Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T10:56:12Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{short description|Constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{distinguish|text = [[Bangalore North Assembly constituency]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|map_image = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Bangalore North.map}}
| map_caption = Bengaluru North Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 1951
| mp = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| electors = 2,401,472<ref name=turnout/>
| assembly_cons = [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]] [[Byatarayanapura Assembly constituency|Byatarayanapura]] [[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]] [[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Dasarahalli]] [[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Mahalakshmi Layout]] [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwara]] [[Hebbal Assembly constituency|Hebbal]] [[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency|Pulakeshinagar]]
| name = Bangalore North
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = MP Shobha Karandlaje.jpg
}}
[[File:Bangalore North Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian Parliament) constituencies in the [[South Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. This constituency has been known by different names in its history. For the 1951 and every election since 1977 it has been known as Bangalore North. For the 1957 and 1962 elections it was known as [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore City]]. For the 1967 and 1971 elections it formed a constituency jointly with [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]] and was known as [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]]. From 1951 to 1973, this constituency resided in [[Mysore State]]. On 1 November 1973, Mysuru State was renamed as Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/13/stories/2005121310910100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018190525/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/13/stories/2005121310910100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2014|title=A fashionable city catches up with a nationwide trend|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=13 December 2005|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

Bangalore North held its first elections in 1951 and its first member of parliament (MP) was Keshava Iyengar of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). He was re-elected in the next election in 1957. [[K. Hanumanthaiya]] also of the INC represented this constituency for three consecutive terms from 1962 to 1977. [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]] of the INC was its MP for five consecutive terms from 1977 to 1996 before being denied ticket in the 1996 election. [[C. Narayanaswamy]] of the [[Janata Dal]] party defeated Mohammed Obedulla Sharief.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|title=1996 India General (11th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174603/http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

This brought to an end a 45-year period where this constituency had been represented by a member of the INC from 1951 to 1996. Sharief became the MP once again in 1998. He was also re-elected in 1999 to serve his seventh term as MP for this constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/07kin.htm|title=Kith and kin battle for mantle|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 October 1999|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121029/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/07kin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[H. T. Sangliana]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) represented this constituency in 2004. D. B. Chandre Gowda also of the BJP was elected in the 2009 election. As of the latest elections in 2024, its current MP is [[Shobha Karandlaje]] of the BJP who is also the incumbent [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] in the [[Third Modi ministry|Third Modi Ministry]]. Of the 17 elections held in this constituency, the most successful party is the INC who have won on 12 occasions.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Bangalore-North.gif|300px|right|thumb|Bangalore North Map]]
As of 2014, Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/pdfs/loksabhaElection2014/AROs%20details.pdf|title=AROs Details - 2014 Lok Sabha Elections|publisher=Chief Electoral Office of Karnataka|access-date=17 October 2014|pages=12–13|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090015/http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/pdfs/loksabhaElection2014/AROs%20details.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|151
|[[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|[[Byrati Basavaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|152
|[[Byatarayanapura Assembly constituency|Byatarayanapura]]
|[[Krishna Byre Gowda]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|153
|[[Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency|Yeshvanthapura]]
|[[S. T. Somashekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|155
|[[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Dasarahalli]]
|[[S. Muniraju]]
|-
|156
|[[Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
|[[K. Gopalaiah]]
|-
|157
|[[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshwaram]]
|[[C. N. Ashwath Narayan]]
|-
|158
|[[Hebbal Assembly constituency|Hebbal]]
|[[Byrathi Suresh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|159
|[[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency|Pulakeshinagar]] (SC)
|[[A. C. Srinivasa]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| Keshava Iyengar
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1957-1977: Seat did not exist. See [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore City]], [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore]] and [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]''}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="5" | [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[C. Narayanaswamy]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sadananda Gowda]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|}

==Election results==

===General election 1951===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Indian general election, 1951–52]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=160|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Keshava Iyengar|votes=83,513|percentage=47.17|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[CGK Reddy|C. G. K. Reddy]]|votes=24,666|percentage=13.93|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohammad Hanif|votes=22,399|percentage=12.65|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=E. P. W. Dacosta|votes=17,575|percentage=9.93|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|candidate=D. N. Hosali|votes=15,453|percentage=8.73|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. M. Dharmalingam|votes=8,240|percentage=4.65|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=S. K. Venkataranga Iyengar|votes=5,211|percentage=2.94|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 58,847
|percentage = 39.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=177,057|percentage=45.40|change=N/A}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=148|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 1,98,669
|percentage = 54.18
|change = -10.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=M. Chandrasekhar|votes=158,485|percentage=43.22|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Azeez Memon|votes=3,195|percentage=0.87|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. Guruswamy|votes=2,299|percentage=0.63|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. K. Mishra|votes=1,678|percentage=0.46|change=+0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Haji S. Habib Khan Azad Bashu|votes=1,426|percentage=0.39|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Rani Annadurai]]|votes=924|percentage=0.25|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 40,184
|percentage = 10.96
|change = -26.30
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=374,502|percentage=60.17|change=+14.90}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=162|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 2,19,108
|percentage = 55.21
|change = +1.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=B. Channabyregowda|votes=102,573|percentage=25.84|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. D. Nataraj|party=Indian National Congress (Urs)|votes=65,253|percentage=16.44|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. L. Nanjappa|party=Janata Party (Secular)|votes=7,666|percentage=1.93|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. S. Nazeer Hussain Khan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,123|percentage=0.28|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. M. Venkateshalu|party=Independent (politician)|votes=793|percentage=0.20|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. R. Abdul Shukoor|party=Independent (politician)|votes=364|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 116,535
|percentage = 29.37
|change = +18.41
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=405,967|percentage=52.37|change=-7.80}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|pages=157–158|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 2,60,279
|percentage = 51.13
|change = -4.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=[[George Fernandes]]|votes=218,733|percentage=42.97|change=+17.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=G. I. D'Souza|votes=4,534|percentage=0.89|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Narayana Reddy|votes=4,341|percentage=0.85|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Momu Anjanappa Reddy|votes=2,305|percentage=0.45|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=B. K. Narayanaswamy|votes=1,968|percentage=0.39|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. S. Channappa|votes=1,827|percentage=0.36|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=D. S. William|votes=1,779|percentage=0.35|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. Rajappa|votes=1,704|percentage=0.33|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shankara B. R.|votes=1,261|percentage=0.25|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jayaramu|votes=1,142|percentage=0.22|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=B. M. Krishna Reddy|votes=993|percentage=0.20|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mundey Phutane|votes=892|percentage=0.18|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=T. Shivaram|votes=830|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=B. Jayaram|votes=634|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohammed Saleh|votes=614|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Khalid Nishu|votes=605|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=H. G. Lingaraj|votes=592|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=H. R. Siddalingachar|votes=544|percentage=0.11|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Syed Rafiuddin|votes=531|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=S. Kanagarajan|votes=516|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. M. A. H. Gowda|votes=375|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. Vijayanarayana Gowda|votes=375|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=C. Srinivasa|votes=369|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. K. Mishra|votes=368|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. M. Nagaraja Reddy|votes=367|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=H. V. Mohana|votes=250|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. R. Abdul Shukoor|votes=179|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=S. Manthiyappa|votes=155|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 41,546
|percentage = 8.16
|change = -21.21
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=518,766|percentage=59.68|change=+7.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=190|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 3,90,460
|percentage = 51.85
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal|candidate=Lawrence V. Fernandes|votes=283,336|percentage=37.63|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Syed Shahabuddin]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=55,046|percentage=7.31|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. R. Shankar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=4,482|percentage=0.60|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. N. Kempaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,120|percentage=0.41|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Venkataswamappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,457|percentage=0.33|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = K. K. Mishra
|party = Scientific Vedic Revolutionary Party
|votes = 2,192
|percentage = 0.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Byataraje Gowda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,570|percentage=0.21|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. A. Khan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,449|percentage=0.19|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayanappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,376|percentage=0.18|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Aswathappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,221|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. N. Rama Rao|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,209|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Narayana Swamy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,178|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. R. Lokesh Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=957|percentage=0.13|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Balakrishnappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=901|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Azeez Memon|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=843|percentage=0.11|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. L. Subbaraj|party=Independent (politician)|votes=619|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Venkateswara|party=Independent (politician)|votes=618|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 107,124
|percentage = 14.22
|change = +6.06
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=781,199|percentage=58.82|change=-0.86}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=194|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 2,52,272
|percentage = 41.72
|change = -10.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal|candidate=[[C. Narayanaswamy]]|votes=1,91,955|percentage=31.75|change=-5.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pramila Nesargi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,45,074|percentage=23.99|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = K. K. Mishra
|party = Surajya Party
|votes = 2,414
|percentage =0.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. K. Narayanaswamy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,161|percentage=0.19|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shivaramanna|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,067|percentage=0.18|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. J. Khader Nawaz Sharief|party=Independent (politician)|votes=923|percentage=0.15|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. M. Raju|party=Lok Dal|votes=857|percentage=0.14|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mallikarjuna|party=Independent (politician)|votes=747|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Satyanarayana|party=Independent (politician)|votes=720|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prabhuraju|party=Independent (politician)|votes=704|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Panner Selvan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=665|percentage=0.11|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. V. Mohan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=619|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. R. Vijaya Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=604|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Puttaraju|party=Independent (politician)|votes=542|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L. Lakshmaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=522|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=D. Jairam|party=Independent (politician)|votes=469|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. A. Shujath Pasha|party=Independent (politician)|votes=428|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sripada Rao
|party = Kannada Paksha
|votes = 410
|percentage =0.07
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahaboob B. E.|party=Independent (politician)|votes=386|percentage=0.06|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Venkatesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=299|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. K. Chandrashekar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=263|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayanappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=255|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=D. R. Venkatesh Gowda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=234|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Aswathappa|party=Janata Party|votes=213|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Krishnappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=177|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. M. Krishna Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=161|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Byataraja Gowda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=153|percentage=0.03|change=-0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Sundra Murthy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=120|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gaddam Obalesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=115|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Fayaz Pasha|party=Independent (politician)|votes=111|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 60,317
|percentage = 9.97
|change = -4.25
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=617,388|percentage=46.24|change=-12.58}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|pages=283–284|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[C. Narayanaswamy]]
|votes = 3,98,650
|percentage = 48.64
|change = +16.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohd. Obaidulla Sharief|votes=2,65,348|percentage=32.37|change=-9.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Y. Ramakrishna|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,24,416|percentage=15.18|change=-8.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Krishnappa|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5,168|percentage=0.63|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = K. K. Mishra
|party = Surajya Party
|votes = 4,917
|percentage = 0.60
|change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Noorali Afzal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,555|percentage=0.19|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhaskar Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,444|percentage=0.18|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G. B. Muthukumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,027|percentage=0.13|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. K. Narayanaswamy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=906|percentage=0.11|change=-0.08}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = A. S. Mohanakrishnan
|party = Bharathiya Nethaji Party
|votes = 887
|percentage = 0.11
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lakshmaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=867|percentage=0.11|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Padmarajan]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=848|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Venkataswamappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=816|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Basavaraj|party=Independent (politician)|votes=772|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Noor Pasha|party=Independent (politician)|votes=755|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Padmanabha Pillai|party=Independent (politician)|votes=699|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohd. Imtiaz|party=Independent (politician)|votes=654|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. S. Paul|party=Independent (politician)|votes=619|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Antony F. Rajiv|party=Independent (politician)|votes=577|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharathkumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=566|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Mohan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=555|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohd. Asif|party=Independent (politician)|votes=536|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dodda Venkatashamappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=532|percentage=0.06|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. M. Ramakrishna|party=Independent (politician)|votes=458|percentage=0.06|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. M. Sreenivasa Rao|party=Independent (politician)|votes=445|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Ananda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=429|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Meer Layaq Hussain|party=Independent (politician)|votes=421|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. P. Umamahesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=369|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Sundaramurthy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=335|percentage=0.04|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. K. Dhanraj|party=Independent (politician)|votes=334|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bijoor S. R.|party=Independent (politician)|votes=318|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Ramesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=314|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. S. Shashidhar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=306|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Mahendra|party=Independent (politician)|votes=288|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gaddam Obalesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=262|percentage=0.03|change=+0.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G. Govinda Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=253|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Sathyanarayana|party=Independent (politician)|votes=228|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. Manzoor Ahmed|party=Independent (politician)|votes=207|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Aswathappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=203|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Narayana|party=Independent (politician)|votes=196|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rabhindranath Ojza|party=Independent (politician)|votes=189|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Monandev Alva|party=Independent (politician)|votes=178|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. D. Shaik Dil|party=Independent (politician)|votes=169|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. M. Thomas|party=Independent (politician)|votes=166|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravi Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=160|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yellegowda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=158|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. K. Chandrashekar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=128|percentage=0.02|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 133,302
|percentage = 16.27
|change = +6.30
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=834,759|percentage=54.26|change=+8.02}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=201|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 3,99,582
|percentage = 42.11
|change = -9.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Shakti|candidate=D. R. Jeevaraj Alva|votes=3,27,135|percentage=34.48|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. Narayanaswamy]]|party=Janata Dal|votes=2,06,396|percentage=21.75|change=-26.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Saravanan|party=Janata Party|votes=4,959|percentage=0.52|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=J. Krishnappa|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,784|percentage=0.29|change=-0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Muniswamappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,258|percentage=0.13|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Meer Layaq Hussain|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,247|percentage=0.13|change=+0.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Muhammed Yasin|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,216|percentage=0.13|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. S. Rajan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,140|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Moulana Shariff|party=Independent (politician)|votes=950|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. M. Raju|party=Independent (politician)|votes=471|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Asif Ali Shah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=408|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. N. Srinivas|party=Independent (politician)|votes=378|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Noor Ali Afjal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=340|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Abel|party=Independent (politician)|votes=308|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Siva Channabasappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=275|percentage=0.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 72,447
|percentage = 7.63
|change = -8.64
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=961,717|percentage=57.78|change=+3.52}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=195|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|votes = 5,25,523
|percentage = 51.10
|change = +8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Michael Fernandes (politician)|Michael B. Fernandes]]|votes=3,49,918|percentage=34.03|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. Narayanaswamy]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=1,05,843|percentage=10.29|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. N. Parameshappa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=17,147|percentage=1.67|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Sundaramurthy|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=16,656|percentage=1.62|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Meer Layaq Hussain|party=Independent (politician)|votes=13,271|percentage=1.29|change=+1.16}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 175,605
|percentage = 17.07
|change = +9.44
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,028,370|percentage=56.26|change=-1.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Bangalore North<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=236|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[H. T. Sangliana|Dr. H. T. Sangliana]]
|votes = 4,73,502
|percentage = 40.93
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,43,144|percentage=38.31|change=-12.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. M. Ibrahim]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=2,08,588|percentage=18.03|change=+7.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Venkatesh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=11,347|percentage=0.98|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Joe Simon|party=Kannada Nadu Party|votes=7,079|percentage=0.61|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohamad Ibrahim|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,878|percentage=0.59|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Meer Layaq Hussain|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,604|percentage=0.31|change=-0.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Uma K.|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,703|percentage=0.23|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 30,358
|percentage = 2.62
|change = -1.45
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,156,845|percentage=54.22|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Bangalore North<ref name="Election Results 2009">[http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics_LS_2009.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084012/http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics_LS_2009.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Election Commission Report, Karnataka General Election 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=General Elections, 2009 (15th Lok Sabha)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=62|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
|votes = 4,52,920
|percentage = 45.22
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,93,255|percentage=39.26|change=+0.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Surendra Babu|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=1,10,983|percentage=11.08|change=-6.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Padmaa K. Bhat|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,731|percentage=0.87|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. Pillaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=5,804|percentage=0.58|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Prasanna Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=4,034|percentage=0.40|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. B. Madwaraja|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,529|percentage=0.35|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Zafer Mohiuddin|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,196|percentage=0.22|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. Harish Gowda|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,016|percentage=0.20|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. A. Mohan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,932|percentage=0.19|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Joseph Solomon|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,650|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = M. Tippuvardhan
|party = Bharatiya Praja Paksha
|votes =1,506
|percentage = 0.15
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Meer Layaq Hussain|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,304|percentage=0.13|change=-0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L. Nagaraj|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,198|percentage=0.12|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. R. Chandrahasa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,017|percentage=0.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Jaleel|party=Independent (politician)|votes=864|percentage=0.09|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Venkatesa Shetty|party=Independent (politician)|votes=840|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kanya Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=828|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=H. A. Shivakumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=821|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anchana Khanna|party=Independent (politician)|votes=797|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Syed Akbar Basha|party=Independent (politician)|votes=796|percentage=0.08|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Sathyanarayana|party=Independent (politician)|votes=691|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G. S. Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=667|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. U. Venkateshaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=666|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=B. K. Chandra|party=Independent (politician)|votes=661|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. Krishnamurthy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=647|percentage=0.06|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lakshmaiah|party=Independent (politician)|votes=485|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 59,665
|percentage = 5.96
|change = +3.34
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,001,657|percentage=46.72|change=-7.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bangalore|Bangalore North]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1024.htm?ac=24|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135133/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1024.htm?ac=24}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
|votes = 7,18,326
|percentage = 52.91
|change = +7.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. Narayanaswamy]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,88,562
|percentage = 35.99
|change = -3.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Azeem
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 92,681
|percentage = 6.83
|change =-4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babu Mathew
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 28,107
|percentage = 2.07
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 11,996
|percentage = 0.88
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,29,764
|percentage = 16.92
|change = +10.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,57,553
|percentage = 56.53
|change = +9.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bangalore|Bangalore North]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328104025/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]|votes=8,24,500|percentage=52.87|change={{decrease}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Krishna Byre Gowda]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,76,982|percentage=43.41|change={{increase}}7.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=11,632|percentage=0.75|change={{decrease}}0.13}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,47,518
|percentage = 9.46
|change = {{decrease}}7.46
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,60,324|percentage=54.76|change={{decrease}}1.77}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bengaluru|Bangalore North]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shobha Karandlaje]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=986,049|percentage=56.27|change={{up}}3.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajeev Gowda]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=726,573|percentage=41.46|change={{down}}1.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=13,554|percentage=0.77|change={{up}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=259,476|percentage=14.81|change={{up}}5.35}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,756,885|percentage=54.64|change={{down}}0.12}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{up}}3.40
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/bangalore_north/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bangalore North lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.14|77.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru]]

Agroha Mound

2026-05-05T16:15:06Z

BeauBasaldua8: created first stub w/ sources!

{{Short description|Archaeological site in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox archaeological site
|name = Agroha Mound
|native_name =
|alternate_name = Excavated Site at Haryana State
|image = Tm1.jpg
|alt = Ther Mound, ASI monument N-HR-79
|caption = Ther Mound
|map_type = India Haryana#India
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location in [[Haryana]]
|map_size = 200
|relief =
|coordinates = {{coord|29|19|54|N|75|37|10|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
|region =
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = 3rd to 4th century BC
|abandoned = 13th to 14th century AD
|epochs = 
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 1888–1889, 1978–1979
|archaeologists = C. J. Rogers, J. S. Khatri, Acharya
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
}}

'''Agroha''', locally known as '''''Ther''''', is an [[archaeological site]] located on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] in [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] city in the [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]] district of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]]. Agroha Dham, contiguous to [[Agroha Dham]], is located east of [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha|Maharaja Agrasen Medical College]].

== History ==

=== Historical significance ===
{{anchor | Significance }}

According to the official website of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], the excavations at Agroha belong to the period from the 3rd-4th century B.C. to the 13th-14th century A.D. A wall for defense, shrine cells and residential houses can be observed in the mound.<ref name="hishis" /> The [[Agrawal]] community believes that the archaeological findings are related to their legendary founder—[[Maharaja Agrasen|Maharaja Agrasena]], whose capital is said to have been at Agroha. Agrawal organizations such as Akhil Bharatiya Agrawal Sammelan and Agroha Vikas Trust have supported archaeological research at the site.{{sfn|Babb|2004|p=186 }}

Agroha, associated with legendary king Maharaja Agrasen and '''Agreya republic''' mentioned in [[Mahabharata]], also by [[Pāṇini|Panini]] in the [[Ashtadhyayi]], [[Ptolemy]] who called it '''Agara''', located on the ancient [[Taxila]]-[[Mathura]] trade route, was an important centre of commerce and political activities till the period of [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] in the 14th century. [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] writes that Maharaja Agrasen, contemporaneous to Lord [[Krishna]], was a [[Suryavanshi Kshatriya|Suryavanshi]] [[Kshatriya]] king born in the late [[Dwapar Yuga]] during Mahabharata era. Agroha mound was proscribed as the protected site of national importance in 1926, and excavation has proven the continuous habitation and fortified township from 4th century BCE to the 14th century CE.<ref name=ex2025/>

In 1194, [[Muhammad of Ghor]] destroyed Agroha and inhabitants relocated to other places.<ref name=hisa1/>

Ziauddin Barani (1285–1357) writer of [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Tughlaq_dynasty#Tughlaq_dynasty#Feroz_Shah_Tughluq|Shams-i Siraj 'Afif]] (court historian of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], r. 1351–1388 CE) describe this as prominent city till the time of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (r. 1325-1351 CE) when [[Famine in India|famine struck]] and the remaining inhabitants of the town left for elsewhere (the town had already been reduced in size by Ghori in 1194). Subsequently, Feroz Shah Tughluq used the material from Hindu, Buddhist and Jain temples of Agroha Mound to build the [[Firoz Shah palace complex]] (1354-1357 CE). Traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] (travelled to India from 1333 to 1345 CE), found Agroha deserted.<ref name=Sri1/>

In 1907, [[sadhu]] '''Brahmananda Brahmachari''' visited Agroha and in 1908 organised the '''Agrawal Darbar''' group under which a [[Shiva]] temple, [[Sati]] shrines and a [[gaushala]] were constructed.<ref name=hisa1/>

In 1976, the '''All India Aggarwal Convention''' (AIAC) formed the '''Agroha Vikas Trust''' (English '''Agroha Development Trust''') under the AIAC President Rameshwar Das Gupta (not to be confused with [[Rameshwar Das Birla]] of [[Birla family]]) and [[Krishan Kumar Modi]] of [[Modi Enterprises]] to which [[Laxmi Narayan Gupta]] donated 5 acre land on which Arogha Dham temple complex was constructed under the supervision of Subhash Goel (not to be confused with [[Subhash Chandra]] of [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee]] and [[Essel Group]]).<ref name=hisa1>[https://hisar.gov.in/agroha-dham Agroha Dham], hisar.gov.in, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref> Subhash Chandra of Zee and Essel Group, a former Member of Parliament, is a patron of the Agroha Development Trust.<ref name=ag1>[https://agrohadham.com/en/about Agroha Dham about], agrohadham.com, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref>

In 2023, the comprehensive [[#Development|Agroha development plan]] was announced.<ref name=ex2025/>

=== Excavation history ===
{{anchor | ExHist }}

In 1888–89, the brief 15 day first excavation by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) was undertaken under C.J. Rogers.<ref name="harya" /><ref name=ex2025/><ref name=Sri1/>

In 1938-39, archaeologist HL Srivastava's carried out more excavations to the depth of 12 ft.<ref name=ex2025/>

From 1978–79 to 1980-81, the Archaeological Department of Haryana and ASI under the supervision of J.S. Khatri and Acharya conducted excavation till the depth of approximately 3.65 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_indi_haryana.asp |title=Excavation Sites in Haryana - Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507125018/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_indi_haryana.asp |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for 3 consecutive years.<ref name=ex2025/>

In 2024 March, a [[Ground Penetrating Radar]] (GPR) survey was conducted by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref name=ex2025/>

In 2025, from 12 March to 31 May, ASI conducted excavation in 8 square trenches of 10 sq ft revealing artifacts belonging to [[Pratihara dynasty|Gurjar-Pratihar period]] from 8th century CE to 11th century CE.<ref name=ex2025>[https://theprint.in/ground-reports/haryana-agroha-asi-heritage-tourism-circuit/2654926/ Haryana's Agroha has caught ASI interest after 44 yrs—as part of a new heritage tourism circuit], [[ThePrint]], 12 June 2025.</ref> 11:32 am IST

== The mound ==
{{anchor | Mound }}

=== Location ===

The 125 acre mound is 1.5 km east centre of [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] town, 20 km from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city and 190 km from [[New Delhi]] in [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]] district of Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/agroha.htm |title=Agroha, district Hissar, Haryana - kingdom of Aggarwals - India - Travel |access-date=2012-05-22 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114140544/http://www.haryana-online.com/agroha.htm |archive-date=2012-11-14 }}</ref> It lies on [[National Highway 9 (India)|National Highway 9]] (old NH-10).

=== Notable finds ===
{{anchor | Find | Finds }}

Fortified township, residential and community houses of baked and unbaked bricks, Buddhist stupa and a Hindu temple were found in the excavation.<ref name=ex2025/> Excavations prior to 2024, yielded over seven thousand artefacts.

1888-89 excavation found solid brick structures, paved paths, ashes, coins, beads, terracotta, and sculpture fragments, establishing Agroha as an ancient fortified city with its own coinage (Agrodaka) and connecting it to the Agrawal community.<ref name=Sri1>[https://asi.nic.in/pdf/Excavation-at-Agroha-by-H-L-Srivastava_compressed.pdf ASI Report on 1938-39 excavation by archaeologist HL Srivastava], ASI, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref>

1938-39 excavations by HL Srivastava's revealed more about its long history from 4th Century BCE to 14th Century CE,<ref name=Sri1/> when he found a hoard of silver coins, including four [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]], one punch-marked, and another 51 coins stamped as '''Agrodaka''' (name of Agroha).<ref name=ex2025/>

1978-79 to 1980-81 excavation produced the evidence of a [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhist]] [[stupa]] and a Hindu temple.<ref name=ex2025/>

2025 excavations revealed artifacts belonging to [[Pratihara dynasty|Gurjar-Pratihar period]] from 8th century CE to 11th century CE.<ref name=ex2025/>

==== Coins ====

Silver and bronze coins belonging to different periods have been found at the site. The coins hoard includes four Indo-Greek coins, one punch-marked coin, and fifty-one coins of Agrodaka.<ref name="harya" /> They belong to [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]], [[Yaudheya]] and [[Gupta Empire]]. Language used is [[Prakrit]].<ref name="harya" />

==== Seals ====
Many seals have also been found. They are inscribed with words like ''Pitradutt'', " Sadhu Vridhasya", "Shamkar Malasya", "Madrsya", etc.<ref name=harya>{{cite web|url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/ancient-mound,-agroha|access-date=26 April 2023|website=haryanatourism.gov.in
|title=Ancient Mound, Agroha}}</ref>

==== Other artifacts ====

Besides the numerous stone sculptures, iron and copper implements and beads of semi-precious stones have also been found.<ref name=hishis>{{Cite web |url=http://hisar.nic.in/historyhisar.aspx |title=History of Hisar|access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204105924/http://hisar.nic.in/historyhisar.aspx |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Copper finds from 1938 to 1939 include a sword, spoon, chain, bangle, ear ornament, a disc, etc. Same excavation also found stone sculptures showing signs of being burnt proving plunder and [[Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Impact_on_India,_Islam_and_Muslims_in_India|severe destruction by Muslims]].<ref name=Sri1/>

==Development plan==
{{anchor | Development }}

The [[Agroha_(town)#Development|development plan for Agroha]] envisages constructing a site museum with a planetarium, tourist centre, and a knowledge park to educate visitors about its historical significance. In 2023, [[Government of Haryana]] allotted land for a site museum adjacent to the mound and in 2024, Haryana government and ASI signed a memorandum of understanding to develop Agroha as a prominent heritage site along the lines of [[Rakhigarhi]] as part of the wider tourism circuit in Hisar district.<ref name=ex2025/> In August 2025, during the review meeting on the progress of Agroha Development Plan, the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Nayab Singh Saini]], instructed '''Hisar-Agroha Metropolitan Development Authority''' (HAMDA) to prepare a comprehensive master plan for Agroha as a global city within a 25 km radius, and tourist circuit development strategy.<ref name=CmRev1>[https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/cm-reviews-progress-on-the-development-of-the-agroha-archaeological-site-92929 CM reviews progress on the Development of the Agroha Archaeological Site], punjabnewsline.com, 18 August 2025.</ref><ref name=agg>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-agroha-capital-of-maharaja-agrasen-excavation-41-years-9898810/ Haryana's Agroha, once the capital of Maharaja Agrasen, to witness excavation after 44 years], indianexpress.com, 11 March 2025.</ref>

'''Agroha Global City''': In 2023, a plan submitted by the [[Agarwal]] community to the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] for the development of "Agroha Global City" in the 25 km radius by establishing 18 residential sectors named after 18 [[gotra]]s of Agarwal community, etc. The development will be done by the agrawal community and the role of government will be limited to providing the legal approvals and helping the land acquisition.<ref name=stata1>[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/haryana-maharaja-agrasen-global-city-proposal-agroha-cabinet-minister-kamal-gupta-send-cm-manohar-lal-131767820.html हिसार के अग्रोहा में अग्रसेन ग्लोबल सिटी का प्रस्ताव:निकाय मंत्री गुप्ता ने CM को भेजा, 25 किलोमीटर के एरिया में होगा निर्माण], Bhaskar, 1 Sept 2022.</ref>

'''Modern infrastructure''': Proposals for a National [[Ministry of Ayush|Ayush]] Medical Centre, a university, [[ashram]]s, [[dharamshala]]s (rest houses), a modern bus port, and a state-of-the-art [[Rail_transport_in_Haryana#Lines|Agroha railway station]].<ref name=stata1/>

'''Agroha Mound Archaeological Park and [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Saraswati civilisation]] tourism circuit''': Agroha, along with Rakhigarhi, [[Banawali]], [[Bhirdana]], [[Kunal]], Hisar, and [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|other Indus Saraswati civilisation sites]] will be developed as an integrated global tourism circuit.<ref name=agg/>

'''[[Agroha Dham]] Religious and Cultural Complex''': Ongoing expansion including new 100 crore 108 ft tall [[Agroha_Dham#Adya|Adya Mahalaxmi temple]].<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-mahaluxmi-temple-will-be-made-in-agroha-21841091.html अग्रोहा में 100 करोड़ की लागत से दस एकड़ में आद्य महालक्ष्मी मंदिर को तैयार करेंगे राम मंदिर के शिल्पकार], Jagran, 18 July 2021.</ref>

'''Maharaja Agrasen statue''': world's largest statue of Maharaja Agrasen will be constructed.<ref name=stata1/>

'''Agrasen Mahalaxmi temples and sanatan cultural centres across the world''': series of large temples across each district of India and all countries of the world under Agroha Trust along the line of [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].

== See also ==

* Archaeological
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
** [[List of Indus Valley civilization sites]]

* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites]]
** [[History of Haryana#Buddhism|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana]]
** [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]

* Ecology
** [[List of protected areas of Haryana]]

* [[Tourism in Haryana]]

== References ==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{cite book |first=Lawrence A |last=Babb |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74tUY0le33UC&pg=PA186 |year=2004 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9 }}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}

==External links==

* [https://asi.nic.in/pdf/Excavation-at-Agroha-by-H-L-Srivastava_compressed.pdf ASI Report on 1938-39 excavation] by archaeologist HL Srivastava.

* [https://masterplansindia.com/agroha-final-development-plan/ Agroha 2031 Master Plan] (and [https://masterplansindia.com/agroha-final-development-plan/ alternate link]) by Haryana Town and Planning Department entailing residential, commercial and industrial development.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agroha Mound}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Agroha (town)]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Haryana]]

Yashika Aannand

2026-05-05T09:10:18Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Indian patronymic |Yashika|Aannand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yashika Aannand
| image = Yashika Aannand in 2019.jpg
| caption = Yashika in 2019
| birth_name = Yashika Aannand
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| nationality = 
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | model | television Personality}}
| years_active = 2016–Present
| parents =
}}
'''Yashika Aannand''' (born 4 August 1999) is an Indian actress, model and television personality, who works predominantly in [[Tamil films]] and [[television shows]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padikkaatha Pakkangal Trailer: Yashika Aannand plays an actor who is attacked by her fan|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/05/padikkaatha-pakkangal-trailer-yashika-aannand-plays-an-actor-who-is-attacked-by-her-fan|access-date= |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Rishi and Yashika Aannand's cosy pictures from vacation spark dating rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ajith-brother-in-law-shalini-rother-richard-rishi-and-yashika-aannand-cosy-pictures-from-vacation-sparks-dating-rumours-2389298-2023-06-06 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Yashika Aannand was born into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family on 4 August 1999 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2020 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 fame actress Yashika Anand turns 21; fans arrange blood donation campaign to celebrate the occasion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-actress-yashika-anand-turns-21-fans-arrange-blood-donation-campaign-to-celebrate-the-occasion/articleshow/77367936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909044438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-actress-yashika-anand-turns-21-fans-arrange-blood-donation-campaign-to-celebrate-the-occasion/articleshow/77367936.cms |archive-date=9 September 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Tweets] Fans pour warm wishes on Bigg Boss Tamil 2 contestant Yashika Aannand's 21st birthday |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/tweets-fans-pour-warm-wishes-on-bigg-boss-tamil-2-contestant-yashika-aannands-21st-birthday/631659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126172235/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/tweets-fans-pour-warm-wishes-on-bigg-boss-tamil-2-contestant-yashika-aannands-21st-birthday/631659 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]|date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> After her family moved to [[Chennai]], she completed her schooling in Sherwood Hall school in [[Chetpet|Chetpet, Chennai]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Career ==
Yashika began acting after being an [[Instagram model]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2017 |title=Teen temptations |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230717/teen-temptations.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514224850/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230717/teen-temptations.html |archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> At 14, she was filmed for ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015) alongside [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] but her role was later deleted after she could not attend a song shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Yaashika Anand shot for Inimey Ippadithan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/yaashika-anand-shot-for-inimey-ippadithan/articleshow/65993231.cms |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613055216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/yaashika-anand-shot-for-inimey-ippadithan/articleshow/65993231.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She then portrayed a swimming instructor in ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' (2016), which became her first theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Yashika gives a sneak peek into her body flex workout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashika-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-her-body-flex-workout/articleshow/78466714.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714041036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashika-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-her-body-flex-workout/articleshow/78466714.cms}}</ref>

Yashika's breakthrough was in the 2016 film, ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''. Shot on a small budget, the film was successful and won recognition for its cast members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2016 |title=An aspiring entrant! |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/011216/an-aspiring-entrant.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624123341/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/011216/an-aspiring-entrant.html |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Paadam]]'' (2018) and [[Thambi Ramaiah]]'s ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' (2018).

Yashika then appeared in ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018), an adult comedy film. Shot in Thailand, the film featured her alongside other actresses such as [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] and [[Chandrika Ravi]] and the film performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=8 November 2017 |title=Cast of Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuthu gets stronger |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/nov/08/cast-of-iruttu-araiyil-murattu-kuthu-gets-stronger-2973.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510083220/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/nov/08/cast-of-iruttu-araiyil-murattu-kuthu-gets-stronger-2973.html |archive-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
In 2018, Yashika appeared in the [[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|second season]] of the ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' reality show hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]]. She had earlier been approached to be in the [[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|inaugural season]], but she refused the offer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandiarajan |first=Ma |date=17 June 2018 |title='பிக்பாஸ் சீசன் -2 பிரமாண்ட தொடக்கம்!' - முதல் போட்டியாளர் யாஷிகா ஆனந்த் |language=ta |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/127949-yaashika-aanand-is-one-of-the-bigg-boss-contestants.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175759/https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/127949-yaashika-aanand-is-one-of-the-bigg-boss-contestants.html |archive-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> She was evicted on day 98, finishing the show in fifth place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிக்பாஸ் சீசன் 2-ல் கலந்து கொள்ளும் 18 வயது இளம் போட்டியாளர் இந்த நடிகைதானாம்..! |url=http://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/bigg-boss-yashika-anand-age-is-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203243/http://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/bigg-boss-yashika-anand-age-is-18 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=NewsFast}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=18 June 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2: #YashikaArmy, Unprepared Kamal |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-episode-1-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203207/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-episode-1-review |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> She also received the cash prize of 5 lakhs for winning certain tasks during the second season of the premiere program before getting evicted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Ex-Bigg Boss Tamil 2 contestant Yashika Anand thanks her fans; See video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ex-bigg-boss-tamil-2-contestant-yashika-anand-thanks-her-fans-see-video/articleshow/65954631.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126172315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ex-bigg-boss-tamil-2-contestant-yashika-anand-thanks-her-fans-see-video/articleshow/65954631.cms |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=28 September 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She later appeared as a mentor in [[Star Vijay|Star Vijay's]] ''Jodi Unlimited'' TV series, which aired in 2019.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Yashika then appeared in the animated [[zombie film]] [[Zombie (2019 film)|''Zombie'']] as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manikandan |first=Rajeshwari |date=1 January 2019 |title=Yogi Babu To Star With Yashika Anand In A Horror Comedy |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/yogi-babu-to-star-with-yashika-anand-in-a-horror-comedy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003855/https://silverscreen.in/news/yogi-babu-to-star-with-yashika-anand-in-a-horror-comedy/ |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2018 |title=Yashika and Yogi Babu team up for a 3D adult horror comedy |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashika-and-yogi-babu-team-up-for-a-3d-adult-horror-comedy/articleshow/67311752.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113034854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yashika-and-yogi-babu-team-up-for-a-3d-adult-horror-comedy/articleshow/67311752.cms |archive-date=13 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2019 |title=Yogi Babu completes shoot for Zombie |work=[[News Today]] |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/07/yogi-babu-completes-shoot-for-zombie/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411100801/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/07/yogi-babu-completes-shoot-for-zombie/ |archive-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

In 2018, she was listed by the ''[[Chennai Times]]'' as the "most desirable woman on television."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-15-most-desirable-women-on-television-2018/articleshow/67792954.cms |title=Chennai Times 15 Most Desirable Women on Television 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2019 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201214170823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-15-most-desirable-women-on-television-2018/articleshow/67792954.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, she received the Best Actress Award at the ''Las Vegas Independent Film Festival 2021'' for the film ''Bestie.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners |url=https://lasvegasinternationalfilmfestival.com/winners/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920030427/https://lasvegasinternationalfilmfestival.com/winners/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=Las Vegas International Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== MeToo allegations ===
In 2018, Yashika identified herself as a victim during the [[MeToo movement in India]], where she alleged that a director had tried to abuse her by asking for sexual favors in order to gain a part in his film. She refused, and accused the director of harassing her.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/metoo-bigg-boss-tamil-2-fame-yashika-anand-supports-the-movement-shares-her-casting-couch-experience/articleshow/66400587.cms |title=#MeToo: Bigg Boss Tamil 2 fame Yashika Anand supports the movement, shares her casting couch experience |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/metoo-bigg-boss-tamil-2-fame-yashika-anand-supports-the-movement-shares-her-casting-couch-experience/articleshow/66400587.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Prominent director propositioned me role |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prominent-director-propositioned-me-role-actor-yashika-adds-her-voice-me-too-90693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411100800/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prominent-director-propositioned-me-role-actor-yashika-adds-her-voice-me-too-90693 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 24 July 2021, Yashika was involved in a car crash in [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]] near [[Chennai]] and was critically injured during the crash. She was traveling with friends when their car rammed into a divider and fell in the nearby pit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2021 |title=Actor Yashika Aanand injured in a road accident, is critical |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/actor-yashika-aanand-injured-in-a-road-accident-is-critical-101627201549917.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726042943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/actor-yashika-aanand-injured-in-a-road-accident-is-critical-101627201549917.html |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=25 July 2021 |title=Yashika Aannand meets with a car accident, actress seriously injured |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yashika-aannand-meets-with-a-car-accident-actress-seriously-injured-1832318-2021-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726042941/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/yashika-aannand-meets-with-a-car-accident-actress-seriously-injured-1832318-2021-07-25 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |publication-place=Chennai}}</ref> News reports state that one of her friends died on the spot. Onlookers reportedly said that the actor's SUV was speeding and lost control, thus causing the crash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Sindhu |date=25 July 2021 |title=Actor Yashika Aannand injured in road accident near Chennai; friend dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-yashika-aannand-injured-in-road-accident-near-chennai-friend-dies/articleshow/84724903.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725123544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-yashika-aannand-injured-in-road-accident-near-chennai-friend-dies/articleshow/84724903.cms |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=25 July 2021 |title=Yashika Aannand interview: This is the true version of how the accident happened |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yashika-aannand-interview-this-is-the-true-version-of-how-the-accident-happened/article35699094.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822054159/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yashika-aannand-interview-this-is-the-true-version-of-how-the-accident-happened/article35699094.ece |archive-date=22 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |publication-place=Chennai}}</ref>

Yashika has regularly raised awareness for [[Women's empowerment|female empowerment]] in society.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yashika Aannand reveals her personal experience about casting couch in film industry |language=en |work=CatchNews.com |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/yashika-aannand-reveals-her-personal-experience-about-casting-couch-in-film-industry-113213.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612030647/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/yashika-aannand-reveals-her-personal-experience-about-casting-couch-in-film-industry-113213.html |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Yashika Aannand film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|''[[Kavalai Vendam]]''
| Swimming Instructor
|Uncredited
|
|-
|''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''
| Shruti
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Paadam]]''
| Hindi Teacher
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
|''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]''
| Kaavya
|
|
|-
|''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Adi Pappaali Pazhame"
|
|-
|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]''
| Shilpa
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|''[[Kazhugu 2]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Sakalakala Valli"
|
|-
|''[[Zombie (2019 film)|Zombie]]''
| Aishwarya
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yashika Anand's Zombie Shoot Wrapped Up {{!}} Kollywood Zone |url=https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/yashika-anands-zombie-shoot-wrapped-up/ |website=www.kollywoodzone.com |date=8 April 2019 |language=en-us |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924071928/https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/yashika-anands-zombie-shoot-wrapped-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Mookuthi Amman]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Bhagavathi Baba"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''[[Bestie (film)|Bestie]]''
| Yashika
|
|
|-
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
| Herself
| Special Appearance in song "Mosalo Mosalu"
|
|-
|''[[Kadamaiyai Sei]]''
| Aishwarya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2023
| ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]''
| Prabhu's victim
| Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Chaitra (2023 film)|Chaitra]]''
| Chaitra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sila Nodigalil]]''
| Maya Pillai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| ''[[Double Tuckerr]]''
| Velvet Vennila
|
|
|-
| ''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]''
| Teresa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]''
| Herself
|Special appearance in the song "Oosi Rosy"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
|Bystander
|Telugu film; cameo
|
|-
|''[[Rajabheema]]'' || || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raja-bheema/movie-review/117674753.cms|title=Raja Bheema Movie Review : A well-meaning but generic tale about man and beast lumbers along|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]''
|Devi / Maya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-05-16 |title=‘Devil’s Double Next Level’ movie review: Santhanam’s barely funny, least scary addition to an uneven franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devils-double-next-level-review-santhanam-rajendran-dd-next-level-dhilluku-dhuddu-4-kissa-47/article69583802.ece |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Kulkanth Kumar's girlfriend || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141|title=Natty-starrer TN 2026's teaser released|date=2 April 2026|website=IANS News}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of performances and appearances on television
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Shows
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''Connexion Season 2''
| Participant
| [[Vijay TV]]
| Along With Balaji Murgadoss
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| [[Maya (2018 TV series)|''Maya'']]
| Devathai Raagini
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2]]''
| Contestant
| rowspan="3" | Vijay TV
| Evicted 98; With Cash Prize 5 Lakhs
|-
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Season 10: Fun Unlimited]]''
| Judge & Team Leader
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 3]]''
| Guest
| Promotion For the Film ''Ivan Than Uthaman''{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''
| Herself
| Sun TV
| Guest Appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Morattu Singles''
| Judge & Angel
| rowspan="5" | Vijay TV
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 5)|Bigg Boss Tamil season 5]]''
| rowspan="4" | Guest
| For Supporting Niroop Nandha Kumar
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''Where is the Party - New Year Special''
|
|-
| ''Bigg Boss Ultimate -Grand Finale''
| Dance Performance along with Amir
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss Tamil season 6]]''
| To launch the season
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of performances in short films
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2017 || MR.K Crime Series ||[[Silk Smitha]]|| Episode 16
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of performances in web series
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2019
| Madras Meter Show
| Guest
| [[ZEE5]]
|Episode 6<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Episode 6 – Mahat Raghavendra and Yashika Aannand's tell-all interview! |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/madras-meter-show/0-6-1947/episode-6-mahat-raghavendra-and-yashika-aannands-tell-all-interview/0-1-261694 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=Zee5.com |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613055219/https://www.zee5.com/global/zee5originals/details/madras-meter-show/0-6-1947/episode-6-mahat-raghavendra-and-yashika-aannands-tell-all-interview/0-1-261694 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm8682294|Yaashika Aanand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aannand, Yashika}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:People involved in road accidents or incidents]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1950

2026-05-04T14:48:59Z

BeauBasaldua8: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Collegium system

2026-04-29T20:05:09Z

BeauBasaldua8: made first entry more to come

{{Short description|Rulings on judicial independence in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}The '''collegium system''' is a collegium where incumbent judges of the [[Supreme Court of India]] appoint judges to the [[Judiciary of India]]. It originated from three Supreme Court judgments (rendered in 1981, 1993, and 1998), collectively known as the '''Three Judges Cases'''.<ref name="judge1">{{cite web |date=2015-11-09 |title=Madras High Court judge alleges caste bias in collegium system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madras-high-court-judge-alleges-caste-bias-in-collegium-system/ |accessdate=15 January 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The system is alleged for being [[Nepotism|nepotistic]] and has faced widespread condemnation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=50% HC judges related to senior judicial members: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/50-hc-judges-related-to-senior-judicial-members-report/story-S8RP2Ir9cEuIN4NewFnvML.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===Evolution of the concept===

The three Judges Cases are:
# ''S. P. Gupta v. Union of India'' – 1981<ref name="First Judges Case 1981">{{cite web|last=Bhagwati|first=P.|title=S. P. Gupta v. President of India|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1294854/|work=indiankanoon.org|publisher=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> (also known as the Judges' Transfer case)
# ''Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association vs Union of India'' – 1993<ref name="Second Judges Case 1993">{{cite web|last=Verma (for the majority)|first=J S|title=Supreme Court Advocates-on-RecorIndia|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/753224/|work=indiankanoon.org|publisher=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>
# ''In re'' Special Reference 1 of 1998<ref name="Third Judges Case 1998">{{cite web|last=Barucha|first=S. P.|title=In re Special Reference 1 of 1998|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/543658/|work=indiankanoon.org|publisher=Indian Kanoon|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>

Over the course of the three cases, the court evolved the principle of judicial independence to mean that no other branch of the state, including the legislature and the executive, would have any say in the appointment of judges. The court then created the collegium system, which has been in use since the judgment in the second Judges Case was issued in 1993.<ref name="Second Judges Case 1993" /> The third Judges Case is not a case but an opinion delivered by the Supreme Court responding to a [[question of law]] regarding the collegium system, raised by then President of India [[K. R. Narayanan]], in July 1998 under his constitutional powers.<ref name="Third Judges Case 1998" /> There is no explicit mention of the collegium either in the original [[Constitution of India]] or in any successive amendments.

In January 2013, the court dismissed as without [[locus standi]], a public interest litigation filed by NGO Suraz India Trust that sought to challenge the collegium system of appointment,<ref name="Apex court junks PIL to revisit collegium system">{{cite news|last=Express News Service|title=Apex court junks PIL to revisit collegium system|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/apex-court-junks-pil-to-revisit-collegium-system/1056092/0|accessdate=15 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> while in July, then [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[P. Sathasivam]] spoke against any attempts to change the collegium system.<ref name="Sathasivam">{{cite news |title= No need to change collegium system : Justice Sathasivam|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/07/03/no-need-to-change-collegium-system-justice-sathasivam-98687.html |newspaper= NiTi Central|date=3 July 2013 |accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NJAC Act unconstitutional, collegium system to continue: Apex Court |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/njac-act-unconstitutional-collegium-system-to-continue-apex-court/article7769481.ece |accessdate=26 October 2018 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

==== Judicial interpretation of the word "recommendation" ====
In the third Judges Case, the Supreme Court has elaborately dealt with the modality of rendering recommendation by a constitutional entity such as the Supreme Court, the President of India, etc. It is not at the discretion of the person consulted to render the recommendation but internal consultations with the peers shall be made in writing, and the recommendation shall be made in accordance with the internal consultations.<ref name="Third Judges Case 1998" /> Here, internal consultations refer to panels of existing Supreme Court judges appointed by existing judges.

===2014 failed National Judicial Appointments Commission proposal===
On 13 and 14 August 2014, the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]] respectively passed the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Bill, 2014 and the Constitution (121st Amendment) Bill, 2014, which amends articles 124(2) and 217(1) of the Constitution of India by establishing the [[National Judicial Appointments Commission]], on whose recommendation the President would appoint judges to the higher judiciary<ref name="judicial appointment commission">{{cite news |date=5 October 2013 |title=Elders Clear bill to set up Judicial Appointment Commission |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/elders-clear-bill-to-set-up-judicial-appointments-commission/article5096598.ece |accessdate=12 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> in order to scrap the collegium system. President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] gave his assent on 31 December 2014, after which the bills became National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014 and the [[Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014]] respectively.

However, on 16 October 2015, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of Justices [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|J. S. Khehar]], [[Madan Lokur]], [[Kurian Joseph]], [[Adarsh Kumar Goel]] and [[Jasti Chelameswar]], struck down the 99th constitutional amendment and the NJAC Act by a majority opinion of 4:1 in ''Supreme Court Advocate on Record Association v. Union of India'', with Justice Chelameswar dissenting, restoring the previous collegium system.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/10/sc-declares-njac-unconstitutional-chelameswar-j-dissents-read-judgment/|title = SC declares NJAC unconstitutional; Chelameswar J dissents [Read Judgment]|date = 16 October 2015|accessdate = 3 November 2011|website = 1, Law Street}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Supreme Court ... vs Union Of India on 16 October, 2015 | url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/66970168/|website=Indian Kanoon|access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= SC Bench strikes down NJAC Act as 'unconstitutional and void' | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-verdict-on-njac-and-collegium-system/article7769266.ece?homepage=true | newspaper= The Hindu | date= 17 October 2015 | accessdate= 17 October 2015}}</ref> The Bench declared that the Act is unconstitutional since it interfered with the autonomy of the judiciary by the executive which amounts to tampering with the [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure of the constitution]] where Parliament is not empowered to change so. However, the Bench also acknowledged that the collegium system is lacking transparency and credibility which would be rectified or improved by the Judiciary.

==Current members of the Collegium==

===High Court Elevation===

1. [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]], incumbent [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Justice Surya Kant takes oath as 53rd Chief Justice of India: Village celebrates journey of its ‘Surya’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/justice-surya-kant-takes-oath-as-53rd-chief-justice-of-india-village-celebrates-journey-of-its-surya-10384221/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-24 |title=CJI Surya Kant to head Supreme Court Collegium after predecessor Justice Gavai demits office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cji-surya-kant-to-head-supreme-court-collegium-after-predecessor-justice-gavai-demits-office/article70316835.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

2. [[Vikram Nath]], Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" />

3. [[Jitendra Kumar Maheshwari|J. K. Maheshwari]], Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" />

===Supreme Court Elevation and Transfers===

4. [[B. V. Nagarathna]], Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" />

5. [[M. M. Sundresh]], Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" />

==Criticism==
The collegium system is notorious for the [[nepotism|nepotistic]] phenomenon called the [[Judiciary of India#Nepotism|uncle judge syndrome]]. In 2017, the Supreme Court of India had recognised the rot of the collegium, but as of 2025 little has been done to fix it.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-plus/law/supreme-court-wants-to-get-rid-of-uncle-judges-syndrome-can-it/articleshow/117192065.cms Supreme Court wants to get rid of ‘uncle judges’ syndrome. Can it?], Times of India, 13 Jan 2025.</ref> In 2015, advocate Mathews J Nedumpara claims that around 50% of the High Court judges and 33% of the Supreme Court judges are family members of those in higher echelons of judiciary, with six Supreme Court judges were sons of former judges and over 88 High Court judges were either born to a family of lawyers, judges, or worked under some legal luminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=50% HC judges related to senior judicial members: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/50-hc-judges-related-to-senior-judicial-members-report/story-S8RP2Ir9cEuIN4NewFnvML.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> while in 2022, former Minister of State for Human Resource Development [[Upendra Kushwaha]] noted that judges of Supreme Court so far have come only from 250-300 families, and there is negligible representation of women and Scheduled Castes in the higher judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-12 |title=Only 250-300 families have sent judges to SC: Upendra Kushwaha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/only-250-300-families-have-sent-judges-to-sc-upendra-kushwaha-4978701/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, the collegium system has often been alleged to have caste bias due to the lack of representation of marginalised communities such as the [[Other Backward Class]], [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].

[[Jasti Chelameswar]], a Supreme Court judge, who was a part of the [[National Judicial Appointments Commission|NJAC]] verdict of 2015, gave a [[dissenting opinion]], stating that the NJAC could have acted “as a check on unwholesome trade-offs within the collegium and incestuous accommodations between Judicial and Executive branches.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/law/what-judiciary-done-itself|title=What the Indian judiciary has done to itself|last=Dev|first=Atul|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> He had criticized the existing collegium system of appointing judges, which he said had become "a euphemism for nepotism", where "mediocrity or even less" is promoted and a "constitutional disorder" does not look distant.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The judge who dissented: 'No accountability, mediocrity or even less promoted, reform overdue'|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/the-judge-who-dissented-no-accountability-mediocrity-or-even-less-promoted-reform-overdue/|website = The Indian Express|date = 2015-10-17|accessdate = 2015-11-03}}</ref>

The collegium system has failed to address filling vacant positions at the High Court and Supreme Court levels.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/with-judicial-vacancies-galore-questions-over-functioning-of-collegium-system-297165/|title= With judicial vacancies galore, questions over functioning of Collegium system}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |last=Gera |first=Ishaan |title=Only 14.4 Judges Per Million Population |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/only-14-4-judges-per-million-population/20220802.htm |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, the sanctioned number of judges in India was 21.03 judges per million population, while the actual number of judges was noted at 14.4 per million population, up from 13.2 in 2016, and several experts have stated that the minimum number of judges should be as per the global standard of 50 per million population.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India has about 21 judges per million people |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-has-about-21-judges-per-million-people/articleshow/89481479.cms |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref> The vacant positions for both judges and non-judicial staff have led to a rise in pendency of cases; as of May 2022, a total of 4.7 [[crore]] (47 million) cases are pending in courts nationwide.<ref name="clogged-state-of-judiciary">{{cite news |last=Sumeda |title=Explained The clogged state of the Indian judiciary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-judiciary-pendency-data-courts-statistics-explain-judges-ramana-chief-justiceundertrials/article65378182.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Hindu |date=2022-05-10}}</ref>

Critics have argued that the collegium system has not addressed the competency or professional capabilities of judges at district level when permanently elevating or promoting them to High Court or Supreme Court, especially if they are temporarily elevated. This was largely seen with [[Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala]], an additional judge with the [[Bombay High Court]], who faced widespread condemnation by media and political figures for a series of controversial judgements in several cases of sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SC collegium clears elevation of four judges to Bombay HC|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/sc-collegium-clears-elevation-of-four-judges-to-bombay-hc/articleshow/65816157.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> As a result of this, Ganediwala was denied permanent elevation by the Supreme Court collegium, and she eventually tendered her resignation in February 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-11|title=Denied elevation, judge who gave 'no skin-to-skin contact' order resigns|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/denied-elevation-judge-who-gave-no-skin-to-skin-contact-order-resigns-7766888/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Judiciary of India#Judicial corruption|Corruption in Indian judiciary]]
* [[Nepotism]]
* [[National Judicial Appointments Commission]]
* [[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]

Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi

2026-04-23T09:31:32Z

BeauBasaldua8: Creating New Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]
| constituency = [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983}}
| father = [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
}}
'''Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi Gajapathi Raju''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a first-time member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency]] in [[Vizianagaram district]]. She represents the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Vijayalakshmi Gajapathi Raju Pusapati, TDP Candidate from Vizianagaram Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/aditi-vijayalakshmi-gajapathi-raju-pusapati-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a018e2024c006/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vizianagaram Assembly Election Results 2024: Vizianagaram Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram-constituency-result-1018 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vizianagaram Assembly Election Results 2024: Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/vizianagaram-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Aditi is from the royal family of [[Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title='Royal' challengers enter the election fray |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/royal-challengers-enter-the-election-fray/articleshow/109279715.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is the daughter of former central minister [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]], a maharaja of Vizianagaram.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pativada |first=Sreenu Babu |date=2024-04-13 |title=2 women in fray to take forward family legacy in North Andhra politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/13/2-women-in-fray-to-take-forward-family-legacy-in-north-andhra-politics |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She completed her MA in psychology in 2013 from [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Vijayalakshmi Gajapathi Raju Pusapati(TDP):Constituency- VIZIANAGARAM(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=470 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aditi made her electoral debut in 2019 but was elected as an MLA for the first time winning the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 121,241 votes and defeated her nearest rival and former deputy assembly speaker [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 60,609 votes.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], she contested from Vizianagaram seat, also on the Telugu Desam Party ticket, but polled 72,432 votes and lost to Veerabhadra Swamy of the YSR Congress Party, by a margin of 6,417 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Vizianagaram Election Result 2023 Live, Vizianagaram Elections Vote Counting, Andhra-pradesh Results 2023 {{!}} ABP Marathi News |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-2024/andhra-pradesh-vizianagaram-constituency-18.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> Though the constituency is a traditional stronghold of the maharajas, 2019 witnessed a wave in favour of YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-25 |title=YSR Congress wave swamps TDP leaders' kin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ysr-congress-wave-swamps-tdp-leaders-kin/articleshow/69497715.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aditi Vijayalakshmi, Pusapati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Trivikram Narayan Singh

2026-04-22T01:18:41Z

BeauBasaldua8: created the biography first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Trivikram Narayan Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurangabad]]
| predecessor = [[Anand Shankar Singh]]
| successor =
| office1 = State Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 9 August 2023
| president1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]] [[Dilip Jaiswal]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Trivikram Narayan Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurangabad]] constituency. He was appointed as State Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]] on 9 August 2023 under the Presidency of [[Samrat Choudhary]].<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Aurangabad">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Aurangabad|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04223.htm|access-date=28 November 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172550/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04223.htm|archive-date=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar BJP: सम्राट चौधरी की नई टीम में यादव जाति से एक अधिकारी, भूमिहार-ब्राह्मण-राजपूत को भरपूर हिस्सेदारी|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-bjp-president-samrat-chaudhary-announced-his-team-know-everything/articleshow/102575365.cms|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहार बीजेपी के नए प्रदेश पदाधिकारी हुए नियुक्त, दिलीप जायसवाल ने जारी की लिस्ट|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-bjp-president-dilip-jaiswal-releases-list-of-state-committee-new-officeers-2954264|website=ABP News|date=2025-05-31|access-date=|language=hi|first=|last=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Trivikram Narayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Holenarasipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:19Z

BeauBasaldua8: added first entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Holenarasipur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 197
| map_image = 197-Holenarasipur constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = In New Delhi on August 09, 2016.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:220511}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[H. D. Revanna]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = A. Doddegowda
}}
[[File:197 HOLENARASIPURA AC 2018.pdf|thumb|]]

'''Holenarasipur Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is a segment of [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || A. G. Ramachandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Y. Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="6" | [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[H. D. Revanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Doddegowda. A || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="5" | [[H. D. Revanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 88,103 |percentage = 47.51% |change = {{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shreyas M. Patel |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,951 |percentage = 45.81% |change = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Devarajegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,850 |percentage = 2.62% |change = {{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Geetha Shivaswamy |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,425 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Purvanchal Mahapanchayat |votes = 2,061 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Nagaraja |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,151 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,152 |percentage = 1.70% |change = {{decrease}}22.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,126 |percentage = 84.41% |change = {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 185,444}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,511 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 108,541 |percentage = 60.13% |change = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjegowda. B. P |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,709 |percentage = 35.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Raju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,667 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 984 |percentage = 0.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,832 |percentage = 24.28% |change = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,562 |percentage = 86.36% |change = {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,496}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,086 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 92,713 |percentage = 54.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Anupama |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,655 |percentage = 36.80% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Shivanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. T. Hemanth Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahesh Alias Harsha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,058 |percentage = 17.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,295 |percentage = 81.83% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,262}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,341 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 77,448 |percentage = 54.58% |change = {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Anupama |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,842 |percentage = 35.13% |change = {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Shrinivasa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,420 |percentage = 3.12% |change = {{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shivaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,566 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Nagendra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,078 |percentage = 1.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Revanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,075 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahesh Alias Harsha |party = Independent politician |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,606 |percentage = 19.46% |change = {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,896 |percentage = 78.33% |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,153 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 64,664 |percentage = 53.57% |change = {{increase}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,070 |percentage = 26.57% |change = {{decrease}}30.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddegowda. A |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,329 |percentage = 12.70% |change = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somashekar. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,204 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalappa. K. P |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,668 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,353 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesha. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 754 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,594 |percentage = 27.00% |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,938 |percentage = 76.30% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,701}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,510 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Doddegowda. A |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,151 |percentage = 57.51% |change = {{increase}}14.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,964 |percentage = 38.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahesh Alias Harsha |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,665 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Sadashiva |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 1.69% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,187 |percentage = 19.00% |change = {{increase}}18.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,937 |percentage = 79.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,755}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,106 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,036 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Revanna]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 47,606 |percentage = 43.00% |change = {{increase}}42.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,484 |percentage = 42.89% |change = {{decrease}}10.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddegowda. A |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 14,444 |percentage = 13.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Susheelamma |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 852 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 122 |percentage = 0.11% |change = {{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,216 |percentage = 82.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,704}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,496 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,288 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,297 |percentage = 53.43% |change = {{increase}}50.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 45,461 |percentage = 45.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,836 |percentage = 7.86% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,131 |percentage = 83.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,743}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,388 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,740 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 41,230 |percentage = 49.33% |change = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,063 |percentage = 45.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. L. Krishna Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,246 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{decrease}}38.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanjundappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,556 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,167 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,673 |percentage = 84.03% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,581}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,092 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,763 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,239 |percentage = 54.54% |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kumaraswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,158 |percentage = 41.24% |change = {{increase}}38.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Jayalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,094 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Virupakshaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 708 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,081 |percentage = 13.30% |change = {{increase}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,508 |percentage = 80.98% |change = {{decrease}}3.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,281}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,835 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,992 |percentage = 52.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kumaraswamy |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,472 |percentage = 43.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Nanjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,645 |percentage = 2.54% |change = {{decrease}}38.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 395 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,520 |percentage = 8.52% |change = {{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,974 |percentage = 84.90% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,824}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,150 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,712 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 26,639 |percentage = 53.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kumaraswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,475 |percentage = 41.35% |change = {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Mahadevappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanjundappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,164 |percentage = 12.45% |change = {{decrease}}11.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,879 |percentage = 76.75% |change = {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,289 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,594 |percentage = 59.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Doddegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,191 |percentage = 35.00% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. J. Kalegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,049 |percentage = 5.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,403 |percentage = 24.12% |change = {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,825 |percentage = 63.98% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,834}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,116 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,622 |percentage = 42.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Doddegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,338 |percentage = 24.70% |change = {{decrease}}16.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Veerappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,052 |percentage = 20.38% |change = {{decrease}}38.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Mayigowda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,934 |percentage = 9.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 757 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,284 |percentage = 17.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,920 |percentage = 63.55% |change = {{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,703}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,232 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}16.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Veerappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,233 |percentage = 59.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,857 |percentage = 40.76% |change = {{decrease}}20.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,376 |percentage = 18.48% |change = {{decrease}}19.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,090 |percentage = 66.42% |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,090}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,799 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holenarasipur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,515 |percentage = 60.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Veerappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 4,643 |percentage = 22.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. P. Khanderaya Setty |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,440 |percentage = 16.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,872 |percentage = 38.22% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,598 |percentage = 55.38% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,598}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,193 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.79|76.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Vemagal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:10Z

BeauBasaldua8: created first page needs work

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Vemagal
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2008
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Vemagal Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. N. Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[C. Byre Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || S. Govinda Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="5" | [[C. Byre Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 29/07/2003}} || rowspan="2" | [[Krishna Byre Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|AIPJD}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Krishna Byre Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 95,563 |percentage = 75.73% |change = {{increase}}31.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srirama. S. N |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,204 |percentage = 16.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shenkaregowda. K. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,981 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sreerama |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,201 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satish. S |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,238 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 75,359 |percentage = 59.72% |change = {{increase}}50.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,192 |percentage = 78.58% |change = {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,187}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,584 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = AIPJD |swing = {{increase}}22.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2003/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - Sep. 2003 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Krishna Byre Gowda]] |party = AIPJD |votes = 68,458 |percentage = 53.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatamuniyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,175 |percentage = 44.59% |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayanaswamy |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. P. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,140 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,283 |percentage = 8.80% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,238 |percentage = 83.04% |change = {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,236}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,436 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = AIPJD |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 56,449 |percentage = 51.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatamuniyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,892 |percentage = 44.21% |change = {{increase}}12.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Govindappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,563 |percentage = 3.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Reddeppa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,679 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,557 |percentage = 6.83% |change = {{decrease}}24.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,683 |percentage = 79.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,583}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,100 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}12.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 66,049 |percentage = 63.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatamuniyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,001 |percentage = 31.73% |change = {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyanarayana Mahesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,205 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,048 |percentage = 31.78% |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,564 |percentage = 81.87% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,997}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,938 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 42,687 |percentage = 48.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Erappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,347 |percentage = 26.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Govinda Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,667 |percentage = 21.37% |change = {{decrease}}16.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Muniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,007 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,340 |percentage = 22.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,879 |percentage = 80.06% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,361}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,518 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,758 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 46,945 |percentage = 61.84% |change = {{increase}}58.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Iragappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,968 |percentage = 38.16% |change = {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,977 |percentage = 23.68% |change = {{decrease}}27.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,154 |percentage = 81.57% |change = {{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,913}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,582 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,061 |percentage = 71.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa. K |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,154 |percentage = 21.17% |change = {{increase}}20.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaswamachari. S |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,486 |percentage = 3.72% |change = {{decrease}}36.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,907 |percentage = 50.71% |change = {{increase}}35.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,963 |percentage = 78.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,863}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,100 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,278 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}16.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Govinda Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,000 |percentage = 55.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,239 |percentage = 40.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Narayanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 890 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Sriramma Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 544 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}47.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Anjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 427 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,761 |percentage = 15.12% |change = {{increase}}12.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,933 |percentage = 82.80% |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,564}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,627 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,258 |percentage = 51.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Govinda Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,031 |percentage = 48.51% |change = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,227 |percentage = 2.97% |change = {{decrease}}11.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,336 |percentage = 69.86% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,289}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,598 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vemagal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,014 |percentage = 53.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. Byre Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,410 |percentage = 39.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. R. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,227 |percentage = 7.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,604 |percentage = 14.55% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,476 |percentage = 64.23% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,651}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,121 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kolar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.19|78.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Kolar-geo-stub}}

Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:36Z

BeauBasaldua8: Creating Details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Radhakishorpur
| mla = [[Pranjit Singha Roy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:48532}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 31
}}

'''Radhakishorpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Gomati district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. K. Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Usha Ranjan Sen]]
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Jogesh Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Chitta Ranjan Saha
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Pannalal Ghosh
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=3 | Joy Gobinda Deb Roy
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=3 | [[Pranjit Singha Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranjit Singha Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,421 |percentage=56.07% |change={{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srikanta Datta |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=17,007 |percentage=39.05% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partha Karmakar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=1,020 |percentage=2.34% |change={{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=568 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhu Lal Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,414 |percentage=17.02% |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,552 |percentage=89.89% |change= {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,532 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranjit Singha Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,414 |percentage=52.54% |change={{increase}}51.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srikanta Datta |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=17,568 |percentage=41.18% |change={{decrease}}6.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=899 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milan Chandra Kar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=843 |percentage=1.98% |change={{decrease}}48.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partha Karmakar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=222 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,846 |percentage=11.36% |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,663 |percentage=92.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,648 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranjit Singha Roy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,140 |percentage=50.23% |change={{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Gobinda Deb Roy |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=19,303 |percentage=48.15% |change={{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lokman Husen |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=260 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Adhikari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=239 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=837 |percentage=2.09% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,093 |percentage=94.70% |change= {{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,380 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Gobinda Deb Roy |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=14,482 |percentage=49.39% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranjit Singha Roy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,015 |percentage=47.80% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapan Adhikari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=301 |percentage=1.03% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhu Lal Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mujammel Ahammed Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=258 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=1.59% |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,321 |percentage=94.67% |change= {{increase}}10.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,992 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Gobinda Deb Roy |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=12,932 |percentage=50.21% |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranjit Singha Roy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,048 |percentage=46.78% |change={{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=253 |percentage=0.98% |change={{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhuti Bhusan Saha |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sefali Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=884 |percentage=3.43% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,754 |percentage=83.96% |change= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,700 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Gobinda Deb Roy |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=10,288 |percentage=47.55% |change={{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhirendra Kumar Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,101 |percentage=46.68% |change={{increase}}28.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakhal Chakrabaorty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=945 |percentage=4.37% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partha Karmakar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=284 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=187 |percentage=0.86% |change= {{decrease}}20.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,637 |percentage=80.19% |change= {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,388 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pannalal Ghosh |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,949 |percentage=49.15% |change={{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singha Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,573 |percentage=27.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhika Ranjan Gupta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,754 |percentage=18.55% |change={{decrease}}28.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakhal Chakraborty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=803 |percentage=3.97% |change={{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,376 |percentage=21.62% |change= {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,241 |percentage=82.41% |change= {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,870 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitta Ranjan Saha |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,604 |percentage=50.97% |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranajit Singha Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,971 |percentage=47.22% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitish Saha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=163 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=633 |percentage=3.75% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,879 |percentage=86.13% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,795 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogesh Chakraborty |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=7,070 |percentage=51.44% |change={{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanu Gopal Baisnab |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,590 |percentage=47.95% |change={{increase}}30.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=480 |percentage=3.49% |change= {{decrease}}33.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,743 |percentage=84.17% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,579 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogesh Chakraborty |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,478 |percentage=54.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Ranjan Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,755 |percentage=17.50% |change={{decrease}}30.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajaraman Sarkar |party=Congress for Democracy |votes=877 |percentage=8.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Ranjan Nag |party=Janata Party |votes=617 |percentage=6.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Krishna Das |party=Communist Party of India |votes=565 |percentage=5.63% |change={{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priyaranjan Majumder |party=Independent politician |votes=383 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Majumder |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prativa Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,723 |percentage=37.12% |change= {{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,030 |percentage=80.80% |change= {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,622 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Ranjan Sen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,888 |percentage=48.37% |change={{decrease}}19.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Mukerjee |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,509 |percentage=34.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Krishna Das |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,708 |percentage=16.90% |change={{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,379 |percentage=13.65% |change= {{decrease}}34.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,105 |percentage=72.70% |change= {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,352 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}37.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Radhakishorpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Sarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,878 |percentage=67.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Krishna Das |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,117 |percentage=19.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Das |party=Independent politician |votes=2,033 |percentage=12.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,761 |percentage=48.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,028 |percentage=72.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,035 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gomati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24.24|92.27||display=title}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Amira Kadal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:44Z

BeauBasaldua8: created first details w/ sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2018
| type= SLA
}}
'''Amira Kadal''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Amira Kadal was also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Amira Kadal Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/amirakadal.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Sham Lal Saraf]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Zainab Begum]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=3|[[Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mohammad Shafi Bhat]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Nasir Aslam Wani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Syed Mohammad Altaf Bukhari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Altaf Bukhari|Syed Mohammad Altaf Bukhari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,726 |percentage=54.57% |change={{increase}}27.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nasir Aslam Wani]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,385 |percentage=29.71% |change={{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heena Shafi Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,359 |percentage=6.32% |change={{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Aamir Rasool |party=Indian National Congress |votes=318 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=208 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Younis Qawam |party=Independent politician |votes=188 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zeeshan Pandith |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,341 |percentage=24.86% |change= {{increase}}17.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,488 |percentage=24.84% |change= {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,520 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}19.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nasir Aslam Wani]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,912 |percentage=34.75% |change={{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parvaiz Ahmed Bhat |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,103 |percentage=27.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Altaf Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=935 |percentage=8.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabiya Qadiri |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=6.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahmreen Badar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=407 |percentage=3.62% |change={{decrease}}47.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Muzaffar Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=370 |percentage=3.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shuban Krishen Dudha |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=159 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashiq Rafiq Khan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=155 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parikshit Koul |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=149 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=809 |percentage=7.19% |change= {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,258 |percentage=14.96% |change= {{increase}}11.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,277 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi Bhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,163 |percentage=51.01% |change={{increase}}46.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=672 |percentage=29.47% |change={{decrease}}34.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Kumar Moza |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=193 |percentage=8.46% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Najeeb Abbas |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=131 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Afroza Qadir |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=65 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilal Ahmad Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javeed Iqbal Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=491 |percentage=21.54% |change= {{decrease}}27.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,280 |percentage=3.06% |change= {{decrease}}8.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,442 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi Bhat]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,256 |percentage=63.86% |change={{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Altaf Dar |party=Janata Dal |votes=968 |percentage=14.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Kumar Moza |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=554 |percentage=8.31% |change={{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=406 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iftikhar Sadiq |party=Indian National Congress |votes=278 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javed Iqbal |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilal Ahmad Bhat |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=76 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,288 |percentage=49.33% |change= {{increase}}37.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,665 |percentage=11.51% |change= {{decrease}}56.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,462 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Shoh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,567 |percentage=55.35% |change={{decrease}}22.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yussouf Shoh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,278 |percentage=43.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=211 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,289 |percentage=12.13% |change= {{decrease}}46.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,351 |percentage=71.39% |change= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,875 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Shoh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,533 |percentage=77.42% |change={{increase}}19.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,086 |percentage=18.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sadiq |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=719 |percentage=2.18% |change={{decrease}}55.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. R. Mughal |party=Independent politician |votes=286 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,447 |percentage=58.97% |change= {{increase}}42.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,978 |percentage=73.64% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,146 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}19.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Shoh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,515 |percentage=57.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Wani |party=Janata Party |votes=10,340 |percentage=41.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,175 |percentage=16.61% |change= {{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,138 |percentage=74.54% |change= {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,644 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zainab Begum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,446 |percentage=38.12% |change={{decrease}}35.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Farooq |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=7,374 |percentage=37.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saif Ud Din |party=Independent politician |votes=2,390 |percentage=12.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ramzan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,133 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=783 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=405 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72 |percentage=0.37% |change= {{decrease}}46.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,531 |percentage=59.85% |change= {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,187 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}35.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,480 |percentage=73.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. A. Sofi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,765 |percentage=26.43% |change={{decrease}}59.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,715 |percentage=47.14% |change= {{decrease}}23.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,245 |percentage=52.73% |change= {{decrease}}12.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,722 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Amira Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal Saraf |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,313 |percentage=85.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=1,753 |percentage=14.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,560 |percentage=70.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,066 |percentage=64.23% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,895 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Amira Kadal]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|34.070|74.807|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Pokkhirajer Dim

2026-04-14T13:08:01Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali-language science fantasy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from June 2025; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of 2025 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pokkhirajer Dim
| image = Pokkhirajer_Dim_theatrical_poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster featuring the central trio and the mythical relic
| director = [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
| screenplay = Soukarya Ghosal
| story = Soukarya Ghosal
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jyoti Deshpande
* Shrikant Mohta
* Mahendra Soni
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
* Mahabrata Basu
* Anumegha Banerjee
* [[Alexx O'Nell]]
}}
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmik
| music = [[Nabarun Bose]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jio Studios]]
* [[SVF Entertainment]]
}}
| distributor = SVF Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''Pokkhirajer Dim''''' ({{langx|bn|পক্ষীরাজের ডিম|lit=''The Celestial Egg''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Speculative fiction|science-fantasy]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Soukarya Ghosal]] and produced by [[Jio Studios]] and [[SVF Entertainment]]. Serving as a thematic sequel to Ghosal's 2018 film ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]'', it stars [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Batabyal, an eccentric mathematics teacher, alongside Mahabrata Basu as Ghoton, a struggling student determined to master mathematics, and Anumegha Banerjee reprising her role as Poppins, the only friend Ghoton has in life and [[Alexx O'Nell]] portrays the antagonist, British archaeologist Mr. Villain. Set in the fictional village of Akashgunj, the narrative blends [[Bengali folklore]] with [[science fiction]] elements, theoretically based on Einstein’s famous general theory of relativity, which shows light doesn’t travel in a straight line in space.

The story centres around a supernatural relic that can read minds. Principal photography of the film occurred from September 2023 to late November 2023 in [[West Bengal]] & Simulta, Bihar. The film was theatrically released on 13 June 2025.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=Trailer of Pokkhirajer Dim promises a fantasy adventure rooted in Bengali folklore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-promises-a-fantasy-adventure-rooted-in-bengali-folklore/articleshow/121511599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-promises-a-fantasy-adventure-rooted-in-bengali-folklore/articleshow/121511599.cms |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="T2Online">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=30 May 2025 |title=The trailer of Pokkhirajer Dim suggests a sci-fi fantasy film filled with fun and adventure |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-suggests-a-sci-fi-fantasy-film-filled-with-fun-and-adventure/1474195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603121500/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-pokkhirajer-dim-suggests-a-sci-fi-fantasy-film-filled-with-fun-and-adventure/1474195 |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)| t2Online]]}}</ref> The film was an official selection for Indian Panorama at the 56th International Film Festival of India in Goa 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bengali-films-barobabu-and-pokkhirajer-dim-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-56th-iffi/articleshow/125131482.cms|title= Bengali films “Barobabu” and “Pokkhirajer Dim” selected for Indian Panorama at 56th IFFI |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Seven years after the events of Rainbow Jelly, Ghoton struggles academically at Akashgunj High School in rural Bengal, particularly in mathematics. Determined to improve his skills, he seeks coaching from Batabyal, an eccentric mathematics teacher who initially dismisses him due to Ghoton's poor performance. To gain Batabyal's mentorship, Ghoton offers him a mythical stone—"Pokkhirajer Dim" (The Celestial Egg)—discovered in an abandoned temple, which can read minds. The local legend claims it was forged by cosmic forces of outer space. Batabyal, an indigenous scientist aspiring to win a Nobel Prize, recognizes the relic's scientific potential and agrees to explore it for further experiments.<ref name="BookMyShow">{{cite web |title=Pokkhirajer Dim (2025) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pokkhirajer-dim/ET00369630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603140000/https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pokkhirajer-dim/ET00369630 |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>

Ghoton's childhood friend Poppins returns from Kolkata and joins their experiments. As they test the relic's abilities—including manipulating mathematical probabilities and bending physical laws—they inadvertently awaken malevolent and political forces in Akashgunj. Their actions attract Mr. Villain, a British archaeologist who aspires to possess the precious stone. Villain, accompanied by a corrupt journalist, Mr. Mitra, ties up with the Akashgunj village chief, Samantababu, to acquire that ancient stone from the temple. But an alien spaceship from the outer planet claiming the stone to be their world’s thing comes to rescue it. Ghoton is the one to deliver it.<ref name="SVFTrailer">{{cite web |title=Pokkhirajer Dim - Official Trailer |url=https://www.facebook.com/SVFsocial/videos/pokkhirajer-dim-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-official-trailer-in-cinemas-13th-jun-svf/1513597866686442/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603142500/https://www.facebook.com/SVFsocial/videos/pokkhirajer-dim-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-official-trailer-in-cinemas-13th-jun-svf/1513597866686442/ |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=SVF Entertainment}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Batabyal: Described by the actor as "a mad scientist in a chalk-stained shirt" whose eccentricity masks emotional depth<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Piya | title=Anirban Bhattacharya Stars in Bengali Fantasy Film Pokkhirajer Dim | website=t2ONLINE | date=2025-06-12 | url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/anirban-bhattacharya-spoke-to-t2-on-the-world-of-pokkhirajer-dim/1491939 | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* Mahabrata Basu as Ghoton: A struggling student determined to master mathematics
* Anumegha Banerjee as Poppins: Ghoton's friend who returns from Kolkata to join the adventure
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Dr. Alistair Reed: A British archaeologist pursuing the relic<ref name="ETimes">{{cite web |title=Pokkhirajer Dim - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/pokkhirajer-dim-official-teaser/videoshow/121530896.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603144000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/pokkhirajer-dim-official-teaser/videoshow/121530896.cms |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=ETimes}}</ref>
* Shyamal Chakraborty as Batabyal's assistant
* Subrata Sengupta as Head Sir Gunadhar Bagchi
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury
* Kaushik Chattopadhyay as Batabyal's deceased father
* Shubhashish Gangopadhyay and Anujoy Chattopadhyay as members of Blind Opera Theatre (cameo)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pokkhirajer Dim
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Soukarya Ghosal]], [[Nabarun Bose]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:38
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = SVF Music
| producer =
}}

The Music of the ''Pokkhirajer Dim'' is composed by [[Nabarun Bose]], [[Soukarya Ghosal]], and all lyrics are by [[Soukarya Ghosal]].

Out of five original songs, [[Soukarya Ghosal]] composed both versions of ''Ki Hobe Taar'' and the rest of the songs were composed by [[Nabarun Bose]]. The soundtrack was released by SVF Music. The full music album was released in 2025.

{{Track listing
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pokkhirajer Dim Title Track
| length1 = 3:38
| extra1 = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| title2 = Ki hobe Taar
| length2 = 5:02
| extra2 = [[Lagnajita Chakraborty]]
| title3 = Shurjer Shaat Rong
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = [[Rupankar Bagchi]]
| title4 = Ki hobe Taar (Male)
| length4 = 4:48
| extra4 = Ujan Chatterjee
| title5 = Pokkhirajer Dim Title Track (Batabyal Version)
| length5 = 3:42
| extra5 = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| total_length = 21:38
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Director Soukarya Ghosal described the film as "a whimsical ode to Bengali fantasy traditions" that consciously pays tribute to [[Satyajit Ray]]'s scientific curiosity.<ref name="TelegraphReview"/> In interviews, he revealed the production involved extensive research into both quantum physics and [[Bengali folklore]] to create the relic's reality-warping mechanics.<ref>{{cite web | last=মুখোপাধ্যায় | first=উপালি | title=সরল মানুষের সঙ্গে মিশে অভ্যস্ত, কেউ মাতব্বরি করছে দেখলে ভাল লাগে না, ছোটরাই ভাল: সৌকর্য | website=Anandabazar | date=2025-06-12 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-soukarya-ghoshal-opens-up-on-his-directorial-journey-of-pokkhirajer-dim-dgtl/cid/1610930 | language=bn | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> In an interview with ''The New Indian Express'', Ghosal elaborated on the challenges of visualizing quantum phenomena for a mass audience.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sen | first=Subhadrika | title=Exclusive: Pokkhirajer Dim Director Soukarya Ghosal opens up on his latest directorial | website=Indulgexpress | date=2025-06-12 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/12/exclusive-pokkhirajer-dim-director-soukarya-ghosal-opens-up-on-his-latest-directorial | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> Development began with the project announcement on 8 September 2023, followed by the poster release on 16 May 2025.<ref name="Poster">{{cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=The official poster of Pokkhiraj er Dim is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-pokkhiraj-er-dim-is-out/articleshow/121207353.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603145000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-pokkhiraj-er-dim-is-out/articleshow/121207353.cms |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced on 9 September 2023 after a [[Muhurta|muhurat]] ceremony at SVF's Kolkata office. Key locations included Shimultala and villages in [[Bankura district|Bankura]] to capture Akashgunj's mystical landscape, with additional sequences shot in [[Kolkata]]. The production employed [[Virtual cinematography|virtual production stages]] for dreamscape and quantum rift sequences, completing 85 scheduled days by late 2024.<ref name="TOI" />

== Themes ==
Ghosal framed the narrative as exploring "childhood wonder through mathematical curiosity",<ref name="T2Online" /> using the relic as a metaphor for knowledge acquisition. The film examines colonial extraction vs indigenous knowledge, embodied by Dr Reed’s attempts to appropriate the relic as historical resource exploitation;<ref name="TOI" /> academic struggle as heroism, shown in Ghoton’s mathematical journey paralleling his coming‑of‑age arc;<ref name="BookMyShow" /> and scientific ethics, raised by Batabyal’s experiments questioning responsible innovation.<ref name="T2Online" /> Scholars also note parallels with [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]]'s ''Patalghar'' in blending rural folklore with speculative fiction.<ref name="T2Online" />
== Release ==
''Pokkhirajer Dim'' was released theatrically on 13 June 2025. The marketing campaign emphasized mathematical wonder with the tagline "''Equations Can Change Reality''", while the trailer released on 30 May 2025 garnered 2.5 million views within 72 hours.<ref name="Sangbad">{{cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=Trailer Launch Event Draws Enthusiastic Response |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/bengali-film-pokkhirajer-dim-trailer-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603150000/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/bengali-film-pokkhirajer-dim-trailer-launch/ |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref> A special screening attended by industry figures including [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], and [[Srijit Mukherji]] was held on 11 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay, Jaya Ahsan attend 'Pokkhirajer Dim' special screening | website=Telegraph India | date=2025-06-15 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parambrata-chattopadhyay-jaya-ahsan-srijit-mukherji-attend-special-screening-of-soukarya-ghosals-latest-film-photogallery/cid/2107987 | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Pokkhirajer Dim'' received widespread critical acclaim upon release. Critics widely noted Ghosal's thematic tribute to Satyajit Ray through the integration of mathematics and folklore.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kundu | first=Kasturi | title=Bengali Movie: সত্যজিৎ রায়ের স্বপ্ন ছিল বাংলার আকাশেও UFO উড়ুক, সেটাই পূরণ করার চেষ্টা করেছি: সৌকর্য ঘোষাল | website=Indian Express - Bangla | date=2025-06-13 | url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bengali-latest-release-pokkhirajer-dim-director-soukarya-ghosal-pays-tribute-to-satyajit-ray-through-this-movie-9361039 | language=bn | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>

Arkapravo Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising its "visually stunning and intellectually stimulating journey" and Anirban Bhattacharya's "career-best performance", while noting its "groundbreaking visual effects for Bengali cinema".<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Arkapravo | title=Pokkhirajer Dim Movie Review: Ghoton-Poppins make a rollicking return with alien tale | website=The Times of India | date=2025-06-14 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/pokkhirajer-dim/movie-review/121848891.cms | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' described it "a love letter to Bengali fantasy traditions" and highlighting Bhattacharya's "comedic genius and emotional depth".<ref>{{cite web | last=প্রতিবেদন | first=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম | title='পক্ষীরাজের ডিম'-এ নেই কোনও পক্ষীরাজ, আকাশগঞ্জের আধুনিক রূপকথায় রয়েছে মজার টান | website=Anandabazar | date=2025-06-14 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-movie-pokkhirajer-dim-starring-anirban-bhattacharya-directed-by-soukarya-ghosal-dgtl/cid/1611543 | language=bn | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>

In ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', Saibal Chatterjee noted the film "successfully blends [[Satyajit Ray|Ray's]] scientific curiosity with contemporary visual effects." He said "Ghosal may not have made a film as tight or inventive as Rainbow Jelly, but Pokkhirajer Dim still casts a gentle spell, despite minor pacing issues."<ref name="TelegraphReview">{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Soukarya Ghosal's 'Pokkhirajer Dim' is a whimsical ode to Bengali fantasy tales | website=Telegraph India | date=2025-06-15 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/soukarya-ghosals-film-is-a-whimsical-ode-to-bengali-fantasy-tales/cid/2107949 | access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2025]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29117505|Pokkhirajer Dim}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India|Fantasy}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]][[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Soukarya Ghosal]]

Ajit Singh (field hockey)

2026-04-13T05:16:39Z

BeauBasaldua8: created the bio and citations!

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{for|another hockey player with the name|Ajit Pal Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Ajit Singh
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|3|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Hockey World Cup]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973 Amsterdam]] | Team }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1974 Asian Games|1974 Tehran]]|Team}}
}}

'''Ajit Singh''' (born 2 March 1952) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player. He competed in the [[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|men's tournament]] at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajit-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417155414/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ajit-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Ajit Singh Olympic Results |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

Ajit Singh is the brother of [[Harmik Singh]], and the father of [[Gagan Ajit Singh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1973 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 1974 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1976 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chand}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

2013 drought in Maharashtra

2026-04-12T16:15:28Z

BeauBasaldua8: created some article w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Natural disaster in India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
The '''2013 drought in Maharashtra''' in India came after the region received lower rainfall during the [[monsoon]] season June to September 2012. It is considered as the region's worst drought in 40 years. The worst-hit areas in [[Maharashtra]] were [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Beed district|Beed]] and [[Nashik district|Nashik]]. Residents of [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]] and [[Dhule district|Dhule]] districts were also affected by this [[famine]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra reels under worst drought March 2013|newspaper=live mint|date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

== Geographical and physical impact ==
[[File:IN-MH.svg|thumb|Map of India with Maharashtra State in red.]]
In January 2013, the Indian government reported that 7,896 villages in [[Maharashtra]] were affected by [[drought]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Act Alliance|date=2013|title=Drought Relief & Rehabilitation – IND131|work=Act Alliance, Appeal, India - Maharashtra|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IND131_FullAppeal_India_Drought.pdf|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref> In a region near the [[Bhima River]] in Maharashtra, the years leading up to the drought in 2013 recorded below average annual rainfall: in 2011, slightly below average, and in 2012, the lowest since 2003. In May 2013, the lowest [[groundwater]] levels were recorded since May 2005.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Udmale|first1=Parmeshwar|last2=Ichikawa|first2=Yutaka|last3=Nakamura|first3=Takashi|last4=Shaowei|first4=Ning|last5=Ishidaira|first5=Hiroshi|last6=Kazama|first6=Futaba|date=2016-07-01|title=Rural drinking water issues in India's drought-prone area: a case of Maharashtra state|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=11|issue=7|article-number=074013|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074013|bibcode=2016ERL....11g4013U |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free|hdl=2433/250499|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The low rainfall and groundwater appears to have been worsened by improper water resource management.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-18|title=Maharashtra Drought 2013|url=https://www.ibtl.in/news/exclusive/2079/maharashtra-drought-2013|access-date=2020-10-24|website=India Behind The Lens (News Centre) IBTL|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Meena|date=2013-04-03|title=Maharashtra drought man-made: analysis|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-drought-manmade-analysis/article4577079.ece|access-date=2020-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

With approximately 80% of drinking water sources in Maharashtra dependent on ground water sources, the drought led to a situation of drinking [[water scarcity]] in Maharashtra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=D. Udmale|first1=Parmeshwar|last2=Ichikawa|first2=Yutaka|last3=S. Kiem|first3=Anthony|last4=N. Panda|first4=Sudhindra|date=2014-12-09|title=Drought Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Agriculture and Rural Livelihood in the Maharashtra State of India|url=http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOASJ-8-41|journal=The Open Agriculture Journal|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=41–47|doi=10.2174/1874331501408010041|doi-access=free|hdl=1959.13/1297332|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The drought also negatively affected agriculture, decreasing production of [[staple food]]s, ranging from 5 to 21%, as compared to the previous year. This decreased production led to an increase in food prices across India and a decrease of India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] by 0.5% (US$9 billion) in 2012.<ref name=":1" />

Of 223 farming households surveyed, over 60% reported crop losses and over 20% reported loss of [[livestock]] because of the drought.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Udmale|first1=Parmeshwar|last2=Ichikawa|first2=Yutaka|last3=Manandhar|first3=Sujata|last4=Ishidaira|first4=Hiroshi|last5=Kiem|first5=Anthony S.|date=2014-09-21|title=Farmers׳ perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India|journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction|language=en|volume=10|pages=250–269|doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.011|bibcode=2014IJDRR..10..250U |doi-access=free|hdl=1959.13/1301463|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Multiple farmers moved to urban areas in search in work.<ref name=":2" /> Others effectively used reserves of food, water and money to survive.<ref name=":3">Vedeld, T. (NIBR), Salunke, S.G. (AFPRO), Aandahl, G. (NIBR) and Lanjekar, P. (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/12146631/Extreme_Risks_Vulnerabilities_and_Community_based_Adaptation_in_India_EVA_a_Pilot_Study_Final_report_on_WP3_2_Governing_Climate_Extremes_in_Maharashtra Governing extreme climate events in Maharashtra, India. Final report on WP3.2: Extreme Risks, Vulnerabilities and Community-based Adaptation in India (EVA): A Pilot Study, CIENS-TERI, TERI Press, New Delhi, India], p.15,32.</ref>

== Response ==

=== Government ===
The [[Government of India|Indian government]] allocated almost half of its disaster budget to relief efforts.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Patralekha|date=2013-03-26|title=Indian government allocates nearly half its disaster budget for drought relief in Maharashtra|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1902|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=346|article-number=f1902 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f1902|issn=1756-1833|pmid=23533121|s2cid=35271219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Government's Empowered Group of Ministers provided [[Indian rupee|INR]] ₹12.07 billion for relief, including 2,136 water tankers supplying 1,663 villages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drought in Maharashtra - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/drought-maharashtra|access-date=2020-10-24|website=ReliefWeb|date=10 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref> However, due to increased numbers of starving livestock, a further INR ₹11.6 billion was allocated to the agricultural sector for scarcity mitigation, supplying water and [[fodder]].<ref name=":03" /> There was criticism of the government regarding water allocation, with disproportionate quantities being used to grow [[sugarcane]] in Maharashtra. The government was also criticized for its lack of [[regulation]] to prevent future droughts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-27|title=Maharashtra needs to take a long-term view of drought|url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/maharashtra-needs-to-take-a-long-term-view-of-drought/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Institute of Development Studies|language=en-GB}}</ref> Following the drought, the government committed to improving the maintenance of dams, rivers and other infrastructure.<ref name=":3" />

=== Non-Profit ===
[[Yuva Foundation|The Yuva Foundation]] (formerly: Maharashtra Drought Relief Project) was a youth-led initiative set up by Soham Sawalkar and Aditya Sureka to assist in the drought response. They distributed food, water and fodder, as well as providing materials such as PVC pipes to install water solutions for villages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-17|title=The Maharashtra Drought Relief Project: When Empathy Translates To Action|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/8214/the-maharashtra-drought-relief-project-when-empathy-translates-to-action/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2013, [[Church Auxiliary for Social Action]] (CASA), the humanitarian and development arm of Indian Churches, announced their plans to assist in the relief efforts by aiming to raise US$264,504 from donors.<ref name=":0" /> This included the provision of livestock fodder, manure and seeds, agricultural and advocacy training programs, and raising water management and [[disaster risk reduction]] awareness.

== Consequences ==

=== Nutrition, sanitation, water ===
With a significant decrease in [[agricultural yield]] except for milk, oil seeds and cotton production, food security was a concern.<ref name=":1" /> A study of 223 households found that just over half of the respondents had access to water for [[sanitation]] while 83.8% of the 66.4% who had access to toilets, used them.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Udmale, Parmeshwar D; Ichikawa, Yutaka: Manandhar, Sujata; Ishidaira, Hiroshi; Kiem, Anthony S; Shaowei, Ning; Panda, Sudhindra N.|date=2015-09-01|title=How did the 2012 drought affect rural livelihoods in vulnerable areas? Empirical evidence from India|journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction|language=en|volume=13|pages=454–469|doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.08.002|bibcode=2015IJDRR..13..454U |issn=2212-4209|doi-access=free|hdl=1959.13/1330415|hdl-access=free}}</ref> While priority was given to providing water quantity over quality, water samples tested detected beyond permissible limits of [[nitrate-nitrogen]], [[ammonium-nitrogen]], and [[chloride]]s.<ref name=":4" />

=== Mental health ===
Due to the stress and burden of economic losses faced by farmers,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaitanya Mallapur|first=IndiaSpend com|title=In drought-hit Maharashtra, nine farmers commit suicide every day|url=http://scroll.in/article/806280/in-drought-hit-maharashtra-nine-farmers-commit-suicide-every-day|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Scroll.in|date=8 April 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> specifically along the cotton belt, suicide rates increased between 2011 and 2015 (1,495-2,016 deaths).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} However, in 2013 this trend reversed due to adequate rainfall in the second half of the year (1,298).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} With the continuing drought-like conditions following 2012–2013, suicide among farmers continues to have a devastating effect. Maharashtra has become known as the `graveyard of farmers´.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghunnar, Pravin Panditrao; Hakhu, Antra Bhatt|date=2018-02-03|title=The Aftermath of Farmer Suicides in Survivor Families of Maharashtra |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00129976&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA526128416&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|language=en}}</ref>

=== Other: migration, education, desertification process ===
With water scarcity and loss of employment, seasonal and permanent migration increased, usually towards urban cities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair, Sandhya|title=Drought brings flood of migrants to Mumbai - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/drought-brings-flood-migrants-mumbai|access-date=2020-10-31|website=ReliefWeb|date=24 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Five hundred thousand workers migrated from [[Marathwada]] to western Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=PURANDARE|first=PRADEEP|date=2013|title=Water Governance and Droughts in Marathwada|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=48|issue=25|pages=18–21|jstor=23527966 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Water collection was usually done by women and children, which was exacerbated by the drought and migration of men, in turn decreasing children's attendance in school.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> The [[desertification]] process, including recurring droughts, is a long-term consequence that could severely impact future societies and human health.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharashtra Drought, 2013}}
[[Category:Droughts in Asia]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra|2013 Drought]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra|2013 Drought]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in India|Drought in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2013 natural disasters]]
[[Category:2013 droughts]]

G. C. Murmu

2026-04-07T12:52:15Z

BeauBasaldua8: made first stub more to come...

{{short description| 14th Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Girish Chandra Murmu
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.)
| image = Shri Girish Chandra Murmu, Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir (cropped).jpg
| office = 14th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India ]]
| term_start = 8 August 2020
| term_end = 20 November 2024
| president = * [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| successor = [[K Sanjay Murthy]]
| office1 = Chairman of the United Nations Panel of External Auditors
| predecessor1 = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| successor1 = K Sanjay Murthy
| term_start1 = 8 August 2020
| term_end1 = 20 November 2024
| office2 = 1st [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start2 = 31 October 2019
| term_end2 = 6 August 2020
| predecessor2 = ''Position established'' [[Satyapal Malik]] (''as Governor'')
| successor2 = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| 2blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata2 = ''[[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Vacant]]''
| office3 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Expenditure Secretary]] of India
| term_start3 = 1 March 2019
| term_end3 = 30 October 2019
| president3 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]]
| successor3 = [[Atanu Chakraborty]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Utkal University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[University of Birmingham]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
{{endplainlist}}
| birth_name = Girish Chandra Murmu
| birth_place = [[Betnoti]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|11|21|df=y}}
| spouse = Smita Shukla Murmu
| children = 2
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| website =
}}

'''Girish Chandra Murmu''' (born 21 November 1959) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of [[Gujarat]] cadre who has served as 14th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] from 2020 to 2024<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-jk-lieutenant-governor-g-c-murmu-appointed-new-cag/articleshow/77384411.cms|title=Former J&K lieutenant governor G C Murmu appointed new CAG|access-date=20 February 2021|work=The Times of India|date=6 August 2020}}</ref> and as the external auditor of the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=20 November 2020|title=India's CAG Murmu elected as External Auditor of Inter Parliamentary Union, Geneva|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-cag-murmu-elected-as-external-auditor-of-inter-parliamentary-union-geneva/articleshow/79325987.cms|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> He served as chairman of the [[United Nations]] Panel of [[External auditor|External Auditors]] and the Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. He is currently the external auditor of the WHO (2020-2023), succeeding the Auditor General of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Panel of External Auditors |url=https://www.un.org/en/auditors/panel/ |website=www.un.org |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2020|title=CAG GC Murmu elected as External Auditor of Inter Parliamentary Union|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/cag-murmu-elected-as-external-auditor-of-inter-parliamentary-union-1605944682-1|access-date=17 July 2021|website=www.jagranjosh.com}}</ref> He was the Inaugural [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] till 6 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/gc-murmu-appointed-as-jk-lt-guv-rk-mathur-for-ladakh-771164.html|title=GC Murmu appointed as J&K Lt Guv, RK Mathur for Ladakh|date=25 October 2019|work=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Manoj Sinha takes oath as LG of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manoj-sinha-takes-oath-as-lg-of-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/77409120.cms |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He is a 1985 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of [[Gujarat]] cadre and was principal secretary to [[Narendra Modi]] during his tenure as the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/10/25/who-is-gc-murmu-modi-aide-and-now-jks-first-lt-governor.html|title=Who is G.C. Murmu, Modi aide and now J&K's first Lt Governor?|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
G.C. Murmu was born on 21 November 1959 in Betnoti village of [[Mayurbhanj]] district in [[Odisha]] in a [[Santal people|Santal]] family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anand ST |title='A Tribal Boy Got a Big Opportunity': GC Murmu's Mother Elated over His Appointment as J&K's L-G |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-tribal-boy-got-a-big-opportunity-gc-murmus-mother-elated-on-his-appointment-as-jks-l-g-2370675.html |accessdate=19 February 2020 |work=News18 |date=1 November 2019}}</ref> He holds a Master of Arts degree in Political Science from [[Utkal University]]. He also holds an MBA degree from [[University of Birmingham]]. He is the eldest among eight siblings, six brothers and two sisters. One of his brothers, Shirish Chandra Murmu is working as a Deputy Governor at the [[Reserve Bank of India]] as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/from-mayurbhanj-to-crown-of-india-girish-chandra-murmus-rise-to-top/71782257|title= From Mayurbhanj to Crown of India|website=Economic Times| date = 27 October 2019| language=en|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From Mayurbhanj to crown of India, Girish Chandra Murmu's rise to top - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/from-mayurbhanj-to-crown-of-india-girish-chandra-murmus-rise-to-top/71782257 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=ETGovernment.com |date=27 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, when [[Narendra Modi]] became chief minister of [[Gujarat]], Murmu was the Relief [[Commissioner]]. Shortly afterwards he became Commissioner, Mines and Minerals and thereafter Managing Director, [[Gujarat Maritime Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/after-chief-secy-pm-modi-handpicks-trusted-aide-murmu-as-jampks-lt-governor/1649059 |title = PM Modi Hand Picks Murmu| website= The Outlook| date = 25 October 2019}}</ref>

Murmu's career took off in 2004 when he was made joint secretary of the Gujarat Home Department, which was headed by [[Amit Shah]] and directly supervised by Narendra Modi. He was given the task of handling the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] cases.

Murmu has been described as "trusted aide" of Narendra Modi and [[Amit Shah]] since his bureaucratic assignments in Gujarat by many news outlets such as ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[News18 India]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=25 June 2015 |title=Trusted PM Modi man Murmu likely to head Enforcement Directorate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trusted-pm-modi-man-murmu-likely-to-head-enforcement-directorate/story-Yv7YGoMkOzAxzsQ2MQNAkO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=The Man Who Never Gets Weighed Down: PM Modi's Trusted Officer GC Murmu Becomes India's First CAG from a Tribal Community |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-man-who-never-gets-weighed-down-pm-modis-trusted-officer-gs-murmu-becomes-indias-first-cag-from-a-tribal-community-2769203.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> When Modi became prime minister, he called Murmu to New Delhi to finance ministry's expenditure department, where he served as joint secretary.<ref name=":0" />

Murmu was questioned by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in 2013 in an alleged [[staged encounter]] case involving the killing of Ishrat Jahan and three others who allegedly plotted to assassinate the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Munjal |first=Diksha |date=2023-06-08 |title=Who is Girish Chandra Murmu, CAG and trusted aide of PM Modi since Gujarat days? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-girish-chandra-murmu-cag-and-trusted-aide-of-pm-modi-since-gujarat-days/article66913528.ece |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine presented an audio recording where Murmu, along with senior law officer Kamal Trivedi and the then-junior home minister at the Centre, Praful Patel, were purportedly heard discussing methods to conceal the alleged fake encounter. These audio recordings are recorded in CBI's chargesheet in the mentioned case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=G.C. Murmu, Trusted Modi-Shah Aide and Now J&K's First LG, Has a Controversial Record |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/modi-shahs-trusted-aide-girish-chandra-murmu-appointed-lg-of-jk |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 October 2019, Murmu took charge as the first Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir after the formation of the new Union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]. He succeeded [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Satya Pal Malik]], to become the first [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/g-c-murmu-set-to-play-a-key-role-in-modi-govt-s-administration-of-j-k-11572265182753.html |title = For GC Murmu, J&K's first L-G, law and order will be top priority|date = 28 October 2019}}</ref> Chief Justice of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] [[Gita Mittal]] administered the oath of office at a function at [[Raj Bhavan, Srinagar|Raj Bhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GC Murmu sworn in as first Lt Governor of Jammu and Kashmir - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/31/gc-murmu-sworn-in-as-first-lt-governor-of-jammu-and-kashmir-2055234.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=10 November 2019 }}</ref> On 5 August 2020, he resigned from his position.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=GC Murmu resigns as Jammu and Kashmir Lieutenant Governor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/gc-murmu-resigns-as-jammu-and-kashmir-lieutenant-governor-122565 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529043924/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/gc-murmu-resigns-as-jammu-and-kashmir-lieutenant-governor-122565 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 8 August 2020, he was appointed as the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] and served in office till 20 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=गिरीश चंद्र मुर्मू बने देश के नए CAG, गांधी-आंबेडकर को नमन कर संभाला पदभार |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/girish-chandra-murmu-took-charge-of-new-cag-of-india-salutes-gandhi-and-ambedkar-2276221 |accessdate=22 August 2020 |work=NDTVIndia|date=8 August 2020|language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[R. K. Mathur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Satya Pal Malik]] As Governor of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=31 October 2019 - 6 August 2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manoj Sinha]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, G C}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Gaurishankar Dalmia

2026-04-04T23:54:32Z

BeauBasaldua8: made new article more to come...

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and politician}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaurishankar Dalmia
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1937
| term_end = 1952
| office2 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1972
| office3 = President of Bihar Chamber of Commerce & Industries
| term_start3 = 26 September 1977
| term_end3 = 17 September 1979
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district]], [[Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1988|6|16|1910|11|12}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Politician, freedom fighter, social reformer, philanthropist, journalist
| known_for = Role in Indian independence movement, promotion of the Santhali language, social service
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| awards =
}}

'''Gaurishankar Dalmia''' was an Indian freedom fighter, politician, social reformer, philanthropist, and journalist. He was recognized for his contributions to [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]] and extensive charitable work.<ref name="Mintage" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Basant Hetamsaria |title=Jharkhand Ke Chamakte Sitare |date=2023 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |isbn=9789392013423 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jharkhand_Ke_Chamakte_Sitare/PLfSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&pg=RA1-PA2006&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gaurishankar Dalmia was born on November 12, 1910, in the village of [[Lakhisarai]], in the [[Munger district]] of Bihar. He received his education in [[Kolkata]]. After the death of his father when he was 17 years old, Dalmia took charge of the family business.<ref name=Mintage/>

== Career ==
Dalmia left his family business to engage in the Indian independence movement and moved to the village of [[Jasidih]] in the [[Santal Parganas district|Santhal Pargana]] region. In 1926, influenced by Gandhian principles, he entered public life and took a vow to wear only [[Khadi]] (hand-spun cloth). He participated in the war for liberation and was jailed in 1931 as a result of his involvement in the [[Salt Satyagraha]] campaign.<ref name=Mintage/>

He served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 1937 to 1952 and as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 1952 to 1972.<ref>{{cite news |title=गौरीशंकर डालमिया पर भारत सरकार द्वारा डाक टिकट जारी |url=https://marwarisammelan.com/sitejs/updImages/PF5d52794332ac3.pdf |publisher=Samaj Vikas, All India Marwari Federation |date=January 2010 |page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bihar Legislative Assemby Debates Official Report |date=1939 |publisher=Bihar (India). Legislature. Legislative Assembly , Superintendent, Government Print |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bihar_Legislative_Assemby_Debates/YDYgAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gaurishankar+dalmia+legislative&dq=gaurishankar+dalmia+legislative&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=L. N. Rana |title=PARTY POLITICS IN JHARKHAND (1919-1990) |date=2024 |publisher=Write Order Publications |isbn=9789357760287 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/PARTY_POLITICS_IN_JHARKHAND_1919_1990/wPMQEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gaurishankar+dalmia+legislative&pg=PA510&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Bihar Gazette |date=1964 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Bihar_Gazette/bBw-_gdpUpwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gaurishankar+dalmia+legislative&dq=gaurishankar+dalmia+legislative&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

He published a weekly magazine titled ''Prakash'' in [[Hindi]] and ''The Spark'' in [[English language|English]] for approximately twenty years. In 1950s, he published several works in the [[Santali language|Santhali language]] using the [[Nāgarī script]]. He advocated for the official government recognition of the Santhali language using the Nagri Script.<ref name=Mintage/>

Dalmia served as the first General Secretary of the Santhal Paharia Seva Mandal, [[Deoghar]]. In 1936, he was selected as the president of the Santhal Pargana District Congress Committee.<ref name=Mintage/> He also served as the President of the Bihar Chamber of Commerce & Industries from 26 September 1977 to 17 September 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Past Presidents |url=https://www.biharchamber.org/our_past_presidents |website=Bihar Chamber of Commerce & Industries}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=एमपी, एमएलसी बन चैंबर ऑफ कॉमर्स का बढ़ाया मान |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-mp-mlc-become-chamber-of-commerce-chr39-s-enhanced-value-20862353.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=11 October 2020}}</ref> He also founded the South Bihar Chamber of Commerce and served as its president for about two decades.<ref name=echo/> Throughout his life, Dalmia was involved in various charitable activities.<ref name=Mintage/> He did work in the areas of education, public health, [[leprosy]] eradication, [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] of the differently abled, upliftment of [[Adivasi]]s, and promotion of [[naturopathy]].<ref name=echo/>

He died on 16 June 1988.<ref name=echo>{{cite journal |last1=Babita |first1=Moody |title=A proud Moment for Renu Dalmia & Archana Salarpuria |journal=Echo |date=December 11, 2009 |volume=21 |page=7 |url=https://innerwheelccc.com/files/bulletin/December-2009.pdf |publisher=Inner Wheel Club of Central Calcutta}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
The [[Department of Posts]] in India issued a five-rupee [[commemorative stamp]] and a [[first day cover]] on November 12, 2009, in honor of Gaurishankar Dalmia.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Commemorative Stamps |url=https://indiancoinsandstamps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LIST-OF-COMMEMORATIVE-STAMPS.pdf|website=Indian Coins and Stamps |publisher=indiancoinsandstamps.com |date=November 2025}}</ref><ref name=Mintage>{{cite web |title=Commemorative Stamp of Gaurishankar Dalmia |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/16034-commemorative-stamp-of-gaurishankar-dalmia/ |website=Mintage World |publisher=Ultra Mintage World|date=November 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalmia, Gaurishankr}}
[[Category:People from Lakhisarai district]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philanthropists]]

P. Khalifulla Sahib

2026-04-04T21:50:51Z

BeauBasaldua8: Creating A Biography.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]]
| name = P. Kalifulla Sahib
| honorific_suffix = [[Khan Bahadur]]
| image = Dewan khan Bahadur Kalifullah Rowther Sahib.jpeg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 1941
| term_end1 = 1947
| monarch1 = [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]]
| predecessor1 = [[Alexander Tottenham]]
| office =
| office2 =
| Office 1 =
| birth_date = 1888
| birth_place = [[Trichinopoly]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|02|10|1888|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pudukkottai]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Lawyer]], [[civil service]]
| profession = [[politician|Statesman]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| successor1 = ''Post Abolished''
}}
'''[[Dewan]] [[Khan Bahadur]] P. Khalifullah''' (1888–1950),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQUnAQAAIAAJ&q=p.khalifullah+dewan|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India|date=1946|language=en}}</ref> was a politician of the [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]], He was the first muslim minister of [[Madras Presidency|Madras Presidency Province]], served as the minister for public works in the short-lived ministry of [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] from April–July 1937. He was belonging to the [[Rowther]] community, and his father (T.A. Pitchai Rowther) was a wealthy businessman of [[Tiruchirapalli]]. Born in 1888 in Tiruchi into a wealthy rice merchant's family, his birth name was Mohamed Pichai Rowther Ibrahim Khalifullah. He went on to be known by the honorific '''[[Khan Bahadur]]''', a title bestowed on him by the British. In later years, his work as the [[Dewan]] of [[Pudukkottai State]] made him more popular as ‘Dewan Khalifullah.’

==Early life==

P. Khalifullah's early education was in present-day [[Tiruchirappalli]], and then he did his post-graduation at Madras University. He is thought to be the first south Indian Muslim to obtain a master's degree in 1913. "My father was a man of vision, and was very keen to educate all his sons," says Kutbuddin, his youngest son. "Being educated then was a way to help others in life."

P. Khalifullah decided to study law soon after and sailed for Britain. But it was to be a tragic sojourn as he had to return to India within a month to attend his father's funeral. "The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 put paid to my father’s plans to study law in Britain, so he completed his studies in Madras Law College in 1929 and became an advocate in the Madras High Court," says Kutbuddin.

P. Khalifullah was married when he was 13 years old to [[Varsaisammal]] (8), and the couple had 12 children.

==Social attributes==

"My father never pampered any of his family members," says Kutbuddin. "Every year, he would stitch clothes for 10–15 street children at the same time and using the same fabric as for his own children," he adds.

"We all loved him, but our relationship with him was a little formal. In fact, his younger brother would not even sit down in his presence, such was the respect he commanded."

The family's ancestral home in [[Pakkali Street]], Bheema Nagar was large, and it was not unusual for at least 50–100 guests to be served a meal there at any given day.

"On the 26th fast of every Ramzan, he used to serve food to thousands of people from 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. Around 350 measures of rice used to be cooked for this annual event. My mother stayed out of the public eye, but she was the one who took charge of the home," says Kutbuddin.

==Political life==

Elected to Madras Presidency Legislature in 1930 as a [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]] candidate, P. Khalifullah nurtured an activist side to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Ismail Sahib |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/muhammad-ismail-sahib/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was a keen advocate of secular education for Muslims in the south, and was a convenor of the Khilafat Movement (1919–24).

He was the Councillor in the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation for over 20 years, and also served as its chairman for two terms.

Other highlights in his political career include the membership of the Madras Presidency Legislative Council from 1930 to 1936, and a stint in 1937 as the Public Works Minister under the leadership of K. Venkata Reddy Naidu.

He was personally close to Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, K.A.P. Viswnatham, P.T. Rajan and Sir A.T. Panneerselvam, with political affiliations obviously no impediment to their friendship.

P. Khalifullah was openly supportive of Periyar's Self-Respect movement, though not of its atheist tenets.

He was a vocal opponent of the introduction of compulsory Hindi lessons in the south, and with Periyar, flagged off the 100 Anti-Hindi Volunteers march in 1938. Later on, though, he dissociated himself from the demand for a separate ‘Dravida Nadu’ by the Dravidian Movement as also Mohamed Ali Jinnah's move for partition.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} He belonged to the [[All-India Muslim League]] and was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 elections]]. He was sympathetic to the cause of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (Periyar) and his [[Self-Respect Movement]]. In 1937, he spoke against the introduction of compulsory Hindi classes in the Madras legislature and later participated in the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937-40|anti-Hindi agitation]] started by Periyar. He was a lawyer by profession and was known by his honorifics as ''Khan Bahadur P. Khalifulla Sahib Bahadur''. He was also a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]] during the early 1930s.<ref>{{cite book | first=J.B.P| last=More| year=1997| title=Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamil Nadu and Madras 1930–1947 | publisher=[[Orient Longman|Orient Blackswan]]| isbn= 978-81-250-1192-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDht7OyOjXMC| pages= 140–151|oclc=37770527}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Justice Party Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian geographical journal, Volumes 7-8|year=1933|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5ktAAAAMAAJ&q=p+khalifullah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Khursheed Kamal Aziz|title=Public life in Muslim India, 1850–1947|year=1992|publisher=Vanguard|isbn=978-969-402-119-5|pages=283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69K1AAAAIAAJ&q=p+khalifullah}}</ref> He was the Dewan of Pudukottai after his withdrawal from political work.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalifullah, P.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:Khan Bahadurs]]

Itaili

2026-03-28T06:31:37Z

BeauBasaldua8: added new info added tags!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itaili
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Rohniya block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Itaili (#166) in Rohaniya CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.900871|N|81.406507|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.252
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1171
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itaili''' is a village in [[Rohaniya]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=365–74 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 41 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,171 people, in 205 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Itaili as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 377 people (192 male and 185 female), in 84 households and 83 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxiv-cxv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 337 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Itaili as having a population of 646 people, in 107 households, and having an area of 122.22 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=230–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

List of FC Pune City records and statistics

2026-03-26T08:48:43Z

BeauBasaldua8: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
'''FC Pune City (FCPC)''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in the city of [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], which plays in the [[Indian Super League]]. The club was formed in 2014 with a philosophy to provide stimulus to the growth and development of football in the state of Maharashtra and to participate in the [[2014 Indian Super League|inaugural season]] of the Indian Super League.<ref name="Cities Announced">{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Saumyajit|title=Stars embrace soccer through Indian Super League|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Stars-embrace-soccer-through-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/33712666.cms#write|work=Times of India|accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> The team is owned by Rajesh Wadhawan Group, its promoters Mr. Kapil Wadhawan and Mr. Dheeraj Wadhawan and actor [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportzwiki.com/football/isl-hrithik-roshan-to-be-pune-city-fc-co-owner-set-to-replace-salman-khan|title=Hrithik Roshan to be Pune City FC Co-owner|last=Deshpande|first=Nikhil|date=9 October 2014|work=Sportzwiki|accessdate=9 October 2014|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-Khan-denies-owning-ISL-team/articleshow/44772121.cms |title=Salman Khan denies owning ISL team - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref>

The philosophy behind the inception of the club was to promote and develop the game of football in the city of Pune right from the grassroots levels onwards. FC Pune City aims to be the club which players passionately aspire to be a part of and a club to whom fans pledge their loyalties.

In 2016, FC Pune City became the only professional football club in India to have teams which participated at all levels of professional football; Senior Team (ISL), U-18 Team (I-League U-18), U- 16 Team, U-14 Team and the Women's Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/football/fc-pune-city-only-isl-club-have-team-the-inaugural-iwl-2327501.html |title=FC Pune City only ISL club to have a team in the inaugural IWL|publisher=One India |date= |accessdate=2017-01-25}}</ref>

==Team records==

===Seasons===
{{updated|17 March 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | [[Indian Super League|ISL]] Regular season
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Finals
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer(s)

|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player(s)
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
| [[2014 FC Pune City season|2014]]
| 14
|4
| 4
| 6
| 12
| 17
| 16
| 6th
| DNQ
|align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Kostas Katsouranis]]
| 4
|-
| [[2015 FC Pune City season|2015]]
| 14
| 4
| 3
| 7
| 17
| 23
| 15
| 7th
| DNQ
|align=left|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Kalu Uche]] {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Adrian Mutu]]
| 4
|-
| [[2016 FC Pune City season|2016]]
| 14
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 13
| 16
| 16
| 6th
| DNQ
|align=left|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Aníbal Zurdo]]
| 5
|-
| [[2017–18 FC Pune City season|2017-18]]
| 18
| 9
| 3
| 6
| 30
| 21
| 30
| 3rd
| Semi finals
| {{flagicon|URU}}[[Emiliano Alfaro]]
| 6
|-
|}

==Head coach's record==
{{updated|27 August 2019}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Franco Colomba]]
|align=left|{{ITA}}
|align=left|22 June 2014<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/committed-a-lot-of-mistakes-fc-pune-city-franco-colomba committed-a-lot-of-mistakes-fc-pune-city-franco-colomba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718181041/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/committed-a-lot-of-mistakes-fc-pune-city-franco-colomba |date=18 July 2021 }} ''Sportskeeda.com''. Retrieved 18 July 2021</ref>
|align=left|20 December 2014
{{WDL|14|4|4|6|for=12|against=17}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]]
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|2 June 2015<ref name="Platt in the City">{{cite news|last1=Suchindran|first1=Aravind|title=Platt in the City|url=http://www.punemirror.in/sports/others/Platt-in-the-City/articleshow/47434407.cms|access-date=27 May 2015|work=Pune Mirror|date=27 May 2015|archive-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527070052/http://www.punemirror.in/sports/others/Platt-in-the-City/articleshow/47434407.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|20 December 2015
{{WDL|14|4|3|7|for=17|against=23}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Antonio López Habas]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|25 April 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=568|title=FC Pune City appoints Habas as head coach|publisher=Goalie 365|date=25 April 2016|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513104042/http://www.goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=568|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|15 September 2017
{{WDL|14|4|4|6|for=13|against=16}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Miguel Martinez Gonzalez]] ''(Caretaker)''
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|3 October 2016
|align=left|3 October 2016
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0.00
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Ranko Popović]]
|align=left|{{SRB}}
|align=left|25 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/serbian-popovic-takes-habas-place-in-pune-city/article19751920.ece | title=Serbian Popovic takes Habas' place in Pune City | publisher=thehindu.com | date=25 September 2017 | access-date=30 March 2019 | archive-date=21 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421171458/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/serbian-popovic-takes-habas-place-in-pune-city/article19751920.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|align=left|31 May 2018
|18
|9
|3
|6
|30
|21
|50.00
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Miguel Ángel Portugal]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|1 June 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/fc-pune-city-sign-former-delhi-dynamos-boss-miguel-angel-portugal-as-head-coach-for-isl-2018-19-4930641.html|title=FC Pune City sign former Delhi Dynamos boss Miguel Angel Portugal as head coach for ISL 2018–19|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=9 August 2018|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922193838/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/fc-pune-city-sign-former-delhi-dynamos-boss-miguel-angel-portugal-as-head-coach-for-isl-2018-19-4930641.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|26 October 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/fc-pune-city-sack-head-coach-miguel-angel-portugal-after-three-games/story-akatpjRAVgVmr9Akp2r6fK.html|title=FC Pune City sack head coach Miguel Angel Portugal after three games|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 October 2018|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729200622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/fc-pune-city-sack-head-coach-miguel-angel-portugal-after-three-games/story-akatpjRAVgVmr9Akp2r6fK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|3
|0
|1
|2
|1
|6
|0.00
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Pradhyum Reddy]] ''(Interim-Manager)''
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|26 October 2018
|align=left|24 December 2018
|9
|3
|1
|5
|10
|15
|33.33
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Phil Brown (footballer, born 1959)|Phil Brown]]
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|24 December 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46673432|title=Phil Brown: Indian Super League's FC Pune City appoint new head coach|date=24 December 2018|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421171608/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46673432|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|27 August 2019
|7
|3
|3
|1
|14
|13
|42.86
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left| [[Marcos Paqueta]]
|align=left|{{BRA}}
|align=left|1 June 2018
|align=left|27 August 2018
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.00
|}

==Player records==
* Youngest player to play- [[Fanai Lalrempuia]] (19 years and 148 years old, debut against Northeast United on 9 October 2015)
* Oldest player- [[Robertino Pugliara]] (33 years and 323 years old, debut against Chennaiyin FC on 13 January 2018)
* Top goalscorer- [[Emiliano Alfaro]] (19 goals, 0.47 per match)

==References==
<references />

[[Category:FC Pune City-related lists|Records and statistics]]
[[Category:Indian football club statistics]]

Gazipur, Jalandhar

2026-03-21T16:13:50Z

BeauBasaldua8: made initial post more to come...

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gazipur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|19|29|N|75|28|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 838
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gazipur''' is a village located in the [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Villages and Category | url=https://pbplanning.gov.in/districts/Jalandhar%20East.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324014007/http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/districts/Jalandhar%20East.pdf | archive-date=2012-03-24}}</ref> The total population of the village is about 838.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30448-gazipur-punjab.html|title=Census 2011, Gazipur village Data}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Indian Super League playoffs

2026-03-21T12:29:50Z

BeauBasaldua8: added initial article basic info!

{{short description|Annual postseason elimination tournament of the Indian Super League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox soccer tournament
| logo = ISL Cup playoffs logo.png
| upright = 0.5
| region = India
| founded = 2014
| number of teams = 6
| champion = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (2nd title)
| most successful team = [[ATK FC|ATK]] (3 titles)
| current = [[2025 ISL Cup playoffs]]
}}

The '''ISL Cup playoffs''' is the annual [[Playoffs|postseason]] [[Tournament#Multi-stage tournaments|elimination tournament]] of the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL). Unde the current format adopted for the 2022–23 season, six teams qualify based on their regular-season standings. The top two teams advance directly to the semi-finals, while the remaining four compete in single-leg eliminators. The winner of the final is awarded the '''ISL Cup'''. Until the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] season, the ISL Cup winners were awarded the ISL championship title.

From the [[2022–23 Indian Super League]] season onward, the regular-season '''League Shield Winners''' are awarded the championship title in the [[Indian Super League]].

==History==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
!Seasons
!League teams
!Playoff teams
!% of teams
!Matches played
|-
|2014
| rowspan="3" |8
| rowspan="8" |4
| rowspan="3" |50%
| rowspan="8" |5
|-
|2015
|-
|2016
|-
|2017–2018
| rowspan="3" |10
| rowspan="3" |40%
|-
|2018–2019
|-
|2019–2020
|-
|2020–2021
| rowspan="3" |11
| rowspan="2" |36.3%
|-
|2021–2022
|-
|2022–2023
| rowspan="3" |6
|54.5%
| rowspan="3" |7
|-
|2023–2024
|12
|50%
|-
|2024–2025
|13
|46.1%
|}
==Playoffs system==
The top two clubs after the regular season automatically progress to the ISL playoffs. The playoffs culminate with the ISL Final, where the winner is presented with the ISL Cup. In the qualifiers, the third-through-sixth ranked teams play a single-elimination match hosted at the higher-ranked team's venue, with the two winners joining the first and second-ranked teams in two-legged semifinals played over two weeks (since [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]). The two winners eventually met in the final hosted at a pre-decided venue, but from [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]] onwards, the final is played at the higher-ranked team's venue.

==Qualification==
After the regular season, the team with the most points is declared the Champions and presented with the League Winners Shield, automatically qualifying for the playoffs along with the runners-up. At the same time, the next best four teams qualify to qualifying playoffs. The position of each team is determined by the highest number of points accumulated during the regular season. If two or more teams are level on points, the following criteria are applied in order until one of the teams can be determined as the higher ranked:<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2020-02-18 |title=ISL 2019-'20 playoffs: Here are the scenarios explained as top four race goes down to the wire |url=https://scroll.in/field/953559/isl-2019-20-playoffs-here-are-the-scenarios-explained-as-top-four-race-goes-down-to-the-wire |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

# Highest number of points accumulated in matches between the teams concerned;
# Highest goal difference in matches between the teams concerned;
# Highest number of goals scored in matches between the teams concerned;
# Highest goal difference
# Highest number of goals scored
# Lowest number of red cards accumulated;
# Lowest number of yellow cards accumulated;
# Toss of a coin.

==List of finals==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
! style="width:5%;" |Season
! style="width:5%;" |Venue
! style="background:gold; width:10%;" |Cup Winners
(Number of titles)
! style="width:5%;" |Score
! style="background:silver; width:10%;" |Runners–up
|-
|[[2014 ISL Cup playoffs|2014]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[ATK (football club)|Atlético de Kolkata]]
|[[2014 ISL Cup final|1–0]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|[[2015 ISL Cup playoffs|2015]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2015 ISL Cup final|3–2]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|[[2016 ISL Cup playoffs|2016]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|[[ATK (football club)|Atlético de Kolkata]] (2)
|[[2016 ISL Cup final|1–1 (a.e.t) (4–3 p)]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|[[2018 ISL Cup playoffs|2017–18]]
|[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (2)
|[[2018 ISL Cup final|3–2]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2019 ISL Cup playoffs|2018–19]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2019 ISL Cup final|1–0]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|[[2020 ISL Cup playoffs|2019–20]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]] (3)
|[[2020 ISL Cup final|3–1]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
|[[2021 ISL Cup playoffs|2020–21]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2021 ISL Cup final|2–1]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|[[2022 ISL Cup playoffs|2021–22]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2022 ISL Cup final|1–1 (a.e.t) (3–1 p)]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|[[2023 ISL Cup playoffs|2022–23]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2023 ISL Cup final|2–2 (a.e.t) (4–3 p)]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2024 ISL Cup playoffs|2023–24]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (2)
|[[2024 ISL Cup final|3–1]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|[[2025 ISL Cup playoffs|2024–25]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (2)
|[[2025 ISL Cup final|2–1 (a.e.t)]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|}

==Appearances by club==
'''Bold''' indicates they won the ISL Cup that year. Team names in ''italics'' indicates the club is defunct or a former Indian Super League member.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Club !! {{Abbr|App|No. of appearances}} !! Year
|-
| 1 || [[FC Goa|Goa]] || 8 || 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2024, 2025
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2|| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] || rowspan="3" | 5|| 2014, '''2015''', '''2018''', 2020, 2024
|-
||[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] || 2014, 2016, 2022, 2023, 2024
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 2016, 2019, '''2021''', 2023, '''2024''', 2025
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5|| [[ATK (football club)|''ATK'']] || rowspan="4" | 4|| '''2014''', 2015, '''2016''', '''2020'''
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 2021, 2022, '''2023''', 2024, '''2025'''
|-
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]{{efn|The team played as Delhi Dynamos till 2018–19 season, after which the club was relocated from [[Delhi]] to [[Odisha]] and rebranded as Odisha FC|name=Odisha}} ||2015, 2016, 2023, 2024
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || 2018, '''2019''', 2020, 2023, 2025
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9|| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] || rowspan="2" | 2|| '''2022''', 2023
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] || 2019, 2021, 2025
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11|| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] || rowspan="2" | 1|| 2022, 2025
|-
| [[FC Pune City|''Pune City'']] || 2018
|}

==See also==
*[[AFC Champions League Two]]

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co2778/ WorldFootball]

{{Indian Super League}}

[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|*]]
[[Category:Indian Super League lists|Playoffs]]

Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)

2026-03-21T06:34:57Z

BeauBasaldua8: added some details needs work!

{{short description|Indian film actor and a classical dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harikrishnan S.
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Divya|2016}}
| children =
| parents = Sreekumar MG and Jayasree V T
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Harikrishnan S.''' is an Indian actor and a classical dancer who works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="DC1">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131203/entertainment-mollywood/article/hari-krishnan-has-his-kitty-full "Hari Krishnan has his kitty full"]. [[Deccan Chronicle]] Retrieved on 2015–5–31.</ref> He debuted in the 2010 film ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' directed by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]. His notable roles include ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakkari]]'', ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'', ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]''<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/trailer-jayasuryas-aadu-oru-bheegara-jeeviyanu-released-video-621643 "Trailer of Jayasurya's 'Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu' Released"]. [[International Business Times]] (27 January 2015). Retrieved on 2015–5–31.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cinemascene.in/2015/01/aadu.html#axzz3QINSv7DV|title = Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu-Malayalam Movie|date = 28 January 2015|accessdate = 31 May 2015|website = cinemascene.in|archive-date = 24 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424180751/http://www.cinemascene.in/2015/01/aadu.html#axzz3QINSv7DV|url-status = dead}}</ref> and ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]].''

==Personal life==

Harikrishnan was born in [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], India.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He completed his schooling at [[SMSN H.S.S]],{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in English from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He married Divya on 22 May 2016.<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-actor-harikrishnan-malarvadi-arts-club-fame-marries-divya-photos-679745 "Malayalam actor Harikrishnan of 'Malarvadi Arts Club' fame marries Divya"]. [[International Business Times]] (4 June 2016). Retrieved on 2017–4–21.</ref><ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/malarvadi-arts-club-fame-harikrishnan-enters-into-wedlock.html "'Malarvadi Arts Club' fame Harikrishnan enters into wedlock"]. [[Malayala Manorama]] (22 May 2016). Retrieved on 2017–4–21.</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' || Praveen || <ref name="DC1"/>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakkari]]'' || Richard ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'' || Yardley ||<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/om-shanti-oshana-movie-review-131567.html "Om Shanti Oshana Movie Review - An Enjoyable Flick!"]. filmibeat.com [[Oneindia]] Retrieved on 2015–1–31.</ref>
|-
| ''Monayi Angane Aanayi'' || Aadhi || <ref name="DC1"/>
|-
| ''Kuruthamkettavan'' ||Johny ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015|| ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' || Lolan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Surya Narayan ||<ref>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/oru-vadakkan-selfie-movie-review-nivin-pauly-vineeth-sreenivasan-aju-varghese-manjima-mohan.html "Oru Vadakkan Selfie: Long shot"]. [[Malayala Manorama]]. Retrieved on 2015–5–31.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'' ||Charlie || <ref name="DC2"/>
|-
| ''Pickles'' ||Abi ||
|-
| ''ATM'' ||Charlie ||<ref name="DC2">[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151011/entertainment-mollywood/article/jackie-shroff-was-long-lost-friend-hari-krishnan "Jackie Shroff was like a long-lost friend: Hari Krishnan"]. [[Deccan Chronicle]]. Retrieved on 2015-12-13.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]''||Rameshan||
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || Lolan ||
|-
|Rowspan=1|2019||''[[Love Action Drama]]''||Himself||Cameo appearance
|-
|2020||''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''||Inspector Arun||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[The Last Two Days]]''||Bell Man||
|-
|''[[Sara'S]]''|| Arjun||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''||Mathew||
|-
|''Aanandam Paramanandam''||Harikrishnan||
|-
|''[[Thattassery Koottam]]''||Arun||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''Pallimani''||Anandhan||
|-
|''[[2018 (film)|2018]]''||Alex||
|-
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|Dino
|
|-
|''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]''||Jayachandran||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024||''[[Abraham Ozler]]''||Naveen||
|-
|''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''
|Cameraman
|
|-
|''[[Abhirami (2024 film)|Abhirami]]''|| ||<ref>{{Cite news|title='Abhirami' trailer: Gayathri Suresh plays the most famous celebrity girl in the town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/abhirami-trailer-gayathri-suresh-plays-the-most-famous-celebrity-girl-in-the-town/articleshow/110656047.cms |accessdate=7 December 2024 |work= [[The Times of India]]|date=3 Jun 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Lolan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-20 |title=Aadu 3 box office collection: Jayasurya’s film weathers Dhurandhar 2 tsunami, collects over Rs 12 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadu-3-box-office-collection-jayasuryas-film-weathers-dhurandhar-2-tsunami-10592753/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2007||''Screen Test''||Contestant||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2018||''[[Ilayaval Gayathri]]''||Nandan||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2019||''Dance Kerala Dance'' ||Mentor||Zee Keralam||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4027746}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harikrishnan}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mohammad Ali Asghar Lobby

2026-03-20T20:06:31Z

BeauBasaldua8: Made basic bio w/ refs!

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Update|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mohammad Ali Asghar Lobby
|native_name = মোহাম্মদ আলি আসগার লবি
|office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
|constituency1 = [[Khulna-5]]
|term_start1 = 17 February 2026
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = [[Narayon Chandra Chanda]]
|successor1 =
|constituency2 = [[Khulna-2]]
|term_start2 = 26 November 2001
|term_end2 = 29 October 2006
|predecessor2 = [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]]
|successor2 = [[Nazrul Islam Manju]]
|birth_date = 1951
|birth_place = [[Khulna]], [[East Pakistan]] now [[Bangladesh]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|office3 = [[Bangladesh Cricket Board|President of the Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
| predecessor3 = M Akmal Hossain
| successor3 = Abdul Aziz
|term_start3 = 26 November 2001
|term_end3 = 14 November 2006
| office4 = [[Asian Cricket Council|President of Asian Cricket Council]]
| term_start4 = 2002
| term_end4 = 2004
| predecessor4 = Tauqir Zia
| successor4 = [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
| spouse = Khusnad Asghar
}}

'''Mohammad Ali Asghar Lobby''' ({{langx|bn|মোহাম্মদ আলি আসগার লবি}}) is a Bangladeshi politician and former member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] who represented the [[Khulna-2]] constituency. He has also served as the president of the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]], contributing to the administration and development of cricket in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-MP Lobi gets HC bail |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60745 |accessdate=6 March 2018 |work=The Daily Star |date=28 October 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Lobi was elected to parliament in a 2001 by-election for Khulna-2 as a candidate of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. The seat had been won by [[Khaleda Zia]], Bangladesh Nationalist Party chairperson, in the 2001 general election. She resigned from the seat, having won multiple seats but only being able to occupy one, leading to the by-election. Lobi owned [[Hawa Bhaban]], the political office of Khaleda Zia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joint forces nab Ali Asghar Lobi |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/joint-forces-nab-ali-asghar-lobi |accessdate=6 March 2018 |work=bdnews24.com |date=6 February 2007}}</ref> He served as the president of the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] from 2001 to 2006. From 2002 to 2004 he served as the president of the [[Asian Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=High profile Bangladeshi jailed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7033525.stm |access-date=6 March 2018 |work=BBC News |date=8 October 2007}}</ref>

==Corruption==
In October 2007, Lobby was sentenced to 13 years imprisonment for corruption by a special court in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-BCB chief jailed for graft |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/270270 |accessdate=6 March 2018 |work=Dawn |date=8 October 2007}}</ref> He was jailed for amassing illegal wealth worth up to Tk. 204 million (US$3.5 million) and concealing his income. Lobi was also fined Tk. 1 million and had his illegal property confiscated. Earlier in July of the same year, he was sentenced to 8 years jail for evading taxes of US$2.4 million. His wife, Khusnar Asghar, was also jailed for 3 years for aiding him in his corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/1774/former-bangladesh-cricket-chief-jailed-for-graft-cricbuzzcom |title=Former Bangladesh cricket chief jailed for graft |website=Cricbuzz |date=7 October 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobi, Ali Asgar}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Pinjar (film)

2026-03-20T05:34:10Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pinjar
| native_name =
| image = Pinjar film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
| producer = Vishnu Manchu
| writer = Chandraprakash Dwivedi
| screenplay =
| story = Amrita Pritam
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pinjar (novel)|Pinjar]]''|[[Amrita Pritam]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Urmila Matondkar]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] [[Isha Koppikar]] [[Farida Jalal]] [[Sandali Sinha]] [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Thundiyil]]
| editing = Ballu Saluja
| studio = Lucky Star Entertainment
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Passage from India|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=3 February 2005|access-date=1 June 2022|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/markets-festivals/passage-from-india-1117917365/|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601135916/https://variety.com/2005/film/markets-festivals/passage-from-india-1117917365/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|2003|10|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 188 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pinjar''''' ({{translation|''The Cage''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[historical drama]] film written and directed by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]. The film revolves around the [[Hindu]]-[[Muslim]] problems during the [[partition of India]] and is based on a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] novel of [[Pinjar (novel)|the same name]], written by [[Amrita Pritam]].<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051105/saturday/main1.htm | title=Always Amrita, Always Pritam | date=5 Nov 2005 | agency=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=29 March 2012 | location=Chandigarh | archive-date=6 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106223148/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051105/saturday/main1.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Sanjay Suri]], [[Sandali Sinha]], and [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]. Upon release, the film received critical acclaim, winning the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] and the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for Bajpayee.

== Plot ==
Set in the [[1947 Partition of India]], Puro is a young woman of [[Hindu]] background, who lives a happy, comfortable life with her family. She is engaged to a kind young man, Ramchand, who is from an upstanding family. While on an outing with her younger sister Rajjo, Puro is suddenly kidnapped by a mysterious man, Rashid. Rashid's family has an ancestral dispute with Puro's family. In the past, Puro's family had made Rashid's family homeless by taking over their property. Puro's uncle had even kidnapped Rashid's aunt and then released her after raping her. The task of exacting revenge is given to Rashid, and his family tells him to kidnap Puro, to settle the score.

Rashid goes through with the kidnapping but cannot bring himself to be cruel to Puro, since he is drawn to her. One night, Puro manages to escape and return to her parents. Her parents woefully turn away their daughter, explaining that if Puro were to stay, their family name will be tarnished because she spent days in a man's house and her younger sisters will never be able to get grooms. Even when Puro cries desperately that she is pure and untouched, her family does not open their door to her and heartbreakingly tell her to never come back there. Left with no support, Puro returns to Rashid who is well-aware of Puro's escape; he knew she wouldn't be let in by her parents and had been waiting for her nearby.

After a few months, Puro's family marries their son Trilok to Ramchand's younger sister, Lajjo, while Rajjo is married to Ramchand's cousin. Meanwhile, Rashid marries Puro, and they settle into an uneasy routine of husband and wife, during which time Puro becomes pregnant but miscarries.

The British colonialists leave India and the [[Indian Subcontinent|Subcontinent]] reels under the effects of the partition. Ramchand's uncle, cousin and Rajjo leave for India and are safe. Ramchand, his parents and Lajjo are caught in the riots. Ramchand hurriedly leaves for India with his younger sister and mother; his father is already missing. Shortly after, Lajjo is kidnapped by rioters. Puro meets Ramchand, who woefully tells her of Lajjo's situation. Puro finds Lajjo and helps her escape with Rashid's assistance. This incident brings Puro and Rashid closer, and Puro sees Rashid's loyalty towards her and his care for her family. They bring Lajjo to [[Lahore]] where Trilok and Ramchand come to receive her.

Trilok has a tearful reunion with Puro and explains to her that if she so chooses, she can start a new life, as Ramchand is ready to accept her even now. Puro surprises Trilok by refusing and saying that after everything that has happened, she is where she belongs. Ramchand responds with tremendous empathy to Puro, as he sees that she has accepted Rashid. Meanwhile, Rashid slowly tries to merge into the crowd, making it easier for Puro to leave with her family. He is heartbroken, as he is deeply in love with her, but wants her to be happy. However, Puro seeks Rashid out and the two tearfully bid Ramchand, Trilok, and Lajjo farewell forever.

==Cast==
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as Puro/Hamida
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Rashid
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Ramchand
* [[Sandali Sinha]] as Laajo
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Trilok
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Rajjo
* [[Lilette Dubey]] as Tara- Puro's mother
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Mohanlal- Puro's father
* [[Alok Nath]] as Shyamlal- Ramchand's father
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Ramchand's mother
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Pagli- Mad Woman
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Rashid's aunt
* [[Sudha Shivpuri]] as Rashid's mother
* Pradeep Kuckreja as Hukamchand
* Salima Raza as Hukamchand's wife
* Ghulam Arif as Managing director
* [[Rohitash Gaud]] as Rashid's brother
* [[Shefali Rana]] as Pagli's friend
* Saurabh Bavaliya as Laajo's cousin child
* Niharika as Kamla
* Savita Bajaj as Daai- Midwife
* Parveena Bano as Rahim's wife

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pinjar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2003|08|31}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Pinjar-2003/SnG4uGFlQVw_ |title=Pinjar - 2003 - Uttam Singh |date=24 October 2003 |publisher=[[Saavn]] |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111155/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Pinjar-2003/SnG4uGFlQVw_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 50:57
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
All of the tracks were composed by [[Uttam Singh]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. Tracks "Charkha Chalati Maa" and "Waris Shah Nu" lyrics by [[Amrita Pritam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/pinjar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329124426 |title=Pinjar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521191506/https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/pinjar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329124426 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=50|s=57}}
| title1 = Shaba Ni Shaba
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Gulzar]]
| length1 = 05:40
| title2 = Maar Udari
| extra2 = [[Jaspinder Narula]], Preeti Uttam, Amey Date & Nihar S.
| lyrics2 = Gulzar
| length2 = 05:26
| title3 = Haath Choote
| note3 = Duet
| extra3 = [[Jagjit Singh]] & Preeti Uttam
| lyrics3 = Gulzar
| length3 = 06:52
| title4 = Vatna Ve
| extra4 = Uttam Singh & [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
| lyrics4 = Gulzar
| length4 = 05:30
| title5 = Darda Marya
| extra5 = [[Wadali Brothers]] & Jaspinder Narula
| lyrics5 = Gulzar
| length5 = 06:31
| title6 = Charkha Chalati Maa
| extra6 = Preeti Uttam
| lyrics6 = [[Amrita Pritam]]
| length6 = 04:56
| title7 = Sita Ko Dekhe
| extra7 = [[Suresh Wadkar]] & Sadhana Sargam
| lyrics7 = [[Zehra Nigah]]
| length7 = 03:10
| title8 = Shabad
| extra8 = Preeti Uttam
| lyrics8 = Traditional
| length8 = 03:36
| title9 = Waris Shah Nu
| extra9 = Wadali Brothers & Preeti Uttam
| lyrics9 = Amrita Pritam
| length9 = 09:03
| title10 = Haath Choote
| extra10 = Jagjit Singh
| lyrics10 = Gulzar
| length10 = 06:52
}}

==Reception==

Amberish K Diwanji of [[Rediff]] praised the acting performances of [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Manoj Bajpai]] and the art direction of Muneesh Sappel but criticized the climax of the film. The critic gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "Pinjar is a must-see. Don't miss it."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/23pinjar.htm |title=Pinjar is a must see |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504162956/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/23pinjar.htm |url-status=live }}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Derek Elley of [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] reviewed the film saying that, "A handsomely shot drama centered on a Hindu woman's travails during the 1947 Partition, "Pinjar" ranks as one of the better Bollywood treatments of this still hot-button issue. Good performances, especially by lead actress Urmila Matondkar and by Manoj Bajpai as her Muslim partner, compensate for a slightly wobbly structure".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/pinjar-beyond-boundaries-1200534023/ |title=Pinjar: Beyond Boundaries |date=14 April 2004 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706215041/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/pinjar-beyond-boundaries-1200534023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kshama Rao of ''Glamsham'' said that, "The music (Uttam Singh), the painstaking research (Muneesh Sappel) that has gone into the costumes and set designs is remarkable. Last but not the least, Dr Dwivedi almost had a winner on hand if he had not taken too long to build up the drama."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/pinjar.asp |title=Pinjra Movie Review |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041421/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/pinjar.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Anupama Chopra of [[India Today]] said that, "While Matondkar struggles to rise above her natural artifice Manoj Bajpai is superb as the angst-ridden Muslim abductor. But the sweat and hard work is stunted by the screenplay. Finally, what could have been a great film remains only a commendable effort."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20031110-film-review-of-chandraprakash-dwivedi-pinjar-791897-2003-11-10 |title=Movie review: Pinjar starring Urmila Matondkar, Manoj Bajpai |date=10 November 2003 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041534/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20031110-film-review-of-chandraprakash-dwivedi-pinjar-791897-2003-11-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taran Adarsh of [[Bollywood Hungama]] praised the performances of [[Urmila Matondkar]] and [[Manoj Bajpai]] but criticized the long length of the movie and its slow pace specially towards the climax. The critic gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "On the whole, PINJAR caters more to the thinking audience. Also, it’s for those who like period fares."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pinjar/critic-review/pinjar-movie-review/ |title=Pinjar Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 October 2003 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713191249/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pinjar/critic-review/pinjar-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Kunal Shah of [[Sify]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Overall, the film is brilliantly executed and handled with utmost sensitivity but its length is one factor, which might affect its prospects in the long run."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/slow-paced-but-brilliantly-executed-review-bollywood-pclvwkicjaehd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041359/http://www.sify.com/movies/slow-paced-but-brilliantly-executed-review-bollywood-pclvwkicjaehd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2018 |title=Pinjar Movie Review - Slow-paced, but brilliantly executed |website=[[Sify]]}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Chitra Mahesh of [[The Hindu]] praised the acting performances but criticized the pacing of the film which she found slow and in conclusion said that, "one cannot help admiring the way he(The Director) has put together a team that has brought out such a visually, beautiful film."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101210203.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208174638/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101210203.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-12-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Pinjar Movie Review - Chitra Mahesh }}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2004: [[Filmfare Best Art Direction Award]] - Munish Sappal
* 2004: [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award - Special Jury Award]] - [[Manoj Bajpai]]<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234942/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0347779|Pinjar}}

{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}

{{Chandraprakash Dwivedi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinjar (Film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Uttam Singh]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

Shamli

2026-03-19T13:51:01Z

BeauBasaldua8: created a article more to come

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shamli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = Hanuman Tilla, Shamli, Uttar Pradesh.jpg
| image_caption = Hanuman tilla in Shamli
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shamli district|Shamli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Indian
| governing_body = [[Municipality]] Chairman=Arvind Sangal
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 11
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 254
| population_total = 1,07,233 <ref name="census-2011">{{citation|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Register General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|29.45|77.32|display=inline}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 247776
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 1398
| registration_plate = UP-19
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|Nearby cities]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi]], [[Panipat]], [[Karnal]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Meerut]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kauravi|Khariboli]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha| Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Shamli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shamli]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 1000:928 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = literacy_rate
| blank5_info_sec1 = 90%
| website = {{URL|http://www.shamli.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Shamli''' is a city and the headquarters of [[Shamli district]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is an administrative subdivision under Saharanpur division of Uttar Pradesh.

==History==
According to the mythological story, in [[Dvapara Yuga]] Lord Krishna passed through the city before proceeding towards [[Kurukshetra]] from [[Hastinapur]] and in his way he took a quick pit stop under the [[Crateva|trees of Barne]] located at Hanuman Tilla in Shamli and drank some water from the nearby well. Later on, signs of Baba Bajrang Bali (Lord Hanuman) blessed the place (which was known as “Shyamvali” previously) and had its name changed to “Shyama Nagri”, which eventually came to be known as Shamli. According to some stories, the town was founded by [[Kunti|Kunti's]] son [[Bhima]].

It is considered to be a very important place as the bank to Indian culture and freedom movement. According to available pieces of evidence, Maratha warriors developed it as a Cantonment area and later used it as a garrison as it was considered one of the safest places to hide from the Britishers during the Independence Movement. During British Raj, freedom fighters burned the “Purani Tehsil” and started the 1857 Kranti and sacrificed themselves. As a consequence of their action, the town was stripped of its administrative importance.<ref name="About Shamli">{{citation|url=https://shamli.nic.in/about-district|format=PDF|publisher= District Administration, Government of Uttar Pradesh|title= About District|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> Shamli was declared as a district in September 2011 and was named Prabuddh Nagar by then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]]. In July 2012, the district was renamed Shamli by [[Akhilesh Yadav]], who became Chief Minister in 2012.<ref>{{citation|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-government-changes-names-of-eight-districts-mayawati-fumes/articleshow/15109160.cms?from=mdr|title= UP government changes names of eight districts|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref>

==Location==
It is {{cvt|100|km}} from Delhi, {{cvt|65|km}} from Meerut and Saharanpur, {{cvt|40|km}} from each Muzaffarnagar, Karnal and Panipat.

==Geography==
Shamli is located at {{Coord|29.45|N|77.32|E|}}.<ref name="frg-shamli">{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Shamli.html |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics Inc |title=Shamli |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|254|m|ft}}.

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in Uttar Pradesh}}
Provisional data from the 2011 census shows that Shamli has a population of 107,233, of which 57,236 are male and 49,997 are female. The literacy rate is 82.97 per cent.<ref name="census-2011">{{citation|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Register General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> Shamli became the first ODF (Open Defecation Free) district of Uttar Pradesh, made by the leading efforts of DM Sujeet Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Involving Community: How Shamli Became Uttar Pradesh’s First Open Defecation Free District|url= http://swachhindia.ndtv.com/involving-community-how-shamli-became-uttar-pradeshs-first-open-defecation-free-district-7700/|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IAS Posting Detail|url=http://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?169|website=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808093524/http://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?169|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903013316/http://www.upelections.co.in/ Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections]
*[http://www.upelections.co.in/uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituencies/shamli Shamli Assembly Elections]

{{commons category}}
{{Shamli district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shamli district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shamli]]

Siege of Cawnpore

2026-03-14T01:37:04Z

BeauBasaldua8: cleanup

{{Short description|Siege during the Indian rebellion of 1857}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Cawnpore
| partof = the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]
| image = Massacre in the boats off Cawnpore - The history of the Indian Mutiny (1858-1859), opposite 336 - BL.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A contemporary engraving of the massacre at the Satichura Ghat
| date = 5–25 June 1857
| place = [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]], India
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Rebel victory 
| status =
| combatant1 = [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[Nana Sahib]]'s forces Rebel [[East India Company|Company]] soldiers
| commander1 = [[Hugh Wheeler (British Army Officer)|Hugh Wheeler]]{{KIA}} John Moore{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Nana Sahib]] [[Tantya Tope]] Bala Rao
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = Around 900 including civilians and 300 soldiers
| strength2 = Around 4,000 rebels
| casualties1 = All, except five men and two women
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}

{{Campaign box India 1857}}

The '''siege of Cawnpore''' was a key episode in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The besieged [[East India Company]] forces and civilians in Cawnpore (now [[Kanpur]]) were duped into a false assurance of a safe passage to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] by the rebel forces under [[Nana Sahib]]. Their evacuation from Cawnpore thus turned into a massacre; most of the men were killed, while women and children were taken to a nearby dwelling known as Bibi Ghar. As an [[East India Company]] rescue force from Allahabad approached Cawnpore, around 200 British women and children captured by the rebels were butchered in what came to be known as the Bibi Ghar massacre, their remains then thrown down a nearby well.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651200 | jstor=651200 | title=The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 | last1=English | first1=Barbara | journal=Past & Present | date=22 January 1994 | issue=142 | pages=169–178 | doi=10.1093/past/142.1.169 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Following the recapture of Cawnpore and the discovery of the massacre, the angry Company forces engaged in widespread retaliation against captured rebel soldiers and local civilians. The murders greatly enraged the British rank-and-file against the [[sepoy]] rebels and inspired the [[Battle cry|war cry]] ''"Remember Cawnpore!"''.

==Background==
Cawnpore was an important [[garrison]] town for the [[East India Company]] forces. Located on the [[Grand Trunk Road]], it was connected directly to the [[Sind Division|Sindh]] (Sind), [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Oudh State|Awadh]] (Oudh) regions.

By June 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|the Indian rebellion]] had spread to several areas near Cawnpore, namely [[Meerut]], [[Agra]], [[Mathura]] and [[Lucknow]]. However the Indian sepoys at Cawnpore initially remained loyal. The British General at Cawnpore, [[Hugh Wheeler (British Army Officer)|Hugh Wheeler]], knew the local language, had adopted local customs and was married to an Indian woman.<ref name="chilit_vs_saxena">{{cite web|url=http://www.chilit.org/SAXENA1.HTM|title=Revolt and Revenge; a Double Tragedy (delivered to The Chicago Literary Club)|author=V. S. "Amod" Saxena|date=17 February 2003|access-date=11 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805225742/http://www.chilit.org/SAXENA1.HTM|archive-date=5 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arklowsc.ie/Club_Details/cawnpore_cup.htm|title=History of the Cawnpore Cup|author=David R. Moody|access-date=11 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030636/http://www.arklowsc.ie/Club_Details/cawnpore_cup.htm|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> He was confident that the sepoys at Cawnpore would remain loyal to him and sent two British companies (one each of the [[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th]] and [[32nd Regiment of Foot|32nd Regiments]]) to [[Siege of Lucknow|besieged Lucknow]].<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/cawnpore.htm|title=The Indian Mutiny: The Siege of Cawnpore|access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref>

The British contingent in Cawnpore consisted of around nine hundred people, including around three hundred military men, around three hundred women and children and about one hundred and fifty merchants, business owners, drummers (salesman), engineers and others. The rest were the native servants, who left soon after the commencement of the siege.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic">{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Caleb|title=Historic Incidents and Life in India|orig-year=1863|url=https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog|publisher=J. A. Brainerd|isbn=978-1-135-72312-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicinciden00braigoog/page/n328 239]|year=1863}}</ref>

In the case of a rebellion by the sepoys in Cawnpore, the most suitable defensive location for the British was the [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]] in the north of the city. It had thick walls, ample ammunition and stores and also hosted the local treasury. However General Wheeler decided to take refuge in the south of the city, in an entrenchment composed of two [[barracks]] surrounded by a mud wall.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/> There was a military building site to the south of Cawnpore, where nine barracks were being constructed at the [[dragoon]] barracks. The British soldiers found it difficult to dig deep trenches, as it was the hot summer season. The area also lacked good [[sanitation|sanitary]] facilities and there was only one well (which would be exposed to enemy fire in the event of an attack). In addition there were several buildings overlooking the entrenchment that would provide cover for the attackers, allowing them to shoot down on the defenders easily.

General Wheeler's choice of this location to make a stand remains controversial given the availability of safer and more defensible places in Cawnpore.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/> It is believed that he was expecting reinforcements to come from the southern part of the city. He also assumed that, in event of a rebellion, the Indian troops would probably collect their arms, ammunition and money and [[Siege of Delhi|head to Delhi]] and therefore he did not expect a long siege.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

==Rebellion at Fatehgarh==
The first sign of the rebellion at Cawnpore came in the form of a rebellion at [[Fatehgarh]] (or Futteghur), a military station on the banks of the [[Ganges]]. To disperse the Indian troops away from Cawnpore and lessen the chances of a rebellion, General Wheeler decided to send them on various "missions". On one such mission he sent the 2nd [[Oudh]] Irregulars to Fatehgarh. On the way to Fatehgarh, General Wheeler's forces under the command of Fletcher Hayes and Lieutenant Barbour met two more Englishmen, Mr Fayrer and Lieutenant T. Carey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Captain R. P. |title=A Personal Journal of the Siege of Lucknow |publisher=W. Thacker and Co. |year=1858 |location=London |pages=200–203}}</ref>

On the night of 31 May 1857 Hayes and Carey departed to a nearby town to confer with the local [[magistrate]]. After their departure the Indian troops rebelled and decapitated Fayrer. Barbour was also killed as he tried to escape. When Hayes and Carey came back the next morning, an older Indian officer galloped towards them and advised them to run away. However, as the Indian officer explained the situation to them, the rebel Indian [[sowar]]s (cavalry troopers) raced towards them. Hayes was killed as he tried to ride away while Carey escaped to safety.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

==Outbreak of rebellion at Cawnpore==
There were four Indian regiments in Cawnpore: the 1st, 53rd and 56th Native Infantry, and the 2nd [[Bengal]] Cavalry. Although the sepoys in Cawnpore had not rebelled, the European families began to drift into the entrenchment as the news of rebellion in the nearby areas reached them. The entrenchment was [[fortification|fortified]], and the Indian sepoys were asked to collect their pay one by one, so as to avoid an armed mob.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

The Indian soldiers considered the fortification, and the artillery being primed, as a threat. On the night of 2 June 1857, a British officer named Lieutenant Cox fired on his Indian guard while drunk. Cox missed his target, and was thrown into the jail for a night. The very next day, a hastily convened court acquitted him, which led to discontent among the Indian soldiers. There were also rumours that the Indian troops were to be summoned to a parade, where they were to be massacred. All these factors influenced them to rebel against the East India Company rule.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

The rebellion began at 1:30 AM on 5 June 1857, with three pistol shots from the rebel soldiers of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry. Elderly [[Risaldar-Major]] Bhowani Singh, who chose not to hand over the regimental colours and join the rebel sepoys, was subsequently cut down by his subordinates. The 53rd and 56th Native Infantry, which were apparently the most loyal units in the area, were awoken by the shootings. Some soldiers of the 56th attempted to leave. The European artillery assumed that they were also rebelling, and opened fire on them. The soldiers of the 53rd were also caught in the [[crossfire]].<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

The 1st N.I. rebelled and left in the early morning of 6 June 1857. On the same day, the 53rd N.I. also went off, taking with them the regimental treasure and as much ammunition as they could carry. Around 150 sepoys remained loyal to General Wheeler.<ref name="chilit_vs_saxena"/>

After obtaining arms, ammunition and money, the rebel troops started marching towards [[Delhi]] to seek further orders from [[Bahadur Shah II]], who had been proclaimed the ''Badshah-e-Hind'' ("Emperor of India"). The British officers were relieved, thinking that they would not face a long siege.

==Nana Sahib's involvement==
[[Nana Sahib]] was the adopted heir to [[Baji Rao II]], the former [[peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]]. The East India Company had decided that the pension and honours of the lineage would not be passed on to Nana Sahib, as he was not a natural born heir. Nana Sahib had sent his envoy [[Dewan]] [[Azimullah Khan]] to London, to petition the Queen against the company's decision, but failed to evoke a favourable response. In May 1857, Nana Sahib arrived in Cawnpore with 300 soldiers, stating that he intended to support the British: Wheeler asked him to take charge of the government treasury in the Nawabganj area.<ref name="Rajmohan">{{cite book |author=Rajmohan Gandhi |title=Revenge and Reconciliation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA175 |year=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-029045-5 |pages=175–176 }}</ref>

Amid the chaos in Cawnpore in 1857, Nana Sahib entered the British [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]] with his contingent. The soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry, who were guarding the magazine, were not fully aware of the situation in the rest of the city. They assumed that Nana Sahib had come to guard the magazine on behalf of the British, as he had earlier declared his loyalty to the British, and had even sent some volunteers to be at the disposal of General Wheeler.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> However, Nana Sahib joined the rebels.<ref name="Rajmohan"/>

After taking possession of the treasury, Nana Sahib advanced up the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. His aim was to restore the [[Maratha Confederacy]] under [[Peshwa]] tradition, and he decided to attempt to capture Cawnpore. On his way, Nana Sahib met with rebel soldiers at [[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Kalyanpur]]. The soldiers were on their way to Delhi, to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana Sahib initially decided to march to Delhi and fight the British as a Mughal subordinate, but Azimullah Khan advised him that leading the rebels in Kanpur would increase his prestige more than serving a weak Muslim king.<ref name="Rajmohan"/>

Nana Sahib asked the rebel soldiers to go back to Cawnpore, and help him in defeating the British. The rebels were reluctant at first, but decided to join Nana Sahib, when he promised to double their pay and reward them with gold, if they were to destroy the British entrenchment.

==Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment==
[[File:1857 hospital wheeler cawnpore2.jpg|right|thumb|Photograph entitled, "The Hospital in General Wheeler's entrenchment, Cawnpore." (1858) The hospital was the site of the first major loss of British lives in Cawnpore]]

On 5 June 1857, Nana Sahib sent a polite note to General Wheeler, informing him that he intended to attack on the following morning, at 10 AM. On 6 June Nana Sahib's forces (including the rebel soldiers) attacked the British entrenchment at 10:30 AM. The British were not adequately prepared for the attack, but managed to defend themselves for a long time, as the attacking forces were reluctant to enter the entrenchment. Nana Sahib's forces had been led to falsely believe that the entrenchment had [[gunpowder]]-filled trenches that would explode if they approached.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

As the news of Nana Sahib's advances against the British garrison spread, several of the rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, he was believed to be leading around twelve to fifteen thousand Indian soldiers.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/>

[[File:Up to 1,000 British troops, their families and loyal sepoys were holed up in Gen Wheeler's entrenchment in Kanpur for three weeks in June 1857 where they were constantly bombarded by a local prince, Nana Sahib's army..jpg|thumb|Up to 1,000 British troops, their families and loyal sepoys were holed up in Gen Wheeler's entrenchment in Kanpur for three weeks in June 1857 where they were constantly bombarded by the army of a local prince, Nana Sahib.]]

The British held out in their makeshift fort for three weeks with little water and food supplies. Many died as a result of [[sunstroke]] and lack of water. As the ground was too hard to dig graves, the British would pile the dead bodies outside the buildings, and drag and dump them inside a dried well during the night. The lack of sanitation facilities led to the spread of diseases such as [[dysentery]] and [[cholera]], further weakening the defenders.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> There was also a small outbreak of [[smallpox]], although this was relatively confined.

[[File:Savada Kothi Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Savada Kothi became a base headquarters for the rebel sepoys]]

During the first week of the siege, Nana Sahib's forces encircled the entrenchment, created [[embrasure|loopholes]] and established firing positions in the surrounding buildings. Captain John Moore of the 32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry countered this by launching night-time [[sortie]]s. Nana Sahib withdrew his headquarters to Savada House (or Savada ''Kothi''), situated about two miles away. In response to Moore's sorties, Nana Sahib decided to attempt a direct assault on the British entrenchment, but the rebel soldiers displayed a lack of enthusiasm.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

On 11 June, Nana Sahib's forces changed their tactics. They started concentrated firing on specific buildings, firing endless salvos of [[round shot]] into the entrenchment. They successfully damaged some of the smaller barrack buildings and also tried to set fire to the buildings.

The first major assault by Nana Sahib's side took place on the evening of 12 June. However, the attacking soldiers were still convinced that the British had laid out gunpowder-filled trenches, and did not enter the area. On 13 June, the British lost their hospital building to a fire, which destroyed most of their medical supplies and caused the deaths of a number of wounded and sick artillerymen who burned alive in the inferno. The loss of the hospital was a major blow to the defenders. Nana Sahib's forces gathered for an attack, but were repulsed by [[canister shot]]s from the [[artillery]] under the command of Lieutenant George Ashe. By 21 June, the British had lost around a third of their numbers.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/>

Wheeler's repeated messages to [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], the commanding officer in Lucknow, could not be answered as that garrison was itself [[Siege of Lucknow|under siege]].

===Assault on 23 June===
[[File:India; (1909) (14753085992).jpg|thumb|Attack on 23 June 1857]]

The [[sniper]] fire and the [[bombardment]] continued until 23 June 1857, the 100th anniversary of the [[Battle of Plassey]], which had taken place on 23 June 1757 and been one of the pivotal battles leading to the expansion of [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. One of the driving forces of the sepoy rebellion was a prophecy of the downfall of [[East India Company]] rule in India exactly one hundred years after the Battle of Plassey.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudrangshu |author-link=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |date=August 1990 |title='Satan Let Loose upon Earth': The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/191327780/The-Kanpur-Massacres-in-India-in-the-Revolt-of-1857-pdf |journal=Past & Present |publisher=Oxford University Press |issue=128 |pages=112 |doi=10.1093/past/128.1.92 |jstor=651010}}</ref> This prompted the rebel soldiers under Nana Sahib to launch a major attack on the British entrenchment on 23 June 1857.

The rebel soldiers of the 2nd Bengal Cavalry led the charge but were repulsed with canister shot when they approached within 50 yards of the British entrenchment. After the cavalry assault, the soldiers of the 1st Native Infantry launched an attack on the British, advancing behind cotton bales and parapets. They lost their commanding officer, Radhay Singh, to the opening [[Volley fire (infantry tactic)|volley]] from the British. They had hoped to be protected by cotton bales; however the bales caught fire from the canister shot and became a hazard to them. On the other side of the entrenchment some of the rebel soldiers engaged in hand-to-hand combat against 17 British men led by Lieutenant [[Mowbray Thomson]]. By the end of the day the attackers were unable to gain entry into the entrenchment. The attack left more than 25 rebel soldiers dead, with very few casualties on the British side.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Surrender of the British forces==
The British garrison had taken heavy losses as a result of successive [[bombardment]]s, [[sniper]] fire and assaults. It was also suffering from disease and low supplies of food, water and medicine. General Wheeler's personal morale had been low after his son Lieutenant Gordon Wheeler had been decapitated by a roundshot.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> With approval of General Wheeler, a Eurasian civil servant called Jonah Shepherd slipped out of the entrenchment in disguise to ascertain the condition of Nana Sahib's forces. He was quickly imprisoned by the rebel soldiers.

At the same time Nana Sahib's forces were wary of entering the entrenchment since they believed that it had gunpowder-filled trenches. Nana Sahib and his advisers came up with a plan to end the deadlock. On 24 June they sent a European prisoner, Mrs Rose Greenway, to the entrenchment with their message. In return for surrender, Nana Sahib promised the safe passage of the British to the Satichaura Ghat, a landing on the Ganges from which they could depart for [[Allahabad]].<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/> General Wheeler rejected the offer because it had not been signed and there was no guarantee that the offer was made by Nana Sahib himself.

The next day, 25 June, Nana Sahib sent a second note, signed by himself, through another elderly female prisoner, Mrs Jacobi. The British camp divided into two groups – one in favour of continuing the defence whilst the second group was willing to trust Nana Sahib. During the next 24 hours there was no bombardment by Nana Sahib's forces. Finally General Wheeler decided to surrender in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. After a day of preparation and burying their dead the British decided to leave for Allahabad on the morning of 27 June 1857.

==Satichaura Ghat massacre==
[[File:Massacre Ghat Kanpur.jpg|thumb|The British boats were stuck on mudbanks preventing departure and, amid much confusion, the soldiers were subsequently captured or massacred by Nana Sahib's rebel army.]]
[[File:Slaughter Ghat, Cawnpore.jpg|thumb|right|1858 picture of Sati Chaura Ghat on the banks of the River Ganges, where on 27 June 1857 many British men lost their lives and the surviving women and children were taken prisoner by the rebels.]]

On the morning of 27 June, 500 British led by General Wheeler emerged from the entrenchment. Nana Sahib sent a number of carts, [[Palanquin|dolis]] and elephants to enable the women, the children and the sick to proceed to the river banks. The British officers and military men were allowed to take their arms and ammunition with them and were escorted by nearly the whole of the rebel army.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/> The British reached the [[Satichaura Ghat]] by 8 am. Nana Sahib had arranged around forty boats, belonging to a boatman called Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.<ref name="financialexpress_echoes">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=160464|title=Echoes of a Distant war|publisher=The Financial Express|date=8 April 2007|access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref>

On arrival at the river it was found that there were no planks laid out to enter the boats, forcing the British to wade through the water. The rains had yet to start so the Ganges was low at Satichaura Ghat, beaching the boats on mud making it hard to float the boats away. General Wheeler and his party were the first aboard and the first to manage to set their boat off. As soon as Major Vibart, the final person, was on the last boat and gave the signal "off!" all the boatmen jumped into the water in response after hearing [[bugle (instrument)|bugles]] from the banks. The eyewitness testimony of Thomson Mowbray speaks of confusion as firing immediately started from the 15 sepoys who had been with Major Vibart, fires were found set in the thatch of the boats and the British firing at the same time.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=Mowbray |url=https://archive.org/details/storycawnpore00thomgoog/page/n187/mode/1up |title=The story of Cawnpore |publisher=R Bentley |year=1859 |location=London |publication-date=1859 |pages=166–167, 170}}</ref>

Controversy surrounds what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat, whether the signal was a bugle or three shots<ref name="caleb_wright_historic"/> soon afterwards thousands of sepoys emerged from hidden places on shore to shoot at the boats while they were peppered with artillery. Only three boats managed to set off, men, women and children suffered the same terrible deaths, but the women were spared a massacre of the survivors on shore.<ref name=":7" />

Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible on purpose to create a trap. They also claimed that Nana Sahib himself had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the British. No evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had planned or ordered the initial massacre, later British authors pointing out that Nana rescued seven women who had been captured to be raped<ref>{{cite book|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|title=The Great Mutiny: India, 1857|year=1978|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=0-670-34983-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatmutinyindia00hibb/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/greatmutinyindia00hibb/page/194}}</ref> RC Majumdar writes that Nana was not present and that the witnesses said it was Tatya Tope who gave the signal to begin, while others claim it was an order to start the boats. Nana had already said that the rebels did not obey him and there is no conclusive proof tying him to this massacre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6048/page/n122/mode/1up?q=ghat |title=Sepoy mutiny and the revolt of 1857 |publisher=K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1957 |location=Calcutta |publication-date=1957 |pages=100}}</ref> Pramod Nayar writes that the Satichaura Ghat massacre could be the result of the tense situation and not of any plan.<ref name="pramod_nayar_uprising">{{cite book|last=Nayar|first=Pramod K.|title=The Great Uprising|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books, India|isbn=978-0-14-310238-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Pramod |url=https://archive.org/details/penguin1857reade0000unse/page/12/mode/2up?q=Ghat |title=The Penguin 1857 reader |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin |location=Delhi |pages=13}}</ref> Lieutenant [[Mowbray Thomson]], one of the four men who survived of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Surendra Nath|title=Eighteen Fifty-seven|orig-year=1957|year=1995|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=81-230-0093-6|page=145}}</ref>

After the fighting began, Nana Sahib's general [[Tatya Tope]] allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Cavalry unit and some artillery units to open fire on the British.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> The rebel cavalry [[sowar]]s moved into the water to kill the remaining British soldiers with swords and pistols. The surviving men were killed whilst the women and children were taken into captivity since Nana Sahib did not approve of their killing.<ref>G. W. Williams, "Memorandum", printed with Narrative of the Events in the NWP in 1857–58 (Calcutta, n.d.), section on Kanpur (hereafter Narrative Kanpur), p. 20: "A man of great influence in the city, and a government official, has related a circumstance that is strange, if true, viz. that whilst the massacre was being carried on at the ghat, a trooper of the 2nd Cavalry, reported to the Nana, then at Savada house, that his enemies, their wives and children were exterminated ... On hearing which, the Nana replied, that |for the destruction of women and children, there was no necessity' and directed the sowar to return with an order to stay their slaughter". See also J. W. Kaye, History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857–58, 3 vols. (Westport, 1971 repr.), ii, p. 258. (This reprint of Kaye's work carries the title History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58.)</ref> Around 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Sahib's headquarters during the siege.

Three boats had been able to set off General Wheeler's boat, Major Vibarts and a third which was holed beneath the waterline by a round shot fired from the bank. Two boats drifted to the north bank and the occupants slaughtered. From the crowds being burned, shot and sliced to death some survivors set out to desperately swim to the boats. Mowbray recounts how Vibarts boat took on the survivors from the second, while severely damaged and still being shot at.<ref name=":7" />

The surviving boat had around 100 people aboard, twice the amount there was space for. severely damaged it, without a rudder, it was being pursued along the riverbanks by the rebel soldiers, by midday they were clear of fire as the artillery bullocks had grounded in the mud. The boat frequently grounded on the [[sandbank]]s subjecting the survivors to further attacks. The rebels launched a pursuit boat which also grounded and a burning boat hoping to catch the refugees on fire which was defeated by the refugees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Evelyn |url=https://archive.org/details/revoltinhindusta00wood/page/65/mode/1up?q=Massacre |title=The revolt in Hindustan 1857-59 |date=1908 |publisher=Methuen and co. |location=London |pages=65}}</ref> On one such sandbank the pursuers struck again. The dying Major Vibart ordered Lieutenant Thomson and two other officers and 11 privates to make a defence while they tried to refloat the boat. After defeating the enemy, Thomson and his men returned to the boat but it had gone.<ref name=":5" />

Meanwhile, the rebels had launched an attack on the boat from the opposite bank. After some firing, the 80 surviving refugees on the boat were recaptured. Returned to Cawnpore the men were all shot dead along with one woman and one infant who refused to leave her husband. The other wives t were pulled away.<ref name=":5" /> Nana Sahib granted the request of the chaplain Moncrieff to read prayers before they died.<ref name="william_brock_bio_havelock">{{cite book|last=Brock|first=William|title=A Biographical Sketch of Sir Henry Havelock, K. C. B.|orig-year=1858|publisher=[[Tauchnitz]]|url=https://archive.org/details/abiographicalsk02brocgoog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/abiographicalsk02brocgoog/page/n172 150]–152|access-date=12 July 2007|year=1858}}</ref> The women and children were confined to Savada House, to be later moved with other survivors to the Bibighar,

Thomson's party had to run barefoot to evade the rebel soldiers. The party took refuge in a small shrine, where Thomson led a last charge. Six of the British soldiers were killed whilst the rest managed to escape to the riverbank, where they tried to escape by jumping into the river and swimming to safety. However a group of rebels from the village started clubbing them as they reached the bank. One of the soldiers was killed whilst the other four, including Thomson, swam back to the centre of the river. After swimming downstream for a few hours they reached shore, where they were discovered by some [[Rajput]] [[matchlock]]men who worked for Raja Dirigibijah Singh, a British loyalist. These carried the British soldiers to the Raja's palace. These four British soldiers were the only male survivors from the British side apart from Jonah Shepherd (who had been captured by Nana Sahib before the surrender). The four men included two privates named Murphey and Sullivan, Lieutenant Delafosse and Lieutenant (later Captain) [[Mowbray Thomson]]. The men spent several weeks recuperating, eventually making their way back to Cawnpore, which was by that time back under British control. Murphey and Sullivan both died shortly after from [[cholera]], Delafosse went on to join the defending garrison during the [[siege of Lucknow]] and Thomson took part in rebuilding and defending the entrenchment a second time under General Windham, eventually writing a firsthand account of his experiences entitled ''[[iarchive:storycawnpore00thomgoog/page/n9/mode/1up|The Story of Cawnpore]]'' (London, 1859).

A handful of women were taken prisoner by individual captors, avoiding being placed in the Bibighar and therefore also avoiding the [[Bibighar massacre]]. Of these known survivors were [[Ulrica Wheeler]], [[Amelia Horne]], the drummers wives Eliza Bradshaw and Elizabeth Letts, and the twelve year old [[Eliza Fanthome]].<ref>Spilsbury, J. (2008). The Indian Mutiny. Storbritannien: Orion.</ref><ref>Anderson, C. (2012). Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean World, 1790-1920. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 149</ref>
[[Amelia Horne|Amy Horne]], a 17-year-old [[Anglo-Indian]] girl, had fallen from her boat and had been swept downstream during the riverside massacre. Soon after scrambling ashore she met Wheeler's youngest daughter, [[Margaret Frances Wheeler]]. The two girls hid in the undergrowth for a number of hours until they were discovered by a group of rebels. Margaret was taken away on horseback, never to be seen again. Amy was led to a nearby village, where she was taken under the protection of a [[Muslim]] rebel leader in exchange for converting to [[Islam]]. Just over six months later she was rescued by [[Highland Brigade (Scottish)|Highlanders]] from [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]]'s column on their way to relieve Lucknow.

==Bibi Ghar massacre==
[[File:The Indian Mutiny 1857-1859 Q112127.jpg|thumb|The remains of the Bibi Ghar (the House of the Ladies)]]
[[File:1858 Kanpur well monument.jpg|thumb|right|Bibi Ghar house, in the center background, where European women and children were killed, 1858. The well where their bodies were found is in the foreground.]]
[[File:A hand-written caption identifies the man as Gungoo Mehter who was tried at Kanpur for killing many of the Sati Chaura survivors, including many women and children. He was convicted and hanged at Kanpur on 8 September 1859..jpg|thumb|Gungoo Mehter, who was tried at Cawnpore for killing many of the Sati Chaura survivors, including many women and children. He was convicted and hanged at Cawnpore on 8 September 1859.]]
[[File:Outside of well, Cawnpore.jpg|thumb|right|The Bibighar Well site where a memorial had been built by 1859. [[Samuel Bourne]], 1860.]]

Bibi Ghar was on the edge of Sir George Parker's ruined compound- a magistrate at Cawnpore. The name "Bibi Ghar" is coined from two words, "Bibi" and "Ghar" meaning wife or mistress and house. At the start Mutiny it was occupied by the magistrates Babu. It was 40 by 50 feet, divided into three parts. A small courtyard with rooms at either end with a verrandah surrounding it enclosed in compound walls. The 180 surviving British women and children were moved from Savada House to this small space of 2000 square feet in the July heat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/ourbonesarescatt00ward/page/373/mode/1up?q=Bibighar+ |title=Our bones are scattered |date=1996 |publisher=H. Holt and Co |location=New York, NY |publication-date=1996 |pages=373, 375 |isbn=978-0-8050-2437-1 }}</ref>

Initially around 180 women and children were confined to Bibighar. A group of European women and children refugees who survived the [[Fatehgarh]] massacre and an others later joined them. In total there were four men and around 200 women and children in Bibighar.<ref name="barbara_english_kanpur_1994">{{cite journal|last=English|first=Barbara|date=February 1994|title=The Kanpur Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857|journal=Past & Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|issue=142|pages=169–178|doi=10.1093/past/142.1.169|jstor=651200}}</ref>

Nana Sahib placed these survivors under the care of the servant of his favourite concubine, earlier a concubine of his brother. Called Hussaini Khanum (or Hussaini Begum) she was highly abusive and made sure no servants could help them. Without soap, clean clothes or bandages for their wounds [[cholera]] and [[dysentery]] began to kill them. Without any material comforts they could only sing and pray.<ref name=":1" /> Every day they would be led out to grind corn - not to eat, but as it was symbolic of the work of a slave to humiliate them.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Fitchett |first=W. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51912/page/n149/mode/2up?q=beebeeghur |title=Tale of the Great Mutiny |date=1901 |publisher=John Murray |edition=5th |location=London |publication-date=1939 |pages=139, 141}}</ref>

Fed one meal a day (by the lowest caste) they had no furniture of any kind (already emaciated from surviving the siege). It is said that orders from Delhi were received to improve treatment, a doctor was assigned and they were allowed to go out on the verandah.<ref name=":1" />

Nana Sahib decided to use these prisoners for bargaining with the East India Company.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> The Company forces, consisting of around 1,000 British, 150 Sikh soldiers, and 30 irregular cavalry, had set out from Allahabad under the command of General [[Henry Havelock]] to retake Cawnpore and Lucknow.<ref name="william_brock_bio_havelock"/> The first relief force assembled under Havelock included [[64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot|64th Regiment of Foot]] and [[78th Regiment of Foot|78th Highlanders]] (brought back from the [[Anglo-Persian War]]), the first arrivals of the diverted [[Second Opium War|China expedition]], [[5th Regiment of Foot|5th Fusiliers]], part of the [[90th Regiment of Foot|90th Light Infantry]] (seven companies), the [[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th (York and Lancaster)]] from Burma and EIC Madras European Fusiliers brought up to [[Calcutta]] from [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|title=The British Troops in the Indian Mutiny 1857–59|orig-year=1994|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-85532-369-9|pages=22–23|year=1994}}</ref> Havelock's initial forces were later joined by the forces under the command of Major Renaud and Colonel [[James George Smith Neill|James Neill]], which had arrived in Allahabad from Calcutta on 11 June. Nana Sahib demanded that the East India Company forces under General Havelock and Colonel Neill retreat to Allahabad. However the Company forces advanced relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana Sahib sent an army to check their advance. The two armies met at [[Fatehpur, Fatehpur|Fatehpur]] on 12 July, where General Havelock's forces emerged victorious and captured the town.

Nana Sahib then sent another force under the command of his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July the British forces under General Havelock defeated Bala Rao's army in the [[Battle of Aong]], just outside the village of Aong.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore"/> On 16 July Havelock's forces started advancing to Cawnpore. During the Battle of Aong, Havelock was able to capture some of the rebel soldiers, who informed him that there was an army of 5,000 rebel soldiers with 8 artillery pieces further up the road. Havelock decided to launch a [[Flanking maneuver|flank attack]] on this army but the rebel soldiers spotted the flanking manoeuvre and opened fire. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides but cleared the road to Cawnpore for the British.

On the afternoon of the fifteeenth of July Bala Rao informed Nana that the British had crossed the river and were approaching. After much discussion the advisors agreed to go and confront Havelock, but this left the issue of the prisoners. ''"..the mighty conquerors of Cawnpore had one more victory to gain. They could slaughter the English prisoners. So, whether it were in rage, or in fear, or in the wantonness of bestial cruelty; whether it were believed that the English were advancing only to rescue the prisoners, and would turn back on hearing that they were dead; whether it were thought that as no tales can be told by the dead, the total annihilation of the captives would prevent the identification of the arch-offenders on the day of retribution; whether the foul design had birth in the depths of the Nana's black heart, or was prompted by one still blacker, the order went forth for the massacre of the women and children in the Beebee-ghur".''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kaye |first=John William |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorysepoywa02kayegoog/page/371/mode/1up |title=A history of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58, vol II |date=1874 |publisher=Longmans |location=London |pages=371}}</ref>

The earliest sources concur that Azimoolah persuaded Nana Sahib that the British were only marching to save the woman and children and that the massacre would so upset them that they would retreat and leave India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=Mowbray |url=https://archive.org/details/storycawnpore00thomgoog/page/n232/mode/1up?q=Bibi+ghar |title=The story of Cawnpore |date=1859 |publisher=R. Bentley |location=London |publication-date=1859 |pages=212–213}}</ref> This is confirmed in other primary sources "''When the resolution had been adopted, Teeka Singh asked whether the Nana had made up his mind as to what should be done with the prisoners; and hinted that, in case things went ill, it might be awkward for some then present should the Sahibs bud such a mass of evidence ready to their hands; nay more, that the chances of a reverse would be considerably lessened if the captives were once put out of the way. The British were approaching solely for the purpose of releasing their compatriots, and would not risk another battle for the satisfac¬ tion of burying them. They would be only too glad of an excuse to avoid meeting the Peishwa in the field''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Trevelyan |first=G.O. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5118/page/n338/mode/1up?utm_source=chatgpt.com&q=massacre |title=Cawnpore |date=1865 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |publication-date=1865 |pages=330–331, 332}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

Some modern Indian writers have speculated that news of retributions on rebels elsewhere had prompted the massacre. "''It is not far fetched to imagine that news of ...massacres reached the rebel stronghold. They wanted to counter this show of violence by their own exhibition of power''". Mukherjee, using post colonial theory blames the British and sees the brutal massacre as justified.<ref name=":0" /> Nayer simply says that the approach "provoked" the massacre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Pramod K |title=The Penguin 1857 reader |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin |location=Delhi |publication-date=2007 |pages=14}}</ref>

The Royal Widows (the step mothers of Nana by adoption) threatened to throw themselves out of upper windows to death if he committed the massacre of the women and had been on hunger strike to prove sincerity. To spare the complaints they decided to commit the crime quickly that same day - July 15.<ref name=":3" />

At 4 in the afternoon they came for the 3 male refugees from Fatehpur, the merchant and his son and a 14 year old boy. Nana's men led them out on the short walk while the women were confined in the house. Nana had assembled a crowd, sitting in rows while he sat beneath a lime tree wearing a gold turban, All of his advisors were there. Jwala Persad, Tantia Topee, Azimoolah and Bala Rao. As they reached the gate they were shot dead. Their bodies were thrown on the grass and mutilated by the crowd. This continued for half an hour before the Begum informed the women they too were to be killed.<ref name=":3" />

One of the ladies went to ask the commander of the guard if this were true. He said no. He would have been told. One of the guards told the Begum ''"Your orders will not be obeyed. “ Who are you that you should give orders?"'' Upon which the Begum went to talk to the Nana. The guards discussed this in her absence and pledged to never murder the women.<ref name=":3" /> It is possible that the guard - Yusuf Khan actively pledged to save them (possibly to ensure their own survival when the British arrived.<ref name=":6" /> The Begum returned with five men carrying sabres. Two Hindus, one young, one old. Two others were Muslim butchers, wearing white, led by a member of the maharaja's bodyguard wearing his red uniform, named Sarvur Khan, from a distant province. All were armed with tulwars.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=David |first=Saul |title=The Indian mutiny, 1857 |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin books |isbn=978-0-14-100554-6 |series=Penguin history |location=London}}</ref>

The guard sepoys were ordered to fall in. Half a dozen obeyed. They raised their muskets, but shot high at the ceiling of neighbouring apartments.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Kaye |last2=Mallinson |first1=John William |first2=George Bruce |url=https://archive.org/details/kayesmallesonshi02kaye/page/280/mode/1up?q=massacre |title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian mutiny of 1857-8 |date=1889 |publisher=Allen |publication-date=1889 |pages=280}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Evelyn |url=https://archive.org/details/revoltinhindusta00wood/page/n101/mode/1up?q=Massacre |title=The revolt in Hindustan 1857-59 |date=1908 |publisher=Methuen & Co. |location=London |publication-date=1908 |pages=75}}</ref> It was the gloaming dusk and the 5 killers entered. In the gloom Survur Khan stepped out of the house, his sword broken, to fetch another, then another. By the time darkness fell the men left and locked up the house. The screams had stopped, but the groans continued until the morning. The next day the sweepers came to throw the bodies into the well.<ref name=":3" /> Many of the children had survived and tried to escape, children of 5 or 6. A crowd looked on and the children cried for help. No one helped them. When one went into the crowd they grabbed them and threw them down the well.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Three women had survived enough to talk and were also murdered.<ref name=":5" />

An eyewitness later recorded how the ''<nowiki/>'bodies were dragged out, most of them by the hair of the head. Those who had clothes worth taking were stripped. Some women were alive...there was a great crowd looking on: they were standing in the compound. They were principally city people and villagers. Yes: there were also sepoys. Three boys were alive. They were fair children. The eldest, I think, must have been six or seven, and the youngest five years. They were running round the well, (where else could they go?) and there was none to save them. No: none said a word, or tried to save them.'''<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Clive |title=The Massacred and the more than Illustrious: The 32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot at Cawnpore and Lucknow |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=95 |issue=382 |pages=108-109}}</ref>

Of the 200 women and children hacked to death, or thown alive down the well, 98 were the wives and children of men from the 32nd Foot. Some of the children were physically torn in two by the sepoys.<ref name=":12" /> An alternative account is that after the men were murdered, some of the sepoys only agreed to remove the women and children from the courtyard when Tatya Tope threatened to execute them for dereliction of duty. In this account Nana Sahib left "the building" (his position outside the courtyard under the tree) because he didn't want to be a witness to the unfolding massacre.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore" />

The British females and children were ordered to come out of the house but they refused to do so and clung to one another. They barricaded themselves in, tying the door handles with clothing. In "Our Bones are Scattered" Ward writes that the soldier could not be compelled to pull them out, so they decided to kill them inside the building. The lack of spectacle making Nana leave.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/ourbonesarescatt00ward/page/414/mode/2up?q=Bibighar+ |title=Our bones are scattered |date=1996 |publisher=H Holt and Co |location=London |pages=414–415 |isbn=978-0-8050-2437-1 }}</ref>

At first around twenty rebel soldiers opened fire from the outside of the Bibighar, firing through holes in the boarded windows. The soldiers of the squad that was supposed to fire the next round were sickened by the violence caused and discharged their shots into the air. Soon after, upon hearing the screams and groans inside, the rebel soldiers threw down their weapons and declared that they were not going to kill any more women and children.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore" />

An angry Begum Hussaini Khanum denounced the sepoys' act as cowardice and asked her aide to finish the job of killing the captives.<ref name="britishempire_cawnpore" /> Her lover hired butchers, who murdered the captives with [[cleaver (knife)|cleavers]], leaving when it seemed that all the captives had been killed. However a few women and children had managed to survive by hiding under the dead bodies. It was agreed that the bodies of the victims would be thrown down a dry well by some sweepers.

No one survived the massacre, 73 women and 124 children were killed.<ref name="caleb_wright_historic" /><ref name=":13" />

==Recapture and retaliatory actions by the British==
The Company forces retook Cawnpore on early in the morning of the 16th July. At first the inhabitants of Cawnpore welcomed the soldiers with great joy, bringing out provisions for the hungry soldiers, but soon they realised that something had changed in them.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Trevelyan |first=G.O. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5118/page/n364/mode/1up?utm_source=chatgpt.com |title=Cawnpore |date=1865 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |pages=354–359}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} A young civilian called Jonah Shepherd had been held as a prisoner Putkapur (passing as Indian) with Nana's flight he secured release and joined the 56th & 53rd native Infantry to enter the city and find his family. Loyalists emerged from their hiding places in the nearly deserted city and they directed Lieutenant Ayton and Morsom along with the still shackled boy. He wrote "''a strange indescribable something hovered round the place which impressed one with awe and the deepest melancholy. I could not prevail on myself to advance."''<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/ourbonesarescatt00ward/page/428/mode/2up? |title=Our bones are scattered |date=1996 |publisher=H Holt and Co |location=New York |pages=427–429, 436, 442}}</ref> They opened the doors to be hit by a swarm of flies.

They came to the house at first expecting the captives to be alive, instead finding only blood. Jonah finally came in to look for his family. Some Highlanders followed the trail of blood towards the trees to find Bhudree Nath leaning against the well. Following his gaze they found the bodies. "''..the whole of the bodies were naked and the limbs had been separated.." a "mangled heap"'' of bodies, limbs in various states of putrefaction. A Highlander vomited.<ref name=":9" />

As more soldiers arrived they wandered sobbing through the house, ''"...ankle-deep in blood. The plaster was scored with sword-cuts: not high up, as where men have fought; but low down, and about the corners, as if a creature had crouched to avoid the blow.''<ref name=":8" /> Brigadier General Neill wrote at the time; ''"the bodies of all who died there were thrown into the well of the house, all the murdered also. I saw that house when I first came in. Ladies’ and children’s bloody torn dresses and shoes were lying about, and locks of hair torn from their heads. The floor of the one room they were all. dragged into and killed was saturated with blood. One cannot control one’s feelings. Who could be merciful to one concerned ? Severity at the first is mercy in the end. I wish to show the Natives of India that the punish¬ ment inflicted by us for such deeds will be the heaviest, the most revolting to their feelings, and what they must ever remember"''<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Kaye |first=John William |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5424/page/n417/mode/2up? |title=History of the sepoy war in India: 1857-1858 vol.2 |publisher=W.H. Allen |year=1870 |location=London |pages=397–399, 401}}</ref> In the courtyard, the tree nearest the well was smeared with the brains of numerous children and infants who had been dashed headfirst against the trunk and thrown down the well.<ref name="Hibbert, Christopher 1980, p. 212">Hibbert, Christopher. ''The Great Mutiny: India, 1857''. [[Penguin Books|Penguin]], 1980, p. 212. 0140047522.</ref> Soon the people of Cawnpore were fleeing down the road to Delhi en masse, not waiting to think whether they could establish their innocence or not.<ref name=":8" />

Neill wrote; ''"Whenever a rebel is caught he is immediately tried, and, unless he can prove a defence, he is sentenced to he hanged at once: but the chief rebels or ringleaders I make first to clean up a certain portion of the pool of blood, still two inches deep in the shed where the fearful murder and mutilation of the women and children took place. To touch blood is most abhorrent to the high-caste natives. They think, by doing so, they doom their souls to perdition. Let them think so. My object is to inflict a fearful punishment for a revolting, cowardly, barbarous deed, and to strike terror into these rebels. The first I caught was a soubahdar, or native officer, a high-caste Brahmin, who tried, to resist my order to clean up the very u blood he had helped to shed but I made the provost-martial do his duty, and a few lashes soon made the miscreant accomplish his task. When done, he was taken out and immediately hanged, and, after death, buried in a ditch at the road side."''<ref name=":8" />

A later text, written by an eye witness but published decades later writes; ''"On the date of my visit a great part of the house had not been cleaned out; the floors of the rooms were still covered with congealed blood, littered with trampled, torn dresses of women and children, shoes, slippers, and locks of long hair, many of which had evidently been severed from the living scalps by sword-cuts. But among the traces of barbarous torture and cruelty which excited horror and a desire for revenge, one stood out prominently beyond all others. It was an iron hook fixed into the wall of one of the rooms in the house, about six feet from the floor. I could not possibly say for what purpose this hook had originally been fixed in the wall. I examined it carefully, and it appeared to have been an old fixture, which had been seized on as a diabolic and convenient instrument of torture by the inhuman wretches engaged in murdering the women and children. This hook was covered with dried blood, and from the marks on the whitewashed wall, it was evident that a little child had been hung on to it by the neck with its face to the wall, where the poor thing must have struggled for long, perhaps in the sight of its helpless mother, because the wall all round the hook on a level with it was covered with the hand-prints, and below the hook with the foot-prints, in blood, of a little child."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes-Mitchell |first=William |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33426/pg33426-images.html?utm_ |title=Reminiscenses of the Great Mutiny |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |year=1910 |edition=Shilling |location=London |publication-date=1897 |pages=20}}</ref>

As the army advanced into the city, quarter of the population, loyalists, hidden Europeans, Eurasians and spouses met them with joy. The street outside the police station was thronged with surviving babus desperate to let them know they were not rebels. The Fatehpur magistrate John Sherer set about signing letters of protection for the many Indians who offered sweets, slightly confused by their anxiety. As he approached the Bibighar the crowd fell away. It was he who reported the atrocity to General Havelock and called for workmen to fill in the well.<ref name=":9" />

A steady stream of soldiers came in to see the horror, deeply despondent at the failure of their mission to save people they often knew. By the middle of the morning discipline had broken down, with officers too depressed to enforce order. The common soldiers began to loot the alcohol from the "toddy godowns" belonging to the rebels. Horrified and enraged, engaged in a surge of drunken violence against the population of Cawnpore, including looting and burning houses. What Havelock's biographer called "''intoxication, plunder, and rapine''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=Archibald |url=https://archive.org/details/havelockbyarchib00forb/page/n155/mode/2up? |title=Havelock |date=1890 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=145}}</ref> The soldiers drove themselves mad in drink, rumour and tours of the massacre sites. Kaye wrote that the excesses " ''far greater' than any which are recorded, against them",'' that the victims were not Nana's people who had fled, but innocents. It was "''indiscriminate retribution".'' The Sikhs in particular plundering widely.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Kaye |first=John William |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5424/page/n417/mode/2up?q=massa&view=theater |title=History of the sepoy war in India: 1857-1858 vol.2 |publisher=W H Allen |year=1870 |isbn= |publication-date=1870}}</ref> Soon General Havelock gave an order “''The marauding in'' ''this camp exceeds the disorders which supervened on the short lived triumph of the miscreant Nana Sahib. A Provost-Marshal has been appointed, with special instructions to hang up, in their uniform, all British soldiers that plunder. This shall not, be an idle threat. Commanding officers have received the most distinct warnings on the subject.''”<ref name=":11" />

Brigadier General Neill, who took the command at Cawnpore, soon began a programme of drumhead court martials for any sepoy rebel captured from the battle. The first soldiers captured continued to make threats and taunts, infuriating the British who expected contrition, not defiance.<ref name=":9" /> Not grovelling, instead taking confidence in their religions. Not allowed a defence, some were even gagged. The sepoys were then religiously disgraced by being forced to eat (or [[Force-feeding|force fed]]) beef (if Hindu) or pork (if Muslim). The Muslim sepoys were sewn into pig skins before being hanged and low-caste street sweepers were employed to execute the high-caste Brahmin rebels to add additional religious disgrace.<ref name="Raugh, Harold E. 2004, p. 89">Raugh, Harold E. ''The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History''. [[ABC-CLIO]], 2004, p. 89. 1576079252.</ref> Muslims were cremated and Hindus were buried.

Most of the prisoners were hanged within direct view of the well at the Bibighar and buried in shallow ditches by the roadside. Others were shot or bayonetted, whilst some were also [[Blowing from a gun|tied across cannons that were then fired]], an execution method initially used by the rebels and the earlier Indian powers, such as the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. It is unclear whether this method of execution was reserved for special prisoners or whether it was merely done in the retributive spirit of the moment.<ref name="barbara_english_kanpur_1994" /> Henry Fane, in a house at Mirzapore 200 miles downriver watched the bodies of dismembered rebels float down the river, execured at Cawnpore. He wondered if such violence would not spur the rebels - still encamped and not defeated at Cawnpore until November - to greater reprisals of their own.<ref name=":9" />

While the British had committed their own reprisals before Cawnpore, it changed their very character with "''Remember Cawnpore!''" becoming a war cry for the rest of the conflict. Acts of summary violence against towns and cities believed to harbour or support the rebellion also increased.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Waltraud|date=January 1997|title=Idioms of Madness and Colonial Boundaries: The Case of the European and "Native" Mentally Ill in Early Nineteenth-Century British India|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=39|issue=1|pages=153–181}}</ref> In one of the villages a detachment of [[Scottish regiment#Highland Line Infantry (Highland Brigade)|Highlanders]] caught around 140 men, women and children. Ten men were hanged without any evidence or trial. Another sixty men were forced to build the gallows of wooden logs, whilst others were flogged and beaten.<ref name="chilit_vs_saxena" /> In another village, when around 2,000 villagers came out in protest brandishing [[Baton (law enforcement)|lathis]], the Highlanders surrounded them and set the village on fire. Villagers trying to escape were summarily executed by the Highlanders.<ref name="chilit_vs_saxena" />

==Aftermath==
On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations at Bithoor. Major Stevenson led a group of [[Madras Fusiliers]] and Sikh soldiers to Bithoor and occupied Nana Sahib's palace without any resistance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nana Sahib and the rising at Cawnpore|author=Pratul Chandra Gupta|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1963|oclc=1077615|page=145}}</ref> The British troops seized guns, elephants and camels, and set Nana Sahib's palace on fire.

In November 1857, [[Tatya Tope]] gathered an army, mainly consisting of the rebel soldiers from the Gwalior contingent, to recapture Cawnpore. By 19 November, his 6,000-strong force had taken control of all the routes west and north-west of Cawnpore.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100|editor=Shyam Singh Shashi|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7|publisher=Anmol|year=1996|page=101}}</ref> However, his forces were defeated by the Company forces under [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]] in the [[Second Battle of Cawnpore]], marking the end of the rebellion in the Cawnpore area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hibbert|title=The Great Mutiny – India 1857|publisher=Penguin|year=1980|isbn=0-14-004752-2|page=353}}</ref> Tatya Tope then joined [[Rani Lakshmibai]].

Nana Sahib disappeared and, by 1859, he had reportedly fled to [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Daniel|title=History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0552-7|pages=64|year=1993}}</ref> His ultimate fate was never determined. Up until 1888, there were rumours and reports that he had been captured and a number of individuals turned themselves in to the British claiming to be the aged Nana. As the majority of these reports turned out to be untrue, further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned.

British civil servant Jonah Shepherd, who had been rescued by Havelock's army, spent the next few years after the rebellion attempting to put together a list of those killed in the entrenchment. He had lost his entire family during the siege. He eventually retired to a small estate north of Cawnpore in the late 1860s.

==Memorials==
[[File:The well as it was in Cawnpore in 1860 ILN-1874-1031-0017.jpg|thumb|The well as it was in Cawnpore in 1860, [[The Illustrated London News]]]]

After the revolt was suppressed, the British dismantled Bibighar. They raised a memorial railing and cross at the site of the well in which the bodies of the British women and children had been dumped. Meanwhile, the British conducted a retaliatory action under the command of [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet]] by demolishing Nana Sahib's palace in Bithoor with cannon-fire.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bithur|volume=4|page=12}}</ref><ref name="Gupta1963">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Pratul Chandra|title=Nana Sahib and the Rising at Kanpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTZAAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 June 2012|year=1963|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> In addition, the inhabitants of Cawnpore were forced to pay £30,000 for the creation of the memorial as a 'punishment' for not coming to the aid of the British women and children in Bibighar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/cawnporewell6.htm|title=Angel of Cawnpore|access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Cawnpore Memorial, 1860.jpg|thumb|right|A memorial capping the Bibi Ghar well, was erected {{circa|1860}}, by the British after the rebellion was suppressed. The memorial was created by [[Carlo Marochetti]]. After India's independence, the memorial was moved to the [[Kanpur Memorial Church|Memorial Church]] in Kanpur. Albumen silver print by [[Samuel Bourne]], 1860.]] ''The Angel of the Resurrection'' was created by Baron [[Carlo Marochetti]] and completed in 1865. It has been called by various names throughout the centuries and came to be the most visited statue of British India. The chief proponent and private funder was [[Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning|Charlotte, Countess Canning]], wife of the first Viceroy of India, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]]. She approached her childhood friend, Marochetti, for models. In turn, Marochetti suggested that other sculptors be invited. Following the Countess's death, Earl Canning took over the commission. Canning rejected a number of designs accepting, in the end, a version of Marochetti's Crimean War memorial at Scutari, Turkey. The understated figure is an angel holding two branches of palm fronds across her chest. Despite assurances, 'The Angel' had some damage during the Independence celebrations of 1947 and she was later moved from her original site over the Bibi Ghar well to a garden at the side of All Soul's Church, Kanpore (Kanpur Memorial Church).<ref>{{cite book|title=British Sculpture in India: New Views and Old Memories|last1=Steggles|first1=Mary Ann|last2=Barnes|first2=Richard|publisher=Frontier|year=2011|isbn=978-1-872914-41-1|location=Norfolk|pages=260–261}}</ref>

The remains of a circular ridge of the well can still be seen at the [[Nana Rao Park]], built after Indian independence. The British also erected the [[Kanpur Memorial Church|All Souls Memorial Church]], in memory of the victims. An enclosed pavement outside the church marks the graves of over 70 British men captured and executed on 1 July 1857, four days after the Satichaura Ghat massacre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.battlefieldtoursindia.com/indian-mutiny.html|title=Indian Mutiny|publisher=Indian Battlefield & Saga Tours|access-date=11 July 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231621/http://www.battlefieldtoursindia.com/indian-mutiny.html |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> The marble Gothic screen with "mournful seraph" was transferred to the churchyard of the All Souls Church after Indian independence in 1947. There were originally plans to replace the memorial to the British victims with a bust of [[Tatya Tope]] but the local British community objected strongly to the plans, and the bust was eventually installed some distance away from the site.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 1857 Indian Uprising and the Politics of Commemoration|last=Pender|first=Sebastian Raj|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2022|isbn=978-1-009052-27-6|doi=10.1017/9781009052276|location=Cambridge|pages=185–186|s2cid=248341742}}</ref>

An additional memorial detailing the losses suffered by the 32nd Cornwall Regiment Light Infantry is located inside the west entrance to [[Exeter Cathedral]].

==Literary references==
Many references to the event were made in later novels and films. [[Julian Rathbone]] describes the brutality of both British and Indian forces during the siege of Cawnpore in his novel ''The Mutiny''. In the novel, the Indian nurse Lavanya rescues an English child, Stephen, during the Satichaura Ghat massacre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rathbone|first=Julian|title=The Mutiny|orig-year=2007|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-73113-3|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/mutinynovel0000rath}}</ref> In ''Massacre at Cawnpore'', V. A. Stuart describes the siege and the British defence through the eyes of the characters Sheridan, and his wife Emmy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first = V. A.|title=Massacre at Cawnpore|series=Alexander Sheridan Adventures: Vol 3|orig-year=2003|publisher=McBooks Press|isbn=978-1-59013-019-3|year=2002}}</ref> [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]'' also contains lengthy scenes set in the entrenchment during the siege and also during the ensuing escape. Tom Williams' novel, ''Cawnpore'', is also set against the background of the siege and massacre, which is seen from both the European and the Indian perspective.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=T. C.|title =Cawnpore|orig-year=2012|publisher=JMS Books|isbn=978-1-61152-270-9|year=2012}}</ref>
The contemporary Indian report by Kalpi devi in the local journal Hindupanch covered the incident of the punitive action by the British and burning down of Nana Sahib's palace along with his young daughter, Mainavati.<ref>Kalpi Devi, "Nana Sahib's daughter Maina was burnt alive by Britishers", Vol. "[http://www.philoid.com/epub/ncert/9/119/ihks105 Balindan]", Hindupanch news report, 1858. (Hindi)</ref>

The British press used it to describe the brutality involved in the public feeding of reptiles at the London zoological garden. In 1876, the editor of the Animal World drew Dr. [[Philip Sclater]]'s attention to this and the press charged the [[Zoological Society of London]] with encouraging cruelty, "pandering to public brutality", while one writer in the Whitehall Review (27 April 1878) protested against "the Cawnpore Massacre enacted diurnally" and headed his article "Sepoyism at the Zoo."<ref name="Henry1905">{{cite book|author=Henry Scherren|title=The Zoological Society of London: A Sketch of Its Foundation and Development and the Story of Its Farm, Museum, Gardens, Menagerie and Library|url=https://archive.org/details/zoologicalsociet00scheuoft|access-date=20 April 2013|year=1905|publisher=Cassell|page=[https://archive.org/details/zoologicalsociet00scheuoft/page/167 167]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Second Battle of Cawnpore]]
* [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
* [[Patharighat#Massacre|Patharighat massacre]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Siege of Cawnpore}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050510005945/http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/5443/indmut4.htm 1857 Cawnpore] via the [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/cawnporeimages.htm The Siege of Cawnpore Images]

{{Kanpur}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|26.4607|N|80.3334|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege of Cawnpore}}
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857|Cawnpore, Siege of]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the United Kingdom|Cawnpore, Siege of]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Massacres in India|Satichaura Ghat massacre]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:History of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms|Cawnpore]]
[[Category:June 1857]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1857|Cawnpore]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1857]]

Gossaigaon Hat railway station

2026-03-13T15:09:32Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Tricolour Logo.svg|40px]] {{font color|blue|GOSSAIGAON HAT}}
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Gossaigaon Hat.jpg
| image_size =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]], [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] & [[Rail freight transport|Freight train]] station
| image_caption =
| address = Gossaigaon, Dist - Kokrajhar (B.T.A.D.), Pin; 783360
State: Assam
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.25|89.59|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|49|m|ft}}
| line = [[Barauni–Guwahati line]], [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]]
| other = E-rickshaw, Auto-Rickshaw
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 5 (broad gauge)
| parking ={{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle ={{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme|Under Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]]
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GOGH
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway Zone]]
| status = Functioning
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left= Srirampur Assam |to-left=New Jalpaiguri Junction|right= Chautara|to-right=New Bongaigaon Junction|type=[[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]]}}
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Assam#India
| map_dot_label = Gossaigaon Hat Railway Station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in [[Assam]]##Location in India
}}

'''Gossaigaon Hat (GOGH) railway station''' serves the town of [[Gossaigaon]], [[Kokrajhar district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from Gossaigaon Hat (2 PFs)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/gossaigaon-hat-gogh/1377|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
The station lies on the [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]. This station falls under [[Alipurduar railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Alipurduar Division Map|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/2025/NFR%20APDJ%20Divn%20Map%202025.pdf|website=indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New train stoppages at Gossaigaon Hat |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/railways-approves-new-train-stoppages-at-goreswar-gossaigaon-hat-and-chautara|website=sentinelassam.com}}</ref>

==Major Trains==
# [[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express|(22227/22228) New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= New Jalpaiguri Guwahati Vande Bharat Express|url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-22228-vande-bharat-expres|website=railyatri.in}}</ref>
# [[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Express|(15675/15676) New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Guwahati Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-guwahati-express-15675/294433/444/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[New Jalpaiguri - Bongaigaon Express|(15703/15704) New Jalpaiguri - Bongaigaon Express(BG Passenger)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Bongaigaon Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/bongaigaon-new-jalpaiguri-intercity-express-15704/7767/1374/444|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Charlapalli–Kamakhya Amrit Bharat Express|(15673/15674) Kamakhya - Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kamakhya-charlapalli-amrit-bharat-express-15674/294437|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[North East Express|(12505/12506) Kamakhya - Anand Vihar Terminal Northeast Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya AnandVihar Terminal North East Superfast Express|url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-12505-north-east-sf-expres|website=railyatri.in}}</ref>
#[[Brahmaputra Mail|(15657/15658) Kamakhya - Delhi Brahmaputra Mail]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya Delhi Brahmaputra Mail|url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-15657-brahmaputra%20mail|website=railyatri.in}}</ref>
#[[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express|(13175/13176) Sealdah - Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Silchar Kanchanjunga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchanjunga-express-13175/40941/325/1053|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
# [[Sealdah-Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express|(13173/13174) Sealdah - Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Sabroom Kanchanjunga express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-sabroom-kanchanjungha-express-13173/911/325/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Kamrup Express|(15959/15960) Howrah - Dibrugarh Kamrup Express via Guwahati]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Howrah Dibrugarh Kamrup Express via Guwahati|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-special-via-guwahati-05959/128197/1/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Nagaon Express|(15629/15630) Tambaram - Silghat Town Nagaon Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tambaram Silghat Town Nagaon Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nagaon-express-15629/583/779/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
# [[Alipurduar–Lumding Intercity Express|(15769/15770) Alipurduar Jn. - Mariani Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Alipurduar Jn. Mariani Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipur-duar-mariani-intercity-express-15769/21237/449/687|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sifhung-express-15754/3238/546/449 (15753/15754) Alipurduar Jn. - Guwahati Sifung Express]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Alipurduar Jn. Guwahati Sifung Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sifhung-express-15754/3238/546/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Nearest Airports==
The nearest airports to Gossaigaon Hat railway station are:-
#[[Rupsi Airport]] 45 kilometres
#[[Cooch Behar Airport]] 68 kilometres
#[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]], Guwahati 258 kilometres

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">

File:KYQCHZ inaugural.jpg| Kamakhya - Charlapalli (Hyderabad) Amrit Bharat inaugural Special standing at Platform number 1
File:Vande Bharat Exp.jpg|22227 Vande Bharat Exp Standing on platform 2 at GossaigaonHat
File:Gossaigaon.jpg|12505 North East SF Express Standing on Platform 1 at GossaigaonHat
File:Kanchanjunga Exp.jpg|13175 Silchar Kanchanjunga Exp Standing on Platform 2 at GossaigaonHat with old ICF rake
File:Upnortheast.jpg| Portrait of 12506 up Northeast SF Express
File:Northeast Express.jpg|View from Foot-Over bridge
File:Gogh name.jpg

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]

Turbofan

2026-03-13T11:37:44Z

BeauBasaldua8: content fix

{{short description|Airbreathing jet engine designed to provide thrust by driving a fan}}
{{distinguish|propfan|turboprop}}
{{About|the mechanism used in jets|the turbo like air pressure blower sometimes misnamed Turbo fan|Centrifugal fan}}
[[File:Turbofan3 Labelled.gif|thumb|360px|alt=Animation of turbofan, which shows flow of air and the spinning of blades.|Animation of a 2-spool, high-bypass turbofan {{ordered list
|list_style_type=upper-alpha
|1=Low-pressure spool
|2=High-pressure spool
|3=Stationary components
}}{{ordered list
|1=Nacelle
|2=Fan
|3=Low-pressure compressor
|4=High-pressure compressor
|5=Combustion chamber
|6=High-pressure turbine
|7=Low-pressure turbine
|8=Core nozzle
|9=Fan nozzle
}}]]
{{Seriesbox aircraft propulsion}}

A '''turbofan''' or '''fanjet''' is a type of [[airbreathing jet engine]] that is widely used in [[aircraft engine|aircraft propulsion]]. The word "turbofan" is a combination of references to the preceding generation engine technology of the [[turbojet]] and the additional fan stage. It consists of a [[gas turbine engine]] which adds [[kinetic energy]] to the air passing through it by burning fuel,<ref name=stuffworks>{{cite web|url= http://science.howstuffworks.com/turbine.htm |title= How Gas Turbine Engines Work |publisher= howstuffworks.com |author-first1= Marshall |author-last1=Brain |date= April 2000 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> and a [[ducted fan]] powered by energy from the gas turbine to force air rearwards. Whereas all the air taken in by a [[turbojet]] passes through the [[combustion chamber]] and turbines, in a turbofan some of the air entering the nacelle bypasses these components. A turbofan can be thought of as a turbojet being used to drive a ducted fan, with both of these contributing to the [[thrust]].

The ratio of the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core to the mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the [[bypass ratio]]. The engine produces thrust through a combination of these two portions working together. Engines that use more [[Propelling nozzle|jet thrust]] relative to fan thrust are known as ''low-bypass turbofans''; conversely those that have considerably more fan thrust than jet thrust are known as ''high-bypass''. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use are of the high-bypass type,<ref name="Hall">{{cite web|url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbf.html|title=Turbofan Engine|last1=Hall|first1=Nancy|date=May 5, 2015|website=Glenn Research Center|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 25, 2015|quote=Most modern airliners use turbofan engines because of their high thrust and good fuel efficiency.}}</ref><ref name="HackerBurghardt2009">{{cite book|author-first1=Michael |author-last1=Hacker|author-first2=David |author-last2=Burghardt|author-first3=Linnea |author-last3=Fletcher |author-first4=Anthony |author-last4=Gordon |author-first5=William |author-last5=Peruzzi |title=Engineering and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-xuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT336|access-date=October 25, 2015|date=March 18, 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-95643-5|page=319|quote=All modern jet-powered commercial aircraft use high bypass turbofan engines [...]}}</ref> and most modern [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] engines are low-bypass.<ref name="Verma2013"/><ref name="Magill">{{cite book|editor-first1=Frank Northen |editor-last1=Magill|title=Magill's Survey of Science: Applied science series, Volume 3|date=1993|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=9780893567088|page=1431|quote=Most tactical military aircraft are powered by low-bypass turbofan engines.}}</ref> [[Afterburner]]s are used on low-bypass turbofan engines with bypass and core mixing before the afterburner.

Modern turbofans have either a large single-stage fan or a smaller fan with several stages. An early configuration combined a low-pressure turbine and fan in a single rear-mounted unit.

==Principles==
[[File:tfan-schematic-kk-20090106.png|thumb|450px|Schematic diagram illustrating a modern 2-spool turbofan engine installation in a nacelle. The low-pressure spool is colored blue and the high-pressure one orange.]]
The turbofan was invented to improve the fuel consumption of the turbojet. It achieves this by pushing more air, thus increasing the mass and lowering the speed of the propelling jet compared to that of the turbojet. This is done by adding a [[ducted fan]].

[[Frank Whittle]] envisioned flight speeds of 500 mph in his March 1936 UK patent 471,368 "Improvements relating to the propulsion of aircraft", in which he describes the principles behind the turbofan,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gas Turbine Aerothermodynamics With Special Reference To Aircraft propulsion|author-first1=Sir Frank|author-last1=Whittle|year=1981|isbn=0-08-026719-X|page=218 |publisher=Elsevier Science & Technology Books }}</ref> although not called as such at that time. While the turbojet uses the gas from its thermodynamic cycle as its propelling jet, for aircraft speeds below 500 mph there are two penalties to this design which are addressed by the turbofan.

First, the energy required for a given thrust increases as the exhaust air is propelled at ever greater speeds, so the efficiency can be improved by diverting energy to propel larger quantities of air at lower speeds than the core. A turbofan achieves this by using an additional turbine to drive a ducted fan to blow air that bypasses the core. With a lower thrust from the hot nozzle, most of the thrust now comes from the large mass flow of low speed bypass air, providing the same thrust with a reduced specific fuel consumption.

The other penalty relates to trying to improve the thermal efficiency of the engine by increasing pressure ratio and turbine temperature. This causes a corresponding increase in pressure and temperature in the exhaust duct which in turn gives a higher gas speed from the propelling nozzle (and higher KE and wasted fuel). The increase in thermal efficiency is at the expense of a worse propulsive efficiency with the net effect being a lower overall efficiency. In other words, the independence of thermal and propulsive efficiencies, as exists with the piston engine/propeller combination which preceded the turbojet, is lost.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubert |first=Kennedy F. |date=1945-02-01 |title=An analysis of jet-propulsion systems making direct use of the working substance of a thermodynamic cycle |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930093532 |journal=NASA|language=en |page=}}</ref> In contrast, Roth<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=A theoretical treatment of technical risk in modern propulsion system design |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT.......101R |date=2000-09-01 |first=Bryce Alexander |last=Roth|bibcode=2000PhDT.......101R }} p.76</ref> considers regaining this independence the single most important feature of the turbofan which allows specific thrust to be chosen independently of the gas generator cycle.

The working substance of the thermodynamic cycle is the only mass accelerated to produce thrust in a turbojet which is a serious limitation (high fuel consumption) for aircraft speeds below supersonic. For subsonic flight speeds the speed of the propelling jet has to be reduced because there is a price to be paid in producing the thrust. The energy required to accelerate the gas inside the engine (increase in kinetic energy) is expended in two ways, by producing a change in momentum ( i.e. a force), and a wake which is an unavoidable consequence of producing thrust by an airbreathing engine<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aircraft_september-october-1966_3_5 |title=Journal of Aircraft September-October 1966: Vol 3 Iss 5 |date=September 1966 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |pages=386 |language=English}}</ref> (or propeller). The wake velocity, and fuel burned to produce it, can be reduced and the required thrust still maintained by increasing the mass accelerated. A turbofan does this by transferring energy available inside the engine, from the gas generator, to a [[ducted fan]] which produces a second, additional mass of accelerated air.

The transfer of energy from the core to bypass air results in lower pressure and temperature gas entering the core nozzle (lower exhaust velocity), and fan-produced higher pressure and temperature bypass-air entering the fan nozzle. The amount of energy transferred depends on how much pressure rise the fan is designed to produce (fan pressure ratio). The best energy exchange (lowest fuel consumption) between the two flows, and how the jet velocities compare, depends on how efficiently the transfer takes place which depends on the losses in the fan-turbine and fan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aircraft_september-october-1966_3_5 |title=Journal of Aircraft September-October 1966: Vol 3 Iss 5 |date=September 1966 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |pages=387 |language=English}}</ref>

The fan flow has lower exhaust velocity, giving much more thrust per unit energy (lower [[specific thrust]]). Both airstreams contribute to the gross thrust of the engine. The additional air for the bypass stream increases the ram drag in the air intake stream-tube, but there is still a significant increase in net thrust. The overall effective exhaust velocity of the two exhaust jets can be made closer to a normal subsonic aircraft's flight speed and gets closer to the ideal [[Aquatic locomotion#Efficiency|Froude efficiency]]. A turbofan accelerates a larger mass of air more slowly, compared to a turbojet which accelerates a smaller amount more quickly, which is a less efficient way to generate the same thrust (see the [[#Efficiency|efficiency]] section below).

The ratio of the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core compared to the mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the [[bypass ratio]]. Engines with more [[Propelling nozzle|jet thrust]] relative to fan thrust are known as ''low-bypass turbofans'', those that have considerably more fan thrust than jet thrust are known as ''high-bypass''. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use are high-bypass,<ref name="Hall"/><ref name="HackerBurghardt2009"/> and most modern fighter engines are low-bypass.<ref name="Verma2013">{{cite book| first = Bharat | last = Verma |title= Indian Defence Review: Apr–Jun 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IvAzNhvLK6AC&pg=PA18!|access-date=October 25, 2015 |date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn= 978-81-7062-259-8 |page= 18|quote= Military power plants may be divided into some major categories – low bypass turbofans that generally power fighter jets...}}</ref><ref name="Magill" /> [[Afterburner]]s are used on low-bypass turbofans on combat aircraft.

=== Bypass ratio ===
{{main|Bypass ratio}}
The ''bypass ratio (BPR)'' of a turbofan engine is the ratio between the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate entering the core.<ref>{{Citation | encyclopedia= Britannica | title=Bypass ratio | url = https://www.britannica.com/technology/bypass-ratio}}</ref> A bypass ratio of 6, for example, means that 6 times more air passes through the bypass duct than the amount that passes through the combustion chamber.

Turbofan engines are usually described in terms of BPR, which together with overall pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and fan pressure ratio are important design parameters. In addition BPR is quoted for turboprop and unducted fan installations because their high propulsive efficiency gives them the overall efficiency characteristics of very high bypass turbofans. This allows them to be shown together with turbofans on plots which show trends of reducing [[Thrust-specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]] (SFC) with increasing BPR.<ref>{{Citation | archive-date = 2013-05-28 | publisher = MIT | url = http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node84.html | title = Thermodynamics | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130528034153/http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node84.html}}</ref> BPR can also be quoted for [[lift fan]] installations where the fan airflow is remote from the engine and doesn't flow past the engine core.

Considering a constant core (i.e. fixed pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature), core and bypass jet velocities equal and a particular flight condition (i.e. Mach number and altitude) the fuel consumption per lb of thrust (sfc) decreases with increase in BPR. At the same time gross and net thrusts increase, but by different amounts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jet Propulsion|author-first1=Nicholas|author-last1=Cumpsty|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-54144-2|quote=Figure 7.3 Predicted variation in thrust and sfc with bypass ratio for a constant core}}</ref> There is considerable potential for reducing fuel consumption for the same core cycle by increasing BPR.This is achieved because of the reduction in pounds of thrust per lb/sec of airflow (specific thrust) and the resultant reduction in lost kinetic energy in the jets (increase in propulsive efficiency).<ref>"Practical considerations in designing the engine cycle", M G Philpot, AGARD LS 183, Steady and Transient Performance Prediction,{{ISBN|92 835 0674 X}}, p.2-12</ref>

If all the gas power from a gas turbine is converted to kinetic energy in a propelling nozzle, the aircraft is best suited to high supersonic speeds. If it is all transferred to a separate big mass of air with low kinetic energy, the aircraft is best suited to zero speed (hovering). For speeds in between, the gas power is shared between a separate airstream and the gas turbine's own nozzle flow in a proportion which gives the aircraft performance required. The trade off between mass flow and velocity is also seen with propellers and helicopter rotors by comparing disc loading and power loading.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Flight global | url = https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202596.html|format=PDF|website=Flightglobal.com}}</ref> For example, the same helicopter weight can be supported by a high power engine and small diameter rotor or, for less fuel, a lower power engine and bigger rotor with lower velocity through the rotor.

Bypass usually refers to transferring gas power from a gas turbine to a bypass stream of air to reduce fuel consumption and jet noise. Alternatively, there may be a requirement for an afterburning engine where the sole requirement for bypass is to provide cooling air. This sets the lower limit for BPR and these engines have been called "leaky" or continuous bleed turbojets<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Jane's | title = All The World's Aircraft 1975–1976 | editor-first = John W.R. | editor-last = Taylor | place = Paulton House, 8 Sheperdess Walk, London N1 7LW | page = 748}}</ref> (General Electric YJ-101 BPR 0.25) and low BPR turbojets<ref>{{Citation | title = Proceedings | date = 15 April 2015 | publisher = ASME | doi = 10.1115/84-GT-230 | url = http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2275853| doi-access = free | url-access = subscription }}</ref> (Pratt & Whitney PW1120). Low BPR (0.2) has also been used to provide [[Compressor stall#Axi-symmetric stall or compressor surge|surge margin]] as well as afterburner cooling for the [[Pratt & Whitney J58]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=More Never Told Tales of Pratt & Whitney|author-last1=Abernethy|author-first1=Bob|date=26 March 2004| work =Roadrunners Internationale| url = http://roadrunnersinternationale.com/pw_tales.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831195918/https://roadrunnersinternationale.com/pw_tales.htm|archive-date=31 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Efficiency===
[[File:Gas turbine efficiency.png|thumb|Propulsive efficiency comparison for various gas turbine engine configurations]]

[[Propeller (aeronautics)|Propeller]] engines are most efficient for low speeds, [[turbojet]] engines for high speeds, and turbofan engines between the two. Turbofans are the most efficient engines in the range of speeds from about {{convert|500|to|1000|km/h|kn mph|abbr= on}}, the speed at which most commercial aircraft operate.<ref name= grc_nasa>{{cite web|url= http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbf.html |title= Turbofan Engine |publisher= GRC NASA |access-date= 2010-11-24}}</ref><ref name="Neumann_2004_1984_pp228-230">{{cite book | last = Neumann | first = Gerhard | author-link = Gerhard Neumann | year = 2004 | orig-year = first published by Morrow 1984 | title = Herman the German: Just Lucky I Guess |publisher = Authorhouse | location = Bloomington, Indiana, US | isbn = 1-4184-7925-X | pages = 228–30}}</ref>

In a turbojet (zero-bypass) engine, the high temperature and high pressure exhaust gas is accelerated when it undergoes expansion through a [[propelling nozzle]] and produces all the thrust. The compressor absorbs the mechanical power produced by the turbine. In a bypass design, extra turbines drive a [[ducted fan]] that accelerates air rearward from the front of the engine. In a high-bypass design, the ducted fan and nozzle produce most of the thrust. Turbofans are closely related to [[turboprop]]s in principle because both transfer some of the gas turbine's gas power, using extra machinery, to a bypass stream leaving less for the hot nozzle to convert to kinetic energy. Turbofans represent an intermediate stage between [[turbojet]]s, which derive all their thrust from exhaust gases, and turbo-props which derive minimal thrust from exhaust gases (typically 10% or less).<ref name= srm>[http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/turbofan-2012.pdf "The turbofan engine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418181832/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/downloads/turbofan-2012.pdf |date= 2015-04-18}}, p. 7. [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]], Department of Aerospace Engineering.</ref> Extracting shaft power and transferring it to a bypass stream introduces extra losses which are more than made up by the improved propulsive efficiency. The turboprop at its best flight speed gives significant fuel savings over a turbojet even though extra machinery, with its own losses (an extra turbine, a gearbox and a propeller), is additional to the turbojet's simple low-loss nozzle.<ref>{{cite book | title = Gas Turbine Theory | edition = 2nd | last1 = Cohen | last2 = Rogers | last3 = Saravanamuttoo | publisher = Longmans | year = 1972 |isbn = 0-582-44927-8 |page = 85}}</ref>

Froude, or propulsive, efficiency can be defined as
<math display="block">
\eta_f = \frac{2}{1 + \frac{V_j}{V_a}},
</math>
where
: {{math|{{var|V}}{{sub|{{var|j}}}}}} = thrust equivalent jet velocity,
: {{math|{{var|V}}{{sub|{{var|a}}}}}} = aircraft velocity.

===Thrust===
While a turbojet engine uses all of the engine's output to produce thrust in the form of a hot high-velocity exhaust gas jet, a turbofan's cool low-velocity bypass air yields between 30% and 70% of the total thrust produced by a turbofan system.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/media/FAA-H-8083-3B.pdf |title= FAA-H-8083-3B Airplane Flying Handbook Handbook|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |year= 2004 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120921094453/http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/media/FAA-H-8083-3B.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-21}}</ref>

The thrust (''F''N) generated by a turbofan depends on the [[effective exhaust velocity]] of the total exhaust, as with any jet engine, but because two exhaust jets are present the thrust equation can be expanded as<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbfan.html |title=Turbofan Thrust |website=Grc.nasa.gov |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
<math display="block">
F_\text{N} = \dot{m}_\text{e} v_\text{he} - \dot{m}_\text{o} v_\text{o} + \text{BPR}\, (\dot{m}_\text{c}) v_\text{f},
</math>
where
: <math>\dot m_\text{e}</math> = the mass rate of hot combustion exhaust flow from the core engine,
: <math>\dot m_\text{o}</math> = the mass rate of total air flow entering the turbofan = <math>\dot m_\text{c} + \dot{m}_\text{f}</math>,
: <math>\dot m_\text{c}</math> = the mass rate of intake air that flows to the core engine,
: <math>\dot m_\text{f}</math> = the mass rate of intake air that bypasses the core engine,
: <math>v_\text{f}</math> = the velocity of the air flow bypassed around the core engine,
: <math>v_\text{he}</math> = the velocity of the hot exhaust gas from the core engine,
: <math>v_\text{o}</math> = the velocity of the total air intake = the true airspeed of the aircraft,
: BPR = bypass ratio.

===Nozzles===
The cold duct and core duct's nozzle systems are relatively complex due to the use of two separate exhaust flows. In high bypass engines, the fan is situated in a short duct near the front of the engine and typically has a convergent cold nozzle, with the tail of the duct forming a low pressure ratio nozzle that under normal conditions will choke creating supersonic flow patterns around the core.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1826/12476/Civil_turbofan_engine_exhaust_aerodynamics-2017.pdf|title=Civil Turbofan Engine Exhaust Aerodynamics: Impact of Bypass Nozzle After-body Design|journal=Aerospace Science and Technology|volume=73|date=February 2018|pages=85–95|doi=10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.002 |access-date=1 March 2022|last1=Goulos |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stankowski |first2=Tomasz |last3=MacManus |first3=David |last4=Woodrow |first4=Philip |last5=Sheaf |first5=Christopher |bibcode=2018AeST...73...85G |hdl=1826/12476 }}pp.6,7</ref> The core nozzle is more conventional, but generates less of the thrust, and depending on design choices, such as noise considerations, may conceivably not choke.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1826/12476/Civil_turbofan_engine_exhaust_aerodynamics-2017.pdf|title=Civil Turbofan Engine Exhaust Aerodynamics: Impact of Bypass Nozzle After-body Design|journal=Aerospace Science and Technology|volume=73|date=February 2018|pages=85–95|doi=10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.002 |access-date=1 March 2022|last1=Goulos |first1=Ioannis |last2=Stankowski |first2=Tomasz |last3=MacManus |first3=David |last4=Woodrow |first4=Philip |last5=Sheaf |first5=Christopher |bibcode=2018AeST...73...85G |hdl=1826/12476 }}</ref> In low bypass engines the two flows may combine within the ducts, and share a common nozzle, which can be fitted with afterburner.

=== Noise ===
[[File:Boeing 747-8 VQ-BSK at LSZH (17754867239).jpg|thumb|Chevrons on a 747-8's [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx-2B]]]]
Most of the air flow through a high-bypass turbofan is lower-velocity bypass flow: even when combined with the much-higher-velocity engine exhaust, the average exhaust velocity is considerably lower than in a pure turbojet. Turbojet engine noise is predominately [[jet noise]] from the high exhaust velocity. Therefore, turbofan engines are significantly quieter than a pure-jet of the same thrust, and jet noise is no longer the predominant source.<ref name="Kempton2011">Kempton, A., [http://www.win.tue.nl/ceas-asc/Workshop15/CEAS-ASC_XNoise-EV_K1_Kempton.pdf "Acoustic liners for modern aero-engines"], 15th CEAS-ASC Workshop and 1st Scientific Workshop of X-Noise EV, 2011. Win.tue.nl.</ref> Turbofan engine noise propagates both upstream via the inlet and downstream via the primary nozzle and the by-pass duct. Other noise sources are the fan, compressor and turbine.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Softly, softly towards the quiet jet | first = Michael J. T. | last = Smith | journal=[[New Scientist]] | date = 19 February 1970 | at = fig. 5}}</ref>

Modern commercial aircraft employ high-bypass-ratio (HBPR) engines with separate flow, non-mixing, short-duct exhaust systems. Their noise at takeoff is primarily from the fan and jet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huff |first1=Dennis |last2=Envia |first2=Edmane |date=October 2007 |editor-last=Crocker |editor-first=Malcolm |title=Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control |publisher=Wiley |pages=1096–1108 |chapter=Chapter 89: Jet Engine Noise Generation, Prediction, and Control |url= https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Handbook+of+Noise+and+Vibration+Control-p-9780471395997 |isbn= 978-0-471-39599-7}}</ref> The primary source of jet noise is the turbulent mixing of shear layers in the engine's exhaust. These shear layers contain instabilities that lead to highly turbulent vortices that generate the pressure fluctuations responsible for sound. To reduce the noise associated with jet flow, the aerospace industry has sought to disrupt shear layer turbulence and reduce the overall noise produced.<ref name="chevron technology">{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273550214 | journal= Proceedings of the 13th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics 17–21 December 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh | title=Evolution from 'Tabs' to 'Chevron Technology'–a Review | format= PDF | last1 =Zaman | first1 = K. B. M. Q. | last2 =Bridges | first2 = J. E. | last3 =Huff | first3 = D. L. | date=17–21 December 2010 | publisher=b[[NASA Glenn Research Center]] | place = Cleveland, [[Ohio|OH]] | access-date= January 8, 2025}}</ref>

Fan noise may come from the interaction of the fan-blade wakes with the pressure field of the downstream fan-exit stator vanes. It may be minimized by adequate axial spacing between blade trailing edge and stator entrance.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Designing the JT-9D Engine to meet Low Noise Requirements for Future Transports |last1=Kester |first1=JD |last2=Slaiby |first2=TG |journal=SAE Transactions |date=1968 |volume=76 |issue=2 |id=paper 670331 |page=1332 |jstor=44565020 |doi=10.4271/670331}}</ref>
At high engine speeds, as at takeoff, shock waves from the supersonic fan tips, because of their unequal nature, produce noise of a discordant nature known as "buzz saw" noise.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Quiet Propulsion |first=M.J.T. |last=Smith |magazine=Flight International |date=17 August 1972 |page=241}}</ref><ref name= buzz_saw>{{Citation | first = A. | last = McAlpine | url = http://www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/research/projects/buzz_saw_noise_and_non_linear_acoustics.page|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161232/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/engineering/research/projects/buzz_saw_noise_and_non_linear_acoustics.page|archive-date=6 July 2022| title = Research project: Buzz-saw noise and nonlinear acoustics | publisher = University of Southampton}}</ref>

All modern turbofan engines have [[acoustic liner]]s in the [[nacelle]] to damp their noise. They extend as much as possible to cover the largest surface area. The acoustic performance of the engine can be experimentally evaluated by means of ground tests<ref name="Schuster2010">{{Citation | last1 = Schuster | first1 = B. | last2 = Lieber | first2 = L. | last3 = Vavalle | first3 = A. | title = Optimization of a seamless inlet liner using an empirically validated prediction method | work = 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference | year = 2010 | place = Stockholm, [[Sweden|SE]] |doi=10.2514/6.2010-3824| isbn = 978-1-60086-955-6 | s2cid = 113015300 }}</ref> or in dedicated experimental test rigs.<ref name="Ferrante2011">{{Citation | last1 = Ferrante | first1 = P. G. | last2 = Copiello | first2 = D. | last3 = Beutke | first3 = M. | title = Design and experimental verification of 'true zero-splice' acoustic liners in the universal fan facility adaptation (UFFA) modular rig | work = 17h AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference | year = 2011 | id = AIAA-2011-2728 | place = Portland, OR |doi=10.2514/6.2011-2728| isbn = 978-1-60086-943-3 }}</ref>
[[File:Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner N1008S PAS 2013 07 GEnx-1B.jpg|thumb|Chevrons on the GEnx-1B engines on an [[Air India]] Boeing 787]]
In the [[aerospace]] industry, {{anchor|Chevrons}}'''chevrons''' are the serrated or "saw-tooth" patterns on the trailing edges of some [[jet engine]] nacelles and exhaust nozzles<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bridges_chevron_events.html |title= NASA Helps Create a More Silent Night |last1=Banke |first1=Jim |date= 2012-12-13 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date= January 12, 2013}}</ref> that are used for [[noise control|noise reduction]]. The sawtooth geometry of the edges smooths the mixing of high velocity hot air from the engine core and slower moving cooler bypass (or ambient) air by creating streamwise vortices at the interface, which in turn reduces noise-creating turbulence.<ref name="NASA" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=NASA’s Chevron Technology Has Quieted the Skies |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/nasas-chevron-technology-quiets-the-skies/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[NASA]] contracted with [[General Electric]] and [[Pratt & Whitney]] to research and develop chevron designs in the late 1990s and early 200s.<ref name=":1" /> Chevrons do however induce drag resulting in a thrust loss of anywhere between 0.5% and 6.2% depending on the chevron design and the phase of flight. Some notable examples of such designs are [[Boeing 787]], [[Boeing 737 Max]] and [[Boeing 747-8]]{{snd}} on the [[Rolls-Royce Trent 1000]] (787), [[General Electric GEnx]] (787, 747-8) and [[CFM LEAP]] (1B variant only; 737 Max) engines.<ref>{{Citation | archive-date = 2014-03-25 | place = [[China|CN]] | work = 13th ACFM | title = Invited | url = http://www.afmc.org.cn/13thacfm/invited/201.pdf | publisher = AFMC | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140325205124/http://www.afmc.org.cn/13thacfm/invited/201.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Rolls Royce Conway Mk508 (1959) used in Boeing 707-420 at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil, pic1.JPG|thumb|[[Rolls-Royce Conway]] low-bypass turbofan from a [[Boeing 707]]. The bypass air exits from the fins, while the exhaust from the core exits from the central nozzle. This fluted jetpipe design is a noise-reducing method devised by Frederick Greatorex at Rolls-Royce]]
[[File:Outer nozzle of GEnx-2B turbofan engine.jpg|thumb|[[General Electric GEnx|General Electric GEnx-2B]] turbofan engine as used on a [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747–8]]. View into the bypass duct looking forward from the bypass nozzle and showing fan exit stators/fan blades]]
Early turbojet engines were not very fuel-efficient because their [[overall pressure ratio]] and turbine inlet temperature were severely limited by the technology and materials available at the time.

The first turbofan engine, which was only run on a test bed, was the German [[Daimler-Benz DB 007|Daimler-Benz DB 670]], designated the 109-007 by the German RLM ([[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|Ministry of Aviation]]), with a first run date of 27 May 1943, after the testing of the turbomachinery using an electric motor, which had been undertaken on 1 April 1943.<ref>"Turbojet History And Development 1930–1960 Volume 1", The Crowood Press Ltd. 2007, {{ISBN|978 1 86126 912 6}}, p. 241.</ref> Development of the engine was abandoned with its problems unsolved, as the war situation worsened for Germany.

Later in 1943, the British ground tested the Metrovick F.3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/aeroenginesjetcutaways/metrovick-f3-cutaway-5614.aspx |title=Metrovick F3 Cutaway – Pictures & Photos on FlightGlobal Airspace |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date=2007-11-07 |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> turbofan, which used the [[Metropolitan-Vickers F.2|Metrovick F.2]] turbojet as a gas generator with the exhaust discharging into a close-coupled aft-fan module comprising a contra-rotating LP turbine system driving two co-axial contra-rotating fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%202270%20-%200145.html|work=Flight international|date=1946 |title= page 145}}</ref>

Improved materials, and the introduction of twin compressors, such as in the [[Rolls-Royce Olympus|Bristol Olympus]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200985.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018215934/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200985.html|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=1954 | 0985 | Flight Archive |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date=1954-04-09 |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> and [[Pratt & Whitney JT3C]] engines, increased the overall pressure ratio and thus the [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] efficiency of engines. They also had poor propulsive efficiency, because pure turbojets have a high specific thrust/high velocity exhaust, which is better suited to supersonic flight.

The original low-bypass turbofan engines were designed to improve propulsive efficiency by reducing the exhaust velocity to a value closer to that of the aircraft. The [[Rolls-Royce Conway]], the world's first production turbofan, had a bypass ratio of 0.3, similar to the modern [[General Electric F404]] fighter engine. Civilian turbofan engines of the 1960s, such as the [[Pratt & Whitney JT8D]] and the [[Rolls-Royce Spey]], had bypass ratios closer to 1 and were similar to their military equivalents.

The first Soviet airliner powered by turbofan engines was the [[Tupolev Tu-124]] introduced in 1962. It used the [[Soloviev D-20]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Development Of Jet and Turbine Aero Engines|edition=4th|first1=Bill|last1=Gunston|year=2006|isbn=0-7509-4477-3|pages=197}}</ref> 164 aircraft were produced between 1960 and 1965 for [[Aeroflot]] and other [[Eastern Bloc]] airlines, with some operating until the early 1990s.

The first General Electric turbofan was the aft-fan [[General Electric CJ805|CJ805-23]], based on the CJ805-3 turbojet. It was followed by the aft-fan [[General Electric CF700]] engine, with a 2.0 bypass ratio. This was derived from the [[General Electric J85|General Electric J85/CJ610]] turbojet {{convert|2,850|lbf|N|abbr=on}} to power the larger [[North American Sabreliner|Rockwell Sabreliner]] 75/80 model aircraft, as well as the [[Dassault Falcon 20]], with about a 50% increase in thrust to {{convert|4,200|lbf|N|abbr=on}}. The CF700 was the first small turbofan to be certified by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). There were at one time over 400 CF700 aircraft in operation around the world, with an experience base of over 10 million service hours. The CF700 turbofan engine was also used to train Moon-bound astronauts in [[Project Apollo]] as the powerplant for the [[LLRV|Lunar Landing Research Vehicle]].

==Common types==
===Low-bypass turbofan===

[[File:Turbofan operation lbp.svg|thumb|Schematic diagram illustrating a 2-spool, low-bypass turbofan engine with a mixed exhaust, showing the low-pressure (green) and high-pressure (purple) spools. The fan (and booster stages) are driven by the low-pressure turbine, whereas the high-pressure compressor is powered by the high-pressure turbine.]]

A high-specific-thrust/low-bypass-ratio turbofan normally has a multi-stage fan behind inlet guide vanes, developing a relatively high pressure ratio and, thus, yielding a high (mixed or cold) exhaust velocity. The core airflow needs to be large enough to ensure there is sufficient [[core power]] to drive the fan. A smaller core flow/higher bypass ratio cycle can be achieved by raising the inlet temperature of the high-pressure (HP) turbine rotor.

To illustrate one aspect of how a turbofan differs from a turbojet, comparisons can be made at the same airflow (to keep a common intake for example) and the same net thrust (i.e. same specific thrust). A bypass flow can be added only if the turbine inlet temperature is not too high to compensate for the smaller core flow. Future improvements in turbine cooling/material technology can allow higher turbine inlet temperature, which is necessary because of increased cooling air temperature, resulting from an [[overall pressure ratio]] increase.

The resulting turbofan, with reasonable efficiencies and duct loss for the added components, would probably operate at a higher nozzle pressure ratio than the turbojet, but with a lower exhaust temperature to retain net thrust. Since the temperature rise across the whole engine (intake to nozzle) would be lower, the (dry power) fuel flow would also be reduced, resulting in a better [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]] (SFC).

Some low-bypass ratio military turbofans (e.g. [[General Electric F404|F404]], [[Pratt & Whitney JT8D|JT8D]]) have variable inlet guide vanes to direct air onto the first fan rotor stage. This improves the fan [[compressor stall|surge]] margin (see [[compressor map]]).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common low-bypass turbofans
! Model !! Used in
|-
| [[Pratt & Whitney JT8D]] || many early narrowbody [[jetliners]]
|-
| [[Soloviev D-30]] || [[Ilyushin Il-76]] and [[Ilyushin Il-62|Il-62M]]; [[Mikoyan MiG-31]]; [[Xian H-6]]K and [[Xian Y-20|Y-20]]
|-
| [[Saturn AL-31]] || [[Chengdu J-10]] and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]]; [[Shenyang J-11]], [[Shenyang J-15|J-15]] and [[Shenyang J-16|J-16]]; [[Sukhoi Su-30]] and [[Sukhoi Su-27|Su-27]]
|-
| [[Shenyang WS-10]] || [[Chengdu J-10]] and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]]; [[Shenyang J-11]], [[Shenyang J-15|J-15]] and [[Shenyang J-16|J-16]]
|-
| [[Williams F107]] || [[Raytheon]] [[Tomahawk (missile family)|BGM-109 Tomahawk]] cruise missile
|-
| [[NPO Saturn AL-55]] || [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara]]
|-
| [[Pratt & Whitney TF-30]] || [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat]]
|-
| [[Eurojet EJ200]] || [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]
|-
| [[Ishikawajima-Harima F3]] || [[Kawasaki T-4]]
|-
| [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri]] ||
|}

=== Afterburning turbofan ===
{{further|Afterburner}}
[[File:Pratt & Whitney F119.JPEG|thumb|[[Pratt & Whitney F119]] afterburning turbofan on test]]
[[File:Afterburner of sectioned Rolls-Royce Turboméca Adour turbofan (3).jpg|thumb|A cutaway view of a turbofan afterburner looking in the direction of the exhaust flow which has just left the turbine and the cold air flow which has just left the bypass duct (visible at top right). Four fuel spray rings and flame holders are shown covering the complete jetpipe area. The flame would be behind them where the perforated liner is visible.]]

Since the 1970s, most [[jet fighter]] engines have been low/medium bypass turbofans with a mixed exhaust, [[afterburner]] and variable area exit nozzle. An afterburner is a combustor located after the turbine blades and bypass duct in the jetpipe. It has its own fuel system with fuel nozzle rings, flame holders,igniters and a fuel control which ensures the correct nozzle area for the amount of fuel being burned. When in operation it raises the temperature of the turbine exhaust gas which increases the exhaust velocity and thrust. The exhaust nozzle has to open up to pass the bigger volume of exhaust and prevent the engine from being back-pressured more than when operating with no afterburning. Afterburning gives a significant thrust boost for take off, transonic acceleration and combat maneuvers, but uses fuel very rapidly which limits its use to very short periods.

Unlike in the main engine, where [[stoichiometric]] temperatures in the combustor have to be reduced before they reach the turbine, afterburning can approach stoichiometric temperatures as limited by combustion instabilities.

The first production afterburning turbofan engine was the [[Pratt & Whitney TF30]], which initially powered the [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark|F-111 Aardvark]] and [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcat]]. Low-bypass military turbofans include the [[Pratt & Whitney F119]], the [[Eurojet EJ200]], the [[General Electric F110]], the [[Klimov RD-33]], and the [[Saturn AL-31]], all of which feature a mixed exhaust, afterburner and variable area propelling nozzle.

=== High-bypass turbofan ===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2024}}
{{further|Bypass ratio}}


[[File:Turbofan operation.svg|thumb|Schematic diagram illustrating a 2-spool, high-bypass turbofan engine with an unmixed exhaust. The low-pressure spool is coloured green and the high-pressure one purple. Again, the fan (and booster stages) are driven by the low-pressure turbine, but more stages are required. A mixed exhaust is often employed.]]

To further improve fuel economy and reduce noise, almost all jet airliners and most military transport aircraft (e.g., the [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]]) are powered by low-specific-thrust/high-bypass-ratio turbofans. These engines evolved from the high-specific-thrust/low-bypass-ratio turbofans used in such aircraft in the 1960s. Modern combat aircraft tend to use low-bypass ratio turbofans, and some military transport aircraft use [[turboprop]]s.

Low specific thrust is achieved by replacing the multi-stage fan with a single-stage unit. Unlike some military engines, modern civil turbofans lack stationary inlet guide vanes in front of the fan rotor. The fan is scaled to achieve the desired net thrust.

The core (or gas generator) of the engine must generate enough power to drive the fan at its rated mass flow and pressure ratio. Improvements in turbine cooling/material technology allow for a higher (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature, which allows a smaller (and lighter) core, potentially improving the core thermal efficiency. Reducing the core mass flow tends to increase the load on the LP turbine, so this unit may require additional stages to reduce the average [[stage loading]] and to maintain LP turbine efficiency. Reducing core flow also increases bypass ratio. Bypass ratios greater than 5:1 are increasingly common; the [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]], which entered commercial service in 2016, attains 12.5:1.

Further improvements in core thermal efficiency can be achieved by raising the [[overall pressure ratio]] of the core. Improvements in blade aerodynamics can reduce the number of extra compressor stages required, and [[Axial compressor#Bleed air, variable stators|variable geometry stators]] enable high-pressure-ratio compressors to work surge-free at all throttle settings.

[[File:CF6-6 engine cutaway.jpg|thumb|Cutaway diagram of the [[General Electric CF6]]-6 engine]]
The first (experimental) high-bypass turbofan engine was the [[Lycoming Engines|AVCO-Lycoming]] PLF1A-2, a [[Honeywell T55]] turboshaft-derived engine that was first run in February 1962. The PLF1A-2 had a {{cvt|40|in|cm|adj=mid|diameter}} geared fan stage, produced a static thrust of {{cvt|4,320|lb}},<ref name="Boyne2002">{{cite book |url={{GBurl|FW_50wm8VnMC|p=235}} |title=Air warfare: An international encyclopedia: A–L |editor-first=Walter J. |editor-last=Boyne |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |page=235 |isbn=978-1-57607-345-2}}</ref> and had a bypass ratio of 6:1.<ref name="NASM-PLF1A-2">{{cite web |title=Lycoming PLF1A-2 turbofan engine |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lycoming-plf1a-2-turbofan-engine/nasm_A19890042000 |work=[[Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum]] |access-date=December 31, 2021}}</ref> The [[General Electric TF39]] became the first production model, designed to power the [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[C-5 Galaxy]] military transport aircraft.<ref name="Neumann_2004_1984_pp228-230"/> The civil [[General Electric CF6]] engine used a derived design. Other high-bypass turbofans are the [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]], the three-shaft [[Rolls-Royce RB211]] and the [[CFM International CFM56]]; also the smaller [[TF34]]. More recent large high-bypass turbofans include the [[Pratt & Whitney PW4000]], the three-shaft [[Rolls-Royce Trent]], the [[General Electric GE90]]/[[GEnx]] and the [[GP7000]], produced jointly by GE and P&W. The Pratt & Whitney JT9D engine was the first high bypass ratio [[jet engine]] to power a wide-body airliner.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWJBDAAAQBAJ&dq=first+high+bypass+turbofan&pg=PA997 | title=Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion | isbn=978-1-4471-6796-9 | last1=El-Sayed | first1=Ahmed F. | date=25 May 2016 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>

The lower the specific thrust of a turbofan, the lower the mean jet outlet velocity, which in turn translates into a high [[Thrust lapse|thrust lapse rate]] (i.e. decreasing thrust with increasing flight speed). See technical discussion below, item 2. Consequently, an engine sized to propel an aircraft at high subsonic flight speed (e.g., Mach 0.83) generates a relatively high thrust at low flight speed, thus enhancing runway performance. Low specific thrust engines tend to have a high bypass ratio, but this is also a function of the temperature of the turbine system.

The turbofans on twin-engined transport aircraft produce enough take-off thrust to continue a take-off on one engine if the other engine shuts down after a critical point in the take-off run. From that point on the aircraft has less than half the thrust compared to two operating engines because the non-functioning engine is a source of drag. Modern twin engined airliners normally climb very steeply immediately after take-off. If one engine shuts down, the climb-out is much shallower, but sufficient to clear obstacles in the flightpath.

Engine technology was less advanced in the Soviet Union than in the West, and its first wide-body aircraft, the [[Ilyushin Il-86]], was powered by low-bypass engines. The [[Yakovlev Yak-42]], a medium-range, rear-engined aircraft seating up to 120 passengers, introduced in 1980, was the first Soviet aircraft to use high-bypass engines.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Sam146 1.jpg|[[PowerJet SaM146]] which powers [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
File:Ge cf6 turbofan.jpg|[[General Electric CF6]] which powers the [[Airbus A300]], [[Boeing 747]], [[Douglas DC-10]] and other aircraft
File:Airbus Lagardère - Trent 900 engine MSN100 (6).JPG|[[Rolls-Royce Trent 900]], powering the [[Airbus A380]]
File:PW4000-112 (cropped).jpg|[[Pratt & Whitney PW4000]], powering the [[Boeing 777]], [[MD-11]] and [[Airbus A330]]
File:CFM56 P1220759.jpg|The [[CFM International CFM56|CFM56]] which powers the [[Boeing 737]], the [[Airbus A320]] and other aircraft
File:Airbus Lagardère - GP7200 engine MSN108 (1).JPG|[[Engine Alliance GP7000]] turbofan for the [[Airbus A380]]
File:Engine Il-96 "Aeroflot" (3447358279).jpg|[[Aviadvigatel PS-90]] which powers the [[Ilyushin Il-96]], [[Tupolev Tu-204]], [[Ilyushin Il-76]]
File:ALF502.JPG|[[Lycoming ALF 502]] which powers the [[British Aerospace 146]]
File:MAKS Airshow 2013 (Ramenskoye Airport, Russia) (524-34).jpg|[[Aviadvigatel PD-14]] which will be used on the [[Irkut MC-21]]
File:D-436-148 MAKS-2009.jpg|Three shaft [[Progress D-436]]
File:Trent 1000 GoodwinHall VirginiaTech.jpg|[[Trent 1000]] powering the [[Boeing 787]]
File:General Electric GE90 displayed at Farnborough Air Show 2008.jpg|[[GE90]] powering the [[Boeing 777]], the most powerful aircraft engine
</gallery>

==Turbofan configurations==
Turbofan engines come in a variety of engine configurations. For a given engine cycle (i.e., same airflow, bypass ratio, fan pressure ratio, overall pressure ratio and HP turbine rotor inlet temperature), the choice of turbofan configuration has little impact upon the design point performance (e.g., net thrust, SFC), as long as overall component performance is maintained. Off-design performance and stability is, however, affected by engine configuration.

The basic element of a turbofan is a '''spool''', a fan or compressor and its driving turbine rotating on the same shaft. To reduce the time taken to reach take-off thrust from a lower engine speed, an important requirement in some emergency situations, two solutions were introduced on early turbojets:
[[File: Dual-spool axial-flow compressor.png|thumb|A dual-spool compressor showing the front slower-spinning compressor on the left, as used on the J57]]
# Splitting the compressor into two parts, each with its own driving turbine, so they rotate at different speeds, as used on the [[Pratt & Whitney J57]]; or
# Making some of the first rows of stator vanes with an adjustable stagger angle, as used on the [[J79]].

Most modern western civil turbofans employ a relatively high-pressure-ratio high-pressure (HP) compressor, with many rows of variable stators to control surge margin at low rpm. In the three-spool [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]]/[[Rolls-Royce Trent|Trent]] the core compression system is split into two, with the IP compressor, which supercharges the HP compressor, being on a different coaxial shaft and driven by a separate (IP) turbine. As the HP compressor has a modest pressure ratio its speed can be reduced surge-free, without employing variable geometry. However, because a shallow IP compressor working line is inevitable, the IPC has one stage of variable geometry on all variants except the −535, which has none.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/RB211-535E4%20_tcm92-11348.pdf |title=RB211-535E4 |website= |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103084411/http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/RB211-535E4%20_tcm92-11348.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Single-shaft turbofan===
This classification, as originally applied to the [[Snecma M53]], was subsequently changed for the M53 to single-shaft bypass turbojet, or continuous bleed turbojet. A similar classification for a 2-shaft engine with bypass, the [[General Electric YJ101]], is augmented turbojet with continuous bypass bleed, also called a "leaky" turbojet.<ref>Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1975-76,ISBN 0 531 03250 7,edited by John.W.R.Taylor,p.748</ref>

===Aft-fan turbofan===
One of the earliest turbofans was a derivative of the [[General Electric J79]] turbojet, known as the [[General Electric CJ805|CJ805-23]], which featured an integrated aft fan/low-pressure (LP) turbine unit located in the turbojet exhaust jetpipe. Hot gas from the turbojet turbine exhaust expanded through the LP turbine, the fan blades being a radial extension of the turbine blades. This arrangement introduces an additional gas leakage path compared to a front-fan configuration and was a problem with this engine with higher-pressure turbine gas leaking into the fan airflow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2002/PAPERS/1.PDF|title=p.01.7|website=Icas.rg|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> An aft-fan configuration was later used for the [[General Electric GE36]] UDF (propfan) demonstrator of the early 1980s.

In 1971 a concept was put forward by the NASA Lewis Research Center for a supersonic transport engine which operated as an aft-fan turbofan at take-off and subsonic speeds and a turbojet at higher speeds. This would give the low-noise and high-thrust characteristics of a turbofan at take-off, together with turbofan high propulsive efficiency at subsonic flight speeds. It would have the high propulsive efficiency of a turbojet at supersonic cruise speeds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webber |first=Richard J. |title=VARIABLE GEOMETRY AFT-FAN FORTAKEOFFQUIETINGOR THRUST AUGMENTATION OF A TURBOJET ENGINE |publisher=Lewis Research Centre, NASA |year=1971 |location=Ohio}}</ref>

===Two-spool===

Two-spool configurations are common, with the fan on the low pressure (LP) spool and the compressor on the high pressure (HP) spool; the LP spool runs more slowly to keep the tip speed of the larger-diameter fan within limits.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/gasturbinetheory0003edcohe |title=Gas turbine theory |date=1987 |publisher=Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England : Longman Scientific & Technical ; New York : Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-470-20705-5}}</ref> The HP compressor receives compressed air from the inner part of the fan blades. The [[Rolls-Royce BR700|BR710]] is typical of this configuration. At the lower thrust ratings, instead of all-axial blading, the HP compressor configuration may be axial-centrifugal (e.g., [[CFE CFE738]]), double-centrifugal or even [[Mixed flow compressor|diagonal/centrifugal]] (e.g. [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600]]).

===Boosted two-spool===
Higher overall pressure ratios can be achieved by either raising the HP compressor pressure ratio or adding compressor (non-bypass) stages to the LP spool, between the fan and the HP compressor, to boost the latter. All of the large American turbofans (e.g. [[General Electric CF6]], [[GE90]], [[General Electric GE9X|GE9X]] and [[GEnx]] plus [[Pratt & Whitney JT9D]] and [[Pratt & Whitney PW4000|PW4000]]) use booster stages. The Rolls-Royce BR715 is another example. The high bypass ratios used in modern civil turbofans tend to reduce the relative diameter of the booster stages, reducing their mean tip speed. Consequently, more booster stages are required to develop the necessary pressure rise.

===Three-spool===
Rolls-Royce chose a three-spool configuration for their large civil turbofans (i.e. the [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]] and [[Rolls-Royce Trent|Trent]] families), where the booster stages of a boosted two-spool configuration are separated into an intermediate pressure (IP) spool, driven by its own turbine. The first three-spool engine was the earlier [[Rolls-Royce RB.203 Trent]], of 1967.

The [[Garrett ATF3]], powering the [[Dassault Falcon 20]] business jet, has an unusual three-spool layout with an aft spool not concentric with the two others.

[[Ivchenko-Progress|Ivchenko Design Bureau]] chose the same configuration as Rolls-Royce for their [[Lotarev D-36]] engine, followed by [[Progress D-18T|Lotarev/Progress D-18T]] and [[Progress D-436]].

The [[Turbo-Union RB199]] military turbofan also has a three-spool configuration, as do the military [[Kuznetsov NK-25]] and [[Kuznetsov NK-32|NK-321]].

===Geared fan===
{{main|Geared turbofan}}

[[File:Geared Turbofan NT.PNG|thumb|Geared turbofan. The gearbox is labeled 2.]]

As bypass ratio increases, the fan blade tip speed increases relative to the LPT blade speed. This will reduce the LPT blade speed, requiring more turbine stages to extract enough energy to drive the fan. Introducing a [[epicyclic gearing|(planetary) reduction gearbox]], with a suitable gear ratio, between the LP shaft and the fan enables both the fan and LP turbine to operate at their optimum speeds. Examples of this configuration are the long-established [[Garrett TFE731]], the [[Honeywell ALF 502]]/507, and the recent [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]].

===Military turbofans===
Most of the configurations discussed above are used in civilian turbofans, while modern military turbofans (e.g., [[Snecma M88]]) are usually basic two-spool.

===High-pressure turbine===
Most civil turbofans use a high-efficiency, two-stage HP turbine to drive the HP compressor. The [[CFM International CFM56]] uses an alternative approach: a single-stage, high-work unit. While this approach is probably less efficient, there are savings on cooling air, weight and cost.

In the [[Rolls-Royce RB211|RB211]] and [[Rolls-Royce Trent|Trent]] 3-spool engine series, the HP compressor pressure ratio is modest so only a single HP turbine stage is required. Modern military turbofans also tend to use a single HP turbine stage and a modest HP compressor.

===Low-pressure turbine===
Modern civil turbofans have multi-stage LP turbines (anywhere from three to seven). The number of stages required depends on the engine cycle bypass ratio and the boost (on boosted two-spools). A geared fan may reduce the number of required LPT stages in some applications.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://www.mtu.de/en/technologies/engineering_news/others/Riegler_Geared_turbofan_technology.pdf |title= The geared turbofan technology – Opportunities, challenges and readiness status |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130520065423/http://www.mtu.de/en/technologies/engineering_news/others/Riegler_Geared_turbofan_technology.pdf |archive-date= 2013-05-20 }} C. Riegler, C. Bichlmaier:, 1st CEAS European Air and Space Conference, 10–13 September 2007, Berlin, Germany</ref> Because of the much lower bypass ratios employed, military turbofans require only one or two LP turbine stages.

==Overall performance==

===Cycle improvements===

Consider a mixed turbofan with a fixed bypass ratio and airflow. Increasing the [[overall pressure ratio]] of the compression system raises the combustor entry temperature. Therefore, at a fixed fuel flow there is an increase in (HP) turbine rotor inlet temperature. Although the higher temperature rise across the compression system implies a larger temperature drop over the turbine system, the mixed nozzle temperature is unaffected, because the same amount of heat is being added to the system. There is, however, a rise in nozzle pressure, because overall pressure ratio increases faster than the turbine expansion ratio, causing an increase in the hot mixer entry pressure. Consequently, net thrust increases, whilst specific fuel consumption (fuel flow/net thrust) decreases. A similar trend occurs with unmixed turbofans.

Turbofan engines can be made more fuel efficient by raising overall pressure ratio and turbine rotor inlet temperature in unison. However, better turbine materials or improved vane/blade cooling are required to cope with increases in both turbine rotor inlet temperature and compressor delivery temperature. Increasing the latter may require better compressor materials.

The overall pressure ratio can be increased by improving fan (or) LP compressor pressure ratio or HP compressor pressure ratio. If the latter is held constant, the increase in (HP) compressor delivery temperature (from raising overall pressure ratio) implies an increase in HP mechanical speed. However, stressing considerations might limit this parameter, implying, despite an increase in overall pressure ratio, a reduction in HP compressor pressure ratio.

According to simple theory, if the ratio of turbine rotor inlet temperature/(HP) compressor delivery temperature is maintained, the HP turbine throat area can be retained. However, this assumes that cycle improvements are obtained, while retaining the datum (HP) compressor exit flow function (non-dimensional flow). In practice, changes to the non-dimensional speed of the (HP) compressor and cooling bleed extraction would probably make this assumption invalid, making some adjustment to HP turbine throat area unavoidable. This means the HP turbine nozzle guide vanes would have to be different from the original. In all probability, the downstream LP turbine nozzle guide vanes would have to be changed anyway.

===Thrust growth===
Thrust growth is obtained by increasing [[core power]]. There are two basic routes available:
# hot route: increase HP turbine rotor inlet temperature
# cold route: increase core mass flow

Both routes require an increase in the combustor fuel flow and, therefore, the heat energy added to the core stream.

The hot route may require changes in turbine blade/vane materials or better blade/vane cooling. The cold route can be obtained by one of the following:
# adding booster stages to the LP/IP compression
# adding a [[zero-stage]] to the HP compression
# improving the compression process, without adding stages (e.g. higher fan hub pressure ratio)

all of which increase both overall pressure ratio and core airflow.

Alternatively, the [[core size]] can be increased, to raise core airflow, without changing overall pressure ratio. This route is expensive, since a new (upflowed) turbine system (and possibly a larger IP compressor) is also required.

Changes must also be made to the fan to absorb the extra core power. On a civil engine, jet noise considerations mean that any significant increase in take-off thrust must be accompanied by a corresponding increase in fan mass flow (to maintain a T/O specific thrust of about 30 lbf/lb/s).

===Technical discussion===
# Specific thrust (net thrust/intake airflow) is an important parameter for turbofans and jet engines in general. Imagine a fan (driven by an appropriately sized electric motor) operating within a pipe, which is connected to a propelling nozzle. It is fairly obvious, the higher the fan pressure ratio (fan discharge pressure/fan inlet pressure), the higher the jet velocity and the corresponding specific thrust. Now imagine we replace this set-up with an equivalent turbofan – same airflow and same fan pressure ratio. Obviously, the core of the turbofan must produce sufficient power to drive the fan via the low-pressure (LP) turbine. If we choose a low (HP) turbine inlet temperature for the gas generator, the core airflow needs to be relatively high to compensate. The corresponding bypass ratio is therefore relatively low. If we raise the turbine inlet temperature, the core airflow can be smaller, thus increasing bypass ratio. Raising turbine inlet temperature tends to increase thermal efficiency and, therefore, improve [[fuel efficiency]].
# Naturally, as altitude increases, there is a decrease in air density and, therefore, the net thrust of an engine. There is also a flight speed effect, termed thrust lapse rate. Consider the approximate equation for net thrust again:<math display="block">F_n = m \cdot (V_{jfe} - V_a).</math> With a high specific thrust (e.g., fighter) engine, the jet velocity is relatively high, so intuitively one can see that increases in flight velocity have less of an impact upon net thrust than a medium specific thrust (e.g., trainer) engine, where the jet velocity is lower. The impact of thrust lapse rate upon a low specific thrust (e.g., civil) engine is even more severe. At high flight speeds, high-specific-thrust engines can pick up net thrust through the ram rise in the intake, but this effect tends to diminish at supersonic speeds because of shock wave losses.
# Thrust growth on civil turbofans is usually obtained by increasing fan airflow, thus preventing the jet noise becoming too high. However, the larger fan airflow requires more power from the core. This can be achieved by raising the [[overall pressure ratio]] (combustor inlet pressure/intake delivery pressure) to induce more airflow into the core and by increasing turbine inlet temperature. Together, these parameters tend to increase core thermal efficiency and improve fuel efficiency.
# Some high-bypass-ratio civil turbofans use an extremely low area ratio (less than 1.01), convergent-divergent, nozzle on the bypass (or mixed exhaust) stream, to control the fan working line. The nozzle acts as if it has variable geometry. At low flight speeds the nozzle is unchoked (less than a Mach number of unity), so the exhaust gas speeds up as it approaches the throat and then slows down slightly as it reaches the divergent section. Consequently, the nozzle exit area controls the fan match and, being larger than the throat, pulls the fan working line slightly away from surge. At higher flight speeds, the ram rise in the intake increases nozzle pressure ratio to the point where the throat becomes choked (M=1.0). Under these circumstances, the throat area dictates the fan match and, being smaller than the exit, pushes the fan working line slightly towards surge. This is not a problem, since fan surge margin is much better at high flight speeds.
# The off-design behaviour of turbofans is illustrated under [[compressor map]] and [[turbine map]].
# Because modern civil turbofans operate at low specific thrust, they require only a single fan stage to develop the required fan pressure ratio. The desired overall pressure ratio for the engine cycle is usually achieved by multiple axial stages on the core compression. Rolls-Royce tend to split the core compression into two with an intermediate pressure (IP) supercharging the HP compressor, both units being driven by turbines with a single stage, mounted on separate shafts. Consequently, the HP compressor need develop only a modest pressure ratio (e.g., ~4.5:1). US civil engines use much higher HP compressor pressure ratios (e.g., ~23:1 on the [[General Electric GE90]]) and tend to be driven by a two-stage HP turbine. Even so, there are usually a few IP axial stages mounted on the LP shaft, behind the fan, to further supercharge the core compression system. Civil engines have multi-stage LP turbines, the number of stages being determined by the bypass ratio, the amount of IP compression on the LP shaft and the LP turbine blade speed.
# Because military engines usually have to be able to fly very fast at sea level, the limit on HP compressor delivery temperature is reached at a fairly modest design overall pressure ratio, compared with that of a civil engine. Also the fan pressure ratio is relatively high, to achieve a medium to high specific thrust. Consequently, modern military turbofans usually have only five or six HP compressor stages and require only a single-stage HP turbine. Low-bypass-ratio military turbofans usually have one LP turbine stage, but higher bypass ratio engines need two stages. In theory, by adding IP compressor stages, a modern military turbofan HP compressor could be used in a civil turbofan derivative, but the core would tend to be too small for high thrust applications.

== Improvements ==
=== Aerodynamic modelling ===
[[Aerodynamics]] is a mix of [[Speed of sound|subsonic]], [[transonic]] and [[supersonic]] airflow on a single fan/[[gas compressor]] blade in a modern turbofan. The airflow past the blades must be maintained within close angular limits to keep the air flowing against an increasing pressure. Otherwise air will be rejected back out of the intake.<ref name=LN161021>{{cite web |url= https://leehamnews.com/2016/10/21/bjorns-corner-engine-challenge/ |title= Bjorn's Corner: The Engine challenge |author-first1= Bjorn |author-last1=Fehrm |date= October 21, 2016 |work= Leeham News}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2025|reason=This appears to be sourced to a blog which is posing a hypothetical, not a reliable source and statement of fact.}}

The [[FADEC|Full Authority Digital Engine Control]] (FADEC) needs accurate data for controlling the engine. The critical [[turbine]] inlet temperature (TIT) is too harsh an environment, at up to {{cvt|1090|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}<ref name="ZLHS2013"/> and {{cvt|17|bar|psi}}, for reliable [[temperature sensor|sensor]]s. Therefore, during development of a new engine type a relation is established between a more easily measured temperature like [[exhaust gas]] temperature and the TIT. Monitoring the exhaust gas temperature is then used to make sure the engine does not run too hot.<ref name=LN161021/>{{Better source needed|date=July 2025|reason=This appears to be sourced to a blog which is posing a hypothetical, not a reliable source and statement of fact.}}

=== Blade technology ===
A [[turbine]] blade is subjected to {{cvt|1040-1090|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}, not far from the [[melting point]] of the alloys used.<ref name="ZLHS2013">Zaretsky, Litt, Hendricks, and Soditus (2013); Determination of Turbine Blade Life From
Engine Field Data. NASA/TP—2013-217030. online at https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013703/downloads/20130013703.pdf</ref>
Exotic [[alloy]]s, sophisticated [[air cooling]] schemes and special mechanical design are needed to keep the [[physical stress]]es within the strength of the material.

=== Fan blades ===
Fan blades have been growing as jet engines have been getting bigger: each fan blade carries the equivalent of nine [[double-decker bus]]es and swallows air the equivalent volume of a [[squash court]] every second.
Advances in [[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD) modelling have permitted complex, 3D curved shapes with very wide [[Chord (aeronautics)|chord]], keeping the fan capabilities while minimizing the blade count to lower costs.
Coincidentally, the [[bypass ratio]] grew to achieve higher [[propulsive efficiency]] and the fan diameter increased.<ref name=MRO28sep2017/>

Rolls-Royce pioneered the hollow, [[titanium]] wide-chord fan blade in the 1980s for aerodynamic efficiency and [[foreign object damage]] resistance in the [[RB211]] then for the [[Rolls-Royce Trent|Trent]].
[[GE Aviation]] introduced [[carbon fiber composite]] fan blades on the [[GE90]] in 1995, manufactured since 2017 with a [[carbon-fiber tape|carbon-fiber tape-layer]] process.
GE partner [[Safran]] developed a [[3D weaving|3D woven]] technology with [[Albany Engineered Composites|Albany Composites]] for the [[CFM56]] and [[CFM LEAP]] engines.<ref name=MRO28sep2017>{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/engines-engine-systems/understanding-complexities-bigger-fan-blades |title= Understanding Complexities Of Bigger Fan Blades |author-first1= Ben |author-last1=Hargreaves |date= Sep 28, 2017 |work= Aviation Week Network}}</ref>

=== Future progress ===
Engine cores are shrinking as they operate at higher [[Overall pressure ratio|pressure ratio]]s and become more efficient and smaller compared to the fan as bypass ratios increase.
Blade [[tip clearance]]s are more difficult to maintain at the exit of the high-pressure compressor where blades are {{cvt|0.5|in|mm}} high or less; [[Structural system|backbone]] bending further affects clearance control as the core is proportionately longer and thinner and the fan to low-pressure turbine driveshaft space is constrained within the core.<ref name=AvWeek26Mar2015>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/reversed-tilted-future-pratt-s-geared-turbofan |title= A Reversed, Tilted Future For Pratt's Geared Turbofan? |date= Mar 26, 2015 |author-first1= Guy |author-last1=Norris |author-first2= Graham |author-last2=Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>

[[Pratt & Whitney]] VP technology and environment [[Alan H. Epstein|Alan Epstein]] argued "Over the history of commercial aviation, we have gone from 20% to 40% [cruise efficiency], and there is a consensus among the engine community that we can probably get to 60%".<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017>{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/technology/turbofans-are-not-finished-yet |title= Turbofans Are Not Finished Yet |date= Aug 8, 2017 |author-first1= Guy |author-last1=Norris |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>


[[Geared turbofan]]s and further fan [[Overall pressure ratio|pressure ratio]] reductions may continue to improve [[propulsive efficiency]].
The second phase of the FAA's Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions and Noise (CLEEN) program is targeting for the late 2020s reductions of 33% fuel burn, 60% emissions and 32 dB EPNdb noise compared with the 2000s state-of-the-art.<ref name="faa-cleen">{{cite web |title=Continuous Lower Energy, Emissions, and Noise (CLEEN) Program |url=https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/apl/eee/technology_saf_operations/cleen |website=www.faa.gov |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>
In summer 2017 at [[NASA Glenn Research Center]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], Pratt has finished testing a very-low-pressure-ratio fan on a [[PW1000G]], resembling an [[open rotor]] with fewer blades than the PW1000G's 20.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>

The weight and size of the [[nacelle]] would be reduced by a short duct inlet, imposing higher aerodynamic turning loads on the blades and leaving less space for soundproofing, but a lower-pressure-ratio fan is slower.
[[UTC Aerospace Systems]] Aerostructures will have a full-scale ground test in 2019 of its low-drag Integrated Propulsion System with a [[thrust reverser]], improving fuel burn by 1% and with 2.5-3 EPNdB lower noise.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>


[[Safran]] expects to deliver another 10–15% in fuel efficiency through the mid-2020s before reaching an [[asymptote]], and next will have to increase the [[bypass ratio]] to 35:1 instead of 11:1 for the [[CFM LEAP]]. It is demonstrating a counterrotating [[open rotor]] unducted fan (propfan) in [[Istres, France]], under the European [[Clean Sky]] technology program.
[[Computational fluid dynamics|Modeling]] advances and high [[specific strength]] materials may help it succeed where previous attempts failed.
When noise levels are within existing standards and similar to the LEAP engine, 15% lower fuel burn will be available and for that Safran is testing its controls, vibration and operation, while [[airframe]] integration is still challenging.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>


For [[GE Aviation]], the [[energy density]] of jet fuel still maximises the [[Breguet range equation]] and higher pressure ratio cores; lower pressure ratio fans, low-loss inlets and lighter structures can further improve thermal, transfer and propulsive efficiency.
Under the [[U.S. Air Force]]'s [[Adaptive Engine Transition Program]], adaptive [[thermodynamic cycle]]s will be used for the [[sixth-generation jet fighter]], based on a modified [[Brayton cycle]] and [[Constant volume]] combustion.
[[Additive manufacturing]] in the [[General Electric Advanced Turboprop|advanced turboprop]] will reduce weight by 5% and fuel burn by 20%.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>

Rotating and static [[ceramic matrix composite]] (CMC) parts operates {{cvt|500|°F}} hotter than metal and are one-third its weight.
With $21.9 million from the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]], GE is investing $200 million in a CMC facility in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], in addition to its [[Asheville, North Carolina]] site, mass-producing [[silicon carbide]] matrix with silicon-carbide fibers in 2018.
CMCs will be used ten times more by the mid-2020s: the CFM LEAP requires 18 CMC turbine shrouds per engine and the [[GE9X]] will use it in the combustor and for 42 HP turbine nozzles.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>


[[Rolls-Royce Plc]] aim for a 60:1 pressure ratio core for the 2020s [[Ultrafan]] and began ground tests of its {{cvt|100,000|hp}} gear for {{cvt|100,000|lbf|kN}} and 15:1 bypass ratios.
Nearly [[stoichiometric]] turbine entry temperature approaches the theoretical limit and its impact on emissions has to be balanced with environmental performance goals.
Open rotors, lower pressure ratio fans and potentially [[distributed propulsion]] offer more room for better propulsive efficiency.
Exotic cycles, [[heat exchanger]]s and pressure gain/constant volume combustion may improve [[thermodynamic efficiency]].
Additive manufacturing could be an enabler for [[intercooler]] and [[recuperator]]s.
Closer airframe integration and [[Hybrid electric vehicle#Aircraft|hybrid]] or [[electric aircraft]] can be combined with gas turbines.<ref name=AvWeek8Aug2017/>

Rolls-Royce engines have a 72–82% propulsive efficiency and 42–49% thermal efficiency for a {{cvt|0.63|-|0.49|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/h}} [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|TSFC]] at Mach 0.8, and aim for theoretical limits of 95% for open rotor propulsive efficiency and 60% for thermal efficiency with stoichiometric [[turbine]] entry temperature and 80:1 [[overall pressure ratio]] for a {{cvt|0.35|lb/lbf/h|g/kN/h}} TSFC<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/dglr/hh/text_2014_03_20_EnginesTechnology.pdf |title= Rolls-Royce technology for future aircraft engines |date= March 20, 2014 |author-first1= Ulrich |author-last1=Wenger |publisher= Rolls-Royce Deutschland}}</ref>

As teething troubles may not show up until several thousand hours, the latest turbofans' technical problems disrupt [[airline]]s operations and [[aerospace manufacturer|manufacturer]]s deliveries while production rates rise sharply.
[[Trent 1000]] cracked blades [[aircraft on ground|grounded]] almost 50 [[Boeing 787]]s and reduced [[ETOPS]] to 2.3 hours down from 5.5, costing [[Rolls-Royce plc]] almost $950 million.
[[PW1000G]] knife-edge seal fractures have caused [[Pratt & Whitney]] to fall behind in deliveries, leaving about 100 engineless [[A320neo]]s waiting for their powerplants.
The [[CFM LEAP]] introduction had been smoother but a [[ceramic composite]] {{abbr|HP|High-Pressure}} Turbine coating was prematurely lost, necessitating a new design, causing 60 A320neo engine removals for modification and delaying deliveries by up to six weeks late.<ref name=SeattleTimes15jun2018>{{cite news |url= https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/troublesome-advanced-engines-for-boeing-and-airbus-jets-disrupt-airlines-and-production-lines/ |title= Troublesome advanced engines for Boeing, Airbus jets have disrupted airlines and shaken travelers |date= June 15, 2018 |author-first1= Dominic |author-last1=Gates |author-link=Dominic Gates |newspaper= The Seattle Times}}</ref>

On a widebody, [[Safran]] estimates 5–10% of fuel could be saved by reducing power intake for hydraulic systems, while swapping to electrical power could save 30% of weight, as initiated on the [[Boeing 787]], while [[Rolls-Royce plc]] hopes for up to 5%.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/how-the-future-of-electric-aircraft-lies-beyond-the-460492/ |title= How the future of electric aircraft lies beyond the engines |date= 6 Sep 2019 |author-first1= Kerry |author-last1=Reals |work= Flightglobal}}</ref>

==Manufacturers==
{{excerpt|List of turbofan manufacturers}}

=== Commercial turbofans in production===
{{excerpt|List of turbofan manufacturers#Commercial turbofans in production}}

==Extreme bypass jet engines==

In the 1970s, Rolls-Royce/SNECMA tested a [[M45SD-02]] turbofan fitted with variable-pitch fan blades to improve handling at ultralow fan pressure ratios and to provide thrust reverse down to zero aircraft speed. The engine was aimed at ultraquiet [[STOL]] aircraft operating from city-centre airports.

In a bid for increased efficiency with speed, a development of the ''turbofan'' and ''turboprop'' known as a [[propfan]] engine was created that had an unducted fan. The fan blades are situated outside of the duct, so that it appears like a turboprop with wide scimitar-like blades. Both General Electric and Pratt & Whitney/Allison demonstrated propfan engines in the 1980s. Excessive cabin noise and relatively cheap jet fuel prevented the engines being put into service. The [[Progress D-27]] propfan, developed in the U.S.S.R., was the only propfan engine equipped on a production aircraft.

==Terminology==


; [[Afterburner]]: jetpipe equipped for afterburning<ref name="auto">The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Bill Gunston 2004,{{ISBN|978 0 511 33833 5}}</ref>
; Augmentor: afterburner for turbofan with burning in hot and cold flows<ref name="auto"/>
; Bypass: that part of the engine as distinct from the core in terms of components and airflow, e.g. that part of fan blading (fan outer) and stators which pass bypass air, bypass duct, bypass nozzle
; [[Bypass ratio]]: bypass air mass flow /core air mass flow<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jet Propulsion|author-first1=Nicholas|author-last1=Cumpsty|year=1997|isbn=0-521-59674-2|page=65 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>
; Core: that part of the engine as distinct from the bypass in terms of components and airflow, e.g. core cowl, core nozzle, core airflow and associated machinery, combustor and fuel system
; Core power: also known as "available energy" or "gas horsepower". It is used to measure the theoretical (isentropic expansion) shaft work available from a gas generator or core by expanding hot, high pressure gas to ambient pressure. Since the power depends on the pressure and temperature of the gas (and the ambient pressure) a related figure of merit for thrust-producing engines is one which measures the thrust-producing potential from hot, high pressure gas and known as "stream thrust". It is obtained by calculating the velocity obtained with isentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure. The significance of the thrust obtained appears when multiplied by the aircraft velocity to give the thrust work. The thrust work which is potentially available is far less than the gas horsepower due to the increasing waste in the exhaust kinetic energy with increasing pressure and temperature before expansion to atmospheric pressure. The two are related by the propulsive efficiency,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=Bryce |last2=Mavris |first2=Dimitri |date=2000-07-24 |title=A comparison of thermodynamic loss models suitable for gas turbine propulsion - Theory and taxonomy |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2000-3714 |journal=36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit |language=en |location=Las Vegas, NV, U.S.A. |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |pages=4–8 |doi=10.2514/6.2000-3714|url-access=subscription }}</ref> a measure of the energy wasted as a result of producing a force (i.e. thrust) in a fluid by increasing the speed (i.e. momentum) of the fluid.
; Dry: engine ratings/ throttle lever positions below afterburning selection
; EGT: exhaust gas temperature
; EPR: engine pressure ratio
; Fan: turbofan LP compressor
; Fanjet: turbofan or aircraft powered by turbofan (colloquial)<ref>The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Bill Gunston 2004,{{ISBN| 978 0 511 33833 5}}</ref>
; Fan pressure ratio: fan outlet total pressure/fan inlet total pressure
; [[Flex temp]]: At reduced take-off weights commercial aircraft can use reduced thrust which increases engine life and reduces maintenance costs. Flex temperature is a higher than actual outside air temperature (OAT) which is input to the engine monitoring computer to achieve the required reduced thrust (also known as "assumed temperature thrust reduction").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/reduced-thrust-takeoff | title=Reduced Thrust Takeoff | date=30 May 2021 }}</ref>
; Gas generator: that part of the engine core which provides the hot, high pressure gas for fan-driving turbines (turbofan), for propelling nozzles (turbojet), for propeller- and rotor-driving turbines (turboprop and turboshaft), for industrial and marine power turbines<ref>Gas Turbine Performance Second Edition, Walsh and Fletcher 2004,{{ISBN|0 632 06434 X}}, p.5</ref>
; HP: high-pressure
; Intake ram drag: Loss in momentum of engine stream tube from freestream to intake entrance, i.e. amount of energy imparted to air required to accelerate air from a stationary atmosphere to aircraft speed.
; [[IEPR]]: integrated engine pressure ratio
; IP: intermediate pressure
; LP: low-pressure
; Net thrust: nozzle thrust in stationary air (gross thrust) – engine stream tube ram drag (loss in momentum from freestream to intake entrance, i.e. amount of energy imparted to air required to accelerate air from a stationary atmosphere to aircraft speed). This is the thrust acting on the airframe.
; [[Overall pressure ratio]]: amount of times the pressure increases due to ram compression and workndone by the compressor stages
; Overall efficiency: thermal efficiency × propulsive efficiency
; [[Propulsive efficiency]]: propulsive power/rate of production of propulsive kinetic energy (maximum propulsive efficiency occurs when jet velocity equals flight velocity, which implies zero net thrust!)
; [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|Specific fuel consumption]] (SFC): total fuel flow/net thrust (proportional to flight velocity/overall thermal efficiency)
; Spooling up: increase in RPM (colloquial)
; Spooling down: decrease in RPM (colloquial)
; Stage loading: For a turbine, the purpose of which is to produce power, the loading is an indicator of power developed per lb/sec of gas (specific power). A turbine stage turns the gas from an axial direction and speeds it up (in the nozzle guide vanes) to turn the rotor most effectively ( rotor blades must produce high lift), the proviso being that this is done efficiently, i.e. with acceptable losses.<ref>Jet Engines and Propulsion Systems For Engineers, Human Resource Development, GE Aircraft Engines 1989, p.5-9</ref> For a compressor stage, the purpose of which is to produce a pressure rise, a diffusion process is used. How much diffusion may be allowed ( and pressure rise obtained) before unacceptable flow separation occurs (i.e. losses) may be regarded as a loading limit.<ref>Aerodynamic Design Of Axial Flow Compressors, N65 23345,1965, NASA SP-36, p.68</ref>
; [[Stagnation pressure]]: also known as total pressure; pressure of the fluid if all the kinetic energy were to be converted into pressure isentropically; sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure
; [[Static pressure]]: pressure of the fluid which is associated not with its motion but with its state<ref>Clancy, L.J., ''Aerodynamics'', page 21</ref> or, alternatively, pressure due to the random motion of the fluid molecules that would be felt or measured if moving with the flow<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction To Aerospace Engineering With A Flight Test Perspective|author-first1=Stephen|author-last1=Corda|year=2017|isbn=9781118953389|page=185 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
; [[Specific thrust]]: net thrust/intake airflow
; [[Thermal efficiency]]: rate of production of propulsive kinetic energy/fuel power
; Total fuel flow: combustor (plus any afterburner) fuel flow rate (e.g., lb/s or g/s)
; Total pressure: also known as stagnation pressure; sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure; pressure of the fluid if all the kinetic energy were to be converted into pressure isentropically
; Turbine rotor inlet temperature: maximum cycle temperature, i.e. temperature at which work transfer takes place

==See also==
* [[Axial fan design]]
* [[Gas turbine]]
* [[Turbine engine failure]]
* [[Variable cycle engine]]
* [[Motorjet]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Turbofan engines}}
* [[b:Jet Propulsion|Wikibooks: Jet propulsion]]
* {{cite web |url= https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/aero/ebooks/downloads/nasa_innovation_in_aeronautics.pdf |author-first1= Malcolm |author-last1=Gibson |work= NASA Innovation in Aeronautics NASA/TM-2011-216987 |date= Aug 2011 |title= The Chevron Nozzle: A Novel Approach to Reducing Jet Noise |access-date= 2017-03-24 |archive-date= 2020-03-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200323200035/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/aero/ebooks/downloads/nasa_innovation_in_aeronautics.pdf |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite news |url= https://scribd.com/doc/105381018/Engine-Yearbook |title= The Engine Yearbook |date= 2012 |publisher= [[UBM Aviation]]}}
* {{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/17069 |title= Commercial engines 2017 |work= Flight Global}}
* {{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2017/04/14/bjorns-corner-aircraft-engines-sum/ |title= Bjorn's Corner: Aircraft engines, sum up |date= April 14, 2017 |work= Leeham Co |author-first1= Bjorn |author-last1=Fehrm}} and previous series

{{Aircraft gas turbine engine components}}
{{Heat engines|state=uncollapsed}}

[[Category:Gas turbines]]
[[Category:Jet engines]]
[[Category:Turbofan engines| ]]

Vijay Hazare Trophy

2026-03-10T21:52:25Z

BeauBasaldua8: quick update

{{Short description|List A cricket championship in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Vijay Hazare Trophy
| country = India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| first = 1993–94
| last = [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025–26]]
| next = [[2026–27 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2026–27]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]], then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| participants = 38
| champions = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (1st title)
| most successful = [[Karnataka]] / [[Tamil Nadu]] (5 titles each)
| most runs = [[Ankit Bawne]] (4,164) (Maharashtra)
| most wickets = [[Siddarth Kaul]] (155) (Punjab)
| website = https://www.bcci.tv
|current=[[2026–27 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2026–27]]
|image=Vijay Hazare Trophy logo.png
|imagesize=200px}}
The '''Vijay Hazare Trophy''' is a cricket tournament played in [[Cricket in India|India]]. It is administered by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] and is contested by state and city teams in a league and playoff format. Along with the inter-zonal [[Deodhar Trophy]], it forms the top level of [[List A cricket]] in the country, and is an important feeder tournament for selection in the [[India national cricket team|Indian National Cricket Team]]. Matches consist of 50 overs per side, similar to [[One Day International]] matches. It was initially a zonal tournament, and became a national tournament in 2002. Vidarbha are the defending champions, after having won the 2025-26 edition.

==History==
The Vijay Hazare trophy began in the 1993–94 season as the Ranji One Day Trophy, a List A counterpart to the [[First-class cricket|First-Class]] [[Ranji Trophy]]. In its early years, it was played at the zonal level. North, South, East, West, and Central Zones each produced their own winner, and success in this tournament was used to determine selection for zonal teams in the Deodhar Trophy. The most successful teams in this phase were Bombay/Mumbai (8 titles) and Bengal (6 titles).

It became a national competition in 2002–03, with a knockout stage crowning a national champion every year. The most successful teams since then have been [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (5 titles each). For the [[2007–08 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2007-08 edition]], it was renamed in honour of [[Vijay Hazare]].<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-one-day-trophy-2006-07-263051 Ranji One Day Trophy, 2007]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2007-08-306286 Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2008]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref> Domestic cricket in India was suspended for several months because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], leading to the cancellation of the [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy]]. However, the BCCI announced that the [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2020/21 edition]] of the Vijay Hazare tournament would take place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020–21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-to-hold-hazare-trophy-as-per-state-units-wijsh-no-ranji-trophy-for-first-time-in-87-years/article33701912.ece |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |title=No Ranji Trophy for first time in 87 years |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

==Format==
The format of the national-level tournament has changed several times.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Originally posted on CricketGully |date=2025-12-23 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: History, Format, Winners & Records |url=https://www.yardbarker.com/cricket/articles/vijay_hazare_trophy_history_format_winners_records/s1_17726_43244256 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Yardbarker |language=en}}</ref> During the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, a final [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] stage was held for the top teams in each zone. Since the 2004–05 tournament, a [[playoff format]] including semi-finals and a final has been held, with varying qualification mechanisms. Teams are currently grouped on the basis of average points gained in the preceding three seasons.[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']

Between the 2015–16 and 2017–18 seasons, the tournament consisted of 28 teams divided into four groups. For the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2018/19 edition]], the teams were divided into three elite groups and one plate group. Two of the elite groups had nine teams while the third had ten. The plate group consisted of nine new teams.

The current format consists of 38 teams divided into 4 elite groups and 1 plate group. The elite groups have 8 teams while the plate group has 6. After playing each team in the group once, the five winners and the best performing runner-up qualify for the quarter final stage directly, while the four other runners-up play in the preliminary quarter finals. The two winners of pre-quarter finals join the remaining six teams in the quarter final stage.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Zonal tournaments'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| Edition !! colspan="5"| Zone winners !! rowspan="2"| Most runs !! rowspan="2"| Most wickets !! rowspan="2"| Ref
|-
! Central !! East !! North !! South !! West
|-
| align="center" | [[1993–94 Ranji One Day Trophy|1993–94]] || {{nobr|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]}} || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Dhanraj Singh (cricketer)|Dhanraj Singh]] ([[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1993-94.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1993/94]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[1994–95 Ranji One Day Trophy|1994–95]] || {{nobr|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]}} || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (2) || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[Ajay Sharma]] ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]) || [[Arindam Sarkar]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1994-95.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1994/95]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[1995–96 Ranji One Day Trophy|1995–96]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] (2) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (3) || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] (2) || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (2) || [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] (2) || [[Sadagoppan Ramesh|S. Ramesh]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] ([[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]) [[Sunil Joshi|S. Joshi]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) [[Saradindu Mukherjee|S. Mukherjee]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) [[Sandeep Sharma|S. Sharma]] ([[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1995-96.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1995/96]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[1996–97 Ranji One Day Trophy|1996–97]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (2) || [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || {{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]}} || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (3) || [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] ([[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]) || [[Hanumara Ramkishen]] ([[Andhra cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1996-97.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1996/97]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[1997–98 Ranji One Day Trophy|1997–98]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (3) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (4) || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (2) || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (2) || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (4) || [[Sujith Somasunder]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Rahul Sanghvi]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1997-98.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1997/98]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[1998–99 Ranji One Day Trophy|1998–99]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (4) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (5) || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] (2) || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (3) || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (5) || [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Jaswant Rai]] ([[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]) [[Narender Pal Singh|N. Singh]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1998-99.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1998/99]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | {{nobr|[[1999–2000 Ranji One Day Trophy|1999–2000]]}} || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (5) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (6) || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (3) || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (3) || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (6) || [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) || [[Tangirala Pawan Kumar|T. Pawan Kumar]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_1999-00.html Ranji Trophy One Day 1999/00]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2000–01 Ranji One Day Trophy|2000–01]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (6) || [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] (3) || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (4) || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (7) || [[Amit Pathak]] ([[Andhra cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]) || [[Venkatapathy Raju]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) [[Rahul Sanghvi|R. Sanghvi]] ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2000-01.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2000/01]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | {{nobr|[[2001–02 Ranji One Day Trophy|2001–02]]}} || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] (2) || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] (4) || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (4) || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (8) || Sandeep Sharma ([[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]) || [[Anup Dave]] ([[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]) [[Jayaraman Gokulakrishnan|J. Gokulakrishnan]] ([[Assam cricket team|Assam]]) [[Lalit Patel|L. Patel]] ([[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]) [[Vineet Sharma|V. Sharma]] ([[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2001-02.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2001/02]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''National tournaments'''
|-
! style="width:75px" | Edition !! Final host !! Winner !! {{nobr|Runner-up}} !! {{nobr|Most runs}} !! {{nobr|Most wickets}} !! Ref
|-
| align="center" | {{nobr|[[2002–03 Ranji One Day Trophy|2002–03]]}} || ''No final'' || {{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]}} || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || [[Niranjan Godbole]] ([[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]) || {{nobr|[[Iqbal Siddiqui]]}} ([[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2002-03.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2002/03]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2003–04 Ranji One Day Trophy|2003–04]] || ''No final'' || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Devang Gandhi]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) || [[Sarandeep Singh]] ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2003-04.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2003/04]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2004–05 Ranji One Day Trophy|2004–05]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || colspan="2"| Shared: [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (2) and [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || {{nobr|[[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]]}} ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || [[Ranadeb Bose]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] ([[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2004-05.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2004/05]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2005–06 Ranji One Day Trophy|2005–06]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Dinesh Mongia]] ([[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]) || [[Sankalp Vohra]] ([[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2005-06.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2005/06]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2006–07 Ranji One Day Trophy|2006–07]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (2) || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || [[Wasim Jaffer]] ([[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]) || [[D. Tamil Kumaran]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/5/Ranji_Trophy_One_Day_2006-07.html Ranji Trophy One Day 2006/07]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2007–08 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2007–08]] || [[Dr. Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (2) || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]) || [[Vishal Bhatia]] ([[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2007-08.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2007/08]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2008–09 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2008–09]] || [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (3) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (3) || [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]) || [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2008-09.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2008/09]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2009–10 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2009–10]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || {{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (4)}} || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (4) || [[Shreevats Goswami]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) || [[Yo Mahesh]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2009-10.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2009/10]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2010–11 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2010–11]] || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || [[Ishank Jaggi]] ([[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]) || [[Amit Mishra]] ([[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2010-11.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2010/11]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2011–12 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2011–12]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]) || [[Parvinder Awana]] ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2011-12.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2011/12]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2012–13]] || [[Dr. Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || [[Robin Uthappa]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Pritam Das]] ([[Assam cricket team|Assam]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/17/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2012-13.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2012/13]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2013–14]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Robin Uthappa]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Vinay Kumar]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2013-14.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2013/14]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2014–15 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2014–15]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (2) || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] (2) || [[Manish Pandey]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/23/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2014-15.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2014/15]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2015–16]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Mandeep Singh]] ([[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]) || [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ([[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2015-16.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2015/16]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2016–17]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]] || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (5) || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (5) || [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || [[Aswin Crist]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/29/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2016-17.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2016/17]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2017–18]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (3) || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || [[Mayank Agarwal]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Mohammed Siraj]] ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/30/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2017-18.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2017/18]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2018–19]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (3) || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (2) || [[Abhinav Mukund]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] ([[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2018-19.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2018/19]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2019–20]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (4) || [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || [[Devdutt Padikkal]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || [[Pritam Das]] ([[Assam cricket team|Assam]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2019-20.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2019/20]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2020–21]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (4) || {{nobr|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] (2)}} || [[Prithvi Shaw]] ([[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]) || [[Shivam Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Shivam Sharma]] ([[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2020-21.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2020/21]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] || {{nobr|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]}} || {{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (2)}} || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] ([[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]) || [[Yash Thakur]] ([[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2021-22.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2021/22]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2022–23]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (2) || [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]) || [[Vasuki Koushik]] ([[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/36/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2022-23.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2022/23]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2023–24 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2023–24]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]] || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] (2) || [[Arslan Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arslan Khan]] ([[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]) || [[Harshal Patel]] ([[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]) || align=center | <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/38/Vijay_Hazare_Trophy_2023-24.html Vijay Hazare Trophy 2023/24]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2024–25]] || [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (5) || [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Karun Nair]] ([[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]) || [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] ([[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]) || align=center | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 January 2025 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy Final, Highlights, Vidarbha vs Karnataka: KAR seals 36-run win against VID to lift fifth title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/vijay-hazare-trophy-live-score-vidarbha-vs-karnataka-final-karun-nair-mayank-agarwal-updates-highlights-streaming-info/article69111902.ece |work=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025–26]] || BCCI Centre of Excellence Ground 1, [[Bengaluru]] || [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (2) || [[Aman Mokhade]] ([[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]) || Ankur Panwar ([[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]) || align=center | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 January 2026 |title=Vidarbha exorcise 2025 final demons to clinch maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/vidarbha-win-maiden-vijay-hazare-trophy-2026-atharva-taide-century-2853981-2026-01-18 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Finals Appearances by Team'''
|-
! Team !! Winner !!{{nobr| Runner-up}} !! Most Recent Win
!Most Recent Runner up
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || 5 || 2 || [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2016–17]]
|[[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22]]
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 5 || 0 || [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2024–25]]
| -
|-
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 4 || 1 || [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2020–21]]
|[[2011–12 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2011–12]]
|-
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 2 || 2 || [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2022–23]]
|[[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025–26]]
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || 1 || 5 || [[2011–12 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2011–12]]
|[[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2016–17]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 1 || 2 || [[2004–05 Ranji One Day Trophy|2004–05]]
|[[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2020–21]]
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || 1 || 2 || [[2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2012–13]]
|[[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2018–19]]
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || 1 || 1 || [[2005–06 Ranji One Day Trophy|2005–06]]
|[[2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2013–14]]
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 1 || 1 || [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2015–16]]
|[[2010–11 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2010–11]]
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || 1 || 1 || [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2025–26]]
|[[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || 1 || 0 || [[2010–11 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2010–11]]
| -
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || 1 || 0 || [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2021–22]]
| -
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || 1 || 0 || [[2023–24 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2023–24]]
| -
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 0 || 2 || -
|[[2014–15 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2014–15]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 0 || 2 || -
|[[2023–24 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2023–24]]
|-
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || 0 || 1 || -
|[[2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2012–13]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 0 || 1 || -
|[[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2022–23]]
|-
|}

== Records ==
This is a list of records in the Vijay Hazare Trophy. It is current as of December 31, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy Records - Cricket's Remarkable Feats |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/vijay-hazare-trophy-639 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118095252/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/vijay-hazare-trophy-639 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Team Records'''
!'''Category'''
!Team
!'''Record'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Most National Championships'''
|Karnataka
| rowspan="2" |5
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|'''Most Zonal Championships'''
|Mumbai
|8
|-
|'''Highest Innings Total'''
|Bihar
|574/6
|-
|'''Lowest Innings Total'''
|Rajasthan
|35
|-
|'''Highest Match Aggregate'''
|Jharkhand vs Karnataka
|825
|-
|'''Lowest Match Aggregate'''
|Rajasthan vs Railways
|74
|-
|'''Largest Victory Margin'''
|Tamil Nadu vs Arunachal
|435
|-
|'''Most Extras in an Innings'''
|Jharkhand
|47
|-
|'''Highest Winning Percentage'''
|Karnataka
|77.73
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Batting Records'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Record'''
|-
|'''Most Runs'''
|[[Ankit Bawne]]
|4164
|-
|'''Highest Individual Score'''
|[[Narayan Jagadeesan]]
|277
|-
|'''Highest Batting Average (min 10 matches)'''
|[[Devdutt Padikkal]]
|92.96
|-
|'''Highest Batting Strike Rate'''
|[[Rajagopal Sathish]]
|134.58
|-
|'''Most Centuries'''
|Ankit Bawne
|15
|-
|'''Most Half Centuries'''
|Ankit Bawne
|17
|-
|'''Most Runs in a season'''
|[[Narayan Jagadeesan]]
|830
|-
|'''Highest Partnership'''
|[[Sai Sudharsan|Sai Sudarshan]] and Narayan Jagadeesan
|416
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Bowling Records'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Record'''
|-
|'''Most Wickets'''
|[[Siddarth Kaul]]
|155
|-
|'''Best Bowling Figures'''
|[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
|8/10
|-
|'''Best Bowling Average (min 100 overs)'''
|[[Varun Chakravarthy]]
|14.13
|-
|'''Best Economy Rate (min 100 overs)'''
|[[Iresh Saxena]]
|3.61
|-
|'''Best Strike Rate (min 100 overs)'''
|Varun Chakravarthy
|19.81
|-
|'''Most 5 Wicket Hauls'''
|Siddarth Kaul
|7
|-
|'''Most Wickets in a Season'''
|[[Vinay Kumar]]
|28
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Wicketkeeping Records'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Record'''
|-
|'''Most Dismissals'''
|[[Aditya Tare]]
|133
|-
|'''Most Catches'''
|Aditya Tare
|115
|-
|'''Most Stumpings'''
|[[Parthiv Patel]]
|21
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Most Dismissals in a Match'''
|[[Mahesh Rawat]]
| rowspan="3" |7
|-
|[[Keenan Vaz]]
|-
|[[Ishan Kishan]]
|-
|'''Most Dismissals in a Season'''
|[[Kunal Singh Rathore]]
|24
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Fielding Records'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Record'''
|-
|'''Most Catches'''
|[[Manish Pandey]]
|68
|-
|'''Most Catches in a Match'''
|[[Vignesh Puthur]]
|6
|-
|'''Most Catches in a Season'''
|Manish Pandey
|14
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Other Individual Records'''
!'''Category'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Record'''
|-
|'''Most Matches'''
|[[Manish Pandey]]
|103
|-
|'''Most Matches as Captain'''
|[[Parthiv Patel]]
|67
|}
{{commons category}}

== Salary ==
The BCCI increased the match fees in 2024 to allow it to compete with lucrative tournaments like the IPL. Match fees depend on a player's level, which is calculated using the total number of matches they have played in the Vijay Hazare Trophy throughout their career. Players who are on the bench but do not play in the match receive half fees.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Salary Per Match <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=Ranji Trophy players to get a fee hike as BCCI looks to improve remuneration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/after-incentive-for-tests-bcci-working-out-fee-hike-for-ranji-players-9231030/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Category
!Number of Matches!! Match Fees (Starting 11)
! Match Fees (Bench)
|-
| '''Senior'''
|>40
| [[₹]]'''60,000'''
|[[₹]]30,000
|-
|'''Mid Level'''
|21 - 40
|[[₹]]'''50,000'''
|[[₹]]25,000
|-
|'''Junior'''
|0 - 20
|[[₹]]'''40,000'''
|[[₹]]20,000
|}

==See also==
* [[Deodhar Trophy]]
* [[Duleep Trophy]]
* [[Irani Cup]]
* [[Ranji Trophy]]
* [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{List A cricket domestic competitions}}

[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
[[Category:List A cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]

Sunil Kumar Verma

2026-03-08T18:40:18Z

BeauBasaldua8: created a biography w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian scientist (born 1974)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sunil Kumar Verma
| image = File:Sunil Kumar Verma, Scientist.gif
| image_size =
| caption = Verma in November 2014
| alt = Photograph of Sunil Kumar Verma an Indian Scientist
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1974|9|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tikri, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|5|31|1974|9|28}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| fields = {{plainlist|
* [[Molecular biology]]
* [[Wildlife forensic science|Wildlife forensics]]
}}
| work_institutions = {{plainlist|
* [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology|G. B. Pant University, Pantnagar]]
* [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics|CDFD]]
* [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]]
* [[University of Oxford]]
* [[Cancer Research UK]]
* [[London Research Institute]]
}}
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] in [[Oncology|medical oncology]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = {{plainlist|
* T. S. Ganesan<ref name=Official>{{cite web|title=Official Curriculum vitae of Sunil Kumar Verma|url=http://sunil.verma.org.in|website=sunil.verma.org.in/|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224185441/http://sunil.verma.org.in/|archive-date=24 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Peter J. Parker<ref name=Official />
}}
| known_for = Universal primer technology for wildlife identification
| influences =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = {{plainlist |style=white-space: nowrap; |
* IAFS Award (1999)
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Scholarship]] (2003)
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award (2008)
* BioAsia Innovation Award (2009)
* [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Award-2009
}}
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Sunil Kumar Verma''' (28{{nbsp}}September 1974 - 31 May 2021), was an Indian biologist and a principal scientist at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], [[Hyderabad]], India. Verma was primarily known for his contributions to the development of "universal primer technology", a first generation [[DNA barcoding]] method, that can identify any bird, fish, reptile or mammal from a small biological sample, and satisfy legal evidence requirements in a court of law. This technology has revitalised the field of wildlife forensics and is now routinely used across India to provide a species identification service in cases of wildlife crime. This approach of species identification is now known as "DNA barcoding" across the world.

Verma received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] in [[Oncology|medical oncology]] from the [[University of Oxford]], and had worked in the areas of [[signal transduction]] in cancer and on molecular biology applications in [[wildlife conservation]]. He was the recipient of several national awards, including the 2008 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award, the 2009 [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Meritorious Invention Award and the 2009 BioAsia Innovation Award in recognition of his contribution to Indian science and technology. He died on May 31, 2021, due to COVID-19 pneumonia.

== Education and research career ==

=== Early life and education ===
Verma was born in a small village in the northern Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Verma grew up primarily in [[Tikri, Uttar Pradesh|Tikri]] and up to the twelfth standard studied at the government school in [[Tikri, Uttar Pradesh|Tikri]].<ref name="inscorg_bio">{{cite web|author=|title=Verma, S.K., Biography & journey through Science|url=http://vermask.indianscholars.org/profile/|website=www.vermask.indianscholars.org|publisher=Indianscholars Press|access-date=30 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226160705/http://vermask.indianscholars.org/profile/|archive-date=26 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After completing his twelfth standard in the science group from this school in 1991, he attended the [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], Pantnagar to complete his Bachelor of Science in agriculture and animal husbandry.<ref name ="inscorg_bio" />

=== Research career ===
[[File:Lindau Honor2003.jpg|thumb|[[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings|Lindau Nobel Laureates Meet]] 2003 – Memorabilia and Honor: Signed by – nine Nobel Laureates (center), Indian delegation of scholars (periphery) and President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (bottom right). Verma attended the meeting and signed the document (bottom middle).]]

Verma started his research career at [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], Pantnagar, where he worked on the [[DNA profiling|DNA fingerprinting]] of Indian scented [[basmati]] rice for identification of duplicate accessions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Khanna|first2=Vijay|last3=Singh|first3=Nagendra|title=Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Indian scented basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for identification of variability and duplicate accessions, if any|journal=Electrophoresis|date=1999|volume=20|issue=8|pages=1786–1789|pmid=10435450|doi=10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:8<1786::aid-elps1786>3.0.co;2-5|s2cid=21965899 }}</ref> In 1998, Verma was appointed as a scientist at the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD) where he continued his research on the DNA-based identification system, and in 1999, he received the Emerging Forensic Scientist Continental Award from the International Association of Forensic Sciences at the [[University of California]], USA for his work on DNA [[microsatellite]] based identification of wild animals.<ref name="daad_bio">{{cite web|title=Brief Profiles of DAAD Research Ambassadors in India|url=http://www.daaddelhi.org/en/23633/index.html|access-date=25 December 2014|website=www.daaddelhi.org|publisher=[[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]], New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221162319/http://www.daaddelhi.org/en/23633/index.html|archive-date=21 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="panda">{{cite web|last1=Thakur|first1=Mukesh|title=ROLE OF DNA FORENSICS IN CURBING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE|publisher=[[WWF-India]]|page=14|url=http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/traffic_panda_8_oct.pdf|access-date=30 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130123011/http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/traffic_panda_8_oct.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2000, Verma was appointed as a scientist at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], where in 2001, he and [[Lalji Singh]] invented universal primer technology for wildlife identification, for which he later received a number of international patents,<ref name="AutoZ3-1">{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Lalji|title=US Patent No 7141364: Verma and Singh 2001|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7141364&OS=7141364&RS=7141364|website=www.patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/index.html|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|access-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402115849/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=7141364&OS=7141364&RS=7141364|archive-date=2 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Au_p">{{cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Lalji|last2=Verma|first2=Sunil Kumar|title=Australia Patent AU2001258719 – Verma & Singh|url=http://www.ipaustralia.com.au/applicant/council-of-scientific-and-industrial-research/patents/AU2001258719/|website=www.ipaustralia.com.au|publisher=Intellectual Property in Australia|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="WO_pat">{{cite web|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Lalji|title=Universal primers for wildlife identification: WO 2002077278 A1|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2002077278A1/en|website=www.google.com|publisher=[[Google Patents]]|access-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131133804/http://www.google.com/patents/WO2002077278A1?cl=en|archive-date=31 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and several national awards including the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Technology Award in 2008 (jointly conferred to Verma and [[Lalji Singh]]),<ref name="CTA_dst">{{cite news|title=CSIR Technology Awards – 2008|url=http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/csir-awards-2008.htm|access-date=18 November 2014|website=www.dst.gov.in|publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]]|date=26 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221162249/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/csir-awards-2008.htm|archive-date=21 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the 2009 [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Award (jointly conferred on Verma and Singh)<ref name="NRDC_nrdc">{{cite web|title=NRDC Awards 2009|url=http://www.nrdcindia.com/english/index.php/awards/awarded-inventions-awarded-inventions/24-1991|access-date=31 December 2014|website=www.nrdcindia.com|publisher=[[National Research Development Corporation]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221170158/http://www.nrdcindia.com/english/index.php/awards/awarded-inventions-awarded-inventions/24-1991|archive-date=21 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the BioAsia Innovation Award in 2009.<ref name="BIOASIA_bioasia">{{cite web|title=BioAsia Innovation Awards 2009|url=http://bioasia.in/archives.php?page=awards-2009|access-date=31 December 2014|website=www.bioasia.in|publisher=BioAsia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221161040/http://bioasia.in/archives.php?page=awards-2009|archive-date=21 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2003, Verma received a Lindau Fellowship to represent Indian scholars at the [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]] in physiology and medicine.<ref name="cdc.org.in">{{cite journal|title=Brief biography of Dr. Sunil Kumar Verma|journal=Consulting Ahead: The Journal of Consultancy Development Centre|publisher=CDC, An autonomous Institution of [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|DSIR]], Ministry of Science & Technology, [[Government of India]]|issn=0973-8312|page=26|url=http://www.cdc.org.in/UserFiles/CA_2013%282%29.pdf|access-date=7 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104032/http://www.cdc.org.in/UserFiles/CA_2013(2).pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the same year, he also received a [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Scholarship]] to carry out his [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral studies]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="CWS">{{cite book|title=Directory of Commonwealth Scholars and Fellows: 1959–2009|date=April 2009|publisher=[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|The Association of Commonwealth Universities]], London|isbn=978-0-85143-195-6|page=375|url=http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/directory-1959-2009-full.pdf|access-date=27 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227153342/http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/directory-1959-2009-full.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Verma completed his [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] in [[Oncology|medical oncology]] at the [[University of Oxford]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite book|title=49th Annual Report to the Secretary of State for International Development|publisher=[[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Scholarship Commission]] in the United Kingdom|page=41|url=http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/annual-report-2007-2008.pdf|access-date=25 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225173143/http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/annual-report-2007-2008.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and in January 2008 returned to India to continue his work at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CCMB]]. In 2010, he subsequently became principal scientist at the CCMB and {{as of|January 2015|lc=y}}, he remains in that position.<ref name="ccmb_bio">{{cite web|title=Academic Profile of Sunil Kumar Verma|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=scientist&mid=0&id=63&grpid=34|website=www.ccmb.res.in|publisher=[[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]|access-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225215133/http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=scientist&mid=0&id=63&grpid=34|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Verma was a visiting fellow at the [[Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology]] during 2010–2013.<ref name ="daad_bio" /> Starting in 2010, {{as of|January 2015|lc=y}} he is a research ambassador for the [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]] to promote bidirectional research collaboration between India and Germany.<ref name ="daad_bio" />

Along with his team, Verma's research in the area of [[wildlife conservation]]<ref name= "ccmb_bio" /> led to the reclassification of the [[pygmy hog]], an endangered endemic species, from ''Sus salvanius'' to ''Porcula salvania''<ref>{{cite journal |year=2007 |title=The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=427–436 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.007 |pmid=17905601 |author1 = Funk|author2 = Stephan M.|author3=Sunil Kumar Verma |author4=Greger Larson |author5=Kasturi Prasad |author6=Lalji Singh |author7=Goutam Narayan|author8=John E. Fa |authorlink6=Lalji Singh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Durrell discover unique DNA|url=http://www.durrell.org/latest/news/durrell-discover-unique-dna/|publisher=Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust|date=10 September 2007|website=www.durrell.org|access-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113104/http://www.durrell.org/latest/news/durrell-discover-unique-dna/|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====2015 Nobel Prize Controversy====
[[File:Chemical structures of artemisinin and artemisin .svg|thumb|300x300px|Chemical structures of [[Artemisin|arthemisin]] and [[Artemisinin|arthemisinin]]. Chemically, both of these belong to a group of chemicals known as [[Sesquiterpene lactones]].]]
In 2015 Verma claimed that the malaria treatment drug [[artemisinin]] (initially extracted from ''Artemisia annua'', later synthesized), the discovery of which earned Chinese scientist [[Tu Youyou]] the Lasker Award in 2011 and the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 2015, has roots in older traditional medicine from India under the name [[artemisin]], associated with a related Indian plant species (Hindi: Ajwain) and previously identified as fever-treating.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/scholar-claims-chinese-nobel-prize-winners-malaria-drug-has-indian-roots-651244 |title=Scholar claims Chinese Nobel Prize winner's malaria drug has Indian roots |last= |first= |date=15 October 2015|website=International Business Times |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref> Verma argued that in order to fairly implement the provisions of Article 10 of [[Nagoya Protocol]] on equitable sharing of benefits derived from the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with the genetic resources (such as a plant-based medicine that arises based on the traditional knowledge on the usage of the specific plant or closely related plant species), no single person or country must be allowed to take credit for a genetic resource, or associated traditional knowledge if that previously existed in many countries, merely due to absence of proper documentation, or the inability of a specific country to claim rights on its traditional knowledge due to various reasons such as absence of legal framework.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Letter of Verma written to CBD, as available on the website of CBD |url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/submissions/Art10/CCMB-India-submissionArt10.pdf |website=www.cbd.int |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

== Universal primer technology ==

[[File:SKVerma-honours-awards-csir-technology-awardx500 frame.jpg|thumb|Sunil Kumar Verma receiving the CSIR Technology Award from the Minister of Science & Technology, [[Government of India]] for his contributions to the development of universal primer technology for wildlife identification]]

In March 2001, Verma and [[Lalji Singh]] claimed to have invented a method that they called "universal primer technology", which allowed the identification of any unknown biological sample and its assignment to a known species source.<ref name="Au_p" /><ref name="WO_pat" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Inventors Discover Wildlife Identification Universal Primer|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1175213991.html|work=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon|date=7 December 2006|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329094952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1175213991.html|archive-date=29 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Through its ability to work across a large range of animal species, universal primer technology can identify any bird, fish, reptile or mammal and satisfy legal evidence requirements in a court of law.<ref name="loksabha">{{cite news|title=CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) had developed DNA barcoding technology|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108185|website=www.pib.nic.in|agency=[[Press Information Bureau]], Ministry of Science & Technology, [[Government of India]]|date=6 August 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225163128/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108185|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Lalit T.|title=It's only a leopard: lab finding|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/02/10/stories/2002021003090500.htm|access-date=29 December 2014|date=10 February 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193400/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/02/10/stories/2002021003090500.htm|archive-date=3 March 2018|website=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Patents relating to this invention have been filed in several countries and the research papers published in various journals.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=CCMB develops DNA test to identify animal species|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu: Business Line]]|date=30 April 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121103000/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm|archive-date=21 November 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="upt">{{cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Singh|first2=Lalji|title=Novel universal primers establish identity of enormous number of animal species for forensic application|journal=Molecular Ecology Notes|date=2003|volume=3|pages=28–31|doi=10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Sunil Kumar|last2=Prasad|first2=Kasturi|last3=Nagesh|first3=Narayan|last4=Sultana|first4=Mehar|last5=Singh|first5=Lalji|title=Was elusive carnivore a panther? DNA typing of faeces reveals the mystery|journal=Forensic Science International|date=2003|volume=137|issue=1|pages=16–20|doi=10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00277-9|pmid=14550608}}</ref> This technique of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|CSIR-CCMB]] revitalised the field of wildlife forensics.<ref>{{cite web|last=WTI|title=DNA tests: A breakthrough for wildlife forensics|url=http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/archives/2003/05/14/dna-tests-a-breakthrough-for-wildlife-forensics/|publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]]|date=14 May 2003|website=www.wti.org.in|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225172557/http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/archives/2003/05/14/dna-tests-a-breakthrough-for-wildlife-forensics/|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Theodore|first1=Stanley|title=Was it a leopard or panther slinking by?: New DNA tool helps scientists identify wildlife species|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0612/p13s03-stss.html|website=www.csmonitor.com|publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=12 June 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225163126/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0612/p13s03-stss.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Padma|first1=T.V.|title=Indian genetic test helps combat wildlife crimes|url=http://www.scidev.net/global/news/indian-genetic-test-helps-combat-wildlife-crimes.html|website=www.scidev.net|publisher=[[Science and Development Network|SciDevNet]]|date=5 June 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225164841/http://www.scidev.net/global/news/indian-genetic-test-helps-combat-wildlife-crimes.html|archive-date=25 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is currently being used routinely in LaCONES at the CSIR-CCMB to provide a wildlife forensics service across India in cases pertaining to [[Wildlife Crime Control Bureau|wildlife crime]].<ref name="loksabha" /><ref>{{cite news|last=TNN|title=CCMB develops wildlife forensic test|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ccmb-develops-wildlife-forensic-test/articleshow/44901017.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104064557/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ccmb-develops-wildlife-forensic-test/articleshow/44901017.cms|archive-date=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=TNN|title=Checking wildlife crimes with DNA tests|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/checking-wildlife-crimes-with-dna-tests/articleshow/45002969.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 May 2003|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/checking-wildlife-crimes-with-dna-tests/articleshow/45002969.cms|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Verma's and Singh's contribution to the development of universal primer technology has been recognised by the Indian minister of [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]] and the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] in a written report to the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="loksabha" />

Universal primer technology was also used by Therion International, an independent animal testing lab in New York, to uncover the noted seafood scandal in Florida and other parts of America.<ref>{{cite news|last=Casna|first=Nancy J.|title=DNA sequencing test for species identification, Project # 20220|url=https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=CFE8DC5AF1021840%21152|access-date=27 December 2014|publisher=Therion International, New York|date=8 November 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235737/https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=CFE8DC5AF1021840!152|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="whistle">{{cite news|author=|title=Whistleblower: Is it grouper – or something else?|url=http://www.nbc-2.com/story/10683409/whistleblower-is-that-grouper-on-your-plate|access-date=27 December 2014|website=www.nbc-2.com|publisher=[[NBC|NBC2 News]]|date=17 October 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003649/http://www.nbc-2.com/story/10683409/whistleblower-is-that-grouper-on-your-plate|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Several undercover investigations carried out by the ''[[WBBH-TV|ABC7]] Whistleblower''<ref name="whistle" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nohlgren|first1=Stephen|title=How to prove it's grouper?|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/12/06/State/How_to_prove_it_s_gro.shtml|access-date=27 December 2014|website=www.sptimes.com|publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|date=6 December 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228015013/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/12/06/State/How_to_prove_it_s_gro.shtml|archive-date=28 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[WKRG-TV|WKRG News5]] investigators,<ref>{{cite web|title=DNA sequencing test for species identification, Project # 20097|url=http://media.mgbg.com/media/wkrg/images/snapperreport.pdf|access-date=27 December 2014|website=www.media.mgbg.com|publisher=Therion International, New York|date=9 May 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063413/http://media.mgbg.com/media/wkrg/images/snapperreport.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Grouper DNA Testing|url=http://www.wkrg.com/story/21622907/grouper-dna-testing|access-date=27 December 2014|website=www.wkrg.com|publisher=[[WKRG-TV|WKRG News5]]|date=27 February 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141227221501/http://www.wkrg.com/story/21622907/grouper-dna-testing|archive-date=27 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> revealed that almost half of the seafood was inaccurately labelled as a more expensive variety. This method of species identification used by the Therion International to uncover the seafood scam, was cited as "gold standard" by various labs worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stockman|first1=Dan|title=Lab says species ID method 'tried and true'|url=http://www.fortwayne.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/JG/20071122/LOCAL10/711220379?mytabsmenu=|access-date=28 December 2014|website=www.fortwayne.com|publisher=Fortwayne|date=22 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141228104919/http://www.fortwayne.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/JG/20071122/LOCAL10/711220379%3Fmytabsmenu=|archive-date=28 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hedlund|first1=Steven|title=Q&A: LeeAnn Applewhite, Applied Food Technologies|url=http://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/21066-q-a-leeann-applewhite-applied-food-technologies|access-date=28 December 2014|website=www.seafoodsource.com|publisher=SeaFoodSource|date=18 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228123522/http://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/21066-q-a-leeann-applewhite-applied-food-technologies|archive-date=28 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Universal primer technology and DNA barcoding ===

In February 2015, a credit dispute between universal primer technology and [[DNA barcoding]] came to light.<ref name="nature" /><ref name="cr_toi"/><ref name="cr_stats" /> Verma has argued that [[DNA barcoding]], a technique independently described by zoologist [[Paul D N Hebert]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hebert|first1=Paul DN|last2=Cywinska|first2=Alina|last3=Ball|first3=Shelley L|last4=deWaard|first4=Jeremy R|title=Biological identifications through DNA barcodes|journal=[[Proc Biol Sci]]|date=2003|volume=270|issue=1512|pages=313–321|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2218|pmid=12614582|pmc=1691236}}</ref> is essentially the same as universal primer technology (UPT) and that both utilize standardized, short stretch of DNA from mitochondrial genome, amplified using the specific universal primers, to assign the identity of an unknown biological sample to a particular species.<ref name="AutoZ3-1" /><ref name="upt" /><ref name="nature">{{cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=KS|title=DNA-based animal identification technique in credit dispute|journal=Nature India|date=10 February 2015|doi=10.1038/nindia.2015.20|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Verma claimed that UPT was described earlier than DNA barcoding in his patents,<ref name="AutoZ3-1" /><ref name="WO_pat" /> and publication;<ref name="upt" /> therefore, it should be fairly credited. However, Hebert argued that he was not aware of UPT because its patents were not visible to the broader scientific community due to a substantial interval from its filing in 2001 to grant in 2006.<ref name="nature" /><ref name="cr_toi">{{cite news|last=IANS|title=Indian scientists peeved over credit grab|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indian-scientists-peeved-over-credit-grab/articleshow/46200425.cms|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 February 2015|access-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214092227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indian-scientists-peeved-over-credit-grab/articleshow/46200425.cms|archive-date=14 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cr_stats">{{cite news|last=IANS|title=Indian scientists peeved over credit grab|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/tech/indian-scientists-peeved-over-credit-grab/47957.html|website=www.thestatesman.com|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=11 February 2015|access-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131408/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/tech/indian-scientists-peeved-over-credit-grab/47957.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Literature ==
[[File:WDKB-SKVerma-Voice.ogg|thumb|Wo desh ki beti' (The daughter of the Nation), poems written and narrated by Sunil Kumar Verma, depicting the national pain at the gang rape of its daughters]]

Verma has written several collections of [[Hindi]] poetry on social issues such as the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Charu|title=This is not art, this is pain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/this-is-not-art-this-is-pain/movie-review/41858495.cms|access-date=30 December 2014|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2014}}</ref> In 2014, his work was showcased in Hyderabad by the Association of British Scholars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wo Desh Ki Beti (वो देश की बेटी…!): showcasing the poetry of Dr. SK Verma at LaMakaan Hyderabad |url=http://www.abshyderabad.org/events.html |website=www.abshyderabad.org |publisher=Association of British Scholars |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221165136/http://www.abshyderabad.org/events.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Some notable fellowships and awards conferred to Verma are as follows:
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|I]]Emerging Forensic Scientist Continental Award (1999) from the International Association of Forensics Sciences<ref name="daad_bio" />
* Lindau Fellowship (2003) to represent Indian scholars at the [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings]] in Physiology and Medicine in 2003<ref name="cdc.org.in"/>
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan|Commonwealth Scholarship]] (2003)<ref name="CWS" />
* CSIR Technology Award for Life Sciences" (2008), Jointly conferred to Sunil Kumar Verma and [[Lalji Singh]]<ref name="CTA_dst" />
* NRDC Societal Invention Award (2009), Jointly conferred to Sunil Kumar Verma and [[Lalji Singh]]<ref name="NRDC_nrdc" />
* The BioAsia Innovation Award (2009) <ref name="BIOASIA_bioasia" />
* Fellowship of [[Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology]] Berlin (2010–2013)<ref name ="daad_bio" />
* Research ambassador of [[German Academic Exchange Service|DAAD]] (2010-till death)<ref name ="daad_bio" />

== Selected publications ==
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Sunil Kumar
|last2= Goswami
|first2= Gajendra
| url = http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2814%2900223-0/pdf
| title = DNA evidence: Current perspective and future challenges in India
| journal = Forensic Science International
| volume = 241
| year = 2014
| pages = 183–189
| doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.016
| pmid = 24967868
| url-access = subscription
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Sunil Kumar
| last2= Ganesan
| first2= Trivadi S.
| last3= Parker
| first3= Peter J.
| url = http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0014579308004419/1-s2.0-S0014579308004419-main.pdf?_tid=293e4df2-a928-11e4-a7c3-00000aacb360&acdnat=1422695248_9d55a0fe93336d0a8ab276c0342a3bcf
| title = The tumour suppressor RASSF1A is a novel substrate of PKC
| journal = FEBS Letters
| volume = 582
| issue = 15
| year = 2008
| pages = 2270–2276
| doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.028
| pmid=18514071
| s2cid = 26290925
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round
| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
| volume = 45
| issue = 2
| year = 2007
| pages = 427–436
| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.007
| pmid = 17905601
| last1 = Funk
| first1 = Stephan M.
| last2 = Verma
| first2 = Sunil Kumar
| last3 = Larson
| first3 = Greger
| last4 = Prasad
| first4 = Kasturi
| last5 = Singh
| first5 = Lalji
| last6 = Narayan
| first6 = Gouam
| last7 = Fa
| first7 = John E.
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Sunil Kumar
| first2 = Kasturi
| last3 = Nagesh
| first3 = Narayan
| last4 = Sultana
| first4 = Mehar
| last5 = Singh
| first5 = Lalji
| url = http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2803%2900277-9/abstract
| title = Was elusive carnivore a panther? DNA typing of faeces reveals the mystery
| journal = Forensic Science International
| volume = 137
| issue = 1
| year = 2003
| pages = 16–20
| doi = 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00277-9
| pmid = 14550608
| last2 = Prasad
| url-access = subscription
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Sunil Kumar
| last2= Singh
| first2= Lalji
| title = Novel universal primers establish identity of enormous number of animal species for forensic application
| journal = Molecular Ecology Notes
| volume = 3
| year = 2003
| pages = 28–31
| doi = 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Verma
| first1 = Sunil Kumar
| last2= Khanna
| first2= Vijay
| last3= Singh
| first3= Nagendra
| title = Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Indian scented basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for identification of variability and duplicate accessions, if any
| journal = [[Electrophoresis (journal)|Electrophoresis]]
| volume = 20
| issue = 8
| year = 1999
| pages = 1786–1789
| pmid = 10435450
| doi=10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:8<1786::aid-elps1786>3.0.co;2-5
| s2cid = 21965899
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Sunil Kumar Verma}}

== External links ==
* [http://biogov.in/article/from-the-editors-desk-two-words-grace-for-biogov/ From the Editors desk: Two words of Grace for BioGov]
* [http://shraddhanjali.in/ Shraddhanjali: Collection of some Hindi Poems written by Sunil Verma]
* [http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/ Nirbhaya: Wo Desh Ki Beti collections of Hindi Poems written by Sunil Verma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306221822/http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/ |date=6 March 2015 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Sunil}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Green College, Oxford]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Raja Nagam

2026-03-04T04:52:01Z

BeauBasaldua8: Creating Article.

{{short description|1974 film by N. S. Manian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raja Nagam.jpg
| alt = A man stands prominently in the background, behind two women: one wearing western clothes, another wearing a sari.
| caption = Film poster
| director = N. S. Manian
| screenplay = N. S. Manian
| story = [[T. R. Subba Rao]]
| producer = N. S. Manian
| starring = {{ubl|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]|[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]|[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]|[[Major Sundarrajan]]}}
| cinematography = Chandrasekharan
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Jagajothi Pictures
| distributor = Jayam Combines
| released = {{film date|1974|7|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Raja Nagam''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ə|_|ˌ|n|ɑː|ɡ|ə|m}} {{Translation|[[King cobra]]}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKie |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald McKie |title=The Company of Animals: A Naturalist's Adventures in the Jungle of Malaya |publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt, Brace & World]] |year=1965 |pages=244 |oclc=1063575}}</ref> is a 1974 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written, produced and directed by N. S. Manian. It is a remake of the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972) which was based on three Kannada novels written by [[T. R. Subba Rao]]: ''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara''. The film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]]. It was released on 25 July 1974 and became a commercial success, with Shubha winning the Chennai Film Fans' Association Award for Best Supporting Actress.

== Plot ==
Krishnamurthi is a short-tempered, but well-meaning college student. His father dislikes him because he is unpopular in the town as a ruffian. His mother is worried about his future. One person who truly understands Krishnamurthi is his primary school teacher, called "Vaathiyar" (teacher). Krishnamurthi finds the company of his teacher and his wife more interesting than that of his parents and considers them as his parents. Krishnamurthi has high regard for Vaathiyar even though he is no longer his academic teacher and would do whatever his teacher would say without thinking.

Krishnamurthi meets his friend Varadarajan [[Iyengar]]'s sister Alamelu. Her beauty has maddened a neighbourhood hooligan, who stalks her. After Alamelu complains to Varada about this, Varada seeks to end the [[eve teasing]] but he is a timid, pusillanimous person. He asks Krishnamurthi for help. Krishnamurthi agrees based on the condition that he should marry Alamelu. Krishnamurthi fights the hooligan and drives him away from Alamelu's life. Alamelu and Krishnamurthi fall in love.

Although Alamelu and Krishnamurthi are truly in love, Alamelu's marriage is fixed with a man of her caste. When Alamelu tries to refuse the proposal by saying she is in love with Krishnamurthi and asks for Varada's support, Varada says that he never gave Krishnamurthi any promise and deceives Krishnamurthi. Vaathiyar tells Krishnamurthi to give up hope on Alamelu, convincing him that sacrifice is a greater act than selfish love; Krishnamurthi assents. He later reciprocates the feelings of Margaret, his college mate. As time passes, he overcomes Alamelu and devotes himself to Margaret.

While on a trip to another place, Krishnamurthi meets Alamelu in a five-star hotel as a prostitute; she reveals that her husband sold her into flesh trade and she had turned into a prostitute, and upon realising that Krishnamurthi loves Margaret, advises him not to leave her. After Krishnamurthi returns to his town and decides to marry Margaret, their families object to this because Krishnamurthi is an [[Iyer]] and Margaret is a [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christian]]. As a result, Krishnamurthi and Margaret decide to flee through the hills.

Vaathiyar catches up and tells Krishnamurthi that by sacrificing his love for Margaret, he will be holding his religion and tradition before love. Krishnamurthi says he will not assent because the last time he did, it went wrong and Alamelu became a prostitute. Vaathiyar, accused now of ruining Alamelu's life, realises that Krishnamurthi was right and he was wrong. However, he says Krishnamurthi's parents will still not agree to the marriage. Krishnamurthi decides to leave with Margaret to another town and Vaathiyar tries to stop him, but Krishnamurthi accidentally pushes him down the hill to his death. Remorseful, Krishnamurthi asks Margaret if she will join him where he goes; she says she will, and both jump to their deaths.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Krishnamurthi
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Alamelu
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Margaret
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Vaathiyar
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Varadaraja [[Iyengar]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* K. Kannan as Margaret's uncle
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah]]
* S. R. Veeraraghavan
* [[:ta:ஐ. எஸ். இராமச்சந்திரன்|I. S. R.]]
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as an orthodox mother
* [[Sukumari]] as Alamelu's mother
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] (guest appearance)
* [[Suruli Rajan]] (guest appearance)
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Margaret's mother
}}

== Production ==
''Raja Nagam'' is a remake of the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQLeCwAAQBAJ&q=%22raja+naagam%22&pg=PA225 |title=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and interpretations |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-64962-0 |editor-last=Kishore |editor-first=Vikrant |pages=225 |editor-last2=Sarwal |editor-first2=Amit |editor-last3=Patra |editor-first3=Parichay}}</ref> itself based on three different novels: ''Nagarahavu'', ''Ondu Gandu Eradu Hennu'' and ''Sarpa Mathsara'', all written by [[T. R. Subba Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deepak |first=S N |date=15 July 2018 |title=Vishnuvardhan classic back in restored avatar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-bengaluru/vishnuvardhan-classic-back-681407.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909074226/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-bengaluru/vishnuvardhan-classic-back-681407.html |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2018 |title=Vishnuvardhan's all-time classic 'Nagarahavu' to re-release |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishnuvardhan-s-all-time-classic-nagarahavu-re-release-84608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719060844/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishnuvardhan-s-all-time-classic-nagarahavu-re-release-84608 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The remake was directed by N. S. Manian, who also produced the film under Jagajothi Pictures, and wrote the screenplay.<ref name="Dharap" /> [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]'s role as the male lead Krishnamurthi was a departure from the villainous roles he was generally known for.<ref name="kalkionline" /> [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], who portrayed Margaret in ''Nagarahavu'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Vinay Kumar |date=19 January 2020 |title='Naagarahaavu' vs 'KGF': What a comparison of the cult hits reveals about Kannada cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naagarahaavu-vs-kgf-what-comparison-cult-hits-reveals-about-kannada-cinema-116388 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119132704/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naagarahaavu-vs-kgf-what-comparison-cult-hits-reveals-about-kannada-cinema-116388 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> reprised her role.<ref name="kalkionline" /> Cinematography was handled by Chandrasekharan,<ref name="blast from the past" /> and editing by R. Devarajan.<ref name="Dharap" /> The film was prominently shot at [[Bhongir Fort|Bhuvanagiri Fort]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Raja Nagam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Jagajothi Pictures |year=1974 |time=0:00 to 0:03 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{convert|3789.27|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=20 December 1975 |title=Raja Naagam (Tamil) (Colour) (35mm.) (Indian). |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.420/page/n195/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231112011937/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.420/page/n195/mode/2up |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=2495 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Kumar]], while the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajanagam (ராஜநாகம்) |url=https://www.cdandlp.com/en/v.-kumar/rajanagam-%28%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%29/7inch/r2414211376/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230907090953/https://www.cdandlp.com/en/v.-kumar/rajanagam-(%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)/7inch/r2414211376/ |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=cdandlp.com}}</ref> "Devan Yesuvin Vedam" (also known as "Devan Vedhamum Kannan Geethaiyum") became the film's most popular song.<ref name="Dharap" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=ஒரு பேனாவின் பயணம் – 67 – சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=The journey of a pen – 67 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12437 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180814103358/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/12437 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dhevan Vedhamum
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Mannavan Thottanadi
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| length2 =
| title3 = Samudhaya Veedhiyile
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 =
| title4 = Manavan Ninaithal
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length4 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Raja Nagam'' was released on 25 July 1974,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ராஜநாகம் / Rajanagam (1974) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/rajanagam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103044308/https://screen4screen.com/movies/rajanagam |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and was distributed by Jayam Combines.<ref name="Dharap" /> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for the cast performances, Manian's dialogues and direction, and the cinematography.<ref name="kalkionline" /> It was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="blast from the past" /> Shubha went on to win the Chennai Film Fans' Association Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2000 |title=அன்றிலிருந்து இன்றுவரை சினிமா |trans-title=Cinema from then till today |url=http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/March%2015,%2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192205/http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/March%2015,%2000.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=Vlambaram |pages=7 |language=ta}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Kode Nagu]]''
* ''[[Zehreela Insaan]]''

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="blast from the past">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 November 2016 |title=Raja Nagam (1974) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Raja-Nagam-1974/article16437513.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814110903/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Raja-Nagam-1974/article16437513.ece |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kalkionline">{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=1 September 1974 |title=ராஜ நாகம் |url=https://ibb.co/ThGpxBw |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113051858/https://ibb.co/ThGpxBw |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Dharap">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22raja+naagam%22 |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1974 |pages=229 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311131632/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22raja+naagam%22 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Prabhas Patan

2026-03-03T09:41:34Z

BeauBasaldua8: minor edit

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Veraval, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prabhas Patan
| official_name =
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| nickname = 
| image_skyline = Somanath mandir (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Somnath Temple
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|53|23|N|70|24|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
| registration_plate = GJ-32
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| native_name = Dev Patan
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Veraval]]
}}
'''Prabhas Patan''', historically named '''Dev Patan''', is a locality in [[Veraval]], [[Gujarat]]. As the site of the [[Somnath temple]] and its associated [[Jyotirlinga]] (an [[aniconic]] representation of the god [[Shiva]]), it is an important [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|place of Hindu pilgrimage]].

==Places of interest==

[[File:Somanatha view-II.JPG|thumb|The [[Somnath Temple]] at Prabhas Patan, Veraval.]]
'''Somnath temple''' - One of the twelve jyotirlinga of [[Shiva]].

'''Daityusudan Temple'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/266|title=Other Historical Sites, Somnath, Junagadh, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India|website=www.gujarattourism.com}}</ref> - is an ancient one with an image of [[Vishnu]] from the 7th century AD. It is located close to the Somanath Mahadev temple, Northerly. Chandraprabh Swami [[Jainism|Jain]] temple lays adjacent to this temple.

'''Mahakali Temple''' - lies close Somnath Mahadev temple. It was built by Queen Ahalyabai Holkar of Indore in 1783 AD. Other spots in the temple are Shri Kapardi Vinayak and Shri Hanuman Temple in addition to Vallabhghat. Vallabhghat is a beautiful sunset point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somnath.org/Home/Somnath-Darshan|title=Somnath Darshan|website=www.somnath.org}}</ref>

'''Prabhas Museum''' - Down the lane to the north of the temple is a museum with important archaeological remains from the former Somnath Temple. Though lacking in proper documentation or guidebooks, the time spent here is worth the journey, with the remains of the ancient shrine reconstructed by the [[Chalukyan]] Maharaja Shri Mularaja Deva Solanki of Anhilvada Patan. To some, the museum is even more interesting than the modern temple, for it preserves stone sculptures, inscriptions and pottery from several periods.

'''Rudralay Mahadev or Rudreshvara Temple''' – Built in 11th or 13th century AD is located to left of the road to the Triveni Ghat.

'''Parsuram or Parshuram Temple<ref name="somnath.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.somnath.org/home/other-temples|title=OtherTemple|website=www.somnath.org}}</ref>''' – located to the right of the road to [[Triveni Sangam]], opposite to Rudralay temple, is popular among devotees. [[Parashurama|Lord Parshuram]], the son of Goddess [[Renuka]] and a pious sage [[Jamadagni]] is believed to be the sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu and one of the seven immortals ([[Chiranjivi]]) as stated in [[Hindu mythology]]. This locale is believed to be the very place where Lord Parshuram had performed a severe penance in the honour of Lord Somnath in order to get rid of the sin committed as a Kshatriya Vadh. The Parshuram Temple of Triveni Tirtha happens to be one of the rare temples dedicated to Lord Parshuram. This baroque temple adjoined by two ancient bathing water tanks (holy kunds) is a much sought after religious destination where devotees spend time in prayers and meditation. The temple edifice is divided into three sub structures; Sabha mandap, Central mandap and a [[Garbhagriha]]. The Garbhagriha of this shrine houses the idol of Lord Parshuram sided by two idols of Kala and Kama. The temple complex also comprises the sub shrines dedicated to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]] and [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]]. Additionally, a smaller shrine consecrating the Goddess Renuka is also positioned behind the main temple. Endowed with its religious and mythological significance as well as its charismatic scenic background, this temple is much frequented by the devotees and the tourists all round the year.

'''Triveni Sangam Ghat''' of Somnath established at the confluence of the three holy rivers [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]], Kapil and Hiran is a sacrosanct locale highly revered by Hindus as the Moksha Teerth. This is the place where the three blessed rivers flow into the [[Arabian Sea]]. As the sea is the ultimate destination of a river, obtaining [[Moksha]] is the ultimate goal of the human life. The three rivers Saraswati, Kapil and Hiran stand for the three stages of the life; birth, life and death. Triveni Sangam Snanaghat is the sacred site for taking a divine and sin cleansing dip in the Triveni Sangam. Apart from that, this Snanaghat is also acclaimed as the place where ‘[[Pitru]] - [[Tarpana]]’ can be offered to your departed ancestors. Triveni Ghat has a significant place in Hindu Mythology and [[Puranas]]. It is believed that Lord Krishna walked to this holy spot after he was struck by an arrow shot by Jara, a hunter in Bhalka tirth.

'''Balaramji ki Gufa''' (Baldev Gufa or Dauji - ni - Gufa) - Lord [[Balarama]] the elder brother of Lord Sri Krishna was all through accompanying Lord Sri Krishna in His final journey. After witnessing the [[Nirvana]] of Lord Sri Krishna, Lord Balarama (Aadisesha Avathara) cast off his human form and left for his abode from a nearby place in his original serpent form. This place is marked by an ancient holy cave known as Dauji - ni - Gufa where you can find the mark of [[Aadiseshan|Aadisesha]] depicted on the cave wall from where he said to have departed. This place is adjacent to the place of Sri Krishna’s Nirvana.

'''The Kamnath Mahadev Temple and Sharda peet<ref name="visitsomnath.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitsomnath.com/Somnath-sightseeing/panch-pandav-gufa |title=Panch Pandav Gufa Somnath | Somnath Sightseeing | Somnath Tourism |access-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418180353/http://www.visitsomnath.com/Somnath-sightseeing/panch-pandav-gufa |archive-date=18 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>''' – Built about 200 years ago by a Mayurdhwaj King, Kamnath Mahadev is a renowned temple located in Somnath, opposite to triveni sangam, close to suraj mandir. This is a large temple complex with a holy pond known as Dudhiyu Talav, water well known as Gangvo Kuvo and a bathing pool named as Mahadev no Kund. It is believed that Mayurdhwaj King recovered from leprosy after taking bath in this place, and devotees to this day take dip in this water for its healing powers. There is a saying in Gujarat, "He who does not bath at the Kund is as good as dead or is a living dead". A huge temple of the main deity, Kamnath, occupies the center surrounded by many small structures. It is believed that ages ago Shiva had reduced Kama to ashes by unleashing the fury of his third eye, hence the name Kamanath. In the interiors, there is a long, narrow cave where Adi Shankaracharya meditated for years. A spectacular presentation of all the twelve jyotirlings of Shiva is shown at the opening of this cave.

'''Suraj Mandir<ref name="visitsomnath.com"/>''' - also popularly known as Sun Temple, in Somnath is also an ancient temple dating back to the origin of Somnath temple. This temple is situated at the north of the Triveni Ghat. The temple architecture is amazing with many images of elephants, lions and other birds and animals. There is also a step well in the temple premises. This temple too was attacked many a times by Muslim foreign invaders.

'''Panch Pandava Gufa<ref name="visitsomnath.com"/>''' (Hinglaj Mata Gufa) - established near Lalghati in Somnath, close to Suraj Mandir is a cave temple that was expanded to present form in 1949 by the late Baba Narayandas. The pandav brothers, during their exile, are believed to have done penance in the caves in order to impress lord Shiva. Pandav brothers also worshiped Hinglaj Mataji along with lord Shiva here. Old temple might have been built around 15th century. Positioned at an elevated locus on a small hillock and offering the panoramic prospects of the adjoining Somnath town and the Sea, this temple is dedicated to the five [[Pandava]] brothers [narrow steps lead to the cave and temple]. Apart from the idols of Pandavas, this temple also enshrines the idols of Lord Shiva, Goddess Durga, Lord Rama, Devi Sita, Laxman and Hanuman. Set up amidst the picturesque milieu and the calm and cool spiritual ambiance, the Panch Pandava Gufa temple also accommodates a Sanskrit college in its premises. Cave here is also referred as Aravalem caves; another namesake cave located in Goa is very popular.

'''Gita Mandir<ref name="somnath.org"/>''' - placed at the confluence of three holy rivers known as Triveni Tirtha. As the legend goes, the Gita Mandir is nested at the very exact spot where Lord Sri Krishna after being shot by a hunter at the Bhalka Teerth had rested for a while before departing for His ‘Neej Dham’ at Dehotsarg. Lord Krishna with his bleeding foot is said to have walked about 4 km from Bhalka Teerth to this location. Marvelously built in polished marble stone, the Gita Mandir enshrines the idol of Lord Krishna in its sanctum. This idol of the presiding deity is flanked by two statues of Lord Laxminarayan and Lord SitaRam. The footprint of Lord Shri Krishna is carved here to mark the divine memory of Shri Krishna Neejdham Prasthan Leela. The most remarkable aspect of the Gita Mandir is its eighteen marble pillars that bear the 18 Adhyays of Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta carved on them. The interiors of the temple are decorated with several paintings depicting various life episodes of Lord Krishna. The Gita Mandir is constructed in such a way that any sound made within the temple is echoed. As a result, the Krishna Bhajans and Stotras recited inside the temple echo in the environment and create a spiritual appeal.

'''Lakshminarayan Temple<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismguideindia.com/somnath.htm|title=tourismguideindia.com - tourismguideindia Resources and Information.|website=www.tourismguideindia.com}}</ref>''' - located adjacent to the Gita Mandir along river Hiren is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Laxmi. Positioned along the pristine Beachside this Mandir is revered for enshrining the divine ‘Shree vigraha’ of Bhagwan Laxminarayan. Supposed to be fashioned after the Laxminarayan Temple of Badrinath, this temple is built in modern Indian style of architecture. This daunting structure erected in glossy marbles and ornamented with beautiful carvings and engravings is distinguished for its commanding architectonics. The carvings on the temple walls depict the episodes chronicled in the Hindu Puranas. Apart from the idol of Lord Laxminarayan, this temple also enshrines several other idols of various Hindu Gods and Goddesses.

'''Shree Mahaprabhuji Bethakji''' - is located close to Gita Mandir. At the Dehotsargt Tirth Shri Vallabhacharya gave discourses on Shrimad Bhagvat Gita for seven days, and this place is 65th of such 84 bethakjis.

'''Bhimnath Mahadev''' – located little North of Gita Mandir is yet another small ancient temple, which was ransacked by Muslim rulers in past.

'''Shree Veneshwar Mahadev Temple''' dedicated to Lord Shiv – located in center of town opposite the Somnath Trust Dharamshala Gate, can also be reached Westerly from Dholeshvar mandir on a narrow path. The Rajputa "Vaja" clan was in charge of Somnath during the Muslim desecrations. As the legend goes, when Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Somnath in 1025 AD, the king gave him a tough resistance. As the king was not surrendering, Mahmud of Ghazni hatched a new plan. He found out that the king had a daughter named Veni who used to pay a visit to this Shiva Temple stationed outside the fort wall of Prabhas Patan every day. Mahmud of Ghazni decided that he would kidnap Veni and then force the king to yield. When the soldiers of Gazani attempted so later, the Shiv ling spontaneously got divided and the princess got buried into it. The Shiv temple here since then is known as "Veneshwar temple". The prints of the Veni as well as the marks of the Shiva Lingam being split open can still be seen on the Lingam here. This incredible episode of Princess Veni’s deliverance is eulogized in his novel by the prolific Gujarati novelist K M Munshi.

'''Prabhas Buddhist Caves<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Govt-plans-to-preserve-Buddhist-caves/articleshow/7819408.cms|title=Govt plans to preserve Buddhist caves - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>''' are very ancient caves, located North-west of Dholeshwar, close to highway.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Veraval]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gir Somnath district]]

Barfi!

2026-03-02T09:22:32Z

BeauBasaldua8: added info

{{Short description|2012 film by Anurag Basu}}
{{About|the 2012 Hindi film|the 2013 Kannada film|Barfi (film)|other uses|Barfi (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Silence (2011 film)|the Finnish film|Hiljaisuus}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Barfi!
| image = Barfi! poster.jpg
| alt = One man and two women sit on an old wooden bench smiling at the camera, with fields of [[Darjeeling]] in the background. The title, director, producer, and distributor information is printed across the top. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the release date and the rest of the credits.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anurag Basu]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| writer = Anurag Basu {{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=Sanjeev Datta}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]|[[Priyanka Chopra]]|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| music = [[Pritam]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = [[Akiv Ali]]
| studio = {{ubl|Ishana Movies|[[UTV Motion Pictures]]}}
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2012|9|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 150 minutes
| budget = ₹35 crore<ref name="Barfi!-Movie">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1061|title=Barfi!-Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}175 crore<ref name="Barfi!-Movie">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1061|title=Barfi!-Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Barfi!''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Anurag Basu]], and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. The film stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] (in her Hindi film debut) with [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Roopa Ganguly]] and [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] in supporting roles. Set in [[Darjeeling]] and [[Kolkata]] of the 1970s, the film focuses on Barfi (Kapoor), a [[deaf-mute]] young man based in Darjeeling, and his relationships with two girls, the beautiful Shruti (D'Cruz) and the [[Autism|autistic]] Jhilmil (Chopra).

Made on a budget of [[Indian rupee|₹]]35 crore, ''Barfi!'' was released on 14 September 2012. The film received widespread critical acclaim for the cast performances, direction, screenplay, cinematography, music and the portrayal of physically disabled people. It was a major commercial success, becoming one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2012|highest-grossing films of 2012]] in India and overseas, grossing {{INR|175}} crore worldwide. Since its release, ''Barfi!'' is considered as a [[Cult film|cult classic]] for its refreshing story, soundtrack, performances of the cast, and feel-good factor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Barfi! mastered the art of silent storytelling |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/news/bollywood/how-barfi-mastered-the-art-of-silent-storytelling-77632.amp |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was selected as [[List of India's official entries to the Oscars|India's official entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] nomination for the [[85th Academy Awards]]. ''Barfi!'' won [[List of accolades received by Barfi!|several awards and nominations]] at various award ceremonies across India. At the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], ''Barfi!'' received 12 nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Basu), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Chopra) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (D'Cruz), and won 7 awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kapoor), [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] (D'Cruz) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] ([[Pritam]]).

== Plot ==
===1972 ===
Murphy, also known as Barfi, is an optimistic, street-smart, charming young man who was born deaf and mute to a couple in [[Darjeeling]]. His mother died after giving birth to him. His father Jungbahadur raised him alone while working as a chauffeur. Barfi is known as a troublemaker; he cuts lampposts, plays practical jokes, and is chased by Inspector Sudhanshu Dutta, a local police officer. Barfi meets Shruti Ghosh, a gorgeous, educated young girl who has just arrived in Darjeeling. She is engaged to Ranjeet Sengupta and is due to get married in three months, but Barfi is immediately smitten with Shruti. She also falls in love with Barfi, but Shruti's mother dissuades her from pursuing him because he could not take care of her with his disabilities and lack of money. Shruti unwillingly takes her mother's advice, marries Ranjeet, and leaves town, cutting off all contact with Barfi.

Meanwhile, Barfi's father suffers from kidney failure and Barfi is compelled to somehow raise the amount of [[Indian rupee|₹]]7000 for his surgery. After an unsuccessful attempt to rob a local bank, Barfi contemplates the kidnapping of Jhilmil Chatterjee, his autistic childhood friend and wealthy heiress of her grandfather's fortune, for a ransom. Upon arriving, Barfi discovers that Jhilmil has already been kidnapped and her father, Durjoy Chatterjee, files a police report and arranges a ransom of ₹50,000 as demanded. Barfi is escaping from Inspector Dutta from the bank robbery case and spots Jhilmil in a van. He sneaks inside and drives Jhilmil away from the ransom delivery. Barfi proceeds to hide her in his apartment with the police in pursuit. Barfi writes a new ransom note for ₹7000 and collects the amount from Jhilmil's father, but finds that his father has died just as he makes the hospital payment. Dejected, Barfi tries to leave Jhilmil at the village of her caretaker, but she refuses to leave him and the two soon move to [[Kolkata]], where Barfi assumes responsibility for Jhilmil and takes care of her.

===1978===
Six years later, Barfi and Shruti reunite by chance in Kolkata. Shruti is unhappy with her marriage with Ranjeet, and rekindles her friendship with Barfi, much to the chagrin of the lovestruck Jhilmil, who then goes missing in the city. Shruti files a missing person report for Jhilmil. Inspector Dutta and the Darjeeling police learn about the report, resume their pursuit of Barfi and arrest him. Shruti strives hard to help Barfi and Ranjeet abandons her as a result. As he is being interrogated, another ransom demand for Jhilmil is made and she is apparently killed in the process of the exchange, though her cadaver is never recovered. Inspector Dutta is confused at how Jhilmil's father received a ransom note for her in Darjeeling when she had been living in Kolkata for last six years. In order to conclude the case, the police decide to frame Barfi for Jhilmil's murder, but Inspector Dutta, who grew fond of Barfi after investigating him for his nuisances, asks Shruti to take him away, offering him a second chance at life. She agrees and hopes that now Jhilmil is dead, she can finally be with Barfi.

However, Barfi is deeply affected by Jhilmil's loss and finds living with Shruti unfulfilled. He eventually finds the location of Jhilmil's childhood home from the scribbles that she made in their house. Barfi takes Shruti to the place to find Jhilmil, and in a [[plot twist]], the two discover that Jhilmil is alive all along, and that both the kidnappings were fabricated by her father so that he could embezzle money from Jhilmil's [[Trust (law)|trust fund]]. In the second attempt, the second time, Jhilmil's caretakers from her childhood foster home colluded with Jhilmil's father and faked her death so that she could return to her special-care home, away from her alcoholic mother. In return, Jhilmil's father received control of the trust fund that Jhilmil's late grandfather had left behind for her. Barfi happily reunites with Jhilmil and the two get married, while Shruti spends the rest of her days alone, regretting the loss of her chance to be with Barfi, but still happy about Barfi and Jhilmil reuniting.

===2012===
In the present day, Barfi is gravely ill in a [[hospital]] and is close to death. Jhilmil arrives and lies with Barfi in his [[hospital bed]] as Shruti narrates that the two died peacefully together, not wanting to leave each other behind in life or death. The film closes showing the last days of Barfi and Jhilmil as credits roll.

== Cast ==
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as Murphy (a.k.a. Barfi) who is an optimistic, street-smart, charming young man who was born deaf and mute to a couple in Darjeeling
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Jhilmil Chatterjee
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Shruti Ghosh Sengupta
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Inspector Sudhanshu Dutta
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Durjoy Chatterjee: Jhilmil's father
* [[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Piyali: Shruti's friend
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Ranjeet Sengupta: Shruti's fiancé-turned-husband
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Mrs. Ghosh: Shruti's mother
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Mr. Ghosh: Shruti's father
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] as Daju: Jhilmil's special-care homeowner
* [[Arun Bali]] as Nanaji: Jhilmil's maternal grandfather
* Preeti Mamgain as Mrs. Chatterjee: Jhilmil's mother
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Jungbahadur Chhetri: Barfi's father
* Kenneth Desai as Senior Inspector
* Rajeev Mishra as Inspector Dutta's assistant
* Bholaraj Sapkota as Bhola: Barfi's friend
* Sujata Sehgal as Ms. D'Souza: founding member of Jhilmil's special-care home

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{quote box
| quote = I tried to make the story linear. But it wasn't working. See, ''Barfi'' is a very simple story. If I had kept the narrative linear then I'd have lost my audience. I think if I had removed the non-linear narrative you wouldn't have enjoyed the film. I know Indian viewers get disturbed by non-linear narrations. I wrote ''Barfi'' straight. But it was boring that way.
| align = right
| width = 35%
| source = – Anurag Basu, on writing the narrative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Barfi-Anurag-Basu-plans-an-English-version/articleshow/16446030.cms |title=Barfi!: Anurag Basu plans an English version |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013072439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Barfi-Anurag-Basu-plans-an-English-version/articleshow/16446030.cms |archive-date=13 October 2015}}</ref>
}}

During the production of his previous directorial venture ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'' (2010), director [[Anurag Basu]] wrote a two-page short story which was later developed into the script of ''Barfi!''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anurag Basu's happy state of mind the reason behind Barfi! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_anurag-basu-s-happy-state-of-mind-the-reason-behind-barfi_1740404 |author=Prabhakaran, Mahalakshmi |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=13 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029084052/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_anurag-basu-s-happy-state-of-mind-the-reason-behind-barfi_1740404 |archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> The film script that Basu wrote alternated between two time periods, and he retained the [[nonlinear narrative]] structure. He said that the script required a 30-year time span for the characters' love to grow and thus set the backdrop of the film in the 1970s.<ref name="htint">{{cite web |title=Barfi! is my most personal film Anurag Basu |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/barfi-is-my-most-personal-film-anurag-basu/story-4nd99QStrGZ5v7Dp5vybKM.html |author=Jha, Subhash K. |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044813/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/barfi-is-my-most-personal-film-anurag-basu/story-4nd99QStrGZ5v7Dp5vybKM.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

In June 2010, Anurag Basu confirmed that his film would feature three lead roles, a deaf-mute man, a mentally challenged girl, and a narrator.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anurag breaks his 'silence'! |url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010/June/News_20100614_56 |publisher=Star Box Office |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216203504/http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010/June/News_20100614_56|archive-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> With former titles like ''Khamoshi'' or ''Silence'', media reports said the story was grim or dark. However, Basu stated that on the contrary, the film was happy.<ref name=delay>{{cite web |title=Barfi not a silent film, says Anurag Basu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/barfi-not-a-silent-film-says-anurag-basu-108018-2012-07-03 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101195102/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-not-a-silent-film-says-anurag-basu/1/203732.html |archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> According to Basu, he paid homage to [[Buster Keaton]] and [[Charlie Chaplin]] by adding scenes inspired by the era of silent cinema and using physical comedy in the film, involving silent portions.<ref name='It was my shortcoming'>{{cite web |title=Barfi director Anurag Basu responds to plagiarism charges |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-was-my-shortcoming-anurag-basu-responds-to-plagiarism-charges/295385-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205211121/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/it-was-my-shortcoming-anurag-basu-responds-to-plagiarism-charges/295385-8-66.html |archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] played the lead roles
| footer_align = center
| image1 = Ranbir Kapoor.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| image2 = Priyanka At Nikon Camera Launch.jpg
| width2 = 207
| alt2 =
}}
In March 2010, it was reported that [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Asin Thottumkal]] were signed to play the lead roles in the film before being replaced by [[Katrina Kaif]] then titled ''Khamoshi'' and later ''Silence'', which Basu confirmed.<ref name="cast">{{cite web |title=Priyanka to act with Katrina |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/mar/290310-priyanka-to-act-with-katrina.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=29 March 2010 |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231203/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/mar/290310-priyanka-to-act-with-katrina.htm |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

Basu wanted to cast [[Asin Thottumkal]] for the role of Jhilmil, an autistic girl.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 13:40</ref> Basu's wife, Tani suggested Chopra's name for the role. However, Basu feared that the audience would see "the Priyanka Chopra" and not the character due to Chopra's stardom.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Basu explained "I had the fear that I would see Priyanka Chopra in the character and Jhilmil wouldn't work. This has happened in many films where known faces have harmed the character."<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Priyanka Chopra was cast to play the part but, the development was not announced as Basu wanted to workshop first and see how it goes. After three days of workshop, Basu was convinced that Chopra could play the part and reflected that he was glad that he chose Chopra for the role.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="man">{{cite web |title=The Barfi! man |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120917/jsp/entertainment/story_15984719.jsp |author=Gupta, Pratim D. |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123044738/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120917/jsp/entertainment/story_15984719.jsp |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Later, Basu revealed that he did not approach any actress after Chopra for the part.<ref name="htint" />

After Chopra was cast in the film, Kaif left the project for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka's powerful 'Silence' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Priyankas-powerful-Silence/articleshow/6199519.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-23/news-interviews/28296338_1_priyanka-chopra-asin-anurag-basu |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Media reported that she may have opted out of the film because Chopra had been given a stronger role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina quits Ranbir's film |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/mar/310310-katrina-quits-ranbir-movie.htm |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231206/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/mar/310310-katrina-quits-ranbir-movie.htm |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Later, media reported that [[Asin Thottumkal]] was approached to play the role of the narrator once again, replacing Kaif.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asin, Priyanka in Anurag's next! |author=Jha, Subhash K. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Asin-Priyanka-in-Anurags-next/articleshow/6945845.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603200343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/news-interviews/28261067_1_asin-anurag-basu-s-silence-priyanka-chopra |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 November 2010 |access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> However, Asin refused the offer due to date clashes. Media reported that no other actress wanted to sign for the film because according to them, Chopra's part was stronger. In July 2010, ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' reported that Chopra was ready to play the role of narrator, so that another actress could be cast in the film as she did not want the film to stall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka breaks her silence |url=https://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Priyanka-breaks-her-silence/articleshow/16036870.cms? |author=Jha, Subhash K. |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235903/http://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Priyanka-breaks-her-silence/articleshow/16036870.cms |archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Basu confirmed this development and said, "It's true we've been unable to cast the other part." After facing several casting problems, Basu chose to cast a completely new fresh face to play the second female role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asin lost out role opposite Ranbir ! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Asin-lost-out-role-opposite-Ranbir-/articleshow/6119330.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603203640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/news-interviews/28286136_1_london-dreams-south-indian-actress-poor-asin |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2010 |access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> In early December 2010, [[Ileana D'Cruz]], an actress who worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]], was finalised for the second female lead, featuring as narrator and Kapoor's first love interest in the film, thus making her debut in Bollywood with the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jha, Subhash K. |title=Anurag Basu confirms Telugu actress Ileana D'Cruz opposite Ranbir in Barfii |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 December 2010 |access-date=9 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003124508/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/12/13/15063/index.html |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Characters ===

Kapoor played the role of a deaf and mute man in the film. According to Kapoor, he took inspiration from screen legends such as [[Roberto Benigni]], Charlie Chaplin and his grandfather [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 10:30</ref> Due to the protagonist's physical disability, Basu did not want to use any sign language but, some behavioural patterns in the film.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 12:20</ref> Kapoor described his character as a regular, happy-go-lucky and good-hearted guy.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 9:07</ref>

Chopra played the role of Jhilmil. Basu described Chopra's role as the "toughest" in the film.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> To prepare for the role, Chopra visited several mental institutions and spent time with autistic people. She said she had to research a little for the role because in India awareness about autism is very low.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Priyanka Chopra's Kottayam connection? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_what-is-priyanka-chopras-kottayam-connection_1740013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Prabhakaran, Mahalakshmi |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025091259/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_what-is-priyanka-chopras-kottayam-connection_1740013 |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Chopra told that she had to let go of every inhibition probably that she had as a Hindi film heroine and play Jhilmil without thinking of it. She explained that she needed two moments to become Jhilmil because she didn't identify with her character due to the difference between her thoughts and behaviour.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 17:35</ref>

D'cruz, who portrayed the narrator and first love interest of the protagonist said "Shruti, is such a sensitive role to play as she goes to different phases in the film."<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 19:55</ref>

According to Basu, after Kapoor, Chopra and D'cruz's characters, [[Saurabh Shukla]]'s character as Inspector Dutta was the most important. Basu described the role as an "amazing" character, who makes others cry when he laughs.<ref>''Barfi! Bonus Disc: The Making of Barfi!''. Event occurs at approximately 22:15</ref>

=== Filming ===

[[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jha, Subhash K. |title=Priyanka Chopra begins shooting for Anurag Basu's Barfi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 March 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052807/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2011/03/26/15556/index.html |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jha, Subhash K. |title=Release Dates |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000249/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/releasedates/index.html |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> ''Barfi!'' was shot between June 2011 and February 2012, mostly in Darjeeling.<ref name=HT>{{cite web |title=Barfi! emerges as Darjeeling's brand ambassador |author=Banerjee, Amitava |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/barfi-emerges-as-darjeeling-s-brand-ambassador/story-iYxAhuO39vtxWyonlVc7aN.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621044443/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/barfi-emerges-as-darjeeling-s-brand-ambassador/story-iYxAhuO39vtxWyonlVc7aN.html |archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> In March 2011, Basu visited Kolkata to finalize the locations within the city. Filming in [[Mumbai]] began on 20 March 2011 and continued until May 2011.<ref name=ab>{{cite web |title=Barfi this monsoon |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13718815.jsp |author=Gupta, Pratim D. |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200458/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13718815.jsp |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> In June 2011, the cast and crew shot in Darjeeling.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nag, Jayatri |title=Angry crowd brings Barfi shoot to a halt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Angry-crowd-brings-Barfi-shoot-to-a-halt/articleshow/8886256.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603203515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news-interviews/29669483_1_gjm-bimal-gurung-gorkha-janmukti-morcha |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> In December 2011, some scenes were filmed on the outskirts of [[Coimbatore]], especially [[Pollachi]] and [[Ooty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor gets practical |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ranbir-Kapoor-gets-practical/articleshow/10969873.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603194234/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-04/news-interviews/30472092_1_ranbir-kapoor-location-films |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> The scenes in which Kapoor's character is chased by policemen over the roof tops were shot in Kolkata at the end of January 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Check Out: Ranbir's daredevil act in Barfi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716070309/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3008 |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Shooting was completed by April 2012, except for some scenes featuring Chopra. The producers postponed the release from 13 July to 31 August 2012 as the September 2011 shooting schedule was cancelled and was waiting to be shot.<ref name=delay /><ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi will be released worldwide on July 13 |author=Sugnath, M |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/barfi-will-be-released-worldwide-on-july-13/articleshow/11375253.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603192738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-05/news-interviews/30592933_1_ileana-anurag-basu-priyanka-chopra |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> However, Basu began working on D'Cruz's dubbing portions by end of April 2012, because D'Cruz was unfamiliar with the [[Hindi]] language and wanted to learn it whilst filming.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra delays Barfi! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Priyanka-Chopra-delays-Barfi/articleshow/12743204.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603204237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news-interviews/31373684_1_priyanka-chopra-anurag-basu-ranbir-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-date=3 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Barfi! (soundtrack)}}

The music and background score of the film is composed by [[Pritam]], with the lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Ashish Pandit, [[Neelesh Misra]] and [[Sayeed Quadri]]. The soundtrack album has six original songs which was released on 9 August 2012. The soundtrack was influenced by Brazilian [[Bossa nova]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Holla, Anand |title=On Record – Yum this Barfi! |url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=36&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=30-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Pune&edname=&articleid=Ar03601&publabel=MM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411234359/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=36&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=30-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Pune&edname=&articleid=Ar03601&publabel=MM|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Priyanka Chopra was supposed to sing a track for the film, but her contract with [[Universal Music]] prevented her from taking the offer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-did-priyanka-chopra-refuse-to-sing-for-barfi-627094 |title=Why did Priyanka Chopra refuse to sing for 'Barfi!'? |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=7 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914222118/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-did-priyanka-chopra-refuse-to-sing-for-barfi-627094 |archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> The soundtrack album also contains a song titled "Fatafati", sung by [[Pritam Chakraborty]], [[Arijit Singh]] & [[Nakash Aziz]]. which was not used in the film, but the song was released as a promotional single on [[YouTube]] on 10 September 2012 with a video which contains some behind-the-scenes footage and the additional vocals are sung by Ranbir Kapoor. The song also has some Bengali lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BARFI BLAST: Ranbir Kapoor sings for the first time |url=http://www.bollywood.com/barfi-blast-ranbir-kapoor-sings-first-time |work=Bollywood.com |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106042755/http://www.bollywood.com/barfi-blast-ranbir-kapoor-sings-first-time |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==

The official trailer of the film was launched on 2 July 2012 featuring all the actors. It included no dialogue, portraying comedy through gestures and actions, and was well-received by critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! trailer releases, Ranbir trends on Twitter |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2702335541.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]], accessed via [[Highbeam Research]] |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525190548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2702335541.html |archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> Chopra's character was kept under wraps in the trailers as the makers were not willing to reveal much about her character to increase curiosity among the audiences and was only revealed around the release of the film. Shikha Kapur, the executive director (marketing) of UTV explained "Priyanka plays a very special character in Barfi, so we want to keep her mystery intact. In the first trailer, Barfi – played by Ranbir – will be unveiled. We don't plan to reveal Priyanka until the film releases."<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka missing from Barfee trailer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Priyanka-missing-from-Barfee-trailer/Article1-881634.aspx |author=Singh, Prashant |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609052407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Priyanka-missing-from-Barfee-trailer/Article1-881634.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Priyanka promotes barfi at a mall.jpg|left|thumb|Ileana D'cruz, Priyanka Chopra and Ranbir Kapoor at a promotional event.|alt=three people are smiling and looking forward]]

UTV Motion Pictures created a YouTube application called ''The Flavour of Barfi'', designed for the marketing the film. The application features Ranbir Kapoor as his character from the film and allows users to type actions, which Kapoor acts out. The application features two zones: one asks users to change Barfi's mood and the other gives users the chance to watch him flirt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barfi! launches interactive app on YouTube channel |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/barfi--launches-interactive-app-on-youtube-channel/1000553 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> The film was promoted in various cities across India. While promoting the film at the Phoenix Mall, [[Bangalore]], the crowds broke through the barricades.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jha, Subhash K. |title=Stampede in Bangalore during ''Barfi!'' promotions |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/BollywoodHungama-News/Stampede-in-Bangalore-during-Barfi-promotions/Article1-928670.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921203927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/BollywoodHungama-News/Stampede-in-Bangalore-during-Barfi-promotions/Article1-928670.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

''Barfi! The Official Movie Game'', a [[mobile video game]] based on the film was also released by [[UTV Indiagames]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barfi! The Official Movie Game |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j155095 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

''Barfi!'' was released on 14 September 2012 on 1300 screens in 700 theatres in India.<ref name="weekend" /> [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance Home Entertainment]] released ''Barfi!'' on DVD and [[Blu-ray]] in mid-November 2012 across all regions in a one-disc pack complying with the NTSC format.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor asks fans to gift Barfi DVDs this Diwali |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-at-barfi-dvd-launch-121274-2012-11-11 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 November 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128003823/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranbir-kapoor-at-barfi-dvd-launch/1/228863.html |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> The DVD and the Blu-ray discs contained bonus content, including making of the film, "Fatafati{{spaced ndash}}Behind The Scenes" and Deleted Scenes. The [[Video CD]] version was released at the same time. The exclusive right to broadcast the film was bought by [[Zee Network]] and UTV Movies. The deal includes premiere rights of the film along with several other UTV productions. The rights are for seven years, consisting of the premiere (for both channels) of the film. Zee Network will have multiple runs while UTV Movies will have selected run rights. The price of the deal was not revealed by the production company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barfi! sold to ZEE |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1815290/report-barfi-sold-to-zee |author=Unnikrishnan, Chaya |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=25 March 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504123126/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1815290/report-barfi-sold-to-zee |archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> The film is also available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/70219525 |title=Barfi! |website=Netflix |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> The film was free from premiered on [[JioHotstar]], on 19 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2025 |title=RACE 2 HEROINE HIMMATWALA BARFI ABCD: ANY BODY CAN DANCE KAI PO CHE 19 JULY SE ON JIOHOTSTAR|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/race-2-heroine-himmatwala-barfi-abcd-any-body-can-dance-kai-po-che-19-july-se-on-jio-hotstar/|access-date=19 July 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

In Japan, the film was released in August 2014. It was released on ten screens in six Japanese cities: [[Tokyo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Nagoya]] [[Osaka]], [[Kyoto]] and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Barfi! releases in Japan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/barfi-releases-in-japan/article6341580.ece |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
On 12 September 2012, British manufacturer [[Murphy Radio]] claimed that its trademark Murphy baby logo from its 1970s print advertisements has been used in ''Barfi!'' without permission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! faces Rs. 50 cr suit for copyright violation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-faces-Rs-50-cr-suit-for-copyright-violation/Article1-928424.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Awaasthi, Kavita |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109111008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-faces-Rs-50-cr-suit-for-copyright-violation/Article1-928424.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Producer Siddharth Roy Kapur said that he had received a legal notice from Murphy but said that there is nothing wrong in the intention, as the brand in question has been shown in a "very positive light".<ref>{{cite web |title=Murphy Radio shown in positive light: Barfi! producer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Murphy-Radio-shown-in-positive-light-Barfi-producer/Article1-929076.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102100703/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Murphy-Radio-shown-in-positive-light-Barfi-producer/Article1-929076.aspx |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

After the film's release, several blogs and users of social media websites [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] and YouTube accused the director of plagiarism.<ref name="Zee News Limited">{{cite web |title=And the Oscar for the Most Originally Plagiarised Film goes to... 'Barfi! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/and-the-oscar-for-the-most-originally-plagiarised-film-goes-to-barfi_1090.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223081806/http://zeenews.india.com/blog/and-the-oscar-for-the-most-originally-plagiarised-film-goes-to-barfi_1090.html |archive-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> Media further alleged that Basu had not tried to credit the original sources. Several videos were uploaded to YouTube showing side-by-side comparisons with Hollywood films like ''[[Cops (film)|Cops]]'', ''[[The Adventurer (1917 film)|The Adventurer]]'', ''[[City Lights]]'', ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'', ''[[Project A (film)|Project A]]'', ''[[The Notebook (2004 film)|The Notebook]]'' and ''[[Benny & Joon]]''. They also accused ''Barfi!''{{'}}s music director Pritam of copying the background music from the French film ''[[Amélie]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title='Barfi': The thin line between inspiration and plagiarism |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barfi-the-thin-line-between-inspiration-and-plagiarism/295549-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120022248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barfi-the-thin-line-between-inspiration-and-plagiarism/295549-8-66.html |archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Basu defended the film by saying that he was inspired by these works and that ''Barfi!'' contains an original plot, screenplay, characters and situations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! director blasts plagiarism accusers |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-director-blasts-plagiarism-accusers/Article1-937131.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211153040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-director-blasts-plagiarism-accusers/Article1-937131.aspx |archive-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> He said that he was paying homages to Keaton and Chaplin.<ref name='It was my shortcoming' /> ''Barfi!''{{'}}s Oscar selection for Best Foreign Language Film was criticized because of plagiarism, but Oscar selection committee chief [[Manju Borah]] defended the film by saying, "''Barfi!'' deserves to be sent outside. The selection was a very open process with three to four rounds of severe discussions and came down to the best film of the final three."<ref>{{cite web |author=Chatterjee, Rituparna |title=We weren't paid to pick 'Barfi', says Oscar selection committee chief Manju Borah |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-werent-paid-to-pick-barfi-says-oscar-selection-committee-chief-manju-borah/295899-8-66.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106191254/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-werent-paid-to-pick-barfi-says-oscar-selection-committee-chief-manju-borah/295899-8-66.html |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== India ===
[[File:Priyanka Chopra, Ranbir Kapoor, Ileana Dcruz at the launch of 'Barfi!' promo 02.jpg|thumb|250px|right|alt=A photograph of Priyanka Chopra, Ranbir Kapoor and Ileana D'Cruz looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|[[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] received widespread praise for their performances in the film.]]
''Barfi!'' received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with critics praising the cast performances, direction, screenplay, cinematography, music and the positive portrayal of physically disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! sparks debate about the portrayal of the differently abled in films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-sparks-debate-about-the-portrayal-of-the-differently-abled-in-films-270815 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614233729/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-sparks-debate-about-the-portrayal-of-the-differently-abled-in-films-270815 |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]'' gave the film 5 out of 5 stars and said, "[a]ll in all, Anurag Basu's ''Barfi!'' is a perfect sweet treat for his audience. Like it has been discussed, those film-makers who have been portraying the handicapped as dull and boring in their films must take a lesson from ''Barfi!''.<ref name="zee">{{cite web |last=Sengar |first=Resham |title='Barfi' Review: It is an out and out entertainer! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/barfi-review-it-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer_119082.htm |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208144845/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/barfi-review-it-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer_119082.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''The Times of India'' gave the film a 4/5 rating and said, "Kapoor, in the most challenging performance of his career leaves us 'dumbstruck'. Without use of conventional crutches of cool-catchphrases, dhamaakedaar-dialogbaazi, bare-bodies, and other 'items'; he stuns you in every single frame. For Chopra, there's only one word{{spaced ndash}}BRAVO! In a role where she needs to under-emote, she does so brilliantly (delivering an incredible performance)."<ref name="times">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Barfi/movie-review/16381742.cms |title=Barfi will leave you 'Happy High' |author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915004951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/barfi/movie-review/16381742.cms |archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>

Roshni Devi of ''Koimoi'' said, "''Barfi!'' leaves you with that warm, cuddly, magical feeling with a few tears to match. It's really worth a watch" and gave it an overall score of 3.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! Review |date=13 September 2012 |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/barfi-review/ |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830091226/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/barfi-review/ |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "''Barfi'' is akin to a whiff of fresh air. Its foremost triumph is that it leaves you with a powerful emotion: Happiness!"<ref name="bh">{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Barfi – Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547829 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206094949/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547829 |archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "''Barfi!'' comes as close to being a modern masterpiece as cinematically possible. To miss it would be a crime. To embrace it is to serenade the sublime".<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |author=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Barfi! review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/barfi-review-743 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217032328/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/barfi-review-743 |archive-date=17 February 2013 |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and remarked that movie "engages you at a personal level", and further added that, "''Barfi'' cannot be missed. It demands patience, but the payoff is incredible".<ref name="dna">{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |title=Aniruddha Guha reviews: Barfi! Poetry on celluloid |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_aniruddha-guha-reviews-barfi-poetry-on-celluloid_1740876 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014151541/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_aniruddha-guha-reviews-barfi-poetry-on-celluloid_1740876 |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>

[[Pratim D. Gupta]] of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' said, "The brilliance of ''Barfi!'' is that it's no story and all storytelling. It's about a director at the top of his game orchestrating terrific talent into a bravura crescendo. Only someone who has shown death the door can open windows to life like this."<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |title=MOUTHFUL OF BARFI! |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120915/jsp/entertainment/story_15977252.jsp |author=Gupta, Pratim D. |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121835/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120915/jsp/entertainment/story_15977252.jsp |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and stated, "''Barfi!'' is that rare film that can make you smile and make you cry in the same scene. Its technical brilliance is only outdone by its emotional complexity and depth. Pritam's music adds a nice silent-era charm to this already fantastic story, making it an occasion when words simply aren't enough."<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |title=Movie Review: Barfi! |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-barfi-1257.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123222/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-barfi-1257.html |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' has given 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Barfi!'' is a well-crafted script with an intriguing back-and-forth narrative but it all goes south towards the end."<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |title=Review: Barfi! is magical but deeply flawed |author=Sen, Raja |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915051831/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-barfi-is-magical-but-flawed/20120914.htm |archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] writing for ''Hindustan Times'' gave it 3 out 5 stars and wrote, "[t]his is a film made with love, bolstered by wonderfully etched vignettes, Kapoor and Chopra's stupendous performances and a gorgeous soundtrack by Pritam. And yet, for me, ''Barfi!'' was a singularly frustrating experience there was so much to like, but the film never became more than the sum of its parts".<ref name="hindustan">{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Barfi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Barfi/Article1-930198.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408045933/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Barfi/Article1-930198.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and said, "''Barfi!'' had the potential to be great cinema, but as it stands it's a respectable film that's still better than a lot else you're likely to see."<ref name="cnn">{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Go on, indulge your sweet tooth with 'Barfi!' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-indulge-your-sweet-tooth-with-barfi/291534-47-84.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916225143/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-indulge-your-sweet-tooth-with-barfi/291534-47-84.html |archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref> On the contrary, [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' felt that "The flashback within flashback narrative gets way too clumsy and turgid, the thriller twist absolutely pointless [....] appears much too crafted and self-consciously gorgeous, and feels eminently facile and plastic".<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! Review |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=282344 |author=Joshi, Namrata |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
The film received high critical acclaim overseas as well. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=86|count=14|average=7.2|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=July 16, 2022}} Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said, "Bollywood isn't afraid to be mawkish. ''Barfi!'' is at times, though not noticeably more so than most Hindi movies, despite its premise of special lovers with a special lesson to teach."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/movies/barfi-a-bollywood-romantic-comedy.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |title=An Unconventional Romance |author=Saltz, Rachel |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223123333/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/movies/barfi-a-bollywood-romantic-comedy.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Lisa Tsering ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called the film "a refreshingly non-commercial exercise" and added that "poignant Bollywood romantic comedy". On the performances of the cast, she wrote, "[...] Basu has guided Kapoor, and especially Chopra, to turn in exceptionally restrained, organic performances.""<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tsering |first1=Lisa |title=Barfi!: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/barfi-film-review-370551 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=20 March 2016 |date=14 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131085822/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/barfi-film-review-370551 |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "Unlike [[Michel Hazanavicius|Michel Hazanavicus]]' black-and-white silent homage "''The Artist''", Basu's film bursts with sound and color; only the speaking- and hearing-impaired Basu is condemned to silence."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |title=Review: 'Barfi!' |author=Scheib, Ronnie |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225180642/http://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/barfi-1117948356/ |archive-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> Gary Goldstein of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' was more critical of the film, despite praising aspect including "the hard-working cast, a lush score, exotic location shooting and scattered warmth", called it as "more of an endurance test than entertainment."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-et-mn-barfi-20120917-story.html |title=Review: 'Barfi!' is just too much |author=Goldstein, Gary |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=16 September 2012 |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019114744/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/16/entertainment/la-et-mn-barfi-20120917 |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Barfi!}}

''Barfi!'' has received various awards and nominations in categories ranging mostly from recognition of the film itself to its direction, screenplay, cinematography, music, to the cast's performances. The film was selected as [[List of India's official entries to the Oscars|India's official entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] nomination for the [[85th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Barfi! out of the Oscar race |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ranbir-Kapoor-s-Barfi-out-of-the-Oscar-race/Article1-980539.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411114449/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ranbir-Kapoor-s-Barfi-out-of-the-Oscar-race/Article1-980539.aspx |archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> The film received a leading 13 nominations at the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], and won a leading 7 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kapoor), [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] (D'Cruz) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] ([[Pritam]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here! |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123055038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> ''Barfi!'' received a leading 23 nominations at the [[Screen Awards|19th Screen Awards]], winning 9, including [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Basu), [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kapoor), and [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (Kapoor and Chopra).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations: 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925111241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403 |archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winner's of 19th Annual Screen Awards |url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/winners_2013.php |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220338/http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/winners_2013.php |archive-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> At the [[Zee Cine Awards|14th Zee Cine Awards]], ''Barfi!'' received 9 nominations, and won 8 awards, including [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Basu) and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]] (Chopra).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102135744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349 |archive-date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners+of+Zee+Cine+Awards+2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227090929/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners%2Bof%2BZee%2BCine%2BAwards%2B2013 |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Upon its release, ''Barfi!'' started strongly at multiplexes throughout India, with around 80–90% occupancy, but had lower opening takings because of a limited release.<ref name="release1">{{cite web |title=Barfi! Has Strong Start at Multiplexes |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4892&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918214859/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4892&nCat= |archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|85.6|m}} on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! First Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4898&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917211101/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4898&nCat= |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Its second day saw an increase of around 35% occupancy and collected {{INRConvert|115|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! Has Huge Growth On Saturday |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4899&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=16 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918214950/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4899&nCat= |archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> In its opening weekend, the film grossed {{INRConvert|340|m}}.<ref name="weekend">{{cite web |title=Barfi! Has Excellent Weekend |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4902&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200059/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4902&nCat= |archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> In its first week, ''Barfi!'' collected {{INRConvert|565|m}} nett,<ref name="first week">{{cite web |title=Barfi! Week One Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4919&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014934/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4919&nCat= |archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> and by its eighth day had earned {{INRConvert|32.5|m}} despite the release of ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! Strong On Day Eight |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4915&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925153310/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4915&nCat= |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> Barfi! earned {{INRConvert|150|m}} in its second weekend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi! Has Strong Second Weekend |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4921&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927125158/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4921&nCat= |archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> ''Barfi!'' had a good second week where it has collected {{INRConvert|242|m}} nett.<ref name="2nd week">{{cite web |title=Barfi! Week Two Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4937&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052107/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4937&nCat= |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> In the third week, the film's takings rose to {{INRConvert|158|m}} nett.<ref name="third week">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4955&nCat= |title=Barfi! Amongst ALL TIME Highest Third Week Figures |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008181324/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4955&nCat= |archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> and it took {{INRConvert|61.5|m}} in its fourth week.<ref name="4th week">{{cite web |title=Barfi! Week Four Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4986&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203614/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4986&nCat= |archive-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> During its cinematic release period, ''Barfi!'' earned a gross total of {{INRConvert|1.06|b}} in India.<ref name="final domestic">{{cite web |title=Top Ten 2012 Lifetime Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181249/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The all-India distributor share of the film was {{INRConvert|500|m}}.<ref name="final DS">{{cite web |title=All India Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202012028/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The film became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2012]] in India, and was declared a ''"Super Hit"'' after its three-week run by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4953&nCat= |title=New Releases Poor OMG! Oh My God Excellent Barfi! Closing in On 100 Crore |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202012028/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The film went on to gross {{INRConvert|1.75|b}} worldwide.<ref name=Gross>{{cite web |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044123/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat= |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="100c">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4967&nCat= |title=Fastest to the Century: Barfi! In 17 Days |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=9 October 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192716/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4967&nCat= |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> Internationally, ''Barfi'' earned around {{INRConvert|124|m}} in its opening weekend, slightly exceeding ''[[Raajneeti]]''{{spaced ndash}}which had collected {{INRConvert|116|m}}{{spaced ndash}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Barfi Does Well Overseas |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4907&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200559/http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4907&nCat= |archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> By the end of its run, ''Barfi!'' had grossed $6.25 million outside India, and it became one of the [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|highest overseas grossing Bollywood films of 2012]].<ref name="top overseas 2012">{{cite web |title=Top Grossers Overseas 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5266&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 January 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108082637/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5266&nCat= |archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Barfi!}}
* {{Official website|http://www.utvgroup.com/motion-pictures/coming-soon/barfii.html}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|barfi}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo movie}}

{{Anurag Basu}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Barfi!''
|list=
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 2011–2030}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{UTV Movies}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood|Comedy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2012 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about autism]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Basu]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:2012 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]

Lijomol Jose

2026-02-27T14:34:04Z

BeauBasaldua8: edit

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Lijomol|Jose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lijomol Jose
| image = Lijomol Jose (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = 
| height = 
| birth_place = [[Idukki District|Idukki]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name="Lijomol"/>
| alma_mater = [[Pondicherry University]]<ref name="Lijomol"/>
| death_place =
| caption = Lijomol in 2018
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2016–present<ref name="Vignesh">{{cite news |last1=Madhu |first1=Vignesh |title=I believe Jai Bhim will help me bag more performance-oriented roles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2021/nov/05/i-believejai-bhim-will-help-me-bag-more-performance-oriented-roles-27668.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111171412/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2021/nov/05/i-believejai-bhim-will-help-me-bag-more-performance-oriented-roles-27668.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| spouse = {{Marriage|Arun Antony Onisseril|2021}}
| family = 
}}

'''Lijomol Jose'''  is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She earned critical acclaim for portraying Senggeni in the Tamil film ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (2021), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harish S. Wankhede |date=11 November 2021 |title=A slogan no longer sectarian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-slogan-no-longer-sectarian/article37425163.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211630/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-slogan-no-longer-sectarian/article37425163.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Review: Jai Bhim is raw, real and brutal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/jai-bhim/ottmoviereview/87109980.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127183801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/jai-bhim/ottmoviereview/87109980.cms |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lijomol made her acting debut in the highly acclaimed Malayalam film, ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' in 2016.<ref name="Lijomol"/><ref name="deccan2016-11-30"/> She then played the second female lead in the commercially successful film ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' in the same year.<ref name="deccan2016-11-30">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/301116/malayalis-favourite-soniya-signs-her-third.html |title=Malayalis' favourite 'Soniya' signs her third |first=Aravind K |last=S |date=30 November 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724020845/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/301116/malayalis-favourite-soniya-signs-her-third.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=It's the time of love, not wedding |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/301117/its-the-time-of-love-not-wedding.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=30 November 2017 |language=en |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419191424/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/301117/its-the-time-of-love-not-wedding.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In her third film, ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]'' (2017), she played the role of a personal make-up artist of actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/18/lijomol-on-honey-bee-2-movie-malayalam-aksar-ali.html |title=Many mistook me as Bhavana's touch-up girl: Lijomol |work=On Manorama |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109144813/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/18/lijomol-on-honey-bee-2-movie-malayalam-aksar-ali.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' (2018) with [[Mammootty]] before making her [[Tamil cinema]] debut with ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' (2019) opposite [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270317/keeping-fingers-crossed-lijomol-jose.html |title=Keeping fingers crossed: Lijomol Jose |first=Meera |last=Manu |date=27 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105073010/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270317/keeping-fingers-crossed-lijomol-jose.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100319/lijomol-forays-into-ktown.html |title=Lijomol forays into K'Town |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=10 March 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723234142/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100319/lijomol-forays-into-ktown.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was critically acclaimed for portraying the anguish of a primitive Irular tribe, Senggeni in ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]],'' co-starring actor [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/jai-bhim-tamil-movie-review-2021-amazon-prime-video/ |title=Jai Bhim Review | Lijomol Jose is Brilliant in This Pertinent Legal Drama |date=November 2021 |work=Lensmen Reviews |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109145241/https://lensmenreviews.com/jai-bhim-tamil-movie-review-2021-amazon-prime-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I break down everytime I see Sengkani, says Lijo Mol Jose on her character in 'Jai Bhim' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/i-break-down-everytime-i-see-sengkani-says-lijo-mol-jose-on-her-character-in-jai-bhim-movie-tamil-film-1.6143197 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/11/05/lijomol-jose-interview.html |title=ഇരുളർക്കൊപ്പം താമസിച്ച് ഭാഷയും രീതികളും പഠിച്ചു‌: ലിജോമോൾ അഭിമുഖം |first=ആർ.ബി. |last=ശ്രീലേഖ |date=5 November 2021 |work=Manorama Online |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=ml |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113151845/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/11/05/lijomol-jose-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, she had three releases in year: ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'', ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' and ''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]'' (all are Malayalam films). She played in the lead role in the Tamil film, ''[[Gentlewoman (film)|Gentlewoman]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/06/lijomol-joses-gentlewoman-gets-a-release-date|title = Lijomol Jose's Gentlewoman gets a release date | website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Lijomol Jose married Arun Antony Onisseril on 4 October 2021, in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Malayalam actress Lijomol Jose gets married to Arun Antony Onisseril in Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actress-lijomol-jose-gets-married-to-arun-antony-onisseril-in-wayanad-kerala-1861381-2021-10-06 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007020552/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actress-lijomol-jose-gets-married-to-arun-antony-onisseril-in-wayanad-kerala-1861381-2021-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Soniya || rowspan="6" |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|Malayalam debut||<ref name="Lijomol">{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/lijomol-maheshinte-prathikaram-actor-on-debut-film-fahadh-faasil-dileesh-pothan.html |first=Litty |last=Simon |work=onmanorama |title=Meet Babychayan's Soniyamol aka Lijomol |date=7 February 2016 |language=en |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205081648/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/lijomol-maheshinte-prathikaram-actor-on-debut-film-fahadh-faasil-dileesh-pothan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Kani
| ||<ref name="deccan2016-11-30"/>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]'' || Kanmani
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/08/08/lijo-mol-jose-honey-bee-two-point-five-songs.html |website=manoramaonline |title=ക്യൂട് ലുക്കിൽ ലിജോ മോൾ: രസകരം ഈ പ്രണയവും കല്യാണവും പാട്ടും |language=ml |trans-title=Lijo Mol in cute look: Fun this love and wedding song |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213124116/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/08/08/lijo-mol-jose-honey-bee-two-point-five-songs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018 || ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || Ramya
|Shot in Tamil also ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/maheshinte-prathikaram-fame-lijomol-jose-in-streetlights/articleshow/57811663.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Maheshinte Prathikaram fame Lijomol Jose in Streetlights |language=en |date=24 March 2017 |first=Asha |last=Prakash |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106054640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/maheshinte-prathikaram-fame-lijomol-jose-in-streetlights/articleshow/57811663.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Premasoothram]]'' || Ammukutty
| ||<ref>{{cite web |title='Premasoothram' movie review: Amusing escapades of a love guru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/may/12/premasoothram-movie-review-amusing-escapades-of-a-love-guru-1813450.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515083846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/may/12/premasoothram-movie-review-amusing-escapades-of-a-love-guru-1813450.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |date=12 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Kathrina
| ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lijomol-and-shalu-rahim-romance-in-ottakkoru-kaamukans-song/articleshow/66507187.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Lijomol and Shalu Rahil romance in Ottakkoru Kamukan's song |date=13 December 2018 |last=George |first=Anjana |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019|| ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' ||Rajalakshmi "Raji" || rowspan="4" | [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|Tamil debut||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/actress-lijomol-jose-tamil-debut-sivappu-manjal-pachai-with-sidharth-g-v-prakash-kumar-1.4122245 |title='ആകെ മാറിപ്പോയി', സിദ്ധാര്‍ഥിന്റെ നായികയായി കൈയടി നേടി മഹേഷിന്റെ പ്രതികാരത്തിലെ പെണ്‍കുട്ടി |date=16 September 2019 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |trans-title='Totally changed', the girl in Mahesh's revenge who got the applause as Siddharth's heroine  |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106054640/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/actress-lijomol-jose-tamil-debut-sivappu-manjal-pachai-with-sidharth-g-v-prakash-kumar-1.4122245 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Theethum Nandrum]]''
|Thamizh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theethum Nandrum review: A decent gangster action thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/theethum-nandrum-review-a-decent-gangster-action-thriller-review-tamil-vdlewQefcgbbg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311044209/https://www.sify.com/movies/theethum-nandrum-review-a-decent-gangster-action-thriller-review-tamil-vdlewQefcgbbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|Senggeni
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |date=1 October 2021 |title=Suriya-starrer Jai Bhim to premiere on November 2 on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-to-premiere-on-november-2-on-amazon-prime-video-1859610-2021-10-01 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143148/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-to-premiere-on-november-2-on-amazon-prime-video-1859610-2021-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]'' || Nallathangaal || [[Amazon Prime]] anthology film ''Segment : Loners'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/directors-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/articleshow/88808493.cms |title=Directors of 'Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa...' tell us how anthologies are here to stay! |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110112434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/directors-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/articleshow/88808493.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Visudha Mejo]]'' || Jeena || rowspan="7" | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/11/07/458379.html |title='വിശുദ്ധ മെജോ' ജനുവരിയില്‍ തീയറ്ററിലേക്ക് |work=Kairali News |date=7 November 2021 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201182713/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/11/07/458379.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Ayalvaashi]]'' || Kuttimalu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315074359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pulimada]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Sini || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joju-george-starrer-thriller-pulimada-starts-rolling/articleshow/88730130.cms |title=Aishwarya Rajesh - Joju George starrer thriller 'Pulimada' starts rolling |work=The Times of India |date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110085018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joju-george-starrer-thriller-pulimada-starts-rolling/articleshow/88730130.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'' ||Dhanya || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Biju Menon-Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer Nadanna Sambhavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002724/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' || Simi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=13 July 2024 |title=Gireesh AD's I AM Kathalan gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/13/gireesh-ads-i-am-kathalan-gets-a-release-window |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726085954/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/13/gireesh-ads-i-am-kathalan-gets-a-release-window |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]'' || Abhinaya || [[ManoramaMAX]] anthology film ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=Her first-look poster out: Parvathy, Aishwarya Rajesh, Oorvasi, Remya Nambessan headline Lijin Jose's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174743/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025 || ''[[Ponman]]'' || Steffi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-18 |title=Release preponed for Basil Joseph's Ponman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/18/release-preponed-for-basil-josephs-ponman |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119035854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/18/release-preponed-for-basil-josephs-ponman |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai]]'' || Sam || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai's First Look Poster Released |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaadhal-enbadhu-podhu-udamais-first-look-poster-released-7091959.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217015537/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kaadhal-enbadhu-podhu-udamais-first-look-poster-released-7091959.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Daveed (film)|Daveed]]'' || Sherin || Malayalam || [[ZEE5]] action film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-02 |title=First single 'Edakochi Ishq' from Antony Varghese-starrer Daveed is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/02/first-single-edakochi-ishq-from-antony-varghese-starrer-daveed-is-here |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gentlewoman (film)|Gentlewoman]]'' ||Poorni ||Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-21 |title=Lijomol's Gentlewoman trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/21/lijomols-gentlewoman-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'' [[Samshayam]]''||Vimala||Malayalam|| || <ref>{{cite news |title= Samshayam Movie Review: Suspicion, Laughter, And A Stirring Dilemma |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/samshayam/movie-review/121217869.cms |access-date=2025-05-16|website=timesofindia|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Baby Girl (film)|Baby Girl]]'' ||Rithu || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite news|title= 'Baby Girl' shoot begins in Thiruvananthapuram: Bobby-Sanjay
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/baby-girl-shoot-begins-in-thiruvananthapuram-bobby-sanjay-and-arun-varma-team-up-for-a-new-thriller/articleshow/119961187.cms|access-date=2025-04-04|website =timesofindia|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|'' {{Pending film|[[Freedom (2025 film)|Freedom]]}}'' || Selvi || Tamil || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshay |title=Sasikumar's Freedom gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/09/sasikumars-freedom-gets-a-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=9 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Year!!Title!!Role!!Channel!! Language
|-
|2025 || {{Pending series|Blind Fold}}||TBA || rowspan="3" | [[Sony LIV]]
|Malayalam<ref>{{cite news| title=SonyLIV's new Malayalam series Blindfold begins|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Aug/01/malayalam-web-series-blindfold-goes-on-floors-46178.html| website=[[cinemaexpress]]| date=August 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2020
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress
|''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards - Zee Awards - Behindwoods Gold Medals - Complete Winner List! |url=https://tamil.trendingonlinenow.in/vikatan-awards-zee-awards-behindwoods-gold-medals-complete-winner-list/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=TON தமிழ் செய்திகள் |language=en-US |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511155554/https://tamil.trendingonlinenow.in/vikatan-awards-zee-awards-behindwoods-gold-medals-complete-winner-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-aishwarya-rajesh-nayanthara-win-big/story-jfb9njHIz7MpDT4AniQb4J.html |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: Dhanush, Aishwarya Rajesh, Nayanthara win big |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=5 January 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728194806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-aishwarya-rajesh-nayanthara-win-big/story-jfb9njHIz7MpDT4AniQb4J.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2022
| Critics Choice India Film Awards
| Best Actress
| rowspan="8" |''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2022 nominations include Suriya's Jai Bhim, Chaitanya Tamhane's The Disciple |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2022-nominations-include-suriyas-jai-bhim-chaitanya-tamhanes-the-disciple-10395721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083350/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2022-nominations-include-suriyas-jai-bhim-chaitanya-tamhanes-the-disciple-10395721.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |work=Filmfare |date=9 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=The Times Group |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010211808/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| JFW Just For Women Movie Awards
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2022-a-night-of-extravaganza-celebrating-women-in-cinema/ |title=Twin Birds JFW Movie Awards 2022: A Night of Extravaganza Celebrating Women in Cinema! |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204024831/https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2022-a-night-of-extravaganza-celebrating-women-in-cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Award|Noida Film Festival]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title='Jai Bhim' wins three awards at Noida International Film Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/24/jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-festival-2410791.html |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125001949/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/24/jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-festival-2410791.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Boston International Film Festival]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Suriya-Starrer 'Jai Bhim' Wins Big At Boston International Film Festival, Bags Two Awards |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-wins-big-at-boston-international-film-festival-bags-two-awards-568966.html |access-date=2022-05-05 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29|title= Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2020-21 & 2022 is back
|url= https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2020-21-2022-is-back-126297.html |access-date=2023-03-29 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Behindwoods Gold Medal]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |date=2022-05-21 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cd0slF5hvG8/ |access-date=2022-05-21 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web | title=Edison Awards |date=2022-03-12 |url=https://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=39 |access-date=2022-03-12 }}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="2" |2025
| [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
| Best Actress
|''[[Ponman]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2025 |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2025/08/17/mazhavil-manorama-entertainment-awards-winners.html |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]]
|''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2025 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025 live.html|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-list-of-winners.html|access-date=3 November 2025|website=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news
|title =Malayali stars shine at Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2016–2022: Five win Best Actress titles |url =https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayali-stars-shine-at-tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-20162022-five-win-best-actress-titles-hxph2mx9 |publisher =mathrubhumi |date =30 January 2026 |accessdate =30 January 2026 |language =English }}</ref>
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]
|''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026|title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Malayalam)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html|access-date=23 February 2026|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7934649|name=Lijomol Jose}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Lijomol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Bongal Kheda

2026-02-27T08:49:13Z

BeauBasaldua8: made basic post initial version...

{{short description|Movement against the Bengali Hindus in Assam, India}}
{{Disputed|date=June 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

'''''Bongal Kheda''''' (trans. "Drive out the Bengalis) was a nationalistic movement in Assam, India, orchestrated by native Assamese job seekers which aimed to purge out non-native job competitors — primarily, middle-class [[Hindu Bengali]]s.<ref>"The movement known as ''Bongal Kheda'' sponsored by Assamese job-seekers to drive out non-Assamese competitors." {{harvcol|Chakravarti|1960|p=1193}}</ref><ref name="Bhaumik2000">{{Cite journal |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=2000-01-01 |title=Negotiating Access: Northeast India |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/19.2.142 |journal=Refugee Survey Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=148 |doi=10.1093/rsq/19.2.142 |issn=1020-4067 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Paula |title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray |last3=Das |first3=Samir Kumar |last4=Adhikari |first4=Bishnu |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3313-7 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sufian |first=Abu |date=2020-09-17 |title=Geopolitics of the NRC-CAA in Assam: Impact on Bangladesh–India Relations |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2020.1820854 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=23 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=556–586 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2020.1820854 |s2cid=225010826 |issn=1463-1369 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Birinder Pal |date=2016-06-28 |title=Mazhabi Sikhs of Shillong and Guwahati (India) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2016.1147172 |journal=Sikh Formations |volume=13 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=177 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2016.1147172 |s2cid=148236402 |issn=1744-8727 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=Roots of Ethnic Conflict: Nationality Question in North-east India |date=1990 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=978-81-85054-93-3 |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> Assam has long been anti-Bengali and after the [[Independence of India]], the Assamese Hindu middle class gained political control in Assam and tried to gain social and economic parity with their competitors, the Bengali Hindu middle class.<ref>"In 1947 the Assamese, particularly the Assamese Hindu middle class, won control over the government of the newly formed state of independent India. For the first time in a hundred and fifty years the Assamese were back in power. They used that control to assert the paramountcy of Assamese cultural identity and to seek economic and social equality in relation to the Bengali Hindu middle classes-their rivals for jobs in the administrative services, in the professions, and in the private sector." {{harvcol|Weiner|1983|p=284}}</ref> A significant period of property damage, ethnic policing and even instances of street violence occurred in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/national/nrc-issue-may-spark-demand-of-another-state-in-assamand-mass-movement-1.185153 |script-title=bn:এনআরসি আরও একটি পৃথক রাজ্যের দাবিকে উস্কে না দেয় |last=Bijay Kumar |first=Dhar |date=31 July 2015 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |publisher=ABP Group |language=bn |access-date=19 October 2018 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> The exact timeline is disputed, though many authors agree the 1960s saw a height of disruption. It was part of a broader discontent within Assam that would foreshadow the [[Assamese Language Movement]] and the anti-Bangladeshi [[Assam Movement]].

== Background ==
[[File:Rongmon's photo.jpg|thumb|125px|[[Robin Dey]], an ethnic [[Bengali Hindu]] writer of [[Assamese language]] teenage literature was forced to leave [[Assam]].]]
Beginning in 1826, the British East India Company gradually brought the entire [[Northeast India]] under control and included Assam in the Bengal Presidency.<ref>"The British East India Company, with its center in Calcutta, gradually extended its control over the entire northeast region and in 1838 Assam was incorporated into the Bengal Presidency." {{harvcol|Weiner|1983|p=282}}</ref> Over time educated elite Bengali Hindus began occupying colonial administrative and professional positions, locally they were called as Babus and the emerging Assamese nationalists began looking at both the British as well as this class of Bengalis as outsiders.<ref>"This migration was accompanied by an influx of educated Bengali Hindus into positions in the administrative services and in the professions. The British dismantled the Ahom ruling structure, made Bengali the official language, and recruited Bengali Hindus to run the administrative services. By the beginning of the twentieth century Assamese nationalists were pitted against the Bengalis as well as against the British, both of whom were seen as alien rulers." {{harvcol|Weiner|1983|p=283}}</ref> The concern for rapidly increasing amount of refugees arriving from East Bengal and later newly formed East Pakistan in the 1940s, created tension among the Indigenous [[Assamese people]] and many tribes in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/illegal_migration_in_assam.htm |title=Illegal Migration into Assam |website=www.satp.org |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> The first influx of Hindu refugees in considerable number was in October 1946 following the Noakhali riots.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015213/http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2017 |title=Nehru and the North East |last=Nag |first=Sajal |year=2015 |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> By May 1949 the number of total refugees reached two-and-half lakhs increasing up to 2,74,455.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Census of India, 1951, Vol. XII, Part I (I-A), 353.}}</ref> In May 1948, ethnic tension escalated between the Assamese people and the [[Bengali Hindus]] in the Paan bazaar area of Guwahati, which soon spread to different parts of [[Assam]].<ref name="Nag2015">{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=Nehru and the North East |url=http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |access-date=15 October 2017 |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-83650-81-1 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015213/http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengali-owned shops were looted in [[Guwahati]]. Abusive wall graffiti were put out across the streets of Guwahati such as "Who ate all the fish?, the Bengalis! So out with them."<ref name="idsa150-151">{{cite book |title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82cDgYceiCYC |year=2005 |publisher=Sage |isbn=0761933131 |pages=150–151}}</ref> In 1956, there were widespread disturbances in the erstwhile undivided [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara district]], when the [[States Reorganization Commission]] visited the district to ascertain the feasibility of the district's merger with [[West Bengal]]. [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]], the Congress MLA who would later be the Chief minister of Assam, is known to have rallied in different parts of Goalpara district and made provocative speeches against the Bengali Hindus, instigating mob violence against them.<ref name="idsa150-151"/> Around 250 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] medium schools were converted to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] medium schools overnight. As per a letter by PM [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to the Assam government, at least one Bengali Hindu was stabbed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/national/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-1.181930 |script-title=bn:অসম বাংলাভাষীরও, বুঝতে হবে শাসকদের |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nitish |date=25 July 2015 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |publisher=ABP Group |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=India |first=Census of |date=1951 |title=Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951 |journal=Census of India |volume=XII, Part I (I-A) |pages=353 |via=web.archive.org}}</ref> −
!'''Place of Origin'''
!'''Year'''
!'''Number'''
|-
!'''East Bengal'''
!'''1946'''
!'''8,593'''
|-
!'''East Bengal'''
!'''1947'''
!'''42,346'''
|-
!'''East Bengal'''
!'''1948'''
!'''41,740'''
|-
!'''East Bengal'''
!'''1949'''
!'''33,138'''
|-
!'''East Bengal'''
!'''1950'''
!'''1,44,51'''−
|-
|'''East Bengal'''
|'''1950 (Jan.&Feb.)'''
|'''3,479'''
|-
|'''West Pakistan'''
| -
|'''647'''
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|'''2,74,455'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Arrival of Hindu Refugees from East Pakistan after 1951<ref>India (1951). "Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951". Census of India. XII, Part I (I-A): 353 – via web.archive.org.</ref><ref>http://iussp2005.princeton.edu › ...PDF
The Brahmaputra valley of India can be compared only with the Indus ...
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=iussp2005 |url=https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=iussp2005.princeton.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Home |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=digital.library.adelaide.edu.au}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Population
! Reason
|-
| (1952–1958)
| 2,12,545
| [[1950 East Pakistan riots]]
|-
| (1964–1968)
| 10,68,455
| [[1964 East Pakistan riots]]
|-
| 1971
| 3,47,555
| [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''16,28,555'''
| Overall immigration are caused due to communal disturbance
|}

== Attacks ==
[[File:Arrival of Bengali Hindu refugees at Dangi, Alipurduar, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Bengali Hindu]] refugee child being taken aboard a lorry at [[Alipurduar]].]]
The attacks on the Bengali Hindus started in June 1960. It first started at the [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]] and then spread to the rest of the state.<ref name="ti">{{cite news |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html |title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda' |last=Datta |first=Rathin |work=TripuraINFOWAY.com |publisher=Tripura Infoway News |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> Assamese mob attacked Bengali Hindu settlements in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]].<ref name="idsa150-151"/> There were reports of stone-throwing by Assamese in a Bengali neighbourhood called Das Colony in Maligaon area. A petrol pump on the main road between Maligaon and Guwahati, the largest city in Assam, was set on fire. The Assamese people felt that the fewer Bengalis within their territory, the better. The 1979 agitation witnessed frequent curfews and strikes called by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and other organisations belonging to the local community. At least two young Bengali men in Maligaon were murdered. One incident that happened where a young Assamese man, a school dropout in his early 20s, who used to reside in Maligaon locality. He stabbed his own childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam \PUblisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Violence took place in 25 villages of Goreswar in Kamrup district. A one-man enquiry commission was set up under Justice Gopal Mehrotra. According to the report nine Bengali were killed and more than one hundred were injured. There was at least one incident of attack on women. 4,019 huts and 58 houses belonging to the Bengalis were vandalised and destroyed. The District Magistrate of Guwahati who happened to be a Bengali Hindu was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960">{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}}</ref> The Deputy Inspector General of Police, also a Bengali Hindu was also stabbed.<ref name="ew30071960"/> The Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from the institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html |script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল... |last=Chowdhury |first=Anwar |date=19 February 2016 |work=Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In [[Dibrugarh]], the [[Bengali Hindus]] were attacked in the mixed localities. Bengali Hindu houses were looted, burnt and the occupants were beaten up, knifed and driven out.<ref name="ti"/> On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|N. R. C.]] based on 1971. In this situation, the Bengalis all over India, including Assam, is living with anxiety today.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/over-12-lakh-hindu-left-out-from-nrc-1.1044352 |access-date=2021-05-10 |work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>

== Displacement ==
Thousands of Bengali Hindus were displaced from the Brahmaputra Valley and they subsequently migrated to [[West Bengal]]. According to one estimate 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |editor=Samir Kumar Das |chapter=Challenges Ahead |title=Blisters on their Feet |url=http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |access-date=5 March 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-81-7829-819-1 |page=303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182014/http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In West Bengal, thousands of refugees arrived in phases. The first batch of around 4,000 refugees arrived between 5 and 11 July 1960. The next batch of 447 arrived between 12 and 20 July. The rest arrived after 31 July. During July – September, around 50,000 Bengalis took shelter in West Bengal.

Robin Dey, the Bengali-born creator of teenage adventure series of Dasyu Bhaskar in Assam was forced to leave Assam and settle in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Biswajit |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=bn:বাংলার বাইরে বাংলার খোঁজে কয়েক দিন |language=bn |work=Anandabazar Patrika |publisher=ABP Group |location=Kolkata |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140221/21edit3.html |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> In 1959, Sukomal Purakayastha, who was later martyred during the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement in 1961]], was forced to wind up his business in Dibrugarh and flee to Barak Valley.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2015 |script-title=bn:তোমরা ছিলে তাই লেখার সাহস পাই |language=bn |work=Ei Samay |publisher=Bennett Coleman |location=Kolkata |url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/bengali-language-movement-in-barak-valley/articleshow/47347283.cms |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"
|- style="background:#ddd;"
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| Cumulative refugee figures from [[Assam]] in [[Jalpaiguri district]], West Bengal{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
|- style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left;"
! Date
! Cumulative figures
|-
| 16 July 1960
| 9,365
|-
| 1 August 1960
| 8,975
|-
| 21 August 1960
| 10,043
|-
| 25 August 1960
| 50,000
|}

== Aftermath ==
===Language Movement===
{{main|Assamese Language Movement}}
In 1972, large scale ethnic riots erupted in Assam again when Assamese groups demanded for making Assamese the sole language for writing examinations under the prestigious Gauhati university, where as usual the Bengali Hindus were mostly targeted. This time the violence remained concentrated mostly in the lower Assam districts with minor outbreaks reported in Sibsagar and Dibrugarh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sekhawat |first=Vibhuti Singh |title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC |access-date=6 March 2014 |year=2007 |publisher=Anamika Publishers |isbn=9788179751695 |page=88}}</ref> Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.

=== Assam Movement ===
[[File:Anti-Bengali graffiti, Assam Agitation.jpg|thumb|right|
Assamese mob drawing wall graffiti where [[Jyoti Basu]], the then Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]] is described as the Bastard son of West Bengal and [[Bengalis]] as Indian dogs .]]
{{Main|Assam Movement}}
During the first phase of the Assam Agitation, Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The killing of Rabi Mitra, an ethnic Bengali technical officer at Oil India's headquarters in Duliajan caused widespread panic among the Bengalis. In 1983, the Bengali Hindus were attacked again during the anti-foreign agitation. In Dhemaji district, the Bengali houses were vandalised by rioting Assamese mobs in Silapathar. Cases have been reported when tribals ([[Mishing people]]) were instigated to attack government sanctioned Bengali Hindu refugee settlements in the Lakhimpur district, resulting in horrendous massacres where Bengali babies were snatched from their mothers and thrown to fire, alive. Extremely abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became a common hate spreading mechanism for the Assamese rioters. "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", "Assam for Assamese", etc. were easily seen written on the graffitied walls across the Brahmaputra valley.<ref>{{cite book |title='Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam |year=2011 |publisher=Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research |page=42}}</ref> The [[Khasi people|Khasi]] tribals of Meghalaya, under the banner of Khasi Students Union (KSU) and under active collaboration and patronage of the Assamese rioters started targeting domicile [[Bengalis]] in Meghalaya, resenting their dominance in jobs and business. The attacks mostly restricted to [[Shillong]]. In 1980, a Bengali legislator was killed and the Bengali localities came under systematic attack repeatedly.

== See also ==
* [[Bongal]]
* [[Dkhar#Beh Dkhar|Beh Dkhar]]
* [[Mayang (term)#Mayang Halo|Mayang Halo]]
* [[Discrimination against Bengalis in India]]
* [[Operation Roukhala]]
* [[D voter]]
* [[Nellie massacre|Nellie Massacre]]
* [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)]]
* [[Bengali Hindus in Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chakravarti |first=K.C. |date=30 July 1960 |title=Bongal Kheda Again |journal=The Economic Weekly |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |location=Mumbai |pages=1193–95 |issn=0012-9976 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/31/assam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement |first=Myron |last=Weiner |author-link=Myron Weiner |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=9 |pages=279–292 |number=2 |year=1983 |publisher=Population Council |jstor=1973053 |doi=10.2307/1973053}}
{{refend}}
{{Violence against Bengali Hindus in Assam}}

[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:History of Assam (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1960s in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to India]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in India]]

Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury

2026-02-18T22:21:14Z

BeauBasaldua8: further updated information after review and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1949–2015)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury press conference 2010.jpg
| caption = Chowdhury at a 2010 press conference
| name = Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury
| native_name = {{nobold|সালাউদ্দিন কাদের চৌধুরী}}
| native_name_lang =
| office = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| president = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| primeminister = {{ubl|[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]|[[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]}}
| successor = [[Mohammed Abdul Matin]]
| predecessor = [[Mohammed Abdul Matin]]
| term_start = 9 July 1986
| term_end = 23 January 1988
| office1 = [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|Minister of Housing and Public Works]]
| president1 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| primeminister1 = [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
| successor1 = [[K.M. Aminul Islam]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Mannan Siddique]]
| term_start1 = 25 May 1986
| term_end1 = 9 July 1986
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start2 = 25 January 2009
| term_end2 = 24 January 2014
| predecessor2 = [[L. K. Siddiqi]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Nazibul Bashar Maizvandary]]
| constituency2 = [[Chittagong-2]]
| term_start3 = 19 March 1996
| term_end3 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor3 = [[Md Yousuf]]
| successor3 = [[Moin Uddin Khan Badal]]
| constituency3 = [[Chittagong-7]]
| term_start4 = 5 March 1991
| term_end4 = 24 November 1995
| predecessor4 = [[Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]]
| successor4 = [[Golam Akbar Khondakar]]
| constituency4 = [[Chittagong-6]]
| term_start5 = 7 May 1986
| term_end5 = 3 March 1988
| predecessor5 = [[A. M. Zahiruddin Khan]]
| successor5 = [[Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]]
| constituency5 = [[Chittagong-6]]
| term_start6 = 18 February 1979
| term_end6 = 7 May 1986
| predecessor6 = [[M. A. Manan]]
| successor6 = [[Giasuddin Quader Chowdhury]]
| constituency6 = [[Chittagong-7]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Sadiq Public School]]|[[Notre Dame College, Dhaka]]|[[University of Punjab]]}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali against executions of opposition leaders Imran Khan has sent a letter to the Prime Minister, Salah al-Din was evidence of innocence |url=https://www.newstime.jp/news/bengali-against-executions-of-opposition-leaders-imran-khan-has-sent-a-letter-to-the-prime-minister-salah-al-din-was-evidence-of-innocence |work=News Time |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist|Politician|Businessman}}
| father = [[A.K.M. Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|11|22|1949|3|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Old Dhaka Central Jail]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chittagong]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| otherparty = {{ubl| [[National Democratic Party (Bangladesh)]]|[[Bangladesh Muslim League]]|[[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]}}
| resting_place = [[Raozan Upazila]], [[Chittagong]]
| height = 6 feet 2 inches (1.88m)
| spouse = Farhat Quader Chowdhury
| children = {{hlist|Fazlul|[[Humam Quader Chowdhury|Humam]]|Farzeen}}
| relatives = [[List of political families#Bangladesh|Chowdhuries of Chittagong]]
| relations = {{unbulleted list|Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury (brother)|[[Giasuddin Quader Chowdhury]] (brother)|[[Salman F Rahman]] (cousin)}}
| nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
}}

'''Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury''' ({{langx|bn|সালাউদ্দিন কাদের চৌধুরী}}; (13 March 1949 – 22 November 2015) was a [[Bangladeshi]] politician and minister, a six-term member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]], and a member of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)]] [[Standing Committee]]. He served as a minister in two ministries under the [[Ershad ministry]], and later served as the Adviser on Parliamentary Affairs to Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] from 2001 to 2006. He was the son of late [[Convention Muslim League]] leader [[A.K.M. Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]].<ref name=fe>{{cite news |title=Please spare his life, SQ Chy's family urges President |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?news_id=3466&page=detail_news |newspaper=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=6 July 2007 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

On {{nowrap|1 October 2013}}, he was convicted of 9 of 23 charges and sentenced to death by the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh]] for crimes during the 1971 [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].<ref name=economist/><ref name=bbc>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh MP Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury to hang for war crimes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24344868 |work=BBC News |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Bartrop>{{cite book |last=Bartrop |first=Paul R. |date=2012 |title=A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=374 |isbn=978-0313386787}}</ref> However, limitations placed on his defense testimony were called "disturbing" by some observers.<ref name="ap" /><ref name="economist" /><ref name="bbc" /><ref name="harvard" /> He was executed by hanging in [[Old Dhaka Central Jail]] on 22 November 2015.<ref name="economist" />

==Early life==
Chowdhury was born on 13 March 1949 in Gahira village.<ref name="bangla.bdnews24.com">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঔদ্ধত্যের আরেক নাম সাকাচৌ |url=http://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1003463.bdnews |language=bn |newspaper=bdnews24.com}}</ref> He was from a political family of [[Raozan Upazila]] in erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]. His father, [[Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]], was a Speaker of [[Pakistan National Assembly]] and [[President of Pakistan|Acting President of Pakistan]] from time to time before the [[independence of Bangladesh]].<ref name="august trial" /> He was the eldest among the six siblings.<ref name=maze/> He received his education from the boarding school, [[Sadiq Public School]] at [[Bahawalpur]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name="august trial" />

==Career==
Chowdhury was a member of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad|Bangladesh Parliament]]<ref name="mp">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/9th_Parliament_MP%20List.pdf |title=9th Parliament MP List |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806195805/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/9th_Parliament_MP%20List.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> and of the standing committee of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.bnpbangladesh.com/standing-committee-2009-2016/ |title=Standing Committee |website=Bangladesh National Party (BNP) |access-date=2017-02-11}}</ref>

Chowdhury was a seven-term Member of Parliament, generally representing [[Rangunia Upazila|Rangunia]] and/or [[Boalkhali Upazila]]s, starting with constituency [[Chittagong-7]] in [[1979 Bangladeshi general election|1979]]. He was elected for [[Chittagong-6]] in 1986 and 1991.<ref name=91,96>{{cite news |title=SQ Chy feared Rangunia debacle |url=http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=205095&cid=43 |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=5 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030102701/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=205095&cid=43 |archive-date=30 October 2012 |access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> He was elected for Chittagong-7 again in [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996]],<ref name=91,96 /> and re-elected in [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/M_P%20List-300.pdf |title=8th Parliament MP List |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051455/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/M_P%20List-300.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref> He ran a failed campaign to be elected secretary general of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannan's Arrest |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/07/01/news.htm |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Star Weekend Magazine}}</ref> Opposition member of parliament, [[Suranjit Sengupta|Shuranjit Sengupta]], demanded the resignation of [[M. Morshed Khan|M Morshed Khan]] over the failed bid and in response Chowdhury said, ''"He should at first be circumcised before commenting on an Islamic organisation like the OIC. If he does that I will support his demand for the foreign minister's resignation,"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SQ Chowdhury's Rebuttal |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/07/01/news.htm |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Star Weekend Magazine}}</ref> Chowdhury's final term, to which he was elected in [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]], was for [[Chittagong-2]].<ref name="mp" />

==War crimes trial==
Hummam Quader Chowdhury, son of BNP leader Salauddin Quader Chowdhury, who was executed for 1971 war crimes, has expressed hope that he can prove his father's "innocence" and expose what he calls a "judicial killing".
The family of executed BNP leader Salauddin Quader Chowdhury will send a legal notice to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Sunday, seeking evidence to support their claim that he was subjected to a ‘judicial killing’ by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT).

Chowdhury was arrested 2011 from his "safe house" in [[Dhanmondi]] and questioned by the special branch of police,<ref>{{cite news |title=SQ Chy being quizzed at this 'safe house' |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/national/48980-sq-chy-at-safe-home.html |newspaper=Independent |location=Dhaka |date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524014404/http://www.theindependentbd.com/national/48980-sq-chy-at-safe-home.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=29 August 2011 }}</ref> where he was reportedly tortured.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klasra |first1=Rauf |date=19 December 2010 |title=Bitter past revived: Labelled traitor, an MP reminisces|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/91820/bitter-past-revived-labelled-traitor-an-mp-reminsces/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The trial for his involvement in the 1971 [[Bangladesh genocide]] were due to begin in August 2011.<ref name="august trial">{{cite news |title=SQ Chy's trial to begin in August: Quamrul |url=http://www.bdinn.com/news/sq-chy%E2%80%99s-trial-to-begin-in-august-quamrul/ |newspaper=BD Inn |date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101073003/http://www.bdinn.com/news/sq-chy%E2%80%99s-trial-to-begin-in-august-quamrul/ |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>

===War crime charges===
Among the charges submitted against Chowdhury in the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] were:<ref name=DT-1>{{cite news |title=Charges against SQ Chy |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/science-technology-environment/science/1/our-favorites-from-the-geneva-motor-show |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001064124/http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/oct/01/charges-against-sq-chy |archive-date=1 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=BDN-001>{{cite news |title=The charges against Salauddin Quader |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/10/01/the-charges-against-salauddin-quader |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
# Abduction of 7 Hindus and killing 6 of them on 4–5 April 1971.<ref name="do30Jul2015">{{cite news |title=Justice delayed, but not finally denied |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2015/07/30/101936.php |newspaper=The Daily Observer |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
# Accompanying [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan army]] at the time of killing Maddhya Gohira Hindu Parha in Raozan on 13 April 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salauddin |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2015/11/22/122171.php |newspaper=The Daily Observer |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

===Trial===
During Chowdhury's trial the prosecution summoned 41 witnesses to testify while four were called in his defense.<ref name=economist>{{cite magazine |author= |title=Politics and death in Bangladesh: The noose tightens |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21679230-opposition-floundering-sheikh-hasina-has-her-way-noose-tightens?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |magazine=Economist |date=28 November 2015 |access-date=15 December 2015 }}</ref> Commenting on the trial, the former [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues]], [[Stephen Rapp]], said that it was "disturbing" that limitations were placed on defense testimony.<ref name=ap>{{cite news |last=Pennington |first=Matthew |date=20 November 2015 |title=US criticism grows over Bangladesh war crimes tribunal |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/04991a85b5a54fa9a736d784af34e1d8/us-criticism-grows-over-bangladesh-war-crimes-tribunal |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110104/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/04991a85b5a54fa9a736d784af34e1d8/us-criticism-grows-over-bangladesh-war-crimes-tribunal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Affidavits stating that Chowdhury was in [[West Pakistan|Pakistan]] and studying law at the [[University of Punjab]] at the time of the crimes were not considered.<ref name=economist/><ref name="bbc" /> Defense testimony from a former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister of Pakistan]] and a former American ambassador was not allowed by the court.<ref name=harvard>{{cite web |last=Farbstein |first=Susan |date=13 November 2015 |title=Threat of Extrajudicial Executions Looms in Bangladesh |url=http://hrp.law.harvard.edu/criminal-justice/threat-of-extrajudicial-executions-looms-in-bangladesh/ |website=The Human Rights Program |publisher=Harvard Law |access-date=15 December 2015 }}</ref>

===Conviction===
On 1 October 2013, the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh]] sentenced Chowdhury to death by hanging for nine out of the 23 charges brought against him.<ref name=bbc/> His party [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] argued that the trial is politically motivated.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh sentences 7th opposition lawmaker to death |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bangladesh-sentences-7th-opposition-lawmaker-to-death/articleshow/23348606.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=Reuters |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> On 18 November 2015, [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] dismissed the appeal of Chowdhury, upholding the death sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC publishes full verdict on Salauddin, Mojaheed |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/86445/SC-publishes-full-verdict-on-Salauddin-Mojaheed |newspaper=Prothom Alo |access-date = 2015-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Set to Hang Opposition Leaders Within Days |url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-set-to-hang-opposition-leaders-within-days-1245556 |work=NDTV |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>

== Execution ==
On 22 November 2015, at 12:45 in the morning, Chowdhury was executed by hanging at [[Dhaka Central Jail]]. Another convict, [[Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed]], was also executed around the same time.<ref name=nyt/><ref>{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |title=Two top Bangladesh war criminals hanged |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 November 2015 |issn=0971-751X |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |script-title=bn:সাকা-মুজাহিদের ফাঁসি কার্যকর |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/690262/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2581%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BF-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B0 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=2015-11-21 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122072720/http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/690262/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2015 |title=B'desh on alert after execution of 2 Oppn leaders for war crimes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/bangladesh-on-high-alert-ahead-of-execution-of-2-opposition-leaders/story-C60moXJqSDKFbe4Sm2YNBI.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2015-11-21}}</ref> Law Minister [[Anisul Huq (politician)|Anisul Huq]] claimed that Chowdhury and Mojaheed submitted a plea for mercy, which Chowdhury's family denied.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |date=22 November 2015 |title=Bangladesh Hangs 2 Leaders Convicted of War Crimes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html?ref=topics&_r=0 |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=15 December 2015 }}</ref> Chowdhury was buried at his village home in [[Raozan Upazila]], [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] on 22 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=SQ Chy buried amid tight security |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/sq-chy-buried-amid-tight-security-176257 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2015-11-22}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chowdhury was married to Farhat Quader Chowdhury.<ref name="wifeson"/> Farhat is the daughter of Alamgir Mohammad Adel (brother of [[Jahangir Mohammad Adel]]) and Laili Chowdhury (daughter of [[Chowdhury Abd-Allah Zaheeruddin|Lal Miah]], zamindar of [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]). Their children include Farzin, Hummam (b. 1983) and Fazlul.<ref name=maze>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/02/14/d60214011310.htm|title=Feuding SQ Chy family wanders in legal maze|publisher=The Daily Star|date=2006-02-14|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614060254/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/02/14/d60214011310.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wifeson">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/hc-asks-sq-chys-wife-son-surrender-1318738 |title=Verdict leak: HC asks SQ Chy's wife, son to surrender to lower cour |date=2016-11-22 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/bangladesh-sons-convicted-war-criminals-detained-160811134823481.html|title=Bangladesh: Sons of convicted war criminals detained|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> In August 2016, [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] alleged that Hummam was arrested on 4 August 2016, and disappeared. Amnesty says multiple credible sources place him at [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) headquarters in [[Dhaka]] on 12 August, but authorities have denied having him in custody.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amnesty, HRW condemn 'detention' of SQ Chy, Mir Quasem's sons |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/amnesty-hrw-condemn-detention-sq-chy-mir-quasems-sons-1269919 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Hummam returned home in March 2017. Hummam is married to the granddaughter of industrialist [[Abul Kashem Khan|A. K. Khan]].

Chowdhury's brother, [[Giasuddin Quader Chowdhury]], was a member of parliament from [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/son-sq-chy-returns-home-after-7-months-1370593|title=Son of SQ Chy returns home after 7 months|date=2017-03-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-08-02|language=en}}</ref> Other two brothers were Saifuddin and Jamaluddin.<ref name=maze/> Industrialist brothers [[Salman F Rahman]] and Sohel Rahman were their cousins.<ref name=maze/> On 3 January 2005, he met [[Sheikh Hasina]] and invited her to his son Faiyyaz's wedding.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SQ Chy invites Hasina to son's wedding|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/01/03/d50103011311.htm|access-date=2021-04-08|website=archive.thedailystar.net|publisher=The Daily Star|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052928/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/01/03/d50103011311.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hasina said that she couldn't attend the wedding due to security concerns after the [[2004 Dhaka grenade attack]]. There were accusations that Salahuddin was involved in the grenade attack on Sheikh Hasina, to which Salahuddin replied that had he been behind the attack, the grenade wouldn't have missed Hasina.

==Wealth==
The QC family is one of the wealthiest families in [[Bangladesh]]. His wealth was estimated to be around Tk. 1,000 crore. He owned a house in [[Dhaka|Dhaka's]] [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi area]] located on Road 10/A. He also owned his family's historic house located on Goods Hill in Rahmatganj ([[Chittagong]]) and three other houses in the Gohira village of [[Raozan Upazila]], where he also owned hundreds of acres of land. Salahuddin and his brothers owned the QC Group based in Chittagong. The QC Group consists of:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.bbarta24.net/special-report/2016/02/18/21258 | title=যুদ্ধাপরাধী সাকা চৌধুরীর যত সম্পত্তি }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://qcgroupbd.com/qc_trading_3_1.html | title=Qc Group Bangladesh }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* QC Shipping Ltd.
* QC Container Line Ltd.
* QC Logistics Ltd.
* QC Navigation Ltd.
* QC Feeders Ltd.
* QC Shipping Pte. Ltd. (domiciled in Singapore)
* Eastern Maritime Ltd.
* QC Trading Ltd.
* QC Petroleum Ltd.
* QC Estate Ltd
* QC Holdings Ltd.
* QC Properties Ltd.
* QC Enterprises Ltd.
* The Dacca Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
* The Dacca Yarn Dyeing Ltd.
* Unitrend Ltd. (Bangladeshi representative of international PR firm McCann Erickson)
* Focus Multimedia Ltd. (holding company of CSB News & Radio Aamar)
{{div col end}}

===Alleged Singapore account===
In 2020, the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)]] traced multiple accounts to [[Singapore]] which contained a combined 1 billion USD. The money was laundered there by a [[Bangladeshi]] citizen. An ACC official told the [[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] newspaper that the money belonged to Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/520115/ACC-finds-1bn-of-SQ-Chy-in-S%E2%80%99pore | title=ACC finds $1bn of SQ Chy in S'pore | date=November 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Bangladeshi criminals]]

==References==

https://tob.news/family-claims-salauddin-quader-chowdhury-was-victim-of-judicial-killing/

{{Reflist}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Salahuddin Quader}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male criminals]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people convicted of war crimes]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Executed Bangladeshi people]]
[[Category:Executed mass murderers]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:National Democratic Party (Bangladesh) politicians]]
[[Category:Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People from Raozan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Sadiq Public School alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:People executed by the International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)]]

Hemant Pandey

2026-02-07T22:49:55Z

BeauBasaldua8: small changes

{{Short description|Indian film, theatre and television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemant Pandey
| image = Hemant Pandey.jpg
| occupation = Actor, comedian
| years_active = 1996–present
| label_name =
| website =
}}

'''Hemant Pandey''' is an Indian film, theatre and television actor, known for his role as Pandeyji in the series ''[[Office Office]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Documentary on Leh-Ladakh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-13/news-interviews/29652609_1_film-festivals-documentary-film-sonu-niigam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103140214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-13/news-interviews/29652609_1_film-festivals-documentary-film-sonu-niigam |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=..character actor Hemant Pandey, of TV serial "Office-Office" fame.|date=13 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=database|title=Hemant Pandey|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0659235/|work=IMDb|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
;Film Career

Pandey appears in the films ''[[Krrish]]'' and ''[[Milenge Milenge]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hemant Pandey|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/22604|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402224002/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/22604|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|work=Filmography|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>

;TV Career
He got his first major role in 1996, with ''Taank Jhank''. He played one of the tenants alongside ''Dharmesh Vyas'' and ''Hemant Kevani'', who wants to be an IAS officer. After this he appeared in ''Office Office'' and ''Mrs. Malinee Iyer''.

According to Hemant Pandey, he grew up watching the comedies of [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] and [[Johnny Lever]].

He appeared as the character Ghasita in [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]''.

Pandev has also performed stand-up comedy for Sony's ''[[Kahani Comedy Circus Ki]]''.

==Filmography==
* ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]'' (1999) (Tamil)
* ''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Ab Ke Baras]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Fareb (2005 film)|Fareb]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Detective Naani]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Sankat City]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Kaalo]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bin Bulaye Baraati]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Chala Mussaddi... Office Office]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Be Careful (film)|Be Careful]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Machhli Jal Ki Rani Hai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[2 Nights in Soul Valley]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Chor Bazaari]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dil Toh Deewana Hai]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Journey of Bhangover]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Prakash Electronic]]'' (2017)
* ''When Obama Loved Osama'' (2018)
* ''[[Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Dagaalty]]'' (2020) (Tamil) as Robert
* ''[[Chal Guru Ho Jaa Shuru]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-18 |title='Chal Guru…' has nothing to do with Asaram Bapu: Hemant Pandey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chal-guru-has-nothing-to-do-with-asaram-bapu-hemant-pandey/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Non Stop Dhamaal]]'' (2023)
*''Luv You Shankar'' (2024)
*''[[Life Hill Gayi]]'' (2024)
*[[Pushtaini]] (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2024-06-23 |title='Pushtaini' movie review: A gentle yet gripping indie that scratches beneath the surface |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushtaini-movie-review-a-gentle-yet-gripping-indie-that-scratches-beneath-the-surface/article68324044.ece |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;Television
* ''[[Taak Jhaank (TV series)|Taak Jhaank]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Kya Baat Hai]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Hera Pheri (TV series)|Hera Pheri]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Office Office]]'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-13 |title=Pankaj Kapur's Office Office makes a comeback on TV amid lockdown; Manoj Pahwa and Hemant Pandey are elated |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pankaj-kapurs-office-office-makes-comeback-tv-amid-lockdown-manoj-pahwa-and-hemant-pandey-are-elated-523999 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=ऑफिस ऑफिस...याद है आपको इनके सभी मजेदाऱ किरदार, जानिए क्या करते हैं आज |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-office-office-serial-cast-pankaj-kapur-sanjay-mishra-manoh-pahwa-grover-hemant-pandey-aswari-joshi-then-and-now-2059471 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* ''[[Tamanna House]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Neer Bhare Tere Naina Devi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Rashi Villa]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Shankar Jay Kishan ]]'' (2017)

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0659235}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Hemant}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Central Jail

2026-02-06T21:01:05Z

BeauBasaldua8: new

{{Short description|Prison in Jharkhand, India}}
'''Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Central Jail''' is a prison located in [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref name=":0" /> The 100-acre facility has a five-layer security wall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=56 धोती, पैरों से खून... इसी हजारीबाग जेल से भाग निकले थे जयप्रकाश, 1942 का वो किस्‍सा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/jayaprakash-narayan-escape-from-hazaribagh-central-jail-full-story/articleshow/94725744.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-12-31 |title=Three convicted prisoners escape from Jharkhand jail, breach five-layer security |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/three-convicted-prisoners-escape-from-jharkhand-jail-breach-five-layer-security |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title=हजारीबाग सेंट्रल जेल से फरार हुए तीन कैदी, सुरक्षा व्यवस्था पर गंभीर सवाल |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/three-prisoners-missing-from-loknayak-jayaprakash-narayan-central-jail-in-jharkhand-hazaribagh-concern-over-security-arrangements/4338484/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

Chandrashekhar Suman is the Jail Superintendent in December 2025.

== History ==
Established in 1832, it is one of the oldest jails in India. Freedom fighter Lok Nayak [[Jai Prakash Narayan]] was imprisoned in this jail during the Bharat Chhoddo Andolan in 1942. [[Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]] was also imprisoned here. [[Marxist Leninist]] revolutionary [[Charu Majumdar|Charu Mazumdar]] was an inmate in 1973-74 and a jail break attempt by him was foiled by the authorities at that time. The ward which housed Lok Nayak and the cell where he died was converted into an heritage building.<ref name=":0">https://nhrc.nic.in/assets/uploads/minute_of_meeting/1751366236_2644d02c6bf55ac4a45f.pdf</ref>

On 9 November 1942, Jai Prakash Narayan, along with five other inmates, escaped from this jail with the help of 56 dhotis to jump off the 17-feet high jail wall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=56 धोती, पैरों से खून... इसी हजारीबाग जेल से भाग निकले थे जयप्रकाश, 1942 का वो किस्‍सा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/jayaprakash-narayan-escape-from-hazaribagh-central-jail-full-story/articleshow/94725744.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The jail also houses a facility for juvenile correction home. On 27 December 2025, Justice Sujit Narayan Prasad of the Jharkhand high court visited the jail to inspect the facilities. The central jail has a library, medical and counselling rooms, meeting facilities, and a layered security system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-27 |title=Jharkhand High Court Judge Inspects Hazaribag Juvenile Home & Central Jail for Inmate Welfare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-high-court-judge-inspects-hazaribag-juvenile-home-central-jail-for-inmate-welfare/articleshow/126194777.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24.0188|85.3594|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Prisons in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jharkhand]]

2025 Mumbai Indians season

2026-02-04T09:26:32Z

BeauBasaldua8: Adding A Stub!

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|mi}}
| season = [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| image = Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = Wankhede Stadium in 2011
| caption = Wankhede Stadium, home ground of Mumbai Indians
| coach = [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| captain = [[Hardik Pandya]]
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| comp1 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 4th place
| comp2 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]
| comp2 result = Won against [[Gujarat Titans]]
| comp3 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]
| comp3 result = Lost against [[Punjab Kings]]
| most runs = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (717)<ref name="mr"/>
| most wickets = [[Trent Boult]] (22)<ref name="mw"/>
| most catches = [[Naman Dhir]] (12)<ref name="mc">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most catches|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526120926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| most dismissals = [[Ryan Rickelton]] (16) <ref name="md">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most dismissals|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815081448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2024 {{IPL Teams 1|mi}} season|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 {{IPL Teams 1|mi}} season|2026]]
}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The '''2025 season''' was the 18th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) [[cricket]] franchise [[Mumbai Indians]]. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]. The team was captained by [[Hardik Pandya]] and coached by [[Mahela Jayawardene]].

The Mumbai Indians finished in fourth place in the league stage, and advanced to the Eliminator in playoffs. The team defeated [[Gujarat Titans]] in the Eliminator but were defeated in Qualifier 2 by [[Punjab Kings]]. Mumbai's [[Suryakumar Yadav]] scored the most runs (717) while, [[Trent Boult]] took the most wickets (22) for Mumbai in the 2025 season.

== Pre-season ==
{{Further|List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league held in India, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Indians]] are the joint-most successful franchise with 5 title wins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadeja's last-ball four seals fifth title for CSK in rollercoaster final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429212411/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> They finished in tenth place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|title=2024 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526045213/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The tournament featured ten teams competing in 74 matches from 22 March to 3 June 2025 across 13 venues in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |title=IPL 2025 FAQs: What's new this season? Any changes in format? |date=2023-03-20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322194040/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101|archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai played all their home matches at [[Wankhede Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title=All to know about the Indian Premier League’s 2025 season |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/3/20/all-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-captains-schedule-prize-money-venues |access-date=2026-01-31 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad, including a maximum of five recent international players.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2024|title=IPL 2025 mega auction salary purse, retention rules, and RTM explained|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|access-date=29 September 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015913/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadline For Submission Of Retention List For IPL 2025 Auction Revealed |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020104/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai retained five players, including captain [[Hardik Pandya]] and former captain [[Rohit Sharma]].<ref name="retain"/><ref name=mi-retain/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain">{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 retentions: List of all the retained players ahead of the mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mi-retain>{{cite news|date=31 October 2024|title=MI to retain their big four: Rohit, Hardik, Bumrah, Suryakumar|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mi-to-retain-rohit-sharma-hardik-pandya-jasprit-bumrah-suryakumar-yadav-1457755|access-date=31 October 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119015920/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mi-to-retain-rohit-sharma-hardik-pandya-jasprit-bumrah-suryakumar-yadav-1457755|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Hardik Pandya]] || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{INRConvert|16.3|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Tilak Varma]] || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain"/><ref name="S2024">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/mumbai-indians-squad-1413556/series-squads|title=2024 Indian Premier League, {{IPL Teams 1|mi}} squad|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707134744/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/mumbai-indians-squad-1413556/series-squads|archive-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] || [[Spin bowling|Spin bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Tim David]]
* [[Naman Dhir]]
* [[Nehal Wadhera]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Vishnu Vinod]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
* [[Harvik Desai]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Dewald Brevis]]
* [[Mohammad Nabi]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Shams Mulani]]
* [[Shreyas Gopal]]
* [[Anshul Kamboj]]
* [[Shivalik Sharma]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Jason Behrendorff]]
* [[Arjun Tendulkar]]
* [[Akash Madhwal]]
* [[Gerald Coetzee]]
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
* [[Nuwan Thushara]]
* [[Luke Wood (cricketer)|Luke Wood]]
* [[Kwena Maphaka]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Kumar Kartikeya]]
|}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place in November 2024 in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2025 mega auction to be held on November 24, 25 in Jeddah|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|access-date=5 November 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=16 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116185000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|url-status=live}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|120|c}}, with franchises deducting an amount from the purse for every retained player.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Report Says Franchise Purse To Increase From Rs 90 Crore to 120 Crore |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020644/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IPL retention FAQs: What is the modified RTM rule? Has the auction purse increased?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-10-01|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|45|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Purse Remaining For Each Team After Retentions |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103065133/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |url-status=live}}</ref> Franchises that did not retain six players, were allowed [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards at the auction for each player not retained.<ref>{{cite web |title=Franchises can now retain record number of players ahead of IPL 2025 auction, purse size gets bigger too; check all details here |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=SportsTak |date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090833/https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai had one card available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Every IPL Team's Retentions, Auction Purse, Total Slots, RTM Available|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai bought eighteen players in the auction, including eight capped players and eight overseas players.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|title=IPL 2025 teams and all squads - full players list|website=[[Olympics.com]]|date=25 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124172801/https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices|url-status=live}}</ref> The franchise used its RTM card to buy back [[Naman Dhir]] for {{INRconvert|5.25|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=List of RTM Buys by all Franchises at the IPL Auction 2025 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/csk-mi-rcb-to-kkr-list-of-rtm-buys-by-all-franchises-at-the-ipl-auction-2025-323371.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of start of 2025 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2025|3|22|df=y}}.
* Withdrawn players are indicated by a dagger symbol ({{dagger}}) and placed at the bottom of the table.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Mumbai Indians]] squad for the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-squad-1458620/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Mumbai Indians squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526122904/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-squad-1458620/series-squads|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|-
| 9 || '''[[Tilak Varma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|11|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|8|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 12 || [[Raj Angad Bawa]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|11|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 13 || [[Robin Minz]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|09|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}}|| {{INRConvert|65|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 15 || [[Satyanarayana Raju (cricketer)|Satyanarayana Raju]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|07|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 18 || '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1989|07|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|12.50|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 19 || [[Naman Dhir]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|12|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 33 || '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
| 36 || '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 42 || [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|08|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 45 || '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1987|04|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|16.3|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 51 || [[Jonny Bairstow]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1989|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}} || Temporary{{Efn|name=TempRep}} replacement{{Efn|name=Jacks}}
|-
| 56 || '''[[Deepak Chahar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1992|08|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|9.25|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 63 || '''[[Suryakumar Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1990|09|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|16.35|c|lk=on}} || Stand-in captain{{efn|name=Suryakumar|[[Suryakumar Yadav]] captained [[Mumbai Indians]] for the first match against [[Chennai Super Kings]] as [[Hardik Pandya]] was banned for slow over-rate in their last league stage game in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-suryakumar-yadav-to-captain-in-absence-of-suspended-hardik-pandya-for-mumbai-s-season-opener-1477341|title=Suryakumar to lead in Hardik's absence in Mumbai Indians' IPL 2025 season opener|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=19 March 2025|language=en|access-date=2025-06-17|archive-date=20 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320055220/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-suryakumar-yadav-to-captain-in-absence-of-suspended-hardik-pandya-for-mumbai-s-season-opener-1477341|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| 74 || '''[[Mitchell Santner]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1992|02|05|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 77 || '''[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|03|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Ghazanfar}}
|-
| 93 || '''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 99 || [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|09|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Charith Asalanka]] || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|6|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Temporary{{Efn|name=TempRep}} replacement{{Efn|name=Bosch}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Richard Gleeson]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1987|12|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} || Temporary{{Efn|name=TempRep}} replacement{{Efn|name=Rickelton}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Bevon Jacobs]] || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2002|05|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Raghu Sharma (cricketer)|Raghu Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|3|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Replacement{{Efn|name=Puthur}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[KL Shrijith]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|08|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Reece Topley]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|02|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 4 || [[Vignesh Puthur]] {{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|03|02|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|unorthodox]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Puthur|[[Raghu Sharma (cricketer)|Raghu Sharma]] replaced [[Vignesh Puthur]], after the latter withdrew due to shin bones injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=MI replace Vignesh Puthur with Raghu Sharma for remainder of IPL |date=1 May 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mi-replace-vignesh-puthur-with-raghu-sharma-for-remainder-of-ipl-101746083947872.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>}}
|-
| 22 || '''[[Will Jacks]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|11|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Jacks|[[Jonny Bairstow]] replaced [[Will Jacks]], after the latter withdrew due to national duty.<ref name="tr">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Mumbai Indians sign Jonny Bairstow, Richard Gleeson and Charith Asalanka |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4219/mumbai-indians-sign-jonny-bairstow-richard-gleeson-and-charith-asalanka |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521191447/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4219/mumbai-indians-sign-jonny-bairstow-richard-gleeson-and-charith-asalanka |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| 37 || '''[[Corbin Bosch]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|09|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas; Replacement;{{Efn|name=Williams}} Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Bosch|[[Charith Asalanka]] replaced [[Corbin Bosch]], after the latter withdrew due to national duty.<ref name="tr"/>}}
|-
| 44 || '''[[Ryan Rickelton]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|07|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Rickelton|[[Richard Gleeson]] replaced [[Ryan Rickelton]], after the latter withdrew due to national duty.<ref name="tr"/>}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Lizaad Williams]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|10|01|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas; Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Williams|[[Corbin Bosch]] replaced [[Lizaad Williams]], after the latter withdrew due to knee injury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corbin Bosch replaces injured Lizaad Williams at Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-corbin-bosch-replaces-injured-lizaad-williams-at-mumbai-indians-1476356|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-date=8 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308195728/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-corbin-bosch-replaces-injured-lizaad-williams-at-mumbai-indians-1476356|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Allah Mohammad Ghazanfar]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2006|03|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|4.80|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Ghazanfar|[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] replaced [[Allah Mohammad Ghazanfar]], after the latter withdrew due to back injury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mujeeb Ur Rahman replaces injured AM Ghazanfar in Mumbai Indians' squad for IPL 2025|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mujeeb-ur-rahman-replaces-injured-am-ghazanfar-for-mi-1473416|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|access-date=16 February 2024|archive-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216091519/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mujeeb-ur-rahman-replaces-injured-am-ghazanfar-for-mi-1473416|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{Efn|name=TempRep|[[Mumbai Indians]] signed [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Richard Gleeson]] and [[Charith Asalanka]]<ref name=tr/> as temporary replacements, following the IPL's [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|suspension and rescheduling]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL to allow temporary replacements for last leg of 2025 season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-allow-franchises-sign-temporary-replacement-players-for-last-leg-of-2025-season-1485918 |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>}}
}}

== Support staff ==
[[Mahela Jayawardene]] returned as the head coachreplacing [[Mark Boucher]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017, 2019, 2020, check. The MJ era returns to pocket IPL 2025|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/2017-2019-2020-check-the-mj-era-returns-to-pocket-ipl-2025-mahela-jayawardene|access-date=2024-10-28|publisher=[[Mumbai Indians]]|date=14 October 2024|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109170741/https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/2017-2019-2020-check-the-mj-era-returns-to-pocket-ipl-2025-mahela-jayawardene|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Paras Mhambrey]] joined as a bowling coach<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paras Mhambrey joins Mumbai Indians as bowling coach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/paras-mhambrey-joins-mumbai-indians-as-bowling-coach/articleshow/114181736.cms|access-date=2024-10-13|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2024 |language=en|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119010639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/paras-mhambrey-joins-mumbai-indians-as-bowling-coach/articleshow/114181736.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while, [[Carl Hopkinson]] joined as a fielding coach replacing [[James Pamment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mumbai-indians-appoint-carl-hopkinson-as-fielding-coach-1464817|title=Carl Hopkinson replaces James Pamment as Mumbai Indians' fielding coach|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=2024-12-13|access-date=1 January 2026|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312121951/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-mumbai-indians-appoint-carl-hopkinson-as-fielding-coach-1464817|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|-
| Batting coach || [[Kieron Pollard]]
|-
| Bowling coach || [[Lasith Malinga]] [[Paras Mhambrey]]
|-
| Fielding coach || [[Carl Hopkinson]]
|}
*Source: ''Wisden''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |url-status=live}}</ref>

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
{{2025 Indian Premier League Points table|team={{IPL Teams 2|mi}}}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| L3, L9, W12, L16, L20, W29, W33, W38, W41, W45, W50, L56, W63, L69 | W72, L73

| caption = League progression
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|mi}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = 2025 Indian Premier League}}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match9}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match16}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match20}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match29}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match41}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match56}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match63}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match69}}

== Playoffs ==
=== Bracket ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|bracket}}
=== Eliminator ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match72}}
=== Qualifier 2 ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match73}}

== Statistics ==
[[File:Suryakumar Yadav in PMO New Delhi.jpg|thumb|alt=Suryakumar Yadav in 2024|[[Suryakumar Yadav]] scored the most runs (717) for [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].]]
At the [[2025 Indian Premier League#End of season awards|IPL end of season awards]], Mumbai's [[Suryakumar Yadav]] was awarded as the Most Valuable Player of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=IPL 2025 Final Presentation: Full List Of Tournament Award Winners |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116154536/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-final-presentation-full-list-tournament-award-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053138/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 717
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|-
! scope=row | 418
| [[Rohit Sharma]]
|-
! scope=row | 388
| [[Ryan Rickelton]]
|-
! scope=row | 343
| [[Tilak Varma]]
|-
! scope=row | 252
| [[Naman Dhir]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 22
| [[Trent Boult]]
|-
! scope=row | 18
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|-
! scope=row | 14
| [[Hardik Pandya]]
|-
! scope=row | 11
| [[Deepak Chahar]]
|-
! scope=row | 11
| [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="sch-chng1">[[#sch1|Original 2025 IPL Schedule]] vs [[#sch3|Revised 2025 IPL Schedule]]</ref>
<ref name="sch-chng2">{{cite web|access-date=13 May 2025|title=IPL 2025 schedule: What's changed in the new fixture list vs old?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms|work=Times of India|date=13 May 2025|archive-date=13 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513064518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="res-po">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Schedule for TATA IPL 2025 Playoffs announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]] |archive-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528125453/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>
=== General references ===
* {{anchor|sch1}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* {{anchor|sch3}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.mumbaiindians.com/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians Mumbai Indians on IPLT20 Website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Mumbai Indians}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League|Mumbai Indians]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]

Allan Brooks

2026-01-29T18:56:45Z

BeauBasaldua8: typo fix

{{Short description|Canadian ornithologist and bird artist}}
[[File:AllanBrooks.jpg|thumb|225px|Photograph (1913)]]
'''Allan Cyril Brooks''' (February 15, 1869 [[Etawah]] – January 3, 1946) was an [[ornithologist]] and bird artist who lived in Canada. His father [[William Edwin Brooks]] had been a keen ornithologist in India but growing up in a farming household in Canada made his entry into the career of bird art much more difficult than for his contemporary [[Louis Agassiz Fuertes]] in the United States of America. His painting style was more [[Impressionism|impressionist]] with a greater emphasis on the habitat than on fine details of plumage. After Fuertes' death in a road accident, he was commissioned to complete the plates for ''Birds of Massachusetts''.

[[File:Mershon's The Passenger Pigeon (Band-tailed Dove illustration, crop).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Illustration of a [[band-tailed pigeon]]]]

==Life and career==
Allan was born in Etawah in India, where his father, W. E. Brooks, worked in the railways while also studying the birds of India, particularly the leaf-warblers. His father named him after his close friend and ornithological associate in India, [[Allan Octavian Hume]]. Allan went to school in England (1873–1881) and studied the bird life of the Northumberland moors. Thanks to his father's connections, he interacted with [[Henry Seebohm]] and learnt egg-collection and butterfly collection from the taxidermist [[John Hancock (ornithologist)|John Hancock]]. He later studied the birds of Ontario where his father [[William Edwin Brooks]] had settled to a farming life.<ref name=bio>{{cite journal|author=Brooks, Marjorie|year=1938| title=Allan Brooks: A Biography| journal=The Condor|volume=40|issue=1|pages=12–17|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v040n01/p0012-p0017.pdf|doi=10.2307/1363833|jstor=1363833}}</ref>

In Canada, he met [[Thomas McIlwraith (ornithologist)|Thomas McIlwraith]] in 1885 and learnt specimen collecting and skinning techniques from him. In 1887, the family moved to [[Chilliwack|Chilliwack, British Columbia]]. [[Robert Ridgway]], the American ornithologist helped him identify birds early in Brooks' life and had shown appreciation for his art work. Brooks began his career as a specimen collector and game hunter, providing specimens to the Victoria Memorial Museum and a few private collectors. Towards the end of the 1890s Brooks contributed pictures for [[George Oliver Shields]]' ''Recreation'' magazine. Unlike wildlife artists in the United States of America during the same period, he did not find easy ways to support his interest in art. [[William Brewster (ornithologist)|William Brewster]] wrote to him in 1895 that he could help him make the art work paying if Brooks could work harder. He then made some watercolours for Brewster, earning about three or four dollars for each illustration.

Brooks later began to contribute illustrations to periodicals such as ''Recreation'' and ''[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]''. His first big commission was for a book by [[William Leon Dawson]]. Dawson had sought the work of [[Louis Agassiz Fuertes]] but found him too expensive. He subsequently found more work and became a distinguished bird artist, going on to illustrate [[Percy A. Taverner]]'s ''Birds of Western Canada'' (1926) and ''Birds of Canada'' (1934). Brooks' style was more impressionistic, giving more emphasis to the background and artistry. Others artists like Fuertes tended to give more care to the detail in the foreground subject.<ref name=scientia>{{cite journal|title=Allan Brooks, Naturalist and Artist (1869–1946): The Travails of an Early Twentieth Century Wildlife Illustrator in North America|first=Joan|last= Winearls|journal=Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine|volume=31|issue=1–2|year=2008|pages=131–154|doi=10.7202/019758ar|pmid=19569391|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Harris|first=Harry|title=An appreciation of Allan Brooks, Zoological artist: 1869–1946|journal=The Condor|volume=48|issue=4| year=1946| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v048n04/p0145-p0153.pdf|doi=10.2307/1363968|pages=145–153|jstor=1363968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v015n02/p0069-p0076.pdf|title=Allan Brooks: An Appreciation|first=William Leon |last=Dawson| journal= The Condor| volume=15| issue=2| year=1913| pages=69–76|doi=10.2307/1362054|jstor=1362054}}</ref>
[[File:Allan Brooks 1917.jpg|thumb|200px|Major Brooks in 1917|left]]
[[File:Anas_Brooks.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Painting from ''A natural history of the ducks. Volume II'' (1923)]]
He was also recruited during [[World War I]] for his skills as a sharp-shooter and served with the [[7th Canadian Infantry Battalion]] and later was a chief instructor training snipers. He was awarded with a [[Distinguished Service Order]].

{{blockquote|For conspicuous gallantry in the operations of 2nd and 3rd September in front of Arras. As brigade observing officer he showed great daring and initiative, pushing forward at all times with the most advanced troops under the heaviest fire. Taking a wire with him, he kept brigade headquarters well informed of the situation, and enabled the commander to make decisions that saved many lives. When the enemy were retiring he pushed forward over 500 yards in front of the infantry and telephoned back information from a long distance in front of our advance. During the two days he personally killed twenty of the enemy by sniping shots.}}

During the Second World War, he also contributed his paintings to the Red Cross.<ref name=auk>{{cite journal|last=Laing|first= Hamilton M. |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v064n03/p0430-p0444.pdf|title=Allan Brooks, 1896–1946|journal=The Auk|volume=64|issue=3|pages=430–444|year=1947|doi=10.2307/4080389|jstor= 4080389 }}</ref>
While posted in Flanders, he reported on the birds of a war-zone. He noted that rats and pigs tended to become numerous. He also recorded the predation of bird's eggs by slugs,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bird Lore| year=1917| title=Birds in the war-zone| issue=1| volume=19| url=https://archive.org/stream/audubonnati19nati#page/n15/mode/2up|pages=1–4}}</ref> a phenomenon that was studied in greater detail only in 2017.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/jav.01189|title=''Arion'' slugs as nest predators of small passerine species - a review|journal=Journal of Avian Biology| volume=48|issue=3|pages=455| year=2017|last1=Turzańska|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Chachulska|first2=Justyna}}</ref> In 1921, part of his home was burned down. In this fire, he lost many of his old notes and books including a series on Indian birds that he had since the age of 3. In 1926 he married Marjorie and in 1927 he moved to Brownsville, Texas from where he worked on illustrations for volume 3 of "''Birds of Massachusetts''", a work that had been interrupted by the death of Louis Fuertes.<ref name=bio />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717021426/http://www.comoxmuseum.ca/history/brooks.html Comox Archives and Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706212607/http://www.vernonmuseum.ca/cr_allan_brooks.html Vernon Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050322213300/http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/thomp-ok/allan_books/major-allan.html ''Major Allan Brooks of Okanagan Landing'' by Jean Webber, Royal British Columbia Museum ''Living Landscapes'' project]
* [http://www.bedfordfineartgallery.com/allan_brooks_artwork.html Artwork by Allan Brooks]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100817011620/http://thecanadasite.com/art/art55_brooks.html Canadian artists]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brooks, Allan}}
[[Category:Canadian bird artists]]
[[Category:Canadian illustrators]]
[[Category:Canadian naturalists]]
[[Category:Canadian ornithologists]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Canadian painters]]
[[Category:Canadian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian painters]]
[[Category:People from Chilliwack]]
[[Category:19th-century Canadian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male artists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Canada]]

Jeev Zala Yedapisa

2026-01-25T08:11:59Z

BeauBasaldua8:

{{Short description|2019 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jeev Zala Yeda Pisa.jpeg
| image_size =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| producer = Nikhil Sheth
| director = Vinod Lavekar
| company = Potadi Entertainment
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|04|01|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|03|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 536
| opentheme = "Jeev Zala Yedapisa" by Suhas Sawant
}}

'''''Jeev Zala Yedapisa''''' ({{translation|Heart went crazy}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeev Zala Yedapisa completes 400 episodes; team celebrates on the set - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jeev-zala-yedapisa-completes-400-episodes-team-celebrates-on-the-set/articleshow/79013900.cms|access-date=2020-11-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor-writer Chinmay Mandlekar is excited for Jeev Zala Yedapisa's Hindi remake Bawara Dil; read post - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-writer-chinmay-mandlekar-is-excited-for-jeev-zala-yedapisas-hindi-remake-bawara-dil-read-post/articleshow/81228878.cms|access-date=2021-03-30|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 1 April 2019 and ended on 3 April 2021 by replacing ''[[Radha Prem Rangi Rangli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title='जीव झाला येडापिसा'मध्ये फुलणार शिवादादा आणि सिद्धीमध्ये प्रेम!|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/love-track-will-start-jeev-zala-yeda-pisa-marathi-serial/|access-date=2020-02-07|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='जीव झाला येडापिसा'मध्ये सिद्धी‌-शिवाच्या नात्याची होणार गोड सुरुवात?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/sidhi-and-shiv-goldent-moments-will-start-jeev-zala-yeda-pisa/|access-date=2020-01-07|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by Vinod Lavekar, directed by Nikhil Sheth and written by [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] under the banner of ''Potadi Entertainment''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeev Zala Yeda Pisa: Chinmay Mandlekar to write the story - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jiv-zala-yedapisa-chinmay-mandlekar-to-write-the-story/articleshow/68268707.cms|access-date=2019-04-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinmay Mandlekar shares an emotional note as Jeev Zala Yeda Pisa goes off-air; says, "Proud that it has been remade in 5 different languages" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chinmay-mandlekar-shares-an-emotional-note-as-jeev-zala-yeda-pisa-goes-off-air-says-proud-that-it-has-been-remade-in-5-different-languages/articleshow/81946524.cms|access-date=2021-04-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Summary ==
It is the story of the love and hate relationship of Shiva, an uneducated and immoral villager and Siddhi, a woman who values principles before anything else with almost nothing in common with each other.<ref>{{Cite web|title='जीव झाला येडापिसा'मध्ये सिद्धी‌ आणि शिवाच्या नात्याची गोड सुरुवात!|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/siddhi-and-shiv-reletion-sweet-reletion-begins-jiv-jhala-yedapissa/|access-date=2020-01-15|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='जीव झाला येडापिसा'मध्ये अखेर शुद्धीवर येणार शिवादादा!|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/shivadada-will-be-back-jeev-jhala-yedapisa/|access-date=2019-12-23|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ashok Phaldesai as Shiva Yashwant Lashkare
* Vidula Chougule as Siddhi Nandakumar Gokarna / Siddhi Shiva Lashkare

=== Recurring ===
* [[Mohan Joshi]] / [[Uday Tikekar]] as Yashwant Lashkare; Shiva's father
* Chinmayee Sumeet as Chandrakanta Deshmane (Aatyabai)
* Ruplaxmi Shinde as Malini Nandakumar Gokarna
* Anup Belwalkar as Vidyasagar Nandakumar Gokarna; Siddhi's elder brother
* Sharvari Jog as Sonal Yashwant Lashkare; Shiva's younger sister
* Vidya Sawale as Mangal Yashwant Lashkare; Shiva's mother
* Sumedha Datar as Vijaya Lashkare; Shiva's aunt
* Vikas Patil as Janardan Lakshman Waghmare (Jalwa)
* Rohit Kokate as Narpat Chikane
* Rohit Haldikar as Sarkar; Aatyabai's son
* Hemant Joshi as Mr. Bhave; Aatyabai's PA
* Amey Barve as Gaurav; Siddhi's boyfriend

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Jeev Zala Yedapisa'' ''जीव झाला येडापिसा''
| 1 April 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 3 April 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' ''இதயத்தை திருடாதே''
| 14 February 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 3 June 2022
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| ''Prem Ni Bhavai'' ''પ્રેમ ની ભવાઈ''<ref>{{Cite web|title='जीव झाला येडापिसा'मध्ये आता सिद्धीचा होणार मेकओव्हर, शिवाला देणार हे खास सरप्राईज|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/marathi-serial-jeev-zala-yedapisa-latest-updates-126905141.html|access-date=2020-03-04|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
| 10 March 2020
| [[Colors Gujarati]]
| 22 January 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Ginirama]]'' ''ಗಿಣಿರಾಮ''
| 17 August 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 17 June 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bawara Dil]]'' ''बावरा दिल''
| 22 February 2021
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 August 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]'' ''মন মানে না''
| 30 August 2021
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 5 June 2022
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13849026}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/jeev-zala-yeda-pisa/3498766 ''Jeev Zala Yedapisa''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Redrawing India: The Teach For India Story

2026-01-13T09:25:38Z

BeauBasaldua8: Creating Entry

{{Short description|Non-fiction book by Kovid Gupta}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=November 2018}}
{{notability|Books|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Redrawing India: The Teach For India Story
| image = Redrawing_India_The_Teach_For_India_Story.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Kovid Gupta]] [[Shaheen Mistri]]
| cover_artist = [[Sunhil Sippy]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[Random House]]
| release_date = 2014
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 286 pp
| isbn = 8184005636
}}

'''''Redrawing India: The Teach For India Story''''' is a 2014 [[non-fiction]] book written by [[Kovid Gupta]] and [[Shaheen Mistri]].

==Synopsis==
Shaheen Mistri, a young college student from USA, visits Mumbai during a summer vacation with her parents. She walks into a slum and meets Pinky, followed by many other children who shape her journey that follows. Shaheen meets the many children of India as the years pass, joining their stories of hope and survival. This book is the powerful telling of a movement that aims to bring young Indians under the collective vision that one day, all children in India will receive an excellent education.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Redrawing India: The Teach For India Story''|url=http://www.crossword.in/books/redrawing-india-teach-india-story/p-books-9788184005639.html|publisher=Crosswords India|accessdate=15 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013035222/http://www.crossword.in/books/redrawing-india-teach-india-story/p-books-9788184005639.html|archivedate=13 October 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Redrawing India: The Teach For India Story'' opened up to mostly positive reviews.

Column Writer Mudar Patherya of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' wrote in his review, " If I could get a dress circle view into one of India's fastest growing NGOs without knowing the chairperson or chapraasi, then someone at the NGO has been doing a smart job."<ref>{{cite news|title=''Fixing the NGO-Company match''|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/columnists/mudar-patherya/Fixing-the-NGO-company-match/articleshow/46819875.cms|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref> Huzan Tata of ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' stated that "Redrawing India inspires one to think about the greater cause of education, and what it can do for the children of our country and their future."<ref>{{cite web|title=''Slices of life and love...book reviews''|date=13 January 2015 |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/book-reviews-redrawing-india-the-emerging-feminine-the-mahabharata-quest-unseasonal-rain|publisher=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Collaborative non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Random House books]]

Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)

2026-01-06T14:25:07Z

BeauBasaldua8: update

{{short description|Dockyard in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox port
|name = Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)
|image = Naval dockyard Entrance.jpg
|image_size =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|country = India
|native_name =
|native_name_lang=
|location = [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
|coordinates = {{coord|17.700|83.266|region:IN_type:landmark_dim:2000|display=inline,title}}
|locode =
|opened = 1949
|operated =
|owner =
|type = Shipyard
|sizewater =
|sizeland =
|size =
|berths =
|wharfs =
|piers =
|draft_depth =
|employees =

|blankdetailstitle1 = Activities
|blankdetails1 = [[Ship building]] [[Ship repair]]
}}
The '''Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)''' abbreviated as '''ND (V)''', is located in [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh and is one of the most important [[dockyard]]s in [[India]], after the [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]].<ref name="indiannavy">{{cite web |title=Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-dockyard-visakhapatnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322054055/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/n-d-v-visakhapatnam |archive-date=2016-03-22 |access-date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Indian Navy}}</ref>

==History==
In December 1941, shortly after the beginning of [[World War II]] in Europe, the [[Royal Indian Navy]] set up a "Boat Repair Workshop" in Visakhapatnam to support the Indian army units in [[Burma]]. In March 1942, as part of the Navy's initiative to set up coastal forces in several Indian coastal cities, the facility in Visakhapatnam was upgraded to include blacksmith and carpentry workshops, and machine tools, all of which were hosted abroad the naval base [[INS Circars]]. This was further upgraded to a centre for maintenance of ships with a 200-tonne slipway in 1947. In 1953, the facility was expanded into a Base Repair Organisation (BRO) and existing workshop units moved into the new BRO complex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&pg=PA137|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976-1990|last=Hiranandani|first=G. M.|date=2005|publisher=Ministry of Defence; Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170622666|pages=137}}</ref>

In 1958, the [[Union cabinet|Union Cabinet]] approved the proposal for establishing a naval base and dockyard in Visakhapatnam. In 1962, a new [[jetty]] and a workshop building were sanctioned, as well as the acquisition of 550 acres of land from the Port Trust. In 1972, the BRO was renamed to Naval Dockyard.<ref name=":0" />

As of 2016, the Dockyard includes three [[dry docks]] and spreads over 704 acres of land. The dockyard had repaired 22 ships and submarines in a year.<ref name="indiannavy" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Shipyards of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Economy of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Naval units and formations of India]]

{{Shipbuilding-stub}}
{{India-transport-stub}}

Sanaleibak (newspaper)

2025-12-13T05:10:42Z

BeauBasaldua8: fix citations for clarity and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Meitei language daily newspaper}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] newspaper|the prosaic Meitei name of [[Manipur]]|Sanaleibak|the state official song of the [[Government of Manipur]]|Sanaleibak Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Sanaleibak}}|}} {{small|{{lang|en|{{Script|Latn|Sanaleibak Daily}}|}}}}
| logo = SANALEIBAK.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_border =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_border =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = [[daily newspaper]]
| format = paper and e-paper{{efn|online webpages are availed.}}
| school =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher =
| president =
| general_manager =
| chief_editor =
| editor = Nimol Ningombam
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor = 
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| founded = 
| political_position =
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| ceased_publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = [[Imphal]]
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
| circulation = * {{IND}} (physical copy)
* global (e-copy)
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{URL|sanaleibak.in}}
| free =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
The '''Sanaleibak''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-bāk/}}||[[Sanaleibak|the golden land]]}}), also known as the '''Sanaleibak Daily''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur police quiz editor after he raises questions on govt's anti-drug drive on TV |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-police-quiz-editor-after-he-raises-questions-on-govts-anti-drug-drive-on-tv-8365623/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Meitei language]] [[daily newspaper]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2023-01-04 |title=Manipur: Editor of local newspaper detained, journalists' bodies condemn police action |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-editor-local-newspaper-detained-journalists-bodies-condemn-police-action.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref> circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyan Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWO0sCFW4OwC&q=sanaleibak+newspaper |title=Press in the North-east |date=2013 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-1840-9 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsusgA3docgC&q=sanaleibak+newspaper |title=Mass Media in India |date=2000 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-0814-1 |pages=445 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Newspaper Editor Detained Over Statement On TV Debate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-newspaper-editor-detained-over-statement-on-tv-debate-3664977 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2022 ==
In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2022, out of the 8 award categories given by the Department of Information & Public Relations, [[Government of Manipur]] on the [[National Press Day]], Sanaleibak daily won 7 awards simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
The winners of the awards are as follows:
# Ningombam Hemantakumar was awarded for the best editor on '''National Integration & Communal Harmony'''.
# Moirangthem Khagemba Meetei was awarded for the best reporting on '''Public Health & Hygiene'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Moirangthem Khagemba Meetei was again awarded for the best reporting on '''rural topics'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Robinson Wahengbam was awarded for the best reporting on '''Art & Culture'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Taorem Bishwajit Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''parliamentary topics'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Maibam Kenedy Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Science & Technology'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Rabi Takhellambam was awarded for the best reporting on '''Women and Children'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2020 ==
In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2020, out of the 8 award categories given by the Department of Information & Public Relations, [[Government of Manipur]] on the [[National Press Day]], Sanaleibak daily won 5 awards simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
The winners of the awards are as follows:
# Ningombam Hemantakumar was awarded for being the '''Best Editor'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Khagembam Shanker Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Science & Technology'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Ngangom Suraj Kumar Singh was awarded for the best reporting with special Reference to '''Women and Children'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Maibam Kenedy Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Art and Culture'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Khagembam Rabikumar Meitei was awarded for the best reporting on '''Sports'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hueiyen Lanpao]]
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]
* [[Naharolgi Thoudang]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[Sangai Express]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|Sanaleibak}}
* [http://sanaleibak.in/ Official website]

{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Books|Geography|History|India|Language|Law|Media|News|Politics|Writing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Imphal]]

A. E. Inbanathan

2025-12-13T01:51:34Z

BeauBasaldua8: created the post more to come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox clergy
| child =
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name = A. E. Inbanathan, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific_suffix = [[PhD]] ([[Hartford Seminary|Hartford]])
| image =
| imagesize =125px
| alt=
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Athisayanathan Emmanuel Inbanathan<ref>''Neu Delhi Dokumente: Berichte und Reden auf der Weltkirchenkonferenz in Neu Delhi 1961'', World Council of Churches. Assembly, Luther-Verlag, 1962, pp.461, 502. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PslHAQAAIAAJ&q=Athisayanathan+Inbanathan]</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union]]), [[PhD]] ([[Hartford Seminary|Hartford]])
| alma_mater =[[United Theological College, Bangalore]], ([[Karnataka]]),<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Past students of the college diploma course, p.54; Postgraduate course, p.20.</ref> [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]], [[New York City|New York]] ([[United States]]),<ref name="Union">[https://books.google.com/books?id=N-IWAAAAIAAJ&q=inbanathan ''Union Seminary Quarterly Review'', Volumes 5–8, 1949, p.36]</ref><ref name="Columbia"/> [[Hartford Seminary]],<ref>[http://web01.hartsem.edu/pages/alumni/List.aspx Hartford Seminary Alumnae] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054305/http://web01.hartsem.edu/pages/alumni/List.aspx |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Hartford, Connecticut]] ([[United States]])
| occupation = [[Pastor]]
| years_active =
| parents = Athisayanathan<ref>[http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgments/handle/123456789/424135?mode=full&submit_simple=Show+full+item+record High Court of Karnataka. RFA 526/1995]</ref>
| website = 
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| church = [[Church of South India]]<ref name="Union"/>
| ordained =
| writings ='''1949''', ''The Mysticism of Sadhu Sundar Singh'',<ref name="Columbia">A. E. Inbanathan, ''The Mysticism of Sadhu Sundar Singh'', Columbia University, Columbia, 1949. [https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/4282757]</ref> '''1951''', ''Karmasamsara: A study in history of doctrine of Hindu theology'',<ref name="Hartford">A. E. Inbanathan, ''Karmasamsara: A study in history of doctrine of Hindu theology'', Hartford Seminary Foundation, Hartford, 1951. Cited in Donald Bean Gilchrist, Edward Atwood Henry ''Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American Universities'', Issue 18, H.W. Wilson Company, 1951, pp.7 and 251. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jDrgAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan]</ref> '''1958''', ''The Christian Message in the Indian Setting'',<ref>A. E. Inbanathan, ''The Christian Message in the Indian Setting'' in Blaise Levai (Edited), ''Revolution in missions: a study guide to the role of missions in present day India'', YMCA Publishing House, New Delhi, 1958, p.36. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CqFIAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan+vellore]</ref> '''1960''', ''Man in Christian Thought''<ref>A. E. Inbanathan, ''Man in Christian Thought'', RS, VIII:3–4, 1960. Cited by Siga Arles in ''Theological education for the mission of the church in India, 1947–1987: theological education in relation to the identification of the task of mission and the development of ministries in India, 1947–1987, with special reference to the Church of South India'', P. Lang, 1990, p.524. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7XnYAAAAMAAJ&q=Emmanuel+Inbanathan]</ref>
| congregations = [[Tindivanam]], [[Vellore]]
| offices_held =[[Pastor]], [[Church of South India]] {{small|()}} [[Chaplain]],<ref>''Western Theological Seminary, W88-0095. Piet, John H. (1914–1992). Papers, 1940–1992. 12.50 linear ft.'' (2013). Collection Registers and Abstracts. Paper 647. [http://digitalcommons.hope.edu/collection_registers/647]</ref> [[Christian Medical College and Hospital]], [[Vellore]] {{small|(−1960)}}
| title = The Reverend Doctor
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''A. E. Inbanathan''' was the sixth general secretary of the [[Bible Society of India]] Central Office in [[Bangalore]], who held the office from 1960<ref name="ABS Record"/> to 1981,<ref name="GDV">G. D. V. Prasad, Chiranjivi J. Nirmal, ''Imaging the Word: A Twenty-First Century Perspective'', The Bible Society of India 1811–2011, Bible Society of India, Bangalore, 2000, (revised edition 2011), p.115. [http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/02/stories/1302017e.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> the longest ever held by a clergyman.

Inbanathan was a pastor who served in a rural setting in [[Tindivanam]] from where he moved on to medical ministry serving as chaplain. During his stint at the [[Bible Society of India]], many translations of the Bible and revisions of the existing versions in the languages of India were undertaken. In 1964,<ref>''The Morung Express'', Dimapur, 20 February 2014, p.2, ''ABAM Commemorate 'Golden Jubilee' of Ao Bible translation''. [http://issuu.com/morung_express/docs/20th_february_2014/2]</ref> the [[Ao Naga language]] Bible was released in the presence of Inbanathan in [[Impur]]. Revision of the [[Telugu language]] Bible began during the tenure of Inbanathan who along with his colleague, [[Chrysostom Arangaden]], involved [[Old Testament]] scholars [[Victor Premasagar]] and G. Babu Rao.<ref>H. S. Wilson (Edited), The Church on the Move, Essays in honour of Victor Premasagar, Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref>

==Studies==
Inbanathan studied at the High School in [[Tindivanam]]<ref name="ABS Record">[https://books.google.com/books?id=VjXPAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan ''Bible Society Record'', American Bible Society, 1960, p.70]</ref> and the [[Voorhees College]], [[Vellore]], after which he discerned his avocation towards priesthood and underwent ministerial formation between 1939 and 1943 at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], affiliated to the nation's first<ref name="UNESCO">[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001790/179035eb.pdf UNESCO Structures of University Education in India, 1952]</ref> university, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], under the principalship of [[Max Hunter Harrison]], after which the university awarded Inbanathan a graduate degree in [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] by then registrar C. E. Abraham.

In 1949,<ref name="Columbia"/> Inbanathan moved to the [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)]]<ref name="Union"/> affiliated to the [[Columbia University]]<ref name="Columbia"/> where he pursued a postgraduate course. Inbanathan also pursued research<ref name="ABS Record"/> studies in [[comparative religion]] at the [[Hartford Seminary]]<ref name="Hartford"/> which he completed in 1951.<ref name="Hartford"/> Many interesting facets about A. E. Inbanathan during his time in America have been recorded in journals. ''The Quarterly Review'' of the [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)]] wrote, ''He was young, intelligent and with an attractive personality.''. The General Synod of the Reformed Church of America noted, ''Rev. A. E. Inbanathan, pastor of one of the churches in South India has completed his studies in America and is enroute to his home.<ref>''119th Annual Report of the Board of World Missions'' (1951). Annual Reports. Book 96. [http://digitalcommons.hope.edu/world_annual_report/96]</ref> He has been an inspiration to all who have met him.''<ref>''The Acts & Proceedings of the Reformed Church in America'', Regular Session of the General Synod, Reformed Church in America, Volume 39, General Synod Board of publication and Bible-school work, 1951, p.17. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WhhKAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan+church+of+south+india]</ref>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==

===As rural pastor===
Inbanathan was a pastor<ref>"118th Annual Report of the Board of World Missions" (1950). Annual Reports. Book 95.
[http://digitalcommons.hope.edu/world_annual_report/95]</ref> of the South India United Church which later unionized itself into the [[Church of South India]] and served in [[Tindivanam]], the town in which the theologian [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]] schooled. As a rural pastor in Tindivanam, Inbanathan was able to understand the ethos of India enabling him to interact with people and gain pastoral experience at the ground level.

===As medical chaplain===
As chaplain of the [[Christian Medical College and Hospital]], [[Vellore]], Inbanathan played an active role both in [[chaplaincy]] as well and in administration of the Association and Council of the College as Secretary.<ref>''Bulletin of the Christian Medical College, Vellore'', Volumes 17–28, The Association, Vellore, 1955, p.18. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NKZRAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan]</ref>

===As administrator===
In 1960,<ref name="ABS Record"/> Inbanathan moved to the [[Bible Society of India]], [[Bangalore]], and took up the position of general secretary<ref name="ABS Record"/> of the society that was involved in Translations, Resource Mobilisation, Production and Distribution of the [[Sacred Scriptures]] with focus on India. When Inbanathan took up the office of General Secretary of the Bible Society of India, there were ten<ref>''Third Jubilee Souvenir 1811–1961'', Published on the Occasion of the Third Jubilee of the Bible Society of India and Ceylon, Bangalore, 1961 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vVYRHAAACAAJ&q=third+jubilee+souvenir]</ref> auxiliaries including one in [[Ceylon]]. Inbanathan's rural pastoral experience enabled him to manage the country-level auxiliaries at a better level with his successive colleagues at the auxiliary level consisting of [[E. Prakasam]], [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[B. G. Prasada Rao]] and others.

With a record service of nearly 21 years, Inbanathan was a name to reckon with in India. Inbanathan ensured that the Bible Society of India worked together with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and the [[National Council of Churches in India]] and the other ecclesiastical institutions.

In matters of administration at the Bible Society of India, Inbanathan worked closely with [[J. S. S. Malelu]],<ref>''The National Christian Council Review'', Volume 84, Wesley Press and Publishing House, 1964, p.474.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_szjAAAAMAAJ&q=Dr.A.E.Inbanathan]</ref> then president of the Bible Society of India, as well as the other successors.

Inbanathan also played a role at the [[United Bible Societies]]. In 1969, Inbanathan was elected as the chairperson of the General Committee of the United Bible Societies.<ref>Edwin H. Robertson, ''Taking the Word to the world: 50 years of the United Bible Societies'', T. Nelson Publishers, 1996, pp.79, 96, 120. [https://books.google.com/books?id=at1wAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan]</ref> In subsequent meetings of the United Bible Societies, Inbanathan was also elected as the chairperson of the Council of the United Bible Societies.<ref>''Annual Report of the American Bible Society'', Volume 162, American Bible Society, 1977, p.85. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ySZXAAAAYAAJ&q=Dr.A.E.Inbanathan]</ref>

Inbanathan retired from the Bible Society of India in 1981 during the presidency of [[Alexander Mar Thoma]].<ref>''The National Christian Council Review'', Volume 102, Wesley Press, 1982, p.59.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Af3YAAAAMAAJ&q=general+secretary]</ref>

==Other==
During the [[World Council of Churches]] conclave held from 19 November through 5 December 1961, Inbanathan participated in the Assembly as a fraternal delegate<ref>''The New Delhi Report'', The Third Assembly of the World Council of Churches 1961.
[https://archive.org/stream/newdelhireportth009987mbp/newdelhireportth009987mbp_djvu.txt]</ref> of the [[United Bible Societies]] and also spoke<ref>James William Kennedy, ''No darkness at all'', Bethany Press, 1962, p.43. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vjpUAAAAYAAJ&q=inbanathan]</ref> on 1 December on the topic ''The Bible and Evangelism'' in the presence of the [[Archbishop of York]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[Donald Coggan]].

Inbanathan was also a participant at one of the synods of the [[Church of South India Synod]].<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, p.89. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>
{{S-start}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box| before=[[W. Park Rankin]] 1959–1960| title=General Secretary, [[Bible Society of India]], [[Bangalore]]|after=O. M. Mani 1981
| years=1960–1981}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Further reading
* {{cite book
| author=Edwin H. Robertson
| title=''Taking the Word to the world: 50 years of the United Bible Societies''
| year=1996
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=at1wAAAAMAAJ&q=inbanathan
| publisher=T. Nelson Publishers
| isbn=9780785272328
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inbanathan, A. E.}}
[[Category:Hartford Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Union Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]

History of Poonch District

2025-12-01T00:53:36Z

BeauBasaldua8: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[History of Poonch district]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Badlapur, Jaunpur

2025-10-28T01:09:01Z

BeauBasaldua8: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badlapur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehsil and Town Area
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.53|N|82.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ramesh Mishra (Bhartiya Janta Party)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 460=
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 36943
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 36943
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Other
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 222125
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05453
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-62
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:1009 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badlapur''' is an administrative division in [[Jaunpur District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was accorded the status of Town Area [[Nagar Panchayat]] on 27 June 2014.<ref name="election affairs.com">{{cite news|url=http://electionaffairs.com/results/assembly_constituency-wise_detailed_result_2012.cfm?ac_name=Badlapur&year=2012&st_name=Uttar%20Pradesh&ac_no=364|title=Result of Badlapur Assembly Constituency Election 2012|newspaper=electionaffairs.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613181740/http://electionaffairs.com/results/assembly_constituency-wise_detailed_result_2012.cfm?ac_name=Badlapur&year=2012&st_name=Uttar%20Pradesh&ac_no=364|archive-date=13 June 2015|location=Lucknow, Uttar.Pradesh, India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Badlapur is located at {{Coord|25.53|N|82.27|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Badlapur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Badlapur]</ref> It has been assigned 222 125 pin code by [[India Posts|India Post]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Badlapur had a population of 36,943. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Machhlishahr has an average literacy rate of 59%, male literacy is 76.99%, and female literacy is 43.35%. In Machhlishahr, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. Represented in the U.P. State Assembly by MLA Subhash Pandey of the BSP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ict.agri.net.in/details/block_details.php?id=1705 |title=Live online monitoring using Information and Communication Technology :: I.C.T. Uttar Pradesh, Crop Status, Agro-meteorological Advisory, Customized Training, Daily Weather Records |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709200800/http://ict.agri.net.in/details/block_details.php?id=1705 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Rail===

Badlapur is connected with major cities of India through the [[Indian Railways]] network. It has station named [[Sri Krishna Nagar railway station|Sri Krishna Nagar]]. Some important trains from [[Sri Krishna Nagar railway station|Sri Krishna Nagar]] are the [[Varuna Express]] to [[Lucknow]] [[Varanasi]], [[Kanpur]], the [[Howrah - Amritsar Express]] connecting [[Kolkata]] and [[Amritsar]], Sadbhavana Express connecting Raxaul and Delhi and the [[Farakka Express]] to [[Delhi]].

===Road===
Badlapur is connected to [[Lucknow]], [[Varanasi]], [[Allahabad]] and other cities of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. National Highway 731(NH-731) links Badlapur to Lucknow and Varanasi. State Highway 7(SH-7) is highway connecting Badlapur to Allahabad and Gorakhpur.

==Festivals==
The biggest annual celebrations in Badlapur are [[Durga Puja]], [[Ram Lila]] and Bharat Milap. People also organise big celebrations on [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Raksha Bandhan]] and other occasions. Also, fireworks exhibitions are performed on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

==See also==
*[[Saraiharkhu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jaunpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaunpur district]]

[[bpy:বদলাপুর]]
[[it:Badlapur]]
[[mr:बदलापूर]]
[[new:बदलापूर]]
[[sv:Badlapur]]
[[vi:Badlapur]]

Meitei guardians of the directions

2025-10-26T04:01:11Z

BeauBasaldua8: details

{{Short description| Meitei direction deities}}
{{See| Meitei mythology|Meitei deities}}
In [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]] and [[Meitei mythology]], the '''Guardians of the Directions''' or ''' ''Maikei Ngaakpa Lai'' ''' refers to the [[deities]] who rule the specific [[Cardinal direction|directions]] of space according to [[Sanamahism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html|title = The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
[[File:Symbol of Sanamahi Religion.jpg|thumb|Symbol of Sanamahism]]

There are mainly ten Guardians of the Directions in [[Meitei mythology]]. These are the following:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Meitei Transliteration
!Direction
!Description
!Consort
!Associated creature
|-
![[Kounu]]
|ꯀꯧꯅꯨ
|[[North]]
|She's the goddess who dwells in the snows of far north. Kounuthel (ꯀꯧꯅꯨꯊꯦꯜ), a stream, flowing in the Kounu Hill (ꯀꯧꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯡ) is considered to be her native place. She's the mother of Lord Loyalakpa.
|[[Lainingthou Koubru]]
|
|-
! [[Meitei deities|Lok Ningthou]]
|ꯂꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ
| [[South]]
|He's the divine king of a hillock kingdom in the southern realms.
|
|
|-
! [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou|Nongpok Ningthou]]
|ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ
|[[East]]
|He's the ruler of the [[Baruni Hill|Selloi Langmai Nongpok Hill]] (ꯁꯦꯂꯣꯢ ꯂꯥꯡꯃꯥꯢ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯆꯤꯡ), and is associated with attributes of being a hunter, a lover, an adventurer and a physician.
|[[Panthoibi]]
|He himself assumes the form of a ferocious tiger, whom goddess Panthoibi rides on.
|-
! [[Meitei deities|Loya Lakpa]]
|ꯂꯣꯌꯥ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ
| [[West]]
|He's the son of Lord Koubru and Lady Kounu.
|He's the consort of Lady Thoudu [[Nungthel Leima]] (ꯊꯧꯗꯨ ꯅꯨꯡꯊꯦꯜ ꯂꯩꯃ), the adopted daughter of his own parents.
|
|-
! [[Eputhou Thangjing|Thangjing]]
|ꯊꯥꯡꯖꯤꯡ
|[[South west]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs4BAAAAMAAJ&q=thangjing|title = Manipur and the Mainstream|last1 = Tombi Singh|first1 = N.|year = 1975}}</ref>
|He's the progenitor of the [[Moilang]] dynasty in [[Moirang]] kingdom. He dwells both in the [[Ibudhou Thangjing Temple]] as well as on the [[Thangjing Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#thangjing|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
|Ayangleima Ahal (Koirenleima Ahal) and Ayangleima Atompi (Koirenleima Atompi)
|He rides on a [[Manipuri pony]], which is a gift from Lord [[Ibudhou Marjing|Marjing]].
|-
! [[Ibudhou Marjing]]
|ꯏꯕꯨꯙꯧ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ
| [[North east]]
|He's the God associated with horses, polo, sports, war, combat, battle, and animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#marjing|title = The Manipuri Lais}}</ref> His only child is Lord Tolongkhomba.
|He's the consort of Lady Humuleima, the daughter of [[Kuru (mythology)|Kurulen Sidaba]].
|He rides on Samadon Ayangba, a winged [[flying horse]], with white complexion.
|-
! [[Wangbren]]
|ꯋꯥꯡꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ
|[[South east]]
|He's the God associated with water, diseases, death and plaque.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#wangbaren|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
|Anal Chanu Shangnulembi
|He rides on a [[Tiger#Colour_variations|black tiger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#wangbaren|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
|-
! [[Lainingthou Koubru|Koubru]]
|ꯀꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯨ
| [[North west]]
|He's the God associated with hunting, animals and wind. Legend says thunderstorm is due to the firing of his divine gun and cloudiness is due to the spreading of his clothes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#koubru|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
|[[Kounu]]
|He rides on Koubru Laishaa, a [[white elephant]].
|-
! [[Salailen Sidaba]]
|ꯁꯂꯥꯢꯂꯦꯟ ꯁꯤꯗꯕ
|[[Zenith]]
|He's the Supreme Being and the Sky God, who rules the heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#mapu|title = The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
|[[Leimarel Sidabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#leimaren|title = The Manipuri Lais}}</ref> Nong Leima and Tampha Lairembi.
|He rides either on an elephant or on a winged horse.
|-
! [[Thongalel]]
|ꯊꯣꯡꯉꯥꯂꯦꯜ
| [[Nadir]]
|He's the God of death and the ruler of the underworld kingdom.
|Laikhurembi, Thongak Leima, Khamnung Kikoi Louonbi and Lainaotabi.
|
|}

==Development==
{{Main| Meitei mythology}}
According to [[Meitei mythology]], before the creation of the [[universe]], there were four deities who guard four [[realms]]. These are the following:
{| class="wikitable"
!Old name of the deities
!Modern name of the deities
!Divine jurisdiction
|-
| Thawaa
|[[Wangbren]]
| Nonglam
|-
| Chengaa
|[[Ibudhou Marjing|Marjing]]
| Mitlam
|-
| Yucheng
| [[Eputhou Thangjing|Thangjing]]
| Eelam
|-
| Yuhaa
| [[Lainingthou Koubru|Koubru]]
|Nungshitlam
|}
These four deities guardians guard the four main [[Cardinal direction|directions]] before the creation of the universe.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

However, the following [[deities]] are also added to the [[guardianship]] of the directions after the creation of the [[universe]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!Deities
!Direction
|-
| [[Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou|Nongpok Ningthou]]
| Nongpok ([[East]])
|-
| Loya Lakpa
| Nongchup ([[West]])
|-
| Laireima Kounu
| Awang ([[North]])
|-
| Lok Ningthou
| Makha ([[South]])
|}
===Four main directions===
* [[Ibudhou Marjing]]:- He is the Guardian of the North East direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#marjing|title = The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
* [[Eputhou Thangjing|Thangjing]]:- He is the Guardian of the South West direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#thangjing|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
* [[Lainingthou Koubru]]:- He is the guardian of the North West direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#koubru|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>
* [[Wangbren]]:- He is the guardian of the South East direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#wangbaren|title=The Manipuri Lais}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Guardians of the directions]], the Hindu equivalent.
* [[Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri]], the Norse equivalent.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada ''India Through the Ages'']

[[Category:Mythology]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}

Zalim Singh

2025-10-16T11:38:59Z

BeauBasaldua8: created some biography from scratch

{{Short description|Administrator, reformer and army commander of Kota state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zalim Singh
| title = [[Rana (title)|Raj Rana]]
| image = Jhala Zalim Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait of Zalim Singh
| succession = [[Prime minister|Musahib-i-Ala]] of [[Kota State|Kota]]
| reign = 1771 – 1824
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]]
| birth_date = 1739
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1824
| spouse = *Gaurji (name unknown)
*Chundawatji (Sisodiniji) Indra Kanwarji of [[Begun]] in [[Mewar]]
*Khichanji (Chauhanji) Saras Kanwarji from [[Raghogarh-Vijaypur]]
*Sisodiniji Gulab Kanwarji of [[Shahpura]]
*Sisodiniji Chandan Kanwarji
| issue = *[[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]]
*Ajab Kanwarji m.to Rao Bishan Singh of [[Bundi]]
| full name = Zalim Singh Jhala
| house-type =
| father = Prithvi Singh (biological) Himmat Singh (adoptive)
| mother = Sisodiniji Shaktawatji Kushal Kanwarji d.of Bhupal Singh of Dangarmow in [[Mewar]]
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
}}
'''Zalim Singh Jhala''' (1739-1824) or '''Zalim Singh of Kotah''', a [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] [[Rajput]] was an administrator, reformer and army commander of the [[Hada Chauhan]] house of [[Kota State|Kota]]. He was the [[de facto]] ruler of [[Kota State]] from 1771 to until his death in 1824. He was referred to by his contemporary [[James Tod]] as the [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>

== Birth ==
He was born in 1739 to Prithvi Singh and later adopted by his paternal uncle, Himmat Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=R. P. Shastri |url=https://archive.org/details/jhala-zalim-singh |title=Jhala Zalim Singh |pages=1, 35, 44–45, 49, 50–52, 54–60, 240, 364–365}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=55–56, 85}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Upon Himmat Singh's death in 1758, he at the age of eighteen succeeded him in his jagir of Nanta and as [[Faujdar]], or [[Commander-in-chief|Commander]], of the state troops of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota State]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1 |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=104}}</ref> Three years later, he was instrumental in leading the Kota troops to a decisive victory over the [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] army at Bhatwara, where seventeen elephants, 1,800 horses, 73 pieces of cannon, and a state flag of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] fell into the hands of the [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] troops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Tod |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsantiquitie02todj_0 |title=Annals and antiquities of Rajast'han, or the central and western Rajpoot states of India |date=1829 |publisher=London : Smith, Elder and Co. [etc.] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |pages=136, 516, 520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=295 |language=en}}</ref> Following the battle, Maharao Raja Shatru Sal of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] welcomed him with great honor in an open [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] to celebrate the victory and acknowledged the valuable services he had rendered.<ref name=":0" />

== Musahib-i-Ala of Kota ==
Sometime after Guman Singh became Maharao Raja of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]], he appointed him as Musahib-i-Ala, or the Diwan, on 28 December 1764.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Relia |first1=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLaOCwAAQBAJ |title=The Indian Portrait - 8: Rajputana Nayak {{!}} Paintings from the Royal courts of Rajasthan |last2=Soni |first2=Sonika |date=2016-02-12 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-931718-0-6 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> He arranged the marriage of his adoptive sister to Guman Singh, which earned him the title of "Mama" (maternal uncle).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Peabody |first=Norbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YZvuz6EGgcC |title=Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46548-9 |pages=118, 120, 132–133, 139 |language=en}}</ref> He used this title in his daily life and official correspondence.<ref name=":7" />

=== Leaving Kota ===
Later, the relationship between him and Guman Singh became tense due to their rivalry over a woman whom the Guman intended to bring into his [[zenana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He left [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] and went to [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], where he was received by Raj Rana of [[Bari Sadri]], who introduced him to the Maharana Ari Singh, who quickly took him into his service.<ref name=":0" /> Maharana granted him the jagir of Cheeta Khera and Kirpapur, the title of Raj Rana,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> and married him to the daughter of his cousin.<ref name=":0" /> When attempts were made to dethrone the Maharana, he garnered the support of the nobility of Mewar and the Rajadhiraj of Shahpura, and secured military aid from [[Peshwa]] officers in favor of the Maharana.<ref name=":0" /> He fought alongside Maharana and his troops in 1769 against [[Mahadaji Shinde]] on the banks of the [[Shipra River|Shipra]], where they emerged victorious.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVs1DwAAQBAJ |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |date=2017-09-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-601-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> However, the situation soon turned unfavorable due to the rash abandonment of the Rajputs.<ref name=":0" /> Mahadji used this to his advantage and defeated them.<ref name=":0" /> Zalim Singh's horse was killed on the battlefield, and he was seriously wounded and taken prisoner by the Marathas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He was held at Gugor Fort and released in 1769 due to the intervention of his old friend, Ambaji Ingle.<ref name=":0" /> Ambaji asked his wife, a rakhi sister of [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]], to request Zalim Singh's release on [[Raksha Bandhan]] after tying rakhi to [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji]].<ref name=":0" /> When she made the request, [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji]] granted it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Recalled to Kota ===
[[File:Zalim Singh Jhala receiving his son Madho Singh.jpg|thumb|Zalim Singh Jhala receiving his son [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]]]]
In 1771, when Guman Singh was on his deathbed, he summoned Zalim Singh back to [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Upon his return, he reinstated him as the [[Faujdar]] and allocated a part of [[Garh Palace, Kota|Garh Palace]] for his residence, where Zalim constructed Jhala ki Haveli.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rookmaaker |first=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GIFEQAAQBAJ |title=The Rhinoceros of South Asia |date=2024-04-30 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-69154-4 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> Guman Singh also entrusted his son Umed Singh and the state to Zalim's care.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" />

=== De facto ruler of Kota ===
Upon Guman Singh's death in 1771, he became the [[de facto]] ruler of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=138, 141}}</ref> For more than fifty years, he played a significant role directly in [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] and indirectly in the neighboring states of [[Rajputana]].<ref name=":4" /> He generously spent on the upkeep of Umed Singh and his immediate family, earning the durbar of Kota a reputation, as noted by Comte de Modave, as one of the most magnificent in all of Hindustan.<ref name=":7" /> His foreign policy, except for [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], was highly successful, allowing him to elevate [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] to a position of great prosperity.<ref name=":4" /> He conducted a statewide land survey in Kota in 1792.<ref name=":7" /> In 1804, he first interacted with the British when the [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] troops assisted Colonel Manson during his disastrous retreat from [[Yashwantrao Holkar]].<ref name=":4" /> He cooperated with [[John Malcolm]] in operations against the [[Pindari|Pindaris]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1805, he abandoned the Mughal system of revenue administration and introduced a new one in which patels, local village headmen, became directly responsible to him and a council of four senior patels.<ref name=":7" /> In 1807, he conducted a new survey to account for the lands brought under cultivation since the previous one.<ref name=":7" /> In 1817, he made a treaty with the British government, placing [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]] under British protection.<ref name=":2" /> In 1818, a supplementary article was added to this treaty, which vested the entire administration of Kota in him and his heirs, in regular succession and perpetuity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1823, the British government, through his efforts, transferred the allegiance of eight sub-chiefships—Indargarh, Balwan, Khatoli, Gainta, Karwar, Pipalda, Phasud, and Antarda—from [[Bundi State|Bundi]] to the jurisdiction of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> He repaired and strengthened several small forts, which he believed would serve as strategic outposts for defense.<ref name=":0" /> He focused particularly on the forts of Shergarh, [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]], [[Nahargarh Fort|Nahargarh]], and Shahabad.<ref name=":0" /> The city wall of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], from Suraj Pol (Sun Gate) to Ladpura, was built by him.<ref name=":0" /> [[James Tod]] described it as being as strong as the [[Agra Fort|Agra fort]].<ref name=":0" /> He constructed nearly forty temples, both large and small, dedicated to deities from the [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], and [[Shaktism]] traditions.<ref name=":0" /> He constructed tanks throughout almost all the [[Pargana|parganas]] of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota state]] to supply water to nearby communities, support irrigation for farmers, and generate revenue for the state.<ref name=":0" /> He built about ten bridges to facilitate travel and transport, the largest of which was at Borkhandi.<ref name=":0" />

== Jhalrapatan ==
{{Main|Jhalrapatan}}

[[Jhalrapatan]] was founded in 1796 by him,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYZWBLGaOSkC |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Italy-Kyshtym |date=1911 |publisher=At the University Press |pages=412 |language=en}}</ref> approximately half a mile north of the ruins of Chandravati, which had been destroyed by [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=DHOUNDIYAL |first=B. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.129026 |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteer of Jhalawar |publisher=GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS, Jaipur |year=1964 |pages=286–289 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dwarkadhish Temple ===
In 1796, he built the Dwarkadhish Temple in [[Jhalrapatan]] when he laid the foundation of the town, but the idol was installed nine years later.<ref name=":6" />

== Personal life ==
=== Children ===
He had two sons: [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]], from his wife, the daughter of a Ranawat chieftain, and Govardhan Das, from a Muslim concubine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
== Death ==
He died in 1824, and his son [[Jhala Madho Singh|Madho Singh]] succeeded him as the Musahib-i-Ala of [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |date=1885 |publisher=B. Quaritch |pages=605 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKkBAAAAMAAJ |title=Jhala Zalim Singh (1730-1823), the De-facto Ruler of Kota: Who Also Dominated Bundi and Udaipur, Shrewd Politician, Administrator, and Reformer |date=1971 |publisher=Printed at Raj Printing Works |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bayley|first=C. S.|title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana|date=2004|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=81-206-1066-0|location=New Delhi|pages=85–90|oclc=60392358}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Shastri|first=R. P.|title=Zalim Singh and the Marathas from 1761 to 1818|date=1951|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303991|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=14|pages=322–326|jstor=44303991|issn=2249-1937}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Tod|first=James|title=Tod's annals of Rajasthan : the annals of Mewar|date=1994|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|others=C. H. Payne|isbn=81-206-0350-8|location=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=85822131|author-link=James Tod}}

[[Category:1739 births]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kota, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:History of Kota, Rajasthan]]

Korean mackerel

2025-10-03T21:25:28Z

BeauBasaldua8: added the post initial version!

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Korean mackerel
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B.B. |author2=Chang, S.-K. |year=2023 |title=''Scomberomorus koreanus'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T170343A170088593 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170343A170088593.en |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
| image = Sckor u0.gif
| taxon = Scomberomorus koreanus
| authority = ([[Kishinouye]], 1915)
| display_parents=2
| synonyms =* ''Cybium koreanum'', Kishinouye, 1915
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=ITIS>{{ITIS|taxon=Scomberomorus koreanus|id=172443|accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref>
}}
The '''Korean mackerel''' ('''''Scomberomorus koreanus''''') also known as the '''Korean seerfish''', is a [[ray-finned]] [[bony fish]] in the family [[Scombridae]], better known as the [[mackerel]] family. Within that family, this fish is a member of the [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Scomberomorini]], the [[Spanish mackerels]]. It has an [[Indo-Pacific]] distribution which extends from the east coast of India and Sri Lanka along the Asian [[continental shelf]] to [[Sumatra]], then north to [[Korea]] and [[Wakasa Bay]] in the [[Sea of Japan]].<ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Scomberomorus|koreanus|month=February|year=2018}}</ref> This species is of minor commercial importance in some parts of its range, where it is caught using gill nets and is marketed either fresh or dried-salted. The Korean mackerel is an important [[quarry species]] for the [[drift netting|drift net fishery]] in [[Palk Bay]] and the [[Gulf of Mannar]] in India.<ref name = IUCN/>

== See also ==
* [[Chinese mackerel]]
* [[Mackerel as food]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Scomberomorus koreanus}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Mackerel}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q311052}}

[[Category:Scomberomorus|Korean mackerel]]
[[Category:Fish of Korea]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Kamakichi Kishinouye]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1915|Korean mackerel]]

{{Scombroidei-stub}}