Station Rd, Barakar<br />
|-<br />
|Sanctoria Investigation Centre||Dishergarh<br />
|-<br />
|Chowrangi Outpost||Chittaranjan Rd<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The economy of Asansol is primarily dependent on its steel and coal industries, railways, and its trade and commerce.<br />
<br />
===Steel===<br />
[[File:IISCO Panoramic View 1.jpg|thumb|right|IISCO panoramic view, Asansol]]<br />
[[File:Modernisation of ISP.JPG|thumb|right|Modernised ISP]]<br />
The [[Steel Authority of India]] [[IISCO]] (Indian Iron and Steel Company Ltd) steel-making plant at [[Kulti]] was the first such facility in India. It became well known during the 1960s and 1970s, with its company shares being traded on the [[London Stock Exchange]]. However, a decade later the company became loss-making until it was revived in 2006 when it merged with the [[Steel Authority of India]]. Modernisation at [[IISCO Steel Plant]] has helped the city develop at a very rapid pace. The plant's capacity will be raised from 0.4 MT to 2.5 MT of saleable steel, using what will be the biggest [[blast furnace]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |title = PM Dedicates to the Nation SAIL's Modernised & Expanded IISCO Steel Plant at Burnpur |work = Press Release |publisher = SAIL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 22 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122002/http://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |url-status = dead }}</ref> As of 2015, the investment for modernisation was the single largest investment in West Bengal till then.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | title = Chairman, SAIL reviews performance of ISP, Burnpur | work = Press Release 7 March 2015 | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 30 March 2017 | archive-date = 13 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093334/https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Coal===<br />
[[Eastern Coalfields]], which has its headquarters in Sanctoria P.O. - Dishergarh, has a significant presence in the area due to the huge deposits of high-quality coal. However, most of the coalfields and surrounding residential colonies are located away from the main city. Nearby areas like Raniganj, Chinakuri, and Jamuria are of particular importance as coal blocks. As of 2012, the total coal reserve in the ECL command area up to 600 metre depth was 49.17 billion tonnes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/|title=Welcome to official website of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL)|website=www.easterncoal.gov.in|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421062417/http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx|title=History|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000436/https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Railways===<br />
[[File:Asansol Masonic lodge or Masonic Hall, founded in 1873 in Asansol 01.jpg|thumb|Asansol Masonic lodge, founded in 1873]]<br />
Railways also is a big contributor to the economy of Asansol. Railways were the first employer in the city and they are credited with developing the city in the late 19th century. Asansol is one of four divisions of Eastern Railway Zone and among the major revenue generating divisions in [[Indian Railways]]. World's largest vertically integrated organisation [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] under [[Indian Railways]] is also situated here. It is India's first locomotive works and Asia's largest Locomotive manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html |title=Asansol Division |access-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507171611/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html |archive-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other business ventures===<br />
Other industries include Dishergarh Power Supply, [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], Burn Standard Co. which is now a subsidiary of Eastern Railways, [[Hindustan Cables]] Limited and cement factories like Burnpur Cement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asansolcity.com/asansol-industry.php |title=Asansol on the net – A complete information on Asansol city |publisher=Asansolcity.com |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205343/http://www.asansolcity.com/asansol-industry.php |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
===Road===<br />
<br />
The [[Grand Trunk Road]] ([[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] - old numbering NH 2) runs across the subdivision and [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] (old numbering NH 60) connects Asansol with [[Odisha]]. NH 19 has been broadened as part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project and now allows three-lane traffic in both directions. A highway bypass avoids the areas of Ushagram, Murgasol, Asansol Bazar, Chelidanga, BNR, Gopalpur, Neamatpur, Kulti, and Barakar. Some of the other important roads of the city are namely Vivekananda Avenue, Burnpur Road, and S.B Gorai Road.<br />
<br />
The [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] operates daily bus services to Kolkata and numerous other destinations, such as Malda, Siliguri, Midnapur, Bankura, Siuri, Purulia, Burdwan, Kalna, Howrah, Barrackpore, Digha, [[Bolpur]], [[Kirnahar]] and Berhampore. The [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]] also runs services to and from the city and towns in North Bengal like Malda, Raiganj and Balurghat. There are also many private buses, Taxis and Radio Taxis, which ply locally and on intercity and interstate routes.<br />
<br />
===Railway===<br />
[[File:Asansol rail station in Asansol 05.jpg|left|thumb|Asansol Junction railway station building]]<br />
[[Asansol Junction railway station]] is the Division of [[Eastern Railway zone]] This is one of the oldest divisions on the Indian Railways and has always been in the forefront of operations, both freight and passenger. As far as Eastern Railway is concerned, Asansol Division is referred to as the heart of operations, being at the crossroads of the Grand Chord route via Gaya and the main line route via Patna. With a total of 629.38 route kilometres, the division has the unique distinction of having quadruple lines (two up and two down line) from Khana to Sitarampur.<br />
[[File:Eastern Railway Bharat Scouts and Guides camp in Asansol 11.jpg|left|thumb|Eastern Railway Scouts and Guides camp in Asansol]]<br />
The railway track from Kolkata to Delhi passes through the subdivision and bifurcates into the main line and the grand chord line at [[Sitarampur]] railway junction, a little to the west of Asansol railway junction. Another railway track links Asansol with Adra and then to [[Jamshedpur]] via Purulia and [[Kharagpur]] via Bankura. A branch line connects [[Andal railway station|Andal]] with [[Sainthia railway station|Sainthia]] on the [[Sahibganj Loop]].<br />
<br />
Almost all the trains linking Kolkata with north India also connect with Asansol including Howrah-Patna Vande Bharat Express, Sealdah Rajdhani, Howrah Rajdhani, Howrah Duronto, Sealdah Humsafar Express, Yuva Express and Shalimar Duronto. As a result, Asansol enjoys good connectivity with cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Dehradun]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Durgapur]] and [[Dhanbad]] on the one hand and commands a fairly good traffic movement towards the western cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Surat]] and southern cities like [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijaywada]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Trivandrum]]. It is also connected with [[Guwahati]] in the north-east region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/asansol_jn-asn-railway-station.html/|title=Asansol Jn Train Railway Station|website=Make My Trip|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523124823/http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/asansol_jn-asn-railway-station.html/|archive-date=23 May 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
The domestic airport that serves the city is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]. The airport is located in [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]]. It is roughly {{convert|25|km|mi}} from the Asansol City Bus Terminus.<br />
<br />
There is also a private airport located at Burnpur Riverside Area. At present this Airport is operated by [[IISCO Steel Plant|IISCO]]. Recently [[Airport Authority of India]] gave nod to start commercial flights for six routes in West Bengal; [[Burnpur Airport]] is one of them.<ref>[http://cadup.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/RCS_Round_1_and_2.pdf RCS round 1 and 2] cadup.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060607/http://cadup.gov.in/writereaddata/pdf/RCS_Round_1_and_2.pdf |date=27 February 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<!--Arranged alphabetically --><br />
Among the many educational institutions are:<br />
<br />
===Schools===<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a school to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[Asansol Ramakrishna Mission High School]]<br />
* [[Assembly of God Church School]]<br />
* [[DAV Public School|DAV Public School, Asansol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=CBSE 10: Stellar show fuels doctor dreams for Bengal girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbse-x-stellar-show-fuels-doctor-dreams-for-bengal-girl/articleshow/69209255.cms |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308115023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbse-x-stellar-show-fuels-doctor-dreams-for-bengal-girl/articleshow/69209255.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Loreto Convent, Asansol]]<br />
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya, Asansol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Times School Survey releases the list of top schools in West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/times-school-survey-releases-the-list-of-top-schools-in-west-bengal/articleshow/104390450.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2023 |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref><br />
* [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School]]<br />
* [[St. Vincent's High and Technical School]]<br />
* [[Subhaspally Bidyaniketan]]<br />
<br />
===Colleges/Universities===<br />
* [[Asansol Engineering College]]<br />
* [[Asansol Girls' College]]<br />
* [[Asansol Polytechnic]] <br />
* [[Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol]]<br />
* [[Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]]<br />
* [[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol]]<br />
* [[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]]<br />
* [[Kanyapur Polytechnic]]<br />
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya]]<br />
* [[Kazi Nazrul University]]<br />
* [[Khandra College]]<br />
* [[Kulti College]]<br />
* [[Raniganj Girls' College]]<br />
* [[St. Xavier's College, Asansol]]<br />
* [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]]<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150"><br />
File:Asansol Engineering College.jpg|Asansol Engineering College<br />
File:Gupta College of Technological Sciences.jpg|Gupta College of Technological Sciences<br />
File:College-500x363.png|Banwarilal Bhalotia College<br />
File:D.K. HIGH SCHOOL.jpg|Domohani Kelejora High School<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Libraries===<br />
<br />
There are several public libraries, including the District Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/openenrichv41/LIBRARY_new/html/health_department.jsp?page%3Dgovt_Burdwan.jsp |title=Other Pages |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142313/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/openenrichv41/LIBRARY_new/html/health_department.jsp?page=govt_Burdwan.jsp |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
[[Prasar Bharati]] has a High Power Transmitter Station at Asansol which broadcasts Doordarshan National / Bangla and Doordarshan News Channel. Transmissions are not only received by the city but also neighbouring places. Other than national channels, several local channels are available through cable TV networks, such as Vision 24, Drishti Channel, ATV, and ISP Channel.<br />
<br />
Asansol currently has four FM radio stations: [[All India Radio]] 100.3 FM, 92.7 BIG FM, 93.5 RED FM and Radio Mirchi 95 FM.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.qsl.net/vu2jos/fm/pvt.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101115012518/http://www.qsl.net/vu2jos/fm/pvt.htm| archive-date = 15 November 2010| title = Private stations Location Wise}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports facilities==<br />
<br />
* The Polo Ground has been a landmark in Asansol for a long time. The ground got its name from the sport of [[polo]] which was played here during British rule. Asansol Indoor Stadium is on the same site and has a capacity of 500 spectators. The stadium, which is notable for having the largest shell concrete roof in the district, has two badminton courts and an interchangeable volleyball court. Adjacent to this is Asansol Stadium, where both district and subdivision level football and cricket matches are played.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground Cricket Ground in Asansol {{!}} CricHeroes |url=https://cricheroes.in/cricket-ground-detail/61192/Asansol/Polo-Ground |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=cricheroes.in |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215204/https://cricheroes.com/cricket-ground-detail/61192/Asansol/Polo-Ground |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground, Asansol Court Area |url=https://www.mappls.com/u6g6o4 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115101823/https://www.mappls.com/u6g6o4 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Eastern Railway Divisional Stadium]], popularly known as the Loco Ground, houses several district and subdivision level football and cricket tournaments.<br />
* The Burnpur Football Stadium is a centre of extensive sports activities. Players groomed in the SAIL Football Academy at Burnpur have represented SAIL in the Kolkata IFA and 1st Division League matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Driving directions to Burnpur Football Ground, Asansol |url=https://www.waze.com/live-map/directions/burnpur-football-ground-asansol?to=place.w.56951021.569772351.1745048 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Waze |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.justdial.com/Asansol/Burnpur-Football-Stadium-Burnpur/9999PX341-X341-190910210030-F5N1_BZDET |title=Stadiums in Burnpur|access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215210/https://www.justdial.com/Asansol/Burnpur-Football-Stadium-Burnpur/9999PX341-X341-190910210030-F5N1_BZDET |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Burnpur Cricket Club Ground]] is a first-class level cricket stadium located at Burnpur.<br />
* Asansol Rifle Club Shooting Range is located in Kanyapur Road beside the Ravindra Vidyala Government School. The Rifle Shooting ground founded in the year 1951 under the initiation of some elite citizen of Asansol under the aegis of WBRA and [[National Rifle Association of India|NRAI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asansol+Rifle+Club/@23.70291,86.9626213,18z/data=!4m12!1m5!3m4!2zMjPCsDQxJzI4LjUiTiA4NsKwNTYnNTEuNiJF!8m2!3d23.6912556!4d86.9476759!3m5!1s0x39f71f3dfb7b878b:0xadd4add21824c808!8m2!3d23.7031633!4d86.963434!16s/g/1wtbs9cv?hl=en-US&entry=ttu |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Google Maps |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213146/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Asansol+Rifle+Club/@23.70291,86.9626213,18z/data=!4m12!1m5!3m4!2zMjPCsDQxJzI4LjUiTiA4NsKwNTYnNTEuNiJF!8m2!3d23.6912556!4d86.9476759!3m5!1s0x39f71f3dfb7b878b:0xadd4add21824c808!8m2!3d23.7031633!4d86.963434!16s/g/1wtbs9cv?hl=en-US&entry=ttu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=worldsearch |title=World Search {{!}} ASANSOL RIFLE CLUB |url=https://worldsearch.co.in/GetBusinessDetail/ASANSOL-RIFLE-CLUB |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=worldsearch.co.in |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213056/https://worldsearch.co.in/GetBusinessDetail/ASANSOL-RIFLE-CLUB |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asansol Rifle Club News {{!}} Latest News on Asansol Rifle Club - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/asansol-rifle-club/news |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223213055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/asansol-rifle-club/news |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Kazi Nazrul Islam Krirangan is being developed as an international standard stadium at the former Sen Raleigh Football Ground.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150"><br />
File:Asansol Stadium (Polo Ground)- 01.jpg|Asansol Stadium (Polo Ground)<br />
File:Asansol Sports Complex.JPG|Asansol Sports Complex<br />
File:Divisional Railway Stadium or Loco Ground- 03.jpg|Divisional Railway Stadium or Loco Ground<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---><br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><br />
* [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]<br />
* [[Arjun Atwal]]<br />
* [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]<br />
* [[Meenakshi Banerjee]], scientist<br />
* [[Sayan Banerjee]], footballer playing for [[East Bengal FC]]<br />
* [[Timir Biswas]], Indian playback singer and composer<br />
* [[Susmita Chatterjee]], Indian actress<br />
* [[Ritwik Das]]<br />
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], writer, lyricist and poet <br />
* [[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]]<br />
* [[Minakshi Mukherjee]], politician<br />
* [[Vivek Singh (chef)|Vivek Singh]]<br />
* [[Sharmila Tagore]], Indian actress<br />
* [[Dilara Zaman]], Bangladeshi actress<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of cities in West Bengal]]<br />
* [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol Sadar subdivision]]<br />
* [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]<br />
* [[Asansol Junction]]<br />
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''History of The Indian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd.'' by Dr. N.R.Srinivasan<br />
* ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk-lore of Bardhaman District) in Bengali by Akkari Chattopadhyay<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Asansol}}<br />
* [http://www.bardhaman.nic.in/ Bardhaman District official site]<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Asansol}}<br />
* [https://www.thebengalitoday.com/2020/09/asansol-city.html Asansol - The land of black diamond]<br />
<br />
{{Million-plus cities in India}}<br />
{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}<br />
{{West Bengal}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asansol| ]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&diff=450779Himalayas2026-03-23T07:51:34Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mountain range in Asia}}<br />
{{Redirect|Himalaya}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{Use British English| date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox mountain<br />
| name = The Himalayas<br />
| photo = Himalayas and allied ranges NASA Landsat showing the eight thousanders, annotated with major rivers.jpg<br />
| photo_caption = The arc of the Himalayas (also [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Karakoram]]s) showing the [[eight-thousander|eight-thousanders]] (in red); [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]; [[Tibetan Plateau]]; rivers [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Ganges]], and [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]-[[Brahmaputra]]; and the two anchors of the range (in yellow)<br />
| country_type = [[Country|Countries]]<br />
| country = {{hlist||[[Bhutan]]|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Nepal]]|[[Pakistan]]}}{{efn|Sovereignty over the range is contested in several places, most notably in the [[Kashmir region]].<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)|date=14 August 2023 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas |quote=Though India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, Pakistan and China also occupy parts of them. In the Kashmir region, Pakistan has administrative control of some 32,400 square miles (83,907 square km) of the range lying north and west of the "line of control" established between India and Pakistan in 1972. China administers some 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km) in the Ladakh region and has claimed territory at the eastern end of the Himalayas within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Those disputes accentuate the boundary problems faced by India and its neighbours in the Himalayan region.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|first1=David|last1=Zurick|first2=Julsun|last2=Pocheco|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|date=2006|isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9|page=8,11,12}}</ref>}}<br />
| subdivision2_type = [[Continent]]<br />
| subdivision2 = [[Asia]]<br />
| highest = [[Mount Everest]]<br />
| elevation_m = 8848.86<br />
| highest_location = Nepal, China<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|59|N|86|55|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| range_coordinates = <br />
| length_km = 2400<br />
| geology = {{hlist|[[Metamorphic rock|Metamorphic]]|[[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]]}}<br />
| age = [[Cretaceous]] to [[Cenozoic]]<br />
| orogeny = [[Alpine orogeny]]<br />
| map_image = Himalaya annotated.jpg<br />
| map_caption = Mount Everest and surrounding peaks as seen from the north-northwest over the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. Four eight-thousanders can be seen, [[Makalu]] (8,462 m), [[Mount Everest|Everest]] (8,848 m), [[Cho Oyu]] (8,201 m), and [[Lhotse]] (8,516 m).<br />
}}<br />
The '''Himalayas''',{{Efn|They are also known as "{{nowrap|the Himalaya Mountains}}". In western literature, some writers refer to it as ''the Himalaya'' not changed in English.<ref>[https://himalayatra.com/ the Himalaya], Himalayatra, Feel the Soul of Himalaya</ref> Other names: {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ}}}} in [[Urdu]], {{lang|bn|হিমালয় পর্বতমালা}} ''Himaloẏ Porbōtmala'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], {{lang-zh|s=喜马拉雅[[wikt:山脉|山脉]]|p=Xǐmǎlāyǎ Shānmài|c=|t=喜馬拉雅[[wikt:山脉|山脉]]}} in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].}} or '''Himalaya''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɪ|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|.|ə|,_|h|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|ə|j|ə}} {{respell|HIM|ə|LAY|ə|,_|hih|MAH|lə|yə}}; pronounced in {{IPA|sa|ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ|lang}}; {{etymology|sa|{{IAST|himá}}|snow, frost||{{IAST|ā-laya}}|dwelling, abode}}),<ref name=OED-Himalayan>{{cite OED|Himalayan |access-date=2021-08-05 |quote=Etymology: < ''Himālaya'' (Sanskrit < ''hima'' snow + ''ālaya'' dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)}}</ref>}} is a [[mountain range]] in Asia separating the [[plain]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. The range has some of the [[Earth]]'s highest peaks, including the highest, [[Mount Everest]]. More than [[List of highest mountains on Earth|100 peaks]] exceeding elevations of {{Convert|7200|m|abbr=off}} above [[sea level]] lie in the Himalayas.<br />
<br />
The Himalayas abut on or cross territories of [[Himalayan states|five countries]]: [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Pakistan]]. The sovereignty of the range in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed among [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[China]].<ref name="bishop-britannica">{{cite web|last=Bishop|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Bishop (mountaineer)|title=Himalayas (mountains, Asia)|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, on the north by the [[Tibetan Plateau]], and on the south by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Some of the world's major [[river]]s, the [[Indus River|Indus]], the [[Ganges river|Ganges]], and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo]]–[[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], rise in the vicinity of the Himalayas, and their combined [[drainage basin]] is home to some 600&nbsp;million people; 53&nbsp;million people live in the Himalayas.<ref name="DimriBookhagen2019">{{cite book |author1=A.P. Dimri |author2=B. Bookhagen |author3=M. Stoffel |author4=T. Yasunari |year=2019 |title=Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ea9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=380 |isbn=978-3-030-29684-1}}</ref> The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of [[South Asia]] and [[Tibet]]. Many Himalayan peaks are sacred in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The summits of several—[[Kangchenjunga]] (from the Indian side), [[Gangkhar Puensum]], [[Machapuchare]], [[Nanda Devi]], and [[Kailas]]h in the Tibetan [[Transhimalaya]]—are off-limits to climbers.<br />
<br />
The Himalayas were [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] after the collision of the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]] with the [[Eurasian plate]], specifically, by the folding, or [[nappe]]-formation of the uppermost Indian crust, even as a lower layer continued to push on into Tibet and add thickness to its plateau; the still lower crust, along with the mantle, however, [[subduction|subducted]] under Eurasia. The Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc {{Convert|2400|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wadia |first=D. N. |year=1931 |title=The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny |journal=Record Geol. Survey of India |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=189–220}}</ref> Its western [[syntaxis (geology)|anchor]], [[Nanga Parbat]], lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, [[Namcha Barwa]], lies immediately west of the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]. The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], along which the headwaters of these two rivers flow, separates the Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau; the rivers also separate the Himalayas from the [[Karakoram|Karakorams]], the Hindu Kush, and the [[Transhimalaya]]. The range varies in width from {{Convert|350|km|abbr=off}} in the west to {{Convert|151|km|abbr=on}} in the east.<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite book |last=Apollo |first=M. |year=2017 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476 |chapter=Chapter 9: The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future |editor1-first=R. |editor1-last=Efe |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Öztürk |title=Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism |pages=143–159 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name of the range hails from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa-Latn|Himālaya}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|हिमालय}} 'abode of snow'<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1299 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>), from {{lang|sa-Latn|hima}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|हिम}} 'frost/cold'<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1298 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>) and {{lang|sa-Latn|ālaya}} ({{wikt-lang|sa|आलय}} 'dwelling/house'<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIL Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=121 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEN Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=BEN&page=1115-a |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WIL Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=976 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> The cognates include:<br />
<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* {{lang|hi|हिमालय}} {{lang|ne-Latn|Himālaya}} in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]],<br />
* हिंवाळ ''Hinvāl'' in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]],<br />
* हिमाल ''Himāl'' in [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]],<br />
* {{lang|bo|ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་}} ''Himalaya'' in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]],<br />
* {{lang|si|හිමාලය}} {{lang|ne-Latn|Himālaya}} in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]],<br />
* {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہمالیہ}}}} ''Himāliya'' in [[Urdu]],<br />
* {{lang|bn|হিমালয়}} ''Himaloẏ'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<br />
* {{lang|zh|喜马拉雅}} or {{lang|zh|喜馬拉雅}} ''Xǐmǎlāyǎ'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]].<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
This name was also previously transcribed as ''Himmaleh'', as in [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poetry<ref>{{citation |last=Dickinson |first=Emily |title=The Himmaleh was known to stoop |author-link=Emily Dickinson |title-link=:s:The Himmaleh was known to stoop}}.</ref> and [[Henry David Thoreau]]'s essays.<ref>{{citation |last=Thoreau |first=Henry David |title=A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers |date=1849 |author-link=Henry David Thoreau}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The name of the range is sometimes also given as [[Himavat|Himavan]] in older writings, including the Sanskrit epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |author-link=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=2014|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 }} Entry: "Himavan"</ref> [[Himavat]] ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवत्'')'' or Himavan '''Himavān''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमवान्) is a Hindu deity who is the personification of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Other epithets include '''Himaraja''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हिमराज, {{lit|king of snow}}) 'The Land of Snow' ({{lang|bo|གངས་ཅན་ལྗོངས་}}) in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], or '''Parvateshwara''' ([[Sanskrit]]: पर्वतेश्वर, {{lit|lord of mountains}}).<br />
<br />
==Geography and key features==<br />
{{anchor | Geo | Geography }}<br />
<br />
{{see also|List of Himalayan peaks and passes|Himalayan Rim}}<br />
[[File:Himalayas Map.png|thumb|Map of the Himalayas (including the [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]])]]<br />
{{multiple image<br />
|total_width = 400<br />
|direction = vertical<br />
|align = right<br />
|image1 = Panorama from poonhill-2019-BJ.jpg<br />
|caption1 = Panoramic view of the Himalayas from [[Poon Hill]] in Nepal during sunrise, showing the [[Dhaulagiri (mountain range)|Dhaulagiri massif]] (left, shining with [[alpenglow]]) and the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]] (right, with the sun rising from behind). [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Annapurna]], the highest peaks of these massifs, are respectively the seventh and tenth [[List of highest mountains on Earth|highest mountains in the world]], and are two of the world's fourteen [[eight-thousanders]].<br />
|image2 = Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg<br />
|caption2 = Panorama of the [[Garhwal Himalayas|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] Himalayas from [[Ranikhet]], India, showing peaks such as [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], [[Nanda Kot]] and [[Panchachuli]]. Nanda Devi is the highest mountain located entirely within India's borders, and the second [[List of mountains in India#Highest major summits in India|highest mountain in India]] after [[Kangchenjunga]] (which is the world's third highest and is located along the Indo-Nepalese border).<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
|total_width = 400<br />
|align = right<br />
|image1 = Indus Nanga Parbat Himalayas from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.webm<br />
|caption1 = The [[Indus River]] in the foreground and the [[Nanga Parbat]] peak, the western anchor of the Himalayas, far in the background, a little faint but towering well above the cloud layer{{efn|as seen from a plane approximately above the historic [[Sawal Dher]] village, in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan}}<br />
|image2 = Yarlung Tsangpo river tibet.jpg<br />
|caption2 = Satellite image of the [[Namcha Barwa Himal]], the eastern [[wikt:syntaxis|syntaxis]] of the Himalayas, around which the [[Brahmaputra River]] (known there as [[Yarlung Tsangpo]]) bends, forming the [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon|world's deepest canyon]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Himalayas consists of four parallel [[mountain ranges]] from south to north: the [[Sivalik Hills]] on the south; the [[Lower Himalayan Range]]; the [[Great Himalayas]], which is the highest and central range; and the [[Tibetan Himalayas]] on the north.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas |title=Himalayas|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|last1= Bishop|first1= Barry C. |last2= Chatterjee|first2= Shiba P.|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> The [[Karakoram]] are generally considered separate from the Himalayas.<br />
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In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the {{convert|8000|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=in}} peaks of [[Dhaulagiri]] and [[Annapurna]] in [[Nepal]], separated by the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]]. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections, both ecologically and orographically – the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the [[Kora La]], is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and [[K2]] (the highest peak of the Karakoram range). To the east of Annapurna are the {{convert|8000|m|ft+mile|abbr=off|adj=on}} peaks of [[Manaslu]] and across the border in Tibet, [[Shishapangma]]. To the south of these lies [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] lies the valley of the Bhote/[[Sun Kosi]] river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the [[Araniko Highway]]/[[China National Highway 318]]. Further east is the [[Mahalangur Himal]] with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest: [[Cho Oyu]], [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]], and [[Makalu]]. The [[Khumbu]] region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun river]] drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing to the range to the east of Makalu.<br />
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In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the [[Kangchenjunga]] massif on the border with India, the third-highest mountain in the world, the most easterly {{convert|8000|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} summit and the highest point of [[India]]. The eastern side of Kangchenjunga is in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]]. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to [[Lhasa]], Tibet, which passes over the [[Nathu La]] pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of [[Bhutan]]. The highest mountain in Bhutan is [[Gangkhar Puensum]], which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged, with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of [[Namche Barwa]], situated in Tibet, inside the great bend of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Yarlang Tsangpo]] river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the [[Kangri Garpo]] mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo, including [[Gyala Peri]], however, are also sometimes included in the Himalayas.<br />
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Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to [[Rara Lake]], the largest lake in Nepal. The [[Karnali River]] rises in Tibet but cuts through the centre of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the [[Sarda River]] and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of [[Gurla Mandhata]]. Just across [[Lake Manasarovar]] from this lies the sacred [[Mount Kailash]] in the [[Kailash Ranges]], which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], Sufism and Bonpo. In [[Uttarakhand]], the Himalayas are regionally divided into the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] Himalayas with the high peaks of [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Kamet]].<ref name=britannica>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumaun-Himalayas|title=Kumaun Himalayas|publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica|first1= Kenneth |last1= Pletcher |date =March 13, 2009 }}</ref> The state is also home to the important pilgrimage destinations of Chota [[Chota Char Dham|Chaar Dhaam]], with [[Gangotri]], the source of the holy river [[Ganges]], [[Yamunotri]], the source of the river [[Yamuna]], and the temples at [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]].<br />
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The next Himalayan Indian state, [[Himachal Pradesh]], is noted for its hill stations, particularly [[Shimla]], the summer capital of the [[British Raj]], and [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], the centre of the Tibetan community and [[Central Tibetan Administration|government in exile]] in India. This area marks the start of the [[Punjab Himalaya]] and the [[Sutlej river]], the most easterly of the five tributaries of the [[Indus]], cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form much of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] where lie the mountainous [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] and the renowned [[Kashmir Valley]] with the town and lakes of [[Srinagar]]. The Himalayas form most of the south-west portion of the disputed Indian-administered union territory of [[Ladakh]]. The twin peaks of [[Nun Kun]] are the only mountains over {{convert|7000|m|ft+mile}} in this part of the Himalayas. Finally, the Himalayas reach their western end in the dramatic 8000-metre peak of [[Nanga Parbat]], which rises over {{convert|8000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000-metre summits. The western end terminates at a magnificent point near Nanga Parbat where the Himalayas intersect with the Karakoram and [[Hindu Kush]] ranges, in the disputed Pakistani-administered territory of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. Some portion of the Himalayas, such as the [[Kaghan Valley]], [[Margalla Hills]], and [[Galyat]] tract, extend into the Pakistani provinces of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<br />
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==Geology==<br />
<!--{{inuse|date=February 2025}}--><br />
{{Main|Geology of the Himalayas}}<br />
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[[File:Indian plate movement towards Eurasia 71 Mya onward.jpg|thumb|right|The movement of the [[Indian plate]] toward the [[Eurasian plate]] starting 71&nbsp;million years ago at the average speed of {{convert|5–15|cm|in}} per year, which closed the [[Tethys Ocean|Neo-Tethys Ocean]] above and opened the [[Indian Ocean]] below]]<br />
[[File:230 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|thumb|right|[[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], having rifted from Gondwana shown drifting towards Eurasia, closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean above, opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean below, and carrying parts of what is today the [[Tibetan Plateau]]]]<br />
[[File:Karakoram Kohistan Ladakh Gangdese Belt.jpg|thumb|right|The accretions of the [[Karakoram]], the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]], and the [[Gangdese batholith|Gangdese belt]] to Eurasia preceded the final India-Eurasia collision. The stars mark the [[Syntaxis (geology)|syntaxis]]-causing obtrustions.]]<br />
[[File:2 2 himal tecto units.png|thumb|right|The [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], shown in green, separates the Himalayas from the [[Transhimalaya]]]]<br />
[[File:Folded Himalayan Rock Layers at Kali Gandaki in Nepal 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Folded layers of Himalayan rock, exposed in a cliff about {{convert|3|km|mi}} northeast of [[Jomsom]], in the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] in Nepal]]<br />
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[[Tectonics]], the recurring physical changes that affect the arrangement of the Earth's crust, and [[plate tectonics]], the movement of large regions of the Earth's crust in the manner of planar rigid bodies, are key to understanding the formation of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}} The Earth's crust rests directly on its [[mantle (geology)|mantle]]. [[Tectonic plates]], comprising the crust and the upper portions of their underlying mantle, are moved around by convection in the [[asthenosphere]]. The [[oceanic crust]], found beneath oceans, is, on average, {{Convert|7|km|spell=in}} thick. It is created from [[upwelling]] magma at [[mid-ocean ridges]] and predominantly consists of [[basalt]], the principal igneous rock on Earth. In contrast, the [[continental crust]] underlying dry land has an average thickness of {{Convert|35|km|abbr=on}} and is rich in [[silica]], which is less dense than basalt.{{sfn|Johnson|Harley|2012|p=2}} It makes the continental tectonic plates more buoyant than the oceanic.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}} <br />
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India's defining geologic processes, which began 70&nbsp;million years ago, had involved India [[rift (geology)|rifting]], or splitting away, from [[Gondwana]], and the [[Indian plate|Indian continental plate]] along with the [[Tethys Sea|Neo-Tethys oceanic plate]] above it jointly moving northward.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=116}} As these eventually reached the [[Eurasian plate]], the less buoyant oceanic plate [[subduction|subducted]], or slid under Eurasia and was carried into the deeper asthenosphere. In contrast, the [[Indian plate|Indian continental plate]] was obstructed because of its thickness and buoyancy. The lateral compression generated by the obstruction caused the plate to be sheared horizontally. Its lower crust and mantle slid under, but one layer of the upper crust piled up in sheets (called [[nappe]]s) ahead of the subduction zone.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=117}} Geophysicist [[Peter Molnar (geophysicist)|Peter Molnar]] noted that most of the Himalayas are "slices of rock that once were the top part of India's crust."{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=118}} This is the process of mountain building, or [[orogeny]], in the Himalayas. <br />
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Before the orogeny, the Eurasian coastline had been similar to today's Central Andes.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} Along such coastlines, the adjoining oceanic plate subducts and erupts as volcanoes. [[Magma]], which eventually crystallizes into granite, rises into the Earth's crust below the active volcanoes but not to the surface.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} When India's continental plate pushed against Eurasia, not only did a part of the upper crust fold in nappes, but another stiffer part began to push against (or drag) Eurasia's ancient volcanic mountains farther north.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} As a result, the crust of this formerly coastal region shortened under compression and thickened to become what is today the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} [[Isostatic equilibrium]], or the balance between the gravitational force pulling down on the crust and the force of buoyancy pushing up from the mantle, gives the Tibetan Plateau its notable thickness and altitude.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}}<br />
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The Indian plate was not the only landmass that had rifted from [[Gondwana]] and drifted northward toward Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Before the India-Eurasia collision in [[Selandian|Middle Paleocene]] (60 [[Million years ago|Mya]]) and subsequent Himalayan orogeny, two other landmasses, the [[Qiangtang terrane]] and [[Lhasa terrane]],{{efn|Terrane: "A far traveled crustal block accreted to a continent. Due to its remote origin, the terrane shows a different geological evolution compared to adjacent parts of the continent."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=197}}}} had drifted up from Gondwana.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Qiangtang, a geological region in what is today northern Tibet, had done so in [[Late Triassic]] (237&ndash;201 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Lhasa terrane collided with the southern boundary of the Qiangtang in the [[Early Cretaceous]] (145&ndash;100 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The collision caused the lithospheric mantle of the Lhasa terrane to thicken and shorten, forming a barrier that later prevented the Indian lithosphere from fully subducting under Tibet and leading to further thickening of the Tibetan plateau. The [[suture (geology)|suture zones]], or remains of the [[subduction|subduction zone]] and the [[terrane]]s that are joined, are found in the Tibetan plateau.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Qiantang and Lhasa terranes were part of the string of microcontinents [[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]], today constituting parts of [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]], which had rifted from Gondwana earlier, closing the [[Paleo-Tethys Ocean]] above them and opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean between them and Gondwana, eventually colliding with Eurasia, and creating the [[Cimmerian Orogeny]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}<br />
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After the Lhasa terrane had adjoined Eurasia, an active continental margin opened along its southern flank, below which the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate had begun to subduct. [[Magmatic activity]] along this flank produced the [[Gangdese batholith]] in what is today the [[Transhimalaya|Tibetan trans-Himalaya]]. Another subduction zone opened to the west, in the ocean basin above the Kohistan-Ladakh [[island arc]]. This island arc&mdash;formed by one oceanic plate subducting beneath another, its magma rising and creating continental crust&mdash;drifted north, closed its ocean basin and collided with Eurasia.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=173}}<br />
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The collision of India with Eurasia closed the Neo-Tethys Ocean.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} The suture zone (in this instance, the remnants of the Neo-Tethys subduction zone pinched between the two continental crusts), which marks India's welding to Eurasia, is called the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]].{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} It lies north of the Himalayas. The headwaters of the [[Indus River]] and the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (later in its course, the [[Brahmaputra]]) flow along this suture zone.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}} These two Eurasian rivers, whose courses were continually diverted by the rising Himalayas, define the western and eastern limits, respectively, of the Himalayan mountain range.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=172}}<br />
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During the India-Eurasia collision, two elongated protrusions located on either side of the northern border of the Indian continent generated areas of extreme deformation. A point where mountain ranges with different directions of extension, and thus formed by tectonic forces at varying angles, converge is called a syntaxis (''Greek'': convergence).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The two syntaxes, [[Nanga Parbat]] and [[Namche Barwa]], on the northwestern and northeastern corners of the Indian continent, respectively, are characterized by the quick upward movement of land or rocks that were once deeply buried and significantly altered by extreme heat and pressure.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Geologists have estimated the rate of uplift of these rocks to be {{convert|7|mm|in}} per year, or {{convert|7|km|mi}} per million years.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The protruding regions have some of the highest mountain peaks at {{convert|8125|m|ft}} and {{convert|7756|m|ft}}, respectively.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The regions also have the greatest [[terrain|topographical relief]] in the interior of a continent, approximately {{convert|7000|m|ft}} over a horizontal distance of {{convert|20–30|km|mi}}.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Nanga Parbat has a narrow, [[anticline]], or arch-shaped fold whose crest dips sharply to the north, perpendicular to the general direction along which the Himalayas extend.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The Indus and Yarlung Tsangpo, which originally emptied into the New-Tethys, now bend around the Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa, respectively, to eventually empty into the Indian Ocean.<br />
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Geologists Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, and Ronand Blakey write, "India rapidly marched northward towards Asia with a velocity of ca. 20&nbsp;cm/yr, a plate velocity that exceeds any modern example. This velocity considerably slowed to ca. 5&nbsp;cm/yr following the collision, yet India continued to protrude into Asia for more than 2000 km. ... The irregular northern margin of the Indian continental crust first came into contact with Eurasia along its northwestern corner, approximately 55&nbsp;Ma. As a consequence, India underwent a counter-clockwise rotation to close the remaining part of the Neotethys in scissor-like fashion from west to east. The closure of the Neotethys was completed approximately 40 Ma."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}}<br />
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Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Convergent/Continental-Collision|title=Plate Tectonics -The Himalayas |publisher=The Geological Society |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The Indian plate is moving at {{convert|67|mm|abbr=on}} per year, and over the next 10&nbsp;million years, it will travel {{cvt|1500|km|||}} into Asia. Approximately 20&nbsp;mm per year of the India–Asia convergence is absorbed by [[Thrust fault|thrusting]] along the [[Main Frontal Thrust|Himalaya southern front]]. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5&nbsp;mm annually, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region [[seismic]]ally active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Devastating earthquakes are priming the Himalaya for a mega-disaster |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/earthquakes-priming-himalaya-disaster |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Science |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The Himalayan mountain range consists of three sub-ranges: (1) the Higher- or "Tethys" Himalayas, (2) the Lesser Himalayas, and (3) the Siwaliks. The nappes&mdash;large, stacked sheets of rock&mdash;found in the Tethys Himalayan mountain range, are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks, such as [[limestone]] formed from the accumulation and compression of sediments like sand, mud, and shells deposited in the Neo-Tethys seabed during the [[Paleogene]]" (66 Mya&ndash;23 Mya).{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} Below the sedimentary rocks in the Higher and Lesser Himalayas is a bottom layer, or [[basement (geology)|basement]], composed of [[metamorphic rock]] formed much earlier during the [[Pan-African orogeny|Pan-African]]-[[Cadomian orogeny]] between 650 Mya and 550&nbsp;Mya.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} The lowest subrange, the Siwaliks, represents the sedimentary rock deposits washed off the rising Himalayas in a [[foreland basin]], a low-lying crustal region, at their foot.{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=174}} It primarily consists of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates formed during the [[Neogene]] period (23 Mya to 2.6&nbsp;Mya).<br />
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Geologists Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, and Ronand Blakey further write, "The Siwaliks are both underlain and overlain by thrusts; they have been overridden by the nappe stack of the Higher and Lesser Himalayas and, in turn, are thrust over more interior parts of the Indian continent. Each of the three mega-units is internally imbricated into several individual nappes. Fensters (windows) and klippen provide important structural information regarding the thrust belts and help document the existence of broad thrust sheets, some of which record thrust distances in excess of 100 km. A fenster or window is an erosional hole through a thrust sheet that exposes a tectonically lower unit framed by a higher unit; a klippe is detached by erosion and forms a remnant of a nappe or higher thrust sheet<br />
that rests on top of a lower unit."{{sfn|Frisch|Meschede|Blakey|2011|p=173}}<br />
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==Hydrology==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| image1 = Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Confluence of the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Zanskar River|Zanskar]] rivers in [[Ladakh]]<br />
| image2 = Himalayas, Pheriche, Nepal.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Imja Khola]] river valley in [[Solukhumbu]], Nepal<br />
}}<br />
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Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major [[continental divide]], and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. Himalayas' rivers drain into two large systems:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayas - Rivers, Glaciers, Peaks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Drainage |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* The western rivers combine into the ''Indus Basin''. The [[Indus River|Indus]] itself forms the northern and western boundaries of the Himalayas. It begins in Tibet, at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers, and flows north-west through India into Pakistan before turning south-west to the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is fed by several major tributaries draining the southern slopes of the Himalayas, including the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Sutlej]] rivers, the five rivers of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<br />
* The other Himalayan rivers drain the ''Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin''. Its main rivers are the [[Ganges]], the [[Brahmaputra]], and the [[Yamuna]], as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra originates as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River (Tibet)|Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west through the plains of [[Assam]]. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in [[Bangladesh]] and drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]] through the world's largest river delta, the [[Sunderbans]].<ref name=gits4u/><br />
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The northern slopes of [[Gyala Peri]] and the peaks beyond the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo]], sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the [[Irrawaddy River]], which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the [[Andaman Sea]]. The [[Salween]], [[Mekong]], [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]], and [[Yellow River]] all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the ''circum-Himalayan rivers''.<ref name=circum/><br />
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===Glaciers===<br />
[[File:Aerial View of Peaks of Khumbu, Ngozumpa Glacier and Gokyo Lakes (crop).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Aerial view of the southern end of the [[Ngozumpa glacier]] in the [[Sagarmatha National Park]] of Nepal, showing the [[Gokyo]] village and [[Gokyo Lakes|lakes]] on the right, and [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]] and [[Makalu]], three of the world's five highest peaks, on the left; view south from [[Cho Oyo]] towards the [[Dudh Kosi]] valley.]]<br />
The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after [[Antarctica]] and the [[Arctic]].<ref name=pbs_nature/> Some even refer to this region as the "Third Pole".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Anil V. |last2=Karyakarte |first2=Yogesh |date=2014 |title=Observed changes in Himalayan Glaciers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099804 |journal=Current Science |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=237–244 |jstor=24099804}}</ref> The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about {{convert|12000|km3|abbr=off}}, or 3600–4400 [[Gigatonne|Gt]] (10{{Superscript|12}} kg)<ref name=":0" /> of fresh water.<ref name=IPPC2007/> Its glaciers include the [[Gangotri Glacier|Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) and [[Khumbu Glacier|Khumbu]] glaciers ([[Mount Everest]] region), [[Langtang]] glacier ([[Langtang]] region), and [[Zemu Glacier|Zemu]] ([[Sikkim]]).<br />
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Owing to the mountains' latitude near the [[Tropic of Cancer]], the permanent [[snow line]] is among the highest in the world, at typically around {{convert|5500|m|abbr=on|-2}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shi |first1=Yafeng |last2=Xie |first2=Zizhu |last3=Zheng |first3=Benxing |last4=Li |first4=Qichun |url=http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424125203/http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2013 |title=Distribution, Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China |journal=World Glacier Inventory |year=1978 }}</ref> In contrast, equatorial mountains in [[New Guinea]], the [[Rwenzoris]], and [[Colombia]] have a snow line some {{convert|900|m|abbr=on|-1}} lower.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henderson-Sellers|first1=Ann|last2=McGuffie|first2=Kendal|title=The Future of the World's Climate: A Modelling Perspective|pages=199–201|isbn=978-0-12-386917-3|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier }}</ref> The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large [[perennial stream|perennial rivers]].<br />
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In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|glacier retreat]] across the region as a result of climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ethan|last2=Carrivick|first2=Jonathan L.|last3=Quincey|first3=Duncan J.|last4=Cook|first4=Simon J.|last5=James|first5=William H. M.|last6=Brown|first6=Lee E.|date=2021-12-20|title=Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=24284|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03805-8|issn=2045-2322|pmc=8688493|pmid=34931039| bibcode=2021NatSR..1124284L }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-nepal-climate-glaciers-dc/vanishing-himalayan-glaciers-threaten-a-billion-idUSDEL18761020070604|title=Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion|date=4 June 2007|newspaper=Reuters |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Studies have measured an approximately 13% overall decrease in glacial coverage in the Himalayas over the last 40–50 years.<ref name=":0" /> Local conditions play a large role in glacial retreat, however, and glacial loss can vary locally from a few m/yr to 61 m/yr.<ref name=":0" /> A marked acceleration in glacial mass loss has also been observed since 1975, from about 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr.<ref name=":0" /> Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaushik|first1=Saurabh|last2=Rafiq|first2=Mohammd|last3=Joshi|first3=P.K.|last4=Singh|first4=Tejpal|date=April 2020|title=Examining the glacial lake dynamics in a warming climate and GLOF modelling in parts of Chandra basin, Himachal Pradesh, India|journal=Science of the Total Environment|language=en|volume=714|article-number=136455|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136455|pmid=31986382|bibcode=2020ScTEn.71436455K|s2cid=210933887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rafiq|first1=Mohammd|last2=Romshoo|first2=Shakil Ahmad|last3=Mishra|first3=Anoop Kumar|last4=Jalal|first4=Faizan|date=January 2019|title=Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood, Kedarnath, India|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=64–76|doi=10.1007/s11629-018-4972-8|bibcode=2019JMouS..16...64R |s2cid=134015944|issn=1672-6316|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|date=24 July 2007|publisher=People's Daily Online|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182931/http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html}}</ref> The global climate change will affect the water resources and livelihoods of the Greater Himalayan region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/13449 |title=Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security |date=2012|publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-26098-5 |location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/13449 |bibcode=2012nap..book13449N }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Lakes===<br />
{{See also|List of Alpine lakes in India}}<br />
[[File:Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg|thumb|[[Gurudongmar Lake]] in Sikkim, India]]<br />
<br />
The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes.<ref name="O'Neill_2019">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. R.| date=2019 |title=Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |issue=e00715 |page=19 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Pangong Tso]], which is spread across the border between India and China, at the far western end of Tibet, is among the largest with a surface area of {{cvt|700|km2|||}}.<br />
<br />
South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. [[Tilicho Lake]] in Nepal, in the Annapurna massif, is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other lakes include [[Rara Lake]] in western Nepal, [[Phoksundo Lake|She-Phoksundo Lake]] in the [[Shey Phoksundo National Park]] of Nepal, [[Gurudongmar Lake]], in [[North Sikkim]], [[Gokyo Lakes]] in [[Solukhumbu]] district of [[Nepal]], and [[Lake Tsongmo]], near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/><br />
<br />
Some of the lakes present the danger of a [[glacial lake outburst flood]]. The [[Tsho Rolpa]] glacier lake in the [[Rolwaling Himal|Rowaling Valley]], in the [[Dolakha District]] of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of {{convert|4580|m|abbr=on}}, has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://rolwaling.tripod.com/glof/| title = Photograph of Tsho Rolpa}}</ref><ref>[[Glacial lake outburst flood#Monitoring|Tsho Rolpa]]</ref> The mountain lakes are known to geographers as ''[[tarn (lake)|tarns]]'' if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above {{cvt|5500|m|||}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html|title=Highest Lake in the World|first=Carl|last=Drews|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818141925/http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Temperate Himalayan wetlands provide important habitat and layover sites for migratory birds. Many mid and low altitude lakes remain poorly studied in terms of their hydrology and biodiversity, like Khecheopalri in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=25 February 2020 |title= Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland |journal= Wetlands Ecology & Management |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=375–388 | doi=10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7 |bibcode=2020WetEM..28..375O |s2cid=211081106 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
===Temperature===<br />
The physical factors determining the climate in any location in the Himalayas include latitude, altitude, and the relative motion of the [[Southwest monsoon]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} From north to south, the mountains cover more than eight degrees of latitude, spanning temperate to subtropical zones.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} The colder air of Central Asia is prevented from blowing down into South Asia by the physical configuration of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} This causes the tropical zone to extend farther north in South Asia than anywhere else in the world.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} The evidence is unmistakable in the Brahmaputra valley as the warm air from the [[Bay of Bengal]] bottlenecks and rushes up past [[Namcha Barwa]], the eastern anchor of the Himalayas, and into southeastern Tibet.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}} Temperatures in the Himalayas cool by 2.0 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) for every {{convert|300|m|ft}} increase of altitude.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=50}}<br />
[[File:Kowang, Gandaki River, Nepal.jpg|thumb|[[Gandaki River]] in Nepal]]<br />
As the physical features of mountains are irregular, with broken jagged contours, there can be wide variations in temperature over short distances.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Temperature at a location on a mountain depends on the season of the year, the bearing of the sun with respect to the face on which the location lies, and the [[mass versus weight|mass]] of the mountain, i.e. the amount of [[matter]] in the mountain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} As the temperature is directly proportional to received radiation from the sun, the faces that receive more direct sunlight also have a greater heat buildup.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In narrow valleys—lying between steep mountain faces—there can be dramatically different weather along their two margins.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The side to the north with a mountain above facing south can have an extra month of the growing season.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The mass of the mountain also influences the temperature, as it acts as a [[heat island]], in which more heat is absorbed and retained than the surroundings, and therefore influences the [[heat budget]] or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature from the winter minimum to the summer maximum.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}<br />
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The immense scale of the Himalayas means that many summits can create their own weather, the temperature fluctuating from one summit to another, from one face to another, and all may be quite different from the weather in nearby plateaus or valleys.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}<br />
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===Precipitation===<br />
The Himalayan hydroclimate is crucial for South Asia, where annual summer monsoon floods impact millions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kad |first1=Pratik |last2=Ha |first2=Kyung-Ja |title=Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=AGU |language=en |doi=10.1029/2023JD038759 |date=27 November 2023|volume=128 |issue=22 |article-number=e2023JD038759 |bibcode=2023JGRD..12838759K |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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A critical influence on the Himalayan climate is the [[Southwest Monsoon]]. Variability in monsoon rainfall, influenced by local Hadley circulation and tropical sea surface temperatures, is the main factor behind wet and dry years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kad |first1=Pratik |last2=Ha |first2=Kyung-Ja |title=Recent Tangible Natural Variability of Monsoonal Orographic Rainfall in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |publisher=AGU |language=en |doi=10.1029/2023JD038759 |date=27 November 2023|volume=128 |issue=22 |article-number=e2023JD038759 |bibcode=2023JGRD..12838759K |doi-access=free }}</ref> This is not so much the rain of the summer months as the wind that carries the rain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Different rates of heating and cooling between the Central Asian continent and the [[Indian Ocean]] create large differences in the [[atmospheric pressure]] prevailing above each.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In the winter, a high-pressure system forms and remains suspended above Central Asia, forcing air to flow in the southerly direction over the Himalayas.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} But in Central Asia, as there is no substantial source for water to be diffused as vapour, the winter winds blowing across South Asia are dry.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} In the summer months, the Central Asian plateau heats up more than the ocean waters to its south. As a result, the air above it rises higher and higher, creating a [[thermal high]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} Off-shore high-pressure systems in the Indian Ocean push the moist summer air inland toward the low-pressure system. When the moist air meets mountains, it rises and upon subsequent cooling, its moisture condenses and is released as rain, typically heavy rain.{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}} The wet summer monsoon winds cause precipitation in India and all along the layered southern slopes of the Himalayas. This forced lifting of air is called the [[orographic effect]].{{sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|pp=50–51}}<br />
[[File:Machermo, Yaks, Nepal.jpg|thumb|A caravan of [[yak]]s in the Himalayas]]<br />
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===Winds===<br />
The vast size, huge altitude range, and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills, to cold and dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. For much of the Himalayas—in the areas to the south of the high mountains, the [[monsoon]] is the most characteristic feature of the climate and causes most of the precipitation, while the [[western disturbance]] brings winter precipitation, especially in the west. Heavy rain arrives on the southwest monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism – the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer, [[monsoon]], autumn, (or post-monsoon), winter, and spring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather & Season Info of Nepal |url=https://classichimalaya.com/weather-season-info-of-nepal/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Classic Himalaya |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Using the [[Köppen climate classification]], the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid-elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as ''Cwa'', [[humid subtropical climate#South Asia|Humid subtropical climate]] with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'')]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
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The intensity of the southwest monsoon diminishes as it moves westward along the range, with as much as {{convert|2,030|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall in the monsoon season in [[Darjeeling]] in the east, compared to only {{cvt|975|mm|abbr=on}} during the same period in Shimla in the west.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Climate of the Himalayas|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Climate|access-date=18 May 2022|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|first1=David|last1=Zurick|first2=Julsun|last2=Pocheco|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|date=2006|isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9|page=52}}</ref><br />
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The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold, and generally windswept, particularly in the west where it has a [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|cold desert climate]]. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during the late winter and spring months.<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| image1 = BhurjungKhola-AK1981.jpg<br />
| caption1 = A village in the [[Pokhara Valley]] during the monsoon season; the valley lies to the south of the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]].<br />
| image2 = View on Gyakar (edited).jpg<br />
| caption2 = The [[Desert climate#Cold desert climate|cold desert]] region of [[Upper Mustang]]; the region lies to the north of the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna massif]] (visible in the background).<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by 0.2 to 1.2&nbsp;°C for every {{cvt|100|m|||abbr=}} rise in altitude.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romshoo|first1=Shakil Ahmad|last2=Rafiq|first2=Mohammd|last3=Rashid|first3=Irfan|date=March 2018|title=Spatio-temporal variation of land surface temperature and temperature lapse rate over mountainous Kashmir Himalaya|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=563–576|doi=10.1007/s11629-017-4566-x|bibcode=2018JMouS..15..563R |s2cid=134568990|issn=1672-6316|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This gives rise to a variety of climates, from a nearly tropical climate in the foothills, to [[tundra]] and permanent snow and ice at higher elevations. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well-exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the [[rain shadow]] of large mountains can be significant, for example, leading to near desert conditions in the [[Upper Mustang]], which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the [[Annapurna]] and [[Dhaulagiri]] massifs and has annual precipitation of around {{cvt|300|mm|||}}, while [[Pokhara]] on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall ({{cvt|3900|mm|disp=or||}} a year). Thus, although annual precipitation is generally higher in the east than in the west, local variations are often more important.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding [[temperate]] regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the [[monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon]] winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the [[Terai]] region. The [[rain shadow]]ing of Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the [[Taklamakan]] and [[Gobi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Devitt|first=Terry|title=Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau|newspaper=University of Wisconsin–Madison News|date=3 May 2001|url=https://news.wisc.edu/climate-shift-linked-to-rise-of-himalayas-tibetan-plateau/|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
{{main|Ecology of the Himalayas}}<br />
<br />
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall, and soil conditions, combined with the very high snow line, supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.<ref name="O'Neill_2019"/> The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure), combined with extreme cold, favor [[extremophile]] organisms.<ref>{{cite web|first=C. Michael|last=Hogan|year=2010|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles|title=Extremophile|editor1-first=E.|editor1-last=Monosson |website=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment|location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/><br />
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At high altitudes, the elusive and previously endangered [[snow leopard]] is the main predator. Its prey includes members of the goat family grazing on the alpine pastures and living on the rocky terrain, notably the endemic [[bharal]] or Himalayan blue sheep. The [[Himalayan musk deer]] is also found at high altitudes. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other endemic or near-endemic herbivores include the [[Himalayan tahr]], the [[takin]], the [[Himalayan serow]], and the [[Himalayan goral]]. The critically endangered [[Himalayan brown bear|Himalayan]] subspecies of the [[brown bear]] is found sporadically across the range, as is the [[Asian black bear]]. In the mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the eastern Himalayas, [[red panda]]s feed in the dense understories of bamboo. Lower down, the forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered [[Gee's golden langur]] and the [[Kashmir gray langur]], with highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively.<ref name="oneill_khecheopalri"/><br />
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The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to [[climate change]]. ''[[Hydrangea hirta]]'' is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially [[rhododendron]], apple, and ''[[Myrica esculenta|box myrtle]]''. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is ''[[Juniperus tibetica]],'' located at {{convert|4900|m|abbr=on|-1}} in Southeastern Tibet.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf|title=Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet|first1=Georg|last1=Miehe|first2=Sabine|last2=Miehe|first3=Jonas|last3=Vogel|first4=Sonam|last4=Co|first5=La|last5=Duo|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=27|issue=2|date=May 2007|pages=169–173|doi=10.1659/mrd.0792|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606103046/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2013|hdl=1956/2482|s2cid=6061587|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
<gallery heights="200"><br />
File:HT Bhagirathi.jpg|[[Himalayan tahr]]s (male, kid and female) drinking from the [[Bhagirathi River]] near [[Uttarkashi]], India<br />
File:Two Red Panda Cubs in the Tree 01.jpg|Two [[red panda]] cubs perched in a tree at the [[Langtang National Park]] in Nepal<br />
File:Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg|Himalayan flora at the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] in India<br />
File:Himalayan Monal at Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal.jpg|A male [[Himalayan monal]] in [[Sagarmatha National Park]], Nepal<br />
File:A New Year's Snow Leopard Encounter in India.webm|A [[snow leopard]] duo filmed in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India<br />
File:Takins at Motithang Takin Preserve, Bhutan.jpg|[[Takin]]s at the [[Motithang Takin Preserve]] in [[Thimphu]], Bhutan<br />
File:Blue-throated Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis rubeculoides) (46511242922).jpg|[[Blue-throated blue flycatcher]] perched on a tree in [[Margalla Hills]], Pakistan<br />
File:Brown bear at the Shilla village - Northern Pakistan.jpg|[[Himalayan brown bear]] in [[Deosai National Park]], Pakistan<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Religions==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| image1 = Paro Taktsang, Bhutan (edited).jpg<br />
| caption1 = The [[Paro Taktsang|Taktsang]] Monastery, in the upper [[Paro valley]] of Bhutan, built in the cliffside of a mountain, around a cave where Guru [[Padmasambhava]] is believed to have meditated.<br />
| image2 = Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Shiva]] shrine on the shore of the [[Gangabal Lake|Gangabal]] glacial lake situated below [[Harmukh]], a sacred mountain for Hindus located north of the [[Kashmir Valley]].<br />
}}<br />
<br />
There are many cultural and mythological aspects associated with the Himalayas. In [[Jainism]], Mount Ashtapada of the Himalayan mountain range is a sacred place where the first Jain ''[[tirthankara]]'', [[Rishabhanatha]], attained ''[[moksha]]''. It is believed that after Rishabhanatha attained ''[[nirvana]]'', his son, [[Bharata (Jainism)|Bharata]], had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 [[Tirthankaras|''tirthankara''s]] with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it ''Sinhnishdha''.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&q=mount+Kailash+jainism&pg=RA1-PA273 | title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism| isbn=978-81-7835-723-2| last1=Jain| first1=Arun Kumar| year=2009| publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707034645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=To heaven and back |date=11 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as [[Himavat]], the king of all mountains and the father of the goddess [[Parvati]].<ref name=":1" /> The Himalayas are also considered to be the father of the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (the personification of river Ganges).<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend|isbn=978-0-500-51088-9|first=Anna|last=Dallapiccola|year=2002|publisher=National Geographic Books |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000dall}}</ref> Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus are the temple complex in [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] and [[Muktinath]], also known as Shaligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called [[shaligram]]s.<ref name="JEE" /><br />
<br />
The [[Buddhists]] also lay a great deal of importance on the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where [[Buddhism]] started in [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kimberly-cantor/paro-bhutan-the-tigers-ne_b_10982104.html|title=Paro, Bhutan: The Tiger's Nest|last=Cantor|first=Kimberly|date=14 July 2016|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or ''mahasiddhas''. They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=Zurick|first1=David|last2=Julsun|first2=Pacheco|last3=Basanta|first3=Raj Shrestha|last4=Birendra|first4=Bajracharya|title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya|location=Lexington|publisher=U of Kentucky|year=2006}}</ref> The Himalayan people's diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages, and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing.<ref name=":4" /> The shapes and materials of the people's homes reflect their practical needs and beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place great importance on jewelry. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry.<ref name=":4" /> Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Buddhism, Jainism, [[Sikhism]], [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]. A notable example of a religious site is [[Paro Taktsang]], where [[Padmasambhava]] is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan.<ref name="Pommaret">{{cite book|author=Pommaret, Francoise|title=Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom|edition=5th|publisher=Odyssey Books and Guides|year=2006|pages=136–137|isbn=978-962-217-810-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
A number of [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhist]] sites are situated in the Himalayas, in [[Tibet]], Bhutan, and in the Indian regions of [[Ladakh]], Sikkim, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]], and [[Darjeeling]]. There were over 6,000 [[List of Tibetan monasteries|monasteries]] in Tibet, including the residence of the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307495.stm|title=Tibetan monks: A controlled life|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2008}}</ref> Bhutan, [[Sikkim]], and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehra |first=P. L. |date=1960 |title=Lacunae in the Study of the History of Bhutan and Sikkim |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137539 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=23 |pages=190–201 |jstor=44137539 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites.<ref name = JEE>{{Cite journal |title=Ecological status and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=9 |article-number=1 |author1=Jahangeer A. Bhat |author2=Munesh Kumar |author3-link=Rainer W. Bussman |author3=Rainer W. Bussmann |date=2 January 2013 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-1 |pmid=23281594 |pmc=3560114 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Different parts of the plants – root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark – are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an ''[[Abies pindrow]]'' tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an ''[[Andrachne|Andrachne cordifolia]]'' is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a ''[[Callicarpa|Callicarpa arborea]]'' is used for skin ailments.<ref name=JEE /> Nearly a fifth of the [[gymnosperm]]s, [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]], and [[pteridophyte]]s in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered.<ref name=JEE/><br />
<br />
Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Pankaj|last2=Sharma|first2=Vijay Kumar|title=Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas|year=2014|publisher=Springer Briefs in Environmental Science|isbn=978-81-322-1925-5}}</ref> Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region.<ref name=":1" /> The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Himalayan Forests Disappearing|journal=Earth Island Journal|volume=21|issue=4|year=2006|pages=7–8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[Eastern Himalaya|Eastern]] and [[Western Himalaya]]<br />
* [[Indian Himalayan Region]]<br />
* [[List of Himalayan peaks and passes]]<br />
* [[List of Himalayan topics]]<br />
* [[List of mountains in India]], [[List of mountains in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Mountains of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[List of mountains in Nepal|Nepal]] and [[List of mountains in China|China]]<br />
* [[List of Ultras of the Himalayas]]<br />
* [[Trekking peak]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=circum>{{cite journal |title=Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |year=2003 |volume=5 | page=13,617 |id=Abstract 13617 |last1=Gaillardet |first1=J. |last2=Métivier |first2=F. |last3=Lemarchand |first3=D. |last4=Dupré |first4=B. |last5=Allègre |first5=C.J. |last6=Li |first6=W. |last7=Zhao |first7=J. |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2006 |bibcode=2003EAEJA....13617G}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=gits4u>{{cite web |url=http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm |title=Sunderbans the world's largest delta |publisher=gits4u.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191637/http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=IPPC2007>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html |title=the Himalayan Glaciers | date=2007 |website=Fourth assessment report on climate change |publisher=IPPC |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- unused refs<br />
<ref name=Kuhle2011>{{cite book |title=Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look |author=Kuhle, M. |year=2011 |chapter=The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |editor3-last=Hughes |editor3-first=P.D. |location=[[Amsterdam]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] BV |pages=943–965}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Kuhle2005>{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2005 |title=The maximum Ice Age (Würmian, Last Ice Age, LGM) glaciation of the Himalaya – a glaciogeomorphological investigation of glacier trim-lines, ice thicknesses and lowest former ice margin positions in the Mt. Everest-Makalu-Cho Oyu massifs (Khumbu- and Khumbakarna Himal) including information on late-glacial-, neoglacial-, and historical glacier stages, their snow-line depressions and ages |journal=GeoJournal |volume=62 |pages=193–650 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/s10708-005-2338-6}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Kuhle1987>{{cite journal |title=Subtropical mountain- and highland-glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene |author=Kuhle, M. |year=1987 |journal=[[GeoJournal]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=393–421 |doi=10.1007/BF02602717|bibcode=1987GeoJo..14..393M |s2cid=129366521 }}</ref> <br />
--><br />
<br />
<ref name=pbs_nature>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-himalayas-himalayas-facts/6341/ |title=The Himalayas – Himalayas Facts |website=Nature on PBS |access-date=21 January 2014 |date=11 February 2011}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
===General===<br />
* {{citation|editor1-last=Wester|editor1-first=Philippus|editor2-last=Mishra|editor2-first=Arabinda|editor3-last=Mukherji|editor3-first=Aditi|editor4-last=Shrestha|editor4-first=Arun Bhakta|title=The Hindu Kush Himalya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People|publisher=Springer Open, ICIMOD, HIMAP|isbn=978-3-319-92287-4|lccn=2018954855|year=2019}}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Zurick|first1=David|last2=Pacheco|first2=Julsun|others=with Basanta Shrestha and Birendra Bajracharya| title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas|location=Lexington|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-2388-2|year=2006|oclc=1102237054}}<br />
===Geography===<br />
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Price|editor1-first=Martin F.|editor2-last=Byers|editor2-first=Alton C.|editor3-last=Friend|editor3-first=Donald A.|editor4-last=Kohler|editor4-first=Thomas|editor5-last=Price|editor5-first=Larry W.|title=Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London|publisher=University of California Press|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWU-AAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-0-520-25431-2|oclc=841227048}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gerrard |first=John |year=1990 |title=Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-07128-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr/page/256/mode/2up |oclc=20637538 }}<br />
===Geology===<br />
* {{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=B. K. |title=Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy|location=Amsterdam and Boston|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-802021-0|year=2016}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Geoffrey F.|title=Stories from the Deep Earth: How Scientists Figured Out What Drives Tectonic Plates and Mountain Building|location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Springer Nature|year=2022|isbn= 978-3-030-91358-8|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-91359-5|s2cid=245636487 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Frisch|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Meschede|first2=Martin|last3=Blakey|first3=Ronald|title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-76503-5|doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2|year=2011}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Michael R. W.|last2=Harley|first2=Simin L.|title=Orogenesis: The Making of Mountains|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-521-76556-5}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Molnar|first=Peter|title=Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-872826-9}}<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
* {{citation|last1=Clift|first1=Peter D.|last2=Plumb|first2=R. Alan|title=The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84799-5|oclc=|lccn=|year=2008|quote=}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Barry|first=Roger E|title=Mountain Weather and Climate|edition=3rd|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86295-0}}<br />
<br />
===Ecology===<br />
===Society===<br />
===Pilgrimage and Tourism===<br />
* {{citation|last=Bleie|first=Tone|title=Pilgrim Tourism in the Central Himalayas: The Case of Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, Nepal|publisher=International Mountain Society|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=23|issue=2|pages=177–184|year=2003|doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0177:PTITCH]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=56120507 |doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Howard|first=Christopher A|title=Mobile Lifeworlds: An Ethnography of Tourism and Pilgrimage in the Himalayas|year=2016|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315622026|isbn=978-0-367-87798-9}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Humbert-Droz|first=Blaise|editor1-last=Prins|editor1-first=Herbert H. T.|editor2-last=Namgail|editor2-first=Tsewang |others=Foreword by H.H. The Dali Lama|chapter=Impacts of Tourism and Military Presence on Wetlands and Their Avifauna in the Himalayas|title=Bird Migration across the Himalayas Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11471-5|pages=343–358|year=2017}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Lim|first=Francis Khek Ghee|title=Hotels as sites of power: tourism, status, and politics in Nepal Himalaya|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |series=New Series|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute|volume = 13|pages= 721–738|year=2007|issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00452.x }}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Nyaupane |first1=Gyan P.|last2=Chhetri|first2=Netra|year=2009|title=Vulnerability to Climate Change of Nature-Based Tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas|journal=Tourism Geographies|volume=11|issue=1|pages=95–119|doi=10.1080/14616680802643359|s2cid=55042146 }}<br />
* {{citation|editor1-last=Nyaupane|editor1-first=Gyan P.|editor2-last=Timothy|editor2-first=Dallen J.|title=Tourism and Development in the Himalya: Social, Environmental, and Economic Forces|year=2022|isbn=978-0-367-46627-5|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|series=Routledge Cultural Heritage and Tourism Series}}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Pati|first1=Vishwambhar Prasad|title=Sustainable Tourism Development in the Himalya: Constraints and Prospects|series=Environmental Science and Engineering |location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-58853-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-58854-0|year=2020|s2cid=229256111 |quote=}}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Serenari|first1=Christopher|last2=Leung|first2=Yu-Fai|last3=Attarian|first3=Aram|last4=Franck|first4=Chris|title=Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India|issn=|journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism|volume=20|issue=5|pages=757–772|year=2012|doi=10.1080/09669582.2011.638383|bibcode=2012JSusT..20..757S |s2cid=153859477 }}<br />
<br />
===Mountaineering and Trekking===<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* [[William McKay Aitken|Aitken, Bill]], ''Footloose in the Himalaya'', Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7824-052-1}}.<br />
* Berreman, Gerald Duane, ''Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change'', 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.<br />
* Edmundson, Henry, ''Tales from the Himalaya'', Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. {{ISBN|978-9937-9330-3-2}}.<br />
* ''Everest'', the IMAX movie (1998). {{ISBN|0-7888-1493-1}}.<br />
* Fisher, James F., ''Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal'', 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-520-06941-2}}.<br />
* [[Augusto Gansser-Biaggi|Gansser, Augusto]], [[Andreas Gruschke|Gruschke, Andreas]], Olschak, Blanche C., ''Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples'', New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. {{ISBN|0-8160-1994-0}} and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987.<br />
* Gupta, Raj Kumar, ''Bibliography of the Himalayas'', Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981.<br />
* [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt|Hunt, John]], ''Ascent of Everest'', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. {{ISBN|0-89886-361-9}}.<br />
* [[Maurice Isserman|Isserman, Maurice]] and Weaver, Stewart, ''Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes''. Yale University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11501-7}}.<br />
* Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, ''The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation''. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. {{ISBN|0-415-01157-4}}.<br />
* Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., ''The Himalaya, Aspects of Change''. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. {{ISBN|0-19-561254-X}}.<br />
* Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., ''[http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/ENVIS%20Monograph/ENVIS%20Monograph%203.pdf Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya]'', Almora, GBPIHED, 2006.<br />
* [[Swami Sundaranand]], ''Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu''. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). {{ISBN|81-901326-0-1}}.<br />
* Swami [[Tapovan Maharaj]], ''Wanderings in the Himalayas'', English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.<br />
* [[Bill Tilman|Tilman, H. W.]], ''Mount Everest, 1938'', Cambridge University Press, 1948.<br />
* Turner, Bethan, et al. ''Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity''. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{sister project links|auto=1}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130118002451/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/ The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale] (archived)<br />
* [http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html Geology of the Himalayan mountains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616162641/http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html |date=16 June 2010 }}<br />
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html Birth of the Himalaya]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130319033748/http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/asia/south-asias-troubled-waters South Asia's Troubled Waters] Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Centre for Crisis Reporting (archived)<br />
* [https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biological_diversity_in_the_Himalayas Biological diversity in the Himalayas] Encyclopedia of Earth<br />
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[[Category:Himalayas| ]]<br />
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]] <br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghaznavid%E2%80%93Hindu_Shahi_Wars&diff=500398Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi Wars2026-03-16T18:12:08Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Conflicts between Ghaznavid Empire and Hindu Shahi dynasty (977–1026)}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi conflicts<br />
| width = <br />
| partof = [[Ghaznavid campaigns in India]]<br />
| image = File:Mahmud's invasion of Panjab.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Mahmud's invasion of Punjab in 1002, ''[[Jami' al-Tawarikh]]'', {{Circa|1306 or 1314/15}}<br />
| date = 977–1026 AD<br />
| place = [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]],<br>and [[Northern India]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_marksize = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_label = <br />
| territory = [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab]] annexed by [[Ghaznavid Empire]].<br />
| result = Ghaznavid victory<br />{{Bullet list|Fall of [[Lawik dynasty]]}}{{Bullet list|Fall of [[Hindu Shahis]]}}<br />
| status = <br />
| combatants_header = <br />
| combatant1 = [[Ghaznavid Empire]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}<br />
*[[Hindu Shahis]]<br />
**[[Lawik dynasty]]<br />
{{Tree list/end}}'''Supported by''': <br />[[Emirate of Multan]]<br />[[Lohara dynasty]]<br />[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]<br />
| combatant3 = <br />
| commander1 = [[Alp-Tegin]]{{Natural Causes}}<br />[[Sabuktigin]]{{Natural Causes}}<br>[[Mahmud of Ghazni]]<br>Abdullah Ta'i<br>Arslan Jadhib<br />
| commander2 = [[Jayapala]]{{POW}}<br>[[Anandapal]]{{Natural Causes}}<br>Sukhapala{{POW}}<br>Trilocanapala{{Assassinated}}<br>Bhimapala{{Natural Causes}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutchison |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=bhimpal+killed+mahmud&pg=PA121 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pickthall |first1=Marmaduke William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIJCAAAAYAAJ&q=bhimpal+killed+mahmud |title=Islamic Culture |last2=Asad |first2=Muhammad |date=1989 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref><br>[[Abu Ali Lawik]]{{KIA}}<br />
| commander3 = <br />
| units1 = <br />
| units2 = <br />
| units3 = <br />
| strength1 = '''Charkh''': 500 cavalry<br />'''Laghman''': Squadrons of 500 horses<br />'''Peshawar''': 15,000<br />'''Chach''': 6,000 archers, 6,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry<br />
| strength2 = '''Charkh''': 40,000<br />'''Laghman''': 100,000<br />'''Peshawar''': 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, 300 elephants<br />'''Chach''': 30,000 infantry<br />
| strength3 = <br />
| casualties1 = '''Charkh''': unknown<br />'''Laghman''': unknown<br />'''Peshawar''': unknown<br />'''Chach''': 5,000<br />
| casualties2 = '''Charkh''': Many killed<br />'''Laghman''': Thousands<br />'''Peshawar''': 5,000–15,000<br />'''Chach''': 20,000<br />
| casualties3 = <br />
| notes = <br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mahmud of Ghazni}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ghaznavid–Hindu Shahi wars''' were a series of conflicts fought between the of [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and [[Hindu Shahis]].{{Sfn|Wink|2021b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aPD7EAAAQBAJ&dq=ghaznavid+hindu+shahi&pg=PA129 129]}} Led primarily by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] ({{Reign|998|1030}}) the [[Ghaznavids]] aimed to expand their empire through conquest and plunder, targeting the wealth of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<br />
<br />
The wars culminated in the decisive defeat of the Hindu Shahis by 1026 CE, resulting in the loss of their territories, to the Ghaznavids. These conflicts marked the end of Hindu Shahi rule and facilitated the expansion of Islamic influence into northern India, setting the stage for further [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] in the region.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The [[Ghaznavid Empire]] was [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] Muslim dynasty that ruled from 977 AD to 1186 AD. Their empire extended from the [[Oxus River]] to the [[Indus Valley]], encompassing Persia, [[Transoxiana]], [[Afghanistan]], and parts of [[North India|northern India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Radhakamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEEwAQAAIAAJ&q=ghaznavid+oxus+indus+extend+977 |title=A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions |date=2006 |publisher=Radha Publications |isbn=978-81-7487-402-3 |pages=361 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Governor of Ghazna [[Alp-Tegin]] fought against the Hindu Shahi dynasty. Following the accession of [[Sabuktigin]] ({{Reign|977|997}}), numerous expeditions were carried out against [[Jayapala]], annexing the frontier of his kingdom upto [[Laghman Province|Lamghan]]. After Mahmud was recognised as an independent sovereign by the [[List of Abbasid caliphs|Abbasid Caliph]] in 998, he resolved to lead an expedition to India every year.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=86}}<br />
<br />
== Campaigns under Sabuktigin ==<br />
<br />
=== Conflicts with Hindu Shahi and Lawik ===<br />
<br />
==== Battle of Charkh (977 AD) ====<br />
[[Böritigin of Ghazni|Böritigin]], was a slave of Alp-Tegin, served as the [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] governor of [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] from 974/975 to 977. During his rule, the people of [[Ghazni]] revolted against Samanids, and invited [[Abu Ali Lawik]] of the formerly ruling [[Lawik dynasty]] to come back to Ghazni, take the throne, and overthrow Böritigin. The [[Hindu Shahis]] supported the Lawiks and [[Jayapala]] sent his son to help Lawiks in the invasion with 40,000 forces. When the allied forces reached [[Charkh District|Charkh]] on the Logar River, they were attacked by 500 cavalry forces of (son-in-law of Alp-Tegin) [[Sabuktigin]], who killed both Abu Ali Lawik and Jayapala's son{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=133-134}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṣiddīqī |first=Muḥammad Shamsuddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzpuAAAAMAAJ&q=charkh+sabuktigin |title=The Ruling Dynasties of Central Asia |date=1988 |publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> and captured a huge number of enemy army, ten elephants.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar/page/3/mode/1up 3]}} <br />
<br />
==== Battle of Ghuzak (987 AD) ====<br />
{{Main|First Battle of Laghman}}<br />
<br />
When [[Sabuktigin]] ascended the throne in 977, he captured [[Lashkargah|Bost]], [[Qusdar]], [[Bamyan]], [[Tokharistan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghur]] and some frontier parts of Hindu Shahi during his early reign.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar/page/3/mode/1up 3]}} For retaliation, Jayapala arranged big number of troops to attack Ghaznavids around 986-7 AD. Sabuktigin met Shahis near the hill called [[Ghuzak-e Rudbar|Ghuzak]]. Both forces started to attack each other and fought bravely, but the sudden snowstorm created havoc in the army of Jayapala and he was forced to sue for peace.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|p=135-136}}{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=15}} Mahmud who was a prince at that time advised his father to continue fight against Jayapala. But Sabuktigin feared that if he continued fight against them then Hindus would burn themselves so all the valuables gifts and rich peace offering he might lose. Peace was granted to Jayapala and he paid 1,00,000 [[dirham]]s, 50 elephants and some frontiers forts to Sabuktigin.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=29}} Sabuktigin annexed the whole of the territory between Lamghan and Peshawar and introduced Islam among the people of this region who were probably followers of [[Buddhism]].{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar/page/5/mode/1up 5]}}<br />
<br />
Sabuktigin kept some relatives of [[Jayapala]] as a hostage and also sent some officers with Jayapala to take command of those forts.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136}}<br />
<br />
==== Battle of Laghman (991) ====<br />
{{Main|Second Battle of Laghman}}<br />
<br />
Jayapala was sued for peace shortly after rejected the treaty. When Sabuktigin's envoys reached for tribute, Jayapala captured and imprisoned the officers and declared “I will not release these men, unless Sabuktigin sets free the hostages he has taken from me.” This move of Jayapala made Sabuktigin angry that he marched against the Shahi territory, Plundered [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], destroyed temples and set fire to houses.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=136-137}}{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=16}}<br />
<br />
Sabuktigin's bold move forced Jayapala to retaliate and he asked for help from Hindu Rajas of [[Delhi]], [[Ajmer]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]]. He gathered 100,000 forces, including infantry and cavalry. Two powerful troops met in Laghman and it is said that Sabuktigin climbed the top hill to get information about the allied army<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowell |first=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38quEAAAQBAJ&dq=laghman+jayapal+100,000&pg=PA321 |title=The History of India |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-368-80000-0 |pages=321 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/ancientindianhistoryandcivilization |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1987 |pages=323}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sabuktigin immediately called the meeting of his officers for new strategy and he broke up his all forces into light squadron of 500 horses. He orders his officers to attack the specific points till it broke, the strategy worked and they defeated Shahi forces and drove the Jayapala and his allies back to [[Indus]], annexing Lamghan and Peshawar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ&q=sabuktigin+500+squadron |title=A Comprehensive History of India: A.D. 985-1206 |date=1992 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=16}}<br />
<br />
== Campaigns under Mahmud ==<br />
<br />
=== Conflicts with Jayapal ===<br />
<br />
==== Battle of Peshawar (1001 AD) ====<br />
{{Main|Battle of Peshawar (1001)}}<br />
<br />
Mahmud ascended the throne in 998 AD. In 1000 AD, he launched his first campaign in India seizing few fortresses.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar/page/6/mode/1up 6]}} In September 1001, he marched against Hindu Shahi at [[Peshawar]] with picked 10,000{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=23}} or 15,000 cavalry. Jayapala brought 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry and 300 elephants to face Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&dq=12,000+mahmud+ghazni&pg=PA40 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2RuAAAAMAAJ&q=mahmud+peshawar+15,000 |title=Medieval India: Delhi Sultanat, 1206-1526 |date=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0522-1 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 November 1001, the engagement occurred and continued till noon but Hindu Shahi's unable to stand against the repeated attack of Muslim cavalry, broke and fled away leaving 5,000-15,000 dead on the battle ground.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177678 |title=The Cambridge History Of India Turks And Afghans |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 |editor-last=Haig |editor-first=Wolseley |volume=III |pages=13–14 |language=en |quote=The Hindus could not withstand the impetuosity of the Muslim horse and by noon were in full flight, leaving 15,000 dead on the field or slain in the pursuit.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=87|loc=… when the Hindus, unable to withstand the repeated cavalry charges of the Muslims, broke and fled leaving 5000 dead on the field of battle …}} Jayapala along with his fifteen sons and grandsons were taken prisoners. Mahmud then marched to the capital Waihand, where the Hindus ensued second battle but was defeated.{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=23}} Although peace was concluded between them and Jayapala had to pay 250,000 [[dinar]]s as ransom with 50 war elephants. Later Jayapala immolated himself due to the humiliation, succeeding [[Anandapal]] to the throne.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|pp=87-88}} According to al-Utbi, Mahmud enslaved 500,000 people during this invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elst |first=Koenraad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_ltAAAAMAAJ&q=peshawar+mahmud+500,000 |title=Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism |date=2001 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-7167-519-7 |pages=416 |language=en}}</ref> Mahmud then returned to Ghazni in April 1002.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|pp=87-88}}<br />
<br />
=== Conflicts with Anandapal===<br />
<br />
==== Battle of Indus (1006 AD) ====<br />
Mahmud turned his attention towards [[Multan]] and the route was under the control of [[Anandapal]]. Mahmud asked for permission to let him pass but Anandapal rejected the permission which filled Mahmud with anger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuf6SZPo3OkC&q=mahmud+multan+permission |title=History of Mediaeval India |date=1952 |publisher=Indian Press |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> Mahmud marched to punish Anandapal before attacking Multan. Both forces met face to face but sultan inflicted a crushing defeat on Anandapal and he escaped to [[Kashmir]].{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|pages=88–89|loc=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Rw1EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&dq=Mahmud+anandpal+sukhapal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE_e-BnuyNAxW9SWwGHZ7_HqoQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Rebellion of Sukhapal'']}} Mahmud continues his march against the ruler of [[Multan]], defeated him after the siege of seven days and brought [[Multan]] under his control. Sultan wanted to bring whole region under his control but in the meantime he heard the news that his kingdom was [[Kara-Khanid invasion of Khorasan|invaded by Kara-Khanid Khanate]]. He put Sukhapala in charge of [[Multan]] and marched to [[Khorasan]].{{Sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=Mahmud+anandpal+multan&pg=RA1-PA451&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mahmud%20anandpal%20multan&f=false 47]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tandle |first=Dr Sanjeevkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6jzBgAAQBAJ&dq=Mahmud+anandpal+sukhapal&pg=PA283 |title=INDIAN HISTORY |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-312-37211-5 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Rebellion of Sukhapala (1007-8) ====<br />
Anandapala and his son Sukhapala converted to Islam. The territory of [[Bhera]] was assigned to Sukhapala as his new name was Nawaz Shah. While Sultan Mahmud was busy in war with [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] Sukhapala abjured Islam and revolted.{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=27}} This news reached to Mahmud and he immediately matched to Bhera to punish Sukhapala.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|p=150}} Sultan Mahmud order his officers to march with main force. Sukhapala offered resistance but couldn't hold up his position for long and fled away. But Sukhapala captured by the officers of Mahmud and they brought him to Mahmud. Sukhapala had to pay 400,000 dirhams and sentenced life time imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dowson |first1=H. M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXn_DwAAQBAJ&dq=rebellion+mahmud+sukhpal&pg=PA443 |title=The History of India: Volume II |last2=John |first2=Elliot |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-7525-0658-7 |pages=443 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Hemendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsRGAAAAMAAJ&q=rebellion+mahmud+sukhpal |title=Military History of India |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-1588-9 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Battle of Chach (1008-9 AD) ====<br />
{{Main|Battle of Chach}}<br />
<br />
After subjugating [[Multan]], once again Mahmud turned his attention against Anandapal. Anandpal appealed to the rulers of [[Ujjain]], [[Gwalior]], [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], [[Kannauj]], [[Delhi]], [[Ajmer]] and local pagan [[Gakhars]] marched to the Punjab with their troops.{{Sfn|Habib|1951|p=30}} Anandapal sent his son with huge forces and taken up his position in the Chach's plain to prevent the Ghaznavid army from crossing the river.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=89}}<br />
<br />
The armies were inactive for 40 days and hesitating to come in open field, but sultan decided to attack first and sent 6,000 archers to provoke Hindus to begin the fight.{{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=148}} They crossed the river and fought against Shahis and in the meantime 30,000 [[Khokhar]] with various weapons attacked and rushed into the armies of Mahmud and killed 5,000 forces of Mahmud in a short time. Sultan brought his personal guards and pillar of Ghaznavids in action. They rushed deeply into the Hindu Shahi forces and target the rear forces. This sudden attack give rude shock to Hindu army and they fled away. Many were killed in battle and while chasing by Arslan Jadhib and Abdullah Ta'i leaving at least 20,000 Hindus dead. Sukhapala was captured by Ghaznavids along with some spoil and 30 elephants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/ancientindianhistoryandcivilization |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1987 |pages=324}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=H. M. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62951 |title=History Of Ghazni |date=1953 |pages=23}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Conflict with Bhimapala===<br />
<br />
==== Battle of Nandana (1014) ====<br />
{{Main|Battle of Nandana}}<br />
<br />
According to [[Tarikh-i guzida]], the Shahis stopped sending tribute and become rebellious. Mahmud marched from [[Ghazna]] in 1013 AD but was forced to return because of heavy snow falls. He started again in 1014 AD during spring and marched to Nandana. Trilocanapala{{Efn|Trilocanapala's name is often misread as Brahmanpala in Muslim sources.{{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12772/page/n161/mode/1up 141]}}}} learned the intentions of Mahmud, so he put his son Bhimpala incharge of fort and hurried to Kashmir for seeking help.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=mahmud+nandana&pg=PA353 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=353 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mehta|1979|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&dq=mahmud+nandana&pg=PA56 56]}} He received detachment from [[Sangramaraja]] ({{Reign|1003|1028}}) of the [[Lohara dynasty]] led by his prime Tunga.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rehman|1976|p=159}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhimapala took up his position in a narrow pass and ordered some lines of elephants to strengthen fort. Mahmud spread his warriors and [[Afghans]] spearmen around to provoke Shahis into action. It took him some days before he could lure Hindu's detachment into plain and then put it to rout.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=160-161}} Bhimapala received fresh troops. Believing in his superior numerical forces, he left his plans and position and began to give battle in open. Bhimapala ordered the charge of elephants but sharpshooter of Ghaznavids poured showers of arrows on their trunks and eyes. It cause panic in elephants and Hindus position was broken down. Bhima survived the battle and escaped. Mahmud entered the fort captured booty, elephants and some valuable goods.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=92}}<br />
<br />
===Conflicts with Trilocanapala===<br />
<br />
==== Battle of the River Tausi (1014) ====<br />
{{Main|Battle of River Tausi}}<br />
<br />
Nandana was captured and put in charge of Sarugh. Mahmud headed for [[Kashmir]] to punish fugitive king Trilocanapala. Trilocanapala took up his position on the left bank of the Tausi (modern Tohi).{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|p=[https://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114/page/162/mode/1up 162]}} He was accompanied by Tunga, commander of Kashmir forces.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=92}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Sunil Chandra |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142943 |title=Early History And Culture Of Kashmir |date=1957 |pages=59}}</ref> At first Tunga defeated some of the detachment send by Mahmud. Becoming overconfident he threw all councils of Shahi and acted according to his own. He received the rude shock when ruler Mahmud, led personal attack against him. Despite hesitation he rushed but beaten back and fled for life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kTZEAAAQBAJ&dq=tunga+mahmud&pg=PT38 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-003-83081-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bamzai |first=Prithivi Nath Kaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&dq=tunga+mahmud&pg=PA152 |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref> However, with three Kashmiri generals, Trilocanapal tried to retrieve the situation, but it was too late. Mahmud broke up the strength of Shahis by defeating. Trilocanapala suffered defeat and fled to hill.{{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=187}}<br />
<br />
==== Battle of the Ramaganga (1020) ====<br />
{{Main|Battle of the Ramganga}}<br />
<br />
Trilocanapala entered into alliance with [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]] the Raja of [[Kalinjar]] and received promise of help in securing his lost kingdom. When Mahmud heard this news and marched to punish Raja of Kalinjar in October 1019.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=94}}<br />
<br />
Trilocanapala obtained the information about Mahmud's invasion, so he immediately crossed the river Ramganga and secured his position to prevent the Ghaznavids to cross it. Mahmud's army hesitated to cross the river as it was deep and full of mud. But some how eight personal bodyguards of Sultan jumped into the river and crossed it which boosted the morale of other soldiers. All jumped into the river and successfully crossed it without a loss of single life. Trilocanapala ordered some archers with five elephants to prevent those eight warriors to cross it but they failed to do so. The Ghaznavid army crossed the river successfully, prepared themselves immediately and attacked Hindus and inflicted crushing defeat on them.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=164-165}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=H. M. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62951 |title=History Of Ghazni |date=1953 |pages=43}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trilocanapala was wounded but managed to escape again. It is said that he was killed by Hindus. Mahmud captured 270 elephants and other goods.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1966|pp=15-16}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&dq=270+elephants+mahmud+nanda&pg=PA134 |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mahmud turned his attention against Raja of [[Kalinjar]]. According to [[Gardizi]], the Raja with a sudden panic, fled in the night and left valuable things to be plundered. 580 elephants of Nanda was also captured by Mahmud.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=M.D |first=Andrew G. Bostom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju8xJ5JBXgsC&dq=nanda+trilochanpal+mahmud&pg=PA636 |title=The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims |date=2010-12-29 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-017-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|pages=112–113}}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
{{Further|Sack of Somnath|Battle of the Indus (1027)}}<br />
Trilocanapala was assassinated by some of his followers in 1022 AD. Bhimapala the last ruler of the dynasty succeeded his father. Punjab was annexed at the same time in 1022 and remained part of the empire till [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|siege of Lahore]] in 1186.{{Sfn|Mehta|1979|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PR15&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false 64]}} In 1026 AD, the Hindu Shahi dynasty came to an end following Bhimapala death.{{Sfn|Nazim|1971|p=96}} Mahmud later led attack to [[Somnath]], defeated its ruler and plundered it. Some Jats looted his army when Mahmud was going back to [[Ghazna]]. He retaliated in 1027 AD and [[Battle of the Indus (1027)|defeated those Jats]] in the [[Indus]].{{Sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=Mahmud+jats+1,400&pg=RA1-PA51&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mahmud%20jats%201%2C400&f=false 51]}} He was succeeded by his son [[Masʽud I|Mas'ud]] ({{Reign|1030|1040}}) who led expeditions against the northern [[India]] and brought some territories under [[Ghaznavids]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiFuAAAAMAAJ&q=hansi+masud+sonepat |title=The Muslim Rule in India |last2=Mahajan |first2=Savitri |date=1962 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=hansi+sonepat+masud&pg=RA1-PA61&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hansi%20sonepat%20masud&f=false 60-61]}} During the early reign of [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] ({{Reign|1041|1050}}) coalition of Indian rulers under the grandson of Hindu Shahi dynasty, Sandanpal attacked Lahore. Faqih Salti, the governor of Lahore defeated the invading army in a battle and killed Sandanpal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1977|pp=31-32}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Ghaznavid campaigns in India]]<br />
*[[Ghaznavid–Samanid war]]<br />
*[[Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarazm]]<br />
*[[Ghaznavid–Saffarid war]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Nazim |first=Muhammad |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.119538 |title=The Life and Times Of Sultan Mahmud Of Ghazna |date=1971 |publisher=Delhi., Munshiram Manoharlal}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Rehman |first=Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqxpuAAACAAJ |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An Analysis of Their History, Archaeology, Coinage and Palaeography |date=1976 |publisher=Australian National University |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |archive-date=2024-01-14}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Mohammad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531480/mode/1up |title=Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin: A Study |publisher=Cosmopolitan Publishers |year=1951 |edition=2nd |location=Aligarh |language=en |orig-year=1927}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPD7EAAAQBAJ&vq=ghaznavid+hindu+shahi&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Al-Hind, Volume 2 Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries |date=2021b |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-48301-9 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPH7EAAAQBAJ |title=Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries |date=2021a |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-48300-2 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/hcip-5-struggle-for-empire-ed.-r.-c.-majumdar |title=History and Culture of Indian People - 5 Struggle For Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1966 |edition=2nd |volume=V |location=Bombay}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12598 |title=Advanced Study in The History of Medieval India (1000—1526 A.D.) |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12772 |title=The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab A.D. 865-1026 |date=1972 |publisher=Sm. Sushila Devi |location=Patna}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Later_Ghaznavids_Splendour_and_Decay.html?id=QXuOQgAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=ya |title=The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay |date=1977 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-315-2 |language=en}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of the Ghaznavid Empire]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:1000s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:1010s conflicts]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daleema&diff=450811Daleema2026-03-16T09:18:31Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian playback singer and politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Daleema Jojo<br />
| native_name = Daleema Jojo<br />
| image = Daleema.png<br />
| birth_name = Daleema John Arattukulam<br />
| office = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Aroor Assembly constituency|Aroor]]<br />
| term start = <br />
| predecessor = [[Shanimol Usman]]<br />
| party = [[CPI(M)]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|30 May 1965}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ezhupunna, Kerala]], India<br />
| occupation = Playback singer, Politician<br />
| term_start = 24 May 2021<br />
}}<br />
'''Daleema John Arattukulam''' (born 30 May 1965) is an Indian playback singer and politician. She is popular for her Christian as well as Hindu devotional songs and made her debut as a playback singer in the [[Malayalam]] music industry through her title song ''"Thechi Malar Kadukalil"'' composed by [[Raveendran]] in the 1997 movie Kalyanappittannu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=whykol|title=Kalyanappittennu Plot, Story, Reviews, Wiki, Ratings, Cast, Crew And Box Office Collection|url=http://www.whykol.com/movies/|access-date=11 June 2020|website=WhyKol|language=en-US|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504010117/http://www.whykol.com/movies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her hit Malayalam songs include ''"Manjumasa Pakshi"'' from [[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu|Krishnakudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]] and ''"Ee Thennalum Thingalum"'' from [[Nee Varuvolam]]. On 2015, She was duly elected and sworn in [[Alappuzha]] [[District Panchayat]] as District Vice President.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jojo|first=Daleema|date=|title=Daleema to contest in Local Body Elections – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Daleema-to-contest-in-Local-Body-Elections/articleshow/49383043.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504010117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Daleema-to-contest-in-Local-Body-Elections/articleshow/49383043.cms |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=11 June 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Currently, she is an [[M.L.A]] representing [[Aroor]] constituency.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Daleema was born on 30 May 1969, as the youngest daughter to John Arattukulam and Ammini John. From a very young age she sang with her brothers and sisters in the village church choir. She decided to pursue singing after her pre-degree and under the guidance of Ramankutty master, she trained in [[Carnatic music]] for eight years.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Daleema began her career by singing on stage shows. Through Kolping Society, she had the chance to sing on international programmes and shows in [[Germany]], Italy and Rome for the Keralites who lived there. She sang in her first Christian devotional album which was composed by [[Berny–Ignatius|Berny Ignatius]], and thereafter singing in over 5,000 Christian devotional albums. In 1995 she bagged a NANA Award for her song "Venal Poompular Vela" in the album ''Thapasya'' by [[Manorama Music]]. In the same year she sang for Sariga Audios for an album covering [[S. Janaki]]'s old songs. Through these notable works, she entered the Malayalam film industry by singing in the hit movie [[Kalyanappittennu|Kalyanappittannu]] directed by [[K. K. Haridas|K.K Haridas]] and furthermore singing in almost 20 other movies, a couple of Malayalam serials and around 100 Malayalam professional dramas. She won 3 [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy]] state awards in the years 2001, 2003 and 2008, for the best singer, and also bagged 2 Drishya awards. She also dubbed many songs in Kannada and Telugu and sang in almost 2000 stage shows in the country as well as in Europe, America and in [[Gulf Countries]]. In 2015 she was fielded by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] to Local Self Government Institution election in Kerala and elected as the Vice President of [[Alappuzha]] District Panchayath Council. In 2021, she was elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
Following is a partial discography<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Song<br />
!Film/Album<br />
!Music director<br />
!Co-singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Thechi Malar Kadukalil"''<br />
|Kalyanappittanu<br />
|[[Raveendran]]<br />
|[[Krishnachandran]]<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Manjumasa Pakshi"''<br />
|[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]<br />
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
|[[K. J. Yesudas|K.J. Yesudas]]<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Eee Thenalum Thingalum"''<br />
|[[Nee Varuvolam]]<br />
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Manjil Mungum Maamarathil"''<br />
|Gajaraja Manthram<br />
|[[Berny–Ignatius|Berny-Ignatius]]<br />
|[[K. J. Yesudas|K.J. Yesudas]]<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Neerani Kaatte Nadodi"''<br />
|[[Aavani Kanavukal|Avani Kanavukal]]<br />
|[[Bombay Ravi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Kaana Kattin Tharivala Ilaki"''<br />
|[[Aattuvela]]<br />
|[[Raveendran]]<br />
|[[Biju Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Kaneer Thudaykuvan Ammayundo"''<br />
|Chandana Varnatheru<br />
|Vijay Kumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Moham Poothameniyil"''<br />
|Sneha Swanthanam<br />
|Vijay Kumar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''"Sundara Swapnathin Poonchirakil"''<br />
| Sneha Swanthanam<br />
|Vijay Kumar<br />
|[[Biju Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Devalokamano"''<br />
|[[Manthri Kochamma]]<br />
|[[Mohan Sithara]]<br />
|Manoj Krishnan<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Koodevide Koodevide Oh Mridule" [F]''<br />
|[[Manthri Kochamma]]<br />
|[[Mohan Sithara]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Oru Thulli Pala Thulli"''<br />
|[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam|Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakam]]<br />
|[[Berny–Ignatius|Bery-Ignatius]]<br />
|[[K. J. Yesudas|K.J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra|K.S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Kakka Penne"''<br />
|[[Kalapam]]<br />
|[[Berny–Ignatius|Berny-Ignatius]], Prem Sagar, [[Thoppil Anto]]<br />
|[[M. G. Sreekumar|M.G. Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Kaathuvachoru Kalathilakkam"''<br />
|Grama Panchayathu<br />
|[[Berny–Ignatius|Berny-Ignatius]]<br />
|[[M. G. Sreekumar|M.G. Sreekumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|''"Raakkaviletho Kulirkkattupole"''<br />
| Grama Panchayathu<br />
|[[Berny–Ignatius|Berny-Ignatius]]<br />
|[[K. J. Yesudas|K.J. Yesudas]]<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''"Nilaavo Neermizhi Thaamarayil"''<br />
| English Medium<br />
|[[Raveendran]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''"Vellaramkunnathu"''<br />
| English Medium<br />
|[[Raveendran]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Priya Priya''<br />
|[[O Priye]]<br />
| Sidhartha Vijayan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Chempakame Kaananathil''<br />
|[[O Priye]]<br />
| Sidhartha Vijayan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Kanna Njaan''<br />
|Ente Priyappetta Muthuvinu<br />
|[[Raveendran]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''Nallavanaaye''<br />
| Chathrapathi<br />
|[[M. M. Keeravani|MM Keeravani]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''Devi Kavyamohini''<br />
|Mohitham<br />
|Thilak Sreemoolanagaram<br />
|[[Biju Narayanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''Raga Vathi''<br />
|Mohitham<br />
| Thilak Sreemoolanagaram<br />
|[[Biju Narayanan|Biju Naryaanan]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Valampiri Shankil''<br />
| Kochi<br />
|Sasi Thripunithra<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''Kaalidarumbol''<br />
| Mummyude Swantham Achoos<br />
|Bharathlal<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Daleema is married to George Joseph (Jojo) and they have two children.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Daleema entered into electoral politics by contesting [[Aroor]] division of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] [[District council (India)|District council]] as a [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] candidate in [[2015 Kerala local elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daleema CPM Candidate in Aroor Division|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/oct/14/daleema-cpm-candidate-in-aroor-division-829225.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She won the elections and was sworn in as Vice President of the Jilla Panchayath.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-20|title=Singer Daleema sworn in vice president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/singer-daleema-sworn-in-vice-president/article7898651.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She again contested local polls from same constituency in [[2020 Kerala local elections]] and won the elections.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-11-10|title=LDF announces candidates' list for district panchayat|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-announces-candidates-list-for-district-panchayat/article33068111.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Daleema defeated the nearest rival candidate [[Shanimol Usman]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 6842 votes and was elected to [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. She is the first playback singer to be elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Delhi_(1788)&diff=476856Capture of Delhi (1788)2026-03-13T19:28:34Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maratha victory in India}}<br />
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=March 2024 rewrites; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs, etc}}<br />
{{Infobox Military Conflict<br />
| conflict = Capture of Delhi (1788)<br />
| place = [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| territory = [[Delhi]] captured by [[Marathas]]<br />
| result = Maratha victory<ref name=":5" /><br />
| date = {{start date|1788|10|2}}<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand Kingdom]]<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mughals]] under [[Mirza Ismail Beg|Ismail]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mughals]] under [[Shah Alam II]]<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]]{{executed}}<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mirza Ismail Beg]]{{surrendered}}<br />
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mahadji Scindia]]<br>[[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Rane Khan]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Jiva Dada Bakshi]]<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Shah Alam II]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Baghirathrao Shinde<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Raji Patil<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Devji Gawli<br />
| strength1 = 1,500+<br />
| strength2 = Unknown<br />
| image = Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Capture of Delhi''' took place in 1788 between the forces of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir Rohilla]] supported by [[Mirza Ismail Beg]], and the Marathas under [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]] on behalf of [[Shah Alam II]] who desired the execution of [[Ghulam Kadir]]. Mahadji Shinde became successful and executed [[Ghulam Kadir|Kadir]] after the battle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=595–596 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=The Director Of Archives |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52109 |title=Sindhia As Regent Of Delhi (1954) |date=1954 |pages=17–19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=S. c |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131569 |title=Sindhia-holkar Rivalry In Rajasthan |date=1981 |pages=99}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
In 1788, Ghulam Kadir, along with Mirza Is'mail Beg, initiated a campaign to capture Delhi, the capital of the Mughal Empire. Their objective was to seize control and establish their dominance in the region. However, internal disputes within the Mughal Empire hindered Mahadji's ability to send troops to defend Delhi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Despite Mahadji's awareness of the impending threat, he was unable to mobilize his forces effectively due to ongoing internal conflicts. As a result, on July 18, 1788, Ghulam Kadir and his forces successfully captured Delhi. Upon seizing control of the city, Ghulam Kadir took drastic measures to solidify his power. He forcefully removed Shah Alam, the Mughal emperor, from his throne and subjected him to the cruel act of blinding. The atrocities committed by Ghulam Kadir extended beyond the ruling elite; innocent civilians, including infants and helpless women, were subjected to starvation and deprivation. Tragically, the violence escalated as Ghulam Kadir's forces unleashed terror upon the city. Numerous men fell victim to indiscriminate killings, while princesses were subjected to heinous acts of rape. The capture of Delhi in 1788 marked a dark chapter in the history of the Mughal Empire, characterized by widespread suffering and barbarity inflicted upon its inhabitants.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
A letter was sent by '''Sadashiv Dinkar''' to '''[[Nana Fadnavis|Nana]]''' mentioning this events who immediately reported this to [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji]] ( on September 1788). He became furious when learnt about the deeds of [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam]], he immediately marched towards Delhi in order to teach Ghulam a lesson, and to assist the Imperial and Maratha garrisons already fighting [[Ghulam Kadir|Kadir]].<br />
<br />
==Capture of Delhi ==<br />
In October, Mahadji, accompanied by [[Rane Khan]] Bhai and Jiwabadada Baxi, arrived in Delhi. On October 2nd, the combined forces of Rana Khan and Jiwabadada defeated Ghulam and Ismail Beg, leading to the capture of Delhi. They proceeded to lay siege to the Agra fort, which they also captured, and reinstated a blinded Shah Alam to his throne. While Ismail Beg surrendered, Ghulam Kadir fled the area. Rana Khan, Raji Patil, Devji Gawli, and Baghirathrao Shinde were then sent to persuade Ghulam Kadir, eventually capturing the Aligarh fort. Ghulam Kadir subsequently fled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Battle of Meerut ==<br />
{{Infobox Military Conflict<br />
| conflict = Battle of Meerut (1788)<br />
| place = [[Meerut]], [[India]]<br />
| date = 2 October{{ndash}}18 December 1788<br />
| territory = None<br />
| result = Maratha victory.<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg|25px}} [[Ghulam Kadir]]{{Executed}}<br />
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mahadji Shinde]]<br />
| strength1 = 1,000–1,500<br />
| strength2 = Unknown<br />
| notes = In some sources this battle is also called as Battle of Mathura instead of Meerut.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
After the Marathas had liberated Delhi, a hunt for Ghulam Kadir was mounted by the Marathas. Ghulam Kadir fled to Meerut, which in turn was encircled by the Marathas.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} After the conditions there had become intolerable, he managed to break the encirclement during the night with 500 horsemen and tried to escape to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} But during the engagement of his horsemen by a Maratha patrol, he lost sight of his entourage. Then his horse stumbled and broke its leg and he had to continue his escape alone and on foot. He reached Bamnauli (Uttar Pradesh), where he sought refuge in a house of a Brahmin and offered him a reward for a horse and a guide, who could lead him to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=328–329}} But the Brahmin recognized him and alerted a party of Marathas, who captured him on 18{{nbsp}}December{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=329}}{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=565}} or 19{{nbsp}}December 1788.{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=94}}<br />
<br />
==Execution of Ghulam Kadir==<br />
Ghulam Kadir remained in Maratha custody for some time but was initially unharmed.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> On 28 February 1789, Shinde received a letter from Shah Alam II demanding the eyes of Ghulam Kadir as the Shah would otherwise retire to [[Mecca]] and live as a beggar. Mahadji then ordered the removal of his eyes, nose, tongue, lips, and upper limbs, which were sent to Shah Alam in a casket.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> After this was done, his hands, feet, and genitals were cut off, and on 3 March 1789, he was hanged from a tree and beheaded at [[Mathura]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Deodhar |first=Y. n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103377 |title=Nana Phadnis And The External Affairs Of The Maratha Empire |date=1962 |pages=125–128}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |date=2019-09-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1 |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
Following Ghulam Kadir's execution in 1789 at Mahadji Shinde's camp, Shah Alam thanked Mahadji for administering what he deemed as appropriate punishment. This acknowledgment led to significant rewards for Mahadji, including the administration of Hindu pilgrimage sites like Vrindavan and Mathura. Shah Alam also issued a royal decree banning cow slaughter, reflecting his efforts to respect Hindu sentiments. Additionally, due to the Emperor's blindness, Mahadji was effectively made the de facto ruler of Delhi, solidifying his political authority. These events illustrate the complex interplay of politics and religion during late 18th-century India, further consolidating Maratha Influence, which would last until 1803.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Rathod |first=N. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |date=1994 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Garg|first=Sanjay|date=1996|title=A Seal of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla|url=https://www.academia.edu/2969164|journal=Numismatic Studies|volume=4|pages=91–94}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin|date=1982|title=Persian Documents pertaining to the tragic End of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla, 1780–1789|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=565–571|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44141288}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1681/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons|year=1952|edition=2|volume=III|location=Calcutta|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1788 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles in 1788]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=519967Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency2026-03-13T13:26:02Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Nagpur<br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Nagpur.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Nagpur Lok Sabha Constituency map<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1957}}<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]<br />[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]<br />[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]<br />[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]<br />[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]<br />[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari.jpg<br />
| mp = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<Br>{{Small|[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]}}<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| electors = 22,23,281 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref><br />
| preceded_by = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<Br>[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nagpur''' Lok Sabha seat is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is spread over [[Nagpur]] city and some part of [[Nagpur district]].<br />
<br />
== Electorate ==<br />
In 2024, the constituency had 22.18 lakh voters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha poll|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/lok-sabha-poll-2218259-voters-to-cast-their-vote-for-nagpur-seat/03181115 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.nagpurtoday.in|date=18 March 2024 }}</ref> Nearly 75% of the voters are Hindus, 15% Buddhists and 10% Muslims. The constituency has 19.8% SC voters and 7.7% ST voters. The voting percentage in Nagpur is below 60% in all recently held elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Nagpur's Shift - From Congress Citadel To BJP Bastion |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-2024-nagpurs-shift-from-congress-citadel-to-bjp-bastion-5195075 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Vidhan Sabha segments==<br />
Presently, Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments with constituency numbers and reservation (if any) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! #<br />
! Name<br />
! District<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan=2 |Leading<br />{{small|(in 2024)}}<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]<br />
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]<br />
|[[Mohan Mate]]<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]<br />
|[[Krishna Khopde]]<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]<br />
|[[Pravin Datke]]<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
|[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]<br />
|[[Vikas Thakare ]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)<br />
|[[Nitin Raut]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Anasuyabai Kale]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|-<br />
|1959^<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|[[Narendra Deoghare]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|[[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color| All India Forward Bloc}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|[[Gev Manchersha Avari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|[[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|[[Datta Meghe]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|}<br />
^ by-poll<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===General election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| candidate = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
| votes = 655,027<br />
| percentage = 54.08<br />
| change = {{decrease}}1.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Vikas Thakre]]<br />
| party = Indian National Congress <br />
| votes = 517,424<br />
| percentage = 42.72<br />
| change = {{increase}}5.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| candidate = Yogesh Lanjewar<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| votes = 19,242<br />
| percentage = 1.59<br />
| change = {{decrease}}1.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the above<br />
| votes = 5,474<br />
| percentage = 0.45<br />
| change = {{increase}}0.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 137,603<br />
| percentage = 11.36<br />
| change = {{decrease}} 6.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 12,11,321<br />
| percentage = 54.48<br />
| change = {{decrease}}0.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===General election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| votes = 660,221<br />
| percentage = 55.67<br />
| change = {{increase}}1.50<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Nana Patole]]<br />
| votes = 444,212<br />
| percentage = 37.45<br />
| change = {{increase}}9.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Mohammad Jamal<br />
| votes = 31,725<br />
| percentage = 2.67<br />
| change = {{decrease}}6.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 4,578<br />
| percentage = 0.39<br />
| change = {{increase}}0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 216,009<br />
| percentage = 18.22<br />
| change = {{decrease}}8.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 11,87,215<br />
| percentage = 54.94<br />
| change = {{decrease}}2.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| votes = 587,767<br />
| percentage = 54.17<br />
| change = {{increase}}15.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| votes = 302,919<br />
| percentage = 27.92<br />
| change = {{decrease}}13.80<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Mohan Gaikwad<br />
| votes = 96,433<br />
| percentage = 8.89<br />
| change = {{decrease}}6.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Anjali Damania]]<br />
| votes = 69,081<br />
| percentage = 6.37<br />
| change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 3,460<br />
| percentage = 0.32<br />
| change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 2,84,848<br />
| percentage = 26.25<br />
| change = {{increase}}23.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 10,85,765<br />
| percentage = 57.12<br />
| change = {{increase}}13.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| votes = 315,148<br />
| percentage = 41.72<br />
| change = {{decrease}}5.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| votes = 290,749<br />
| percentage = 38.49<br />
| change = {{increase}}3.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Manikrao Vaidya<br />
| votes = 118,741<br />
| percentage = 15.72<br />
| change = {{increase}}8.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh<br />
| candidate = [[Yashwant Manohar]]<br />
| votes = 4,455<br />
| percentage = 0.59<br />
| change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Upasha Taywade<br />
| votes = 2,800<br />
| percentage = 0.37<br />
| change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 24,399<br />
| percentage = 3.23<br />
| change = {{decrease}}9.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 7,55,369<br />
| percentage = 43.44<br />
| change = {{decrease}}5.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| votes = 373,769<br />
| percentage = 47.16<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Atal Bahadur Singh<br />
| votes = 274,286<br />
| percentage = 43.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Jayanta Dalvi<br />
| votes = 57,027<br />
| percentage = 7.19<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 99,483<br />
| percentage = 8.8<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 792,451<br />
| percentage = 53.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| votes = 424,450<br />
| percentage = 52.38<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Vinod Gudadhe Patil]]<br />
| votes = 351,755<br />
| percentage = 43.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 72,695<br />
| percentage = 8.97<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 810,365<br />
| percentage = 53.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1998===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]<br />
| votes = 486,928<br />
| percentage = 57.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Ramesh Mantri<br />
| votes = 323,646<br />
| percentage = 38.16<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 163,282<br />
| percentage = 19.25<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 848,161<br />
| percentage = 56.03<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1996===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| votes = 353,547<br />
| percentage = 45.45<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Kunda Vijaykar<br />
| votes = 232,045<br />
| percentage = 29.83<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Umakant Ramteke<br />
| votes = 163,239<br />
| percentage = 20.98<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 121,502<br />
| percentage = 15.62<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 777,945<br />
| percentage = 51.83<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1991===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Datta Meghe]]<br />
| votes = 274,448<br />
| percentage = 45.97<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| votes = 199,728<br />
| percentage = 33.45<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Iqbal Ahmed<br />
| votes = 81,318<br />
| percentage = 13.62<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 74,720<br />
| percentage = 12.52<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 597,047<br />
| percentage = 48.55<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1989===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| votes = 277,292<br />
| percentage = 38.85<br />
| change = {{decrease}}14.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Arjundas Kukreja<br />
| votes = 187,292<br />
| percentage = 26.24<br />
| change = {{increase}}12.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = [[A. B. Bardhan]]<br />
| votes = 109,730<br />
| percentage = 15.37<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Girish Khobragade<br />
| votes = 99,431<br />
| percentage = 13.93<br />
| change = {{decrease}}15.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 90,000<br />
| percentage = 12.61<br />
| change = {{decrease}}10.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 713,718<br />
| percentage = 61.35<br />
| change = {{decrease}}5.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]<br />
| votes = 293,739<br />
| percentage = 52.99<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Shyam Khobragade<br />
| votes = 163,056<br />
| percentage = 29.41<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Ramprakash Ahuja<br />
| votes = 78,458<br />
| percentage = 14.15<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 130,683<br />
| percentage = 23.58<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 554,354<br />
| percentage = 66.59<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress <br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress <br />
| candidate = [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]<br />
| votes = 246,397<br />
| percentage = 53.85<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Shyam Devaji Khobragade<br />
| votes = 119,954<br />
| percentage = 36.48<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = [[A. B. Bardhan]]<br />
| votes = 70,689<br />
| percentage = 15.45<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 126,443<br />
| percentage = 17.37<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 457,542<br />
| percentage = 61.90<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress (I)<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Gev Manchersha Avari]]<br />
| votes = 172,010<br />
| percentage = 44.55<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = [[B. D. Khobragade]]<br />
| votes = 130,457<br />
| percentage = 33.79<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Independent politician <br />
| candidate = [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]] <br />
| votes = 79,160<br />
| percentage = 20.50<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 41,553<br />
| percentage = 10.76<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 386,119<br />
| percentage = 64.40<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = All India Forward Bloc<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1971===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = All India Forward Bloc<br />
| candidate = [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]]<br />
| votes = 125,552<br />
| percentage = 36.56<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Rikhabchand Sharma<br />
| votes = 123,496<br />
| percentage = 36.48<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade)<br />
| candidate = Datta Appa Katti <br />
| votes = 55,053<br />
| percentage = 16.26<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = [[A. B. Bardhan]]<br />
| votes = 33,739<br />
| percentage = 9.97<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 2,056<br />
| percentage = 0.08<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 338,491<br />
| percentage = 55.67<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = All India Forward Bloc<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Narendra Deoghare]]<br />
| votes = 129,736<br />
| percentage = 36.56<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = [[A. B. Bardhan]]<br />
| votes = 97,767<br />
| percentage = 27.55<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Independent politician<br />
| candidate = [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]<br />
| votes = 54,049<br />
| percentage = 15.23<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br />
| candidate = N. L. Belekar<br />
| votes = 35,332<br />
| percentage = 9.96<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 31,969<br />
| percentage = 9.01<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 354,903<br />
| percentage = 65.61<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Independent politician<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1962===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Independent politician<br />
| candidate = [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]<br />
| votes = 131,740<br />
| percentage = 40.53<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Rikhabchand Sharma<br />
| votes = 84,872<br />
| percentage = 26.11<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Republican Party of India<br />
| candidate = [[B. D. Khobragade]]<br />
| votes = 77,729<br />
| percentage = 23.91<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br />
| candidate = [[Bachhraj Vyas]]<br />
| votes = 30,735<br />
| percentage = 9.45<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 46,868<br />
| percentage = 14.42<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 325,076<br />
| percentage = 68.69<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Independent politician<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1957===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/775.htm | title=Anasuyabai Kale Profile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=2016-06-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808015910/http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/775.htm | archive-date=8 August 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Anasuyabai Kale]]<br />
| votes = 105,021<br />
| percentage = 46.83<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Scheduled Castes Federation<br />
| candidate = Haridas Awade<br />
| votes = 64,718<br />
| percentage = 28.86<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Praja Socialist Party<br />
| candidate = [[Narendra Deoghare]]<br />
| votes = 50,189<br />
| percentage = 22.38<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 40,303<br />
| percentage = 17.97<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 224,244<br />
| percentage = 59.97<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 1951===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: [[Nagpur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Anasuyabai Kale]]<br />
| votes = 103,566<br />
| percentage = 49.30<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)<br />
| candidate = Vinayak Dandekar<br />
| votes = 44,502<br />
| percentage = 21.18<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party<br />
| candidate = Purshottam Dekate<br />
| votes = 33,614<br />
| percentage = 16.00<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Hindu Mahasabha<br />
| candidate = [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare]]<br />
| votes = 22,285<br />
| percentage = 10.61<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
| votes = 59,064<br />
| percentage = 28.12<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 210,078<br />
| percentage = 59.53<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box win with party link|<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Nagpur district]]<br />
*[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Nagpur}}<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coords|21.1|79.1|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Politics of Nagpur]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Nagpur district]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chander_Bari&diff=450192Chander Bari2026-03-04T03:46:39Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Short description|2007 Bengali film directed by Tarun Majumdar}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chander Bari<br />
| image = Chander Bari DVD cover.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[Tarun Majumdar]]<br />
| producer = Rosevally films<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = [[Pracheta Gupta]]<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Soham Chakraborty]]<br/>[[Ranjit Mallick]]<br/>[[Babul Supriyo]]<br/>[[Laboni Sarkar]]<br/>[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br/>[[Koel Mallick]]<br/> [[Rituparna Sengupta]]<br />
| music = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Chander Bari''''' is a 2007 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Tarun Majumdar]].<ref name="‘I need to be seen’">{{cite news|title='I need to be seen'|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071103/asp/entertainment/story_8505603.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042424/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1071103/asp/entertainment/story_8505603.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2018|accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph, Calcutta|date=3 November 2007|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name="Flashback family">{{cite news|title=Flashback family|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071128/asp/entertainment/story_8603557.asp|accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=28 November 2007|location=Calcutta, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205515/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071128/asp/entertainment/story_8603557.asp|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film centers on a middle class joint family. The film is based on a Bengali story written by [[Pracheta Gupta]].<ref name="Un-Fair Deal">{{cite web |title=Un-Fair Deal |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/UnFair-Deal/266606/ |publisher=Express India |accessdate=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020151143/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/UnFair-Deal/266606/ |archivedate=20 October 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> Majumdar used some [[Rabindra Sangeet]]s in this film.<ref name="An actor who sings">{{cite news|title=An actor who sings|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080528/jsp/entertainment/story_9328739.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080528/jsp/entertainment/story_9328739.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|location=Calcutta, India|date=28 May 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The Sanyals are a large extended family composed of the nonagenarian grandfather, (Haradhan Banerjee), his son (Ranjit Mallick), daughter-in-law (Laboni Sarkar) who rules over the house like a female Hitler, reincarnated, and their children of whom two, a daughter (Koel Mallick) and son (Rishi Kaushik) live together in a beautiful mansion in Bhawanipur. There seems to be more servants in their house than family members, extending the virtues and parameters of the ideal ‘joint’ family. The film starts with everyone being excited about the return of the elder son (Babul Supriyo) from LONDON, UK where he had gone for some business related work. However, all hell breaks loose, when he returns with a wife (Rituparna Sengupta) and her child from a former marriage in tow. Her first husband with underworld links was killed in police crossfire. Everyone accepts the new additions to the Sanyal family except the mother-in-law who refuses to even acknowledge her presence. The story revolves around how these two women build bridges to keep the joint family intact, with most of the credit going to the beautiful daughter-in-law.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Ranjit Mallick]] as Shyam Sundar Sanyal<br />
*[[Laboni Sarkar]] as Gayatri Sanyal<br />
*[[Babul Supriyo]] as Pradeep Kumar Sanyal<br />
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Sutapa Sanyal<br />
*[[Koel Mallick]] as Nandita Sanyal<br />
*[[Rishi Kaushik]] as Joydeep Sanyal<br />
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Harinath<br />
*[[Tathoi Deb]] as Rikhia Sanyal<br />
*[[Soham Chakraborty]]<br />
*[[Aritra Dutta Banik]]<br />
*[[Dwijen Bandopadhyay]]<br />
*[[Sarbori Mukherjee]]<br />
*Sumit Samadder<br />
*Shritama Bhattacharjee<br />
*[[Tanima Sen]]<br />
*Swanakamal Dutta<br />
*Shraboni Bonik <br />
*Chaitali Mukhopadhyay <br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
Some of the tracks used in this film were from [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<br />
*"Bhenge Mor Ghar Er Chabi"<br />
*"Chand Er Hashir Bnadh Bhengechhe"<br />
*"Gun Gun Bhromora Boslo Eshe"<br />
*"Bandh Bhenge Dao"<br />
*"Debo Na, Debo Na Sara To Jotoi Dako" (Singer: Jojo, [[Sujay Bhowmick]])<br />
*"Ore Chitrarekha Dore Bandhilo Ke" [Indranil Sen]<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Special Screening at [[Sydney Film Festival]], 2016.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|1864282}}<br />
<br />
{{Tarun Majumdar}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chander Bari}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Bengali-language films]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aur_Kaun%3F&diff=452982Aur Kaun?2026-03-03T23:23:17Z<p>BeauGleason6763: cleaned up layout further</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1979 film directed by Tulsi and Shyam Ramsay}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aur Kaun?<br />
| image = Aur Kaun poster.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Shyam Ramsay]]<br />[[Tulsi Ramsay]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer =<br />
| starring = [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]]<br />Rajni Sharma<br />Padmini Kapila<br />[[Om Shivpuri]]<br />
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|01|09}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross =<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aur Kaun?''''' ({{Translation|Who else?}}) is a 1979 [[Bollywood]] [[horror film]] directed by [[Shyam Ramsay]] and [[Tulsi Ramsay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aur Kaun? (1979)|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-2umm6e/aur-kaun/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Radio Times|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221063818/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-2umm6e/aur-kaun/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The music of the film composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aur Kaun? (1979) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aur-kaun-5024/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219121224/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aur-kaun-5024/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=19 December 2019|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> was popular in 1979, especially the song "Haan Pehli Baar" sung by [[Kishore Kumar]]. The title song was sung by Lata Mangeshkar in her haunting melody style.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Aur Kaun? is a 1979 Indian horror-mystery film that follows Raj, a young man whose life takes a strange turn after his older teacher, Mona, begins to show an unusual romantic interest in him. Before long, Mona is mysteriously found dead, and the circumstances around her death suggest something supernatural may be involved. As Raj becomes entangled in the investigation, eerie incidents begin occurring around him, hinting at a ghostly presence and a dark secret from the past. The film builds suspense through its haunted-house atmosphere, mysterious characters, and the lingering question of who — or what — is truly behind the terror.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Roopesh Kumar]]<br />
*[[Madan Puri]]<br />
*[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]]<br />
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Ram Saroop<br />
*[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Raj<br />
*Rajni Sharma as Komal<br />
*Padmini Kapila as Mona<br />
<br />
== Songs ==<br />
The songs were composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/aur-kaun |title=Aur Kaun Songs Download: Aur Kaun MP3 Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_lyrics = Amit Khanna<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
| title1 = Ha Pehli Bar Ek Ladki Mera<br />
| length1 =<br />
<br />
| title2 = Aur Kaun Aayega<br />
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| length2 =<br />
<br />
| title3 = Dilwali Kidhar Se Aayi Hai<br />
| extra3 = [[Vijeyata Pandit]]<br />
| length3 =<br />
<br />
| title4 = Raat Ayi Re<br />
| extra4 = [[Sulakshana Pandit]], Bappi Lahiri<br />
| length4 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0252247|title=Aur Kaun?}}<br />
<br />
{{Shyam Ramsay}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1979 horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]<br />
[[Category:1970s slasher films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Ramsay]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Tulsi Ramsay]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br />
{{1970s-horror-film-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anji_(film)&diff=467957Anji (film)2026-03-03T18:01:57Z<p>BeauGleason6763: enhanced citations per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2004 film by Kodi Ramakrishna}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Anji film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]<br />
| writer = '''Story & Screenplay''':<br/>M. S. Art Movies Unit<br/>'''Dialogues''':<br/>[[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]]<br />
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]]<br/>[[Namrata Shirodkar]]<br/>[[Tinnu Anand]]<br/>[[Nagendra Babu]]<br />
| producer = [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]<br />
| studio = M. S. Art Movies<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|01|15}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes<br />
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]<br />
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| budget = ₹25–35 [[crore]]<ref name=budget/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Anji''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action-adventure film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and produced by [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in the titular role, alongside [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Tinnu Anand]] and [[Nagendra Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mithun |title=Anji Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/anji/telugu/anji-movie-reviews-1136-2.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=fullhyd.com |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912185424/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/anji/telugu/anji-movie-reviews-1136-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has music composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]]. It was produced on an estimated budget of ₹25–35 [[crore]], making it the most expensive Telugu film at the time of its release.<ref name="budget">* {{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=K. Rajani |date=2003-12-26 |title=2003 - Year of all-time hits & mega failures for Tollywood |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2003-year-of-all-time-hits-mega-failures-for-tollywood-103122601064_1.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |work=Business Standard India |quote=Anji, which has been in production for more than seven years, is the costliest film ever made in Tollywood. Producer Shyam Prasad Reddy is said to have spent around Rs 25 crore for this film. |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715110453/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2003-year-of-all-time-hits-mega-failures-for-tollywood-103122601064_1.html |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2005-01-01 |title=When Tollywood tunes didn't mesmerise box-office |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312105938/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-date=2013-03-12 |access-date=2022-07-15 |work=Business Standard India |quote=The Rs 28-crore film, which took nearly six years to complete ..... }}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Ogirala |first=Mohan Rao |date=24 June 2004 |title=It's raining flops on Tollywood's parade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/its-raining-flops-on-tollywoods-parade/articleshow/752026.cms |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |quote=The Chiranjeevi-starrer Anji didn't run for long though the film took over Rs 30 crore and five years to complete. |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912182643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/its-raining-flops-on-tollywoods-parade/articleshow/752026.cms |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=September 2002 |title=Anji film not before 9th January 2003 |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=According to the reliable sources, Anji's total budget has been 35 crores (if we include the interest rates and other expenses as it is being made for so many years). |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110055958/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The story follows Anji's quest to protect the mystical Aatmalingam, which grants immortality every 72 years, from the clutches of the ruthless billionaire Veerendra Bhatia.<br />
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The film was in production for over six years, facing multiple delays before its release on 15 January 2004, during the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] festival.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2005-01-01 |title=When Tollywood tunes didn't mesmerise box-office |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312105938/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-date=2013-03-12 |access-date=2022-07-15 |quote=The Rs 28-crore film, which took nearly six years to complete .....}}</ref> ''Anji'' received praise for its visual effects and Chiranjeevi's performance, but struggled to achieve commercial success due to its high budget.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title='Lakshmi Narasimha' VS 'Anji' in 2004 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-thursday-5-epic-box-office-clashes-between-chiranjeevi-and-balakrishna/photostory/66463948.cms |access-date=2021-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929142614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-thursday-5-epic-box-office-clashes-between-chiranjeevi-and-balakrishna/photostory/66463948.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects]], marking the first time a Telugu film won a [[National Film Awards|National Award]] in that category. Additionally, ''Anji'' was featured in the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the first Indian film to use [[3D film|3D]] digital graphics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Py9LAQAAIAAJ&q=Chiranjeevi+Anji |title=Limca Book of Records |date=2006 |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |isbn=978-81-902837-2-4 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref> The film was later dubbed into Hindi as ''Diler - Daring'', Tamil as ''Kollimalai Singam'', and Malayalam as ''Chekavan''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The [[lingam|Atmalingam]], a symbol of Lord [[Shiva]], possesses enormous divine powers. Once every 72 years, the [[Milky Way|Akasha Ganga]] (Heavenly dimension of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river from the universe) flows onto the Atmalingam. Those who drink Akasha Ganga's holy water become immortal and gain supernatural powers.<br />
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In 1932, during the [[British Raj|colonial rule in India]], a greedy youngster named Veerendra Bhatia with two greedy [[Tantra|tantriks]] are in search of the Atmalingam from a cave which is guarded by a divine [[Trishula|trident]] and a gigantic [[Indian cobra|cobra]]. They try to bring it but fail, resulting in the deaths of the two tantriks and Bhatia losing his right hand. The sacred Atmalingam gets swept away in the river and becomes invisible. Time progresses and Bhatia, now 99 years old, searches for the Atmalingam's traces, but in vain. Akasha Ganga is slated to flow to the earth for the Atmalingam in 2004. Finally, he learns about a professor who researched the Atmalingam and the Akasha Ganga and possesses vital information in a red diary.<br />
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Fearing for his life and this information, the professor sends the diary to his student Swapna, who is in the USA, so that Bhatia will not be able to become immortal. After receiving the journal, Swapna, sensing danger to her professor, comes back to India in search of him, only to find him killed. While escaping from Bhatia, she runs into Anji, a good samaritan in the [[Uravakonda]] forest area, who serves the most revered Sivanna, an [[ayurvedic]] specialist, while also raising four [[orphans]].<br />
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One day, Anji stumbles on the Atmalingam and takes its possession. After learning about it, Bhatia and his men go after Anji and Swapna. As the D-Day of Akasha Ganga is fast approaching, Sivanna tells Anji that the Atmalingam should be sent back to where it belongs. So, Anji and Swapna go to the Himalayas to reinstall the Atmalingam in a temple that was built using [[shaligram]] stones by the legendary king [[Bhagiratha]]. The temple becomes visible only after 72 years. Using help from the diary, Anji enters the temple and faces many traps in the temple and survives to reinstall the Atmalingam in the [[Garbhagriha|sanctum]] of the temple. But the evil Bhatia drinks the water before Anji can drink it. One of the orphans gets shot. Anji and Bhatia get into a fight, and at last, Lord [[Shiva]] himself appears and kills Bhatia using his [[third eye]]. Anji manages to run from the temple, and a drop of the holy water revives the orphan who had been shot by Bhatia. Anji, Swapna, and the four orphans return to their home in a helicopter, and the Atmalingam and the temple vanish, never to be seen again.<br />
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==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Anji<br />
*[[Namrata Shirodkar]] as Swapna<br />
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Veerendra Bhatia<br />
**[[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as young Bhatia<br />
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Sivanna<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
* Akshay Reddy as Master Akshay<br />
* Bharat as Master Bharat<br />
* Vamsi as Master Vamsi<br />
* Meghana Gummi as Baby Meghana<br />
* Keerthana as Baby Keerthana<br />
* [[Nitya Shetty]] as Baby Nithya<br />
* Saraswatamma<br />
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as the local hunter<br />
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Bhatia's henchman (uncredited)<br />
*[[Ramya Krishna]] has a special appearance in the song "Chikbuk Pori"<br />
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] also has a special appearance in the song "Chikbuk Pori"<br />
*[[Reema Sen]] has a special appearance in the song "Mirapakaya Bajji"<br />
* Rajlaxmi Roy has a special appearance in the song "Manava Manava"<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In May 1997, ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' reported that [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] would direct [[Chiranjeevi]] in a big-budget film produced by [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 1997 |title=శ్యాంప్రసాద్ రెడ్డి చిత్రం |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/30-May-1997.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=12 |language=te |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823224158/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/30-May-1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> By 24 October 1997, the same newspaper reported that the film would commence on 1 November 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 1997 |title=ఎమ్మెస్ రెడ్డి కొత్త చిత్రం ప్రారంభం! |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/24-Oct-1997.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Zamin Ryot |page=9 |language=te |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010217/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/24-Oct-1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A subsequent report in ''Zamin Ryot'' a week later revealed that Shyam Prasad Reddy had already traveled to the [[United States]] four times to finalize the graphics work for the project but named [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy|D. Sabapathy]] as the director instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 1997 |title=చిరంజీవితో ఎమ్మెస్ రెడ్డి చిత్రం |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/31-Oct-1997.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Zamin Ryot |language=te |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174017/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/31-Oct-1997.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
In December 1998, ''[[India Today]]'' revealed that [[Tinnu Anand|Tinu Anand]] would portray a [[centenarian]] searching for a magic potion that promises eternal youth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. M. Vetticad |first=Anna |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=28 December 1998 |title=Actor Tinnu Anand to play a centenarian in Telugu film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19981228-actor-tinnu-anand-to-play-a-centenarian-in-telugu-film-827602-1998-12-27 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114165029/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19981228-actor-tinnu-anand-to-play-a-centenarian-in-telugu-film-827602-1998-12-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> By August 2000, [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] was confirmed as part of the cast,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2000 |title=Bhupinder - the best |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news34.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115093015/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news34.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in March 2001, it was reported that Singh would play the main villain, with Tinu Anand portraying the older version of the character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2001 |title=News Today: Bhupinder breaks too many hearts |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news114.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115092414/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news114.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, one of the [[Tantra|tantriks]] in the film's opening scene was portrayed by a beggar who frequented the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title='అంజి' కోసం ఒకే డ్రెస్ రెండేళ్లు వేసుకున్న చిరు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/interesting-facts-about-chiranjeevi-anji-movie/0208/120025936 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601050606/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/interesting-facts-about-chiranjeevi-anji-movie/0208/120025936 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
In June 2000, ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' mentioned a tentative release date of 1 October 2000 for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2000 |title=News Today: Mission Possible? |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news15.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913095528/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 11 September 2000, producer Shyam Prasad Reddy announced that shooting would be completed by 15 October 2000, with the film set for a 22 December 2000 release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2000 |title=News Today: Clash of 3 Titans: Chiru, Venky and Balayya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news40.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108201058/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news40.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Chiranjeevi later revealed in a 16 September 2000 interview with [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] that the film was yet to be titled, with options including ''Anji'' or ''Akasaganga''. He attributed the production delays to the extensive graphics work, which involved 20-24 minutes of 3-D animation, a first in Indian cinema. The graphics were managed by Chris, also known as UK-2, at London’s Digitalia Studio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=Ravi |date=16 September 2000 |title=The Rediff Interview: Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/16chiru.htm |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912185423/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/16chiru.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
By November 2001, filming was almost complete except for the songs, which were planned for December 2001 and January 2002, aiming for a February 2002 release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2001 |title=News Today: Anji release in February |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news178.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913095508/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news178.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When questioned about the lengthy production process, director Kodi Ramakrishna noted that the extensive graphics work justified the four-year timeline. He praised Shyam Prasad Reddy for his dedication to making an extraordinary film, rather than opting for a quick profit with a mass-market production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2001 |title=Interview with Kodi Rama Krishna by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_kodi.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013000640/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_kodi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2002, ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' reported the film’s release date as 9 April 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C. Vanaja |date=2002 |title=News Capsule |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020206051642/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/tidbits.html |archive-date=6 February 2002 }}</ref> By March, it was reported that two songs had been completed, one featuring Chiranjeevi with [[Reema Sen]] and another with Rajlaxmi, who had recently appeared in a special song in the Hindi film [[Asoka (2001 film)|''Asoka'']] (2001). A special number with a Bollywood actress was planned for April 2002, to be filmed on a market-themed set. The report also noted that the film was shot entirely in a forest and revolves around a search for Akasa Ganga, a mystical site containing a powerful Siva Lingam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2002 |title=Chiranjeevi Anji details |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news205.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203095828/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news205.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2002, producer Shyam Prasad Reddy anticipated completing the graphics work for ''Anji'' by 30 July, aiming for a release shortly after 15 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2002 |title=Anji - not before 15th August 2002 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news215.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115085443/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news215.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, by August, the graphics work was still in progress at Digitalia in the UK, prompting a shift in potential release dates to the [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] festival in 2002 or [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2002 |title=Chiranjeevi is not acting in Baba |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news226.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |quote=Only graphic work is pending for the film. This film would get released as soon as the work is completed at Digitalia, UK. Anji might be released either for Dasara 2002 or Sankranthi 2003. |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913080819/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news226.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
By September 2002, ''Idlebrain.com'' reported that the graphic work for ''Anji'' was still underway under the supervision of Chris at Digitalia. Producer Shyam Prasad Reddy announced plans to release the film on 9 January 2003 but acknowledged potential delays if the visual effects required additional time. The report also stated that the film's budget was ₹35 crore, including extended production expenses and interest, and that ''Anji'' needed to surpass the success of [[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']] (2002) to recover its costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2002 |title=Anji film not before 9th January 2003 |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110055958/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2003, Shyam Prasad Reddy confirmed that the film would have a theatrical release with five songs, with the "Gumma Gulabi Komma" song to be filmed and added during the fourth week of its run.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2003 |title=IB exclusive - Anji Audio details |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-audiodetails.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123848/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-audiodetails.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
A decade after the film's release, Kodi Ramakrishna revealed that Chiranjeevi wore the same shirt for two years without washing it to maintain continuity. He also mentioned that some scenes required 100 to 120 [[Shot (filmmaking)|shots]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayala |first=Rajeev |date=2021-02-20 |title=Chiranjeevi : మెగాస్టార్ చిరంజీవి ఆ సినిమా కోసం ఒకే షర్ట్ ను రెండేళ్లు వేసుకున్నారట.. అదికూడా ఉతక్కుండా..!! |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/chiranjeevi-using-one-short-in-2-years-for-anji-movie-424083.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827163550/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/chiranjeevi-using-one-short-in-2-years-for-anji-movie-424083.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Visual effects and design ===<br />
''Anji'' featured digitally enhanced animated characters. Noted director and illustrator [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] created sketches of [[Shiva|Lord Siva]], [[Lingam|Siva Lingam]], and an old temple, which served as the basis for models and sets.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |title=Bapu is like Picasso: Chiranjeevi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bapu-is-like-picasso-chiranjeevi/articleshow/45576608.cms |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=When shooting for Anji, we needed an illustration of Nataraja in full flow for the animation. Producer Shyam Prasad Reddy approached Bapu garu for the illustration and he readily obliged. |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912202250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bapu-is-like-picasso-chiranjeevi/articleshow/45576608.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Firefly Creative Studio handled the visual effects for the closing battle, the Lord Siva temple, one of the romantic songs, and the [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Sivaratri]] festival scene.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2018 |title=6 Telugu films with awe-inspiring visual effects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/6-telugu-films-with-awe-inspiring-visual-effects/eega/photostory/64920210.cms |access-date=2023-04-30 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/6-telugu-films-with-awe-inspiring-visual-effects/eega/photostory/64920210.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The graphics work also involved studios from the [[United States]], [[Singapore]], and [[Malaysia]].<ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
[[Mani Sharma]] composed the songs and background score for the film.<ref name="Audiocover" /><ref name="Anji Songs" /> The song "Chik Buk Pori" was composed by [[Sri (composer)|Sri]], but Mani Sharma did the [[Re-recording (filmmaking)|rerecording]] of the song.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2003 |title=Cast and Crew information - Anji |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-castsrew.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913095529/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-castsrew.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2000 |title=Interview with Sri by Jeevi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sri.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115092412/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sri.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<ref name= "Audiocover">{{Cite web |title=Anji audio inlay card designs |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/audio-anji/anji1.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Idlebrain.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913095529/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/audio-anji/anji1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "Anji Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2Nw84P73wwuHlSR5SwTP1i | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Anji | access-date = 6 May 2021}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_music = <br />
| total_length = 34:08<br />
| title1 = Chik Buk Pori<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| length1 = 5:09<br />
| title2 = Gumma Gulabi Komma<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]<br />
| length2 = 5:48<br />
| title3 = Abbo Nee Amma<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]<br />
| length3 = 5:45<br />
| title4 = Om Shanthi<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| length4 = 5:49<br />
| title5 = Manava Manava<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra5 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| length5 = 5:37<br />
| title6 = Mirapakaya Bajji<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length6 = 5:57<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
On 5 January 2004, producer Shyam Prasad Reddy announced that ''Anji'' would be [[Central Board of Film Certification|censored]] on 7 January, with a planned release on 9 January. However, on 7 January, MS Arts confirmed that the release had been postponed to 14 January due to delays in finalizing the graphics.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Anji - Special News Bulletin |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-news.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123854/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-news.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 January, conflicting release dates were reported in different newspapers, with ''[[Vaartha]]'' listing 14 January and ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' listing 15 January. The confusion arose because the decision to postpone the release was made late on the night of 7 January, and by the time the news was communicated to the media, ''Vaartha'' had already printed its editions. The official release date was eventually confirmed as 15 January.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
To ensure timely delivery of the film prints, Mohini Films, the distributors for the Vizag region, booked a private [[air cargo]] to transport the prints from [[Hyderabad]] to [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]—an unprecedented move in [[Telugu cinema]].'''<ref name=":6" />''' Despite the logistical challenges, ''Anji'' successfully released on 15 January 2004 during the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] festival. However, due to delays in printing the necessary number of film prints, the release was pushed to 16 January in some regions.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5, commending the visual effects and Chiranjeevi's performance while criticising the screenplay and direction.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Anji |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anji.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |quote=Creatives for visual effects: Bapu |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912185423/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-anji.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Despite all those special effects the film is unimpressive as the subject and style is outdated."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anji|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anji-review-telugu-pclvzihgcedgg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109041448/https://www.sify.com/movies/anji-review-telugu-pclvzihgcedgg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-07|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted, "Anji teaches us how to make a movie out of a logic-defying story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/mr3.asp|title=Anji - Telugu|last=P.|first=Rakesh|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705135159/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan182004/mr3.asp|archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "Telugu Cinema audience generally come to a movie to watch the (their) hero play the "hero" in the movie. mRgaraaju was a disaster because of the same reason - the audience expected Chiranjeevi to kill the lion in the second reel, but the movie was dragged for 14 reels! Even in anji, the special effets overshadowed the hero, and this might be a negative point for the movie in the long run. The movie is definitely worth a watch, or good even for a repeated audience, though, if one does not expect Chiranjeevi (in the movie) to be omnipresent and omnipotent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/anji_movie.shtml|title=Anji - movie review|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=24 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202110655/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/anji_movie.shtml|archive-date=2 February 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
;[[National Film Awards]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] – Sanath<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=14 November 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – [[Chota K. Naidu]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2005 |title=Nandi Awards 2004 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114172412/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]] – Chandra Rao<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2004 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114154/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2004.html |archive-date=11 October 2020 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000s fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 3D films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:Anantapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Films about ageing]]<br />
[[Category:Films about immortality]]<br />
[[Category:Films about old age]]<br />
[[Category:Films about orphans]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1932]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in forests]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in temples]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Films with live action and animation]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]<br />
[[Category:Religious fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva in art]]<br />
[[Category:Tantra]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhaswati_Basu&diff=491019Bhaswati Basu2026-03-01T22:33:51Z<p>BeauGleason6763: starting new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Odia actress (born 1973)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox artist<br />
| name = Bhaswati Basu<br />
| image = Bhaswati Basu.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|3|5}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]]<br />
| education = Post-graduation in Drama<br />
| known_for = Acting in films, television serials and theatre; Poetry<br />
| spouse = Vijay Mandal<br />
| children = Dishani<br />
| father = [[Asim Basu]]<br />
| mother = Gita Basu<br />
| awards = Best Supporting Actress, [[Odisha State Film Awards]] (2005)<br />
| signature = Bhaswati Basu Signature in Odia.png<br />
| signature_type =<br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhaswati Basu''' (born 5 March 1973) is an [[Odia language|Odia]] film, television and stage actress, playwright and director. Her notable performances in Odia films include those in ''[[Kathantara]]'', recognized as the Best Supporting Actress in the 2005 [[Odisha State Film Awards]], and ''[[Khyanikaa: The Lost Idea]]''. Her father is stage and art director [[Asim Basu]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
Bhaswati Basu was born on 5 March 1973 in Bapuji Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. Her mother is Gita Basu and her father, Asim Basu, renowned painter, actor, director, writer and art director.<ref name="ie_3acts">{{cite news |date=2009-08-30 |title=Three acts of a new beginning |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/Aug/30/three-acts-of-a-new-beginning-81797.html |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705131532/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/Aug/30/three-acts-of-a-new-beginning-81797.html |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref> She has two siblings, Atasi and Gautam. Basu married Vijay Mandal and they have a daughter Dishani.<br />
<br />
Basu graduated in drama from [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]]. She served as guest faculty at the institute after completing her studies.<ref name="ie_women">{{cite news |date=2009-04-10 |title=Women directors steal the show |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/Apr/10/women-directors-steal-the-show-40017.html |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706074951/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/Apr/10/women-directors-steal-the-show-40017.html |archive-date=2025-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Films===<br />
Bhaswati Basu made her acting debut in 2005 with the Odia film ''Jiwan Mrutyu'', directed by Raju Mishra. Her second film was ''Kathantara'', released in 2006 and directed by Himanshu Khatua. Among the eight awards the film won in the 2006 Odisha State Film Awards, her performance in it secured her the Best Supporting Actress award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=5223 |title=Award winning parallel cinema Kathantara released, Orissa Entertainment News |work=orissadiary.com |access-date=2009-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015645/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=5223 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Basu also acted in the 2017 film ''Khyanikaa: The Lost Idea'', directed by [[Amartya Bhattacharyya]]. The film was featured in Indian Panorama section of the 2017 edition of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-11-09 |title=Indian Panorama selection of Feature and Non Feature films for 48th IFFI 2017 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1508861 |publisher= [[Press Information Bureau]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706032455/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1508861 |archive-date=2025-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref> It also received critical acclaim at several international film festivals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Sweta |date=2017-10-21 |title=Odisha-based filmmaker ecstatic after UK invite |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-based-filmmaker-ecstatic-after-uk-invite/ |publisher=[[Sambad]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705124057/https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-based-filmmaker-ecstatic-after-uk-invite/ |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
Basu also acted in the short film ''Rasagola'', directed by Swaraj Mishra and screened in 2020, that is based on ''Babuna'', a collection of stories of a child growing up in a village in Odisha.<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-11-05 |title=Swaraj Mishra's 'Rasagola' wins Odisha State Film Awards |url=https://sambadenglish.com/swaraj-mishras-rasagola-adjudged-best-documentary-film-at-31st-odisha-state-film-awards/ |publisher=[[Sambad]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105145232/https://sambadenglish.com/swaraj-mishras-rasagola-adjudged-best-documentary-film-at-31st-odisha-state-film-awards/ |archive-date=2021-11-05 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
Basu played the role of the mother of the eponymous protagonist in the 2021 film, ''Kokoli: Fish Out of Water'', whose theme was the impact on the Odia fishing community of rising sea levels thanks to [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Banerji |first=Annie |date=2018-09-25 |title=Love in the Time of Climate Change: Indian film with a new take on romance |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/love-in-the-time-of-climate-change-indian-film-with-a-new-take-on-romance-idUSKCN1M51ON/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Phalguna Chaitra'', in which Basu essayed a prominent role, was the first Odia film to be released simultaneously in 9 countries, in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Routray |first=Rituparna |date=2023-05-12 |title=ବଦଳୁଛି ଓଡିଆ ଫିଲ୍ମର ଢାଞ୍ଚା : ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ ସହିତ ୮ଟି ଦେଶରେ ରିଲିଜ ହେଲା ଫିଲ୍ମ 'ଫାଲଗୁନ ଚୈତ୍ର' |trans-title=The format of Odia films is changing: 'Phalgun Chaitra' released in 8 countries including Australia |lang=or |url=https://kanaknews.com/phalguna-chaitra-to-hit-theatres-across-odisha-on-may-12-australia-release-on-may-13/ |publisher=[[Kanak News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512082627/https://kanaknews.com/phalguna-chaitra-to-hit-theatres-across-odisha-on-may-12-australia-release-on-may-13/ |archive-date=2023-05-12 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Stage===<br />
Basu began her stage career with the theatre group ''Satabdira Kalakar'', and, notably, has directed plays like ''Aparna'', ''Dine Ratire'', ''Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya'' and ''Tyaga''.<ref name="ie_3acts" /><br />
<br />
Basu starred in over twenty five plays, wrote the script for nineteen productions and directed thirteen.<ref name="ob_empress">{{cite news |last=Chakra |first=Shyamhari |date=2020-10-11 |title=I Feel Like An Empress On Stage, Says Odia Theatre's Leading Light Bhaswati Basu |url=https://odishabytes.com/i-feel-like-an-empress-on-stage-says-odia-theatres-leading-light-bhaswati-basu/ |publisher=Odisha Bytes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131312/https://odishabytes.com/i-feel-like-an-empress-on-stage-says-odia-theatres-leading-light-bhaswati-basu/ |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, Basu directed ''Aparna'', her adaptation of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] play of the same name by [[Banaphul|Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]] at the Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya.<ref name="ie_women"/> Three years later, she directed ''Kandhei Ghara'', her own translation of the [[Henrik Ibsen]] play, [[A Doll's House]], for the institute's ''Natya Saptah'' theatre festival.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-02-11 |title=Students stage myriad plays |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/students-stage-myriad-plays-dramatists-translate-works-of-ibsen-o-henry-into-odia/cid/455091 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
Basu adapted the Satabdira Kalakar production of [[Charandas Chor]], a famous [[Habib Tanvir]] play.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Plays staged by Satabdira Kalakar |url=https://www.satabdirakalakar.org/kalakar.php |publisher=Satabdira Kalakar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827183305/https://www.satabdirakalakar.org/kalakar.php |archive-date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
Basu has acted in several Odia serials.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Title<br />
!Telecaster<br />
!Director<br />
|-<br />
|''Ananya''<br />
|ETV Network<br />
|Debananda Nayak<br />
|-<br />
|''Badhu Nuhen Bandhu''<br />
|[[DD Odia]]<br />
|Ajit Das<br />
|-<br />
|''Sei Kahani''<br />
|DD Odia<br />
|Rajat Paikaraya<br />
|-<br />
|''Ananya Anupama''<br />
|DD Odia<br />
|Jyoti Prakash<br />
|-<br />
|''Dharmatma''<br />
|DD Odia<br />
|Gudiya Mahapatra <br />
|-<br />
|''Nila Mastrani''<br />
|DD Odia<br />
|[[Sadhu Meher]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Budha Sankhari''<br />
|DD Odia<br />
|Tapas Bose<br />
|-<br />
|''Queen''<br />
|[[Tarang TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Abujhaa Ae Man''<br />
|Tarang TV <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Gayatri''<br />
|ETV Odia<br />
|Sudhanshu Sahu<br />
|-<br />
|''Bhagya Bidhata''<br />
|ETV Odia<br />
|Sudhanshu Sahu<br />
|-<br />
|''Ashar Aakash''<br />
|[[Kalinga TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Badhu''<br />
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises#India|Sarthak TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Maaya''<br />
|Tarang TV<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sinhadwar''<br />
|[[List of Odia-language television channels#Defunct channels|Manjari TV]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Poetry===<br />
When her father died in 2017, Basu returned to writing poetry which she occasionally had done in college.<ref name="ob_empress" /> Having written 70 poems, she published them as the anthology ''Bata Abata'' in 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Bata Abata by Bhaswati Basu |url=https://ritikart.com/products/bata-abata-by-bhaswati-basu |publisher=Ritikart |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bata Abata |url=https://www.amazon.in/BATA-ABATA-Bhaswati-Basu/dp/B09WQLLNV8 |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, another volume of her poems, ''Raga Malkosh'', was published.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raga Malkosh |url=https://www.amazon.in/Raga-Malkosh-Bhaswati-Basu/dp/B0CNZ6C3WM |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
Basu also helped organize the 2018 ''Asim Utsav'', commemorating the first death anniversary of her father, that staged three of his plays. She was in charge of conceptualizing the Odisha Pavilion at the [[India International Trade Fair]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="ob_empress" /> She also organised, along with Subhashree Shubhashmita Mishra, an informal event called Cafetaria, in which litterateurs discuss politics and policy for a young audience.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bal |first=Sandip |date=2019-04-08 |title=City witnesses litterateurs discuss politics<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/city-witnesses-litterateurs-discuss-politics/articleshow/68796139.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515192743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/city-witnesses-litterateurs-discuss-politics/articleshow/68796139.cms |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
*2005 ''Jiwan Mrutyu''<br />
*2006 ''Kathantara''<br />
*2017 ''Khyanikaa: The Lost Idea''<br />
*2019 ''Rasagola''<br />
*2021 ''Kokoli: Fish Out of Water''<br />
*2023 ''Phalguna Chaitra''<br />
*2025 ''Indradhanu''<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
*Basu, Bhaswati (2021). ''Bata Abata''. Barsha Publication, Bhubaneswar, India. pp.&nbsp;136. <br />
*Basu, Bhaswati (2023). ''Raga Malkosh''. Barsha Publication, Bhubaneswar, India. pp.&nbsp;88.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3377011}}<br />
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{{Commons cat|Bhaswati Basu|ଭାସ୍ୱତୀ ବସୁ}}<br />
{{Authority Control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Bhaswati}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bhubaneswar]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyxenus_Epiphanes_Soter&diff=525837Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter2026-02-26T05:08:39Z<p>BeauGleason6763: started initial entry w/ refs</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter<br />
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king<br />
| image = Polyxenos portrait.jpg<br />
| caption = Portrait Polyxenus.<br />
| reign = c. 100 BCE<br />
| coronation = <br />
| full name = <br />
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| dynasty = <br />
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| burial_place = [[Swat Valley]]<br />
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}}<br />
[[File:Polyxenos round bilingual.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|<small>Coin of Polyxenus. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos".</small>]]<br />
[[File:Polyxenos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos".]]<br />
[[File:Polyxenos square bilingual.jpg |thumb|upright=1.5|Indian-standard coin of Polyxenos. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΠΟΛΥΞΕΝΟΥ "Of Illustrious and Saviour King Polyxenos".]]<br />
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'''Polyxenus Epiphanes Soter''' ({{langx|grc|Πολύξενος Ἐπιφανῆς Σωτήρ|Polyxenos Epiphanēs Sōtēr}}, "Polyxenus the Illustrious Saviour") was an [[Indo-Greek]] king who ruled briefly in western [[Punjab region|Punjab]] or [[Gandhara]].<br />
<br />
==Date==<br />
[[Osmund Bopearachchi]] places Polyxenus c. 100 BCE<ref>Bopearachchi (1998)</ref> and R. C. Senior c. 85–80 BCE.<br />
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==Coinage==<br />
Polyxenus, whose portraits depict a diademed young man, struck silver coins which closely resemble those of [[Strato I]]. Both kings used the epithets [[Soter]] [[wikt:Epiphanes|Epiphanes]] and the reverse of Athena Alcidemus (fighting [[Pallas Athene]]), the emblem of the dynasty of [[Menander I]]. Polyxenus also struck bronzes with Athena on the obverse and her [[aegis]] on the reverse. He issued no Attic silver.<br />
<br />
His bronzes depict the head of Athena with a reverse of her [[aegis]].<br />
<br />
Polyxenus' coins are few and feature only three monograms: these he shares with Strato I as well as [[Heliocles II]] and [[Archebius]], according to Bopearachchi and RC Senior.<br />
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He was therefore likely to have been a brief contestant for power in the central Indo-Greek kingdom after the presumably violent death of Straton I, who was possibly his father.<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
*Osmund Bopearachchi, ''Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: American Numismatic Society, part 9, Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Coins'', 1998, American Numismatic Society, {{ISBN|0-89722-273-3}}.<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-polyxenus.html Catalog of the coins of Polyxenus]<br />
*[https://www.academia.edu/44738963/LE_ROI_POLYXENE_Le_Sauveur_Manifestation_de_Dieu_sur_Terre_Roi_Indo_Grec_Par_Roger_COTTEREAU_Mac%C3%A9doine_Royaume_de_Polyx%C3%A8ne Le Roi Polyxène]<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Heliocles II]] (?)}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] ruler in [[Paropamisade]], [[Arachosia]]|years=c. 100 BCE}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Philoxenus Anicetus|Philoxenus]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Indo-Greek kings}}<br />
{{Hellenistic rulers}}<br />
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[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century monarchs in Asia]]<br />
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{{India-royal-stub}}<br />
{{AncientGreece-royal-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administration_of_Hyderabad&diff=469467Administration of Hyderabad2026-02-26T03:43:16Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
In [[Hyderabad]], India, the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) is in charge of the civic administration and infrastructure of the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/citizencharter/cc1.asp|year=2012|accessdate=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803151617/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/citizencharter/cc1.asp|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was formed in April 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile [[Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]] (MCH) with twelve municipalities of neighbouring two districts. GHMC covers an area of {{Convert|650|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, spread over the four districts—[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]], [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]] and [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]. The GHMC is divided into five zones and eighteen circles that contain [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad|150 municipal wards]]. Each ward is headed by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect The [[Mayor|City Mayor]] who is the [[Titular ruler|titular head]] of GHMC. The executive powers of the GHMC lie with the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] appointed by the Government of Telangana. The State Election Commission (SEC) monitors the [[Local election|municipal elections]] that are held in the city once in every five years. The first election of the GHMC were held in December 2009. The [[Indian National Congress]] alliance with [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|Majlis Ittehadul Muslimeen]] formed the majority, with the agreement of sharing the mayor post equally between the two parties.<ref name="TOI_GHMC">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Karthika-not-in-a-hurry-to-hand-over-mayor-baton-to-MIM/articleshow/10458184.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-23/hyderabad/30312992_1_mim-candidate-mir-zulfeqar-ali-mayor-post|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|title=Karthika not in a hurry to hand over mayor baton to MIM|date=23 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100507/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2009 |accessdate=25 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elections-Immediate|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/4th%20ordinary%20elections%20to%20PR%20bodies/Circulars/No.%20405%20-%2013.5.2011.pdf|work=Government of Andhra Pradesh|date=5 May 2011|accessdate=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155435/http://www.apsec.gov.in/4th%20ordinary%20elections%20to%20PR%20bodies/Circulars/No.%20405%20-%2013.5.2011.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IBN">{{cite news|title=MIM's Hussain elected Mayor of Hyderabad| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mm-hussain-is-mayor-rajkumar-deputy/217616-62-131.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111172457/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mm-hussain-is-mayor-rajkumar-deputy/217616-62-131.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=4 January 2012|accessdate=4 January 2012}}</ref><br />
[[File:GHMC ZONES,CIRCLES,WARDS MAP DEC 2025.jpg|thumb|right|The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones]]<br />
The [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]] (SCB) an area of {{Convert|40.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="City report for World Bank">{{Cite FTP |title=Exploring Urban Growth Management in Three Developing Country Cities |url=ftp://amusing.mit.edu/afs/athena/user/a/n/andrewgu/www/hyderabad/Hyderabad%20City%20Report%20DFR.pdf |year=2007 |server=Padeco company Limited, for The World Bank |url-status=dead |accessdate=20 May 2012 }}</ref> is a jurisdiction which contains some suburbs of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The SCB area houses multiple camps of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]], the civic administration and infrastructure of this area is overseen by SCB rather than GHMC. The chief executive officer (a civilian) appointed by the [[Indian Defense Ministry]] possesses the executive powers while the board president is an Indian army commander of the [[Brigadier]] grade, stationed in Secunderabad.<ref name="center for good governance Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad:Final Report |url=http://www.cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |work=Center for good governance Hyderaba |date=17 December 2008|accessdate=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112955/http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archivedate=29 June 2012 }}</ref> The [[Osmania University]] a part of modern Hyderabad is an area of {{Convert|3.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} administered independently by its management.<ref name="City report for World Bank"/> The [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] (HMDA) was formed in 2008 as an umbrella authority by merging multiple local development bodies. The jurisdiction of HMDA extends to 54 ''[[Tehsil|mandals]]'' located in five districts with a total area of {{Convert|7100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HMDA1">{{cite web|title=Welcome to HMDA |url=http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |work=[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] |accessdate=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208055156/http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 February 2015 }}</ref> It manages the development activities of the area including the administration of the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB), the [[Transmission Corporation of Telangana|Telangana Transmission Corporation]], and the [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] (TSRTC).<ref name="City report for World Bank"/><br />
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The [[Hyderabad City Police]], established in 1847, is the law and order enforcement agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Police System During Nizam Period|url=http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|work=[[Hyderabad City Police]]|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002744/http://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyderabad Police Commissionerate jurisdiction is divided into five police zones, each headed by a [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|Deputy Commissioner]].<ref name="hp">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|work=Hyderabad City Police|accessdate=24 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002744/http://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Hyderabad Traffic Police is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who is answerable to the Hyderabad City Police Commissioner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why compulsory helmet rule not being implemented in city?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Why-compulsory-helmet-rule-not-being-implemented-in-city/articleshow/11643768.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-27/hyderabad/30670288_1_helmet-rule-traffic-police-road-accidents|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|date=27 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> The area under the jurisdiction of Hyderabad City Police is smaller than the GHMC area, thus the suburbs of the city falls under the jurisdiction of [[Cyberabad Police|Cyberabad Police Commissionerate]]. As of 2012, The "Greater Hyderabad Police Commissionerate" is a proposed plan of Telangana Government which would be formed by merging [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad Police Commissionerate]] and [[Cyberabad Police|Cyberabad Police Commissionerate]]. There will be four zones, each headed by [[Police commissioner]], who will be reporting to the [[Deputy inspector general of police|chief Commissioner]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad & Cyberabad police commissionerates to be merged|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-cyberabad-police-commissionerates-to-be-merged-185831|work=[[NDTV]]|date=14 March 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref><br />
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Hyderabad houses the offices of the local governing bodies, along with the [[Telangana Legislature|Telangana Legislature Assembly]], the [[Telangana Secretariat]], the [[Hyderabad High Court]]. Under the jurisdiction of High Court comes the lower city civil court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court.<ref name="INTACH_heritage">{{cite web|title=Heritage Buildings |url=http://intach.ap.nic.in/heritagesites.htm |work=[[INTACH]] |year=2005 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021909/http://intach.ap.nic.in/heritagesites.htm |archivedate=6 October 2011 }}</ref> Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area contains 24 [[Andhra Pradesh State Assembly|state Legislative Assembly]] constituencies which come under five ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' (the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]) constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=24 Assembly constituencies under GHMC|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/election1/indexnew.asp|year=2011|work=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]|accessdate=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805181056/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/election1/indexnew.asp|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI_assembly">{{cite news|title=6 city, 2 RR dist MLAs may hitch on to Jagan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/6-city-2-RR-dist-MLAs-may-hitch-on-to-Jagan-/articleshow/7279730.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204144127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/hyderabad/28376260_1_jagan-camp-jagan-party-ysr-loyalists|url-status=live|archive-date=4 December 2011|date=14 January 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Utility services==<br />
[[File:Dabeerpura darwaza after a heavy rain.jpg|right|thumb|Heavy rains form blocked roads and sewage system.]]<br />
Electricity, water and sewerage services to general public were first commissioned in 1925, with the establishment of ''The City Endowment Board''.<ref name="Mahmood">{{cite book|title=A Policeman ponders: memories and melodies of a varied life|publisher=A.P.H.Publishing Corporation|page=19|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7648-026-0|author=Mahmood Bin Muhammad}}</ref><ref name="aponline.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Modern Period|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|work=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=2002|accessdate=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926211417/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_modern.html|archive-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rainwater harvesting]], water and sewerage services are regulated by the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB).<ref name="HMDA1"/> The HMWSSB sources water supply from multiple dams located in the suburbs of the city.<ref name="TOI_water_supply">{{cite web|title=If Singur, Manjira dry up, there's Krishna|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-11/hyderabad/27858391_1_krishna-water-manjira-water-board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506003114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-11/hyderabad/27858391_1_krishna-water-manjira-water-board|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2013|date=11 February 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> To meet the growing consumption requirement and to provide regular water supply in the city, in 2005 the HMWSSB started operating {{convert|150|km|mi|0}}-long water supply piple-line from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]].<ref name="TOI_water_supply"/> The HMWSSB operates a service named "Dial-a-Tanker" to provide water in emergencies to the residents of the city. A registered customer can obtain the water tanker with the payment of minimal charges.<ref name="TOI_water_scarcity">{{cite web|title=City stares at water scarcity|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-13/hyderabad/30623629_1_dial-a-tanker-tankers-water-board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507023501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-13/hyderabad/30623629_1_dial-a-tanker-tankers-water-board|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2013|date=13 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> The rapid economical growth leading to the rise in the city's population and consequent increased demand of water has further jeopardised the water shortage of the city which receives scanty rainfall. The region's [[groundwater]] levels are shrinking, and dams are facing water shortages.<ref name="TOI_water_supply"/><ref name="TOI_water_scarcity"/> Inadequately treated effluents from industrial treatment plants are polluting the drinking water sources of the city.<ref name="TOI_water_pollution">{{cite web|title=Manjira faces pollution threat|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-29/hyderabad/27179075_1_industrial-area-effluents-ground-water|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506200050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-29/hyderabad/27179075_1_industrial-area-effluents-ground-water|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2013|date=29 November 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The electricity is regulated through [[Telangana Central Power Distribution Company]].<ref name="HMDA1"/> Fire services are provided by the Andhra Pradesh Fire Services department, headed by a director general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Publicservices_citizen.html|title=Citizen Charter|work=Andhra Pradesh fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430170453/http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Publicservices_citizen.html|archive-date=30 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institution was established by the Telangana Fire Services act of 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Act's Ordinanances and Regulations Etc|url=http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Regulations_Fireact.html|work=A P fire and emergency services department|accessdate=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422042300/http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/Regulations_Fireact.html|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of March 2012, there are 13 fire stations in Hyderabad and the annual budget for the service was {{INRConvert|1.85|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fire stations inadequate|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-stations-inadequate/241927-60-114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208063456/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-stations-inadequate/241927-60-114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2013|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=26 March 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Indian Postal Service]] is the major service provider in the city with five head post offices and multiple sub-post offices; many private courier services also operate in the city.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo">{{cite web|title=Physical Feature |url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |work=AP Government |year=2002|accessdate=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416235458/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |archivedate=16 April 2012 }}</ref> In 1999, the AP state government launched ''e-Seva'' (electronic service) services for multiple utility agency's bill payment from one platform. The ''e-Seva'' is integrated with the departments of [[Government of India|central]] and [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|state]] governments.<ref>{{cite web|title=About eSeva|url=http://www.esevaonline.com/|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=2011|accessdate=4 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525220136/http://esevaonline.com/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Environment==<br />
<br />
{{see also|Healthcare in Hyderabad}}<br />
The city produces around 4,500&nbsp;[[metric tonnes]] of [[waste|solid waste]] everyday, which is transported from three collection units located in [[Imlibun]], [[Yousufguda]] and [[Tank Bund Road|Lower Tank Bund]] to the garbage dumping site of [[Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy|Jawaharnagar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Twin festivals pile more garbage load on GHMC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2420707.ece|work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2011|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> The "Integrated Solid Waste Management" project was started in 2010 by GHMC to manage the waste disposal in the city. The project started with a sum of {{INR}} 4.34&nbsp;billion, funded by the state government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/hyderabad/28121408_1_treatment-and-disposal-collection-and-transportation-waste-management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508061022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/hyderabad/28121408_1_treatment-and-disposal-collection-and-transportation-waste-management|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2013|title=Waste management project gets nod|date=18 January 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Telangana Pollution Control Board]] (TSPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution, [[industrial waste]], [[Noise pollution|sound pollution]] and [[water pollution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad, India|url=http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/sguttiku/ue/reports/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf|work=Integrated Environmental Strategies Program Washington DC, USA|date=March 2008|accessdate=18 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603091325/http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/people/sguttiku/ue/reports/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from [[Atmospheric particulate matter|particulate matter]] are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 research scholars to study pollution|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111164248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|work=[[IBNLive]] |date=3 January 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Be a Pal and stop polluting |at=Lifestyle section |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 October 2011 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026033232/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-085 |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad, India|date=2 August 2005|pmid=16705838 | pmc=3810641|volume=2|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |pages=343–354 | last1 = Anjaneyulu | first1 = Y | last2 = Jayakumar | first2 = I | last3 = Hima Bindu | first3 = V | last4 = Sagareswar | first4 = G | last5 = Mukunda Rao | first5 = PV | last6 = Rambabu | first6 = N | last7 = Ramani | first7 = KV |issue=2| doi=10.3390/ijerph2005020021|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2006, the air pollution statistics are 20–50% from vehicle, 40–70% combining vehicle discharge with [[road dust]], 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from household garbage burning.<ref name="Bhola R. Gurjar">{{cite book|title=Air Pollution:Health and Environmental Impacts|url=https://archive.org/details/airpollutionheal00bgur|url-access=limited|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group|page=[https://archive.org/details/airpollutionheal00bgur/page/n114 90]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-0963-1|author=Bhola R. Gurjar}}</ref> Hyderabad houses 140 large and small lakes in and around the city and As of 1996, there are 834 water tanks of below the size of 10 hectare.<ref name="Sreoshi Singh">{{cite web|title=Water Security in Peri-Urban South Asia|url=http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf|author=Sreoshi Singh|work=SaciWATERs|year=2010|accessdate=18 May 2012|archive-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235407/http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ground water in Hyderabad has total [[Hard water|water hardness]] up to 1000 ppm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ground water in city unfit for use |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 August 2011 |accessdate=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115551/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |archivedate=14 December 2011 }}</ref> APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polluting pharma cos face closure|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-21/hyderabad/30650420_1_pollution-control-board-sponge-iron-units-effluents|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709140735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-21/hyderabad/30650420_1_pollution-control-board-sponge-iron-units-effluents|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|date=21 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Portalbar|Hyderabad}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka_Legislative_Council&diff=469423Karnataka Legislative Council2026-02-24T04:13:37Z<p>BeauGleason6763: refined article per sources and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upper house of the state legislature of Karnataka}}<br />
{{About|2=the lower house|3=Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| foundation = {{start date and years ago|1907|df=y|p=y}}<br />
| name = Karnataka Legislative Council<br />
| coa_pic = Seal of Karnataka.svg<br />
| coa_res = 250<br />
| house_type = Upper house<br />
| body = Karnataka Legislature<br />
| term_limits = 6 years<br />
| leader1_type = [[Chairperson of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairperson]]<br />
| leader1 = '''[[Basavaraj Horatti]]'''<br />
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election1 = 21 December 2022<br />
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairperson of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Deputy Chairperson]]<br />
| leader2 = [[M. K. Pranesh]]<br />
| party2 = BJP<br />
| election2 = 29 January 2021<br />
| leader3_type = Leader of the House<br />
| leader3 = [[N. S. Boseraju]]<br />
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election3 = 3 July 2023<br />
| leader4_type = [[Chief Whip|Govt Chief Whip]]<br />
| leader4 = [[Saleem Ahmed]]<br />
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| election4 = 3 July 2023<br />
| leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in Karnataka Legislative Council|Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| leader5 = [[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]]<br />
| party5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election5 = 23 July 2024<br />
| leader6_type = [[Secretary]] of the Legislative Council<br />
| leader6 = '''K. R. Mahalaxmi'''<br />
| leader_type = <br />
| structure1 = [[File:India Karnataka Vidhan Parishad (2025).svg]]<br />
| structure1_res = 300px<br />
| members = '''75''' (64 Elected + 11 Nominated)<br />
| political_groups1 = <br />
'''[[Government of Karnataka|Government]] (38)'''<br />
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (37)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=2024-12-06 |title=Majority continues to elude Congress in Legislative Council of Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/clear-majority-continues-to-elude-congress-in-legislative-council-of-karnataka/article68947913.ece |access-date=2025-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* {{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent Politician|IND]] (1)<br />
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Official Opposition]] (37)'''<br />
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (37)<br />
:* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (30)<br />
:* {{Color box|#02865A}} [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] (7)<br />
| session_room = File:Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg<br />
| session_res = 250px<br />
| meeting_place = Legislative Council, [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Bengaluru Urban district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| website = [https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/council.htm Karnataka Legislative Council]<br />
| footnotes = The Council was established in 1907 for the [[princely state]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], which was merged with the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and became [[Mysore State]] in 1947; Mysore State was re-organized to its current territorial state in 1956 and renamed as [[Karnataka]] on 1 November 1973.<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = kn<br />
| meeting_place2 = Legislative Council, [[Suvarna Vidhana Soudha]], [[Belagavi]], [[Belagavi district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] (Winter session)<br />
| session_room2 = File:Suvarna Vidhana Soudha.jpg<br />
| session_res2 = 250px<br />
| preceded_by = '''Mysore Legislative Council'''<br />
| election6 = 1 October 2017<br />
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Karnataka Legislative Council''' (formerly the '''Mysore Legislative Council''') is the upper house of the [[Karnataka Legislature|state legislature of Karnataka]] in India. [[Karnataka]] is one of six [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] with a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature; the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] is the lower house. The Council is a permanent body of 75 members, of whom 64 are elected in various ways in staggered elections and 11 are appointed by the [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Karnataka]]. Members hold their seats for six-year terms.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Originally, the [[Government of Karnataka|government]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]] comprised the [[Diwan of Mysore|''diwan'']] and the unicameral [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Representative Assembly]] (constituted in 1881 by Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]). With the intent of creating a body composed of a certain number of non-official persons with practical experience and knowledge of local conditions to assist the government in making laws and regulations, the Mysore Legislative Council was established by Regulation I of 1907, in the reign of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]. In addition to the ''diwan'', the president and the members of the Council, who were ''ex-officio'' members, the Council at that time consisted of not less than 10 and not more than 15 additional members to be nominated by the government and approved by the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]], out of which not less than two-fifths were required to be non-officials. The minimum and maximum number of additional members was increased from 15 to 21 respectively by Regulation I of 1914 and the maximum was further increased to 30 by Regulation II of 1919.<ref name="gazetteer">Rao, C. Hayavadana (ed.). (1929). ''Mysore Gazetteer'', Vol. IV, Bangalore: Government Press, pp.96-7.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1923, under the Mysore Legislative Council Regulation, (Regulation XIX of 1923), the strength of the Council was fixed at 50. Of the 50 seats, 28 were allotted to the nominated members (20 official and 8 non-official) and 22 to elected members.<ref name="gazetteer" /> In 1914, the Council was empowered to discuss the state [[Government budget|budget]], and in 1923 it was given power to vote on the demands for grants. From 1919 onwards, resolutions were discussed in the Council. The term of the Council was three years in 1917 and four years in 1940.<br />
<br />
After the implementation of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the strength of the Legislative Council of the re-organized [[Mysore State]] was increased to 63 under the Legislative Councils Act of 1957<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/lca1957219/|title=The Legislative Councils Act, 1957|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute website|access-date=22 April 2010|archive-date=10 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110181931/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/lca1957219/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and remained as such until 1987. The council was renamed following the renaming of Mysore State as Karnataka in 1973. Following adoption of a resolution in Karnataka Legislative Assembly on 18 August 1986 and subsequent approval by the [[Parliament of India]], the strength of Legislative Council was increased to 75 with effect from 8 September 1987.<br />
<br />
==Constituencies and Members==<br />
The Karnataka Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years. Members of Legislative Council (MLCs) serve six-year terms, with no [[Term limit|limit on reelections]].<br />
<br />
Of the 75 members of the Council, 25 are elected by local authorities such as [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities and corporations]], 25 are elected by members of the Legislative Assembly, 7 are elected from graduates' constituencies, 7 are elected from teachers' constituencies, and 11 members are nominated by the [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Karnataka]]. The following is the list of the current members:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/mlc.html|title=Members of Karnataka Legislative Council|publisher=Karnataka Legislature website|access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/karnataka-news/2909-list-of-member-of-legislative-council-mlc-from-karnataka.html|title=Members of Karnataka Legislative Council|publisher=infoelections.com|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Members elected by Legislative Assembly (25)===<br />
Keys: <br />
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (13)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (9)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#138808|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] (3)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! style="width:200px" |Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[N. S. Boseraju]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[K. Govindaraj]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| A. Vasanth Kumar <br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Bilkis Bano <br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| [[Ivan D'Souza]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| Jagdev Guttedar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| M. Nagaraju Yadav<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| K. Abdul Jabbar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|Basanagouda Badarli<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 11-Jul-2024<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| [[B. K. Hariprasad]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| K. Naseer Ahmed<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
| Tippannappa Kamaknoor<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 23-Jun-2023<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| [[C. T. Ravi]] <br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
| [[N. Ravikumar]] <br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
| [[M. G. Muley|Marutirao Muley]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| S Keshava Prasad<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| Hemalatha Nayak<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
| [[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
|[[Sunil Vallyapure]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
| [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 22<br />
| Prathap Simha Nayak<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| T. N. Javarayi Gowda<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
| 18-Jun-2024<br />
| 17-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
| T.A. Sharavana<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
| 14-Jun-2022<br />
| 13-Jun-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| Govindaraju<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
| 1-Jul-2020<br />
| 30-Jun-2026<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Local Authorities constituencies (25) ===<br />
Keys:{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (11) |border=solid 1px #000000}}{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#138808|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] (2)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[Independent Politician|Ind]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Constituency<br />
! style="width:200px" |Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| Bidar<br />
| Bhimrao Patil<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Kalaburagi{{En dash|--}}Yadgir <br />
| B. G. Patil<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Bijapur{{En dash|--}}Bagalkot <br />
| Sunil Gouda B. Patil<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Bijapur{{En dash|--}}Bagalkot <br />
| P. H. Poojara<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Belgaum <br />
| Channaraj Hattiholi<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Belgaum <br />
| Lakhan Jarakiholi<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
| [[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 7 <br />
| Uttara Kannada <br />
| Ganapathi Ulvekar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 8 <br />
| Dharwad{{En dash|--}}Gadag{{En dash|--}}Haveri <br />
|[[Saleem Ahmed]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 9 <br />
| Dharwad{{En dash|--}}Gadag{{En dash|--}}Haveri <br />
| [[Pradeep Shettar]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| Raichur{{En dash|--}}Koppal <br />
| Sharana Gowda Patil<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| Bellary{{En dash|--}}Vijaynagar <br />
| Y. M. Satish<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| Chitradurga{{En dash|--}}Davangere<br />
| K. S. Naveen<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
| Shivamogga <br />
| [[D. S. Arun]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| Dakshina Kannada{{En dash|--}}Udupi <br />
| Kishore B.R.<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|21-Oct-2024<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 15 <br />
| Dakshina Kannada{{En dash|--}}Udupi <br />
| Manjunath Bhandari<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 16 <br />
| Chikmagaluru<br />
| [[M. K. Pranesh]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| Hassan <br />
| Suraj Revanna<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| Tumakuru <br />
| R. Rajendra<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
| Mandya <br />
| M. G. Gooligowda<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
| Bengaluru Urban <br />
| H. S. Gopinath Reddy<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
| Bengaluru Rural{{En dash|--}}Ramanagar<br />
| [[Shambulingaiah Ravi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 22 <br />
| Kolar{{En dash|--}}Chikkaballapur <br />
| Anil Kumar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 23<br />
| Kodagu <br />
| Suja Kushalappa<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
| Mysuru{{En dash|--}}Chamarajanagara<br />
| C. N. Manje Gowda<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| Mysuru{{En dash|--}}Chamarajanagara<br />
| D. Thimmaiah<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|6-Jan-2022<br />
|5-Jan-2028<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Elected from Graduates constituencies (7)===<br />
Keys: {{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)|border=solid 1px #000000}} <br />
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]](3)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Constituency<br />
! style="width:200px" |Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| Karnataka South-East Graduates<br />
| Chidanand M. Gowda<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Nov-2020<br />
| 9-Nov-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Karnataka North-East Graduates<br />
| [[Chandrasekhar Patil]] <br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 22-Jun-2024<br />
| 21-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Karnataka North-West Graduates<br />
| [[Hanumant Nirani]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 5-Jul-2022<br />
| 4-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Karnataka South Graduates<br />
| Madhu Madhe Gowda<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 5-Jul-2022<br />
| 4-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Karnataka West Graduates<br />
| S. V. Sankanura<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Nov-2020<br />
| 9-Nov-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 6 <br />
| Bangalore Graduates<br />
| Dr. Ramoji Gowda<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 03-Jun-2024<br />
| 02-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 7 <br />
| Karnataka South-West Graduates<br />
| Dhananjaya Sarji<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 22-Jun-2024<br />
| 21-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Elected from Teachers constituencies (7)===<br />
Keys:<br />
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)|border=solid 1px #000000}} <br />
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#138808|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]] (2)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Constituency<br />
! style="width:200px" |Member<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
! Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| Karnataka South Teachers<br />
| K. Vivekananda <br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
| 22-Jun-2024<br />
| 21-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Karnataka South-East Teachers<br />
| D. T. Srinivas<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 8-Jun-2024<br />
| 9-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Karnataka North-East Teachers<br />
| [[Shashil G. Namoshi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 10-Nov-2020<br />
| 9-Nov-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Bangalore Teachers<br />
|[[Puttanna]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 20-Feb-2024 <br />
| 9-Nov-2030<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Karnataka West Teachers<br />
| [[Basavaraj Horatti]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 5-Jul-2022<br />
| 4-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Karnataka North-West Teachers<br />
|[[Prakash Hukkeri]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 5-Jul-2022<br />
| 4-Jul-2028<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| Karnataka South-West Teachers<br />
| [[S. L. Bhojegowda]]<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]<br />
| 22-Jun-2024<br />
| 21-Jun-2030<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Nominated by the Governor (11)===<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/lcmem.html|title=Legislative Council Members|website=www.kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref><br />
Keys:<br />
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (7)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)|border=solid 1px #000000}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! style="width:200px" |Member<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
! Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|Arathi Krishna<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Sep-2025<br />
| 09-Sep-2031<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|K Shivakumar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Sep-2025<br />
| 09-Sep-2031<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|FH Jakkappanavar<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Sep-2025<br />
| 09-Sep-2031<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| [[Umashree]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 21-Aug-2023<br />
| 20-Aug-2029<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| [[M. R. Seetharam]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 21-Aug-2023<br />
| 20-Aug-2029<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| H. P. Sudham Das<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 21-Aug-2023<br />
| 20-Aug-2029<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| Ramesh Babu<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10-Sep-2025<br />
| 21-Jul-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|BJP}}<br />
| 22-Jul-2020<br />
| 21-Jul-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| [[Shantaram Siddi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 22-Jul-2020<br />
| 21-Jul-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| [[Bharathi Shetty]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 22-Jul-2020<br />
| 21-Jul-2026<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| Talwar Sabanna<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| 22-Jul-2020<br />
| 21-Jul-2026<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]], current and past<br />
* [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
* [[List of deputy chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]<br />
* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/lc.html Karnataka Legislative Council official website]<br />
<br />
{{Legislatures of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Karnataka Legislative Council| ]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:State upper houses in India]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moozhayil_Sankaranarayana_Temple_Anicad&diff=458894Moozhayil Sankaranarayana Temple Anicad2026-02-08T12:01:24Z<p>BeauGleason6763: fixed article after review and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Moozhayil Sankaranarayana Temple]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makarajhola&diff=515250Makarajhola2026-02-01T22:06:02Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{morefootnotes|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Makarajhola <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.44|N|84.73|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]<br />
| population_total = 6121<br />
| population_as_of = 2017<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 761101<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 06811<br />
| registration_plate = OD07<br />
}}<br />
'''Makarajhola''' is a village and a [[Gram panchayat]] in [[Ganjam district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Makarajhola (ମକରଝୋଳ) is located at the town [[hinjilicut]] at 5&nbsp;km on south and 2&nbsp;km of [[NH59]] on east side. It is situated at 18&nbsp;km from Silk City, Brahmapur on East # [[National Highway 59 (India)|NH-59]]<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} census in India,<ref name=r1>[http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=21&distcd=19&tslcode=020 NPR Report]. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 2013-11-16.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Makarajhola had a population of 5,436 . Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%.<br />
<br />
The '''Makarajhola Gram panchayat''' would consists of the area such as Makarajhola, Palli padmanabhapur, Balarampur, Sompur, Pochilima,<br />
Singipur, venkataraya palli and Buguda palli Before 20 Years ago .Now '''Makarajhola Gram panchayat '''divides two panchayats .one is '''Makarajhola Gram panchayat ''' would consists of the area such as Makarajhola, Palli padmanabhapur, Balarampur and another is''' Pochilima Gram panchayat''' would consists of the area such as Pochilima, Singipur, venkataraya palli, Buguda palli and Sompur.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to festival of [[Makar Sankranti]] & Kothisala Yatra and Thakurani Yatra<br />
<br />
==Transport and communication==<br />
* This village lies on [[National Highway 59 (India)|NH-59]] (Gopalpur-on-Sea to Ahmedabad) . The three-wheeler auto taxis are the most important mode of transportation in this village. Well connected by road & rail, it is an important hub for most trains at, [[Brahmapur, Odisha]]. The nearest airport is Biju Patnaik Airport, [[Bhubaneswar]] which is 174 &nbsp;km away. It also has the largest weekly market on every Saturday.<br />
*In Hinjilicut Block '''Makarajhola Gram panchayat ''' is famous from other gram panchayats.<br />
* Bus Service: To almost all places throughout Odisha it is well connected.<br />
* Cellular Service / Mobile Service Providers in Makarajhola : Airtel, BSNL, Idea, and Tata-docomo Mobile.<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Makarajhola is situated at 18 &nbsp;km from Silk City, [[Brahmapur, Odisha]] on East and 2&nbsp;km from [[National Highway 59 (India)|NH-59]] on the West. The famous and ancient [[Maa Dandakali Temple]] of [[Adi shakti]].<br />
<br />
===Banks===<br />
* Makarajhola co-operative society ltd.<br />
<br />
===Post office, insurance, trading===<br />
* [http://pincode.indiaonline.in/761101 Main Post Office, Kanchuru]<br />
* Sub Post Office, Makarajhola<br />
<br />
==Industries==<br />
* rice mills<br />
* Co-operative Society of Handlooms<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
students are separated after completion of metric many lines such as diploma engineering, intermediate etc.wel education in Makarajhola<br />
in this village 60% of peoples are farmer and 40% of people are teachers, engineers etc. Now village have 85% educated population.<br />
<br />
===Colleges===<br />
No colleges in this village, for college study students are going to hinjilicut, pochilima, kukudakhandi and berhampur<br />
* [[Science College (specialist schools programme)|Science College, Hinjilicut]].(NAAC Rating B+)[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516191451/http://sch.org.in/]<br />
* KhambeyaDora Science College, Pochilima, Hinjilicut<br />
<br />
===High schools===<br />
* Makarajhola High School, Makarajhola at siksha niketan<br />
* RSS UP School, Makarajhola<br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
* Sub divisional healthcare, Makarajhola<br />
* Government CHC Hospital, Hinjilicut<br />
* Shankar Netralaya - Eye Hospital (A 200-bed eye hospital), Near Saru Chhaka, Hinjilicut<br />
* Government Veterinary Hospital, Hinjilicut<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Hinjili is part of [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf <br />
|title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha <br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India <br />
|accessdate=2008-09-25 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf <br />
|archivedate=2009-03-04 <br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp73.htm <br />
|title=State Elections 2004 – Partywise Comparison for 73 – Hinjili Constituency of Odisha <br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India <br />
|accessdate=2008-09-25 <br />
}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Festivals==<br />
* Thakurani Yatra -Every seven year difference this yatra held with welfare funds of Mumbai, Delhi & Village Funds.<br />
* Makarajhola thakurani Yatra -Every Year on the month of October–November for one month: A special police outpost for Thakurani Jatra was opened up at Makarajhol village.<br />
Odisha has several festivals. All those festivals are celebrated in a grand way at Makarajhola. But the Unique festivals of Makarajhola are Dusshere & thakurani Yatra. Dusshera is the festival of goddess Durga. <br />
* Makarajhola – Jagannath Temple Ratha Yatra<br />
* Makarajhola- Last day of Danda nachha on Meru day.<br />
* Makarajhola- Maha Shiva Ratri Utsav<br />
The village is along with activities to welcome goddess Budhi Thakurani to her temporary abode for the biennial Thakurani Jatra festival at late night . The hereditary head of the festival, who is also regarded as the head of the weaver Ellema community of the village, Desibehera dressed in his traditional attire reached the Budhi Thakurani temple to invite the goddess to her parental abode at his home .<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4546<br />
<br />
{{Ganjam district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ganjam district]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthirakosamangai&diff=542897Uthirakosamangai2026-01-20T20:56:35Z<p>BeauGleason6763: creating new post first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Temple in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Copy edit|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Uthirakosamangai<br />
| image = Uthirakosamangai entrance vihmana.JPG<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Entrance Vihmana of the temple<br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|N|78|44|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Ramanathapuram]]<br />
| location = Uthirakosamangai<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Mangaleswarar([[Shiva]])<br />
Mangalambigai([[Parvati]])<br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| temple_tank = [[Agni]]<br />
| tower = <br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Uthirakosamangai''', also known as Mangalanatha Swamy temple, is a [[Shiva]] temple situated near [[Ramanathapuram]] in the [[Ramanathapuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
Uthirakosamangai temple is located on an area of about 20 acres.<br />
<br />
The temple is considered sacred along the lines of Ramanathapuram, Sethu Madhava Theertham and Lakshmana Theertham.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist destinations in India|first= Manohar |last=Bandopadhyay|year=2010|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=9781618201140}}</ref> The temple is a prominent tourist destination of Ramanathapuram district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist destinations of Ramanathapuram district|url=https://ramanathapuram.nic.in/places-of-interest/|publisher=Ramanthapuram District administration|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Mangalanathar, Mangalambigai and Natarajar being the most prominent. The temple houses a {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall ancient ''maragatha'' [[Nataraja]] idol carved out of [[emerald]], being the one of its kind. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and six yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
[[File:Uthiragosamangai10.jpg|250px|left|View of the temple towers|alt=view of the temple towers|thumb]]<br />
As per Hindu legend, once hundreds of ''[[Rishi|rishis]]'' (ascetics) performed penance worshipping Shiva. Shiva told the ''rishis'' that he would appear in the form of a fireball to acknowledge the penance of [[Mandodari|Mandothari]], the wife of king [[Ravana]] in Sri Lanka. Shiva appeared in the form a small child in Ravana's palace. Ravana lifted the beautiful child and there was a small wound out of it. Simultaneously, there was a fireball out of the Agni Theertham (temple tank), which the ''rishis'' felt were on account of Shiva attacking Ravana. Out of a thousand, 999 killed themselves by falling in the fire, while one of them remained to save the vedic books. Shiva was pleased by the ''rishi'' and appeared as Sahasralingam (thousand lingams) for the 999 and one more for himself in the temple. The single ''rishi'' was believed to have emerged later as Manickavasgar in his later birth.<ref name="temple"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Uthiragosamangai7.jpg|250px|right|View of the temple tower and the temple tank|alt=a temple tank with temple tower in the background|thumb]]<br />
The temple has a history dating back 3,000 years. It is spread across about 20 acres of land and is believed to have been constructed by 1,000 Shiva devotees who attained [[Moksha]] (spiritual liberation) simultaneously.{{fact|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
Within the temple complex, you can find shrines dedicated to Mangalanathar Swami, Mangaleswari Amman, Natarajar, Suyambulingam, Bhairavar, Dhakshinamoorthy, Chandikeswarar, and Balabhairav. There is also a sacred temple pool.{{fact|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
The temple boasts five towers, including seven-tiered royal towers. Two magnificent yalis (mythical lion-like creatures) guard the entrance with stone balls in their mouths, which visitors can move by hand.{{fact|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
The temple is home to the priceless emerald statue of Sage Mangaleswarar, standing at five and a half feet tall. [[Nataraja]], the cosmic dancing form of Shiva, is displayed in sandalwood cups throughout the year. It is believed to be one of the earliest Shiva temples in the world, with only the Sun, Moon, and Mars representing the celestial bodies when the temple was established.{{Cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
According to legend, Mandothari, the wife of Ravana, sought to marry the most devoted Shiva worshipper. Shiva entrusted a sacred scripture to sages for safekeeping. When Ravana attempted to touch a child (Shiva in disguise), Shiva transformed into [[Agni]], causing chaos. The sages, fearing Shiva's wrath, jumped into a sacred pool, which came to be known as "Agni Theertham." Only [[Manikkavacakar]], a sage, saved the scripture. As a result, Manikkavacakar is honored in the temple with a [[lingam]].<br />
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The temple's name, Uttirakosamangai, stems from Shiva's teachings to [[Parvati]] about sacred scriptures. During the reign of the Pandyan kings, the temple was a prominent place, and their capital was Uttarakosamangai.<br />
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The temple hosts several important festivals, including Chithirai, Tirukkalyanam, Thervila, and Arudra Darshan.<ref name="temple"/><br />
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==Architecture==<br />
The temple is located 32 km east from [[Paramakkudi]] and 17 km west from [[Ramanathapuram]]. The temple has a seven-tiered ''rajagopuram'' (gateway tower). The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Mangalanathar, Mangalambigai and Natarajar being the most prominent. There are separate shrines for Mangalanathar (Shiva) in the form of [[lingam]] and Mangalambigai. There is a {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall ancient ''maragatha'' [[Nataraja]] idol carved out of emerald inside the temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112833/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/03/stories/2007010310060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-24|date=2007-01-03|accessdate=31 March 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Devotees throng temple at Uthirakosamangai }}</ref> A hall of Saharasralingam has a thousand lingams enshrined in it. At the entrance of the main precinct, the temple features exquisite stone carvings of [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] (mythological dragon), depicted with a rolling stone ball inside its mouth. The granite images of the deities [[Ganesha]] (son of Shiva and god of wisdom), [[Murugan]] (son of Shiva), [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], and [[Navagraha]] (nine planetary deities) are located in the hall leading to the sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct or the walls around the sanctum of Erumbeeswarar has images of Thenmugaparaman (Dakshinamurthy-Shiva as the Teacher), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva).<ref name=temple>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|language=ta|pages=92–4}}</ref><br />
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==Worship and festivals==<br />
The temple priests perform [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30&nbsp;a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00&nbsp;p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for all the deities in the temple. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. The major festival of the temple are Tirukalyana Vaibhavam (sacred marriage) during the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Chittirai]] (April–May), Vasanthotsavam during Vaigasi (May–June), Pathunal Siva Uthsavam during Aaani (July–August), Annabishekam during Aipasi (October–November), Tiruvathidirai during Margazhi (December–January) and [[Sivarathri]] during Masi (February–March). The Tiruvathidirai festival in December attracts a large number of tourists.<ref name="temple"/><br />
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This temple contains many important religious objects, including: a self-made lingam; two statues of Nandi, Shiva's sacred bull, are present; a sahasra lingam with a thousand carved lingams, representing the honor of the 1,000 rishis; a 6-foot-tall (1.8m) idol of Nataraja. It's uniquely made of emerald and is kept covered in sandal paste throughout the year. On the day before Arudra day, the paste is removed, and the idol is revealed to the public. <br />
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The temple has been glorified by the hymns of 9th-century saint [[Manickavasagar]] and 15th-century saint [[Arunagirinathar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uthirakosamangai|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=995|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref><br />
==Religious significance==<br />
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The temple is considered sacred along the lines of Ramanathapuram, Sethu Madhava Theertham and Lakshmana Theertham. The emerald image of Nataraja is anointed with sandal paste round the year except on Tiruvathidirai festival day when special worship is practiced.<ref>{{cite news|title=To take part in 'Arudra Darshan' celebrations|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/devotees-throng-temple/article30526780.ece|work=The Hindu|date=9 January 2020|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> It is believed that even small vibrations can damage the image and hence no percussion instruments are used during worship practises. The front hall has ''lingams'' made of ''Padigam (spatika)'', that are anointed with cooked rice every afternoon. As per Hindu legend, [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] contested for superiority, Shiva appeared as a flame, and challenged them to find his source. Brahma took the form of a swan, and flew to the sky to see the top of the flame, while Vishnu became the boar [[Varaha]], and sought its base. Neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the source, and while Vishnu conceded his defeat, Brahma lied with the help of a ''thazhambu'' (Pandanus odorifer flower / Screw Pine Flower / Ketaki flower) and said he had found the pinnacle. In punishment, Shiva ordained that Brahma would never have temples on earth in his worship and all Shiva temples do not use ''thazhambu'' during worship practises. This is one such temple where ''thazhambu'' is still used for worship practises. This story is found in Shaivaite scriptures.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
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[[Manickavasagar]], the 9th century Tamil saivite saint poet has revered Mangalanathar and the temple in his verses in ''Thiruvasakam'', compiled as the ''Eighth Tirumurai''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thiruvasagam - Lord Shiva|last=Manickavasagar|page=491|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7GNXy7xdfgC&q=uthirakosamangai&pg=PT491|publisher=VarNaA Studio|translator-first=G.U.|translator-last=Pope}}</ref> [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century Tamil poet has composed Tamil hymns glorifying [[Murugan]] in the temple. As per Hindu legend, Muruga was awarded the [[Airavata]] (white elephant) of celestial deity [[Indra]] at this place.<ref name="temple"/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Uthiragosamangai}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu temples in Ramanathapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Ramanathapuram district]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Institute_of_Medicinal_and_Aromatic_Plants&diff=461033Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants2025-12-28T17:35:25Z<p>BeauGleason6763: slightly fixed citations after review additionally and updated info</p>
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<div>{{short description|Research institute}}<br />
{{primary sources|date=July 2018}}<br />
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{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants<br />
|image_name = <br />
|established = {{start date and age|1959}}<br />
|type = Research institution<br />
|director = Dr. Prabodh Kumar Trivedi<br />
|city = [[Lucknow]]<br />
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
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|website = {{URL|https://www.cimap.res.in/pages/}}<br />
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The '''Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants''', popularly known as CIMAP, is an Indian plant research laboratory and part of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-08-05 |title=Ernakulam Krishi Vigyan Kendra to revive lemon grass cultivation, distillation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ernakulam-krishi-vigyan-kendra-to-revive-lemongrass-cultivation-distillation/article68488330.ece |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Established originally as Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation (CIMPO) in 1959, CIMAP is steering multidisciplinary research in biological and chemical sciences and extending technologies and services to the farmers and entrepreneurs of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2023-12-31 |title=Fragrance spreading in Odisha's tribal pockets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fragrance-spreading-in-odishas-tribal-pockets/article67692836.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=CM launches CIMAP's herbal gel, farmer app |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cm-launches-cimaps-herbal-gel-farmer-app/articleshow/107309689.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is headquarterded in [[Lucknow]] and has research centres in [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pantnagar]] and Purara.<br />
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== History ==<br />
Recognizing the urgent need for stimulating research on medicinal plants in the country and for coordinating and consolidating some work already done by organizations like the Indian council of Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Tropical School of Medicine of Culcutta and various States Governments and Individual workers, the Council Scientific and Industrial Research approved in 1957 the establishment of the Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organization (CIMPO) with the following objectives. ‘To co-ordinate and channelise along fruitful directions the present activities in the field of medicinal plants carried out by the various agencies, State Governments etc., to develop the already existing medicinal plants resources of India, to bring under cultivation some of the important medicinal plants in great demand and also to introduce the cultivation into the country of exotic medicinal plants of high yielding active principal content’ It was further decide that as the work on all aspects of cultivation of aromatics plants was identical with all the cultivation of medicinal plants, the aromatic plants should also be covered within the scope of CIMPO. The Essential Oils Research Committee functioning under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research was then dissolved and its activities taken over by CIMPO. The Organization started functioning with effect from 26 March 1959 with the appointment of late Shri P.M. Nabar its first Officer Incharge.<br />
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The branch in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] was established on 7 July 1982.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Profile |url=http://www.cimap.res.in/cimapdev/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D203%26Itemid%3D339 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426154422/http://www.cimap.res.in/cimapdev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=203&Itemid=339 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |accessdate=2012-05-08}}</ref><br />
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In February 2024, CIMAP announced that it will set up a unit for the development of a synthetic biology platform for high-value phytomolecules.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=Phytomolecules for med use to be developed at CIMAP unit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/phytomolecules-for-med-use-to-be-developed-at-cimap-unit-lucknow-csir-central-institute-of-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants/articleshow/108061443.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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== Research ==<br />
CIMAP Research Centres are aptly situated in different agro-climatic zones of the country to facilitate multi-location field trials and research. A little more than 50 years since its inception, today, CIMAP has extended its wings overseas with scientific collaboration agreements with Malaysia. CSIR-CIMAP has signed two agreements to promote bilateral cooperation between India and Malaysia in research, development and commercialization of MAP related technologies.<br />
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Mint varieties released and agro-packages developed and popularised by CIMAP has made India the global leader in mints and related industrial products. CIMAP has released several varieties of the MAPs, their complete agro-technology and post harvest packages which have revolutionised MAPs cultivation and business scenario of the country.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025321/http://cimap.res.in/ CIMAP Official website]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415173956/http://www.cimap.res.in/cimapdev/index.php Official CIMAP Hyderabad website]<br />
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[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]<br />
[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Botanical research institutes]]<br />
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]<br />
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[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
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[[Category:1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
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[[Category:1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_failure&diff=464169Government failure2025-12-05T20:56:50Z<p>BeauGleason6763: brief refine details per standard format and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Concept of public economics}}<br />
{{about|a term used in the field of [[public economics]]|the term describing a failed government|Failed state}}<br />
{{distinguish|Government shutdown}}<br />
In [[public choice]], a '''government failure''' is a counterpart to a [[market failure]] in which government regulatory action creates [[economic inefficiency]].<ref>Orbach, Barak (2013). "What Is Government Failure," ''Yale Journal on Regulation Online'', 30, pp. [http://ssrn.com/abstract=2219709 44–56.]</ref> A government failure occurs if the costs of an intervention outweigh its benefits. Government failure often arises from an attempt to solve market failure. The idea of government failure is associated with the policy argument that, even if particular markets may not meet the standard conditions of [[perfect competition]] required to ensure social optimality, government intervention may make matters worse rather than better.<br />
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As with a market failure, government failure is not a failure to bring a particular or favored solution into existence but is rather a problem that prevents an efficient outcome. The problem to be solved does not need to be market failure; governments may act to create inefficiencies even when an efficient market solution is possible.<br />
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Government failure (by definition) does not occur when government action creates winners and losers, making some people better-off and others worse-off than they would be without governmental regulation. It occurs only when governmental action creates an inefficient outcome, where efficiency would otherwise exist. A defining feature of government failure is where it would be possible for everyone to be better off ([[Pareto improvement]]) under a different regulatory environment.<br />
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Examples of government failure include [[regulatory capture]] and [[Regulatory arbitrage#Regulatory arbitrage|regulatory arbitrage]]. Government failure may arise because of unanticipated consequences of a government intervention, or because an inefficient outcome is more politically feasible than a [[Pareto_efficiency|Pareto improvement]] to it. Government failure can be on both the [[demand]] side and the [[supply (economics)|supply]] side. Demand-side failures include preference-revelation problems and the illogic of voting and [[collective behaviour]]. Supply-side failures largely result from [[principal–agent problem]].<ref>Connolly, S. & Munro, A. (1999). 'Public Choice', Chapter 8 in ''Economics of the Public Sector'', Pearson, Harlow, Essex.</ref> Government failure may arise in any of three ways the government can involve in an area of social and economic activity: provision, taxation or subsidy and regulation.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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== History ==<br />
The phrase "government failure" emerged as a term of art in the early 1960s with the rise of intellectual and political criticism of government regulations. Building on the premise that the only legitimate rationale for government regulation was [[market failure]], some economists in [[public choice]] developed new theories of how governments can make costly, failure-prone, or ill-advised interventions into markets, creating worse outcomes than the market failure itself.<ref>Id.</ref><br />
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An early use of "government failure" was by [[Ronald Coase]] (1964) in comparing an actual and ideal system of [[regulatory economics|industrial regulation]]:<ref>Coase, Ronald (1964). "The Regulated Industries: Discussion," ''American Economic Review'', 54(2), p. 195, as quoted in [[Oliver E. Williamson]] (2002), "The Lens of Contract: Private Ordering," ''American Economic Review'', 92(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3083447?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101746153107 438]–443.</ref><br />
:Contemplation of an optimal system may provide techniques of analysis that would otherwise have been missed and, in certain special cases, it may go far to providing a solution. But in general its influence has been pernicious. It has directed economists’ attention away from the main question, which is how alternative arrangements will actually work in practice. It has led economists to derive conclusions for economic policy from a study of an abstract of a market situation. It is no accident that in the literature...we find a category "market failure" but no category "government failure." Until we realize that we are choosing between social arrangements which are all more or less failures, we are not likely to make much headway.<br />
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[[Roland McKean]] used the term in 1965 to suggest limitations on an [[invisible hand|invisible-hand]] notion of government behavior.<ref>McKean, Roland N. (1965), "The Unseen Hand in Government," "American Economic Review," 55(3), pp, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1814561 496]–506.</ref> More formal and general analysis followed<ref>• Charles J. Wolf, (1979). "A Theory of Non-Market Failure," ''Journal of Law and Economics'', 22 (1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/725215 107]–139.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• _____ (2003). ''Markets Or Governments: Choosing between Imperfect Alternatives'', MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/markets-or-governments Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=nRPYOUTcB-4C&dq=false&pg=PR7 links.]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Mrinal Datta-Chaudhuri (1990). "Market Failure and Government Failure." ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 4(3), pp. [http://netdrive.montclair.edu/~lebelp/DattaChaudMktFailJEP1990.pdf 25–39]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Aidan R. Vining and David L. Weimer (1990). "Government Supply and Government Production Failure: A Framework Based on Contestability," ''Journal of Public Policy Journal of Public Policy'', 10(1), pp. 1–22. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2749452 Abstract.]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]] (1998). "The Private Uses of Public Interests: Incentives and Institutions," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 12(2), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.12.2.3 3–22.]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Richard O. Zerbe Jr. and Howard E. McCurdy (1999). "The Failure of Market Failure," ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'', 18(4), pp.&nbsp;558–578. [https://archive.today/20130105235221/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/64500394/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Abstract.] Reprinted in ''Economic Efficiency in Law and Economics,'' pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VNud52F-wp0C&pg=PA164=GBS_ATB 164–187.]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• [[Clifford Winston]] (2006). ''Government Failure versus Market Failure: Microeconomics Policy Research and Government Performance''. Brookings Institution Press. [http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/winston/20061003.pdf Link.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429120423/http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/winston/20061003.pdf |date=2011-04-29 }}<br />
</ref> in such areas as [[development economics]],<ref>• [[Anne O. Krueger]] (1990). "Government Failures in Development," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 4(3), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.4.3.9 9–23.]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Eduardo Wiesner (1998). "Transaction Cost Economics and Public Sector Rent-Seeking in Developing Countries: Toward a Theory of Government Failure," in E. Wiesner and R. Picciotto, ed. ''Evaluation and Development: The Institutional Dimension'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qofE1U9_ubQC&pg=PA108=GBS_ATB 108–123.] World Bank.</ref> [[ecological economics]],<ref>Thomas Andersson (1991). "Government Failure – the Cause of Global Environmental Mismanagement," ''Ecological Economics'', 4(3), pp.&nbsp;215–236. [https://archive.today/20130201211941/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDY-45GNW4C-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12/31/1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1409726156&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=175ee87419cec84eba76a2d55e37000e Abstract.]<br />
</ref> [[political science]],<ref name=":3">• [[Julian Le Grand]] (1991). "The Theory of Government Failure," ''British Journal of Political Science'', 21(4), pp. [http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/erdal/Dosyalar/Kamu%20Ekonomisi%20YL/Gov.Failure/Grand%20Julianle%20The%20Theory%20of%20Government%20Failure.pdf 423–442.]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Eduardo Wiesner (1998). "Transaction Cost Economics and Public Sector Rent-Seeking in Developing Countries: Toward a Theory of Government Failure," in E. Wiesner and R. Picciotto, ed. ''Evaluation and Development: The Institutional Dimension'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qofE1U9_ubQC&pg=PA108=GBS_ATB 108–123.] World Bank.<br />
</ref> [[political economy]],<ref>• [[Oliver E. Williamson]] (1995). "The Politics and Economics of Redistribution and Inefficiency," ''Greek Economic Review'', December, 17, pp. 115–136, reprinted in Williamson (1996), ''The Mechanisms of Governance'', Oxford University Press, ch. 8, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=meERBVysP6YC&pg=PA195 195–] 218.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Federico Sturzenegger|Sturzenegger, Federico]], and Mariano Tommasi (1998). ''The Polítical Economy of Reform'', MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7698 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011071925/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7698 |date=2012-10-11 }} and links to [https://books.google.com/books/mitpress?id=oxhsaTkxzRUC&printsec=find&pg=PR5=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=&f=false chapter-previews] and [https://books.google.com/books/mitpress?id=oxhsaTkxzRUC&printsec=find&pg=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=failure&f=false "failure".]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Sharun W. Mukand (2008). "policy reform, political economy of," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000363&edition= Abstract.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[James M. Buchanan|Buchanan James M.]] (2008). "public debt," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' , 2nd Edition ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' (2008), 2nd Edition.[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000241&q=%22government%20failure%22&topicid=&result_number=6 Abstract.]</ref> [[public choice]] theory,<ref>• Buchanan James M. (1983). "The Achievement and the Limits of Public Choice in Diagnosing Government Failure and in Offering Bases for Constructive Reform," in ''Anatomy of Government Deficiencies'', ed. Horst Hanusch (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983), pp.&nbsp;15–25.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;• [[Gordon Tullock]] ''et al.'' (2002), ''Government Failure: A Primer in Public Choice'', Cato Institute. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xqcrKBjELIC&pg=PA198=GBS_ATB Description] and scroll-down for [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xqcrKBjELIC preview.]</ref> and [[transaction-cost economics]].<ref>Richard O. Zerbe Jr. and Howard E. McCurdy (1999). "The Failure of Market Failure," ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'', 18(4), pp.&nbsp;558–578. [https://archive.today/20130105235221/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/64500394/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Abstract.] Reprinted in Zerbe (2001), ''Economic Efficiency in Law and Economics,'' pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VNud52F-wp0C&pg=PA164=GBS_ATB 164–187.]</ref> Later, due to the popularity of [[Public choice|public choice theory]] in 1970s, government failure attracted the attention of the academic community.<br />
<br />
== Causes of government failure ==<br />
<br />
=== Imperfect information ===<br />
While a perfectly informed government might make an effort to reach the social equilibrium via quality, quantity, price or market structure regulation, it is difficult for the government to obtain necessary information (such as production costs) to make right decisions. This absence may then result in flawed quantity regulation when either too much or too little of the good or service is produced, subsequently creating either excess supply or excess demand. Imperfect information can come in many forms including; Uncertainty, Vagueness, Incompleteness and impreciseness. All creating flaws in government policy's and therefore in turn creating inefficiencies within the economy.<ref name=":13" /><br />
<br />
=== Political interference === <br />
Political decisions may be made for short-term gain in response to interference by [[Advocacy group | special interest groups]]. Interference can lead to market failures.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Magni |first=Stefano |title=Government Failure |journal=Handbook of Agricultural Economics}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Political self-interest ===<br />
The self-interests of a politician may undermine fair governance. This could look like an inappropriate allocation of funds or time. Public funds could be pushed to influence voters or time could be allocated to pursue personal inequalities instead of actual market failures.<ref name=":13" /> When politicians prioritize their self-interests over their constituents' needs, they risk alienating the very voters who supported them. This erosion of public trust not only diminishes their popularity but also undermines the effectiveness of governance. Ultimately, such self-serving behavior detracts from addressing critical societal issues, leaving citizens disillusioned and the country vulnerable.<br />
<br />
=== Policy myopia ===<br />
Another cause of the government failure, as many critics of government intervention claim, is that politicians tend to look for short term fixes with instant and visible results that do not have to last, to difficult economic problems rather than making thorough analysis for solving long-term solutions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://voxukraine.org/en/political-myopia-causes-and-treatment/|title=Policy Myopia:causes and treatment|website=VOX Ukraine|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Government intervention and evasion ===<br />
It is believed that when a government tries to levy higher taxes on goods such as alcohol, also called [[Demerit good|de-merit goods]], it can lead to increase attempts of illegal activities as tax avoidance, tax evasion or development of [[grey market]]s, people could try to sell goods with no taxes. Also legalizing and taxing some drugs may arise in a quick expansion of the supply of drugs, which can lead to [[overconsumption]], which can mean a decrease in welfare.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Government subsidies may lead to excess demand, which can be solved in two ways. Either the government chooses to meet all the demand, leading to higher consumption than socially efficient or if it knows the socially efficient amount, it can decide who gets how much of this quantity, a goal accomplished either through queuing and waiting-lists or through delegating the decisions to bureaucrats. Both solutions are inefficient, queueing first meets the demand of people at the front of the queue, which might not be the ones who need or want the product or service the most, but rather the luckiest or the ones with the right connections. Delegating the decisions to bureaucrats leads to problems with human factor and personal interests.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== High administrative and enforcement costs ===<br />
Market failure can occur when the costs of the project outweigh the benefits. Costs that are included are; Tax collection through government departments, law enforcement and policy creation. All these costs allocations are quite broad however a lot of people are required to run a secure and efficient system. Cost in the system are classified as a credence-costs as the buyer cannot tell the quantity bought even after buying them. This means that Administration and enforcement costs for a project can be over or under assumed and therefore a market failure can therefore be dismissed easily or over analyzed (however benefits can also be credence-benefits).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/market_failures/government_failure.html/ |title=Government Failure |work= Economics Online |date=27 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Regulatory capture ===<br />
[[Regulatory capture]] is a problem which occurs whilst trying to implement regulations in selected industry. As government regulators usually have to meet with the industry representatives, they tend to form a personal relationship, which may lead them to be more sympathetic towards requirements and needs of given industry, subsequently making the regulations more favourable towards the producers rather than the society.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Examples ==<br />
<br />
=== Economic crowding out === <br />
Crowding out is when the government over corrects the market failure leading to the displacement of the private sector investment. This involves an excess amount of spending in the public sector, excess increase in interest rates or excess increase in taxes all of which will decrease the public sectors borrowing demand from banks. This whole situation forces inefficiencies in the private sector and therefore shrinks, causing a market failure from a government failure.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Kenton |first=Will |title=What Is the Crowding Our Effect Economic Theory |journal=Government Spending and Debt}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Regulatory ===<br />
[[Regulatory arbitrage#Regulatory arbitrage|Regulatory arbitrage]] is a regulated institution's taking advantage of the difference between its real (or economic) risk and the regulatory position.<ref>• [[Stephen Breyer]] (1979). "Analyzing Regulatory Failure: Mismatches, Less Restrictive Alternatives, and Reform," ''Harvard Law Review'', 92(3), pp. [http://www.uiowa.edu/~c030137/breyer.pdf 547–609]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]] (2009). "Regulation and Failure," in David Moss and John Cisternino (eds.), ''New Perspectives on Regulation'', ch. 1, pp. [http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/New_Perspectives_Ch1_Stiglitz.pdf 11–23.] Cambridge: The Tobin Project.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Regulatory capture]] is the co-opting of regulatory agencies by members of or the entire regulated industry. [[Rent seeking]] and [[rational ignorance]] are two of the mechanisms which allow this to happen. Rent extraction positively correlates with government size even in stable democracies with high income, robust rule of law mechanisms, transparency, and media freedom.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Alexander J.|last1=Hamilton|date=2013|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2013/01/07/000158349_20130107132037/Rendered/PDF/wps6305.pdf|title=Small is Beautiful, at Least in High-Income Democracies: The Distribution of Policy-Making Responsibility, Electoral Accountability, and Incentives for Rent Extraction|publisher=The World Bank Institute|id=Policy Research Working Paper 6305|quote=This paper hopes to contribute towards an explanation of these empirical regularities by developing and testing a new contextually enriched career concerns model of the political economy of public policy-making.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Regulatory risk is the risk faced by private-sector firms that regulatory changes will hurt their business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/research/Economics/alphabetic.cfm?LETTER=R#REGULATORY%20RISK |title=Regulatory risk |publisher=Economist.com |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Distortion of markets ===<br />
Taxation can lead to [[market distortion]]. They can artificially change prices thus distorting markets and disturb the way markets allocate scarce resources. Also, taxes can give people incentive to evade them, which is illegal. Minimum price can also result in markets’ distortion (i.e. alcohol, tobacco). Consumer would spend more on harmful goods, therefore less of their income will be spent on beneficial goods. Subsidies can also lead to misuse of scarce resources as they can help inefficient enterprises by protecting them from free market forces.<br />
<br />
[[Price floor]]s and [[price ceiling]]s can also lead to social inefficiencies or other negative consequences. If price floors, such as [[minimum wage]], are set above the market equilibrium price, they lead to shortage in supply, in case of minimum wage to a higher [[unemployment]]. Similarly the price ceilings, if set under the market equilibrium price, lead to shortage in supply. [[Rent ceiling]], for example may then lead to shortage in accommodation.<ref name=":3" /> Other problems often arise as consequences of these interventions. [[Black market]] of labor and higher unemployment among uneducated and poor are possible consequences of minimum wage while deterioration of residential buildings might be caused by rent ceiling and subsequent lack of incentive for landlords to provide the best services possible.<br />
<br />
=== State monopolies ===<br />
Most [[State monopoly|government providers operate as monopolies]] (e.g. post offices). Their status is sometimes guaranteed by the government, protecting them from potential competition. Furthermore, as opposed to private monopolies, the threat of bankruptcy is eliminated, as these companies are backed by government money. The companies are thus not facing many efficiency pressures which would push them towards cost minimisation - causing a social inefficiency.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
There are still some existing efficiency pressures on state monopoly managers. They mostly come from the possibility of their political masters being voted out of office. These pressures are however unlikely to be as effective as market pressures, the reasons being that the elections are held quite infrequently and even their results are often fairly independent on the efficiency of state monopolies.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Corruption ===<br />
[[Corruption]] is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest.<ref>Morris, S.D. (1991), Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa</ref> This erodes [[public trust]].<br />
<br />
== EU Fisheries Policy ==<br />
A leading example of governmental failure can be seen with the consequences of the [[European Union]]'s [[Common Fisheries Policy]] (CFP). Set up to counteract a concern of balancing natural marine resources with commercial profiteering, the CFP has in turn created political upheaval.<ref>{{cite web |title=arguments for and against the Common Fisheries Policy |url=https://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/arguments-for-and-against-the-common-fisheries-policy/#.X56tfi2r0Us |website=Debating Europe}}</ref>{{Reference needed|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Overcoming government failure ==<br />
When a country gets into this kind of complicated situation it is not possible to reverse it right away. However, there are some arrangements that the government could do, to try to overcome it step by step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/market-failure/government-failure/|title=Government Failure|last=Pettinger |first=Tejvan |website=Economics Help|date=24 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> For example:<br />
* The government could assign itself some future goals, and also try to fulfil them<br />
* Competitive Tendering – making good offers to private and [[public sector]] which may arise on into competition between them, which is good for moving forward<br />
* [[Public–private partnership|Public & Private Partnerships]] – involving private professional to make decisions to cut less necessary costs or to help to make some decisions. One of the key steps can also be to delegate the power and decisions, which may release the pressure from the government and help it to concentrate on more important cases<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Abilene paradox]]<br />
* [[Crime statistics]]<br />
* [[Debt crisis]]<br />
* [[Dispersed knowledge]]<br />
* [[Dunning–Kruger effect]]<br />
* [[Economic interventionism]]<br />
* [[Energy crisis]]<br />
* [[Housing crisis]]<br />
* [[Law of unintended consequences]]<br />
* [[Market failure]]<br />
* [[Obstructionism]]<br />
* [[Pensions crisis]]<br />
* [[Perverse subsidies]]<br />
* [[Power outage]]<br />
* [[Statism]]<br />
* [[Tragedy of the commons]]<br />
* [[X-inefficiency]]<br />
* [[Overdiagnosis]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|35em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* Aidt, Toke S. (2003). "Economic Analysis of Corruption: A Survey," ''Economic Journal'', 113(491), Features, pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717152441/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/faculty/aidt/papers/web/EJ2003.pdf F632–F652].<br />
* [[Gary Becker|Becker, Gary]] (1958) "Competition and Democracy," ''Journal of Law and Economics'', 1, pp. [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/syllabi/Econ811JournalArticles/BeckerJLE.pdf 105–1109.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328032447/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/syllabi/Econ811JournalArticles/BeckerJLE.pdf |date=2012-03-28 }}<br />
* _____ (1983). "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 98(3), pp. [http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~glibecap/BeckerQJE1983.pdf 371–400.]<br />
* Dollery, Brian, and Andrew Worthington (1996). "The Evaluation of Public Policy: Normative Economic Theories of Government Failure," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics'', 7(1), pp. [http://eprints.qut.edu.au/2791/1/2791.pdf 27–39.]<br />
* Grier, Robin M. and, Kevin B. Grier "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.1086/467454.pdf Political cycles in nontraditional settings: theory and evidence from the case of Mexico]", JLE vol. XLIII (April 2000), p.&nbsp;239<br />
* Kolko, Gabriel (1977), ''The Triumph of Conservatism'', The Free Press, {{ISBN|0-02-916650-0}}<br />
* Kolko, Gabriel (1977), ''Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916'', Greenwood Publishing Company, {{ISBN|0-8371-8885-7}}<br />
* ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'' (2008), 2nd Edition with Table of Contents/Abstract links:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_L000232&edition=current&q=&topicid=&result_number=4 "laissez-faire, economists and"] by [[Roger E. Backhouse]] and Steven G. Medema<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000253&edition=current&q=&topicid=&result_number=3 "rational choice and political science]" by Susanne Lohmann.<br />
* Niskanen, William (1967), ''The Peculiar Economics of Bureaucracy'', Institute for Defense Analyses, Program Analysis Division (1967), {{ASIN|B0007H5TBG}}<br />
* _____ (1971), ''Bureaucracy and Representative Government'', Aldine, Atherton, {{ISBN|0-202-06040-3}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Failure}}<br />
[[Category:Economic problems]]<br />
[[Category:Market failure]]<br />
[[Category:Public choice theory]]<br />
[[Category:Libertarian theory]]<br />
[[Category:Public economics]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_South_Asian_U20_Athletics_Championships&diff=4832732024 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships2025-12-01T05:12:24Z<p>BeauGleason6763: starting new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Athletics competition in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox sport event<br />
|event = 4th South Asian U20 Athletics Championships<br />
|governing_body =<br />
|year = 2024<br />
|type = [[Athletics]]<br />
|venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br />
|location = {{flag icon|IND}} [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
|start_date = {{Start date|2024|09|11|df=yes}}<br />
|end_date = {{End date|2024|09|13|df=yes}}<br />
|competitors = 176<br />
|nations = 7<br />
|previous = [[2018 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships|Columbo 2018]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''2024 [[South Asian U20 Athletics Championships]]''' was an [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] competition held from 11 to 13 September 2024 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=UtkarshClasses |title=India tops at 4th South Asian Junior Athletics Championship |url=https://utkarsh.com/current-affairs/4th-south-asian-junior-athletics-championship-concludes-india-at-top |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Utkarsh Classes |language=en}}</ref> 176 athletes competed in 30 events.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=South Asian U20 Athletics Championships &#124; Results &#124; World Athletics | url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7215368?day= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Asian U20 Athletics Championships Results|url=https://events.indianathletics.in/SAJAC2024/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/TEAM-WISE-BIB-LIST-4TH-SOUTH-ASIAN-JUNIOR-ATHLETICS-CHAMPIONSHIPS-2024.pdf|website=indianathletics.in|access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> India, the host, was the most successful nation, winning 21 gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th South Asian Junior Athletics Championships |url=https://events.indianathletics.in/SAJAC2024/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Detailed-Results___4TH-SOUTH-ASIAN-JUNIOR-ATHLETICS-CHAMPIONSHIPS-2024.pdf |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |website=events.indianathletics.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afghanistan did not attend the event despite being a member of the [[South Asian Athletics Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th South Asian Junior Athletics Championships |url=https://events.indianathletics.in/SAJAC2024/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SAJR24_FactBook.pdf |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |website=events.indianathletics.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Medal table ==<br />
{{Medals table<br />
| caption = <br />
| host = IND<br />
| show_limit = <br />
| remaining_text = <br />
| flag_template = <br />
| event = <br />
| source = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.indianathletics.in/SAJAC2024/schedule-result/|title=Schedule & Result – 4th South Asian Junior Athletics Championships 2024}}</ref><br />
| gold_IND = 21 | silver_IND = 22 | bronze_IND = 5 | host_IND = yes<br />
| gold_SRI = 9 | silver_SRI = 9 | bronze_SRI = 17<br />
| gold_BAN = 0 | silver_BAN = 0 | bronze_BAN = 3<br />
| gold_MDV = 0 | silver_MDV = 0 | bronze_MDV = 2<br />
| gold_NEP = 0 | silver_NEP = 0 | bronze_NEP = 1<br />
| gold_PAK = 0 | silver_PAK = 0 | bronze_PAK = 0<br />
| gold_BHU = 0 | silver_BHU = 0 | bronze_BHU = 0<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
There were 3 days of competition.<ref name=":0" /><br />
=== Men ===<br />
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| [[100 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Merone Wijesinghe|SRI}} || 10.41<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Dineth Induwara Weeraratna|SRI}} || 10.49<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Mrutyam Jayaram Dondapati|IND}} || 10.56<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[200 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Indusara Vidushan Rajamuni|SRI}} || 21.33<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Pratik Maharana|IND}} || 21.41<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Malith Thamel|SRI}} || 21.44<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[400 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Jay Kumar|IND}} || 46.86<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|J.O. Shashintha Silva|SRI}} || 47.17<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Abiram Pramod|IND}} || 47.49<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[800 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|H.D.S Awishka|SRI}} || 1:49.83<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Vinod Kumar|IND}} || 1:50.07<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Bopanna Kalappa|IND}} || 1:50.45<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[1500 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|. Priyanshu|IND}} || 3:53.22<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rahul Sarnaliya|IND}} || 3:53.64<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Buddika Rashmikara|SRI}} || 4:03.79<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[3000 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sharuk Khan|IND}} || 8:26.06<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Mohit Choudhary|IND}} || 8:27.61<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|B.K. Ajaya|NEP}} || 9:08.91<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[110 m hurdles]] (99.0 cm)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sandun Kosala Wijayalath|SRI}} || 14.06<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Nayan Pradip Sarde|IND}} || 14.14<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|E. Wishwa Tharuka|SRI}} || 14.27<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[High Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Lesandu Arthavidu Gammanage|SRI}} || 2.17<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Tharusha Dinushan Agampodi|SRI}} || 2.10<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Juwel Thomas|IND}} || 2.04<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Long Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|R.C. Jithin Arjunan|IND}} || 7.61 0.0<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Mohd. Atta Sazid|IND}} || 7.43 -0.4<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|D Thevindu Sandil|SRI}} || 7.22 +1.5<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Triple Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|D.M.H.K. Dissanayake|SRI}} || 15.09 +0.2<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Senura Hansaka|SRI}} || 14.92 +0.5<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|MD. Tamin Hossain|BAN}} || 14.75 -0.3<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Shot Put]] (6 kg)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Siddharth Choudhary|IND}} || 19.19<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Anurag Singh Kaler|IND}} || 18.91<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W. Jayavi Ranhinda Alwis|SRI}} || 15.62<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Discus Throw]] (1.750 kg)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ritik|IND}} || 55.64<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|. Raman|IND}} || 51.22<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W.Cristiyan Diluk|SRI}} || 39.24<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Javelin Throw]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rohan Yadav|IND}} || 69.22<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Dipanshu Sharma|IND}} || 68.85<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|U.G.B.D. Danasinghe|SRI}} || 62.22<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[4 × 100 m relay]]<br />
| {{Flag IOC|SRI}} <br/> Malith Thamel <br/> Dineth Induwara Weeraratna <br/> Indusara Vidushan Rajamuni <br/> Merone Wijesinghe || 40.28<br />
| {{Flag IOC|IND}} <br/> Pratik Maharana <br/> Karthikeyan Soundararajan <br/> Mahendra Santa <br/> Mrutyam Jayaram Dondapati || 40.76<br />
| {{Flag IOC|MDV}} <br/> Hussain Zeek Suad <br/> Ibrahim Naahil Nizar <br/> Zu Iz Mohamed Suad <br/> Mohamed Minhaal Shamin || 41.98<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[4 × 400 m relay]]<br />
| {{Flag IOC|SRI}} <br/> U.H. Hasindu Nethsara <br/> J.O. Shashintha Silva <br/> G.W. Jathya Kirulu <br/> S.M.S.V. Rajakaruna || 3:09.27<br />
| {{Flag IOC|IND}} <br/> Abiram Pramod <br/> Ankul <br/> Vinod Kumar <br/> Jay Kumar || 3:11.14<br />
| {{Flag IOC|BAN}} <br/> B. Sheikh <br/> M. Al Sobur <br/> Md. Hafizur Hafizur <br/> Md. Aslam Sikder || 3:21.50<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Women ===<br />
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| [[100 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Abinaya Rajarajan|IND}} || 11.77<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sudheeksha Vadluri|IND}} || 11.92<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shanella Senevirathne|SRI}} || 12.04<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[200 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Unnathi Aiyappa Bolland|IND}} || 23.91<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Nancy|IND}} || 24.11<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Neeru Pahtak|IND}} || 24.91<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[400 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Neeru Pahtak|IND}} || 54.50<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sandramol Sabu|IND}} || 54.82<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|K. Takshima Nuhansa|SRI}} || 55.27<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[800 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|M.G.T.A. Pemasiri|SRI}} || 2:10.17<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Laxmipriya Kisan|IND}} || 2:10.87<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|U.M.S. Himashani|SRI}} || 2:12.13<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[1500 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Vinita Gurjar|IND}} || 4:33.63<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Laxita Vinod Sandilea|IND}} || 4:37.61<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|T.G.H. Dulanjana Pradeepani|SRI}} || 4:39.01<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[3000 m]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Prachi Ankush|IND}} || 9:57.26<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shilpa Dihora|IND}} || 10:04.23<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|T.G.H. Dulanjana Pradeepani|SRI}} || 10:39.39<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[100 m hurdles]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Unnathi Aiyappa Bolland|IND}} || 13.93<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sabita Toppo|IND}} || 13.96<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|P.G.M.S. Gunathilaka|SRI}} || 15.32<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[High Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|[[Pooja Singh (athlete)|Pooja Singh]]|IND}} || 1.80<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|D.K.T. Jayarathne|SRI}} || 1.65<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|V.P. Nethra Samadhi|SRI}} || 1.65<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Long Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Prathiksha Yamuna|IND}} || 5.79 (+0.1)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|N. Lakshanya|IND}} || 5.75 (+0.2)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|H.R. Dhananjana Sithmini|SRI}} || 5.73 (+0.1)<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Triple Jump]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rishika Awasthi|IND}} || 12.76 (−0.2)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|M. Dilki Nehara|SRI}} || 12.32 (+0.1)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Anisha Tharu|NEP}} || NM<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Shot Put]] (4 kg)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Tamanna|IND}} || 14.43<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Pooja Kumari|IND}} || 14.02<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Malkethmi Silva|SRI}} || 10.68<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Discus Throw]] (1 kg)<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Anisha|IND}} || 49.91<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Amanat Kamboj|IND}} || 48.38<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|J.H. Gauranganie Savindhaya|IND}} || 37.95<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[Javelin Throw]]<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Deepika|IND}} || 54.98<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Poonam|IND}} || 51.21<br />
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W.G. Nisansala Madubash|SRI}} || 35.02<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[4 × 100 m relay]]<br />
| {{Flag IOC|IND}} <br/> Nancy <br/> Neole Anna Cornelio <br/> Abinaya Rajarajan <br/> Sudheeksha Vadluri || 45.08<br />
| {{Flag IOC|SRI}} <br/> H.R.D.S. Ranasgalla <br/> D. Reshma Kodithuwakku <br/> Dilanma Perera <br/> Shenella Seneviratne || 46.48<br />
| {{Flag IOC|MDV}} <br/> Hawwa Muzna Faiz <br/> Ahnaa Nizaar <br/> Ziva Moosa <br/> Mariyam Ru Ya Ali || 48.04<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|| [[4 × 400 m relay]]<br />
| {{Flag IOC|IND}} <br/> Shravani Sachin Sangle <br/> Sandramol Sabu <br/> Kanista Teena Maria Deva Shekar <br/> Neeru Pahtak || 3:44.35<br />
| {{Flag IOC|SRI}} <br/> Jithma Wijethunga <br/> Mahima Dunusinghe <br/> G. Shashini Bhagya <br/> K. Takshima Nuhansa || 3:49.99<br />
| {{Flag IOC|BAN}} <br/> Musrat Javam <br/> Mst. Mim Akter <br/> Mst Azmi Khatun <br/> Akter Sumaiya || 3:57.37<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:South Asian U20 Athletics Championships]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in the sport of athletics]]<br />
[[Category:September 2024 sports events in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:International athletics competitions hosted by India]]<br />
[[Category:Under-20 sport of athletics competitions]]<br />
<br />
{{India-sport-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh&diff=468748Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh2025-11-29T11:30:46Z<p>BeauGleason6763: fix formatting per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Major landmark dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi in Chandigarh, India}}<br />
{{more refs|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
[[File:Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|right|Gandhi Bhawan]]<br />
The '''Gandhi Bhawan''' is a major landmark of the city of [[Chandigarh]], India, and a center dedicated to the study of the words and works of [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crossette |first=Barbara |title=Le Corbusier's Chandigarh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/25/travel/le-corbusier-s-chandigarh.html |access-date=29 November 2025 |work=The New York Times |at=Section 10, Page 21 |publication-date=25 April 1982}}</ref> It was designed by architects B.P Mathur in collaboration with [[Pierre Jeanneret]].<br />
<br />
==Design==<br />
It is an auditorium hall that sits in the middle of a pond of water. A [[mural]] by the architect greets visitors at the entry. The words "Truth is God" are written at the entrance. Today, it also houses a substantial collection of books on Mohandas Gandhi. The Gandhi Bhawan's three-part, pinwheel plan, abstract sculptural qualities, and fluid use of planes reflect the modern vision of the International Style. The merging of sharp, brusque angles with lyrical curves recalls the linear tensions of the ancient Sanskrit alphabet. The pools surrounding the building evoke Mughal tombs, some of which were similarly laid out on terraces surrounded by water, as well as the ritual bathing pools of Hindu Temples. Yet the abstract style does not convey any specific religious connotations.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons|Gandhi Bhawan}}<br />
<br />
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{coord|15.9855639|74.662751|display=title|format=dms}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gandhism]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]<br />
[[Category:Gandhi museums]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_Gujarat&diff=513159List of ports and harbours of Gujarat2025-11-27T08:03:35Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Map/Ports and harbours of Gujarat}}<br />
[[Gujarat]] is the westernmost [[state of India]], positioned strategically along the [[Arabian Sea]], fostering the development of dynamic [[Port city|port cities]] that serve as pivotal gateways for [[trade]], cultural interchange, and geopolitical influence. The maritime legacy of Gujarat predates recorded history, exemplified by the ancient port city of [[Lothal]], an unearthed [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]] settlement near [[Ahmedabad]], showcasing the state's early involvement in maritime trade. Historical ports such as Bharuch and Cambay thrived as prominent centers for exporting [[spice]]s, [[textile]]s, and precious stones to the world, fostering cultural exchange with influences from [[Persia]], [[Arab world|Arabia]], and Egypt that enriched Gujarat's artistic and architectural landscape. With the arrival of European colonial powers in the 16th century, Gujarat's ports entered a new era. The Portuguese established themselves in [[Diu and Daman]], while the British transformed [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) into a major commercial hub. These colonial ports facilitated the export of raw materials such as cotton and opium, influencing the trade patterns of the region. Following independence, Gujarat experienced a renewed emphasis on developing its port infrastructure. The construction of [[Kandla Port|Kandla]] in the 1960s positioned it as a major port for handling bulk cargo such as coal and iron ore. In the late 20th century, [[Mundra Port|Mundra]] emerged as a significant [[container terminal]]. These modern ports have played a pivotal role in propelling Gujarat's industrial growth, attracting [[foreign investments]], and facilitating [[international trade]]. Beyond their economic significance, the ports of Gujarat serve as vibrant cultural melting pots. Fishing communities along the coast contribute to the state's cultural tapestry with their traditional practices and folklore. Port cities like [[Surat]] and [[Veraval]] showcase rich architectural heritage, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped Gujarat's maritime history.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
This list provides details on various port-related terms:<br />
# '''Port Location''' – The town or city where the port is situated. Note that the location may not always precisely correspond to the town/city center, as ports can be on the outskirts.<br />
# '''UN/LOCODE''' – The five-character [[UN/LOCODE|port code]] assigned by the [[United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations]]. <br />
# '''IATA Port Code''' – The three-letter [[IATA port code|port code]] designated by the [[International Air Transport Association]] for ports.<br />
# '''Port Type''' – Classification based on the terminology used by relevant port authorities, as indicated in the first table below.<br />
# '''Port Operational Status''' – The current operational status of the port, as per the second table below.<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
!Port Type<br />
! style="width:800px;" |Description<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:orange;" |Container Port<br />
|Port equipped to handle containerized cargo, facilitating both domestic and international trade.<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:yellow;" |Bulk Cargo Port<br />
|Port specializing in the handling of bulk cargo, such as coal, grain, or ore.<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:skyblue;" |Passenger Port<br />
|Port primarily catering to passenger traffic, including cruise terminals and ferry terminals.<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:DarkCyan; color:white;" |'''Military Port'''<br />
|Port under the control of the military where commercial activities are restricted. Distinct from dedicated military bases.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
!Port Ownwership<br />
! style="width:800px;" |Description<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:gold;" |Private Port<br />
|Port under the ownership and operation of private entities for exclusive use.<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:violet;" |State-owned Port<br />
|Port under the ownership and operation of government entities.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
!Port Operational Status<br />
! style="width:800px;" |Description<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Operational<br />
|Indicates that the port is actively providing commercial services for public use.<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:DarkGray; color:black;" |Closed<br />
|Indicates that the port is no longer operational for commercial services.<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:LightGoldenRodYellow; color:black;"|Proposed or Under Construction<br />
|Indicates that the port is in the planning or construction phase and is not yet operational.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List ==<br />
This is a list of '''ports and harbours of the Indian Satate of [[Gujarat]]:'''<br />
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"|Name<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:5em;"|Estb. Date/Year<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:5em;" |City<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" |District<br />
! rowspan="2" |Type<br />
! rowspan="2" |Operational<br />
! rowspan="2" |Owned/Operated by<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:5em;" |Cargo Handled <br><small>([[fiscal year|FY]]2022-23)</small><br />
! colspan="2" style="width:5em;"|Container Traffic <br><small>([[fiscal year|FY]]2022-23)</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Image<br />
! rowspan="2" | Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
! million [[tonne]]s!! % Increase<br><small>(over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])</small><br />
! '000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]!! % Increase<br><small>(over previous [[fiscal year|FY]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|[[Dahej Port]]<br />
|2010<br />
|[[Bharuch]]<br />
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[Adani Group]]<br />
|17.5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kandla|Deendayal Port Trust]]<br />
| 1965<br />
|[[Kandla]]<br />
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:violet;" |[[Government of India]]<br />
|137.0<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=DPA Kandla highlights Major achievements of FY 2022-23 during Annual Press Meet - India Shipping News |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/dpa-kandla-highlights-major-achievements-of-fy-2022-23-during-annual-press-meet/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|4.42% {{Increase}}<br />
|117<br />
|95.73% {{Increase}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazira Port]]<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Hazira]]<br />
|[[Surat district|Surat]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[Adani Group]]<br />
|30<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mundra Port]]<br />
| 1998<br />
|[[Mundra]]<br />
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[Adani Group]]<br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|150px]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tuna Port]]<br />
|2022<br />
|<br />
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[Adani Group]]<br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Port Pipavav]]<br />
| 2002<br />
|[[Pipavav]]<br />
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[APM Terminals]]<br />
|4.94<br />
|1.8% {{Decrease}}<br />
|764<br />
|21.7% {{Increase}}<br />
|[[File:Berth_portpipavav.JPG|150px]]<br />
|Cargo tonnage only includes bulk<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stockdiscovery.s3.amazonaws.com/india/company/5648/3692/ER-Mar23.pdf#page=1 |title=Disclosure under Regulation 30 of SEBI — March 2023 |date=2023-04-05 |publisher=Gujarat Pipavav Port Limited |access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Sikka Port]]<br />
| 1933<br />
|[[Sikka, India|Sikka]]<br />
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:gold;" |[[Reliance Industries]]<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jakhau Port]]<br />
| 2005<br />
|[[Jakhau]]<br />
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:violet;" |[[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Okha Port]]<br />
| 1930<br />
|[[Okha, India|Okha]]<br />
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:violet;" |[[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
|3<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Porbandar Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Porbandar]]<br />
|[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
| style="background:violet;" |[[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhavnagar Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Bhavnagar]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandvi Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mandvi]]<br />
|[[Kutch district|Kutch]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Veraval Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Veraval]]<br />
|[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gopnath Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Gopnath]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Magdalla Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Magdalla]]<br />
|[[Surat district|Surat]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Navlakhi Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Navlakhi]]<br />
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bedi Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Bedi, Gujarat|Bedi]]<br />
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Salaya Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Salaya]]<br />
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shiyalbet Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Shiyalbet]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jafrabad Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Jafrabad]]<br />
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mithivirdi Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mithivirdi]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mora Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mora, Maharashtra|Mora]]<br />
|[[Surat district|Surat]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vansi-Borsi Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Vansi-Borsi]]<br />
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nargol Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Nargol]]<br />
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ghogha Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Ghogha]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chhara Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Chhara]]<br />
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gogha Port]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Gogha]]<br />
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]<br />
|<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Yes<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|link=|[[Mundra Port]], Gujarat, India<br />
File:Lothal-reconstruction India bronze age (XXIV-XV centuries BC).jpg|[[Lothal]], Ancient Port City<br />
File:ICGS Sarthak (21) arriving at the port of Porbandar, Gujarat.jpg|Sarthak arrived at Porbandar Port<br />
File:Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 767847 - Trade Ports - Kandla India.jpeg|Stamp of India 2018, Kandla, India<br />
File:Gezicht op de haven van Sūrat (Gujarāt), SK-A-4778.jpg|View of the harbor of Sūrat (Gujarāt)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/the-12-major-sea-ports-of-india Indian Port List - Best Major 12]<br />
<br />
{{Ports and harbors}}<br />
{{Asia topic|List of ports in}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Economy of India lists|Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India|Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ports|Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat|Ports and harbours]]<br />
[[Category:India transport-related lists|Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suma_Adda&diff=538151Suma Adda2025-11-13T08:22:10Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian talk show}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Suma Adda.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Talk-show<br />
*[[Variety show]]<br />
*[[Sketch comedy]]<br />
}}<br />
| creator = <br />
| director = Srinivas Bodem<br />
| presenter = [[Suma Kanakala]]<br />
| judges = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = <br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = [[Mallemala Entertainments]]<br />
| location = <br />
| camera = Multi-camera<br />
| runtime = 44 minutes<br />
| company = [[Mallemala Entertainments]]<br />
| network = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|1|7|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
| related = ''Cash'' <br />
}}<br />
'''''Suma Adda''''' ({{Translation|[[Suma Kanakala|Suma]]'s haunt}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language television [[game show]] [[sketch comedy]] and [[Variety show|variety talk show]] hosted by [[Suma Kanakala]] and produced by [[Mallemala Entertainments]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=ETV Telugu launches a new show titled Suma Adda – Deets inside |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/etv-telugu-launches-a-new-show-titled-suma-adda-deets-inside.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=[[123Telugu.com|123Telugu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Suma Adda'' premiered on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] and [[ETV Win]] on 7 January 2023.<br />
<br />
== Production and concept ==<br />
''Suma Adda'' replaced ''Cash 2.0'' which was broadcast every Saturday at 9:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Indian Standard Time]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Vara Prasad |date=2022-12-29 |title=Suma Adda: 'సుమ అడ్డా'.. కొత్త షో షురూ చేసిన స్టార్ యాంకర్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/anchor-suma-kanakala-brand-new-show-suma-adda-teaser-released/articleshow/96603399.cms |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134227/https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/anchor-suma-kanakala-brand-new-show-suma-adda-teaser-released/articleshow/96603399.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later from the 74th episode, it is being telecast every Tuesday at 9:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Indian Standard Time]].<ref name=":0" /> The show has comedy sketches performed by various actors and games between the celebrity guests. From the fourteenth episode, the show was revamped as a game show with different segments, similar to ''Cash 2.0''. There will be two teams competing against each other. The team that gets the highest cash prize by the end of the show, are declared as the winners. Each team can have multiple players/contestants.<br />
<br />
== Episodes ==<br />
<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!#<br />
!Premiere<br />
!Team 1<br />
!Team 2<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|7 January 2023<br />
| colspan="2" |[[Santosh Sobhan]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], Anil Kumar Aalla, Saddam<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chanti |first=Rajitha |date=6 January 2023 |title=Santhosh Shobhan: అనుపమ.. సన్నీలియోన్లతో యంగ్ హీరో సంతోష్ శోభన్ చాటింగ్.. వాట్సాప్ స్క్రీన్ షాట్స్ బయటపెట్టిన యాంకర్ సుమ.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/young-hero-santhosh-shobhan-chatting-with-sunny-leone-anupama-parameswaran-anchor-suma-reveals-in-whatsapp-screenshots-au55-861964.html |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134225/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/young-hero-santhosh-shobhan-chatting-with-sunny-leone-anupama-parameswaran-anchor-suma-reveals-in-whatsapp-screenshots-au55-861964.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|14 January 2023<br />
| colspan="2" |[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[K. S. Ravindra|Bobby Kolli]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-12 |title=Suma Adda: Megastar Chiranjeevi reveals he regrets not spending quality time with his late father Venkat Rao, watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/suma-adda-megastar-chiranjeevi-reveals-he-regrets-not-spending-quality-time-with-his-late-father-venkat-rao-watch/articleshow/96934882.cms |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/suma-adda-megastar-chiranjeevi-reveals-he-regrets-not-spending-quality-time-with-his-late-father-venkat-rao-watch/articleshow/96934882.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-01-07 |title=సుమ అడ్డాలో మెగాస్టార్ - బుల్లితెరలో సంక్రాంతికి స్పెషల్ పూనకాలు లోడింగ్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/mega-star-chiranjeevi-appearance-in-anchor-suma-kanakala-suma-adda-show-71922 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|21 January 2023<br />
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]<br />
|[[Jani Master]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Anchor Suma : సుమకు కోలుకోలేని అవమానం.. శేఖర్ మాస్టర్ దెబ్బకు నోర్మూసుకున్న స్టార్ యాంకర్ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/sekhar-master-counters-on-anchor-suma-in-her-latest-show-89846 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134227/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/sekhar-master-counters-on-anchor-suma-in-her-latest-show-89846 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|28 January 2023<br />
|[[Sudheer Babu]]<br />
|[[Bharath (actor)|Bharat]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|4 February 2023<br />
|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]<br />
|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Anchor Suma: సుమ ముందు పోసాని కన్నీరు.. జీవితంలోని ఆ విషాదాన్ని తలచుకుంటూ..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/posani-krishna-murali-emotional-comments-in-suma-adda-slb-1606866.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205055724/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/posani-krishna-murali-emotional-comments-in-suma-adda-slb-1606866.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|11 February 2023<br />
|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Ashika Ranganath]]<br />
|[[Brahmaji]], Rajendra Reddy<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-02-06 |title=హీరోయిన్ ను పక్కనబెట్టి యాంకర్ సుమకు ప్రపోజ్ చేసిన కళ్యాణ్ రామ్! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-proposes-ashika-ranganath-in-anchor-suma-kanakala-s-suma-adda-show-76650 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|18 February 2023<br />
|[[R. P. Patnaik]], Saketh Komanduri<br />
|[[Raghu Kunche]], [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|25 February 2023<br />
|[[Lavanya Tripathi]], [[Kona Venkat]]<br />
|Siri Hanumanth, Raja Chembolu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|4 March 2023<br />
|[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<br />
|[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]], Giridhar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-01 |title=బస్ డోర్ తీసి జనాల్లోకి తోసేశారు - బాలయ్య చేసిన పనికి సమీర్ షాక్! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-sameer-hasan-shares-funny-incident-with-balakrishna-during-legend-vijaya-yatra-80495 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322124420/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-sameer-hasan-shares-funny-incident-with-balakrishna-during-legend-vijaya-yatra-80495 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|11 March 2023<br />
|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], Racha Ravi<br />
|[[Venu Yeldandi]], [[Kavya Kalyanram]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-01 |title=బస్ డోర్ తీసి జనాల్లోకి తోసేశారు - బాలయ్య చేసిన పనికి సమీర్ షాక్! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-sameer-hasan-shares-funny-incident-with-balakrishna-during-legend-vijaya-yatra-80495 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322124420/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-sameer-hasan-shares-funny-incident-with-balakrishna-during-legend-vijaya-yatra-80495 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|18 March 2023<br />
|[[Malvika Nair]], [[Kalyani Malik]]<br />
|[[Srinivas Avasarala]], Varanasi Soumya Chalamcharla<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda: నవరసాలతో చికెన్ కర్రీ.. ఎలా ఉందో చూశారా.. |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo/3/35365 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831080107/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo/3/35365 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|25 March 2023<br />
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Srikanth Odela]]<br />
|[[Dheekshith Shetty]], [[Kasarla Shyam]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nani: 'ఆ కుటుంబంలో అందరూ సక్సెస్ఫుల్ హీరోలా?' మళ్లీ నిప్పు రాజేసిన నాని! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/natural-star-nani-comments-in-suma-adda-latest-promo-went-viral/articleshow/98860951.cms |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|1 April 2023<br />
|[[Roll Rida]], Ariyana Glory<br />
|[[Tejaswi Madivada]], Akhil Sarthak<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=Suma Adda Latest Promo : చివరకు సుమ కూడా ఇలా తయారైందేంటి?.. టీఆర్పీ స్టంట్ల కోసం ఇలాంటివి చేయాలా? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/anchor-suma-new-show-suma-adda-latest-promo-trp-stunts-with-akhil-ariyana-and-tejaswi-94037 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319180456/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/anchor-suma-new-show-suma-adda-latest-promo-trp-stunts-with-akhil-ariyana-and-tejaswi-94037 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|8 April 2023<br />
|[[Tanish]], Samrat Reddy<br />
|Mehaboob, [[Amit Tiwari]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|15 April 2023<br />
|[[Maheswari]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]<br />
|[[Jai Akash|Akash]], [[Sanghavi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|22 April 2023<br />
|[[Prudhvi Raj]], Jyoti Labala<br />
|[[Prabhas Sreenu]], [[Himaja]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|29 April 2023<br />
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Getup Srinu]]<br />
|[[Dimple Hayathi]], [[Sriwass]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|6 May 2023<br />
|[[Akhil Akkineni]]<br />
|Sakshi Vaidya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|13 May 2023<br />
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]], [[Malvika Nair]]<br />
|Vasuki Anand, [[Santosh Sobhan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|20 May 2023<br />
|[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], Arjun Ambati<br />
|Amardeep Chowdary, Maheswari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|27 May 2023<br />
|[[Venu Yeldandi]], [[Chammak Chandra]]<br />
|[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]], Vishnu Priya Bhimeneni<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|3 June 2023<br />
|[[Thiruveer]], Pavani Karanam<br />
|[[Rana Daggubati]], Rupak Ronaldson<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|10 June 2023<br />
|Jackie Thota, Haritha Thota<br />
|[[Sai Kiran]], Archana Ananth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|17 June 2023<br />
|Manas, Kavya Shree<br />
|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]], Shobha Shetty<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|24 June 2023<br />
|[[Hari Teja]], Mahesh Vitta<br />
|Ashu Reddy, Mahesh Achanta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|1 July 2023<br />
|[[Naga Shaurya]], [[Yukti Thareja]]<br />
|[[Noel Sean]], Pawan Basamsetti<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Suma Adda with Rangabali team becomes the most awaited show this weekend {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suma-adda-with-rangabali-team-becomes-the-most-awaited-show-this-weekend.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626192329/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suma-adda-with-rangabali-team-becomes-the-most-awaited-show-this-weekend.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|8 July 2023<br />
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]], [[Anand Devarakonda]]<br />
|[[Viraj Ashwin]], Seetha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|15 July 2023{{Efn|Additionally, [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] appeared on the show to promote ''[[Sarkaaru Noukari]]'' film, but didn't participate in the main game segments.}}<br />
|[[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Ganganamoni Shekar<br />
|Akash Goparaju, Bhavana Vazhapandal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|22 July 2023<br />
|[[Eesha Rebba]], [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]<br />
|Gautami Challagulla, Jaswanth "Jessie"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|29 July 2023<br />
|[[VJ Sunny]], RJ Kajal<br />
|Chalaki Chanti, Siri Hanumanth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|5 August 2023<br />
|Syed Sohel Ryan, Roopa Koduvayur<br />
|[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]], Deepti Nallamothu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|12 August 2023<br />
|[[Sudharshan]], [[Vidyullekha Raman]]<br />
|[[Abhinaya Krishna]], Jordar Sujatha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|19 August 2023<br />
|[[Kartikeya Gummakonda]], [[Neha Shetty]]<br />
|[[Srikanth Iyengar]], Clax<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|26 August 2023<br />
|[[Varun Tej]]<br />
|[[Praveen Sattaru]], Sakshi Vaidya<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: ఎక్కడెక్కడి నుంచో వస్తున్నారు.. ఇక్కడ కోడళ్లు అయిపోతున్నారు.. వరుణ్ తేజ్కు సుమ పంచ్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-promo-gandeevadhari-arjuna-team-varun-tej-praveen-sattaru-sakshi-vaidya-fun/articleshow/103087587.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922072502/https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-promo-gandeevadhari-arjuna-team-varun-tej-praveen-sattaru-sakshi-vaidya-fun/articleshow/103087587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|2 September 2023<br />
|[[Naveen Polishetty]], Mahesh Achanta<br />
|Ariyana Glory, Shiva Jyothi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|9 September 2023<br />
|Aata Sandeep, Jyothi Raj<br />
|Natraj Master, Neetu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|16 September 2023<br />
|[[Kasthuri Shankar]], Harikrishna<br />
|Indraneel, Meghana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|23 September 2023<br />
|Eknath, Jaya Harika<br />
|Rohit Sahni, Marina Abraham<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|30 September 2023<br />
|[[Swathi Reddy]], [[Naveen Chandra]]<br />
|Srikanth Nagothi, Ruchita Sadineni<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|7 October 2023<br />
|[[Sudheer Babu]], [[Mirnalini Ravi]]<br />
|[[Harsha Vardhan]], [[Hari Teja]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|14 October 2023<br />
|[[Sagar (actor)|Sagar]], [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]<br />
|Giridhar, Pandu<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda: స్టేజ్ మీదే హీరోయిన్కి ముద్దు పెట్టేశాడు.. ఆర్కే నాయుడు ముందే |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-dancer-pandu-kisses-dhanya-balakrishna-in-the-show/articleshow/104317828.cms?trc_source=TaboolaExploreMore |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|21 October 2023<br />
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Gautami]]<br />
|[[Raj Madiraju]], Racha Ravi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|28 October 2023<br />
|[[Mohana Bhogaraju]], Saketh Komanduri<br />
|[[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Faima<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|4 November 2023<br />
|Raghu, Anee<br />
|Amma Rajasekhar, Bhanu<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda: 'ఆయనే మా గాడ్ ఫాదర్'.. అమ్మా రాజశేఖర్ ఇలా అయిపోయారేంటి? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-amma-rajasekhar-new-look-goes-viral/articleshow/104887385.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|11 November 2023<br />
|Ravi Kiran, Sushma, Prabhanjan<br />
|Vikram Aditya, Sreevani, Rajanandini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|18 November 2023<br />
|[[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]], [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]<br />
|[[Y. Vijaya]], Jayalakshmi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|25 November 2023<br />
|[[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]], Tarun Tej<br />
|Sanjay Bhargav, Naveena<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|2 December 2023<br />
|[[Sudigali Sudheer]], Dollysha<br />
|Raviteja Nannimala, Arun Vikkirala<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: చాన్నాళ్లకి మల్లెమాల సెట్లో సుడిగాలి సుధీర్.. ఇప్పటికీ అదే క్రేజ్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-calling-sahasra-movie-team-sudigali-sudheer-shalu-chourasiya-hilarious-fun/articleshow/105533020.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|9 December 2023<br />
|[[Nithiin]], [[Brahmaji]]<br />
|[[Vakkantham Vamsi]], [[Hyper Aadi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|16 December 2023<br />
|Sri Satya, Hameeda, Sharon Stella<br />
|Srikar Krishna, Yadamma Raju, Arjun Kalyan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|23 December 2023<br />
|[[Rajeev Kanakala]], [[Ravikanth Perepu]], Anannyaa Akulaa<br />
|Roshan Kanakala, Maanasa Choudhary,{{Br}}Suresh Ragutu, Kiran Macha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|30 December 2023<br />
|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha Menon]]<br />
|[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]], Srikanth Vissa<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram To Grace Suma's Adda |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tollywood/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-grace-sumas-adda-257343 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!#<br />
!Premiere<br />
!Team 1<br />
!Team 2<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|6 January 2024<br />
|[[Teja Sajja]], [[Amritha Aiyer]]<br />
|[[Prasanth Varma]], [[Getup Srinu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|13 January 2024<br />
|[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], Mouli Tanuj Prasanth, Aditya Hasan<br />
|Vasuki Anand, Vasanthika Macha, Rohan Roy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|20 January 2024<br />
|[[Prince Cecil]], [[Tejaswi Madivada]]<br />
|[[Abhinayashree]], [[VJ Sunny]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
|27 January 2024<br />
|[[Indraja]], Mukku Avinash<br />
|Syed Sohel Ryan, Megha Lekha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
|3 February 2024<br />
|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]], Emmanuel, Varsha<br />
|Rohini Noni, Bhaskar, Naresh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
|10 February 2024<br />
|Siddharth Varma, Vishnu Priya<br />
|Krishna Chaitanya, Mrudula<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|17 February 2024<br />
|[[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Varsha Bollamma]]<br />
|[[Vi Anand]], Ram Prasad, Chota K. Prasad<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|24 February 2024<br />
|[[Harsha Chemudu]], [[Divya Sripada]]<br />
|[[Vidyullekha Raman]], Kalyan Santhosh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|61<br />
|2 March 2024<br />
|Jackie, Sunny, Riya<br />
|Keerthana Podwal, Hemanth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|62<br />
|9 March 2024<br />
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]<br />
|[[Malvika Sharma]], [[K. K. Radhamohan]], Rohini Noni<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
|16 March 2024<br />
|Mounika Desam, Sriraj Balla, Krishna Reddy<br />
|Selva Ra, Harika Sadu, Anusha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|64<br />
|23 March 2024<br />
|[[Sree Vishnu]], [[Rahul Ramakrishna]]<br />
|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]], Sree Harsha Konuganti<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=tirumala.d |title=నేను పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ ని ప్రేమించా..యాంకర్ సుమకి పిచ్చెక్కించిన శ్రీవిష్ణు, ప్రియదర్శి, రాహుల్ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/sree-vishnu-priyadarshi-and-rahul-ramakrishna-at-suma-adda-dtr-sankc4 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
|30 March 2024<br />
|[[Preeti Nigam]], Mirchi Madhavi, Sruthi Singampalli<br />
|Lahari Arundhathi, Anjali, Sireesha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|66<br />
|6 April 2024<br />
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Manisha Eerabathini]]<br />
|[[Raghu Kunche]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|67<br />
|13 April 2024<br />
|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Kona Venkat]]<br />
|[[Srinivasa Reddy]], Shiva Thurlapati<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|68<br />
|20 April 2024<br />
|[[Navdeep]], [[Pankhuri Gidwani]]<br />
|Charvi Dutta, Mirchi Kiran<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]], [[Rashi Singh]]<br />
|[[Sharanya Pradeep]], Bhadram<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
|4 May 2024<br />
|[[Getup Srinu]], Ankita Kharat, Sunny<br />
|Kevvu Karthik, Sridevi, Praveen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
|11 May 2024<br />
|[[Vishwak Sen]], [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]<br />
|[[Madhunandan]], Pammi Sai<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anchor Suma: ఆహా యాంకర్ సుమకే పంచ్.. విశ్వక్ దెబ్బకి సెట్ మొత్తం సైలెంట్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/suma-adda-latest-promo-gangs-of-godavari-movie-team-vishwak-sen/articleshow/109856611.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
|18 May 2024<br />
|[[Kartikeya Gummakonda]], [[Iswarya Menon]]<br />
|Prashanth Reddy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|73<br />
|25 May 2024<br />
|Gayatri Bhargavi, Shilpa Chakravarthy<br />
|Vindhya Vishaka, Geetha Bhagath<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2024-05-19 |title=ఓర్నీ... సుమక్కకే పంచ్ వేసిన వింధ్య, గీత - బాయ్ఫ్రెండ్తో శిల్ప 'అఆ ఉఊ'లు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/suma-adda-latest-promo-anchor-vindhya-punch-to-suma-kanakala-and-shilpa-chakravarthy-boyfriend-dialogue-gone-viral-162039 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519064901/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/suma-adda-latest-promo-anchor-vindhya-punch-to-suma-kanakala-and-shilpa-chakravarthy-boyfriend-dialogue-gone-viral-162039 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|74<br />
|1 June 2024<br />
|[[Anand Devarakonda]], Nayan Sarika<br />
|Emmanuel, Prince Yawar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
|4 June 2024<br />
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]], Ashish Reddy<br />
|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Simran Choudhary]]<br />
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2024-06-03 |title='సుమ అడ్డా'పై 'జబర్దస్త్' ఎఫెక్ట్ - దెబ్బకు సుమక్క షో టెలికాస్ట్ డే మారిందోయ్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/tv/etv-show-suma-adda-telecast-day-has-been-shifted-from-saturday-to-tuesday-check-show-timings-164984 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603064337/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/tv/etv-show-suma-adda-telecast-day-has-been-shifted-from-saturday-to-tuesday-check-show-timings-164984 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|76<br />
|11 June 2024{{Efn|Additionally [[Chandini Chowdary]] and [[Ajay Ghosh]] have participated in a segment to promote their film ''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''.}}<br />
|Madhuri, Kiran, Nikhitha<br />
|Sharmitha Goud, Giri Shankar, Nainisha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
|18 June 2024<br />
|Shiva Parvathi, Sripriya Shreekar<br />
|[[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]], Haritha Jackie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|78<br />
|25 June 2024<br />
|Rajesh, Madhulika, Priyanka<br />
|Manjula Paritala, Raj, Maheswari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|79<br />
|2 July 2024<br />
|[[Roll Rida]], Sri Satya<br />
|Mukku Avinash, Ariyana Glory<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|80<br />
|9 July 2024<br />
|Pavan Sidhu, [[Rupa Lakshmi]]<br />
|[[Kireeti Damaraju]], Sonia Singh, Yadamma Raju<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
|16 July 2024<br />
|Siddharth Varma, Shalomi Dsouza<br />
|Madhu Babu, Ravi Rathod, Lakshya Shetty<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: ప్రభాస్ ఎందుకు పెళ్లి చేసుకోవట్లేదో చెప్పిన సుమ.. |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/video-suma-adda-promo/3/55881 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831080109/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/video-suma-adda-promo/3/55881 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|82<br />
|23 July 2024<br />
|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Sowmya Rao<br />
|Shrihan, Siri Hanumanth<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Ali: పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ ది బెస్ట్.. అలీ కామెంట్పై జనసైనికుల ఆగ్రహం.. ఇప్పుడు గుర్తొచ్చిందమ్మా |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/comedian-ali-interesting-comments-on-pawan-kalyan-at-suma-adda-latest-promo/articleshow/111806123.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717115633/https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/comedian-ali-interesting-comments-on-pawan-kalyan-at-suma-adda-latest-promo/articleshow/111806123.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
|30 July 2024<br />
|[[Varun Sandesh]], Kushalini Pulapa, Aparna Devi<br />
|Viva Raghav, Nukaraju, Pramodini Pammi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|84<br />
|6 August 2024<br />
|[[Niharika Konidela]], [[Anudeep Dev]], Yadhu Vamsi<br />
|Prasad Behara, Sharanya Suresh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|85<br />
|13 August 2024<br />
|Shashidhar, Meghana Kushi, Bhargav<br />
|Yashmi Gowda, Amar, Madhavi Latha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|86<br />
|20 August 2024<br />
|Tejas Gowda, Kavya Shree, Samanvitha<br />
|Bhavana, Bharath, Veena Ponnappa <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|87<br />
|27 August 2024<br />
|[[Nivetha Thomas]], Vishwadev Rachakonda, Nanda Kishore<br />
|Bhaskar, Naresh, Krishna Teja<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|88<br />
|3 September 2024<br />
|Adarsh, Rocky, Sathwik<br />
|Varshini, Sri Priya,Swetha Naidu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|89<br />
|10 September 2024<br />
|Rocket Raghava, Ashok Yedidha, Ishwarya Vullingala<br />
|Bojjapalli Venkey, Punch Prasad, Jabardasth Haritha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|90<br />
|17 September 2024<br />
|[[Sai Kiran]], Vasanthi Krishnan, Raksha Gowda<br />
|Prasanthi, Sri Harsha, Nikhil Nair<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|91<br />
|24 September 2024<br />
|Shobha Shetty, Subhashree Rayaguru, Aswini Shree<br />
|Tasty Teja, Gautham Krishna, Sandeep Master<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
|1 October 2024<br />
|[[Sree Vishnu]], [[Getup Srinu]]<br />
|[[Ritu Varma]], [[Daksha Nagarkar]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Swag on the sets of ETV's Suma Adda |url=https://gallery.123telugu.com/content/slideshows/2024/9/Swag4/imgpages/image0.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=gallery.123telugu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
|8 October 2024<br />
|[[Sudheer Babu]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]<br />
|[[Sayaji Shinde]], Mahesh Achanta<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda: Suma Adda Promo: తోటకూర రూ.లక్ష మాత్రమే .. ‘సుమ అడ్డా’లో సూపర్ ఫన్ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo-8th-october-2024/3/59766 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113011532/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo-8th-october-2024/3/59766 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
|15 October 2024<br />
|[[Pallavi Ramisetty]], Ravi Kiran, Manasa<br />
|Hritesh, Sri Latha, Bhavana Reddy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
|22 October 2024<br />
|Emmanuel, Yadammaraju, Shanthi Swaroop<br />
|Varsha, Saddam, Nookaraju<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
|29 October 2024<br />
|Sireesha Damera, Pandu, Usha Vaibhavi<br />
|Jaswanth Padala, Sunandha, Maheshwari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|97<br />
|5 November 2024<br />
|[[Noel Sean]], Gully Boy Riyaz<br />
|[[Ananya Nagalla]], Yuva Chandraa Krishna<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: ‘పొట్టేల్’ టీమ్తో సుమ అల్లరి.. ‘సుమ అడ్డా’లో సూపర్ ఫన్ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo-5th-november-2024/3/60825 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111134323/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo-5th-november-2024/3/60825 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|98<br />
|12 November 2024<br />
|Pavan Sidhu, [[Tejaswi Madivada]]<br />
|[[Amit Tiwari]], Ananya Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|99<br />
|19 November 2024<br />
|Anchor Ravi, Viya, Nitya<br />
|[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]], Masuma, Amaira<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|100<br />
|26 November 2024<br />
|Faima Sheikh, Geetu Royal, [[Keerthi Bhat]]<br />
|Bhole Shavali, Damini Bhatla, Pallavi Prasanth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|101<br />
|3 December 2024<br />
|Shiva Jyothi, Jordar Sujatha, Lasya Manjunath<br />
|Ganguly, Rocking Rakesh, Manjunath<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: పెళ్లి రోజు మరచిపోయిన సావిత్రి.. ‘సుమ అడ్డా’లో సూపర్ ఫన్ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/suma-adda-latest-promo-3rd-december-2024/3/61953 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|102<br />
|10 December 2024<br />
|Shreya Rani, Janu Lyri, Mythili<br />
|Anvesh, Ramu Rathod, Prem Ranjith<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|103<br />
|17 December 2024<br />
|Ritu Chowdary, Ashu Reddy, Neha Chowdary<br />
|RJ Chaitu, RJ Surya, Anchor Shiva<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|104<br />
|24 December 2024<br />
|[[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]], [[Roopa Koduvayur]], Harshini<br />
|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], [[Srinivas Avasarala]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!#<br />
!Premiere<br />
!Team 1<br />
!Team 2<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|105<br />
|7 January 2025<br />
|Jackie Thota, Haritha Thota<br />
|Indraaniel, Meghana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|106<br />
|14 January 2025<br />
|[[Anil Ravipudi]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]<br />
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|107<br />
|21 January 2025<br />
|[[Dhanunjay Seepana]], Sahithi Chaganti<br />
|Deepu, Harika Narayan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|108<br />
|28 January 2025<br />
|Selvaraj, Sheela Singh, Lahari Arundhati Vishnuvazhala<br />
|Nagesh, Usha Rani, Ushasri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|109<br />
|4 February 2025<br />
|Punch Prasad, Gaddam Naveen, Bojjapalli Venkey<br />
|Sunitha, Bhabitha, Vaishnavi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|110<br />
|11 February 2025<br />
|[[Vishwak Sen]], Akanksha Sharma<br />
|Praneeth Reddy Kallem,<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|111<br />
|18 February 2025<br />
|[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]], Sandeep Raj, [[Aditi Shankar]]<br />
|[[Raja Ravindra]], Vijay Kanakamedala<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|112<br />
|25 February 2025<br />
|Swetha Varma, Mahesh Vitta<br />
|Natraj Master, RJ Kajal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|113<br />
|4 March 2025<br />
|Yashwanth Master, Bhushan Master<br />
|Bhanu, Vijay Polaki<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|114<br />
|16 March 2025<br />
|Nithin, [[Sangeeth Sobhan]], Ram Nithin<br />
|Vishnu Oi, Kalyan Shankar, [[K. V. Anudeep]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-03-08 |title=Suma Adda: Anudeep and Suma reunite for ‘Mad Square’ masti |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suma-adda-anudeep-and-suma-reunite-for-mad-square-masti-tv.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|115<br />
|23 March 2025<br />
|Maanas Nagulapalli, Rupa, Srikar Krishna<br />
|Kavya Shree, Viren Srinivas<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|116<br />
|30 March 2025<br />
|[[VJ Sunny]], Priyanka Singh<br />
|Siri Hanumanth, Hamida Khatoon<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: బిగ్బాస్ బ్యూటీలకి సుమ తెలుగు పాఠాలు.. పద్యం చదవలేక సిరి, పింకీ పాట్లు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-vj-sunny-fun-with-siri-hanumanth-priyanka-singh-hamida/articleshow/119516627.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|117<br />
|6 April 2025<br />
|[[Pradeep Machiraju]], [[Getup Srinu]]<br />
|Ramprasad, Raghu Master<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|118<br />
|13 April 2025<br />
|[[Sampath Nandi]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Srikanth Iyengar]]<br />
|[[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Sudharshan]], Mahesh Achanta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|119<br />
|20 April 2025<br />
|[[Anudeep Dev]], Sameera Bharadwaj<br />
|[[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Raghu Kunche]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|120<br />
|27 April 2025<br />
|Priyanka Jain, Shoba Shetty<br />
|Arjun Ambati, [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|121<br />
|4 May 2025<br />
|Sushma, Vishnupriya, Maheshwari<br />
|Siddharth, Ravi Kiran, Shivanag<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|122<br />
|11 May 2025<br />
|[[Sree Vishnu]], [[Caarthick Raju]]<br />
|[[Vennela Kishore]], [[Ketika Sharma]], [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: దిల్ రాజుని ట్రోల్ చేసిన వెన్నెల కిషోర్.. పరిగెత్తించిన యాంకర్ సుమ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-vennela-kishore-imitates-dil-rajus-dance/articleshow/120901475.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|123<br />
|18 May 2025<br />
|[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]], Ram Godhala, Sathvik Anand Bandela<br />
|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Sowmya Rao<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Adda Promo: నేనే వాళ్లని అనుభవిస్తున్నాను.. యాంకర్ సౌమ్య తెలుగుకి అయ్య బాబోయ్ అన్న అలీ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/suma-adda-latest-promo-anchor-sowmya-rao-shocking-comments-on-comedian-ali/articleshow/121132937.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|124<br />
|25 May 2025<br />
|Princy B. Krishnan, Tejaswini Gowda<br />
|Aishwarya Pisse, Sindhura DK<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|125<br />
|1 June 2025<br />
|Harsh Roshan, Nihal Kodhaty, Rithu Chowdary<br />
|Karthikeya Dev, Madhu Sudhan Rapeti, Sri Satya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|126<br />
|8 June 2025<br />
|[[Sumanth]], Kajal Choudhary, and Viharsh<br />
|Rakesh Rachakonda, Kaumudi Nemani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|127<br />
|15 June 2025<br />
|Eknath Paruchuri, Jaya Harika<br />
|[[Kaushal Manda]], Neelima<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|128<br />
|22 June 2025<br />
|Shiva Jyothi, Keerthi, Vandana<br />
|Ganguly Manthri, Jai Dhanush, Chandrasekhar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|129<br />
|29 June 2025<br />
|[[Sandeep Raj]], Chandini Rao, Jayateertha Molugu<br />
|Harsh Roshan, Joseph Clinton, Ariyana Glory<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
|6 July 2025<br />
|[[Naveen Chandra]], [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]<br />
|[[Raja Ravindra]], Gemini Suresh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|131<br />
|13 July 2025<br />
|Gautham Krishna, Shwetha Avasthi, Arun Kumar<br />
|Purna Chari, Sandeep, Jyoti Raj<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|132<br />
|20 July 2025<br />
|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], Niharika Nm, Vijayender S<br />
|Vishnu Oi, Prasad Behara, RR Dhruvan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
|27 July 2025<br />
|Rakesh, Shekar, Vijay<br />
|Sujatha, Neelima, Keerthi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|134<br />
|3 August 2025<br />
|[[Nara Rohith]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]], [[Vasuki Anand]]<br />
|[[Virti Vaghani]], Sunaina Badam, Venkatesh Nimmalapudi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|135<br />
|17 August 2025<br />
|[[Varsha Bollamma]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]], Prasanth Kumar Dimmala<br />
|Megha Lekha, Ramana Bhargava, Prem Sagar Rajulapati<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|136<br />
|24 August 2025<br />
| Vindhya Vishaka, RJ Chaitu, Geetha Bhagat<br />
|Shiva, Prashanthi, Varanasi Soumya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|137<br />
|31 August 2025<br />
|Krishna Chaitanya, Mrudhula<br />
|Sameera Bharadwaj, Adithya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|138<br />
|7 September 2025<br />
|Yodha Kandrathi, Deevena, Chaitra Lakshmi<br />
|Jabardasth Naresh, Murari, Nihanth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|139<br />
|14 September 2025<br />
|[[Pallavi Ramisetty]], Varun, Abhishek Yannam, Varun Raj<br />
|Hemashree, Krishna, Darshini Delta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|140<br />
|21 September 2025<br />
|Naga Manikanta, Prerana Kambam<br />
|Nikhil Maliyakkal, Nainika Anasuru<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|141<br />
|5 October 2025<br />
|[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]], [[Raashii Khanna]]<br />
|[[Harsha Chemudu]], Neeraja Kona, Adviteeya Vojjala<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|142<br />
|26 October 2025<br />
|Vishnu Priya, Prithviraj Shetty<br />
|Kirrak Seetha, Nabeel Afridi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|143<br />
|2 November 2025<br />
|Mahesh Babu Kalidasu, Pawan Kalyan, Yashpal Veeragoni<br />
|Sandra Jaichandran, Vasanthi Krishnan, [[Soniya Akula]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|144<br />
|9 November 2025<br />
|Shivani Nagaram, Jai Krishna, Padmini Settam<br />
|Mouli Tanuj Prasanth, Sai Marthand, Nikhil Abburi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|145<br />
|16 November 2025<br />
|[[Allari Naresh]], [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]<br />
|Jeevan Kumar Naidu, Nani Kasaragadda, Anil Viswanath<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="lower-alpha" /><br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]<br />
[[Category:Variety shows]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television seasons]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deposit_Insurance_and_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation&diff=468311Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation2025-11-07T16:09:56Z<p>BeauGleason6763: brief update structure after review and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|RBI subsidiary}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation<br />
| native_name = <!--निक्षेप बीमा और प्रत्यय गारंटी निगम--><br />
| native_name_a = <br />
| native_name_r = <br />
| type = [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank of India (Specialised Division)]]<br />
| seal = <br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| formed = {{Start date and age|1978}}<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <!-- up to |preceding6= --><br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding1 = <br />
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= --><br />
| jurisdiction = [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| motto = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| minister2_name = <br />
| minister2_pfo = <!-- up to |minister8_name= --><br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <!-- up to |deputyminister8_name= --><br />
| chief1_name = M.D. Patra<br />
| chief1_position = Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <!-- up to |chief9_name= --><br />
| public_protector = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| parent_department = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| parent_agency_type = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <!-- up to |child25_agency= --><br />
| keydocument1 = The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961<br />
| website = {{URL|www.dicgc.org.in}}<br />
| agency_id = <br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| embed = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation''' ('''DICGC''') is a [[Division (business)|specialised division]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] which is under the [[jurisdiction]] of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It was established on 15 July 1978 under the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961 for the purpose of providing [[Deposit insurance|insurance of deposits]] and guaranteeing of credit facilities. <br />
<br />
The DICGC insures all [[bank deposits]], such as saving, fixed, current, [[recurring deposit]] for up to the limit of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 500,000 of each depositor in a bank. The limit was increased from 1 [[lakh]] to 5 lakh on 4 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/srikrishna-panel-insists-on-single-unified-regulator-in-financial-sector-113032100183_1.html |title=Srikrishna panel insists on single unified regulator in financial sector |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=2013-03-21 |accessdate=2013-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dicgc.org.in/AU_Profile.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416200055/https://www.dicgc.org.in/AU_Profile.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 April 2021 | title=DICGC - About Us - Profile }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Deposit Amount Insurance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/deposit-insurance-rs-5-lakh-customers-get-money-90-days-?trk=organization-update-content_share-article|title=Deposit Insurance of Rs 5 Lakh: Customers to Get Money in 90 Days if Bank Under Moratorium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/budget/article/budget-2020-govt-increases-deposit-insurance-to-rs-5-lakh-from-rs-1-lakh-120020200009_1.html|title=Budget 2020: Govt increases deposit insurance to Rs 500,000 from Rs 100,000|date= 2 February 2020|author=Subrata Panda}}</ref><br />
!Year<br />
!Amount<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jan 1962<br />
|1500<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jan 1968<br />
|5000<br />
|-<br />
|1 Apr 1970<br />
|10000<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jan 1976<br />
|20000<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jul 1980<br />
|30000<br />
|-<br />
|1 May 1993<br />
|100000<br />
|-<br />
|4 Feb 2020<br />
|500000<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Per 100Rs Deposit Insurance<br />
!Year<br />
!Amount<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jan 1962<br />
|0.05<br />
|-<br />
|1 Oct 1971<br />
|0.04<br />
|-<br />
|1 Jul 1993<br />
|0.05<br />
|-<br />
|1 Apr 2004<br />
|0.08<br />
|-<br />
|1 Apr 2005<br />
|0.10<br />
|-<br />
|1 Apr 2020<br />
|0.12<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The functions of the subsidiary are governed by the provisions of ''The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961'' (DICGC Act) and ''The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation General Regulations, 1961'' framed by the Reserve Bank of India in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 50 of the Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dicgc.org.in/English/AU_Profile.html |title=About Us - Profile |publisher=..Dicgc |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324060519/http://www.dicgc.org.in/English/AU_Profile.html |archive-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A maximum of ₹5,00,000 (after the budget of 2020–21) is insured for each user for both [[Principal (finance)|principal]] and interest amount.<br />
If the customer has accounts in different branches of the same bank, all of those accounts are clubbed together and the total sum is insured to a maximum of ₹5,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DICGC_Flyer.pdf |url=https://www.dicgc.org.in/pdf/2023/PublicAwarenessMaterial/DICGC_Flyer.pdf |access-date=22 Mar 2023 |website=DICGC |page=Pdf page 3 |quote=For the purpose of the above ceiling, all the deposit accounts of a depositor in the 'same right and the same capacity' maintained across all branches of the concerned bank are clubbed.}}</ref> <br />
<br />
However, if there are more accounts in same bank, all of those are treated as a single account. The [[Insurance|insurance premium]] is paid by the insured banks itself. This means that the benefit of [[deposit insurance]] protection is made available to the depositors or customers of banks free of cost.<br />
<br />
The Corporation has the power to cancel the registration of an insured bank if it fails to pay the premium for three consecutive half-year periods.<br />
The Corporation may restore the registration of the bank if the bank makes a request and pays all the amounts due by way of premium from the date of default together with interest.<br />
<br />
==Reforms==<br />
The [[Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission]] (FSLRC) was set up by the Government of India, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], on 24 March 2011, to review and rewrite the legal-institutional architecture of the Indian financial sector. In its report the FSLRC recommended a regulatory structure consisting of seven agencies including a deposit insurance-cum regulatory agency (which was named as Resolution Corporation). The present DICGC will be subsumed into the Resolution Corporation (RC) which will work across the financial system. <br />
<br />
Drawing on the best international practice, the FSLRC proposal involved a unified resolution corporation that will deal with an array of financial firms such as banks and [[insurance companies]]; it will not just be a bank deposit insurance corporation. It will concern itself with all financial firms which make highly intense promises to consumers, such as banks, insurance companies, defined benefit pension funds, and payment systems. <br />
<br />
It will also take responsibility for the graceful resolution of systemically important financial firms, even if they have no direct links to consumers.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}<br />
<br />
The Government of India introduced the Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance bill, 2017 (FRDI bill) in Lok Sabha in the Monsoon session of 2017 to bring forth these reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-financial-resolution-and-deposit-insurance-bill-2017-4871/|title=PRS - Bill Track - The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017|website=www.prsindia.org|access-date=2018-05-04|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106173534/http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-financial-resolution-and-deposit-insurance-bill-2017-4871/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There have been many concerns with regards to the new bill such as:<br />
<br />
# Presently the banks have to pay a sum to the DICGC as insurance premium which insures all kinds of bank deposits up to a limit of ₹5,000,000. In case a stressed bank had to be liquidated, the depositors would be paid through DICGC. Though the bill proposes the banks to pay a sum to the Resolution Corporation, it neither specifies the insured amount nor the amount a depositor would be paid. It is thus unclear how much a depositor would be paid in case of [[liquidation]].<br />
# The bail in clause which largely worked against the interests of the depositors (as in Cyprus).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/the-frdi-bill-and-concerns-of-the-depositor/article21081902.ece|title=The FRDI Bill and concerns of the depositor|author=<!-- Staff writer(s), no byline -->|date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=|date=October 2019}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}} <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.dicgc.org.in/ DICGC Official Website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Banking in India]]<br />
[[Category:Subsidiaries of the Reserve Bank of India]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Deposit insurance]]<br />
[[Category:Corporate subsidiaries]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harjinder_Kaur&diff=502230Harjinder Kaur2025-10-19T06:39:44Z<p>BeauGleason6763: created basic page more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1996)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Harjinder Kaur<br />
| image = Harjinder Kaur.jpg<br />
| caption = Kaur in August 2022<br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|10|14|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nabha]], Punjab, India<br />
| height = {{convert|1.6|m|}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Harjinder KAUR |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/24267 |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Commonwealth Games - Birmingham 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| weight = {{convert|69|kg|lbs}}<br />
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]<br />
| event = Women's 71 kilograms<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{flag|India|}}}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Bronze | [[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 71 kg|71 kg]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Bronze | [[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2025 Ahmedabad]]|69 kg}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Harjinder Kaur''' (born 14 October 1996) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]]. She won the bronze medal at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CWG 2022: Weightlifter Harjinder Kaur Wins Bronze In Women's 71kg|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2022/cwg-2022-indias-harjinder-kaur-wins-bronze-in-womens-71kg-weightlifting-3215423 |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=NDTV |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/cwg-2022-harjinder-kaur-wins-bronze-medal-in-womens-71-kg-weightlifting/ |title=Harjinder Kaur wins bronze medal in Women's 71 Kg weightlifting |access-date=2 August 2022|website=SportsTiger |date=2 August 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
She also won the silver medal in 2021 Commonwealth Youth Games in 71 kg weight category.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Harjinder}}<br />
[[Category:1996 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Patiala district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]<br />
[[Category:Weightlifters from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in weightlifting]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]<br />
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunbird&diff=456364Sunbird2025-09-19T00:29:16Z<p>BeauGleason6763: basic rework details for consistency and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Family of birds}}<br />
{{About|the family of birds}}<br />
{{Automatic Taxobox<br />
| name = Sunbirds and spiderhunters<br />
| image = ♂ Vigors's sunbird (Aethopyga vigorsii) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Male [[Vigors's sunbird]] from Maharashtra, India<br />
| taxon = Nectariniidae<br />
| authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Genera<br />
| subdivision = 16, see text<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sunbirds''' and '''spiderhunters''' make up the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Nectariniidae''' of [[passerine]] birds. They are small, slender passerines from the [[Old World]], usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly in the males. Many species also have especially long tail feathers. Their range extends through most of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia, South-east Asia and southern China, to Indonesia, New Guinea and northern Australia.<ref name=Yousefi2025>{{Cite journal |last1=Yousefi |first1=M. |last2=Nicolaï |first2=M. P. J. |last3=Bosso |first3=L. |last4=Kafash |first4=A. |last5=Nezami |first5=B. |last6=Rastegar-Pouyani |first6=E.|date=2025 |title=Global scale high-resolution habitat suitability modeling of avifauna providing pollination service (sunbirds, Nectariniidae) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=9489 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-85587-x |pmc=11923160 |pmid=40108218|bibcode=2025NatSR..15.9489Y }}</ref> Species diversity is highest in equatorial regions.<br />
<br />
There are [[List of sunbird species|152 species]] in 16 [[genus|genera]]. Their family name is from most sunbirds feeding largely on [[nectar]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=J. A. |year=2010 |title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |location=London, UK |publisher=Christopher Helm |page=267 |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4}}</ref> but they will also catch [[insect]]s and [[spider]]s, especially when feeding their young. Flowers that prevent access to their nectar because of their shape (for example, very long and narrow flowers) are simply punctured at the base near the nectaries, from which the birds sip the nectar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geerts|first1=S.|last2=Pauw|first2=A. |date=2009|title=Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome|journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=699–706 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2009.08.001 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009SAJB...75..699G }}</ref> [[Fruit]] is also part of the diet of some species. Their [[Bird flight|flight]] is fast and direct, thanks to their short wings.<br />
<br />
The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the [[hummingbird]]s of the Americas and the [[honeyeater]]s of Australia. The resemblances are due to [[convergent evolution]] brought about by a similar nectar-feeding lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird ''Aethopyga christinae'' (Nectariniidae) and the Chilean Hummingbird ''Sephanoides sephanoides'' (Trochilidae) |journal=Journal of Thermal Biology |date=1992|first= R. |last=Prinzinger |author2=Schafer T. |author3=Schuchmann K.L. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V |bibcode=1992JTBio..17...71P}}</ref> Some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but they usually perch to feed.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:Spectacled-spiderhunter.jpg|thumb|left|The spectacled spiderhunter is the largest species of sunbird]]The family ranges in size from the 5-gram [[black-bellied sunbird]] to the [[spectacled spiderhunter]], at about 45&nbsp;grams. Like the hummingbirds, sunbirds are strongly [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], with the males usually brilliantly plumaged in [[iridescent]] colours.<ref name="HBW">{{Cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Cheke |first2=Clive |last2=Mann |editor-first=Josep |editor-last=del Hoyo |editor2-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Elliott |editor3-first=David |editor3-last=Christie |contribution=Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds) |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes |year=2008 |pages=196–243 |place=Barcelona |publisher=Lynx Editions |isbn=978-84-96553-45-3}}</ref> In addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males, and overall the males are larger. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paton|first1=D. C.|last2=Collins|first2=B. G.|date=1989|title=Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=473–506|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x|bibcode=1989AusEc..14..473P |issn=1442-9993}}</ref> The [[spiderhunter]]s, of the genus ''Arachnothera'', are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes, and long, down-curved beaks.<ref name="HBW"/><br />
<br />
In metabolic behaviour similar to that of Andes hummingbirds,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/205/16/2325|title=The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology|first1=Douglas L.|last1=Altshuler|first2=Robert|last2=Dudley|date=15 August 2002|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=205|issue=16|pages=2325–2336|doi=10.1242/jeb.205.16.2325|via=jeb.biologists.org|pmid=12124359|bibcode=2002JExpB.205.2325A |url-access=subscription}}</ref> species of sunbirds that live at high altitudes or latitudes will enter [[torpor]] while roosting at night, lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref>{{cite journal|title= Nocturnal Heterothermy And Torpor In The Malachite Sunbird (''Nectarinia famosa'') |journal=Auk|date=January 2002|first=Colleen|last=Downs|author2=Mark Brown |volume=119|issue=1|pages=251–260|doi= 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0251:NHATIT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85925616 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
The moulting regimes of sunbirds are complex, being different in different species. Many species have no eclipse plumage, but do have juvenile plumage. Some species do show duller plumage in the off-season. In the dry months of June−August, male copper sunbirds and variable sunbirds lose much of their metallic sheen. In some instances different populations of the same species can display variation in different molting regimes.<ref name="HBW"/><br />
<br />
==Distribution and habitat==<br />
Sunbirds are a tropical [[Old World]] family, with representatives in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]].<ref name=Yousefi2025/> In Africa, they occur mostly in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Madagascar]] and in [[Egypt]]. In Asia, the group occurs along the coast of the [[Red Sea]] to the [[Palestine (region)|Palestine region]] and along the Mediterranean up to [[Beirut]], with a gap in their distribution across inland Syria and Iraq, and resuming in [[Iran]], from where the group occurs continuously as far as southern [[China]] and [[Indonesia]]. In Australasia, they occur in [[New Guinea]], north eastern [[Australia]] and the [[Solomon Islands]]. They are generally not found on oceanic islands, with the exception of the [[Seychelles]]. The greatest variety of species is found in Africa, where the group probably arose. Most species are sedentary or short-distance [[bird migration|seasonal migrants]]. Sunbirds occur over the entire family's range, whereas the spiderhunters are restricted to Asia.<ref name=HBW/><br />
<br />
The sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats, with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest, but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest, open woodland, open scrub and savannah, coastal scrub and alpine forest.<ref name=Yousefi2025/> Some species have readily adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations, gardens and agricultural land. Many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to {{cvt|4900|m}}.<ref name=HBW/><br />
<br />
==Behaviour and ecology==<br />
Sunbird are active [[Diurnality|diurnal]] birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups. A few species occasionally gather in larger groups, and sunbird will join with other birds to [[Mobbing behavior|mob]] potential predators, although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species, even if they are not predators, when defending their [[territory (animal)|territories]].<ref name="HBW"/><br />
<br />
===Breeding===<br />
[[File:Nectarinia dussumieri feeding young.jpg|thumb|Female [[Seychelles sunbird]] at the nest with prey]]<br />
Sunbirds that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders, with the majority of them breeding in the [[wet season]]. This timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young. Where species, like the [[buff-throated sunbird]], breed in the dry season, it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants. Species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year. They are generally [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] and often territorial, although a few species of sunbirds have [[Lek (biology)|lekking]] behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT5FAQAAIAAJ |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |date=2008 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-96553-45-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
The [[bird nest|nests]] of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed, suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb. The nests of the spiderhunters are different, both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other. Some, like the [[little spiderhunter]], are small woven cups attached to the underside of large leaves; that of the [[yellow-eared spiderhunter]] is similarly attached but is a long tube. The nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous, in contrast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible. In most species the female alone constructs the nest. Up to four eggs are laid. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone, although the male assists in rearing the nestlings.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Lindsey, Terence|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 207|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> In the spiderhunters both sexes help to incubate the eggs.<ref name=EoB/> The nests of sunbirds and spiderhunters are often targeted by [[brood parasite]]s such as [[cuckoo]]s and [[honeyguide]]s.<br />
<br />
=== Pollination ===<br />
[[File:Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius Male DSCN0107 (7).jpg|thumb|Sunbird drinking nectar from typical bird-pollinated flower]]<br />
As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important [[pollinator]]s in African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many [[hummingbird]]-pollinated flowers in the Americas.<ref name=Bruneau1997>{{Cite journal|last=Bruneau|first=A. |date=1997 |title=Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=84|issue=1|pages=54–71 |doi=10.2307/2445883 |jstor=2445883 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1997AmJB...84...54B }}</ref> A key difference is that sunbirds cannot hover, so sunbird-pollinated flowers and [[inflorescence]]s are typically sturdier than hummingbird-pollinated flowers, with an appropriate landing spot from which the bird can feed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=S. C. H. |last2=Cole |first2=W. W. |last3=Anderson |first3=B. |date=2005 |title=Botany: Specialized bird perch aids cross-pollination|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7038 |pages=41–42 |doi=10.1038/435041a|pmid=15875009 |bibcode=2005Natur.435...41A|s2cid=25020534}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Siegfried|first1=W. R. |last2=Rebelo|first2=A. G. |last3=Prŷs-Jones |first3=R. P. |last4=Prys-Jones |first4=R. P. |date=1985|title=Stem Thickness of Erica Plants in Relation to Avian Pollination|journal=Oikos|volume=45|issue=1|pages=153 |doi=10.2307/3565234|jstor=3565234|bibcode=1985Oikos..45..153S}}</ref> Sunbirds are critical pollinators for many iconic African plants, including [[protea]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hargreaves|first1=A. L. |last2=Johnson|first2=S. D.|last3=Nol |first3=E. |date=2004 |title=Do floral syndromes predict specialization in plant pollination systems? An experimental test in an "ornithophilous" African Protea|journal=Oecologia|volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=295–301|doi=10.1007/s00442-004-1495-5|pmid=15168105 |bibcode=2004Oecol.140..295H|s2cid=24426457}}</ref> [[aloe]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ratsirarson|first=J. |date=1995 |title=Pollination ecology of Aloe divaricata, Berger (Liliaceae): an endemic plant species of south-west Madagascar|journal=South African Journal of Botany|volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=249–252 |doi=10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30531-7 |doi-access=free|bibcode=1995SAJB...61..249R }}</ref> ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]'',<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Erythrina]]'' coral trees,<ref name=Bruneau1997/> and [[Strelitzia]] flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frost|first1=S. K. |last2=Frost|first2=P. G. H. |date=1981|title=Sunbird pollination of Strelitzia nicolai|journal=Oecologia|volume=49|issue=3|pages=379–384 |doi=10.1007/BF00347603|pmid=28310001|issn=0029-8549|bibcode=1981Oecol..49..379F|s2cid=11735363}}</ref> Specialization on sunbirds vs other pollinators is thought to have contributed to plant [[speciation]], including the exceptionally high floral diversity in southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valente|first1=L. M.|last2=Manning |first2=J. C. |last3=Goldblatt |first3=P. |last4=Vargas|first4=P. |date=2012 |title=Did Pollination Shifts Drive Diversification in Southern African Gladiolus? Evaluating the Model of Pollinator-Driven Speciation |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=83–98 |doi=10.1086/666003 |pmid=22673653 |bibcode=2012ANat..180...83V |s2cid=5989519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson, S. D.|date=2010 |title=The pollination niche and its role in the diversification and maintenance of the southern African flora |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=365|issue=1539 |pages=499–516 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0243 |pmc=2838267|pmid=20047876}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Relationship with humans==<br />
<br />
Seven species are considered to be [[threatened]] with [[extinction]].{{which|date=July 2025}} Most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat, and the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive. Sunbirds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them. There are a few negative interactions, for example the [[scarlet-chested sunbird]] is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic [[mistletoe]]s.<ref name="HBW"/><br />
<br />
==List of genera==<br />
The family contains 152 species divided into 16 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/dippers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 March 2025 }}</ref> For more detail, see [[list of sunbird species]].<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Image !! Genus !! Species<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Ruby-cheeked Sunbird(1).jpg|150px]]<br />
||''[[Chalcoparia]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||<br />
* ''[[Chalcoparia singalensis]]'' ([[monotypic]]) – ruby-cheeked sunbird<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Anthreptes fraseri Keulemans.jpg|150px]]<br />
||''[[Deleornis]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1977}} ||<br />
* [[Fraser's sunbird]], ''Deleornis fraseri''<br />
* [[Grey-headed sunbird]], ''Deleornis axillaris''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Brown-throated Sunbird.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anthreptes]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1832}} ||<br />
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=15 species: |<br />
| [[Plain-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes reichenowi''<br />
| [[Anchieta's sunbird]], ''Anthreptes anchietae''<br />
| [[Plain sunbird]], ''Anthreptes simplex''<br />
| [[Brown-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes malacensis''<br />
| [[Grey-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes griseigularis''<br />
| [[Red-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rhodolaemus''<br />
| [[Mangrove sunbird]], ''Anthreptes gabonicus''<br />
| [[Western violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes longuemarei''<br />
| [[Eastern violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes orientalis''<br />
| [[Uluguru violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes neglectus''<br />
| [[Violet-tailed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes aurantius''<br />
| [[Little green sunbird]], ''Anthreptes seimundi''<br />
| [[Yellow-chinned sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rectirostris''<br />
|[[Grey-chinned sunbird]], ''Anthreptes tephrolaemus''<br />
| [[Banded green sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rubritorques''<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Pygmy Sunbird - Gambia (32608949436).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Hedydipna]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||<br />
* [[Collared sunbird]], ''Hedydipna collaris''<br />
* [[Pygmy sunbird]], ''Hedydipna platura''<br />
* [[Nile Valley sunbird]], ''Hedydipna metallica''<br />
* [[Amani sunbird]], ''Hedydipna pallidigaster''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:São Tomé sunbird (Anabathmis newtonii) male.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anabathmis]]'' {{small|Reichenow, 1905}} ||<br />
* [[Reichenbach's sunbird]], ''Anabathmis reichenbachii''<br />
* [[Príncipe sunbird]], ''Anabathmis hartlaubii''<br />
* [[Newton's sunbird]], ''Anabathmis newtonii''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Dreptes thomensis 12933301 (cropped).jpg|150px]]<br />
||''[[Dreptes]]'' {{small|Illiger, 1811}} ||<br />
* ''[[Dreptes thomensis]]'' (monotypic) – giant sunbird<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Orange-breasted sunbird på Leucadendron strobilinum - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anthobaphes]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||<br />
* ''[[Anthobaphes violacea]]'' (monotypic) – orange-breasted sunbird<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Green-headed sunbird (Cyanomitra verticalis) female.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Cyanomitra]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1853}} ||<br />
* [[Green-headed sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra verticalis''<br />
* [[Bannerman's sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra bannermani''<br />
* [[Blue-throated brown sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra cyanolaema''<br />
* [[Cameroon sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra oritis''<br />
* [[Blue-headed sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra alinae''<br />
* [[Olive sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra olivacea''<br />
* [[Grey sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra veroxii''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Hunters Sunbird RWD3d, crop.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Chalcomitra]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1853}} ||<br />
* [[Buff-throated sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra adelberti''<br />
* [[Carmelite sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra fuliginosa''<br />
* [[Green-throated sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra rubescens''<br />
* [[Amethyst sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra amethystina''<br />
* [[Scarlet-chested sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra senegalensis''<br />
* [[Hunter's sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra hunteri''<br />
* [[Socotra sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra balfouri''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Irdsb 09201.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Leptocoma]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||<br />
* [[Purple-rumped sunbird]], ''Leptocoma zeylonica''<br />
* [[Crimson-backed sunbird]], ''Leptocoma minima''<br />
* [[Purple-throated sunbird]], ''Leptocoma sperata''<br />
* [[Van Hasselt's sunbird]], ''Leptocoma brasiliana''<br />
* [[Black sunbird]], ''Leptocoma aspasia''<br />
* [[Copper-throated sunbird]], ''Leptocoma calcostetha''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Malachite Sunbird, Nectarinia famosa, male at Kirstenbosch (8237798993).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Nectarinia]]'' {{small|Illiger, 1811}} ||<br />
* [[Bocage's sunbird]], ''Nectarinia bocagii''<br />
* [[Purple-breasted sunbird]], ''Nectarinia purpureiventris''<br />
* [[Tacazze sunbird]], ''Nectarinia tacazze''<br />
* [[Bronze sunbird]], ''Nectarinia kilimensis''<br />
* [[Malachite sunbird]], ''Nectarinia famosa''<br />
* [[Scarlet-tufted sunbird]], ''Nectarinia johnstoni''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Golden-winged Sunbird (Drepanorhynchus reichenowi) (46533653022).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Drepanorhynchus]]'' {{small|Fischer & Reichenow, 1884}} ||<br />
* ''[[Drepanorhynchus reichenowi]]'' (monotypic) – golden-winged sunbird<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Loten sunbird by arshad ka.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Cinnyris]]'' {{small|Cuvier, 1816}} ||<br />
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=63 species: |<br />
| [[Olive-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chloropygius''<br />
| [[Tiny sunbird]], ''Cinnyris minullus''<br />
| [[Eastern miombo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris manoensis''<br />
| [[Western miombo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris gertrudis''<br />
| [[Southern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chalybeus''<br />
| [[Neergaard's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris neergaardi''<br />
| [[Rwenzori double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris stuhlmanni'' <br />
| [[Whyte's double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris whytei'' <br />
| [[Prigogine's double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris prigoginei'' <br />
| [[Ludwig's double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris ludovicensis''<br />
| [[Northern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris reichenowi''<br />
| [[Greater double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris afer''<br />
| [[Regal sunbird]], ''Cinnyris regius''<br />
| [[Rockefeller's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris rockefelleri''<br />
| [[Eastern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris mediocris''<br />
| [[Usambara double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris usambaricus'' <br />
| [[Forest double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris fuelleborni''<br />
| [[Moreau's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris moreaui''<br />
| [[Beautiful sunbird]], ''Cinnyris pulchellus''<br />
| [[Loveridge's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris loveridgei''<br />
| [[Marico sunbird]], ''Cinnyris mariquensis''<br />
| [[Shelley's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris shelleyi''<br />
| [[Congo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris congensis''<br />
| [[Red-chested sunbird]], ''Cinnyris erythrocercus''<br />
| [[Black-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris nectarinioides''<br />
| [[Purple-banded sunbird]], ''Cinnyris bifasciatus''<br />
| [[Tsavo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris tsavoensis'' <br />
| [[Violet-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chalcomelas''<br />
| [[Pemba sunbird]], ''Cinnyris pembae''<br />
| [[Orange-tufted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris bouvieri''<br />
| [[Palestine sunbird]], ''Cinnyris osea''<br />
| [[Arabian sunbird]], ''Cinnyris hellmayri''<br />
| [[Shining sunbird]], ''Cinnyris habessinicus''<br />
| [[Splendid sunbird]], ''Cinnyris coccinigastrus''<br />
| [[Johanna's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris johannae''<br />
| [[Superb sunbird]], ''Cinnyris superbus''<br />
| [[Rufous-winged sunbird]], ''Cinnyris rufipennis''<br />
| [[Oustalet's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris oustaleti''<br />
| [[White-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris talatala''<br />
| [[Variable sunbird]], ''Cinnyris venustus''<br />
| [[Dusky sunbird]], ''Cinnyris fuscus''<br />
| [[Ursula's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris ursulae''<br />
| [[Bates's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris batesi''<br />
| [[Copper sunbird]], ''Cinnyris cupreus''<br />
| [[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''<br />
| [[Olive-backed sunbird]], ''Cinnyris jugularis''<br />
| [[Apricot-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris buettikoferi''<br />
| [[Flame-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris solaris''<br />
| [[Souimanga sunbird]], ''Cinnyris sovimanga'' <br />
| [[Seychelles sunbird]], ''Cinnyris dussumieri''<br />
| [[Malagasy green sunbird]], ''Cinnyris notatus''<br />
| [[Humblot's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris humbloti''<br />
| [[Anjouan sunbird]], ''Cinnyris comorensis''<br />
| [[Mayotte sunbird]], ''Cinnyris coquerellii''<br />
| [[Loten's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris lotenius''<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Fire-tailed-Sunbird East Sikkim India 12.05.2014.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Aethopyga]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||<br />
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=22 species: |<br />
| [[Grey-hooded sunbird]], ''Aethopyga primigenia''<br />
| [[Apo sunbird]], ''Aethopyga boltoni''<br />
| [[Lina's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga linaraborae''<br />
| [[Flaming sunbird]], ''Aethopyga flagrans''<br />
| [[Maroon-naped sunbird]], ''Aethopyga guimarasensis''<br />
| [[Metallic-winged sunbird]], ''Aethopyga pulcherrima''<br />
| [[Luzon sunbird]], ''Aethopyga jefferyi''<br />
| [[Bohol sunbird]], ''Aethopyga decorosa''<br />
| [[Elegant sunbird]], ''Aethopyga duyvenbodei''<br />
| [[Lovely sunbird]], ''Aethopyga shelleyi''<br />
| [[Handsome sunbird]], ''Aethopyga bella''<br />
| [[Mrs. Gould's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga gouldiae''<br />
| [[Green-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga nipalensis''<br />
| [[White-flanked sunbird]], ''Aethopyga eximia''<br />
| [[Fork-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga christinae''<br />
| [[Black-throated sunbird]], ''Aethopyga saturata''<br />
| [[Crimson sunbird]], ''Aethopyga siparaja''<br />
| [[Magnificent sunbird]] ''Aethopyga magnifica'' <br />
| [[Vigors's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga vigorsii''<br />
| [[Javan sunbird]], ''Aethopyga mystacalis''<br />
| [[Temminck's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga temminckii'' <br />
| [[Fire-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga ignicauda''<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Purple-naped Sunbird (15026356712).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Kurochkinegramma]]'' {{small|Kashain, 1978}} ||<br />
* ''[[Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum]]'' (monotypic) – purple-naped spiderhunter<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SpiderhunterSabah.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Arachnothera]]'' {{small|Temminck, 1826}} ||<br />
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=13 species: |<br />
| [[Little spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera longirostra''<br />
| [[Orange-tufted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera flammifera'' <br />
| [[Pale spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera dilutior'' <br />
| [[Thick-billed spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera crassirostris''<br />
| [[Long-billed spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera robusta''<br />
| [[Spectacled spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera flavigaster''<br />
| [[Yellow-eared spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera chrysogenys''<br />
| [[Naked-faced spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera clarae''<br />
| [[Grey-breasted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera modesta'' <br />
| [[Streaky-breasted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera affinis''<br />
| [[Bornean spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera everetti'' <br />
| [[Streaked spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera magna''<br />
| [[Whitehead's spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera juliae''<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/sunbirds-nectariniidae Sunbird videos] on the Internet Bird Collection<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q208221}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nectariniidae]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehtab_Singh_(politician)&diff=517325Mehtab Singh (politician)2025-09-16T18:06:25Z<p>BeauGleason6763: Bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mehtab Singh<br />
| image = Mehtab Singh, Sardar Bahadur.jpg<br />
| birth_date = 1879<br />
| birth_place = [[Hadali]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| death_date = 23 May 1938<br />
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<br />
| office = [[President of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]<ref>[https://sgpcamritsar.org/sgpc-presidents.php SGPC former Presidents]. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</ref><br />
| term = 16 July 1922 - 27 April 1925<br />
| predecessor = Sundar Singh Ramgarhya<br />
| successor = [[Mangal Singh]]<br />
| office1 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Punjab Legislative Council (1921-1936)|Deputy President of Punjab Legislative Council]]<ref>The Punjab Parliamentarians 1897-2013, Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Lahore - Pakistan, 2015</ref><br />
| term1 = 23 February 1921 - 24 October 1921<br />
| predecessor1 = ''Post Established''<br />
| successor1 = [[Manohar Lal (economist)|Manohar Lal]]<br />
| relations = Hazur Singh (father)<br> Karam Kaur (mother)<br>Sardar Bahadur Sujan Singh (uncle)<br>[[Ujjal Singh|Governor Ujjal Singh]] (cousin)<br>[[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sardar Bahadur Sir Sobha Singh]] (cousin)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mehtab Singh''' (1879–1938) was a lawyer, freedom fighter and legislator who became closely associated with [[Akali movement|Gurudwara Reform movement]] and later became the president of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]].<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Mehtab Singh born on 1879 in Hadali, Shahpur District now in [[Pakistan]]. His father Hazur Singh died when Mehtab Singh was four years old. He had his early education at village school and passed the Entrance examination for [[Central Model School, Lahore|Central Model School]], [[Lahore]], in 1895. He was related to Sardar Sujan Singh, [[Ujjal Singh|Sardar Ujjal Singh]] and [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]] as they were cousins, he was the one who introduced Ujjal Singh to Sikh politics, who later became the Governor of Punjab and Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
Then he proceeded to [[England]] where he studied law. He returned to [[British India]] in 1898 as [[Barrister]] at Law. He was appointed government pleader at [[Ferozpur]] and then transferred to Lahore. He was honoured by the Government with the titles of Sardar Sahib in 1915 and Sardar Bahadur in 1918.<ref>[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=1549&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=0 Akali Lehar de Mahan Neta] (Punjabi). Book by [[Partap Singh|Partap Singh, Giani]] 1976.</ref><br />
<br />
==Freedom Struggle==<br />
In 1921 he became the member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]] and then became its vice president but he resigned from both vice presidency and membership of the council on 11 November 1921, as a protest against British Government for taking away the keys of [[Harimandir Sahib]] treasury and he plunged into the Gurdwara Reform Movement.<br />
<br />
On 26 November 1921, was arrested at [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]] in an Akali Diwan on the charge of making a seditious speech and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment, with a fine of Rs. 1000. In the absence of [[Baba Kharak Singh]] in jail, Mehtab Singh acted as President of Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee. He was again arrested in the [[Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh]] agitation in 1922. In October 1923 when SGPC and SAD were declared unlawful organisations, he again with other leaders detained. He was one of the Seven delegates of All Parties Conference at Delhi on 24 February 1928.<ref>[https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/All_Parties_Conference_1928 All Parties Conference 1928]. ''www.sikhwiki.org''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
At All Parties Convention at [[Calcutta]] on 28 and 29 December 1928, he strongly opposed the views of [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]]. He was the president of the committee for the notified [[Sikh]] [[Gurdwara]]s at [[Nankana Sahib]] from 1933 to 1936.<br />
<br />
Mehtab Singh died of Heart attack on 23 May 1938.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1879 births]]<br />
[[Category:1938 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Sikh politics]]<br />
[[Category:Sardar Bahadurs]]<br />
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]<br />
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadepalli_mandal,_Guntur_district&diff=539256Tadepalli mandal, Guntur district2025-07-20T18:08:27Z<p>BeauGleason6763: creating new place initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Tadepalli (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tadepalli mandal<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = File:Tadepalle mandal in Guntur district.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Mandal map of Guntur district showing <br/> Tadepalli mandal (in green)<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16|28|49|N|80|37|07|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]<br />
| seat = [[Tadepalli, Guntur district|Tadepalli]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| parts = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = M.Sivaramakrishna<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 61.76<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 99428<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=625857|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = AP<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Tadepalli mandal''' is one of the 18 [[mandal]]s in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tenali revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Tadepalli, Guntur District|Tadepalli]] town.<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Guntur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=11 February 2015|pages=63,107|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Administrative divisions of Guntur district |url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/ataglance.pdf|publisher=guntur.nic.in |accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref> The mandal is situated on the banks of [[Krishna River]], bounded by [[Thullur]] and [[Mangalagiri]] mandals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Guntur district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=8 August 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428070826/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html|archivedate=28 April 2015}}</ref> from the mandal are under the jurisdiction of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurisdiction of Andhra Pradesh Capital City|url=https://andhranation.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/ap-capital-area-village-names.pdf|website=Andhra Nation|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department|accessdate=9 February 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074737/https://andhranation.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/ap-capital-area-village-names.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 99,428. The total population constitute, 49,662 males and 49,766 females —a sex ratio of 1002 females per 1000 males. 10,456 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 5,336 are boys and 5,120 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 75.06% with 66,781 literates.<ref name=population /><br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
The three villages namely, Undavalli, Penumaka, a portion of [[Tadepalli, Guntur District|Tadepalli]] municipality covering Nulakapet, Dolas Nagar etc. forms part of the new [[Amaravati (state capital)|Amaravati]] and the mandal is a part of [[Andhra Pradesh capital region]], under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 September 2015|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015}}</ref> The mandal is under the control of a [[tahsildar]] and the present tahsildar is M.Sivaramakrishna.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|website=Guntur District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 September 2014|page=1}}</ref> Tadepalli mandals one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|3 mandals]] under [[Mangalagiri (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="delimitation">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf<br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=22 October 2014|page=22|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Villages Lists==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 9 settlements, which includes 2 towns, 1 out growth and 6 villages. [[Tadepalli, Guntur District|Tadepalli]] (M) and Vaddeswaram (CT) are the two towns and Undavalli (OG) is the out growth to [[Tadepalli, Guntur District|Tadepalli]] (M). Tadepalli (OG) is fully included in Tadepalli (M), while Vaddeswaram village is included in Vaddeswaram (CT). Undavalli (Rural) is fully included in Undavalli (OG).<ref name=map /><ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=8 August 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415192755/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|archivedate=15 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<br />
<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|<br />
#Chirravuru<br />
#Gundimeda<br />
#Ippatam<br />
#Praturu<br />
#[[Kolanukonda]]<br />
#[[Kunchanapalli]]<br />
#[[Penumaka]]<br />
#[[Mellempudi]]<br />
#[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]] (Corp)<br />
#Undavalli (OG)<br />
#[[Vaddeswaram]] (CT)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
;Notes<br />
:(M) denotes a [[Municipality]]<br />
:(CT) denotes a [[Census town]]<br />
:(Corp) denotes a [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
:(OG) denotes an [[Out Growth]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w |publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
<br />
The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archivedate=7 November 2016}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 11,466 students enrolled in over 71 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archivedate=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281739&mandalName=THADEPALLE|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#T|Villages in Tadepalli mandal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Tadepalle mandal<br />
|North = ''[[Krishna River]]''<br />
|Northeast =''[[Krishna River]]''<br />
|East = ''[[Krishna River]]''<br />
|Southeast =''[[Krishna River]]'' <br />
|South = [[Mangalagiri mandal]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Mangalagiri mandal]] <br />
|West = [[Mangalagiri mandal]]<br />
|Northwest = [[Thullur mandal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Guntur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Guntur district]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varun_Sood_(cricketer)&diff=543704Varun Sood (cricketer)2025-04-04T00:58:10Z<p>BeauGleason6763: creating new pg w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1990)}}<br />
{{for|the film actor|Varun Sood (actor)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Varun Sood (cricketer)<br />
| image = <br />
| country = India<br />
| fullname = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|10|12|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| heightft = <br />
| heightinch = <br />
| heightm = <br />
| batting = Left-handed<br />
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]<br />
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]<br />
| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br />
| year1 = 2012–2020<br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]<br />
| year2 = 2021-<br />
| clubnumber2 = <br />
| columns = 2<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 18<br />
| runs1 = 358<br />
| bat avg1 = 19.88<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br />
| top score1 = 41[[*|not out]]<br />
| deliveries1 = 3,109<br />
| wickets1 = 56<br />
| bowl avg1 = 24.16<br />
| fivefor1 = 1<br />
| tenfor1 = 1<br />
| best bowling1 = 6/43<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 25<br />
| runs2 = 121<br />
| bat avg2 = 12.10<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0<br />
| top score2 = 28<br />
| deliveries2 = 1,201<br />
| wickets2 = 34<br />
| bowl avg2 = 28.05<br />
| fivefor2 = 1<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| best bowling2 = 5/84<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 21<br />
| runs3 = 73<br />
| bat avg3 = 12.16<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0<br />
| top score3 = 28<br />
| deliveries3 = 432<br />
| wickets3 = 20<br />
| bowl avg3 = 23.65<br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| best bowling3 = 3/14<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 6/–<br />
| date = 8 October<br />
| year = 2019<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/554178.html Cricinfo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Varun Sood''' (born 12 October 1990) is an Indian cricketer who plays for [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] in Indian domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Sood Profile |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/player-profile/varun-sood/53985 |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> He is a [[slow left-arm orthodox]] bowler.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Bihan |date=20 December 2016 |title=IPL's big buy Pawan Negi's fall as sharp as his rise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-s-big-buy-pawan-negi-s-fall-as-sharp-as-his-rise/story-OA648O3nPPYvWJR12hCtDK.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sood took three wickets for Delhi in a warmup one-day match against ( England ).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{cricinfo|id=554178}}<br />
<br />
{{Delhi cricket squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Varun}}<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1990-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_Universities&diff=484894Agricultural Universities2025-02-22T10:24:22Z<p>BeauGleason6763: starting a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of educational institution}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}<br />
<br />
'''Agricultural Universities''' ('''AUs''') are mostly [[Public university|public universities]] in India that are engaged in [[teaching]], [[research]] and [[Agricultural extension|extension]] in [[agriculture]] and related disciplines. In India, [[agricultural education]] has evolved into a large and distinct domain, often separately from other areas of [[higher education]]. Many of these universities are member of a registered society, the [[Indian Agricultural Universities Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iauaindia.org|title=Indian Agricultural Universities Association|website=www.iauaindia.org}}</ref> [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] is the main [[regulatory authority]] of [[agricultural education]] in India, while the disciplines of [[veterinary medicine]] and [[forestry]] are regulated by the [[Veterinary Council of India]] and [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] respectively. Based on the statutes establishing these universities, agricultural universities in India can be grouped into various types.<br />
<br />
==State Agricultural Universities==<br />
State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) are the predominant class of agricultural universities in India. A SAU is usually a university established by an act of [[State legislature (India)|state legislature]] with a dedicated mandate of teaching, research and [[Agricultural extension|extension]] in agriculture and related disciplines.<br />
<br />
===History of SAUs===<br />
After [[Independence of India|Independence]], one of the greatest challenge before [[India]] was agriculture and [[rural development]]. This necessitated the availability of trained human resources in these areas. The first Education Commission of India (1949), headed by [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], recommended setting up rural universities in India on the American [[Land-grant university|land-grant]] model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/n/75/7Y/toc.htm |access-date=24 May 2012|title=Report of the University Education Commission <br />
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205003123/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/n/75/7Y/Toc.htm |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In the 1950s, [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] was already setting up specialized [[engineering]] universities – [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] – as [[Institutes of National Importance]]. However, the Parliament had limited mandate in establishing such specialized institutions for [[agricultural education]], despite the urgent need, as the [[Constitution of India]] had conferred the power to make laws in subjects of agriculture (including agricultural research and education) exclusively in the domain of the [[Federalism in India|states]].<br />
<br />
The state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP) took the first step for establishing an agricultural university in 1954, when it invited an Indo American team headed by Dr K R Damle, the Vice-President of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), to consider an area around Tarai State farm in [[Nainital district]] as a possible site for a rural university.<ref>Rudra 1978:390</ref> Encouraged by the favourable view of the Damle team, senior UP government officials H S Sandhu and A N Jha visited the [[United States]] to look for collaborations with US universities. In consultation with [[University of Illinois]] dean Dr H W Hannah, the state of UP presented a proposal to the [[central government]] in 1956 for establishing a land-grant style university. Thereafter, a contract was signed between the [[Government of India]], the Technical Cooperation Mission and a few US land-grant universities, to promote agricultural education in India.<ref>GOI Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs 1959 Report on the Indo-U.S. Technical Co-operation Programme. New Delhi: GOI, p.157</ref> The US universities included the [[University of Tennessee]], [[Ohio State University]], [[Kansas State University]], the University of Illinois, [[Pennsylvania State University]] and the [[University of Missouri]].<br />
<br />
The UP Act XI-V of 1958 – the founding legislative act for establishing an agricultural university – was promulgated by state legislature of UP. The task of mentoring the proposed university in UP was assigned to the University of Illinois, which signed a contract in 1959. Thus, the first state agricultural university of India, [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], was established in [[Pantnagar]] (then in [[Uttar Pradesh]], now in [[Uttarakhand]]). It was inaugurated by the first Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 17 November 1960. The model of establishing [[Pantnagar University]] paved the way for establishing state government supported dedicated universities for [[agricultural education]], i.e. SAUs, in India. There are 54 SAUs in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/|title=Welcome to ICAR &#124; भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Features of SAUs===<br />
SAUs are characterized by their triple mandate of teaching, research and agricultural extension. Since the initial SAUs were established with technical cooperation from [[United States]] [[Land-grant university|land-grant universities]], their academic programmes are strongly influenced by the American system and present a departure from the academic system prevailing in other general universities in India. The [[undergraduate degree]] programs of SAUs are of minimum four years' duration. Since their inception, SAUs have followed a [[Academic term|trimester]] or a [[semester]] system with credit-based, continuous evaluation on a 5-point or 10-point [[GPA]] scale. This is different from general universities, which usually follow a yearly term and [[percentage]] based end-session evaluation. As envisioned in ICAR's Model Act for Agricultural Universities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndri.res.in/ndri/Design/Revised%20Model%20Act%20.%2023rd%20Sept.,%202008.pdf |title=MODEL ACT FOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA (As revised in 2008) |date=6 August 2012 |work=Legislative bill |publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] |accessdate=6 August 2012 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> most SAUs are non-affiliating universities/ However, SAUs in states like [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chhattisgarh]] etc. have affiliated private agricultural colleges. SAUs also have territorial jurisdiction.<br />
<br />
==Deemed universities==<br />
[[Deemed universities]] are not established by an act of independent legislation, but declared to function as universities by Government of India under Section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act 1956. As per this section, "The Central Government may, on the advice of the Commission, declare by notification in the Official Gazette, that any institution for higher education, other than a University, shall be deemed to be a University for the purposes of this Act, and on such a declaration being made, all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such institution as if it were a University within the meaning of clause (f) of section 2".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/policy/ugc_act.pdf |title=UGC Act 1956 as Modified upto the 20th December 1985 and Rules and Regulations under the Act |year=2002 |access-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820215300/http://www.ugc.ac.in/policy/ugc_act.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, the provision of deemed universities enables the central government to incorporate an agricultural university without the need of Parliamentary legislation, thus circumventing the complexities of federal division for legislative powers, which has put agriculture in the [[state list]].<br />
<br />
There are seven AUs under the deemed university category, and a further proposal to establish six more deemed universities for agriculture in the [[12th Five Year Plan (Government of India)|12th Five-year plan]]. Most of these deemed universities are sponsored by [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) and have small academic programmes as compared to SAUs. A few of these universities, like [[Allahabad Agricultural Institute]] and [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], have contributed significantly to research in [[agricultural science]].<br />
<br />
==Central agricultural universities==<br />
Notwithstanding the limited power of the Indian Parliament for legislating on subjects of state list such as agriculture (including agricultural research and education), there are certain provisions in the [[Constitution of India]] which allows it to legislate on these matters in certain conditions, such as when the [[Rajya Sabha]] passes a resolution to this effect by two-thirds majority (Article 249) or when legislatures of two or more states pass a resolution to do so (Article 252) or to implement decisions taken in international conferences (Article 253).<br />
<br />
The [[Central Agricultural University]] at [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] was incorporated by an act of Parliament (No.4 of 1992) and caters to many states in [[Northeast India]]. So far, it is the only Central Agricultural University (CAU). There are proposals and demands to establish more CAUs.<br />
<br />
The [[Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University]] Bill was introduced in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 22 May 2012; it aims to incorporate a CAU at [[Jhansi]] catering to the [[Bundelkhand]] region spanning the two states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/asintroduced/Rani%20-E.pdf|title= Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Bill,2012 |date= 22 May 2012 |work= Legislative bill |publisher= [[Rajya Sabha]] |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Parliament passed the Finance Bill 2012–2013 for budgetary allocation for establishing a CAU in [[Bihar]].<ref>[http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2012-13/eb/sbe2.pdf Demand for Grants, DARE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106022422/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2012-13/eb/sbe2.pdf |date=6 November 2015 }} ''[[Government of India]]'', 7 June 2012</ref> <br />
On 11 May 2016 Parliament of India passed the Central University Bill. So RAU, Pusa has been upgraded to [[Central University (India)|Central University]] and named as [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rpcau.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DRPCAU_ACT.pdf|access-date=25 April 2023|title=The Gazette of India|year=2003|website=rpcau.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-okays-name-change-of-rajendra-central-agricultural-university/articleshow/53195324.cms | title=Cabinet okays name change of Rajendra Central Agricultural University | date=13 July 2016 | agency=Press Trust of India| newspaper=The Economic Times | accessdate=29 July 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chief Minister]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] has demanded setting up a CAU in [[Kalahandi Balangir Koraput Region]].<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/naveen-pitches-for-central-agriculture-varsity-in-orissa/467880/ Naveen pitches for central agriculture varsity in Orissa] ''[[Business Standard]]'', 16 March 2012</ref> The [[West Bengal]] government placed a proposal before the centre to set up a CAU at Goaltore in [[West Midnapore district]] on a {{convert|1000|acre|km2|adj=on}} land parcel.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130104021319/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5345906 Bengal awaits clearance for central agriculture university] ''[[MSN]]'', 6 August 2011</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the older SAUs, like [[Pantnagar University]] and [[Punjab Agricultural University]], are demanding to be converted into [[Central University, India|central universities]].<ref>[http://www.nainitalsamachar.in/central-university-pantnagar-and-visionless-politics/ Central University Pantnagar and visionless politics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928022420/http://www.nainitalsamachar.in/central-university-pantnagar-and-visionless-politics/ |date=28 September 2010 }} ''Nainital Samachar (Hindi)'', 15 January 2010</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130122231541/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/after-pu-pau-pitches-for-central-university-status/356712/ CAfter PU, PAU pitches for central university status] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 3 September 2008</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of agricultural universities in India]]<br />
* [[List of universities in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India| ]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atinderpal_Singh&diff=488210Atinderpal Singh2025-02-13T19:31:58Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Member of the Lok Sabha}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Atinderpal Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|03|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Shahabad Markanda]], [[East Punjab]], [[Dominion of India|India]] <br />(now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 2 December 1989<br />
| term_end = 13 March 1991<br />
| predecessor = [[Charanjit Singh Walia]]<br />
| successor = [[Ram Singla]]<br />
| constituency = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| spouse = Kamaljit Kaur<br />
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3238.htm<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Singh in 2023<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Atinderpal Singh''' also known as '''Atinder Pal Singh''' (born 30 March 1957) is a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[politician]], [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] advocate and a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of the Parliament, Lok Sabha]] representing the constituency of [[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]] between 2 December 1989 to 13 March 1991 (1 year and 3 months). He was elected to Lok Sabha, lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYemzz9oXYsC&dq=Atinder+Pal+Singh&pg=PA402 | title=Terrorism, World Under Siege | publisher=Nataraj Books | author=S. K. Ghosh | year=2005 | pages=402| isbn=9788170246657 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xH3p7kV97AC&dq=Atinder+Pal+Singh&pg=PA123 | title=Akali Dal in Punjab Politics: Splits and Mergers | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | author=Dr. Kuldeep Kaur | year=1999 | pages=123| isbn=9788176291286 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-mp-booked-for-sedition/articleshow/7584373.cms | title=Former MP booked for sedition | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 February 2011 | accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiNn-ozTG1kC&q=Atinder+Pal+Singh | title=The Illustrated Weekly of India | publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press | date=1990 | accessdate=20 September 2021 | pages=43}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3238.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Atinder Pal}}<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{PunjabIN-politician-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siliguri_subdivision&diff=465687Siliguri subdivision2024-12-13T04:03:34Z<p>BeauGleason6763: adjust citations per standard format and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Siliguri subdivision<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <!-- optional --><br />
| settlement_type = Subdivision<br />
| image_skyline = File:Siliguri (subdivision) in Darjeeling (West Bengal).svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left/right --><br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.72|N|88.41|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Siliguri]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Municipal Corporation (urban) <br /> Mahakuma Parisad (rural)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| website = {{URL|www.siliguri.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Siliguri subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Subdivisions==<br />
Darjeeling district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 25 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 16 January 2020}}</ref><br />
[[File:Darjeeling Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Subdivision ||Headquarters||<br />Area<br />km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br />(2011) ||Rural %<br />(2011)||Urban % <br />(2011)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]]||[[Darjeeling]]|| align="right" |921.68|| align="right" |429,391|| align="center" |61.00|| align="center" |39.00<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]]||[[Kurseong]]|| align="right" |377.35|| align="right" |136,793|| align="center" |58.41|| align="center" |41.59<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mirik subdivision|Mirik]]||[[Mirik]]|| align="right" |125.68|| align="right" |57,887|| align="center" |80.11|| align="center" |19.89<br />
|-<br />
|Siliguri||[[Siliguri]]|| align="right" |802.01|| align="right" |971,120|| align="center" |55.11|| align="center" |44.89<br />
|-<br />
|[[Darjeeling district]]||[[Darjeeling]]|| align="right" |2,226.72|| align="right" |1,595,191|| align="center" |57.89|| align="center" |42.11<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=380| height=250| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|26|44|0|N|88|22|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the North-eastern portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district'''<br />CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, MC: municipal corporation, F: facilities<br />Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden, Jn RS for Junction Railway Station<br />New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station is in Jalpaiguri district<br />Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|41|30|N|88|22|25|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Bara Mohansingh| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Bara Mohansingh]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|42|20|N|88|19|30|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Bairatisal | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bairatisal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|42|51|N|88|22|20|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3= Jitu | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Jitu, Siliguri]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|45|30|N|88|25|6|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4= Kalkut | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kalkut, Siliguri]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|42|10|N|88|24|30|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5= Mathapari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mathapari]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|44|10|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6= Tari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Tari, Siliguri]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|44|0|N|88|24|0|E}}| label-pos7=right |label7=Siliguri| numbered7=MC| mark-title7= [[Siliguri]] (M)| shape-color7=#800000<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|43|30|N|88|23|18|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Matigarahat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Matigarahat]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|7|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9= Mohorgon TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mohorgon Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|42|50|N|88|21|14|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= University of North Bengal| numbered10=F| mark-title10= [[University of North Bengal]] (F) |shape-color10=#967117<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= North Bengal Medical College| numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[North Bengal Medical College]] (F) |shape-color11=#967117<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|40|25|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= New Jalpaiguri Jn RS| numbered12=F| mark-title12= [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] (F) |shape-color12=#967117<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|45|10|N|88|19|10|E}}|label13= Balason River| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=45| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13=none<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|24|40|E}}|label14= Mahananda |labela14 = River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=40| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none}}<br />
<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=350| height=270| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|26|38|20|N|88|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the south-western portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district'''<br />CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities<br />Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|42|40|N|88|19|34|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Dumriguri| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Dumriguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|30|N|88|11|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhimram | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhimram]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|40|0|N|88|18|40|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Dakshin|labela3= Bagdogra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dakshin Bagdogra]]<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|40|20|N|88|12|35|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4= Geni | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Geni, Siliguri]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|33|43|N|88|11|22|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5= Kharibari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kharibari]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6= Lalman | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Lalman]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|35|42|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Shyamdhan | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Shyamdhan]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Uttar Bagdogra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Uttar Bagdogra]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|40|55|N|88|19|5|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Bagdogra| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Bagdogra]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|40|N|88|18|22|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Bengdubi| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bengdubi]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|40|15|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11= Naxalbari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Naxalbari]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|10|12|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= Panitanki| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Panitanki]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|35|10|N|88|22|16|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Phansidewa| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Phansidewa, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|36|40|N|88|10|49|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Batasi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Batasi]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|40|10|N|88|19|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bagdogra Airport| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Bagdogra Airport]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|44|20|N|88|12|20|E}}|label16= Mechi| labela16= River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-80| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|45|40|N|88|16|30|E}}|label17= Balason River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=30| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|25|30|E}}|label18= Mahananda |labela18 = River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-70| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|29|30|N|88|22|0|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=3.0| arc-radiusB=0.4}}<br />
<br />
==Police stations==<br />
Police stations in the Siliguri subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html |title = District Profile - Darjeeling| publisher= District administration | accessdate =22 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="admin"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Police Station ||Area covered<br />km<sup>2</sup> ||International border<br />||Inter-state border<br />km||Municipal Town || CD block<br />
|-<br />
|[[Naxalbari#Police station|Naxalbari]]||n/a|| * || - || - ||[[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kharibari#Police station|Kharibari]]||n/a|| * || ** || - ||[[Kharibari (community development block)|Kharibari]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Phansidewa, Darjeeling#Police station|Phansidewa]]||n/a|| * || - || - ||[[Phansidewa]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Matigarahat#Police station|Matigara]]||n/a/|| - || - || - ||[[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Uttar Bagdogra#Police station|Bagdogra]]||n/a|| - || - ||[[Siliguri]]|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Siliguri#Police stations|Pradhan Nagar]]||n/a|| - || - ||[[Siliguri]]|| - <br />
|-<br />
|[[Siliguri#Police stations|Siliguri]]||n/a|| - || - ||[[Siliguri]]|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Siliguri#Police stations|Siliguri Women]]||n/a|| - || - ||[[Siliguri]]|| -<br />
|}<br />
.* The total length of border with Nepal (Mechi River) is {{convert|101.02|km|abbr=on}}. The total length ofborder with Bangladesh (Mahananda River) is {{convert|19.32|km|abbr=on}}.<br />
.**The total length of border with Bihar is {{convert|48.30|km|abbr=on}}<br />
<br />
==Gram panchayats==<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s in Siliguri subdivision are :<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/misc/District-Detail.pdf | title = Egiye Bangla Darjeeling | work= Miscellaneous - District Detail| publisher = District administration|accessdate = 25 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]] block consists of 6 gram panchayats, viz. [[Naxalbari]], Gossaipur, Hatighisa, Maniram, [[Uttar Bagdogra]] and [[Dakshin Bagdogra]].<br />
*[[Phansidewa (community development block)|Phansidewa]] block consists of 7 gram panchayats, viz. Phansidewa-Bansgoan, Chathat-Bansgaon, Bidhannagar-I, Bidhannagar-II, Ghospukur, Jalas-Nijamtara, and Hetmuri-Singhijhora.<br />
*[[Kharibari (community development block)|Kharibari]] block consists of 4 gram panchayats, viz. Kharibari-Panishali, Raniganj-Panishali, Binnabari, and Buraganj.<br />
*[[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]] block consist of 5 gram panchayats, viz. Atharakhai, Patharghata, Matigara I, Matigara II and Champasari.<br />
<br />
==Blocks==<br />
Community development blocks in Siliguri subdivision are:<ref name="handbook"/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 12 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
[[File:Darjeeling Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! CD block ||Headquarters||Area<br />km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br />(2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy<br /> Rate %||Census<br />Towns<br />
|-<br />
|[[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]]||[[Naxalbari]]||181.88||165,523||26.78||19.57||75.47||6<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kharibari (community development block)|Kharibari]]||[[Kharibari]]||144.88||109,251||53.61||19.46||67.37||2<br />
|-<br />
|[[Phansidewa]]||[[Phansidewa, Darjeeling|Phansidewa]]||312.15||204,522||29.68||30.61||64.46|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]]||[[Bairatisal]]||143.00||197,278||35.75||13.42||74.76||6<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Pie chart <br />
|thumb = right <br />
|caption = Religion in Siliguri sub-division (2011)<br />
<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
|value1 = 82.78<br />
|color1 = Orange<br />
|label2 = [[Islam]]<br />
|value2 = 9.42<br />
|color2 = Green<br />
|label3 = [[Christianity]]<br />
|value3 = 6.33<br />
|color3 = Blue<br />
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]<br />
|value4 = 0.78<br />
|color4 = Yellow<br />
|label5 = Others <br />
|value5 = 0.69<br />
|color5 = Maroon}}<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 803,888 and formed 82.78% of the population. Muslims numbered 91,478 and formed 9.42% of the population. Christians numbered 61,477 and formed 6.33% of the population. Buddhists numbered 7,534 and formed 0.78% of the population. Others numbered 6,733 and formed 0.69% of the population.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Darjeeling district, with data for the year 2012-13.<ref name="education">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 4.4 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"<br />
|-<br />
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision<br />
!colspan="2"|Primary<br />School<br />
!colspan="2"|Middle<br />School<br />
!colspan="2"|High<br />School<br />
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary<br />School<br />
!colspan="2"|General<br />College, Univ<br />
!colspan="2"|Technical /<br />Professional Instt<br />
!colspan="2"|Non-formal<br />Education<br />
|-<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br /><br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]]<br />
|align="center"|579<br />
|align="center"|37,345<br />
|align="center"|28<br />
|align="center"|8,019<br />
|align="center"|37<br />
|align="center"|22,579<br />
|align="center"|23<br />
|align="center"|16,492<br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|align="center"|9,510<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|1,095<br />
|align="center"|1,142<br />
|align="center"|28,425<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]]<br />
|align="center"|218<br />
|align="center"|13,031<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|721<br />
|align="center"|28<br />
|align="center"|10,596<br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|align="center"|7,783<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|2,034<br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|align="center"|866<br />
|align="center"|367<br />
|align="center"|14,261<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Mirik subdivision|Mirik]]<br />
|align="center"|78<br />
|align="center"|7,211<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|919<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|2,131<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|2,127<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|715<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|309<br />
|align="center"|20,265<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Siliguri<br />
|align="center"|676<br />
|align="center"|79,713<br />
|align="center"|30<br />
|align="center"|8,585<br />
|align="center"|46<br />
|align="center"|23,903<br />
|align="center"|67<br />
|align="center"|100,845<br />
|align="center"|10<br />
|align="center"|13,398<br />
|align="center"|13<br />
|align="center"|3,161<br />
|align="center"|1,793<br />
|align="center"|96,766<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district]]<br />
|align="center"|1,551<br />
|align="center"|137,300<br />
|align="center"|64<br />
|align="center"|18,244<br />
|align="center"|117<br />
|align="center"|59,290<br />
|align="center"|101<br />
|align="center"|127,247<br />
|align="center"|19<br />
|align="center"|25,657<br />
|align="center"|23<br />
|align="center"|5,122<br />
|align="center"|3,611<br />
|align="center"|159,717<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<small>Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name="education"/></small><br />
<br />
===Educational institutions===<br />
The following institutions are located in Siliguri subdivision:<br />
*[[University of North Bengal]] was established at Raja Rammohunpur in 1962.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nbu.ac.in/ | title = University of North Bengal | publisher = NBU |accessdate = 24 February 2020}}</ref><br />
*[[Siliguri College]] was established in 1950 at [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://siliguricollege.org.in/ |title = Siliguri College |publisher= SC | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Siliguri Mahila Mahavidyalaya|Siliguri Mahila Mahabidyalaya]] was established at Siiguri in 1981.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.smm.ac.in/ |title = Siliguri Mahila Mahabidyalaya|publisher= Siliguri Mahila Mahabidyalaya | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College]] was established in 2010 at Siliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.apcrgc.org/ |title = Achaya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College |publisher= APCRGC | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Siliguri College of Commerce]] was established at Siliguri in 1962.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://siliguricollegeofcommerce.org/ |title = Siliguri College of Commerce | publisher= SCC | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2008 at Siliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://munshipremchand.in/ |title = Munshi Premchand Mahaviyalaya |publisher= MPM | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Gyan Jyoti College]] was established in 2005 at Siliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://gyanjyoticollege.in/about-gyan-jyoti-college/ |title = Gyan Jyoti College |publisher= GJC | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Uttar Bagdogra]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kgtm.in/index.php | title = Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya| publisher = KGTM|accessdate = 24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/kalipada-ghosh-tarai-mahavidyalaya-bagdogra | title = Kalipada Ghosh Tarai Mahavidyalaya| publisher = Careers360 |accessdate = 24 February 2020}}</ref><br />
*[[Nakshalbari College]] was established in 2008 at [[Naxalbari]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://nakshalbaricollege.com/ |title = Nakshalbari College |publisher= NC | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[Indian Institute of Legal Studies]] was established in 2009 at Siliguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.iilsindia.com/ |title = Indian Institute of Legal Studies |publisher= IILS | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*[[North Bengal Medical College]] was established in 1968 at Shushrut Nagar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://nbmch.org/index.html |title = North Bengal Medical College and Hospital | publisher= NBMCH | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref> <br />
*[[North Bengal Dental College]] was established in 1990 at Shushrut Nagar.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://wbuhs.ac.in/Affiliated%20Courses/north-bengal-dental-college-and-hospital/ |title = North Bengal Dental College |publisher= WBUHS | accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2013 in Darjeeling district, with data for the year 2012-13.:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"<br />
|-<br />
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision<br />
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB<br />
<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other<br />State<br />Govt<br />Deptts<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local<br />bodies<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central<br />Govt<br />Deptts /<br />PSUs<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO /<br />Private<br />Nursing<br />Homes<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br />Number<br />of<br />Beds<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br />Number<br />of<br />Doctors*<br />
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor<br />Patients<br />
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor<br />Patients<br />
|-<br />
!width="40"|Hospitals<br /><br />
!width="40"|Rural<br />Hospitals<br /><br />
!width="40"|Block<br />Primary<br />Health<br />Centres<br /><br />
!width="40"|Primary<br />Health<br />Centres<br /><br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]]<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|16<br />
|align="center"|729<br />
|align="center"|32<br />
|align="center"|22,584<br />
|align="center"|149,465<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]]<br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|align="center"|554<br />
|align="center"|22<br />
|align="center"|9,097<br />
|align="center"|132,488<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Mirik subdivision|Mirik]]<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|0<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|align="center"|42<br />
|align="center"|44<br />
|align="center"|2,354<br />
|align="center"|57,243<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Siliguri<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|align="center"| 1<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| 4<br />
|align="center"|47<br />
|align="center"|63<br />
|align="center"|1,146<br />
|align="center"|168<br />
|align="center"|133,086<br />
|align="center"|1,738,671<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district]]<br />
|align="center"|10<br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|16<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|5<br />
|align="center"|50<br />
|align="center"|92<br />
|align="center"|2,471<br />
|align="center"|266<br />
|align="center"|167,121<br />
|align="center"|1,738.671<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<small>.* Excluding nursing homes.</small><br />
<br />
===Medical facilities===<br />
Medical facilities in Siliguri subdivision are as follows:<br />
<br />
'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds) <ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 27 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
*North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Shushrut Nagar, 589 beds<br />
*North Bengal Dental College, Shushrut Nagar (OPD only)<br />
*Siliguri District Hospital, [[Siliguri]], 320 beds<br />
*BSF Hospital, Kadamtala, Siliguri, 50 beds<br />
<br />
'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
*Naxalbari Rural Hospital, Naxalbari CD block, [[Naxalbari]], 50 beds<br />
*Kharibari Rural Hospital, Kharibari CD block, [[Kharibari]], 34 beds<br />
*Phansidewa Rural Hospital, Phansidewa CD block, [[Phansidewa, Darjeeling|Phansidewa]], 30 beds<br />
<br />
'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
*Matigara Block Primary Health Centre, Matigara CD block, [[Matigarahat]], 10 beds<br />
<br />
'''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 27 February 2020}}</ref><br />
*Naxalbari CD block: Bagdogra (10)<br />
*Phansidewa CD block: Bidhannagar (10)<br />
*Kharibari CD block: Rangali (6), [[Batasi]] (PO Badrajote) (10)<br />
<br />
==Legislative segments==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the ward no. 1 to 30 and 45 to 47 of the Siliguri municipal corporation will constitute the [[Siliguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Siliguri assembly constituency]] of West Bengal.<ref>The other 14 wards of the Siliguri municipal corporation are located in the [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]].</ref> The Phansidewa block and the Kharibari block constitute the [[Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phansidewa assembly constituency]]. The three villages of Sitong Forest, Sivok Hill Forest and Sivok Forest under the Champasari [[gram panchayat]] of the Matigara block will be part of [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong assembly constituency]]. Rest of the area under the Matigara block and the area under the Naxalbari block will constitute the [[Matigara-Naxalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matigara&ndash;Naxalbari assembly constituency]]. The Phansidewa constituency will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes (ST)]] candidates. The Matigara&ndash;Naxalbari constituency will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]] candidates. All these four constituencies will be part of the [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| accessdate = 10 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 5–6, 23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{Darjeeling District}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siliguri Subdivision}}<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Siliguri]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Ramachandra_Reddy&diff=462835S. Ramachandra Reddy2024-12-01T14:43:39Z<p>BeauGleason6763: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
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{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = S. Ramachandra Reddy<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Penukonda]], [[Anantapur]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]<br />
| term_start = 1996<br />
| term_end = 1998<br />
| predecessor = [[S. Gangadhar]] <br />
| successor = [[S. Gangadhar]]<br />
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1983<br />
| term_end1 = 1989<br />
| predecessor1 = Somandepalli Narayana Reddy<br />
| successor1 = Sane Chenna Reddy<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| spouse = S. Gayathramma<br />
| children = Five<br />
| website = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
}}<br />
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'''S. Ramachandra Reddy''' (6 September 1944-2005) was an Indian politician from [[Penukonda]], [[Anantapur district]]. He belonged to the [[Kuruba]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/apr/04/the-die-is-caste-in-penukonda-38380.html|title=The die is cast(e) in Penukonda|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> caste.<br />
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== Political life ==<br />
In 1983, he contested from [[Penukonda]] and won<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1983|website=Elections.in}}</ref> as MLA by defeating [[Gangula Narayana Reddy]]. Later in 1985<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1985|website=Elections.in}}</ref> he contested from [[Telugu Desam]] party and won by defeating [[G Veeranna]] of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. This time he became Minister in [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s government. He served as minister for Industry and Ports<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok11/biodata/11ap13.php|title=lsap13|website=Indiapress.org}}</ref> and Chairman of Backward Classes Welfare Committee. But he lost<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1989-election-results.html|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1989|website=Elections.in}}</ref> to [[S Chenna Reddy]] in the 1989 elections. In 1996 he won<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|title=1996 India General (11th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=Elections.in}}</ref> as MP from [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] by defeating [[S. Gangadhar]], with a 172,422 vote majority. In 1998 he was defeated<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|title=1998 India General (12th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=Elections.in}}</ref> by S. Gangadhar.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, S. Ramachandra}}<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]<br />
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:2005 deaths]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chir_Batti&diff=463163Chir Batti2024-10-03T06:43:48Z<p>BeauGleason6763: small changes</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician (b. 1977)}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2019}}<br />
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[[File:Haji arfat shaikh.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Haji Arafat Shaikh''']]<br />
'''Haji Arafat Shaikh''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shiv-sena-deputy-leader-arafat-shaikh-joins-bjp-5336596/|title=Arfat shaikh Joins BJP|work=The Indian Express}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He serves as President of the Maharashtra State Minority Commission<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellomumbainews.com/current-news/haji-arafat-shaikh-joins-bhartiya-janata-party-major-setback-to-shivsena/|title=Arfat shaikh assumes the post of Chairman of Maharashtra State Minority Commission}}</ref> and the President of the Maharashtra State Muslim Samaj Unit.<br />
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== Early life ==<br />
He was born in [[Mumbai]],[[Kurla]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<br />
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== Career ==<br />
Haji Arfat Shaikh started his political career working with Bhartiya Vidhyarthi Sena, the student wing of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shiv-sena-deputy-leader-haji-arafat-shaikh-joins-bjp-5336596/|title=Early Political Career|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He later joined the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] where became the party's vice-president and chief of the transport wing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-st-mumbai/20140827/281827166942290|title=Tenure at MNS|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shaikh rejoined Shiv Sena in 2014 and became Shiv Sena's deputy leader and president of Maharashtra Shiv Vahatuk Sena, the party's transport wing.<br />
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He then joined BJP in September 2018, assuming the role of Chairman of the Maharashtra Minority Commission.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/mumbai/1203055/shiv-sena-deputy-leader-haji-arafat-shaikh-joins-bjp/|title=Haji Arfat Shaikh Joins BJP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellomumbainews.com/current-news/haji-arafat-shaikh-joins-bhartiya-janata-party-major-setback-to-shivsena/|title=Haji Arfat Shaikh Joins BJP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/mumbai-senas-transport-wing-chief-haji-arafat-shaikh-claims-party-min-diwakar-raote-targeted-him-for-being-a-muslim/articleshow/60095879.cms|title=Haji Quits Shiv Sena|work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgXkITPF7tI|title=अयोध्या की मस्जिद की आई तस्वीरें|work=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5k80b98nMzA|title=Ayodhya: Haji Arfat Shaikh ने कहा- Taj Mahal से भी ज्यादा खूबसुरत बनाई जा रही है मस्जिद |work=AAJTAK}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Haji Arfat}}<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagadamba_Prasad_Nigam&diff=505050Jagadamba Prasad Nigam2024-03-12T18:19:48Z<p>BeauGleason6763: created new post initial version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Socialist leader from Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh (1928–2022)}}<br />
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'''Jagdamba Prasad Nigam''' (20 February 1928 – 14 May 2022) was a socialist leader from [[Chhatarpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. <br />
He was three times MLA from [[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]]. Nigam started his career after obtaining the degree of BA and LLB.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://agnialok.com/babu-jagdamba-prasad-nigam-is-no-more/ | title=नहीं रहे बाबू जगदंबा प्रसाद निगम - अग्नि आलोक | date=15 May 2022 }}</ref><br />
He was elected in 1977 and 1985 as a [[Janata Party]] candidate. In 1990, he was elected as a [[Janata Dal]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chhatarpur-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Chhatarpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
He died on 14 May 2022, at his hometown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chhatarpur-news/bundelkhand-veteran-leader-jagdamba-prasad-passed-away-7531272/|title=दिग्गज नेता का निधन, प्रदेश में शोक की लहर &#124; Bundelkhand Veteran leader Jagdamba Prasad passed away|date=14 May 2022|website=Patrika News}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Jagadamba Prasad}}<br />
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{{MadhyaPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>BeauGleason6763https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madras_School&diff=467454Madras School2023-06-08T12:48:38Z<p>BeauGleason6763: typo fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|System of education in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
'''Madras School''' is a system of education prevailing in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]] (formerly known as Madras) discovered in the early part of the 19th century, though believed to be much older, wherein education was imparted by senior pupils who educated juniors. This mode of education was recommended for implementation in the [[United Kingdom]] by the educationist [[Andrew Bell (educationalist)|Andrew Bell]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-school-of-economics-logs-higher-campus-placements/articleshow/99858021.cms?from=mdr<br />
| title = Madras School of Economics logs higher campus placements<br />
| last = Raman<br />
| first = Ragu<br />
| date = 2009-04-29<br />
| website = indiatimes.com<br />
| publisher = times of india<br />
| access-date = 2023-06-04<br />
| quote = <br />
}}</ref><br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Madras School|publisher=T. Bensley|author=Andrew Bell|url=https://archive.org/details/madrasschoolore01bellgoog|year=1808}}<br />
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==References==<br />
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