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Dimple Kapadia filmography

2026-05-06T20:43:15Z

BasilGott93: Added new details

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:DimpleKapadia2018.jpg|thumb|Kapadia at the Pichvai Exhibition in New Delhi, 2018|alt=Dimple Kapadia is looking directly into the camera]]
[[Dimple Kapadia]] is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].{{sfn|Bumiller|1991|p=185}} She was discovered by [[Raj Kapoor]] at age 14, who gave her the title role in his teen romance ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973), opposite his son [[Rishi Kapoor]].{{sfn|Bumiller|1991|p=186}} The film became a massive commercial success and made her an overnight star.{{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=39–40|ps=: "Bobby was a blockbuster, the biggest hit of 1973 and the second biggest hit of the 1970s … The movie was a trendsetter as it played out a young romance against the backdrop of class prejudice."}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weinraub |first1=Bernard |author-link1=Bernard Weinraub |title=Karma of 'Bobby' Lovers Stirs India's Filmgoers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/12/archives/karma-of-bobby-lovers-stirs-indias-filmgoers.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 December 1973|archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604062509/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/12/archives/karma-of-bobby-lovers-stirs-indias-filmgoers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her role as a Christian teenager from Goa established her as a youth fashion icon and won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="Dinesh">{{cite web|work=Rediff.com|title=Dimple: A Most Unusual Woman|author=Raheja, Dinesh|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|date=8 September 2004|access-date=19 September 2011|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/08dimple.htm|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107025751/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/08dimple.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Joshi|2015|p=99}} Kapadia retired from acting following her marriage to Indian actor [[Rajesh Khanna]] earlier in 1973, and returned to the film industry in 1984, after her separation from Khanna.{{sfn|Bumiller|1991|p=186}} The release of her comeback film, ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]'', was delayed, with ''[[Zakhmi Sher]]'' becoming the second film of her career.<ref name="ffiv">{{cite news|work=[[Filmfare]] |date=November 2000 |author=Jha, Subhash K.|author-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Happily ever after |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2000/ivw7.html |access-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115221/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/nov2000/ivw7.html |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> Released in 1985,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sumit |title=Saagar: Back to love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850731-after-series-of-box-office-duds-ramesh-sippy-strikes-back-with-romantic-venture-saagar-770238-2013-12-27 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=31 July 1985|archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209135521/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850731-after-series-of-box-office-duds-ramesh-sippy-strikes-back-with-romantic-venture-saagar-770238-2013-12-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Saagar'' earned her a second Best Actress award at Filmfare,<ref name="AwardsBH">{{cite web |title=Dimple Kapadia: Awards & Nominations |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/7797/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129030602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/7797/index.html |archive-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> and she went on to establish herself as one of the leading actresses of Hindi cinema in the 1980s and early 1990s.{{sfn|Bumiller|1991|p=185}} The early roles she played following her return included the [[Hitchcockian]] thriller ''[[Aitbaar]]'' (1985), for which she received positive reviews, and the commercially successful action films ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985) and ''[[Janbaaz]]'' (1986).<ref name="AitbaarArjun">{{cite news |last1=Vijayakar |first1=Rajiv |title=Golden Year gets Silver sheen |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/golden-year-gets-silver-sheen/703446/ |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 October 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/golden-year-gets-silver-sheen/703446/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Illustrated87">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Alpana |title=Reflections in a Golden Eye |work=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |date=9 August 1987|pages=6–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |title=34 Years of Janbaaz: Anil Kapoor Recounts Memories With Co-Stars Feroz Khan And Dimple Kapadia |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/34-years-of-janbaaz-anil-kapoor-recounts-memories-with-co-stars-feroz-khan-and-dimple-kapadia-2243966 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 November 2020 |date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823053409/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/34-years-of-janbaaz-anil-kapoor-recounts-memories-with-co-stars-feroz-khan-and-dimple-kapadia-2243966 |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, she acted in several films in South India, which she admitted to having made for financial gain and dismissed their quality.<ref name="Illustrated87"/>

Many of Kapadia's early roles relied on her perceived beauty, and she would struggle to be taken seriously as an actress.{{sfn|Virdi|2003|p=142}} She made a decision to accept more serious roles,<ref name="Tribune2009">{{cite news|title=Dimple deconstructed|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090608/ttlife1.htm|date=8 June 2009|access-date=18 September 2011|newspaper=The Tribune|author=Das Gupta, Ranjan|archive-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103044625/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090608/ttlife1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and won acclaim for her role in the marital drama ''[[Kaash]]'' (1987).{{sfn|Virdi|2003|p=142}}<ref name="Bhawanainterview">{{cite magazine |magazine =[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|author=Somaaya, Bhawana|date=5 March 2004|access-date=23 December 2011|title=Dimple Kapadia's Interview|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Dimple-Kapadia-s-Interview/7457/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602101449/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7457|archive-date=2 June 2004}}</ref> Financial success came with films like ''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]'' (1987), ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]'' (1987), in which she played double roles; the controversial revenge saga ''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]'' (1988), in which she played an avenging rape victim; and ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (1989).{{sfn|Mazumdar |2017|p=172}}<ref name="Dinesh"/> She started the next decade by venturing into neorealist art films, known in India as [[parallel cinema]],<ref name="IT02">{{cite magazine|magazine=India Today|date=18 November 2002|access-date=1 January 2012|title=Forever Diva|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20021118-while-actors-of-her-age-play-mother-dimple-kapadia-enjoys-fresh-lease-of-life-794278-2002-11-18|author=Bamzai, Kaveree|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604043047/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20021118-while-actors-of-her-age-play-mother-dimple-kapadia-enjoys-fresh-lease-of-life-794278-2002-11-18|url-status=live}}</ref> including ''[[Drishti (film)|Drishti]]'' (1990), ''[[Lekin...]]'' (1990), and ''[[Rudaali]]'' (1993).<ref name="Dinesh"/><ref>{{cite news|quote=with movies like ''Kaash'', ''Drishti'', ''Lekin'', ''Rudaali'' and ''Leela'', she (Dimple) showed that off-beat films too are her forte.|newspaper=The Tribune|location=India|author=Miglani, Surendra|date=5 October 2003|access-date=19 September 2011|title=Parallel cinema|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031005/spectrum/feedback.htm|agency=Spectrum|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627061930/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031005/spectrum/feedback.htm|archive-date=27 June 2011}}</ref> All these films won her critical praise, and her role as a [[Professional mourning|professional mourner]] in the latter earned her a [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] and a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]]. She further essayed character parts in ''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack|Prahaar]]'' (1991), ''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]'' (1992), ''[[Gardish]]'' (1993), and ''[[Krantiveer]]'' (1994), which garnered her a fourth Filmfare Award, in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Year of critically acclaimed films|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/main4.htm|newspaper=[[The Sunday Tribune]]|date=19 January 2003|access-date=4 December 2011|author=Dhawan, M.L.|archive-date=9 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009180502/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/main4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="know">{{cite news |last1=Farook |first1=Farhana |title=Know Your Actor: Dimple Kapadia |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-dimple-kapadia-18438-4.html |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=28 January 2017|archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130141303/https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-dimple-kapadia-18438-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dinesh"/>

Kapadia became selective about her roles, and her work over the following decades was infrequent, with substantial gaps.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |title=Dinesh Raheja Column: Dimple Kapadia has the rare ability to laugh at herself |url=https://m.freepressjournal.in/article/dinesh-raheja-column-dimple-kapadia-has-the-rare-ability-to-laugh-at-herself/1538051 |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=1 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Chopra|2014}} She played the supporting part of a divorced alcoholic in ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001) and was noted for her portrayal of the title role, a middle-aged professor, in the American production ''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]'' (2002).{{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=72–74}}{{sfn|Adarkar|2003|p=262}} In both films, she played women who are the object of younger men's desire, in roles written especially for her.<ref name="Dinesh"/><ref name="IT02"/> Some of her later film credits include leading roles in ''[[Hum Kaun Hai?]]'' (2004), ''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]'' (2005), ''[[Phir Kabhi]]'' (2008), ''[[Tum Milo Toh Sahi]]'' (2010), and her supporting roles included ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2005), ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009), ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010), ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012) and ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Trisha |title=Mining the mother lode |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/trisha-gupta/mining-the-mother-lode/articleshow/51857869.cms |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=18 April 2016|archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025034/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/trisha-gupta/mining-the-mother-lode/articleshow/51857869.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="know"/> While ''Dabangg'' was one of [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|the highest-grossing Hindi films of all-time]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3327&nCat=box_office_news|title=ZNMD Amongst All Time Top Ten Worldwide Grossers|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=7 December 2011|date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603180855/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3327&nCat=box_office_news|archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn|Patel|2016|p=11}} her roles in ''Luck by Chance'' and ''Finding Fanny'' earned her two Filmfare nominations.<ref name="AwardsBH"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=Filmfare |date=19 January 2015|archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110120443/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kapadia was cast by [[Christopher Nolan]] in his action thriller ''[[Tenet|Tenet]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Dream Foray |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dream-foray-dimple-kapadia-speaks-about-making-her-big-hollywood-debut/cid/1798932 |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130053849/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dream-foray-dimple-kapadia-speaks-about-making-her-big-hollywood-debut/cid/1798932 |url-status=live }}</ref> which was the [[2020 in film#Highest-grossing films|fourth-highest grossing film of 2020]] and earned her positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2020/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193726/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2020/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahseen |first1=Ismat |title=In 'Tenet', Dimple has the wiliest performance, say international reviews |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/in-tenet-dimple-has-the-wiliest-performance-say-international-reviews/articleshow/77761438.cms |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206120057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/in-tenet-dimple-has-the-wiliest-performance-say-international-reviews/articleshow/77761438.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Film==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|Table containing films with Dimple Kapadia}}
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Director(s)
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1973
! scope="row"|''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''
| {{sort|Braganza|Bobby J. Braganza}}
| {{sortname|Raj|Kapoor}}
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=39–40|ps=: "Bobby was a blockbuster, the biggest hit of 1973 and the second biggest hit of the 1970s … The movie was a trendsetter as it played out a young romance against the backdrop of class prejudice."}} {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=416}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
! scope="row"|''[[Zakhmi Sher]]''
| {{sort|Gupta|Anu Gupta}}
| {{sortname|Pradeep|Sharma|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Zakhmi Sher |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4714/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130210718/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4714/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Manzil Manzil]]''
| {{sort|Malhotra|Seema Malhotra}}
| {{sortname|Nasir|Hussain}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Manzil Manzil |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4664/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020012606/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4664/index.html |archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1985
! scope="row"|''[[Lava (1985 film)|Lava]]''
| {{sort|Dayal|Rinku Dayal}}
| {{sortname|Ravindra|Peepat|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="sukanya">{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |author-link1=Sukanya Verma |title=The best of Dimple |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/08sli2.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=22 November 2020 |date=8 June 2007 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201152011/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/08sli2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Aitbaar]]''
| {{sort|Khanna|Neha Khanna}}
| {{sortname|Mukul|S. Anand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Aitbaar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4724/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903145055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4724/index.html |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]''
| {{sort|Sahni|Geeta Sahani}}
| {{sortname|Rahul|Rawail}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4730/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822103608/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4730/index.html |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]''
| Yaskankya
| {{sortname|K.|Bapayya}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Pataal Bhairavi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4808/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130220127/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4808/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
| {{sort|D'Silva|Mona D'Silva}}
| {{sortname|Ramesh|Sippy}}
| Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=473}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Saagar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4823/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228034401/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4823/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2011}}</ref> <ref name="AwardsBH"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986
! scope="row"|''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
| {{sort|Inimaasi|Princess Inimaasi}}
| [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| [[Tamil film]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="crossover">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=The great crossover|author=Pillai, Jitesh|author-link=Jitesh Pillai|date=24 December 2002|access-date=23 November 2020|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/The-great-crossover/articleshow/32264291.cms|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003062446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/The-great-crossover/articleshow/32264291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Janbaaz]]''
| {{sort|Rai|Reshma Rai}}
| {{sortname|Feroz|Khan|Feroz Khan (actor)}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Transplanted machismo |work=Bombay: The City Magazine |year=1986 |issue=2 |page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ivnCBinIUC&q=janbaaz+1986+drug |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015338/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ivnCBinIUC&q=janbaaz+1986+drug&dq=janbaaz+1986+drug |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah Rakha]]''
| {{sort|Khera|Julie Khera}}
| {{sortname|Ketan|Desai|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Allah Rakha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4864/index.html |website=Bollywood hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130220135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4864/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987
! scope="row"|''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]''
| Shilpa
| {{sortname|Rajkumar|Kohli}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Insaniyat Ke Dushman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByzQ3_fEALkC |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=Bombay: The City Magazine |issue=21–24 |date=1987 |page=69}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''
| Sonia/Dr. Sarita{{efn|Kapadia played dual roles in the film.<ref name="Dinesh"/>}}
| {{sortname|Mukul|S. Anand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=43}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kaash]]''
| Pooja
| {{sortname|Mahesh|Bhatt}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chintamani |first1=Gautam |title=Mahesh Bhatt's Kaash, starring Jackie Shroff and Dimple Kapadia, is a convincing exploration of the theme of death |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-bhatts-kaash-starring-jackie-shroff-and-dimple-kapadia-is-a-convincing-exploration-of-the-theme-of-death-4582751.html |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610141020/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-bhatts-kaash-starring-jackie-shroff-and-dimple-kapadia-is-a-convincing-exploration-of-the-theme-of-death-4582751.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1988
! scope="row"|''[[Saazish (1988 film)|Saazish]]''
| Meena
| {{sortname|Rajkumar|Kohli}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Saazish |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5205/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904053202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5205/index.html |archive-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mera Shikar]]''
| Bijli
| {{sortname|Keshu|Ramsay}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="express88">{{cite news |last1=K. Jha |first1=Subhash |title=The rage of angels |work=The Sunday Standard |date=23 October 1988 |page=3}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Gunahon Ka Faisla]]''
| Shanu/Durga {{efn|Kapadia played dual roles in the film<ref name="Dinesh"/>}}
| {{sortname|Shibu|Mitra}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gunahon Ka Faisla |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5144/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205071914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5144/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]}}
| Nisha
| {{sortname|Rajkumar|Kohli}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Mubarki|2016|p=128}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]''
| {{sort|Kapoor|Rima Kapoor}}
| {{sortname|Rajiv|Mehra|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Aakhri Adalat |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5111/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201002632/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5111/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kabzaa (1988 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| {{sort|Smita|Dr. Smita}}
| {{sortname|Mahesh|Bhatt}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Kabzaa |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5163/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungma |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903172851/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5163/index.html |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mahaveera (film)|Mahaveera]]''
| Dolly
| {{sortname|Naresh|Saigal|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Briefing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwXxucyAHpEC |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=Bombay: The City Magazine |issue=17–22 |date=1988 |page=75}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]''
| {{sort|Dutt|Kiran Dutt}}
| {{sortname|Avtar|Bhogal|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhawan |first1=M.L. |title=Year of offbeat films |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=The Tribune|location=India |date=18 August 2002 |archive-date=2 October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002014336/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ganga Tere Desh Mein]]''
| Princess
| {{sortname|Vijay|Reddy|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ganga Tere Desh Mein |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5138/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906085848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5138/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1989
! scope="row"|''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
| {{sort|Kashyap|Geeta Kashyap}}
| {{sortname|Subhash|Ghai}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=492}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Touhean]]''
| {{sort|Srivastava|Deepika Srivastava}}
| {{sortname|Madan|Joshi|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Touhean |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=5551 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130222052/https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=5551 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Batwara]]''
| Jinna
| {{sortname|J.P.|Dutta}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=488}}
|-
! scope="row"|''Sikka''
| Shobha
| {{sortname|K.|Bapayya}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sikka |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5356/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906053719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5356/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Shehzaade]]''
| Aarti
| {{sortname|Raj|N. Sippy}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Shehzaade |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5353/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220041103/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5353/index.html |archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ladaai]]''
| Billoo
| {{sortname|Deepak|Shivdasani}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha in Court, Dimple in Bar and a Bit of Fight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEl8BbJic0oC |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=Democratic World |publisher=Gulab Singh & Sons |date=17 December 1989}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Pati Parmeshwar (film)|Pati Parmeshwar]]''
| Tara/Durga
| {{sortname|Madan|Joshi|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Monika |title=A Certification Anomaly: The Self-Sacrificial Female Body in Bombay Cinema |journal=Studies in South Asian Film & Media |date=1 May 2009 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=119–144 |doi=10.1386/safm.1.1.119_1 |url=https://archive.org/details/Studies_in_South_Asian_Film_and_Media_Volume_1_Issue_1/page/n119/mode/2up}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Pyar Ke Naam Qurbaan]]''
| {{sort|Singh|Rajkumari Devika Singh}}
| {{sortname|Babbar|Subhash}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Siṃha |2000 |p=40}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990
! scope="row"|''[[Kali Ganga]]''
| Ganga
| {{sortname|Raj|N. Sippy}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Women strike back |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880715-hindi-films-on-screen-it-is-no-longer-men-alone-who-is-spilling-blood-797492-1988-07-15 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1988|archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106073111/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880715-hindi-films-on-screen-it-is-no-longer-men-alone-who-is-spilling-blood-797492-1988-07-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Aag Ka Gola]]''
| Aarti
| {{sortname|David|Dhawan}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Aag Ka Gola |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5233/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130191414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5233/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Drishti (film)|Drishti]]''
| Sandhya
| {{sortname|Govind|Nihalani}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=496}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1991
! scope="row"|''[[Lekin...]]''
| Reva
| [[Gulzar]]
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="AwardsBH"/> {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=498}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack]]''
| Kiran
| {{sortname|Nana|Patekar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=504}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Narsimha (1991 film)|Narsimha]]''
| {{sort|Rastogi|Anita V. Rastogi}}
| {{sortname|N.|Chandra}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Derné|2000|p=69}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mast Kalandar]]''
| {{sort|Kaur|Prit Kaur}}
| {{sortname|Rahul|Rawail}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mast Kalandar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5588/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906065743/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5588/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Haque (film)|Haque]]''
| {{sort|Singh|Varsha B. Singh}}
| {{sortname|Harish|Bhosle|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Haque |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5547/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217011443/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5547/index.html |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]''
| {{sort|Lele|Tara K. Lele}}
| {{sortname|Mukul|S. Anand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=43}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dushman Devta]]''
| Gauri
| {{sortname|Anil|Ganguly}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dushman Devta |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5537/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205021745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5537/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ajooba]]''
| {{sort|Khan|Rukhsana Khan}}
| {{sortname|Shashi|Kapoor}} {{sortname|Gennady|Vasilyev}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salazkina |first1=Masha |title=Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |date=12 September 2010 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=71–89 |doi=10.1353/CJ.2010.0002 |s2cid=73679525 |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127073413/https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chinn |first1=Bob |title=Reel Good Film Reviews |url=https://archive.org/details/Cult_Movies_38_c2c_Cult_Movies_2003_YZ1/page/n57/mode/2up?q=ajooba |access-date=1 September 2020 |work=Cult Movies |issue=38 |publisher=Cameo Distributors LLC |date=2003 |page=60}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ranbhoomi]]''
| Radha
| {{sortname|Deepak|Sareen}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbhoomi |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5619/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906032640/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5619/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992
! scope="row"|''[[Karm Yodha]]''
| Namita
| {{sortname|Dayal|Nihalani|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Karm Yoddha |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5708/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130220145/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5708/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]''
| Mili
| {{sortname|Shashilal|K. Nair}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Angaar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5651/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515105431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5651/index.html |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]''
| Barkha
| {{sortname|Hema|Malini}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dil Aashna Hai |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5671/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704192421/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5671/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Maarg]]''
| Uma
| {{sortname|Mahesh|Bhatt}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Iqbal |title=The edge of mediocrity |work=[[The Indian Express|Sunday Magazine]] |page=3 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930110&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |date=10 January 1993 |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091635/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930110&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1993
! scope="row"|''[[Rudaali]]''
| Shanichari
| {{sortname|Kalpana|Lajmi}}
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="dialog">{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Tutun |title=Of 'Text' and 'Texualities': Performing Mahasweta |journal=Dialog: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Journal |date=2010 |volume=19 |issue=Autumn |pages=1–20 |url=https://dialog.puchd.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PANJAB-UNIVERSITY-DIALOG-NO-19.pdf#page=9 |location=Department of English and Cultural Studies, Panjab University|issn=0975-4881 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133725/https://dialog.puchd.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PANJAB-UNIVERSITY-DIALOG-NO-19.pdf#page=9 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=NFA41>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |title=40th National Film Awards |work=iffi.nic.in |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=22 November 2020 |pages=40–41 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |date=1993|archive-date=8 October 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="AwardsBH"/>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Gunaah (1993 film)|Gunaah]]''
| {{sort|Sharma|Kavita Sharma}}
| {{sortname|Mahesh|Bhatt}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gunah |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5829/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106191512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5829/index.html |archive-date=6 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Aaj Kie Aurat]]''
| {{sort|Verma|Roshni Verma}}
| {{sortname|Avtar|Bhogal|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Aaj Ki Aurat |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5778/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104032450/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5778/index.html |archive-date=4 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Gardish]]''
| Shanti
| [[Priyadarshan]]
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Ausaja|2009|p=213}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Antareen]]''
| {{sort|Woman|The Woman}}
| {{sortname|Mrinal|Sen}}
| [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=41st National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |website=iffi.nic.in |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |date=1994|page=72; 158, hi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
! scope="row"|''[[Pathreela Raasta]]''
| {{sort|Sanyal|Gayatri Sanyal}}
| {{sortname|Ajay|Kashyap}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Pathreela Rasta |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6067/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130191430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6067/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Krantiveer]]''
| {{sort|Dixit|Megha Dixit}}
| {{sortname|Mehul|Kumar}}
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="AwardsBH"/> {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=520}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997
! scope="row"|''[[Share Bazaar (film)|Share Bazaar]]''
|
| {{sortname|Manmohan|Sabir|nolink=yes}}
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Share Bazar |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6282/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130191435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6282/index.html |archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Agnichakra (film)|Agni Chakra]]''
| Rani
| {{sortname|Amit|Suryavanshi|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Agni Chakra |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6208/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301084411/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6208/index.html |archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mrityudata]]''
| {{sort|Ghayal|Janki Ghayal}}
| {{sortname|Mehul|Kumar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=Cosmic comedown|author=Chopra, Anupama|magazine=India Today|volume=22|date=15 May 1997|page=100|access-date=22 November 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19970515-movie-review-mrityudaata-starring-amitabh-bachchan-dimple-kapadia-831373-1997-05-15|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610085036/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19970515-movie-review-mrityudaata-starring-amitabh-bachchan-dimple-kapadia-831373-1997-05-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
! scope="row"|''[[2001: Do Hazaar Ek]]''
| {{sort|Sharma|Roshni Sharma}}
| {{sortname|Raj|N. Sippy}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=2001: Do Hazaar Ek (1998) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/2001_do_hazaar_ek |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218231755/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/2001_do_hazaar_ek |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
! scope="row"|''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
| {{sort|Saxena|Kavita Saxena}}
| {{sortname|Shrikant|Sharma|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Laawaris |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6469/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204152625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6469/index.html |archive-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain]]''
| {{sort|Chopra|Devyani Chopra}}
| {{sortname|Nabh|Kumar|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=R. |title=Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain |url=http://digitalht.com/bollywood/reviews.htm |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Digital |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013004141/http://digitalht.com/bollywood/reviews.htm |archive-date=13 October 1999}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
! scope="row"|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
| {{sort|Jaiswal|Tara Jaiswal}}
| {{sortname|Farhan|Akhtar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=72–74}}
|-
| 2002
! scope="row"|''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]''
| Leela
| {{sortname|Somnath|Sen|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Adarkar|2003|p=262}}
|-
| 2004
! scope="row"|''[[Hum Kaun Hai?]]''
| {{sort|Williams|Sandra Williams}}
| {{sortname|Ravi|Shankar Sharma|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gajjar |first1=Manish |title=Hum Kaun Hai Review |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/09/hum_kaun_hai_review.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=23 November 2020 |date=3 September 2004 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218022608/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/09/hum_kaun_hai_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2005
! scope="row"|''[[Pyaar Mein Twist]]''
| {{sort|Arya|Sheetal Arya}}
| {{sortname|Hriday|Shetty|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Twin twists in love twist |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/twin-twists-in-love-twist/cid/853541 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=2 September 2005 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000636/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/twin-twists-in-love-twist/cid/853541 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
! scope="row"|''[[Being Cyrus]]''
| {{sort|Sethna|Katy Sethna}}
| {{sortname|Homi|Adajania}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Murali|2017|p=299}}
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Banaras (2006 film)|Banaras]]''
| Gayatri
| {{sortname|Pankaj|Parashar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Banaras: A Mystic Love Story (2006) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/banaras_a_mystic_love_story |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
! scope="row"|''[[Jumbo (2008 film)|Jumbo]]''
| Devi
| {{sortname|Kompin|Kemgumnird|nolink=yes}}
| Voice only (animation film)
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Jumbo |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/KhalidMohamed/Review-Jumbo/Article1-361006.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |last1=Mohamed|first11=Khalid|author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=26 December 2008 |access-date=23 November 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607122040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/KhalidMohamed/Review-Jumbo/Article1-361006.aspx |archive-date= 7 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row"|''[[Phir Kabhi]]''
| Ganga
| {{sortname|V. K.|Prakash}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Phir Kabhi (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13808/index.html |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903040956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13808/index.html |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| {{sort|Walia|Neena Walia}}
| {{sortname|Zoya|Akhtar}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="AwardsBH"/> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit |title=Mother India? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Mother-India/articleshow/4504427.cms |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2009 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710193414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Mother-India/articleshow/4504427.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row"|''[[Tum Milo Toh Sahi]]''
| {{sort|Nanji|Delshad Nanji}}
| {{sortname|Kabir|Sadanand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Tushar |title=Tum Milo Toh Sahi- Movies Review |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/tum-milo-toh-sahi--movies-review/77097 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=3 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dabangg]]''
| {{sort|Pandey|Naini P. Pandey}}
| {{sortname|Abhinav|Kashyap}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="dabangg">{{cite news |title=Dabangg 3: Dimple Kapadia to reportedly return as Naini Devi in Salman Khan's upcoming film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dabangg-3-dimple-kapadia-to-reportedly-return-as-naini-devi-in-salman-khans-upcoming-film-6719241.html |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129112728/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dabangg-3-dimple-kapadia-to-reportedly-return-as-naini-devi-in-salman-khans-upcoming-film-6719241.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row"|''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
| {{sort|Kahlon|Mrs. Kahlon}}
| {{sortname|Nikhil|Advani}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Patiala House |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/patiala-house/748930/0 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 February 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015431/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/patiala-house/748930/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! scope="row"|''[[Bombay Mittayi]]''
| {{sort|Mansoor|Mrs. Mansoor}}
| {{sortname|Umar|Karikkad|nolink=yes}}
| [[Malayalam film]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Divyanshi |title=When Dimple Kapadia starred with Amar Singh in Malayalam film Bombay Mittayi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/when-dimple-kapadia-starred-with-amar-singh-in-malayalam-film-bombay-mittayi-1706956-2020-08-02 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=India Today |date=2 August 2020|archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207164206/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/when-dimple-kapadia-starred-with-amar-singh-in-malayalam-film-bombay-mittayi-1706956-2020-08-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| {{sort|Kapoor|Kavita Kapoor}}
| {{sortname|Homi|Adajania}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Murali|2017|pp=293–296}}
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"|''[[What the Fish]]''
| {{sort|Mishra|Sudha Mishra}}
| Gurmeet Singh
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title=Dimple Kapadia: Forty years on, I am still living off 'Bobby' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dimple-kapadia-forty-years-on-i-am-still-living-off-bobby/1204072/0 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015407/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dimple-kapadia-forty-years-on-i-am-still-living-off-bobby/1204072/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope="row"|''[[The Shaukeens]]''
|
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma|Abhishek Sharma (director)}}
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Dimple Kapadia makes a rib-tickling cameo in Akshay Kumar's 'The Shaukeens' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141103/entertainment-bollywood/article/dimple-kapadia-makes-rib-tickling-cameo-akshay-kumars |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=3 November 2014|archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000636/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141103/entertainment-bollywood/article/dimple-kapadia-makes-rib-tickling-cameo-akshay-kumars |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Gollu Aur Pappu]]''
| Amma
| {{sortname|Kabir|Sadanand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Dubey|first1=Bharati|title=Director Kabir Sadanand caught unaware of his film's release|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/director-kabir-sadanand-caught-unaware-of-his-films-release/15789175|access-date=23 November 2020|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=24 November 2014|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227143505/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/director-kabir-sadanand-caught-unaware-of-his-films-release/15789175|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Gollu Aur Pappu |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=23 November 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227135311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504071/ |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Finding Fanny]]''
| {{sort|Eucharistica|Rosalina "Rosie" Eucharistica}}
| {{sortname|Homi|Adajania}}
| English film. Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;"| {{sfn|Murali|2017|pp=293–296}}
|-
| 2015
! scope="row"|''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| Poonam / Maharani Padmavati
| {{sortname|Anees|Bazmee}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="Roshmila">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |title=Dimple Kapadia to feature opposite Nagarjuna in Brahmastra? |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dimple-kapadia-to-feature-opposite-nagarjuna-in-brahmastra/articleshow/65015800.cms |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=17 July 2018|archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130084649/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dimple-kapadia-to-feature-opposite-nagarjuna-in-brahmastra/articleshow/65015800.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"|''[[Dabangg 3]]''
| {{sort|Pandey|Naini P. Pandey}}
| {{sortname|Prabhu|Deva}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="dabangg"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row"|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
| {{sort|Kohli|Sampada Kohli}}
| {{sortname|Homi|Adajania}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Roktim |title='Angrezi Medium' review: This Irrfan Khan starrer makes decent impact |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/angrezi-medium-review-this-irrfan-khan-starrer-makes-decent-impact-813300.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=13 March 2020|archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128121959/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/angrezi-medium-review-this-irrfan-khan-starrer-makes-decent-impact-813300.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Tenet]]''
| {{sort|Singh|Priya Singh}}
| {{sortname|Christopher|Nolan}}
| [[Cinema of the United States|American film]]
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |last=Roeper |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Roeper |title='Tenet' a mind-bending blast in a time zone of its own |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2020/8/26/21403010/tenet-review-christopher-nolan-john-david-washington-movie |access-date=22 November 2020 |work=[[Chicago Sun Times]] |date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040004/https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2020/8/26/21403010/tenet-review-christopher-nolan-john-david-washington-movie |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! scope="row"|''[[A Thursday]]''
| [[Prime Minister of India]] {{sort|Rajguru|Maya Rajguru}}
| {{sortname|Behzad|Khambata|nolink=yes}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Yami Gautam wraps up shoot of 'A Thursday' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/29/yami-gautam-wraps-up-shoot-of-a-thursday-2337159.html |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729100750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jul/29/yami-gautam-wraps-up-shoot-of-a-thursday-2337159.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| {{sort|Devi|Savitri Devi}}
| {{sortname|Ayan|Mukherjee}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="Roshmila"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
! scope="row" |''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| {{sort|Grewal|Nandini Grewal}}
| {{sortname|Siddharth|Anand}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dimple-kapadia-begins-shooting-shah-rukh-khans-pathan-plays-raw-agent/|title=Dimple Kapadia begins shooting for Shah Rukh Khan's Pathan, plays a RAW agent|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=17 December 2020|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053428/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dimple-kapadia-begins-shooting-shah-rukh-khans-pathan-plays-raw-agent/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
| {{sort|Arora|Renu Arora}}
| {{sortname|Luv|Ranjan}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-begin-second-schedule-luv-ranjans-next-march/|title=Ranbir Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor to begin second schedule for Luv Ranjan's next in March|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 February 2021|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611104809/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-begin-second-schedule-luv-ranjans-next-march/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2024
! scope="row" |''[[Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya]]''
| {{sort|Shukla|Urmila Shukla}}
| Amit Joshi Aradhana Sah
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya box office collection day 1: Shahid Kapoor-Kriti Sanon's romantic film earns ₹6.7 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya-box-office-collection-day-1-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-6-5-crore-india-valentines-101707528134735.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210120346/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya-box-office-collection-day-1-shahid-kapoor-kriti-sanon-6-5-crore-india-valentines-101707528134735.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Murder Mubarak]]''
| {{sort|Katoch|Cookie Katoch}}
|{{sortname|Homi|Adajania}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder Mubarak: Vijay Varma, Sara Ali Khan & Karishma Kapoor starrer 'Murder Mubarak' directly to release on Netflix skipping theatrical release |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/sara-ali-khan-karishma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak-directly-to-release-on-netflix-skipping-theatrical-release |website=Bru Times News|access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217080828/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/sara-ali-khan-karishma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak-directly-to-release-on-netflix-skipping-theatrical-release |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Go Noni Go]]''
| Noni
|{{sortname|Sonal|Dabral|nolink=yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=''Go Noni Go'': Dimple Kapadia stars in Twinkle Khanna's story-based romcom |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/go-noni-go-dimple-kapadia-stars-in-twinkle-khannas-story-based-romcom-1503356273.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row" |''[[Jab Khuli Kitaab]]''
| Anusuya Nautiyal
|[[Saurabh Shukla]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pankaj Kapur, Dimple Kapadia’s Jab Khuli Kitaab Trailer Is A Tender Tale Of Love And Secrets|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/bollywood/pankaj-kapur-dimple-kapadias-jab-khuli-kitaab-trailer-is-a-tender-tale-of-love-and-secrets-ws-l-9937954.html|website=News 18|date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tandav (TV series)|Tandav]]''
| Anuradha Kishore
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tandav-review-a-pedestrian-web-series-7147323/|title=Tandav review: A pedestrian series|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=16 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114075144/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tandav-review-a-pedestrian-web-series-7147323/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
| Savitri
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-trailer-dimple-kapadia-is-lethal-in-this-female-led-crime-thriller-8573715/ |title=Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo trailer: Dimple Kapadia is lethal in this female-led crime thriller |work=The Indian Express |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425004203/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-trailer-dimple-kapadia-is-lethal-in-this-female-led-crime-thriller-8573715/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book |last1=Ausaja |first1=S. M. M. |title=Bollywood in Posters |date=2009 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-87108-55-9 |page=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXLFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1993|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114951/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXLFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1993 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last1=Bumiller|first1=Elisabeth|author-link=Elisabeth Bumiller|title=May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons|url=https://archive.org/details/mayyoubemotherof00bumi|url-access=registration|date=1 June 1991|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-015671-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link1=Anupama Chopra |title=Freeze Frame |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge9BCwAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-81607-11-4|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114952/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge9BCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Rohit K. |last2=Datta |first2=Sangeeta |author-link1=Rohit K. Dasgupta |title=100 Essential Indian Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-7799-1|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Derné |first1=Steve |title=Movies, Masculinity, and Modernity: An Ethnography of Men's Filmgoing in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LoaAQAAIAAJ |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31287-8|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114954/https://books.google.com/books?id=-LoaAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Priya |title=Bollywood's India: A Public Fantasy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3wyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |date=2015 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53907-4|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417115034/https://books.google.com/books?id=C3wyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Ranjani |editor1-last=Dutt |editor1-first=Bishnupriya |editor2-last=Reinelt |editor2-first=Janelle |editor3-last=Sahai |editor3-first=Shrinkhla |title=Gendered Citizenship: Manifestations and Performance |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0RADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-59093-6|chapter=The Legal Unspeakable: Rape in 1980s Bombay Cinema |pages=163–179 |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114957/https://books.google.com/books?id=F0RADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Mubarki |first1=Meraj Ahmed |title=Filming Horror: Hindi Cinema, Ghosts and Ideologies |date=2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-873-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lckdDAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114957/https://books.google.com/books?id=lckdDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Murali |first1=Sharanya |editor1-last=Iqbal Viswamohan |editor1-first=Aysha |editor2-last=John |editor2-first=Vimal Mohan |title=Behind the Scenes: Contemporary Bollywood Directors and Their Cinema |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-86062-40-6 |pages=291–307 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wigBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |year=2017|chapter=Finding Femininity: Homi Adajania and Representations of Urban Womanhood |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417114959/https://books.google.com/books?id=wigBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-598-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&pg=PT11}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja}}
*{{cite book |last1=Siṃha |first1=Hara Mandira |title=Hindi filmography: 1981–1999, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TC9LAQAAIAAJ |date=2000 |publisher=Satinder Kaur|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417115000/https://books.google.com/books?id=TC9LAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last1=Virdi|first1=Jyotika|title=The Cinematic ImagiNation [sic]: Indian Popular Films as Social History |url=https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird/page/140 140]–143}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0438092|name=Dimple Kapadia}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapadia, Dimple}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Prabhakar More (actor)

2026-04-30T21:10:34Z

BasilGott93: starting new details

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhakar More
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|02|19}}
| birth_place = [[Chiplun]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| spouse = Prerna More<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Video : 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम प्रभाकर मोरेंनी असा साजरा केला बायकोचा वाढदिवस, व्हिडीओ सोशल मीडियावर चर्चेत {{!}} Prabhakar more share a video of him wife bday celebration |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prabhakar-more-share-a-video-of-him-wife-birthday-celebration/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=its majja|language=mr}}</ref>
}}
'''Prabhakar More''' (born 19 February 1966) is an Indian actor and comedian. He currently works in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language TV show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''. He played supporting roles in the films ''[[Panghrun]]'', ''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]'', ''Bodkyacha Bajirao'', and ''Varhadi Vajantri''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Samir Choughule Shares Adorable Post On His Friend Prabhakar More's Birthday |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/samir-choughule-shares-adorable-post-on-his-friend-prabhakar-mores-birthday-8138911.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Prabhakar More was born in [[Chiplun]] and grew up in Wahal-Morewadi, [[Chiplun]] taluka of [[Ratnagiri district]]. He completed his schooling from Wahal high school, further education was done in DBJ college in Chiplun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Konkan Ganeshotsav : 'बाल्या डान्स' संस्कृती जपणारा अन् कोकणचं दर्शन घडवणारा होता, पण आता..; मराठी अभिनेत्यानं व्यक्त केली खंत |url=https://www.esakal.com/ganesh-chaturti-festival/konkan-ganeshotsav-marathi-actor-prabhakar-more-reminded-about-ganeshotsav-in-wahal-morewadi-konkan-bam92 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandekar |first=Abhijeet |date=2023-09-21 |title=Prabhakar More evoked the memories of Ganeshotsav |url=https://www.tarunbharat.com/prabhakar-more-evoked-the-memories-of-ganeshotsav/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Tarun Bharat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prabhakar More join NCP : हास्य जत्रा फेम प्रभाकर मोरे यांचा राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेसमध्ये प्रवेश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/state/mumbai/comedian-prabhakar-more-joins-ncp/mh20230131172616530530320 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |date=31 January 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prabhakar More made his theater debut with the plays of [[Santosh Pawar]]. He garnered popularity among the audience with his performances in many dramas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Jhimma 2 Box Office: 'झिम्मा २'ची बॉलिवूड सिनेमांना टक्कर, कमाई सुरुच |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hemant-dhome-jhimma-2-box-office-collection-day-5-141702992573935.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> More has played the role of comedian and supporting actor in many serials and films. He acted in the films ''Kutumb'' (2012), ''[[Katti Batti]]'' (2015), ''Bai Go Bai'' (2015), ''[[Takatak (film)|Takatak]]'' (2019). Prabhakar More's comedy style in programs like ''Comedychi Bullet Train'', ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]'' got the audience's vogue. He rose to fame after featured in the TV comedy show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''. Apart from this he worked in the serial ''[[Post Office Ughada Aahe]]'' alongside [[Makarand Anaspure]] and [[Samir Choughule]]. He has also acted in [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s biographical film ''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]'' and ''[[Panghrun]]''. In 2022, he was featured in ''[[Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=प्रभाकर मोरे यांचा राष्ट्रवादीमध्ये प्रवेश; सांस्कृतिक कोकण विभाग अध्यक्ष पदाची जबाबदारी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/prabhakar-more-join-ncp-nationalist-congress-party-in-presence-of-ajit-pawar-1147027 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2008
|''Bodkyacha Bajirao''
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2012
|''Kutumb''
|Baban
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Katti Batti]]''
|
|[[Hindi film]]
|-
|''Bai Go Bai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Takatak (film)|Takatak]]''
|Baban
|
|-
|''Black Label''
|Constable
|short film
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Patkar |first=Amyth |title=Black Label |date=2019-04-28 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10795332/ |type=Short, Crime, Thriller |access-date=2023-12-19 |others=Chittaranjan Giri, Shivam Rai, Vaibhav Nivate |publisher=Raaxus Films}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]''
|
|based on [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|Pu La Deshpande]]
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''
|[[Wamanrao Mahadik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|Lakhoba
|
|-
|''Varhadi Vajantri''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha]]''
|
|
|-
|2025
|''Last Stop Khanda''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रत्येकाच्या प्रेमाची गोष्ट... 'लास्ट स्टॉप खांदा'चा टीजर रिलीज, कधी प्रदर्शित होणार सिनेमा? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/last-stop-khanda-upcoming-marathi-movie-tesear-out-film-released-on-21st-november-1392436 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Lagnacha Shot''
|Railway ticket collector
|
|
|}

===Web series===
*''[[RaanBaazaar]]'' as Palande's friend

=== Television ===

* ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
* ''[[Post Office Ughada Aahe]]''
* ''Comedychi Bullet Train''
* ''Mi Punha Yein''

== Other work ==
More joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the presence of [[Ajit Pawar]] at the NCP's head office in [[Mumbai]], where he was given the post of Chairman of Cultural [[Konkan division|Konkan]] Department.<ref name=":0" /> The NCP stated that official [[gambling]] is occurring through online rummy. Speaking about this, More stated that "other artists shouldn't do such [[commercials]] and that he would not promote rummy."<ref>{{Cite web |title=हास्यजत्रा फेम प्रभाकर मोरेंच्या हाती राष्ट्रवादीचं घड्याळ, पक्षात प्रवेश करताच अजित दादांकडून मोठी जबाबदारी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-prabhakar-more-in-rashtrawadi-congress-party/articleshow/97486541.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=10907650}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Madurai Muthu

2026-04-26T16:58:52Z

BasilGott93: Created Some Info V1

{{Short description|Indian actor, television personality and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madurai Muthu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Comedian
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Madurai Muthu''' is an Indian [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]]. He rose to prominence after taking part in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality stand-up comedy television program ''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru'', where he received a career breakthrough for his stand-up comedy. Despite having a following through Sun TV, he apparently joined its rival channel [[Star Vijay]], in which he is portrayed as the face of the channel as he predominantly appears in reality television programmes aired in Star Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|title=சன் டிவி-க்கு பைபை, விஜய் டிவி-க்கு ஹாய்! ஆதவன், மதுரை முத்து... |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-aathavan-madurai-muthu-vijay-tv-kalakka-povathu-yaaru/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref>

He is known for his property jokes, as he often uses props and tools to crack jokes in order to relate with the audience, which has become a go-to most sought after trademark style of him.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-02-04 |title=மக்களை சிரிக்க வைப்பவர்கள் அழ வேண்டுமென்பதுதான் நியதியோ? |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/58560-condolence-to-madurai-muthu-and-his-family |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
He established himself with his stand-up comedy performances by taking part in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality television show ''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru''. It was at ''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru'', he made a formidable collaboration with standup comedian [[Kovai Guna]] and both of them gained a fan-following for their chemistry during their comical performances.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=மதுரை முத்து: "கோவை குணாவை பற்றி தவறாக பேசுவது வருத்தமளிக்கிறது" |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c25v94vp47po |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions judge Madurai Muthu pays tribute to Kovai Guna; says, 'my friend Kovai Guna is successful in presenting his own style of comedy acting' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-champions-judge-madurai-muthu-pays-tribute-to-kovai-guna-says-my-friend-kovai-guna-is-successful-in-presenting-his-own-style-of-comedy-acting/articleshow/98877873.cms |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayabalan |first=Suriyakumar |title=Kovai Guna: நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் கோவை குணா காலமானார்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/famous-comedian-kovai-guna-passed-away-131679403013133.html |access-date=5 February 2025|website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> Madurai Muthu delivered stand-up comedy by incorporating property jokes. He also made the habit to spontaneously bring up props to crack jokes. He also began compiling books and recorded the jokes in order for him to incorporate them in impromptu stage speeches.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-02-25 |title="தேவதர்ஷினிக்கும் எனக்கும் ஷோ நல்லாதான் செட் ஆகியிருந்துச்சு... ஆனா, பிரிஞ்சுட்டோமே!" - 'மதுரை' முத்து |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/117434-madurai-muthu-opens-about-his-friendship-with-devadarshini |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

He was one of the contestants of the [[Cooku with Comali season 2|season 2]] of the ''[[Cooku With Comali]]'', which was broadcast in [[Star Vijay]]. He also served as a judge in season 9, season 10 of the Tamil-language reality stand-up comedy television program ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]''.<ref name="KPY">{{Cite news |date=2020-02-06 |title=Comedy show Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 9 to premiere on February 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/comedy-show-kalakka-povadhu-yaaru-season-9-to-premiere-on-february-9/articleshow/73982397.cms |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-20 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6: Comedians Madurai Muthu and GP Muthu approached for the Kamal Haasan hosted show? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-comedians-madurai-muthu-and-gp-muthu-approached-for-the-kamal-haasan-hosted-show/articleshow/94331559.cms |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Muthu's wife Vaiyyammal died in a car accident in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-05 |title=Madurai Muthu's wife passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/madurai-muthus-wife-passes-away/articleshow/50865522.cms |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> When she was traveling to Pilliyarpatti temple near Thiruppathur in Sivaganga district in her car, her car ended up in an accident after colliding on a tree and she died on the spot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-12 |title=Madurai Muthu marries again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/madurai-muthu-marries-again/articleshow/55937163.cms |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=Comedian's Wife Killed in Accident |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/Feb/05/comedians-wife-killed-in-accident-888715.html |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''Akilan'' (2012)
*''[[Nathikal Nanaivathillai]]'' (2015)
*''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' (2021)
*''[[Kuttram Kuttrame]]'' (2022)
*''[[Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)|Baba Black Sheep]]'' (2023)
*''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Happy Raj]]'' (2026) as Boskey

== Television ==
*''Asatha Povadhu Yaaru'' ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]])<ref name="BBC"/>
*[[Cooku with Comali season 2|''Cooku with Comali'' season 2]] ([[Star Vijay]])
*[[Cooku with Comali season 3|''Cooku with Comali'' season 3]] (Star Vijay) as Guest Comali
*[[Cooku with Comali season 5|''Cooku with Comali'' season 5]] (Star Vijay) as Guest
*''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]'' (Star Vijay) as Judge
*''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' as Judge (season 9{{endash}}10)<ref name="KPY"/>
*''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]'' as Judge (season 3{{endash}}4)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm12067902|Madurai Muthu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthu, Madurai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:People from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vaalee (1999 film)

2026-04-26T13:14:25Z

BasilGott93: creating stub!

{{short description|1999 film by S. J. Surya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaalee 1999 poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. J. Suryah]]
| writer = S. J. Suryah
| producer = [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] [[Jyothika]]
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = NIC Arts
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1999|5|1}}
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaalee |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vaalee-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmduxnzm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/s9ukB |archive-date=April 24, 2026 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaalee''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by [[S. J. Suryah]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] in the main dual lead role with [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Jyothika]] (in her Tamil debut). [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], [[P. Pandu|Pandu]] and [[Sujitha]] appear in supporting roles. It revolves around identical twins Shiva and Deva, the latter being [[deaf-mute]]. He lusts for Shiva's love interest Priya, an obsession that continues even after their marriage.

Suryah completed the script for ''Vaalee'' in 60 days, and the project was picked up for production by [[S. S. Chakravarthy]] of NIC Arts. It is Ajith's first film to feature him in dual roles. The film's title is a reference to [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] from the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The cinematography was handled by Jeeva, the music by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], and the editing was done by the duo [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Vaalee'' was released on 1 May 1999 to positive reviews. The film became a commercial success, and a major breakthrough for Ajith, Simran and Jyothika. Ajith won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]] and Jyothika won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]] at the [[47th Filmfare Awards South|same ceremony]]. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] under [[Vaalee (2001 film)|the same title]] in 2001.

== Plot ==
Shiva and Deva are identical twin brothers. Deva, the elder, is [[deaf-mute]]; but he is an expert at [[lip reading]], and the head of a successful advertising company. Shiva loves and trusts his brother. Shiva falls in love with Priya, who wants to marry someone who is an ex-smoker, ex-drunkard, and got ditched by a girl but is pining for her. Learning this, Shiva, with the help of his friend Vicky, invents a romance between him and a certain Sona, and wins Priya's love. Soon Priya realises Shiva's trick and breaks up with him. He tries to tell her that he only cheated and lied to her in the old romance story, but he truly loved her. One day, Priya comes to Shiva's house and slaps him, but eventually she reciprocates his love.

Meanwhile, Deva chances upon Priya and lusts for her. His obsession continues even after his brother marries her and he devises various means of getting close to Priya and keeping Shiva and her apart. Some of the methods Deva uses to woo Priya are masochistic (wounding his hand by the running car engine to stop the couple's [[Consummation|wedding night]]) and psychotic (repeated attempts to murder his brother).

While Shiva is away at work as a substitute for his injured brother, Priya looks after Deva. Priya soon realises the intentions Deva has towards her, but Shiva refuses to believe her and has complete trust in his brother. He even goes as far as to take Priya to a psychiatrist. To get away from it all, Shiva and Priya go on a long-delayed honeymoon, but Deva shows up there. Shiva watches Deva touching Priya's dress and kissing her photo and he realises that she was right all along. Deva beats up Shiva, packs him in a gunny bag, and throws him into a lorry.

Deva disguises himself as Shiva and tries to seduce Priya. Shiva calls her to warn her that Deva is there but Deva picks up the call. She thinks that Shiva told Deva where they are and the one on the phone is Deva's assistant Sudha who called her to tell that Deva might injure himself to disturb their honeymoon. She takes off the phone's wire so that he will not call them back. Shiva then hastens to the house to save Priya from Deva.

Soon, Priya learns that he is Deva and escapes from him, then shoots him with a revolver. Deva falls into the nearby pool unconscious, and when Shiva comes, Priya narrates the whole incident to him. He hugs and apologises to her for not believing her earlier, for taking her to the psychiatrist without knowing the truth and for trusting Deva without knowing his intentions towards her. Suddenly, Deva regains consciousness, but Shiva kills him with the revolver. In the afterlife, Deva talks about his inability to express his feelings for Priya because he was mute.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Shiva
**Deva
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Priya
* [[Jyothika]] as Sona / Meena
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Livi (guest appearance)
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Vicky{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}}
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Uma's husband{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=209}}
* [[P. Pandu|Pandu]] as B. Velu Nair
* Rathan as Lakshman, Priya's father
* Balaji as Aadhimoolam, Vicky's patient
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as a roadside shop owner
* Radhabhai as Shiva's and Deva's grandmother
* Indhu as Uma{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=209}}
* [[Sujitha]] as Sheela{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}}
;Uncredited
* [[N. Mathrubootham]] as himself<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=7 May 2000 |title=What's up, doc? |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030223044830/https://rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm |archive-date=23 February 2003 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
*Devipriya as Sudha<ref name="Devipriya">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbJ3DEw_kXI |title=Thala Ajith-க்கு Dupe போட்டவர பாத்து அஜித்-னு நெனச்சு... | Vaali Actress Devi Priya Interview Part1 |date=6 February 2019 |language=ta |publisher=TalksOfCinema |trans-title=Moments: When I saw the person who was Leader Ajith's body double, I thought he was Ajith.. |time=11:37 to 14:25 |time-caption=From |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbJ3DEw_kXI |archive-date=28 May 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[S. J. Suryah]] had worked as an assistant director in [[Vasanth]]'s ''[[Aasai]]'' (1995) which featured [[Ajith Kumar]] in the main lead as well as working with him during the making of ''[[Ullaasam]]'' (1997). Ajith asked Suryah to prepare a good script and promised he would give him a chance to make his directorial debut. After Suryah completed the script of ''Vaalee'' in 60 days, the pair approached [[S. S. Chakravarthy]] to produce the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqvROpDRBbA |title=SJ suryah about Ajith Kumar |date=1 June 2016 |language=ta |publisher=tamilcinemareview |time=0:48 |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/lqvROpDRBbA |archive-date=2 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=12 June 2001 |title=Interview with SJ Surya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sjsurya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702064646/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sjsurya.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 May 2000 |title=An interview with – S.J. Surya, film director of ' Vaali ', ' Kushi '. (Part two) |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/sjsurya1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010520155947/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/sjsurya1.asp |archive-date=20 May 2001 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> The film's title is a reference to [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], a character from the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |title=When Tamil films did away with annan-thambi paasam |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/when-tamil-films-did-away-with-iannan-thambi-paasami--imagegallery-kollywood-ocgrycbcichsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325035940/https://www.sify.com/movies/when-tamil-films-did-away-with-iannan-thambi-paasami--imagegallery-kollywood-ocgrycbcichsi.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=25 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The comedy track was credited to [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Vaalee |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=NIC Arts |year=1999 |place=India}}</ref>{{rp|2:32}} [[Thota Tharani]] served as the art director.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}}

=== Casting ===
[[Keerthi Reddy]] was announced to be the lead actress in the film in December 1997, though she was replaced by [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] before filming began.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1997–98'ன் கோடம்பாக்கக் குஞ்சுகள் |trans-title=1997–98 Kodambakkam babies |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201551/http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 September 2011 |website=Indolink |lang=en}}</ref> [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] also were approached to play the female lead but both of them could not allocate the dates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=Did you know, Simran was not the first choice for Ajith's 'Vaalee'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-simran-was-not-the-first-choice-for-ajiths-vaalee/articleshow/82369751.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606222829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-simran-was-not-the-first-choice-for-ajiths-vaalee/articleshow/82369751.cms |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Jyothika]], sister of actress [[Nagma]], made her Tamil debut in the film as an imaginary character, Sona.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Sandeep |date=6 July 1999 |title=Jyothika makes debut in Tamil films |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/59803B62E9A7D76765256940004BD6D3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815124949/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/59803B62E9A7D76765256940004BD6D3 |archive-date=15 August 2012 |access-date=20 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> She said she was initially offered the female lead role, but declined due to scheduling conflicts with ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title='My Debut Film Should Have Been Vaali:' Jyothika Gets Candid On Her Career Choices |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/my-debut-film-should-have-been-vaali-jyothika-gets-candid-on-her-career-choices-8711248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241119081132/https://www.news18.com/movies/my-debut-film-should-have-been-vaali-jyothika-gets-candid-on-her-career-choices-8711248.html |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] made a guest appearance as it was Suryah's wish that he appear in at least one scene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Livingstone {{!}} Worked his way to see success. |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/interview/actor/livingstone/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000115155812/http://www.tamilstar.com/interview/actor/livingstone/index.shtml |archive-date=15 January 2000 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Tamil Star |language=en}}</ref> This is the first film where Ajith played two characters.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2002 |title=I should act only as an action hero! |url=http://ajithkumar.free.fr/filmographie/inter20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411141014/http://ajithkumar.free.fr/filmographie/inter20.htm |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref> Ajith mentioned that ''Vaalee'' "was very close to my heart and I gave it everything I had", adding that he had initially received widespread negative publicity and scepticism for doing a dual role too early in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=23 March 2000 |title=Ajith comes a full circle |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/23ajith.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122061544/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/23ajith.htm |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> A stand-in that looked similar to Ajith was used in the film.<ref name="Devipriya" /> [[G. Marimuthu]], who worked as an assistant director for the film, also played a minor role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=Did you know Ethirneechal fame Marimuthu was an assistant director before becoming an actor? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-ethirneechal-fame-marimuthu-was-an-assistant-director-before-becoming-an-actor/articleshow/101536874.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-ethirneechal-fame-marimuthu-was-an-assistant-director-before-becoming-an-actor/articleshow/101536874.cms |archive-date=6 July 2023 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Actor, director G Marimuthu passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/08/actor-and-director-g-marimuthu-passes-away-47430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908061847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/08/actor-and-director-g-marimuthu-passes-away-47430.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Ravi Varman]] initially worked as the film's cinematographer but left after facing issues from the [[Film Employees Federation of South India]]. Cinematography was completed by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2020 |title=DOP Ravi Varman shares throwback picture of Thala Ajith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dop-ravi-varman-shares-throwback-picture-of-thala-ajith/articleshow/77574116.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429230918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dop-ravi-varman-shares-throwback-picture-of-thala-ajith/articleshow/77574116.cms |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> while [[M. S. Prabhu]] was credited for additional cinematography.<ref name="credits" />{{rp|5:24}} The scene where Shiva answers a phone call was shot at a [[bungalow]] in Boat Club Road, Chennai. According to Suryah, this scene was the first shot he composed and it involved meticulous planning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=6 December 2019 |title=My First Shot: Call it lucky charm, my films have some reference to light, say SJ Suryah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-first-shot-call-it-lucky-charm-my-films-have-some-reference-to-light-say-sj-suryah/articleshow/72384037.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241119091630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-first-shot-call-it-lucky-charm-my-films-have-some-reference-to-light-say-sj-suryah/articleshow/72384037.cms |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Another scene was planned to show Shiva having shaved his moustache to differentiate from Deva, only to see he has shaved as well. The scene went unfilmed due to Ajith's refusal to shave his moustache which he needed for another film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohini |date=23 February 2023 |title='வாலி' படத்தில் இப்படி ஒரு சீனா?.. ச்ச மிஸ் ஆயிடுச்சே!.. எல்லாம் அஜித் செஞ்ச வேலை!.. |trans-title=A scene like this in ''Vaalee''?.. Damn, missed chance! All Ajith's work! |url=https://cinereporters.com/sema-scene-in-vaali-movie-it-missed-by-ajith/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241119093135/https://cinereporters.com/sema-scene-in-vaali-movie-it-missed-by-ajith/ |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=Ta}}</ref> A part of the song "Oh Sona" was shot at the [[Broken Bridge, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Sahana Mira |date=19 August 2025 |title=A bridge with no destination, until cinema stepped in |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-bridge-with-no-destination-until-cinema-stepped-in/article69946194.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930061526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/broken-bridge-in-chennai-a-bridge-with-no-destination-until-tamil-cinema-stepped-in/article69946194.ece/amp/ |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Simran's voice was dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Balasubramanian |first1=Roshne |date=23 April 2016 |title=Ever Unseen But Never Unheard |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Apr/23/ever-unseen-but-never-unheard-927739.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Apr/23/ever-unseen-but-never-unheard-927739.html |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}}

== Themes and influences ==
Suryah wanted the dual roles in the film to be different from other films like ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'' (1971) and ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989), in which the two roles played by the same actor were physically distinct. He made both the characters look physically the same, with one being normal and one being deaf-mute. Suryah said the positive and negative contrast between both characters were supposed to signify the [[split personality]] that everyone inherently has.<ref name="Idlebrain" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaali |url=https://gaana.com/album/vaali-tamil-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170615/https://gaana.com/album/vaali-tamil-2019 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Oh Sona" is based on "[[Suzanne (VOF de Kunst song)|Susanna]]" by [[VOF de Kunst]], and "[[(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story|Where Do I Begin?]]", the theme to ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' composed by [[Francis Lai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Superhit Tamil songs that were inspired from other songs |url=https://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/superhit-tamilsongs-inspired-from-other-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081550/http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/superhit-tamilsongs-inspired-from-other-songs/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Suryan FM]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Deva [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115124538/http://itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]] |language=en}}</ref> "Oh Sona" and "April Maadathil" were well received upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=8 March 2017 |title='Vaali': The film that changed Tamil star Ajith's fortunes |url=https://scroll.in/reel/836720/vaali-the-film-that-changed-tamil-star-ajiths-fortunes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822120639/https://scroll.in/reel/836720/vaali-the-film-that-changed-tamil-star-ajiths-fortunes |archive-date=22 August 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:31
| title1 = Oh Sona
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length1 = 6:03
| title2 = Gee Priya
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 5:28
| title3 = Nilavai Konduva
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length3 = 6:05
| title4 = Vaanil Kaayuthae
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Anuradha Sriram, [[S. J. Suryah]]
| length4 = 6:27
| title5 = April Maathathil
| extra5 = P. Unnikrishnan, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 5:28
}}

== Release ==
''Vaalee'' was released on 1 May 1999, coinciding with Ajith's 28th birthday.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=208}} The film became a huge commercial success, and was also successful in Kerala where it ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=2 July 1999 |title=Tamil storms God's own country |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/02ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100429/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/02ss.htm |archive-date=26 September 2017 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It provided a major breakthrough for Ajith, Simran and Jyothika's careers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 1999 |title=Vaali's success quadruples |url=http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/july1999.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010702033533/http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/july1999.html |archive-date=2 July 2001 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=New Tamil Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=3 December 1999 |title=A dream run at the B-O! |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec03/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310050301/http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec03/south.htm |archive-date=10 March 2008 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 1999 |title=Thanks to my relationship, I've stopped trusting people |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06ajit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510080114/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/06ajit.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=14 June 2000 |title=Of debut directors and second offerings |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129003006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=19 June 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Telugu under the same title later that year.<ref name="ZR">{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=15 October 1999 |title=నాటి వాలి సుగ్రీవ కథే నేటి "వాలి" చిత్రం |trans-title=Today's ''Vaalee'' is the story of yesteryear's [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Sugriva]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Oct/15-oct-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913131556/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Oct/15-oct-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9, 12 |language=te}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Vaalee'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=Sudha |date=13 August 1999 |title=Back in the reckoning |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010625002105/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130222.htm |archive-date=25 June 2001 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Lakshmi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' described the film as "definitely worth seeing", saying it "has something for all tastes – a pleasant love angle, some suspense, complex psychological nuances, good acting, pleasing songs" while praising Ajith's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |date=31 May 1999 |title=Vaali (Tamil) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/93D12738A233F61165256941003DC8D0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152641/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/93D12738A233F61165256941003DC8D0 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=4 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' labelled Simran's portrayal as "outstanding" while mentioning Suryah does a "fairly good job and succeeds".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 1999 |title=Twin Trouble |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/7205BE818081514865256941003DC8E0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152727/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/7205BE818081514865256941003DC8E0 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=4 September 2011 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Deva's music, the performances of Ajith and Simran, and Jeeva's cinematography, adding that Suryah's future as a director seemed bright.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=30 May 1999 |title=வாலி |url=https://ibb.co/zxsQ1VM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608064844/https://ibb.co/zxsQ1VM |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=81 |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' appreciated the film by giving 45 marks and mentioned "Director SJ Suryah established his stamp of film-making in his very first film by taking up a straight line story with an engaging screenplay and realistic dialogues. Ajith Kumar has done a fantastic job in dual role and Simran also proved that she can act".{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=209}} K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "It is amazing what fresh ideas new directors can come out with [...] Using a simple story, Suryah has come out with a winner".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=29 May 1999 |title=New director comes up with a winner |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EucVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2RQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2076%2C5374334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414183741/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EucVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2RQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2076,5374334 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Rich production values, fine performances by Ajit Kumar (playing the dual role of brothers) and Simran, bold and powerful dialogue by S. J. Surya, who has directed the movie based on his story and screenplay, are the major contributing factor[s]" in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=14 May 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Rajasthan / Vaalee |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990514/09/09140222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407075253/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990514/09/09140222.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu-dubbed version, Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that the director's style of narration sets a good pace for a simple story. Gopalrao also praised the effort put into the dubbing and Ajith and Simran's performances.<ref name="ZR" />

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[47th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Ajith Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=15 April 2000 |title=Star-spangled show on cards |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/15/stories/09150651.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715231701/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/15/stories/09150651.htm |archive-date=15 July 2006 |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Best Debutants down the years... |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701125207/http://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=23 January 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]|| [[Jyothika]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Cinema Express Awards]]
| [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| Ajith Kumar
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recently |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/4Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015140/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/4Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U4.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=13 March 2012 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]|| [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|-
||[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Newface Actress of the Year]]||[[Jyothika]]
|-
|Best Music Director || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Best Comedian || [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | Dinakaran Film Awards
| Best Actor
| Ajith Kumar
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=25 February 2014 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| Simran
|-
| Best Debut Actress
| Jyothika
|}

== Remakes ==
[[Mahesh Babu]] had shown interest in starring in a potential Telugu remake of ''Vaalee''; however, Suryah refused to remake the film in any other language, with it being dubbed in Telugu instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2001 |title=SJ Surya's next film with Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news145.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031152931/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news145.html |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Vaalee'' was remade in [[Kannada]] under [[Vaalee (2001 film)|the same title]] (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=21 October 2017 |title='As long as I'm here, I want to entertain': An interview with Kannada star Sudeep |url=https://scroll.in/reel/854387/as-long-as-im-here-i-want-to-entertain-an-interview-with-kannada-star-sudeep |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125220618/https://scroll.in/reel/854387/as-long-as-im-here-i-want-to-entertain-an-interview-with-kannada-star-sudeep |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> After [[Boney Kapoor]] entered negotiations with Chakravarthy to acquire the remake rights for [[Hindi]] and other languages, Suryah attempted to block Chakravarthy from selling the remake rights by filing a case in the [[Madras High Court]], but his plea was rejected. Kapoor and Chakravarthy's deal was closed by August 2020. In November 2021, Suryah appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], using a 2017 verdict by the Madras High Court that only the screenwriter holds the remake rights to his own film,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=27 November 2021 |title=Boney Kapoor acquires rights to remake Ajith starrer 'Vaalee' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boney-kapoor-acquires-rights-to-remake-ajith-starrer-vaalee/articleshow/87943502.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127051728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boney-kapoor-acquires-rights-to-remake-ajith-starrer-vaalee/articleshow/87943502.cms |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=29 November 2021 |title=Legal battle over Vaalee remake: SJ Suryah to file an appeal in Supreme Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legal-battle-over-vaalee-remake-sj-suryah-to-file-an-appeal-in-supreme-court/articleshow/87965137.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128194345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/legal-battle-over-vaalee-remake-sj-suryah-to-file-an-appeal-in-supreme-court/articleshow/87965137.cms |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but on 25 April 2022, the Supreme Court rejected his plea: "There can be no dispute that in respect of a cinematograph film, it is the producer of the film who is the owner of the copyright in the cinematograph film itself".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=28 April 2022 |title=Supreme Court Dismisses Director SJ Suryah's Plea For Injunction Against Hindi Remake Of Tamil Film 'Valee' |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-dismisses-director-sj-suryahs-injunction-hindi-remake-tamil-film-valee-197756 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428075503/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-dismisses-director-sj-suryahs-injunction-hindi-remake-tamil-film-valee-197756 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After [[A. M. Rathnam]] watched the premiere show of ''Vaalee'', he decided to produce Suryah's next film ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=12 June 2001 |title=Interview with AM Ratnam |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_amratnam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504050159/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_amratnam.html |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |place=Chennai |language=en}}</ref> The plot of the 2007 Telugu film ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' was noted by some critics for its similarities with ''Vaalee''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=14 September 2007 |title=Hello Premistara movie review – The Good, The Bad and the ugly – Telugu cinema – Sairam Shankar & Sheila |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/hellopremistara.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233320/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/hellopremistara.html |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The sub-plot involving the photograph of an imaginary person named Sona and the fact that she actually exists in real life inspired the plot of the Telugu film ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=14 January 2009 |title=Telugu Movie review – Maska |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-maska.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117230701/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-maska.html |archive-date=17 November 2022 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Simran reprised her role as Priya in a cameo appearance in ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=10 April 2025 |title='Good Bad Ugly' movie review: Ajith Kumar and Adhik's pop-culture goldmine delivers despite hollowness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/good-bad-ugly-movie-review-ajith-kumar-trisha-krishnan-adhik-ravichandran/article69435349.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410160741/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/good-bad-ugly-movie-review-ajith-kumar-trisha-krishnan-adhik-ravichandran/article69435349.ece |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The scene where Deva lustfully touches Priya's hair was used in ''[[Kaalidas 2]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2026 |title=Vaalee reference in Kaalidas 2 trailer excites SJ Suryah |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/22/vaalee-reference-in-kaalidas-2-trailer-excites-sj-suryah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260330092136/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/22/vaalee-reference-in-kaalidas-2-trailer-excites-sj-suryah |archive-date=30 March 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. J. Suryah}}

[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]
[[Category:Films about siblicide]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. J. Suryah]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. S. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Kendukuchi

2026-04-20T16:27:24Z

BasilGott93: created first post added tags...

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kendukuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.53344|91.42092|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2390
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781341<ref>{{cite web |title=KENDUKUCHI Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/kendukuchi-pincode-781341.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303993
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 286.51
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}
'''Kendukuchi''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Block-wise Village List |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/information-services/block-wise-village-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622201757/https://nalbari.gov.in/information-services/block-wise-village-list |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Government of Assam {{!}} Nalbari District}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Mamoni Raisom |title=A Saga of South Kamrup |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7201-152-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=240 |language=English |author-link=Mamoni Raisom Goswami}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Kendukuchi village has a total population of 2,390 people including 1,237 males and 1,153 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719012150/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514/download/9591/DDW_PCA1824_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

Kendukuchi carries a history of being militancy affected area.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]
{{Assam-geo-stub}}

List of LVM3 launches

2026-04-19T11:48:28Z

BasilGott93: Created First Entry W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Launch history of LVM3}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
This article lists all the previous and planned launches by [[ISRO]] using [[LVM3]] rockets. As of December 2025, there have been 9 launches of LVM3, with all of them being successful.
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4 lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]], carrying [[Chandrayaan-3]] (2023)]]

== Notable missions ==
=== Flight X ===
{{Main|Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment}}
[[File:LVM3-X CARE Mission lifting off.jpg|220px|thumb|LVM3-X lifting off]]
The maiden flight of the LVM3 lifted off from the Second Launch Pad at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan Space Center]] on 18 December 2014 at 04:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30527602|title=India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule|date=8 December 2014|website=BBC|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> The test had functional boosters, a core stage but carried dummy upper stage whose LOX and LH₂ tanks were filled with [[Liquid nitrogen|LN₂]] and [[Nitrogen gas|GN₂]] respectively for simulating weight. It also carried the [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment]] (CARE) that was tested on [[Atmospheric entry|re-entry]].<ref name="Times of India10012014">{{cite news |title=ISRO inches closer to manned mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-inches-closer-to-manned-mission/articleshow/28609291.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112140357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark |url-status=live |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014 |date=10 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |quote=We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters.}}</ref>

Just over five minutes into the flight, the rocket ejected CARE at an altitude of {{convert|126|km|mi}}, which then descended, controlled by its onboard [[reaction control system]]. During the test, CARE's heat shield experienced a peak temperature of around {{cvt|1000|C}}. ISRO downlinked launch telemetry during the ballistic coasting phase until the radio black-out to avoid data loss in the event of a failure. At an altitude of around {{convert|15|km}}, the module's apex cover separated and the parachutes were deployed. CARE splashed down in the [[Bay of Bengal]] near the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and was recovered successfully.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO's unmanned crew module reaches Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-unmanned-crew-module-reaches-chennai/article6713050.ece|website=The Hindu|date=21 December 2014|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211194340/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-unmanned-crew-module-reaches-chennai/article6713050.ece|archive-date=11 February 2018|location=Wayback Machine}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/isros-launch-of-indias-heaviest-rocket/liveblog/45557395.cms As it happened: Isro's launch of India's heaviest rocket] Times of India 18 December 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece?homepage=true|title=GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight|author=Sangeetha Kandavel|work=The Hindu|date=18 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Isro-to-test-GSLV-Mk-III-crew-module-on-December-18/articleshow/45444522.cms|title=Isro to test GSLV Mk-III, crew module on December 18|work=The Times of India |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Chandrayaan ===
{{Main|Chandrayaan 2|Chandrayaan 3}}
Following the failure of [[Phobos-Grunt]] mission of [[Roscosmos]], it resulted in a complete review of technical aspects connected with the spacecraft, which were also slotted to be used in the proposed Russian lander for [[Chandrayaan-2]]. This delayed the lander from Russia and eventually Roscosmos declared its inability to meet up with the revised time of 2015 for its launch on board an uprated [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] rocket along with an Indian [[orbiter]] and [[Space rover|rover]]. ISRO cancelled the Russian agreement and decided to go alone with its project with marginal changes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-21 |title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 22 July 2019, the LVM3 M1 (GSLV Mk.III M1) rocket lifted off with 3850 kg [[Chandrayaan-2]] Orbiter-Lander composite and successfully injected it into a [[parking orbit]] of 169.7 x 45,475 km. This marked the first operational flight of LVM3 after two developmental flights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan2_science.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> The [[apogee]] of the earth parking orbit is about 6,000 km more than originally envisaged and thereby eliminated one of the seven earth-bound orbit raising manoeuvres. It was attributed to a 15 percentage increase in rocket performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=R. |date=2019-07-25 |title=Chandrayaan-2: GSLV Mark III-M1 vehicle reduces number of orbit-raising exercises, saves fuel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-2-gslv-mark-iii-m1-vehicle-reduces-number-of-orbit-raising-exercises-saves-fuel/article28707851.ece |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Chandrayaan-2">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=Chandrayaan-2: Off to the moon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-2-isro-sriharikota-gslv-mkiii-pragyan-off-to-the-moon-south-pole-landing-5843243/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 14 July 2023, the LVM3 M4 rocket successfully injected the 3900 kg [[Chandrayaan-3]] composite to a parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Elizabeth |last=Howell |date=2023-07-10 |title=Chandrayaan-3: A complete guide to India's third mission to the moon |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-indian-moon-mission-rover |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Space.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On 15 November 2023, the Cryogenic Upper Stage ([[CE-20|C25]]) of the LVM3 M4 ([[NORAD]] ID: 57321) made an uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere around 9:12 UTC. The impact point is predicted over the [[North Pacific Ocean]] and the final ground track did not pass over India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical details for satellite GSLV R/B |url=https://www.n2yo.com//satellite/?s=57321 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-15 |title=Cryogenic upper stage of Chandrayaan-3's launch vehicle makes uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/part-of-chandrayaan-3-launch-vehicle-makes-uncontrolled-re-entry-into-earths-atmosphere-isro/article67537794.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=Cryogenic upper stage LVM-3 that launched Chandrayaan-3 makes re-entry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cryo-upper-stage-lvm-3-that-launched-chandrayaan-3-makes-re-entry/articleshow/105250654.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== OneWeb ===
{{Main|Eutelsat OneWeb}}
[[File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 - Lift off from Second Launch Pad of SDSC-SHAR 05.webp|right|220px|thumb|LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission]]
On 21 March 2022, [[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] announced that it had signed a launch agreement with United States launch provider [[SpaceX]] to launch the remaining 1st generation satellites on [[Falcon 9]] rockets, with the first launch expected no earlier than summer 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OneWeb agrees satellite programme with SpaceX |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/oneweb-resume-satellite-launches-through-agreement-spacex |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=OneWeb |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1505918153666220036|user=thesheetztweetz|title=On the sidelines of #SATShow, OneWeb senior advisor Ruth Pritchard-Kelly tells press that the "soonest" the first launch with SpaceX can happen "would be this summer." "But we don't know yet" a more specific timeframe.|author=Michael Sheetz}}</ref> On 20 April 2022 OneWeb announced a similar deal with [[NewSpace India Limited]], the commercial arm of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OneWeb agrees satellite launch programme with New Space India |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/oneweb-agrees-satellite-launch-programme-new-space-india |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=OneWeb |date=20 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> OneWeb satellites were deployed by LVM3 both on 22 October 2022 and 26 March 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326102616/https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global|title=Successful launch of 36 OneWeb Satellites with ISRO/NSIL marks key milestone to enable global connectivity|date=27 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=27 March 2023|publisher=OneWeb|url-status=live}}</ref> using a lightly modified version of the satellite dispenser previously used on [[Soyuz 2.1|Soyuz]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=William |date=2022-10-22 |title=OneWeb resumes launches with first commercial GSLV Mk.III |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/oneweb-gslv-mk-iii/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Tejonmayam |date=23 October 2022 |title=Isro's heaviest rocket successfully places 36 OneWeb satellites into orbits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-heaviest-rocket-successfully-places-36-oneweb-satellites-into-orbits/articleshow/95039625.cms |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign Brochure 04.png|right|220px|thumb|Post C25 Shut-off Phase Flight Profile for deployment of 36 OneWeb satellites]]

The first batch of 36 OneWeb Gen-1 satellites weighing a total of 5796 kg was launched onboard LVM3 M2 rocket codenamed ''OneWeb India-1 Mission'' on 22 October 2022 and the satellites were injected to a [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] of 601 km altitude and 87.4° inclination on a sequential basis. This constituted the first commercial mission and the first multi-satellite mission to low earth orbit of the rocket, marking its entry to global [[Space launch market competition|commercial launch service]] market. The separation of satellites involved a unique maneuver of the cryogenic stage to undergo several re-orientation and velocity additions covering 9 phases spanning 75 minutes.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

On 26 March 2023, codenamed ''OneWeb India-2 Mission,'' the second batch of 36 satellites was launched onboard LVM3 M3 and injected to an altitude of 450 km with same inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage which takes into account environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it?|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isros-c25-cryogenic-stage-now-sports-white-ditches-black-whats-the-science-behind-it-575318/amp|website=wionews|access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
<section begin=Statistics/>
LVM3 has accumulated a total of 9 launches, {{as of|2025|12|24|lc=on}}. Of these, all 9 have been successful, giving it a cumulative success rate of {{percent|9|9|0}}.
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 800
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0
| group 2 = 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0
| group 3 = 1: 0: 0: 1: 1: 1: 0: 0: 1: 2: 0: 2: 0 
| group 4 = 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 1 

| colors = FireBrick : Orange : ForestGreen : LightBlue
| group names = Failure : Partial failure : Success : Planned
| units suffix = _launches
| x legends = 2014 :2015 : 2016 :2017 : 2018 :2019 : 2020 :2021: 2022 :2023: 2024 :2025: 2026
| y tick marks = 2
}}

;Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2010s
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29|title=GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29|publisher=ISRO|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224155/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020s
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| Total
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 9
|}
<section end=Statistics/>

== Launch history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
| colspan=5 style="background:white;" |

=== 2014–2019 ===
|-
! rowspan="3" |Date/Time ([[UTC]]) 
! rowspan="2" |Payload
!Launch site
!Regime
!Status
|-
!Flight Number
!Operator
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Remarks
|-
| rowspan="3" |18 December 2014 4:00
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|CARE]] {{cvt|3775|kg}}
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] - [[Satish Dhawan SLP|SLP]]
|[[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|LVM3-X
|[[ISRO]]
|Sub-orbital test of Re-entry Module
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;"|[[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]] developmental test flight with a non-functional cryogenic stage. The [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|CARE]] module separated from the launch vehicle at an intended altitude of 126 km at a speed of 5.3 km/s. The launch validated the ignition, performance and separation aspects of S200 and L110 stages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/CARE.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM-3/CARE Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_GSLVMkIIILVM3.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Space Review: India's heavy-lift rocket and crew module milestones: which is more important? |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2667/1 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.thespacereview.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |5 June 2017 11:58
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-19]] {{cvt|3136|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|LVM3-D1
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;"|First developmental test launch with an operational cryogenic engine. The satellite was successfully injected to a [[parking orbit]] of 170 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. The launch featured an [[ogive]] fairing and slanted nose cones on S200 stages to improve aerodynamic performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-19 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSAT_19.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-19 – GSLV Mk.III D1 {{!}} Spaceflight101 |url=https://spaceflight101.com/gslv-mk3-d1/gsat-19/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-05 |title=India launches GSAT-19 from its new, heaviest rocket |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-launches-gsat-19-from-its-new-heaviest-rocket/articleshow/59002009.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |14 November 2018 11:38
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-29]] {{cvt|3423|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|LVM3-D2
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second developmental test flight in full operational configuration. The satellite was successfully injected to an elongated [[parking orbit]] of 190 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. L110 core used upgraded High Thrust Vikas Engines (HTVE). Developmental test flights of the rocket has completed.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2018-11-15 |title=All you need to know about GSLV Mk III - D2/GSAT-29 Mission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/all-you-need-to-know-about-gslv-mk-iii-d2gsat-29-mission/article25505029.ece |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV Mk III-D2 / GSAT-29 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_GSLVMkIIID2.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-09 |title=Successful Qualification of High Thrust Vikas Engine - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-jul-2018/successful-qualification-of-high-thrust-vikas-engine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709233614/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-jul-2018/successful-qualification-of-high-thrust-vikas-engine |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-07-09 |access-date=2024-04-20 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |22 July 2019 09:13
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-2]] {{cvt|3850|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Parking orbit|EPO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[LVM3-M1]]
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Exploration of the Moon|Lunar Composite]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |First operational launch of the rocket and successfully injected a lunar Orbiter-Lander-Rover composite spacecraft to a parking orbit of 169.7 x 45,475 km. [[K. Sivan|Chairman]] stated a 15 percentage increment in vehicle performance which eliminated one of the scheduled seven earth-bound orbit raising burns.<ref name="Chandrayaan-2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_GSLVMkIIIM1.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Press%20Release5.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=5 style="background:white;" |

=== 2020–2029 ===
|-
! rowspan="3" |Date/Time ([[UTC]]) 
! rowspan="2" |Payload (& Mass)
!Launch site
!Regime
!Status
|-
!Flight Number
!Operator
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Remarks
|-
| rowspan="3" |22 October 2022 18:37
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} 36 x [[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] Gen-1 {{cvt|5796|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[LVM3-M2]]
|[[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]]
|[[Satellite Internet access|Broadband Internet]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |First commercial launch of the rocket under [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]] and its first multi-satellite mission to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] of 601 km. The cryogenic stage performed multiple reorientation and velocity addition maneuvers to sequentially dispose the satellites. The rocket made its entry to global commercial launch service market.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3M2MissionLandingPage.html# |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Radifah |date=2022-10-23 |title=OneWeb India-1 Mission: ISRO's Heaviest Rocket Successfully Launches 36 Satellites Into Orbit |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/oneweb-india-1-mission-isro-s-heaviest-rocket-successfully-launches-36-satellites-into-orbit-all-about-it-1559517 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota |website=Eutelsat OneWeb |date=23 October 2022 |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024183749/https://oneweb.net/resources/36-oneweb-satellites-successfully-launched-isro-nsil-sriharikota |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |26 March 2023 03:30
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} 36 x [[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] Gen-1 {{cvt|5805|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[LVM3-M3]]
|[[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]]
|[[Satellite Internet access|Broadband Internet]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second batch of 36 [[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] Gen-1 satellites launched successfully to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] of 450 km with 87.4° inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage (C25) which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=LVM3-M3 / OneWeb India-2 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3M3MissionLandingPage.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global |date=27 March 2023 |url=http://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |14 July 2023 09:05
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-3]] {{cvt|3895|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Parking orbit|EPO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[Chandrayaan-3|LVM3-M4]]
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Exploration of the Moon|Lunar Composite]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The rocket successfully injected a lunar composite spacecraft of Propulsion Module-Lander-Rover into an elliptical parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km. On 15 November, the Cryogenic Upper Stage of the rocket made an uncontrolled re-entry around 9:12 [[UTC]] over the [[North Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2023-11-17 |title=Uncharted Re-entry: Chandrayaan-3's rocket LVM3 M4's Cryogenic Stage's Uncontrolled Re-entry |url=https://frontierindia.com/uncharted-re-entry-chandrayaan-3s-rocket-lvm3-m4s-cryogenic-stages-uncontrolled-re-entry/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Frontier India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-13 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India's historic Moon mission lifts off successfully |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66185565 |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2 November 2025 11:56
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-7R]] (CMS-03) {{cvt|4400|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[LVM3 M5|LVM3-M5]]
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |With a mass of 4.4 tonnes, GSAT-7R is the heaviest geostationary satellite to be launched on LVM3 by ISRO. After Separation of GSAT-7R, LVM3's [[CE-20]] upper stage engine reignited for the second burn for the first time. Replacement satellite for [[GSAT-7]].<ref name="annualreport_2020_21">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2020-2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229104020/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-12-29 |access-date=2024-04-20 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |24 December 2025 03:25
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|USA}} BlueBird Block 2 {{cvt|6100|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[LVM3-M6]]
|[[AST SpaceMobile]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Commercial launch under [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]].<ref name="NSIL-0802024">{{cite web|url=https://www.inspace.gov.in/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=19a5f4ec8798461082e163d70cbb3571|title=Integrated Launch Manifesto for 2023-24 (Q4) & 2024-25|work=NSIL|date=2024-02-08}}</ref> Cellphone-compatible broadband constellation. The next-generation BlueBird Block 2 satellite delivers 10x the bandwidth of BlueBird Block 1 satellites, allowing continuous cellular broadband service coverage. It will feature a ~{{cvt|2400|ft2}} communications array, the largest ever developed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |date=2024-11-15 |title=AST SpaceMobile leans on Blue Origin to ramp up satellite launches |url=https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobile-leans-on-blue-origin-to-ramp-up-satellite-launches/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> Following launch, the [[payload fairing]] washed up off the coast of [[Sampur, Trincomalee]] In [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Debris from India's LVM3 rocket launch found on Sri Lanka's beach. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/debris-from-indias-lvm3-rocket-launch-found-on-sri-lankas-beach-see-pics-2843814-2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Future launches ==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header" style="font-size:small;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |Date/Time ([[UTC]]) 
! rowspan="2" |Payload
!Launch site
!Regime
!Status
|-
!Flight Number
!Operator
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Remarks
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
|-

| rowspan="3" |Q2 2026
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-32]] (GSAT-N3)
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref name="annualreport_2020_21"/>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2027
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-22]]
|Satish Dhawan- SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref name="annualreport_2020_21"/>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2027
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-23]]
|Satish Dhawan- SLP
|[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
|[[Communications satellite|Communication]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref name="annualreport_2020_21"/>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2027
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-4]] Propulsion Module [[Chandrayaan-4]] Lander Module [[Chandrayaan-4]] Ascender Module
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|GTO
|{{Planned}}
|-
|LVM3 SC
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Exploration of the Moon|Lunar Composite]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Chandrayaan-4: India's next moon mission which will be launched in 2 phases |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/chandrayaan-4-to-be-launched-in-2-phases-in-2028/articleshow/108328326.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-4 will be launched in two phases, both LVM-3, PSLV to be used |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-4-will-be-launched-in-two-phases-both-lvm-3-pslv-to-be-used-2511197-2024-03-06 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=India Today |date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-10 |title=Chandrayaan-4 mission in 'process of developing', says ISRO chairman |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-4-mission-in-process-of-developing-says-isro-chairman/articleshow/109169775.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2027
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-4]] Transfer Module [[Chandrayaan-4]] Re-entry Module
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|GTO
|{{Planned}}
|-
|LVM3 SC
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Exploration of the Moon|Lunar Composite]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref name="The Economic Times"/>
|-

| rowspan="3" |29 March 2028
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Venus Orbiter Mission]]
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|GTO
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=All about Sukrayaan 1: ISRO's mission to Venus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/all-about-sukrayaan-1-isros-mission-to-venus-101695981482229.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title="Venus mission already configured...": ISRO chairman Somanath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/venus-mission-already-configured-isro-chairman-somanath/articleshow/103980065.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO SYNERGISES NATIONAL EFFORTS TO STUDY PLANET VENUS |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/PLANETVENUS.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2030<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO To Launch Mangalyaan-2 Mission In 2030 |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/isro-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-in-2030-1810090 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO confirms Mangalyaan-2 Mission: India to attempt first Mars landing in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-confirms-mangalyaan-2-mission-india-to-attempt-first-mars-landing-in-2030-2025-11-06-1016099 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Mars Lander Mission]]
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|GTO
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Mangalyaan-2: ISRO working on the second mission to Mars nine years after MOM's success |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/mangalyaan-2-isro-working-on-the-second-mission-to-mars-nine-years-after-moms-success-400360-2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Mangalyaan-2 Mission: ISRO to deploy 4 powerful payloads |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/photos/mangalyaan2-mission-isro-to-deploy-4-powerful-payloads-71697901153602.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=India once again sets sights on Mars, readies to launch Mangalyaan-2 |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/india-once-again-sets-sight-on-mars-readies-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-641709 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" | NET 2028
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS-B1]]<ref name="jatan.space">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=Moon Monday #183 and Indian Space Progress #17: The one where Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan converge |url=https://jatan.space/moon-monday-issue-183/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Jatan’s Space |language=en}}</ref> {{cvt|9186|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Space Station]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |First module launch of [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]].<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2028-30
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[NVS-06]] ([[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS-1O]]) [[NVS-07]] (IRNSS-1P) [[NVS-08]] (IRNSS-1Q) [[NVS-09]] (IRNSS-1R)
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=All about Sukrayaan 1: ISRO's mission to Venus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/all-about-sukrayaan-1-isros-mission-to-venus-101695981482229.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title="Venus mission already configured...": ISRO chairman Somanath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/venus-mission-already-configured-isro-chairman-somanath/articleshow/103980065.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO SYNERGISES NATIONAL EFFORTS TO STUDY PLANET VENUS |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/PLANETVENUS.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" | NET 2030
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS-B2]]<ref name=pietrobon-india/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1320 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Space Station]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second module launch of [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]].
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2031-32
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Lunar Navcom]] × 3
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|Selenocentric
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |First of Two launches carrying 3 satellites for [[Lunar Navcom]] Data Relay and Navigation satellite.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1340 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" |NET 2031-32
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Lunar Navcom]] × 3
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|Selenocentric
|{{Planned}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second of Two launches carrying 3 satellites for [[Lunar Navcom]] Data Relay and Navigation satellite.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1340 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="3" | NET 2032
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS-B5]]<ref name=pietrobon-india/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1320 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Space Station]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Fifth module launch of [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]].
|-

| rowspan="3" | NET 2033
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS-B3]]<ref name=pietrobon-india>{{cite web|title=Indian Launch Manifest|url=https://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/india-man.txt |work=Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1320 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Space Station]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Third module launch of [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]].
|-

| rowspan="3" | NET 2034
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|BAS-B4]]<ref name=pietrobon-india/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/index.php?topic=9564.1320 |title=Indian Space Launch Plan |work=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|Satish Dhawan - SLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Space Station]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Fourth module launch of [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]].
|-

|}

== Human-rated missions ==
{{see|Indian Human Spaceflight Programme}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Launch Log
|-
! rowspan="3" |Date/Time ([[UTC]]) 
! rowspan="2" |Payload
!Launch site
!Regime
!Status
|-
!Flight Number
!Operator
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Remarks
|-

! colspan="5" |Orbital Test Flights
|-
| rowspan="3" |January 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=ISRO now aiming to launch Gaganyaan G1 mission in Jan 2026 |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-now-aiming-to-launch-gaganyaan-g1-mission-in-jan-2026-2903478 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan-1|G1]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Space Assigned Numbers Authority (SANA) |url=https://sanaregistry.org/r/spacecraft/records/1495 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=sanaregistry.org}}</ref>
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|Integration and testing
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|Test flight
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The seventh operational flight of the [[LVM3]] rocket and the first test flight of the [[Gaganyaan|Gaganyaan capsule]] . The spacecraft will be launched into an orbit of 170×408 km, perform a circularization burn, and test re-entry and recovery sequences in ocean waters .The spacecraft will carry the [[Humanoid robot]] [[Vyommitra]], accompanied by scientific payloads including [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit flies]] to simulate the effects of radiation exposure and microgravity on the human body. During the flight various experiments will be carried out for future crewed missions. Currently the capsule is in the final stages of integration and validation and the launch is expected in late early 2026.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Gaganyaan's First Test Abort Flight in May; Space Mission 'High Priority Activity', Lok Sabha Told |url=https://www.news18.com/india/gaganyaans-first-test-abort-flight-in-may-space-mission-high-priority-activity-lok-sabha-told-7303555.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |NET 2026<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=India's first space station unit is just 4 years ahead: ISRO chief S Somanath |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/02/28/space-station-unit-bharatiya-anatariksha-s-somanath-isro-satellite.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan-2|G2]]<ref name=":7" />
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|Test flight
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second orbital test flight of Gaganyaan spacecraft.<ref name=":9" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |NET 2026<ref name=":5" />
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan-3|G3]]<ref name=":7" />
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|Test flight
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Third orbital test flight of Gaganyaan spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission |url=http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1968368 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Crewed Flights
|-
| rowspan="3" |Q1 2027<ref name=":5" />
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan-4|H1]]<ref name=":7" />
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Planned}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|Crewed mission
|-style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |First crewed flight of Gaganyaan spacecraft, carrying one to three Indian astronauts on a short orbital test flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaganyaan: ISRO to Launch First Full-Scale Unmanned Mission in February Next Year |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/apr/22/gaganyaan-isro-to-launch-first-full-scale-unmanned-mission-in-february-next-year-2568391.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=23 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=India Launches Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/22/world/asia/chandrayaan-india-moon-launch.html |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Launch mass is {{cvt|7,800|kg}} with service module, capsule's mass is {{cvt|3,735|kg}}.<ref name="Astronautix">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161228004436/http://astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft]. ''Astronautix''. 2014.</ref><ref name="AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030030/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |archive-date=2019-10-29 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |publisher=AstrotalkUK}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2" | TBA
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan-5|H2]]<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|
|-style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Second crewed flight of Gaganyaan spacecraft, carrying one to three Indian astronauts on a short orbital test flight.<ref name="jatan.space"/> Launch mass is {{cvt|7,800|kg}} with service module, capsule's mass is {{cvt|3,735|kg}}.<ref name="Astronautix"/><ref name = "AstrotalkUK"/>
|-
! colspan="5" |Cargo Flights
|-
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2" | TBA
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan|G4]]<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] ([[ISS]])
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Uncrewed spaceflight|Resupply Spacecraft]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |ISRO’s first ISS cargo resupply mission.<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2" | TBA
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Gaganyaan|G5]]<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|LP2 - [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC SHAR]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] ([[Bharatiya Antariksha Station|BAS]])
|{{Scheduled}}
|-
|HLVM3
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Uncrewed spaceflight|Resupply Spacecraft]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |ISRO’s first [[Bharatiya Antariksha Station|BAS]] cargo resupply mission.<ref name="jatan.space"/>
|}

== Gallery ==
<section begin=Gallery/>
<gallery center""="" widths="210" heights="220" mode="packed">
File:LVM3-X CARE Mission lifting off.jpg|X/[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|CARE]]
File:GSLV Mk III Lift Off 6.jpg|D1/[[GSAT-19]]
File:02 GSLV Mk III D2 with GSAT-29 on Second Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR).jpg|D2/[[GSAT-29]]
File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 Lifting off 03.jpg|[[LVM3-M1|M1]]/[[Chandrayaan-2]]
File:LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 19.jpg|[[LVM3-M2|M2]]/[[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] 14
File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 - Lift off from Second Launch Pad of SDSC-SHAR 02.webp|[[LVM3-M3|M3]]/[[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] 18
File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|[[LVM3-M4|M4]]/[[Chandrayaan-3]]
File:LVM3 M5 during liftoff.jpg|[[LVM3-M5|M5]]/[[GSAT-7R]]
File:LVM3 M6 with BlueBird-6 during Liftoff (3).webp|[[LVM3-M6|M6]]/BlueBird Block 2
</gallery>
<section end=Gallery/>

== See also ==
*[[List of GSLV launches]]
*[[List of PSLV launches]]
*[[List of SSLV launches]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Department of Space}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}

[[Category:Launch Vehicle Mark-3|*]]
[[Category:Lists of rocket launches|LVM3]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets|*]]

Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:14Z

BasilGott93: creating stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thirubhuvanai
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 2
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| map_image = Thirubhuvanai-assembly-constituency-2.PNG
| mla = [[P. Angalane]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Thirubuvanai''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher = Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name=delimit>{{cite web|format=PDF|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency is a part of the [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]]. This assembly constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Caste|SC]] candidates.<ref name=delimit/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || R. Kulandai || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || M. Thangavelu || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || A. Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || M. Maniyam || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || P. Cattavarayane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || S. Komala || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | D. Viswanathan || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || S. Arasi
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || [[P. Angalane]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || Angalane
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || P. Angalane || {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || B. Kobiga
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || P. Angalane<ref name=election2021/> || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}\
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|44.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|59.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|72.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|61.93}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velu|party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Angalane]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Gopika|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Datchanamurthy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K Ranjith |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =31903 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Angalane]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,597 |percentage=36.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Kobiga |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=8,238 |percentage=28.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Muhilan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,644 |percentage=26.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ranjit |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=588 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai Ramesh |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=482 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=284 |percentage=0.99% |change=-0.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Silambarasan |party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam |votes=229 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Paramasivam @ Cale |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,359 |percentage=8.19% |change=2.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,808 |percentage=87.61% |change= -1.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,883 |change =8.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -7.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Kobiga |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=12,143 |percentage=44.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Angalane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,711 |percentage=39.42% |change=0.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sankar @ Vadivelan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,618 |percentage=5.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kalivarathan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,484 |percentage=5.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=496 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Paramasivam @ Cale |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundaramoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=208 |percentage=0.77% |change=-0.15% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,432 |percentage=5.27% |change=-15.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,172 |percentage=89.31% |change= -1.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,424 |change =18.75% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -14.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Angalane]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=13,733 |percentage=59.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,965 |percentage=38.53% |change=-11.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Dhandapani |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sundaramoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=212 |percentage=0.91% |change=-0.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. Velmurugan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=118 |percentage=0.51% |change=0.00% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,768 |percentage=20.49% |change=0.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,269 |percentage=90.82% |change= 1.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,620 |change =7.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Angalane |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,534 |percentage=49.91% |change=21.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Komala |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,378 |percentage=30.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kalivaradhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,644 |percentage=12.53% |change=-1.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Velu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=795 |percentage=3.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arumugam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=274 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sundaramoorthy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=106 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,156 |percentage=19.69% |change=14.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,108 |percentage=88.92% |change= 12.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,737 |change =8.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Angalane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,753 |percentage=28.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai Arivudainambi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,949 |percentage=23.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Angalan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,466 |percentage=20.86% |change=-15.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kalivardhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,311 |percentage=13.91% |change=-5.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arasi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,177 |percentage=7.08% |change=-30.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=716 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Komala |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivasacty |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=112 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=804 |percentage=4.84% |change=4.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,617 |percentage=76.21% |change= 6.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,805 |change =5.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arasi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,707 |percentage=37.08% |change=-18.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jayaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,586 |percentage=36.29% |change=-0.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kalivaradan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,921 |percentage=18.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Komala |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=2.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kuppusamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=119 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Krishnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Deivasigamani |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Angalan |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=121 |percentage=0.79% |change=-18.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,391 |percentage=79.23% |change= 9.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,715 |change =4.31% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Viswanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,453 |percentage=55.69% |change=9.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thangavelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,939 |percentage=36.90% |change=0.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iranian Alias Ethiraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=829 |percentage=6.19% |change=-10.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Singaram |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=65 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,514 |percentage=18.78% |change=8.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,384 |percentage=69.35% |change= -4.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,860 |change =0.33% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Viswanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,743 |percentage=46.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Veerappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,219 |percentage=35.94% |change=-18.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Perumal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,360 |percentage=16.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Balaraman |party=Janata Party |votes=97 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,524 |percentage=10.49% |change=1.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,522 |percentage=74.01% |change= -4.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,795 |change =46.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Komala |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,745 |percentage=54.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Cattavarayane |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,751 |percentage=44.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Selvarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=994 |percentage=9.41% |change=-35.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,563 |percentage=78.85% |change= -0.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,529 |change =26.14% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -17.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Cattavarayane |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=6,001 |percentage=72.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Annamalai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,269 |percentage=27.26% |change=-17.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Manian |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,732 |percentage=44.83% |change=19.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,325 |percentage=79.81% |change= 5.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,725 |change =8.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 27.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Maniyam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,226 |percentage=44.42% |change=9.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Pichaikaran |party=Janata Party |votes=1,413 |percentage=19.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Munian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,065 |percentage=14.66% |change=-20.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kalvarayan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,035 |percentage=14.25% |change=-12.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=7.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,813 |percentage=24.96% |change=24.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,263 |percentage=74.43% |change= -12.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,904 |change =9.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,672 |percentage=34.96% |change=-1.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangavelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,637 |percentage=34.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samikannu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,039 |percentage=26.67% |change=-24.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govindhan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=270 |percentage=3.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35 |percentage=0.46% |change=-14.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,644 |percentage=87.20% |change= 9.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,026 |change =7.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thangavelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,277 |percentage=51.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mannathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,338 |percentage=36.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kulanthai |party=Independent politician |votes=746 |percentage=11.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=939 |percentage=14.76% |change=-9.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,361 |percentage=77.89% |change= -0.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,363 |change =6.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -10.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirubuvanai<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kulandai |party=Independent politician |votes=3,698 |percentage=61.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thangavely |party=Independent politician |votes=2,273 |percentage=38.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,425 |percentage=23.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,971 |percentage=77.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,860 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.924|79.649|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Attili Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:49Z

BasilGott93: New Initial Stub More To Come...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Attili
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Attili''' is a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]] until 2008.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
It was part of [[West Godavari Lok Sabha constituency]] along with other six Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]], [[Kavali (Assembly constituency)|Kavali]], [[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]], [[West Godavari City (Assembly constituency)|West Godavari City]], [[West Godavari Rural (Assembly constituency)|West Godavari Rural]] and [[Udayagiri (Assembly constituency)|Udayagiri]] in [[West Godavari district]].

Mandals:
1. Attili
2. Kaluvay
3. Sydapuram
4. Podalkur
5. Manubolu

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=Attili Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/attili-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628005110/https://resultuniversity.com/election/attili-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |archive-date=28 June 2020 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 1962
| [[Datla Satyanarayana Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1967
| K. Vijaya Narasimha Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1972
| Kaldindi Venkata Raju
|-
| 1978
| Indukuri Rama Krishnam Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}(I)
|-
| 1983
| rowspan=2 | Vegesna Kanakadurga Venkata Satyanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1985
|-
| 1989
| Dandu Sivarama Raju
|-
| 1994
| [[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1999
| Dandu Sivarama Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004
| Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Attili<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Dasaratharamiah Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,805 |percentage=27.53% |change=27.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Ramanaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,368 |percentage=21.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bollu Chenchu Narasimham |party=Independent politician |votes=7,361 |percentage=18.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malireddy Pattabhirami Reddi |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,751 |percentage=12.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nunna Venkatarumiah |party=Independent politician |votes=3,159 |percentage=8.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. B. D. Krishna Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,500 |percentage=6.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basirani Sundararama Naidy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,452 |percentage=3.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kollapanenl Lakshminaryanana |party=Independent politician |votes=851 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,437 |percentage=6.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,247 |percentage=58.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,347 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1994]]: Attili}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Y. Sreenivasulu Reddy
|votes = 52,180
|percentage = 47.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
|votes = 43,781
|percentage = 38.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravula Ankaiah Goud
|votes = 12458
|percentage = 11.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Midathala Ramesh
|votes = 2,509
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,389
|percentage = 7.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,13,204
|percentage = 74.70
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Atmakur<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anam Rama Narayana Reddy]]
|votes = 76,907
|percentage = 51.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [Y srinivasula reddy (YSR)]
|votes = 58,263
|percentage = 39.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Khajavali Shaik]]
|votes = 8,772
|percentage = 5.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,644
|percentage = 12.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 148,137
|percentage = 78.04
|change = -2.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Atmakur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Kommi Lakshmaiah Naidu]]
|votes = 43,347
|percentage = 36.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bollineni Krishnaiah]]
|votes = 38,950
|percentage = 32.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bommireddy Sundararami Reddy]]
|votes = 32,686
|percentage = 27.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,397
|percentage = 3.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 119,562
|percentage = 80.90
|change = +10.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.20|79.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami

2026-04-13T05:34:55Z

BasilGott93: creating a pg

{{short description|Indian geochemist (1945–2015)}}
{{for|other people named ''Krishnaswami''|Krishnaswami}}
{{Indian patronymic|Krishnaswami|Sethunathasarma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1945|5|21}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|7|20|1945|5|21}}
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Geochemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] Atomic Energy Training School | [[Physical Research Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Kerala]] | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[Bombay University]] | [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] | [[Yale University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| [[Devendra Lal]] | [[Harmon Craig]] | K. K. Turekian }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on low temperature geochemistry
| awards = {{ublist | 1975 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 1981 [[Krishnan Medal]] | 1984 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]}}
}}

'''Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami''' (21 May 1945 – 20 July 2015), popularly known as '''Swami''', was an Indian [[geochemist]] and an honorary scientist at the geosciences division of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]].<ref name="Fellows and Foreign Fellows Deceased during 2015–16">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/INSA_Annual_Report-2015-16_ENGLISH_for_WEB.pdf |title=Fellows and Foreign Fellows Deceased during 2015–16 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> He was known for his studies on low temperature geochemistry<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=158 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Krishnaswami,_Prof._Sethunathasarma |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N89-1023 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427194439/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N89-1023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/krishnaswami-sethunathasarma |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[American Geophysical Union]],<ref name="AGU fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://honors.agu.org/fellows/fellows-alpha-list |title=AGU fellows |date=2016 |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> [[Geochemical Society]] and [[European Association of Geochemistry]] (2003).<ref name="Geochemical fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://www.geochemsoc.org/awards/geochemicalfellows/ |title=Geochemical fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Geochemical Society}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, atmosphere, ocean and planetary Sciences in 1984.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:P R L.JPG|thumb|235px|left|Physical Research Laboratory]]
Krishnaswami, born on 21 May 1945 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], did his graduate studies in science at the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College, Thiruvananthapuram]] of the [[University of Kerala]] and on completion of the degree in 1963, he joined [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] Training School for a short term training.<ref name="Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami (1945–2015)">{{Cite journal |last=Manmohan Sarin |title=Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami (1945–2015) |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/05/0984.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=September 2015 |volume=109 |issue=5}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined the geophysics group of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] as a research associate in 1964 where he stayed till 1972.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Simultaneously, he enrolled in [[Bombay University]] and secured a PhD in 1974, working under the guidance of [[Devendra Lal]]. His post-doctoral researches were at [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] with [[Harmon Craig]] and at the laboratory of K. K. Turekian of [[Yale University]]. By this time, he had already moved to [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad in 1973 and on returning to India, he spent the rest of his career there, superannuating from service in 2005. He held various positions during his tenure at PRL such as that of a dean from 1987 to 1993 and acting director during 2004–05 and continued his association with the laboratory post-retirement as an [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Indian National Science Academy|Indian National Science Academy]] scientist and honorary professor.<ref name="NASI fellows" /> He also served as a visiting scientist at Scripps Institute of Oceanography (1971–72) and as a visiting faculty at the Department of Geology and Geophysics of Yale University for three stints during 1976–77, 1979-1982 and 1986–87.<ref name="Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami (1945–2015)" />

Krishnaswami died on 20 July 2015 at the age of 70, survived by his wife, son and daughter.<ref name="Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami (1945–2015)" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:World geologic provinces.jpg|thumb|235px|The Deccan Traps shown as dark purple spot on the geologic map of India]]
During his research collaborative study at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Krishnaswami assisted [[Harmon Craig]] in his discovery of ''210Pb-226Ra radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea''<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and his association with K. K. Turekian at Yale University helped develop U-Th series nuclide applications in aquatic systems which has been detailed in a book, ''U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems'', co-edited by him and published by Elsevier Science in 2008.<ref name="U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems">{{Cite book |url=http://store.elsevier.com/U-Th-Series-Nuclides-in-Aquatic-Systems/isbn-9780080450124/ |title=U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780080450124 |editor-last=S. Krishnaswami, J. Kirk Cochran |date=May 2008 |page=440}}</ref> His researches are known to have established the accretion rate and growth history of ocean-floor [[ferromanganese nodules]] which he estimated by [[radionuclide]] method and the work assisted in the determination of the history of sedimentation in Indian lakes and coastal regions.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He applied these methods in estimating the weathering and erosion in the Himalaya and [[Deccan Traps]] and for assessing their influence on global change.<ref name="Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami (1945–2015)" /> He was also involved in geochemical studies on the rivers of [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] for assessing the ''evolution of [[Isotopes of strontium|strontium isotopes]] and uranium concentration in the ocean since the [[Cenozoic era]]''. His studies have been detailed in over 100 peer reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed several of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Krishnaswami=3ASethunathasarma=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He served as the vice president of [[International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans]] (2003–07)<ref name="Vice President IAPSO">{{Cite web |url=http://iapso.iugg.org/information9/past-executive-committees20.html?showall=&start=3 |title=Vice President IAPSO |date=2016 |publisher=International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research of the [[International Council for Science]] (1994–96),<ref name="Past SCOR Executive Committee Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_ExComm_Past.htm |title=Past SCOR Executive Committee Members |date=2016 |publisher=Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research}}</ref> as the treasurer of the [[International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme]],<ref name="IGBP SC Officers and Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igbp.net/people/igbpscmembers.4.950c2fa1495db7081e56a.html |title=IGBP SC Officers and Members |date=2016 |publisher=International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme}}</ref> and as a member of the council of the Indian National Science Academy (2002–04).<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He was also associated with ''[[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]]'' and ''[[Journal of Earth System Science]]'' as a member of their editorial boards and mentored 6 doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
Krishnaswami received the Young Scientist Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 1975<ref name="Young Scientist Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=Young Scientist Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Krishnan Medal]] of the [[Indian Geophysical Union]] in 1981.<ref name="Krishnan Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igu.in/awards.htm |title=Krishnan Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Geophysical Union}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> He was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies; the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1986, followed by Indian National Science Academy in 1989 and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 1992. He became a fellow of The World Academy of Sciences with his election in 2000. He was also a fellow of the [[American Geophysical Union]],<ref name="AGU fellows" /> [[Geochemical Society]] and [[European Association of Geochemistry]] (2003).<ref name="Geochemical fellows" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780080450124 |editor-last=S. Krishnaswami, J. Kirk Cochran |date=May 2008 |page=440}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Dalai, Tarun K. |author2=Krishnaswami, S. |author3=Sarin, M. M. |title=Barium in the Yamuna River System in the Himalaya: sources, fluxes, and its behavior during weathering and transport |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |date=2002 |volume=1076-1098 |issue=12 |pages=1076–1098 |doi=10.1029/2002GC000381|bibcode=2002GGG.....3.1076D |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rengarajan, R. |author2=Sarin, M. M. |author3=Krishnaswami, S. |title=Uranium in the Arabian Sea: role of denitrification in controlling its distribution |journal=Oceanologica Acta |date=2003 |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=687–693 |doi=10.1016/j.oceact.2003.05.001|bibcode=2003AcOc...26..687R |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00321/43258/ |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Das, Anirban |author2=Krishnaswami, S. |author3=Bhattacharya, S. K. |title=Carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in rivers draining the Deccan Traps, India: sources of DIC and their magnitudes |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=2005 |volume=236 |issue=1–2 |pages=419–429 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.009|bibcode=2005E&PSL.236..419D }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Yadav, D. N. |author2=Sarin, M. M. |author3=Krishnaswami, S. |title=a |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=2007 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=139–152 |issn=0016-7622}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Singh, Sunil K. |author2=Rai, Santosh K. |author3=Krishnaswami, S. |title=Sr and Nd isotopes in river sediments from the Ganga Basin: sediment provenance and spatial variability in physical erosion |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2008 |volume=113 |issue=F3 |pages=F03006 |doi=10.1029/2007JF000909|bibcode=2008JGRF..113.3006S |doi-access=free }}
* Tripathy, Gyana R.; Singh, Sunil K.; Krishnaswami, S. (2011). "Sr and Nd isotopes as tracers of chemical and physical erosion". In: Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry (Ed: M. Baskaran), Advances in Isotope Geochemistry, 521-552, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_26.

== See also ==
* [[Devendra Lal]]
* [[Harmon Craig]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://store.elsevier.com/authorDetails.jsp?authorId=ELS_1017812 |title=S. Krishnaswami on Elsevier |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier|work=Author profile}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/634/1/634.pdf |author1=Anil KUmar |author2=Y. J. Bhaskar Rao |author3=V. M. Padma Kumari |author4=A. M. Dayal |author5=K. Gopalan |title=Late Cretaceous mafic dykes in the Dharwar craton (full text) |journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) |date=July 1988 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1007/BF02861631|s2cid=126667879 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnaswami, Sethunathasarma}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Indian geochemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

George Speight

2026-04-10T08:15:25Z

BasilGott93: Added new post.

{{Short description|Fijian politician and 2000 coup leader}}
'''George Speight''' ({{IPAc-en|s|p|eɪ|t}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Pronounce - Browse all names for Fiji |url=https://pronounce.voanews.com/browse-oneregion.php?region=fiji |website=[[Voice of America]] Pronounce |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref> born 1957), also known by his [[pseudonym]] '''Ilikimi Naitini''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0106/S00003.htm |title=The Treason Charge |publisher=Scoop |date=1 June 2001 |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> is a Fijian businessman and politician who was the leader of the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]], in which he and rebel soldiers from Fiji's [[Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit]] seized the Fijian Parliament and held Prime Minister [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] and 35 other MP's hostage from 19 May 2000 to 13 July 2000. He was convicted of treason in February 2002 and served a sentence of life imprisonment until receiving a presidential pardon on 18 September 2024.

Speight is the son of politician Sam Speight,<ref name=Guardian2000a/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/coup-leader-speight-got-in-first/REUMU3LLAUDGASXZKLOOZFWXFA/ |title=Coup leader Speight 'got in first' |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date= |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> the brother of politician [[Samisoni Tikoinasau]] and the uncle of rugby players [[Henry Speight|Henry]] and [[Sam Speight]].<ref name="Moloney">{{cite web |url=https://pmc.aut.ac.nz/index.php/pacific-media-watch/fiji-sport-uncle-george-speight-factor-7391 |title=FIJI: Sport - The 'Uncle George' Speight factor |publisher=Pacific Media Centre |author=John-Paul Moloney |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutton |first1=Chris |title=Saturday Serve: Henry Speight's siblings need a helping hand from Scott Morrison |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/saturday-serve-henry-speights-siblings-need-a-helping-hand-from-scott-morrison-20140801-zzdu6.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=1 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Speight was born in Naivicula, Fiji,<ref name=Guardian2000c>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/06/fiji.johnaglionby |title=Speight: Fiji village boy with a big mouth and ambitions |work=The Guardian |author=John Aglionby |date=6 June 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> and educated at [[Suva Grammar School]].<ref name=SOV>{{cite book |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/128824/1/Speight_of_Violence.pdf |title=Speight of Violence : Inside Fiji's 2000 coup |last1=Field |first1=Michael |last2=Baba |first2=Tupeni |last3=Nabobo-Baba |first3=Unaisi |publisher=Pandanus Books |location=Canberra |year=2005 |access-date=22 December 2022 |isbn=9781740761703}}</ref>{{rp|91}} before studying marketing in [[Australia]] and business at [[Andrews University]] in the United States.<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|91}}<ref name="Eb">{{Britannica|711301}}</ref> After graduating he worked in Australia as a bank clerk for [[Suncorp Bank|Metway Bank]],<ref name=MM2000/> and was involved in the Wattle Group pyramid scheme.<ref name=NZHWallA>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/criminal-on-a-warrior-mission/YARH6U3C6FEZJEMEHVLRZJWZNM/ |title='Criminal' on a warrior mission |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date= |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=MM2000>{{cite web |url=https://www.moneymanagement.com.au/news/financial-planning/fiji-coup-leader-linked-failed-wattle-scheme |title=Fiji coup leader linked to failed Wattle scheme |author=Jason Spits |publisher=Monaey Management |date=9 June 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> After returning to Fiji in 1996 he worked as an insurance broker for Heaths Insurance Group.<ref name=ABC2000a>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/stories/s129132.htm |title=Who is George Speight? |publisher=ABC |date=19 May 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> In 1998 he was appointed chair of the state-owned Fiji Pine and Fiji Hardwood Corporation by the Rabuka government, in which his father was serving as a Minister.<ref name="Eb"/><ref name=NZHWallA/> He was sacked by Heaths in April 1999 following financial irregularities,<ref name=ABC2000a/> and from his state appointments by the Labour coalition government in August 1999.<ref name=News24a>{{cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/timber-behind-fiji-coup-20000905 |title=Timber behind Fiji coup? |publisher=News24 |date=5 September 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> It later emerged that he had been paid consultancy fees by American timber company Trans Resource Management, to advocate for them to be granted the right to harvest Fiji's mahogany.<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|64}}<ref name=News24a/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20000701&slug=4029600 |title=Money from Bellevue firm figures in Fiji allegations |publisher=Seattle Times |date=1 July 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

In early 2000, just days before the coup, he pleaded not guilty to exchange rate charges and extortion.<ref name=NZHWallA/><ref name=SOV/>{{rp|92}}

== Fiji coup of 2000 ==
{{main|2000 Fijian coup d'état}}
On 19 May 2000 a group of armed men led by Speight stormed the Fijian Parliament and took the government hostage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0519gunseize.html |title=GUNMEN SEIZE PRIME MINISTER HOSTAGE IN FIJI COUP BID |publisher=Fiji Crisis |author=Sheryl Ho |date=19 May 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322085643/http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0519gunseize.html |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2000a>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/19/marktran |title=Fiji's PM seized in coup |work=The Guardian |date=19 May 2000 |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=LATimes1>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-19-mn-31790-story.html |title=Gunmen Storm Fiji's Parliament, Announce Government Takeover |work=Los Angeles Times |date=19 May 2000 |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> Speight claimed to have seized power on behalf of ethnic [[Fijians]], and purported to have revoked the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|1997 constitution]] and appointed himself interim president and opposition MP [[Timoci Silatolu]] as interim Prime Minister.<ref name=LATimes1/><ref name=Guardian2000b>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/may/20/fromthearchive |title=Fiji's leaders held hostage in 'ethnic' coup |publisher=Guardian |date=20 May 2000 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> The coup led to rioting and mob-violence in the Fijian capital [[Suva]],<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|85}}<ref name=Guardian2000a/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-29-mn-35213-story.html |title=Fijian Police Officer Killed During Melee |work=Los Angeles Times |date=29 May 2000 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> and ten days later to the overthrow of President [[Kamisese Mara]] by military commander [[Frank Bainimarama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/30/world/fiji-military-takes-control-and-declares-martial-law.html |title=Fiji Military Takes Control And Declares Martial Law |work=New York Times |date=30 May 2000 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0530constitution.html |title=Three new decrees revoke Fiji's Constitution |publisher=Fiji Crisis |date=30 May 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322090457/http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0530constitution.html |archive-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Bainimarama appointed an all-indigenous Fijian interim government on 3 July, which was rejected by Speight, leading to widespread violence across Fiji.<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|206}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/04/fiji1 |title=Fiji rebels wounded in parliament shooting |work=The Guardian |date=4 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/7/8/19517092/supporters-of-fiji-coup-grab-more-hostages |title=Supporters of Fiji coup grab more hostages |publisher=Deseret News |date=8 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

On 9 July, following prolonged negotiations, Speight signed the Muanikau Accord with the military,<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|209}} agreeing to release the hostages in exchange for an amnesty for himself. All his key demands had been met.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/13/qanda.marktran |title=Fiji coup |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> The last hostages were released on 13 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/74a198025db713e897ffb77033682308 |title=Hostage Crisis Ends in Fiji |publisher=AP News |author=Paul Alexander |date=14 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/13/fiji |title=Fiji hostage crisis ends |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/fijis-isolation-grows-as-last-hostages-freed/article4165962/ |title=Fiji's isolation grows as last hostages freed |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=14 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>

Following the return of hostages and weapons, Speight and his followers moved to Kalabu Fijian School on the outskirts of Suva,<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|229}} where they continued to lobby over the makeup of the interim government and demand control of key portfolios.<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|230-231}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/australasia/07/22/fiji.unrest.reut/ |title=Fiji rebels demand PM be replaced with woman chief |publisher=CNN |date=22 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> When the government rejected his demands, his spokesman Joe Nata threatened civil war.<ref name=SOV/>{{rp|231}}

==Arrest and trial==
On 26 July Speight and three others were arrested at a military checkpoint following threats to President [[Josefa Iloilo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0727arrested.html |title=REBEL LEADER GEORGE SPEIGHT ARRESTED |publisher=Fiji Crisis |date=27 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030224151940/http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0727arrested.html |archive-date=24 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/26/fiji |title=Fiji: Speight reported arrested |work=The Guardian |date=26 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> The military then stormed his headquarters, killing one person and arresting 369 supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0727dead.html |title=MILITARY STORM REBELS - 1 DEAD, 40 WOUNDED |publisher=Fiji Crisis |date=27 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030224153119/http://www.journalism.uts.edu.au/archive/fiji_coup/0727dead.html |archive-date=24 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/27/world/coup-leader-in-fiji-is-arrested-by-the-military.html |title=Coup Leader in Fiji Is Arrested by the Military |work=New York Times |date=27 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=83055&page=1 |title=Fiji Coup Leader Speight Arrested |publisher=ABC News |author=Marie McInerney |date=27 July 2000 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> On 11 August 2000 he was charged with treason and imprisoned pending trial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/12/fiji |title=Speight on treason charge |work=The Guardian |date=12 August 2000 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/speight-on-double-treason-charge/S4GN6Y7AQQPBXRVAFFRK6XWUUI/ |title=Speight on double treason charge |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date= |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

In the [[2001 Fijian general election]], while still awaiting trial, Speight was elected to Parliament in the Tailevu North Fijian communal seat as a candidate for the [[Conservative Alliance-Matanitu Vanua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30022618.html |title=Fiji coup leader elected to Parliament |publisher=Irish Examiner |date=5 September 2001 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/05/fiji |title=Fiji coup leader wins parliamentary seat |work=The Guardian |date=5 September 2001 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> In December 2001 he was dismissed from Parliament for non-attendance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/speight-loses-seat-in-parliament/TPTIT5ENMUBM4IBMAO7QQJBVMM/ |title=Speight loses seat in Parliament |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date= |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30032596.html |title=Fiji coup leader dismissed from parliament |publisher=Irish Examiner |date=9 December 2001 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

On 18 February 2002 Speight pleaded guilty to treason and was sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/speight-sentenced-to-death/332DFABXJJBGBX4EO6IER34N7I/ |title=Speight sentenced to death |publisher=New Zealand Herald |date=18 February 2002 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/18/fiji.paulkelso |title=Fiji coup leader sentenced to die |work=The Guardian |date=18 February 2002 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment the same day by President Ratu Josefa Iloilo.<ref name=BBCSentence>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1828650.stm |title=Jail for Fiji rebels |publisher=BBC |date=19 February 2002 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> Initially imprisoned on [[Nukulau]] island, in 2006 he was transferred to the Naboro Maximum Security Prison after Nukulau's closure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/166965/speight-back-in-fiji-mainland-jail |title=Speight back in Fiji mainland jail |publisher=[[RNZ]] |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>

In response to calls for his parole in 2020, Fijian Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] said that there would be no special treatment for him.<ref name="fbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/no-special-treatment-for-george-speight/|title=No special treatment for George Speight|author=Edwin Nand|date=December 11, 2020|work=FBC News}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===2024 Pardon===
On 18 September 2024 Speight was granted a presidential pardon. He was released from prison the next day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/528473/fiji-coup-leader-george-speight-granted-presidential-pardon |title=Fiji coup leader George Speight granted Presidential pardon |publisher=[[RNZ]] |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Speight, George}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)]]
[[Category:Fijian rebels]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Andrews University alumni]]
[[Category:People convicted of treason]]
[[Category:Fijian politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Fijian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:2000 Fijian coup d'état]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Conservative Alliance-Matanitu Vanua politicians]]
[[Category:Fijian expatriates in Australia]]
[[Category:Fijian nationalists]]
[[Category:Fijian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tailevu Province]]
[[Category:People expelled from public office]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Fiji]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Dhiraj Lingade

2026-04-04T20:25:24Z

BasilGott93: Added new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 3 February 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ranjit Patil]]
| successor =
| office2 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| prime_minister3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency = [[Amravati Graduates constituency]]
| birth_date = 6 April 1972
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| education = Graduate
B.A from Jijamata College [[Buldana]], SSC from Shri Shivaji University [[Buldana]]
| spouse = Padmaja Lingade
| children = 2 sons
| father = Rambhau Lingade
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
| sibling =
}}

'''Dhiraj Rambhau Lingade''' is a politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing the Graduates constituencies of [[Amravati]].<ref>{{Cite newsgroup |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/mlc-election-result-mva-candidate-dhiraj-lingade-win-from-amravati-division-graduates-constituency/ |title=MLC Election Result: MVA candidate Dhiraj Lingade wins from Amravati division graduates constituency - www.lokmattimes.com |date=2023-02-03 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite newsgroup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/another-blow-for-bjp-as-lingade-wins-amravati-mlc-poll/articleshow/97584581.cms |title=Another blow for BJP as Lingade wins Amravati MLC poll | newspaper=The Times of India |date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=2024-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Mumbai News highlights: MVA wins three of five seats in MLC poll; beats BJP in Amravati and home turf Nagpur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-news-live-updates-8416627/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lingade, Dhiraj}}
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Amravati]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Hussainiwala railway station

2026-03-28T13:57:46Z

BasilGott93:

{{Short description|Railway station in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hussainiwala railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Hussainiwala]] Border road, [[Firozpur district]]-152002 Punjab
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.990828030486277|N|74.55506025923363|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|231.52|m|ft}}
| line =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1885
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HSW
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning (2 time in a year)
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_dot_label = Hussainiwala railway station
| map_size = 250
| services =
}}

'''Hussainiwala railway station''' is a railway station in [[Hussainiwala]] village [[Firozpur district]] in [[Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indo-Pak border's last station– 'Hussainiwala station lost its existence |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/indo-pak-border-s-last-station-hussainiwala-station-lost-its-existence.html |publisher=Rozana Spokesman |date=January 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=हुसैनीवाला रेलवे स्टेशन का निर्माण शुरू |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/firozpur-ferozpurconstruction-of-hussainiwala-railway-station-starts-19002746.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=February 28, 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Rishi |title=HUSSAINIWALA |date=2021 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH-DDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hussainiwala+railway+station&pg=PT9}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established during the partition of India and Pakistan. It was located near the Irrigation department workshop. However, over time the station has ceased to exist and only a [[Pipal tree]] remains as a symbol of its historical importance.

It served as the Gateway to Lahore. The railway track that runs along the station was first used for train travel in 1885 when a journey between [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]] and [[Kasur]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) en route to [[Peshawar]] was completed. Presently, the track is used only twice a year for special events. The Ferozepur-Hussainiwala rail track was a hub of trade and military activities in the past, with hundreds of people from nearby towns like [[Kasur]], [[Lahore]] and [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]] disembarking at the station to work in the workshop. The track was also the route for the first run of the [[Punjab Mail]] that linked [[Firozpur|Ferozepur]] with [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The railway line was created for the convenience of British troops and merchants, who would arrive in Bombay and travel directly to Kasur, Lahore, Ferozepur and Peshawar by rail.<ref name=Tribune/>

Sources in the [[Indian Railways]] indicate that the rail track crossed the [[Sutlej River]] over 13 round pillars, all of which still remain intact, and a double-decker bridge called Empress Bridge. Presently, only the two towers on either side of the Sutlej remain as a reminder of the bridge's existence.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anirudh |title=Steeped in history, Hussainiwala rly station awaits revival |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/steeped-in-history-hussainiwala-rly-station-awaits-revival-529132 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=January 16, 2018}}</ref>

== Trains ==
The special [[diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) run by the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] during [[Martyrs' Day (India)|Shaheedi Diwas]] and [[Baisakhi]] takes people to the [[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial|Samadhi Sthal]] located near Hussainiwala railway station.<ref>{{cite news |title=23 मार्च: यहां शहीदों की याद में एक बार चलती है ट्रेन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/chandigarh/hussainiwala-border-last-railway-station-indian-railway-firozpur-junction-shaheed-bhagat-singh |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=March 23, 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hussainiwala]]
* [[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1885]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

Manipur Premier League

2026-03-26T06:38:14Z

BasilGott93: Created The Article More To Come

{{Short description|Association football league in Manipur, India}}
{{Distinguish|Manipur State League}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Manipur Premier League
| logo = Manipur Premier League.png
| pixels = 200
| organiser = [[All Manipur Football Association]]
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| teams = [[#Teams|15]]
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = AMFA Cup
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| champions = [[Southern Sporting Union]] (2nd title)
| season = 2025–26
| most_champs = [[Southern Sporting Union]] (2 titles)
| tv = ED Sports Live ([[YouTube]])
| current = 2025–26
| website =
}}

The '''Manipur Premier League''' is the highest state-level men's [[association football|football]] league in [[Manipur]], India.<ref name="mpl" >{{cite web |title=AMFA 1st Premier League to start on December 13 |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport6..111223.dec23 |website=E-Pao |date=11 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur Premier League |url=https://theawayend.co/manipur-state-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=8 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2ND PREMIER LEAGUE 2025-26 |url=https://administrator.the-aiff.com/regulations/90-file-1745228660.pdf |website=AIFF |access-date=28 December 2025 }}</ref> The first season was started in 2023, organised by the [[All Manipur Football Association]]. While the highest state league until the 2022–23 season, [[Manipur State League]] is still held, the champions of Manipur Premier League was given the spot for promotion to [[I-League 3]].

==History==
The Manipur Premier League was introduced as an elite football competition in the state and become the apex of football in Manipur and provide the foundations for grassroots and youth development. The first season was won by both Southern Sporting Union (SSU) and Asufii Football Academy, who were declared the joint winners of the first season as the final match was abandoned due to crowd trouble.<ref name="mpl1">{{cite web |title=AIFF cancels Imphal derby after fresh Manipur violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-cancels-imphal-derby-after-fresh-manipur-violence/articleshow/107301874.cms |website=The Times of India |date=31 January 2024 }}</ref> The second season was won by FC Raengdai representing [[Noney district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Raengdai celebrates 2nd Premier League success, to launch academy soon |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/9/29/by-our-staff-reporter-imphal-sep-28-prof-gangmei-angam-president-of-2nd-premier-league-winners-football-club-r.html |date=29 September 2025 |website=The Sangai Express }}</ref>

== League structure ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Tier
!Division
|-
!1 (5 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])
|Manipur Premier League
|-
!2 (6 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|AMFA Cup
|-
!3 (7 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|AMFA Winners' Cup (Thangjam Birchandra-Maipakpi Memorial Winners' Cup)
|-
!4 (8 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|District leagues
|}

==Stadiums==
The stadiums that are used for the Manipur Premier League are Artificial Turf Ground, Lamlong Thongkhong, SAI Ground in Takyel located in [[Imphal]].

== Prize money ==
Prize money for the 3rd Manipur Premier League:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!
!Purse
|-
|Champions || ₹5 lakh
|-
|Runners-up || ₹3 lakh
|}

==Teams==
===2025–26 season===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team !! Location
|-
|Athletic Brother's Association || [[Porompat]], [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|All Moirang Football Association (AMOFA) || [[Moirang]], [[Bishnupur district, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
|-
|Angtha FC || Angtha Yaripok, [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|Anouba Imagi Mangal (AIM) || Khabam Lamkhai, [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|Asufii Football Academy || Punanamei, [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
|-
|Imphal Youth FC (IYFC) || [[Imphal]]
|-
|Kshetri Iril Mapal Youth Club (KIYC) || Kshetri Iril Mapal, [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|Mayang Imphal United FC || Mayang Imphal, [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|-
|Rising Athletic Union (RAU) || [[Imphal]]
|-
|Sagolband United || Sagolband, [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|-
|Sang-Gai Heroes || Angtha, [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|Social Sporting Club || Sekta, [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|-
|[[Southern Sporting Union]] (SSU) || [[Imphal]]
|-
|United Chandel FC || [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]]
|-
|Young Physique's Union (YPHU) || [[Imphal]]
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Runners-up
!Ref
|-
| align="center" |2023–24
|colspan=2|[[Southern Sporting Union]] and Asufii FA ''(joint winners)''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSU, AFA declared joint winners of 1st Premier League |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport10..020224.feb24 |date=1 February 2024 |website=E-Pao }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2024–25
|FC Raengdai
|Asufii FA
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Raengdai pip AFA to lift Premier League 2025-26 trophy |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport12..280725.jul25 |date=27 July 2025 |website=E-Pao }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2025–26
|[[Southern Sporting Union]]
|Anouba Imagi Mangal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd Premier League SSU take unassailable 34-point lead with 1-0 win over MIUFC |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/12/9/by-our-staff-reporter-imphal-dec-8-rampant-southern-sporting-union-ssu-singjamei-beat-miufc-mayang-imphal-by-a.html |date=9 December 2025 |website=Sangai Express }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Manipur]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Sikkim]]

United States diplomatic cables leak

2026-03-23T11:11:08Z

BasilGott93: expanded content

{{Short description|2010–2011 release of 251,287 diplomatic cables}}
{{distinguish|Kissinger cables|Lettergate}}
{{about|the release of leaked U.S. diplomatic cables by WikiLeaks|the contents of those cables|Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak|reactions to the leak|Reactions to the United States diplomatic cables leak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox
| above = Cablegate
| abovestyle = background-color: #BCD4E6
| image1 = [[File:Wikileaks logo.svg|alt=|80px]]
| caption1 =
| headerstyle = background-color: #BCD4E6
| label2 = Description
| data2 = Release of 251,287 [[Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak|United States diplomatic cables]]
| label3 = Dates of cables
| data3 = 1966–2010
| label4 = Period of release
| data4 = {{nowrap|18 February 2010}} – {{nowrap|1 September 2011}}
| label5 = Key publishers
| data5 = {{lang|es|[[El País]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[WikiLeaks]]
| label6 = Related articles
| data6 = [[Afghan War documents leak]], [[Iraq War documents leak]]
| label7 = Subject
| data7 = [[Information privacy|Data protection]], [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], [[freedom of information]], [[freedom of speech]]
}}
An incident, commonly [[List of scandals with "-gate" suffix|referred to as]] '''Cablegate''', began on 28 November 2010<ref>Wikileaks [https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html "Secret US Embassy Cables"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528220541/https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html |date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> when [[WikiLeaks]] began releasing [[Classified information in the United States|classified]] [[Diplomatic cable|cables]] that had been sent to the [[U.S. State Department]] by 274 of its [[consulate]]s, embassies, and [[diplomatic missions]] around the world. Dated between December 1966 and February 2010, the cables contain diplomatic analysis from world leaders, and the diplomats' assessment of host countries and their officials.<ref>Welch, Dylan. [https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/us-redfaced-as-cablegate-sparks-global-diplomatic-crisis-courtesy-of-wikileaks-20101128-18ccl.html "US red-faced as 'CABLEGATE' sparks global diplomatic crisis, courtesy of WikiLeaks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018140921/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/us-redfaced-as-cablegate-sparks-global-diplomatic-crisis-courtesy-of-wikileaks-20101128-18ccl.html |date=18 October 2016 }}, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 29 November 2010.</ref>

On 30 July 2013, [[Chelsea Manning]] was convicted for theft of the cables and violations of the [[Espionage Act]] in a [[United States v. Manning|court martial proceeding]] and sentenced to thirty-five years imprisonment. She was released on 17 May 2017, after seven years total confinement, after her sentence had been [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] by President [[Barack Obama]] earlier that year.

==Sequence of leaks==
The first document, the so-called [[Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Region — Europe)#Iceland|Reykjavik 13 cable]], was released by WikiLeaks on 18 February 2010, and was followed by the release of State Department profiles of Icelandic politicians a month later.<ref>Myers, Steven Lee. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/world/middleeast/07wikileaks.html "Charges for Soldier Accused of Leak"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709173529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/world/middleeast/07wikileaks.html |date=9 July 2010 }}, ''The New York Times'', 6 July 2010.
* Also see Nicks, Denver. [http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429142813/http://thislandpress.com/09/23/2010/private-manning-and-the-making-of-wikileaks-2/ |date=29 April 2011 }}, ''This Land'', 23 September 2010.</ref> Later that year, [[Julian Assange]], WikiLeaks' editor-in-chief, reached an agreement with media partners in Europe and the [[United States]] to publish the rest of the cables in redacted form, removing the names of sources and others in vulnerable positions. On 28 November, the first 220 cables were published under this agreement by {{lang|es|[[El País]]}} (Spain), {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}} (Germany), {{lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}} (France), ''[[The Guardian]]'' (United Kingdom), and ''[[The New York Times]]'' (United States).<ref name=Shane28Nov2010>Shane, Scott and Lehren, Andrew W. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?_r=2&bl "Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723184323/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?_r=2&bl |date=23 July 2016 }} ''The New York Times'', 28 November 2010.</ref> WikiLeaks had planned to release the rest over several months; 2,017 had been published as of 11 January 2011.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The remaining cables were published in September 2011 after a series of events compromised the security of a WikiLeaks file containing the cables. This included WikiLeaks volunteers placing an encrypted file containing all WikiLeaks data online as "insurance" in July 2010, in case something happened to the organization.<ref name=DBD192>Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. ''Inside WikiLeaks''. Doubleday 2011, pp. 192–195.</ref> In February 2011 [[David Leigh (journalist)|David Leigh]] of ''The Guardian'' published the encryption [[passphrase]] in a book;<ref>{{Cite web|title=WikiLeaks password 'leaked by journalists' - 9News|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/us-pondered-poisoning-assange-court-told/919d931e-f6cf-4974-aa8c-6bcfcf9a51a8|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.9news.com.au|date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222154156/https://www.9news.com.au/world/us-pondered-poisoning-assange-court-told/919d931e-f6cf-4974-aa8c-6bcfcf9a51a8|url-status=live}}</ref> he had received it from Assange so he could access a copy of the Cablegate file, and believed the passphrase was a temporary one, unique to that file. In August 2011, German weekly [[Der Freitag]] published some of these details, enabling others to piece the information together and decrypt the Cablegate files. The cables were then available online, fully unredacted. In response, WikiLeaks decided on 1 September 2011 to publish all 251,287 unedited documents.<ref name="Greenwald2Sep2011">Greenwald, Glenn. [https://www.salon.com/2011/09/02/wikileaks_28/ "Facts and myths in the WikiLeaks/Guardian saga"], ''Salon'', 2 September 2011. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229014538/http://www.salon.com/2011/09/02/wikileaks_28/singleton/|date=29 February 2012}} from the original on 7 March 2012.
* Stöcker, Christian. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,783778,00.html "A Dispatch Disaster in Six Acts"], ''Der Spiegel'', 1 September 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305104647/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,783778,00.html Archived] from the original on 7 March 2012.
* Mackey, Robert et al. [http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/all-leaked-u-s-cables-were-made-available-online-as-wikileaks-splintered/?scp=9&sq=Julian+Assange&st=nyt "All Leaked U.S. Cables Were Made Available Online as WikiLeaks Splintered"], ''The New York Times'', 1 September 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011002500/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/all-leaked-u-s-cables-were-made-available-online-as-wikileaks-splintered/?scp=9&sq=Julian+Assange&st=nyt Archived] from the original on 7 March 2012.</ref>

The publication of the cables was the third in a series of U.S. classified document leaks distributed by WikiLeaks in 2010, following the [[Afghan War documents leak]] in July, and the [[Iraq War documents leak]] in October. Over 130,000 of the cables are unclassified, some 100,000 are labeled "confidential", around 15,000 have the higher classification "secret", and none are classified as "top secret" on the [[Classified information in the United States#Levels of classification used by the U.S. government|classification scale]].<ref name=Shane28Nov2010 />

==Background==
In June 2010, the magazine ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' reported that the U.S. State Department and embassy personnel were concerned that [[Chelsea Manning]], a United States Army soldier charged with the unauthorized download of classified material while stationed in Iraq, had leaked diplomatic cables. WikiLeaks rejected the report as inaccurate: "Allegations in ''Wired'' that we have been sent 260,000 classified U.S. embassy cables are, as far as we can tell, incorrect".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=[[Kim Zetter|Zetter, Kim]]; [[Kevin Poulsen|Poulsen, Kevin]]|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/state-department-anxious/|title=State Department Anxious About Possible Leak of Cables to Wikileaks|magazine=Wired|date=8 June 2010|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702174148/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/state-department-anxious/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Staff writer (6 June 2010). [https://www.twitter.com/wikileaks/status/15612005016 "Allegations in ''Wired'' that we have been sent 260,000 classified US embassy cables are, as far as we can tell, incorrect."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075412/https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/15612005016 |date=4 March 2016 }}. WikiLeaks (via Twitter). Retrieved 4 December 2010.</ref>

However, during that same month (June 2010), ''The Guardian'' had been offered "half a million military dispatches from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq. There might be more after that, including an immense bundle of confidential diplomatic cables", and [[Alan Rusbridger]], the editor of ''The Guardian'' had contacted [[Bill Keller]], editor of ''The New York Times'', to see if he would be interested in sharing the dissemination of the information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/magazine/30Wikileaks-t.html?ref=world |work=The New York Times |first=Bill |last=Keller |title=The Times's Dealings With Julian Assange |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723184326/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/magazine/30Wikileaks-t.html?ref=world |url-status=live }}</ref>

Manning was suspected to have uploaded all that was obtained to WikiLeaks, which chose to release the material in stages so as to have the greatest possible impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikileaks.dd19.de/static/html/faq.html |title=Cable Viewer |publisher=wikileaks.dd19.de |access-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207094056/http://wikileaks.dd19.de/static/html/faq.html |archive-date=7 December 2010}}</ref>

According to ''The Guardian'', all the diplomatic cables were marked "Sipdis", denoting "secret internet protocol distribution", which means they had been distributed via the closed U.S. [[SIPRNet]], the U.S. Department of Defense's classified version of the civilian internet.<ref name="guard">{{cite news|author=Tisdall, Simon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/29/wikileaks-cables-china-reunified-korea|title=Wikileaks Cables Reveal China 'Ready To Abandon North Korea' – Leaked Dispatches Show Beijing Is Frustrated with Military Actions of 'Spoiled Child' and Increasingly Favours Reunified Korea|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=29 November 2010|access-date=30 November 2010|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911175226/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/29/wikileaks-cables-china-reunified-korea|url-status=live}}</ref> More than three million U.S. government personnel and soldiers have access to this network.<ref>Borger, Julian; [[David Leigh (journalist)|Leigh, David]]. (28 November 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/siprnet-america-stores-secret-cables "Siprnet: Where America Stores Its Secret Cables – Defence Department's Hidden Internet Is Meant To Be Secure, But Millions of Officials and Soldiers Have Access"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122035727/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/siprnet-america-stores-secret-cables |date=22 January 2017 }}. ''The Guardian''. Accessed 12 December 2010. "The US general accounting office identified 3,067,000 people cleared to "secret" and above in a 1993 study."</ref> Documents marked "top secret" are not included in the system. Such a large quantity of secret information was available to a wide audience because, as ''The Guardian'' alleged, after the [[11 September attacks]] an increased focus had been placed on sharing information since gaps in intra-governmental information sharing had been exposed.<ref name="guard" /> More specifically, the diplomatic, military, law enforcement, and intelligence communities would be able to do their jobs better with this easy access to analytic and operative information.<ref name="guard" /> A spokesman said that in the previous weeks and months additional measures had been taken to improve the security of the system and prevent leaks.<ref name="guard" />

[[File:Hillary Clinton speaking at Families USA.jpg|left|alt=|thumb|Before the release, [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] discussed the leak with diplomats.]]

On 22 November, an announcement was made via WikiLeaks' ''[[Twitter]]'' feed that the next release would be "7× the size of the [[Iraq War Logs]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/wikileaks/status/6564225640042499|title=WikiLeaks Twitter Status|publisher=WikiLeaks (via Twitter)|date=22 November 2010|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130122021/https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/6564225640042499|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=WikiLeaks Promises Leak 'Seven Times Bigger than Iraq' – Coming Months Will See 'History Redefined'|first=Andrea|last=Petrou|work=[[TechEye]]|date=22 November 2010|url=http://www.techeye.net/internet/wikileaks-promises-leak-seven-times-bigger-than-iraq|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=21 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221014307/http://www.techeye.net/internet/wikileaks-promises-leak-seven-times-bigger-than-iraq|url-status=dead}}</ref> U.S. authorities and the media had speculated, at the time, that they could contain diplomatic cables.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|title=Telegraph: WikiLeaks To Release Three Million Secret US Documents|work=[[Focus Information Agency]]|date=23 November 2010|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n235797|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192248/http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n235797|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to the expected leak, the government of the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) sent a [[DA-Notice]] to UK newspapers, which requested advance notice from newspapers regarding the expected publication.<ref name="indexcensorship_DANotice">{{cite web|author=Butselaar, Emily|title=Wikileaks: UK Issues DA-Notice as US Briefs Allies on Fresh Leak|work=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=26 November 2010|url=http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2010/11/us-uk-wikileaks-d-notice-leak/|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802/http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2010/11/us-uk-wikileaks-d-notice-leak/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Index on Censorship]] pointed out that "there is no obligation on [the] media to comply".<ref name="indexcensorship_DANotice"/> Under the terms of a DA-Notice, "[n]ewspaper editors would speak to [the] [[Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee]] prior to publication".<ref name="indexcensorship_DANotice"/> ''The Guardian'' was revealed to have been the source of the copy of the documents given to ''The New York Times'' in order to prevent the British government from obtaining any injunction against its publication.<ref>Calderone, Michael (28 November 2010). [https://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thecutline/20101129/ts_yblog_thecutline/guardian-editor-says-they-gave-cables-to-the-ny-times "''The Guardian'' Gave State Dept. Cables to the NY Times"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113011848/http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thecutline/20101129/ts_yblog_thecutline/guardian-editor-says-they-gave-cables-to-the-ny-times |date=13 January 2011 }} [[Yahoo! News]]. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref> The Pakistani newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' stated that the U.S. newspapers ''The New York Times'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' were expected to publish parts of the diplomatic cables on 28 November, including 94 Pakistan-related documents.<ref name="dawn_cables_prediction">{{cite news|author=Iqbal, Anwar|title=WikiLeaks Plans To Release 94 Papers about Pakistan|date=27 November 2010|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/2010/11/27/wikileaks-plans-to-release-94-papers-about-pakistan-2.html|access-date=27 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129044501/http://www.dawn.com/2010/11/27/wikileaks-plans-to-release-94-papers-about-pakistan-2.html|archive-date=29 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 November, Assange sent a letter to the U.S. Department of State, via his lawyer [[Jennifer Robinson (lawyer)|Jennifer Robinson]], inviting them to "privately nominate any specific instances (record numbers or names) where it considers the publication of information would put individual persons at significant risk of harm that has not already been addressed".<ref name="smh_DeptState_rejects">{{cite news|title=US Rejects Talks with WikiLeaks|date=28 November 2010|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] | work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/us-rejects-talks-with-wikileaks-20101128-18c57.html|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129222408/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/us-rejects-talks-with-wikileaks-20101128-18c57.html|archive-date=29 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite news |title=Letters between Wikileaks and the U.S. Government |publisher=Documents.nytimes.com |url=http://documents.nytimes.com/letters-between-wikileaks-and-gov#text/p1 |url-status=live |access-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201154134/http://documents.nytimes.com/letters-between-wikileaks-and-gov#text/p1 |archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> [[Harold Hongju Koh|Harold Koh]], the [[Legal Adviser of the Department of State]], rejected the proposal, stating: "We will not engage in a negotiation regarding the further release or dissemination of illegally obtained U.S. Government classified materials". Koh added that the material was acquired illegally and "as long as WikiLeaks holds such material, the violation of the law is ongoing".<ref name="smh_DeptState_rejects" /><ref name=":9" /> Assange responded by writing back to the U.S. State Department that "you have chosen to respond in a manner which leads me to conclude that the supposed risks are entirely fanciful and you are instead concerned to suppress evidence of human rights abuse and other criminal behaviour".<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article921240.ece|title=U.S. Tries To Suppress Evidence of Human Rights: Assange|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 November 2010|access-date=3 December 2010|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202025327/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article921240.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahead of the leak, United States Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] and other American officials contacted governments in several countries about the impending release.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|author=Harnden, Toby|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8166421/WikiLeaks-Julian-Assange-could-face-grave-consequences.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8166421/WikiLeaks-Julian-Assange-could-face-grave-consequences.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=WikiLeaks: Julian Assange Could Face 'Grave Consequences'|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=28 November 2010|location=London|author-link=Toby Harnden}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Release==
===November 2010 release of redacted cables===
The five newspapers that had obtained an advance copy of all leaked cables began releasing the cables on 28 November 2010, and WikiLeaks made the cables selected by these newspapers and redacted by their journalists available on its website. "They are releasing the documents we selected", {{lang|fr|Le Monde}}{{'}}s managing editor, [[Sylvie Kauffmann]], said in an interview.<ref>Staff writer (3 December 2010). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/respected-media-outlets-collaborate-with-wikileaks/ "Respected Media Outlets Collaborate with WikiLeaks"]. Associated Press (via [[Fox News]]). Retrieved 13 May 2018.</ref>

WikiLeaks aimed to release the cables in phases over several months due to their global scope and significance.<ref name="cablegate_release20101128">"The embassy cables will be released in stages over the next few months. The subject matter of these cables is of such importance, and the geographical spread so broad, that to do otherwise would not do this material justice". See: {{cite web|title=Secret US Embassy Cables |publisher=WikiLeaks |date=28 November 2010 |url=http://wikileaks.dd19.de/cablegate.html |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128231513/http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/ |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first batch of leaks released comprised 220 cables.<ref name="cablegate_release20101128"/> Further cables were subsequently made available on the WikiLeaks website. The full set of cables published by WikiLeaks can be browsed and searched by a variety of websites.<ref>The history of the release can be viewed at [http://www.cablegatesearch.net/history.php Cablegatesearch.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320235116/http://www.cablegatesearch.net/history.php |date=20 March 2011 }} and [http://www.xs4all.nl/~aebr/wl/history.html Cablegate torrent release history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410055445/http://www.xs4all.nl/~aebr/wl/history.html |date=10 April 2011 }}.
* See [[Glenn Greenwald|Greenwald, Glenn]] (10 December 2010). [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/10/wikileaks_media/index.html "The Media's Authoritarianism and WikiLeaks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212030838/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/10/wikileaks_media/index.html |date=12 December 2010 }}. ''[[Salon.com]]''. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
* {{cite web |author=WikiLeaks |title=Secret US Embassy Cables |date=30 November 2010 |url=http://wikileaks.dd19.de/cablegate.html |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5uaR3rg5U?url=http://cablegate.wikileaks.org/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.privetbank.com.ua/cablegate/index.html |title=WikiLeaks Torrents |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806171823/http://www.privetbank.com.ua/cablegate/index.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://cablesearch.org/ |title=Cable Search BETA |publisher=Cablesearch.org |access-date=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225013607/http://cablesearch.org/ |archive-date=25 December 2010 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://cablesearch.org/?page_id=99 |title=FAQ « Cable Search BETA |publisher=Cablesearch.org |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215019/http://cablesearch.org/?page_id=99 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~aebr/wl/index.html |title=900 more cables |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322130201/https://aebr.home.xs4all.nl/wl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Contents====
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left;margin:1em 1em 1em 0em;"
|+ Contents of the 251,287 cables
!Subject
!Documents
|-
|External political relations
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|145,451
|-
|Internal government affairs
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|122,896
|-
|Human rights
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|55,211
|-
|Economic conditions
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|49,044
|-
|Terrorists and terrorism
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|28,801
|-
|UN Security Council
|style="text-align:right; width:35%;"|6,532
|}
{{main|Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak}}

The contents of the U.S. diplomatic cables leak describe in detail events and incidents surrounding international affairs from 274 embassies dating from 28 December 1966 to 28 February 2010. The diplomatic cables revealed numerous unguarded comments and revelations: US diplomats gathering personal information about [[Ban Ki-moon]], Secretary-General of the United Nations, and other top UN officials; critiques and praises about the host countries of various U.S. embassies, discussion and resolutions towards ending ongoing tension in the Middle East, efforts for and resistance against [[nuclear disarmament]], actions in the [[war on terror]], assessments of other threats around the world, dealings between various countries, U.S. [[Intelligence (military)|intelligence]] and [[counterintelligence]] efforts, U.S. support of dictatorship and other diplomatic actions.

The leaked cables revealed that diplomats of the U.S. and Britain eavesdropped on [[Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]] in the weeks before the U.S.-led [[invasion of Iraq in 2003]], in apparent violation of international treaties prohibiting spying at the UN.<ref>{{Registration required|date=January 2011}} [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29spy.html?_r=1&ref=global-home "U.S. Expands Role of Diplomats in Spying"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201025516/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29spy.html?_r=1&ref=global-home |date=1 December 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''. 28 November 2010.</ref><ref name="unspyguardian">{{cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |date=28 November 2010 |title=US Diplomats Spied on UN Leadership |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910075646/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un |url-status=live }}</ref> The intelligence information the diplomats were ordered to gather included [[Biometrics|biometric]] information, passwords, and personal [[encryption key]]s used in private and commercial networks for official communications.<ref name="unspyguardian" /><ref name="g-cia">{{cite news |author=MacAskill, Ewen |author2=Booth, Robert |date=2 December 2010 |title=WikiLeaks cables: CIA drew up UN spying wishlist for diplomats |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/02/wikileaks-cables-cia-united-nations |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908100059/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/02/wikileaks-cables-cia-united-nations |url-status=live }}</ref> It also included Internet and intranet usernames, e-mail addresses, web site URLs useful for identification, credit card numbers, frequent flier account numbers, and work schedules.<ref name="unspyguardian" /><ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2010 |title=Cables show US sought personal info of foreign diplomats at UN |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Cables-show-US-sought-personal-info-of-foreign-diplomats-at-UN/articleshow/7007291.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911134337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-29/us/28233885_1_unsc-national-humint-collection-directive-foreign-diplomats |archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="nyt-cables">{{cite news |author=Mazzetti, Mark |date=28 November 2010 |title=U.S. Expands Role of Diplomats in Spying |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29spy.html |access-date=13 December 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129222422/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//11//29//world//29spy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The targeted [[Human intelligence (espionage)|human intelligence]] was requested in a process known as the [[Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats|National Humint Collection Directive]], and was aimed at foreign diplomats of US allies as well.<ref name="nyt-cables" /> WikiLeaks released the cable on 28 November 2010.

The [[Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative]] was contained in a February 2009 diplomatic cable to the U.S. Secretary of State, [[Hillary Clinton]], which was leaked, redacted and released by WikiLeaks in 2010. On 6 December 2010, the BBC called it "one of the most sensitive" leaks.<ref name="BBC062">{{Cite news |author=Kendall, Bridget |date=6 December 2010 |title=Wikileaks: site list reveals US sensitivities |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/11932041 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209015840/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/11932041 |archive-date=9 December 2010}}</ref> WikiLeaks removed only a minority of the details of names and locations, and left the rest uncensored; details of the exact location of the assets were not included in the list.<ref name="MSNBC2">{{cite news |date=6 December 2010 |title=WikiLeaks publishes list of worldwide infrastructure 'critical' to security of U.S. |newspaper=[[msnbc.com|MSNBC]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40526224 |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208035422/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40526224/ |archive-date=8 December 2010}}</ref> The list included critical facilities for the global supply chain, global communications, and economically important goods and services.

An investigation into two senior [[Zimbabwe]] army commanders who communicated with US Ambassador [[Charles A. Ray]] was launched, with the two facing a possible court martial.<ref>Ray Ndlovu, [http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-23-wikileaks-puts-zim-generals-in-firing-line WikiLeaks puts Zim generals in firing line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924201537/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-23-wikileaks-puts-zim-generals-in-firing-line |date=24 September 2011 }} ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' 23 September 2011</ref> On 14 September the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] said that an Ethiopian journalist named in the cables was forced to flee the country<ref>[http://www.cpj.org/2011/09/ethiopian-journalist-idd-in-wikileaks-cable-flees.php "Ethiopian journalist ID'd in WikiLeaks cable flees country"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050449/http://www.cpj.org/2011/09/ethiopian-journalist-idd-in-wikileaks-cable-flees.php |date=27 September 2011 }} Committee to Protect Journalists 14 September 2011</ref> but WikiLeaks accused the CPJ of distorting the situation "for marketing purposes".<ref>Rachel McAthy, [http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/wikileaks-and-cpj-in-dispute-after-journalist-flees-ethiopia/s2/a546038/ WikiLeaks and CPJ in dispute after journalist 'flees' Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112014819/http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/wikileaks-and-cpj-in-dispute-after-journalist-flees-ethiopia/s2/a546038/ |date=12 November 2011 }}, [[Journalism.co.uk]], 16 September 2011</ref> [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] replaced its news director, [[Wadah Khanfar]], on 20 September after he was identified in the cables.<ref>David D. Kirkpatrick, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/middleeast/after-disclosures-by-wikileaks-al-jazeera-replaces-its-top-news-director.html After Disclosures by WikiLeaks, Al Jazeera Replaces Its Top News Director] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418164433/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/21/world/middleeast/after-disclosures-by-wikileaks-al-jazeera-replaces-its-top-news-director.html |date=18 April 2021 }} ''The New York Times'' 20 September 2011</ref> The naming of mainland China residents reportedly "sparked an online witch-hunt by Chinese nationalist groups, with some advocating violence against those now known to have met with U.S. Embassy staff."<ref>Mark MacKinnon, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/leaked-cables-spark-witch-hunt-for-chinese-rats/article2165339/ Leaked cables spark witch-hunt for Chinese 'rats'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103918/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/leaked-cables-spark-witch-hunt-for-chinese-rats/article2165339/|date=4 March 2016}} ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 24 September 2011</ref> US officials said the damage caused was limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilkington |first1=Ed |date=31 July 2013 |title=Bradley Manning leak did not result in deaths by enemy forces, court hears |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/bradley-manning-sentencing-hearing-pentagon |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129005217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/bradley-manning-sentencing-hearing-pentagon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hosenball |first1=Mark |date=18 January 2011 |title=US officials privately say WikiLeaks damage limited |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/wikileaks-damage/us-officials-privately-say-wikileaks-damage-limited-idUSN1816319120110118 |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129005216/https://www.reuters.com/article/wikileaks-damage/us-officials-privately-say-wikileaks-damage-limited-idUSN1816319120110118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the leaked documents included comments sent to the [[US State Department]] by [[Philip Alston]], [[United Nations special rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions]] regarding the [[Ishaqi incident]]. Alston stated that US forces handcuffed and executed the residents of a house on 15 March 2006. The residents included five children under 5 years of age. Autopsies later confirmed that "all the corpses were shot in the head and handcuffed". The US said their troops had been fired on when they approached the house and the people were killed by a support air raid. A US inquiry three months later determined that the soldiers had acted according to the rules of engagement in taking down a safe house. The Iraqi government then said they would open an inquiry. In September 2011, the Iraqi government said they would reopen their investigation into the incident as a result of the publication of the cable. Iraqi officials said that the cable was sufficient cause to deny the Americans any bases and demand that all troops leave.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gowen |first1=Annie |date=2 September 2011 |title=Iraq to reopen probe of deadly 2006 raid |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/iraq-to-reopen-probe-of-deadly-ishaqi-raid/2011/09/02/gIQAT0hSwJ_story.html |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112142606/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/iraq-to-reopen-probe-of-deadly-ishaqi-raid/2011/09/02/gIQAT0hSwJ_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewan |date=2 September 2011 |title=WikiLeaks disclosure reopens Iraqi inquiry into massacre of family |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-iraq-massacre-inquiry |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130171434/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-iraq-massacre-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2010, {{lang|de|Der Spiegel}} reported that one of the cables showed that the US had placed pressure on [[Germany]] not to pursue the 13 suspected CIA agents involved in the 2003 abduction of [[Khalid El-Masri]], a German citizen. The abduction was probably carried out through "extraordinary rendition". German prosecutors in Munich had issued arrest warrants for the 13 suspected CIA operatives involved in the abduction. The cables released by Wikileaks showed that after contact from the then-Deputy US Ambassador [[John M. Koenig]] and US diplomats the Munich public prosecutor's office and Germany's Justice Ministry and Foreign Ministry all cooperated with the US and the agents were not extradited to Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |last2=Goetz |first2=John |title=The CIA's El-Masri Abduction: Cables Show Germany Caved to Pressure from Washington |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-cia-s-el-masri-abduction-cables-show-germany-caved-to-pressure-from-washington-a-733860.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Spiegel Online |date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024162550/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-cia-s-el-masri-abduction-cables-show-germany-caved-to-pressure-from-washington-a-733860.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Coverage====
''The Guardian'' released its coverage of the leaked cables in numerous articles, including an interactive database, starting on 28 November.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer (portal to database)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-wikileaks|title=US Embassy Cables: Browse the Database|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=28 November 2010|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621093005/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-wikileaks|url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang|es|El País}} released its report<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jiménez |first1=Vicente |last2=Caño |first2=Antonio |date=14 July 2010 |title=La Mayor Filtración de la Historia Deja al Descubierto los Secretos de la Política Exterior de EE UU |language=es |trans-title=The Biggest Infiltration in History Leaves U.S. Foreign Policy Secrets Out in the Open |work=El País |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mayor/filtracion/historia/deja/descubierto/secretos/politica/exterior/EE/UU/elpepuint/20101128elpepuint_25/Tes |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130122158/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mayor/filtracion/historia/deja/descubierto/secretos/politica/exterior/EE/UU/elpepuint/20101128elpepuint_25/Tes |archive-date=30 November 2010}}</ref> saying there was an agreement between the newspapers for simultaneous publication of the "internationally relevant" documents, but that each newspaper was free to select and treat those documents that primarily relate to its own country.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |date=28 November 2010 |title=Preguntas y Respuestas Sobre los Papeles del Departamento de Estado |language=es |work=El País |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Preguntas/respuestas/papeles/Departamento/Estado/elpepuint/20101128elpepuint_11/Tes |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523084321/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Preguntas/respuestas/papeles/Departamento/Estado/elpepuint/20101128elpepuint_11/Tes |archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> {{lang|de|Der Spiegel}} also released its preliminary report, with extended coverage promised for the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,731580,00.html|author=Staff writer|title=The US Diplomatic Leaks: A Superpower's View of the World|work=Der Spiegel|date=28 November 2010|access-date=3 December 2010|archive-date=3 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203180547/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,731580,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its cover for 29 November was also leaked with the initial report.<ref>[http://cache.gawker.com/assets/images/gawker/2010/11/spiegelgoodbig.jpg (Image of 29 November 2010 ''Der Spiegel'' cover)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128210244/http://cache.gawker.com/assets/images/gawker/2010/11/spiegelgoodbig.jpg |date=28 November 2010 }} (undated posting). ''[[Gawker]]'' (blog). Retrieved 29 November 2010.</ref>

''The New York Times'' initially covered the story in a nine-part series spanning nine days, with the first story published simultaneously with the other outlets.<ref>{{Registration required}} {{cite news|title=Cables Obtained by WikiLeaks Shine Light Into Secret Diplomatic Channels|first1=Scott|last1=Shane|first2=Andrew W.|last2=Lehren|work=The New York Times|date=28 November 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?_r=1&hp|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615001359/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?_r=1&hp|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' was not originally intended to receive the leak, allegedly<ref name="spurned" /> due to its unflattering portrayal of the site's founder, but ''The Guardian'' decided to share coverage, citing earlier cooperation while covering the Afghan and Iraqi war logs. ''The Washington Post'' reported that it also requested permission to see the documents, but was rejected for undisclosed reasons.<ref name="spurned">{{cite news|title=WikiLeaks Spurned ''New York Times'', but ''Guardian'' Leaked State Department Cables|first1=Paul|last1=Farhi|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 November 2010|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112905421.html|access-date=30 November 2010|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003155107/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112905421.html|url-status=live}}</ref> CNN was originally supposed to receive an advance copy of the documents as well, but did not after it refused to sign a [[confidentiality]] agreement with WikiLeaks.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff writer |date=29 November 2010 |title=U.S. Documents Obtained by WikiLeaks Posted Despite Site Problem |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/11/28/wikileaks.attack/?hpt=T1 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005005754/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/11/28/wikileaks.attack/?hpt=T1 |archive-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' also refused advance access, apparently for similar reasons as CNN.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lindsay, James |date=29 November 2010 |title=Wikileaks Cables Expose World Leaders' Sensitive Diplomacy |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2010/11/29/DI2010112902197.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003155116/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2010/11/29/DI2010112902197.html |archive-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

The Russian weekly newspaper ''[[Russky Reporter]]'' (''{{lang|ru|Русский Репортёр}}'')<ref>[http://rusrep.ru/ rusrep.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103943/http://www.rusrep.ru/|date=4 October 2018}}. Home URL of newspaper. Retrieved 13 January 2011.</ref> has published a large number of cables, both in English and in Russian translation.<ref>Staff writer (undated). [http://rusrep.ru/wikileaks "PP/WikiLeaks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212232951/http://rusrep.ru/wikileaks|date=12 December 2010}} (portal page to newspaper's coverage of the U.S. diplomatic cables leak; primarily in Russian – some links lead to pages with text of diplomatic cables in both Russian and English languages). ''Russky Reporter''. retrieved 13 January 2011.</ref> Some of their reporting was criticised for being inaccurate and posting misleading translations of cables.<ref name=":10" /> Russky Reporter denied misleading readers, and said they had early access to WikiLeaks cables through [[Israel Shamir]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Bigg |first=Claire |date=2010-12-14 |title=Critics Allege Russian Magazine Is Misrepresenting WikiLeaks Cables |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/wikileaks_misinformation_critics_allege_russian_magazine_misrepresenting_cables/2247274.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502064441/https://www.rferl.org/a/wikileaks_misinformation_critics_allege_russian_magazine_misrepresenting_cables/2247274.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReasonMagazine">{{cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael C. |date=14 December 2010 |title=Assange's Extremist Employees |url=http://reason.com/archives/2010/12/14/the-assange-employees/ |publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412224026/https://reason.com/archives/2010/12/14/the-assange-employees |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Yulia Latynina]], writing in ''[[The Moscow Times]],'' alleged that Shamir concocted a cable which allegedly quoted European Union diplomats' plans to walk out of the [[Durban II]] speech by Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], for publication in the pro-Putin ''Russky Reporter'' in December 2010.<ref name="NYM20111214">{{cite news |last=Tiku |first=Nitasha |date=14 December 2011 |title=WikiLeaks May Employ an Anti-Semitic Holocaust Denier |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2010/12/wikileaks_may_employ_an_antise.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112110124/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2010/12/wikileaks_may_employ_an_antise.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moynihan |first=Michael |date=2010-12-14 |title=Assange's Extremist Employees |url=https://reason.com/2010/12/14/the-assange-employees/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229080345/http://reason.com/archives/2010/12/14/the-assange-employees |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="moscowtimes_shamir_freelance">{{cite news |last=von Twickel |first=Nikolaus |date=10 December 2010 |title=Putin Bristles Over Leaked U.S. Cables |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-bristles-over-leaked-us-cables/426044.html |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=The [[Moscow Times]] |archive-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222125007/http://themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-bristles-over-leaked-us-cables/426044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shamir has denied this accusation.<ref name="moscowtimes_shamir_freelance" /> The [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] daily newspaper ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al-Akhbar]]'' published about 183 cables on 2 December 2010.<ref name="Ya_Liban_about_Al_Akhbar">{{cite news |title=Al Akhbar Newspaper publishes US cables not found on WikiLeaks |date=3 December 2010 |publisher=[[Ya Libnan]] |url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/12/03/al-akhbar-newspaper-publishes-u-s-cables-not-found-on-wikileaks |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210192939/http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/12/03/al-akhbar-newspaper-publishes-u-s-cables-not-found-on-wikileaks/ |archive-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/soc/wl/al-akhbar/al-akhbar.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228131052/http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/soc/wl/al-akhbar/al-akhbar.html|date=28 December 2011}} (portal page in [[Arabic language]]; abstracts of diplomatic cables (in English language) behind various country-flag links on portal page; each abstract links to entire respective underlying diplomatic cable). These are copies rescued from Google cache.</ref> Australian-based [[Fairfax Media]] obtained access to the cables under a separate arrangement.<ref>[[Philip Dorling|Dorling, Philip]] (11 December 2010). [https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/how-i-met-julian-assange-and-secured-the-american-embassy-cables-20101210-18sxj.html "How I Met Julian Assange and Secured the American Embassy Cables"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314110446/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/how-i-met-julian-assange-and-secured-the-american-embassy-cables-20101210-18sxj.html|date=14 March 2017}}. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved 13 December 2010.</ref> Fairfax newspapers began releasing their own stories based on the leaked cables on 7 December 2010.<ref>[[Jonathan Holmes (journalist)|Holmes, Jonathan]] (14 December 2010). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/12/14/3093023.htm?site=thedrum "WikiLeaks, Journalists and That Elusive Public Interest"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214072101/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/12/14/3093023.htm?site=thedrum|date=14 December 2010}}. [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]. Retrieved 17 December 2010.</ref><ref>Massola, James (16 December 2010). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/fairfax-publishes-diplomatic-cables-in-wikileaks-row/story-e6frg6nf-1225971797889 "Fairfax Publishes Diplomatic Cables in WikiLeaks Row"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613113519/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/fairfax-publishes-diplomatic-cables-in-wikileaks-row/story-e6frg6nf-1225971797889|date=13 June 2013}}. ''[[The Australian]]''. Retrieved 17 December 2010.</ref> The Cuban government-run website Razones de Cuba<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=razonesdecuba.cubadebate.cu |url=http://razonesdecuba.cubadebate.cu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009112008/http://razonesdecuba.cubadebate.cu/ |archive-date=9 October 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=razonesdecuba.cubadebate.cu}}</ref> started publishing Spanish translations of WikiLeaks documents on 23 December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppmann |first=Patrick |date=24 December 2010 |title=Cuba Begins To Publish Leaked U.S. Documents |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/12/24/wikileaks.cuba/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113061504/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/12/24/wikileaks.cuba/index.html |archive-date=13 January 2011}}</ref>

The Swedish newspapers {{lang|sv|[[Svenska Dagbladet]]}} and {{lang|sv|[[Aftonbladet]]}} started reporting on the leaks in early December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2010 |title=S bad USA om PR-hjälp | Inrikes | SvD |language=sv |newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet |publisher=Svd.se |url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/s-bad-usa-om-pr-hjalp_5760769.svd |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013181949/http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/s-bad-usa-om-pr-hjalp_5760769.svd |archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> In Norway {{lang|no|[[Verdens Gang]]}} (''VG'') brought the first leaks concerning the United States and the Norwegian government on 7 December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10012143 |title=USA slakter PSTs terrorberedskap – VG Nett om WikiLeaks |publisher=Vg.no |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072332/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10012143 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang|no|[[Aftenposten]]}}, a Norwegian daily newspaper, reported on 17 December 2010 that it had gained access to the full cable set of 251,287 documents.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff writer|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/wikileaks/article3953048.ece|title=250.000 Nye Wikileaks-Dokumenter til Aftenposten – Aftenposten Har Fått Tilgang til 250.000 Nye Wikileaks-Dokumenter. Nyhetsredaktør Ole Erik Almlid Sier Avisen Kan Bruke Dokumentene uten Betingelser|work=Aftenposten|language=no|date=17 December 2010|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220105305/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/wikileaks/article3953048.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> While it is unclear how it received the documents, they were apparently not obtained directly from WikiLeaks. {{lang|no|Aftenposten}} started releasing cables that were not available in the official WikiLeaks distribution.<ref name="Aftenposten_cables">{{cite web|title=Ambassade-dokumente|work=Aftenposten|date=5 January 2011|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/ |access-date=5 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106083304/http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/ |archive-date=6 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2011|01|05|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/}}, it had released just over one hundred cables unpublished by WikiLeaks, with about a third of these related to [[Sri Lanka]], and many related to Norway.<ref name="Aftenposten_cables" /> ''[[Politiken]]'', a Danish daily newspaper, announced on 8 January 2011 that it had obtained access to the full set of cables.<ref>Lindqvist, Andreas (8 January 2011). [http://politiken.dk/udland/ECE1161934/politiken-faar-adgang-til-alle-wikileaks-dokumenterne "Politiken Får Adgang til Alle WikiLeaks-Dokumenterne"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211215935/http://politiken.dk/udland/ECE1161934/politiken-faar-adgang-til-alle-wikileaks-dokumenterne/ |date=11 February 2011 }}. (in Danish). ''Politiken''. Retrieved 11 January 2011.</ref>

''[[NRC Handelsblad|NRC]]'', a Dutch daily newspaper, and [[RTL Nieuws]], a Dutch television news service, announced on 14 January 2011 that they had gained access to the about 3,000 cables sent from The Hague, via {{lang|no|Aftenposten}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=door Ernst-Jan Pfauth |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2011/01/14/rtl-nieuws-en-nrc-publiceren-om-1600-nederlandse-wikileaks-documenten/ |title=RTL Nieuws en NRC publiceren om 16:00 Nederlandse WikiLeaks documenten |newspaper=NRC |date=14 January 2011 |publisher=nrc.nl |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917052510/http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2011/01/14/rtl-nieuws-en-nrc-publiceren-om-1600-nederlandse-wikileaks-documenten/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]]'' announced on the same day that it had obtained these same cables from WikiLeaks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nos.nl/artikel/211651-nos-rtl-en-nrc--hebben-nederlandse-wikileakscables.html |title=NOS Nieuws – NOS, RTL en NRC hebben Nederlandse WikiLeaks-cables |date=15 January 2011 |publisher=Nos.nl |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827090519/http://nos.nl/artikel/211651-nos-rtl-en-nrc--hebben-nederlandse-wikileakscables.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang|de|[[Die Welt]]}}, a German daily newspaper, announced on 17 January 2011 that they had gained access to the full set of cables, via {{lang|no|Aftenposten}}.<ref>{{cite news |title="Welt Online" bricht das Wikileaks-Kartell |first=Per |last=Hinrichs |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/specials/wikileaks/article12192288/Welt-Online-bricht-das-Wikileaks-Kartell.html |newspaper=Die Welt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120143315/http://www.welt.de/politik/specials/wikileaks/article12192288/Welt-Online-bricht-das-Wikileaks-Kartell.html |archive-date=20 January 2011 |url-status=dead |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref> The [[Costa Rica]]n newspaper ''[[La Nación (San José)|La Nación]]'' announced on 1 March 2011 it had received 827 cables from WikiLeaks which it started publishing the next day. 764 of these were sent from the U.S. Embassy in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] while 63 were sent from other embassies and deal with Costa Rican affairs.<ref>{{cite news|title='La Nación' publicará cables de WikiLeaks sobre Costa Rica|first=Giannina|last=Segnini|language=es|newspaper=La Nación|date=1 March 2011|url=http://www.nacion.com/2011-03-01/Investigacion/NotaPrincipal/Investigacion2697518.aspx|trans-title='La Nación' will publish cables from WikiLeaks about Costa Rica|access-date=1 March 2011|archive-date=3 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114512/http://www.nacion.com/2011-03-01/Investigacion/NotaPrincipal/Investigacion2697518.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Ecuador]]ian newspaper {{lang|es|[[El Universo]]}} started releasing 343 cables related to the Ecuadorian government and institutions on 6 April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/06/1/1355/wikileaks-dio-diario-343-cables-ecuador.html?p=1354&m=2766|title=Wikileaks dio a este Diario 343 cables de Ecuador|work=El Universo|date=6 April 2011|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-date=9 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409205236/http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/06/1/1355/wikileaks-dio-diario-343-cables-ecuador.html?p=1354&m=2766|url-status=live}}</ref> The publication was done the day after the Spanish newspaper {{lang|es|[[El País]]}} published a cable in which the ambassador [[Heather Hodges]] showed concerns regarding corruption in the Ecuadorian National Police, especially of Gral. Jaime Hurtado Vaca, former Police commander. The ambassador was later declared ''[[persona non grata]]'' and was requested to leave the country as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/05/1/1355/embajada-eeuu-pidio-retirar-visa-excomandante-policia.html?p=1355&m=861|title=La Embajada de EE.UU. pidió retirar la visa al excomandante de Policía|work=El Universo|date=5 April 2011|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411153331/http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/04/05/1/1355/embajada-eeuu-pidio-retirar-visa-excomandante-policia.html?p=1355&m=861|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several of the newspapers coordinating with WikiLeaks have published some of the cables on their own websites.<ref name="ElPais_cables">{{cite web |author=Staff writer |date=5 January 2011 |title=Todos Los Cables |url=http://www.elpais.com/documentossecretos/cables/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127101714/http://www.elpais.com/documentossecretos/cables/ |archive-date=27 January 2011 |access-date=5 January 2011 |work=El País |language=es}}</ref>

===September 2011 release of mostly unredacted cables===
In August 2010, Assange gave ''Guardian'' journalist [[David Leigh (journalist)|David Leigh]] an encryption key and a URL where he could locate the full Cablegate file. In February 2011, shortly before [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg|Domscheit-Berg]]'s book appeared, Leigh and [[Luke Harding]], another ''Guardian'' journalist, published ''[[WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy]]'' via Guardian Books. In it, Leigh revealed the encryption key Assange had given him.<ref name=Greenwald2Sep2011/>

The key to the document is: {{code|ACollectionOfDiplomaticHistorySince_
1966_ToThe_PresentDay#}}.<ref name=unredacted_us>{{cite web |url=http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/09/unredacted_us_d.html#comments |title=Schneier on Security: Unredacted U.S. Diplomatic WikiLeaks Cables Published |publisher=Schneier.com |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719073539/http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2011/09/unredacted_us_d.html#comments |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=theatlanticwire>{{cite news|title=Wikileaks Is Suing the Guardian Over a Security Breach |first=Connor |last=Simpson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/08/wikileaks-suing-guardian-over-security-breach/41979/ |newspaper=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231180344/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/08/wikileaks-suing-guardian-over-security-breach/41979/ |archive-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2017 }}</ref>

The encrypted file was placed in a hidden sub-folder on the WikiLeaks web server<ref name=unredacted_us/> on which it had been placed to aid in transferring the file from WikiLeaks to Leigh and not removed due to an oversight. When the WikiLeaks website experienced [[denial-of-service attack]]s, mirror sites were set up and supporters created and shared a compressed BitTorrent of the entire site, including the hidden sub-folder.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Stöcker |first=Christian |date=2011-09-01 |title=Leak at WikiLeaks: A Dispatch Disaster in Six Acts |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/leak-at-wikileaks-a-dispatch-disaster-in-six-acts-a-783778.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=2195-1349 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123071759/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/leak-at-wikileaks-a-dispatch-disaster-in-six-acts-a-783778.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 August 2011, the German magazine ''Der Freitag'' published an article about it,<ref name="DerFreitag">{{cite news |last=Kraft |first=Steffen |date=25 August 2011 |title=Leck bei Wikileaks |language=de |trans-title=Leak at Wikileaks |newspaper=Der Freitag |url=http://www.freitag.de/politik/1134-nerds-ohne-nerven |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015071705/http://www.freitag.de/politik/1134-nerds-ohne-nerven |archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> and while it left out the crucial details, there was enough to allow others to begin piecing the information together.<ref name=":0" /> The story was also published in the Danish newspaper ''Dagbladet Information'' and the US Embassy in London and the US State Department were notified the same day.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Gjerding |first=Sebastian |date=25 August 2011 |title=Lækage skader Wikileaks' troværdighed |language=da |newspaper=Dagbladet Information |url=http://www.information.dk/277074 |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522054656/http://www.information.dk/277074 |archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>

{{quote box |width=30em |border=1px |align=right |bgcolor= |fontsize=85% |salign=right |source=Steffen Kraft<ref name=DerFreitag /> |quote=''Denn der Freitag hat eine Datei, die auch unredigierte US-Botschaftsdepeschen enthält. ... Die Datei mit dem Namen "cables.csv" ist 1,73 Gigabyte groß. ... Das Passwort zu dieser Datei liegt offen zutage und ist für Kenner der Materie zu identifizieren.'' Because der Freitag have discovered a file on the internet which includes the unredacted embassy files. ... The file is called "cables.csv" and is 1.73 gigabytes in size. ... The password for this file is plain to see and identifiable for someone familiar with the material.}}

On 29 August, WikiLeaks published over 130,000 unredacted cables.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Poulsen |first=Kim Zetter and Kevin |title=WikiLeaks Springs a Leak: Full Database of Diplomatic Cables Appears Online |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/08/wikileaks-leak/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123092621/https://www.wired.com/2011/08/wikileaks-leak/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-30 |title=Australia condemns 'irresponsible' Wikileaks cable leak |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14722030 |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123092629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14722030 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WikiLeaks - Wikileaks Statement on the 9 Month Anniversary of Cablegate: Release of 133,887 Cables |url=https://wikileaks.org/Wikileaks-Statement-on-the-9-Month.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=wikileaks.org |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123151200/https://wikileaks.org/Wikileaks-Statement-on-the-9-Month.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 August, WikiLeaks tweeted<ref>{{Cite web |last=WikiLeaks |date=August 31, 2011 |title=ANNOUNCE: Use a "magnet" compatible Bit Torrent client to download the following encrypted |url=https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/108952065325268992 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123071803/https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/108952065325268992 |url-status=live }}</ref> a link to a torrent of the encrypted data.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> On 1 September 2011, WikiLeaks announced that an encrypted version of the un-redacted US State Department cables had been available for months. WikiLeaks said that it would publish the entire, unredacted archive in searchable form on its website the next day.<ref name="Ball-2011b2">{{cite news |last=Ball |first=James |date=1 September 2011 |title=WikiLeaks prepares to release unredacted US cables Media guardian.co.uk |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/01/wikileaks-prepares-unredacted-us-cables |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212090525/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/sep/01/wikileaks-prepares-unredacted-us-cables |archive-date=12 February 2013}}. Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2011.</ref>

The unredacted cables were published by [[Cryptome]] a day before WikiLeaks.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=John |title=Statement of Witness |url=https://cryptome.org/2020/09/20200716-Statement-of-John-Young.pdf |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202206/https://cryptome.org/2020/09/20200716-Statement-of-John-Young.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Cryptome's owner, John Young, testified in 2020 that Cryptome has never been asked by US law enforcement to remove the unredacted cables and that they remain online.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Ben |date=24 September 2020 |title=US has never asked WikiLeaks rival to remove leaked cables, court told |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/24/us-never-asked-wikileaks-rival-cryptome-remove-leaked-cables-court-told-assange |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115002541/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/24/us-never-asked-wikileaks-rival-cryptome-remove-leaked-cables-court-told-assange |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Young |first1=John |title=Statement of Witness |url=https://cryptome.org/2020/09/20200716-Statement-of-John-Young.pdf |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=cryptome.org |publisher=Cryptome |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127202206/https://cryptome.org/2020/09/20200716-Statement-of-John-Young.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 September, WikiLeaks published searchable, unredacted copies of all of the cables on their website.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |last1=Press Association |date=21 September 2020 |title=Wikileaks not 'primary publisher' of unredacted cables as they appeared elsewhere first, Assange trial hears |work=Press Gazette |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/wikileaks-not-primary-publisher-of-unredacted-cables-as-they-appeared-elsewhere-first-assange-trial-hears/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012201/https://pressgazette.co.uk/wikileaks-not-primary-publisher-of-unredacted-cables-as-they-appeared-elsewhere-first-assange-trial-hears/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Ben |date=24 September 2020 |title=US has never asked WikiLeaks rival to remove leaked cables, court told |language=en |work=the Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/24/us-never-asked-wikileaks-rival-cryptome-remove-leaked-cables-court-told-assange |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115002541/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/24/us-never-asked-wikileaks-rival-cryptome-remove-leaked-cables-court-told-assange |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

According to [[Glenn Greenwald]], WikiLeaks decided that the "safest course was to release all the cables in full, so that not only the world's intelligence agencies but everyone had them, so that steps could be taken to protect the sources and so that the information in them was equally available."<ref name=":8" /> According to The Guardian, "the newly published archive" contained "more than 1,000 cables identifying individual [[Activism|activists]]; several thousand labelled with a tag used by the US to mark sources it believes could be placed in danger; and more than 150 specifically mentioning [[whistleblowers]]".<ref name="Ball-2011c2">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2011 |title=WikiLeaks publishes full cache of unredacted cables |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123150711/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ball, James|title=Julian Assange faces arrest in Australia over unredacted WikiLeaks cables|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/julian-assange-arrest-australia-wikileaks|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 September 2011|location=London|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000054/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/julian-assange-arrest-australia-wikileaks|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Consequences of the release====
On 2 September 2011, [[Attorney-General of Australia|Australia's attorney general]], [[Robert McClelland (Australian politician)|Robert McClelland]], released a statement that the unredacted cables identified at least one ASIO officer, and that it was a crime in Australia to publish information which could identify an intelligence officer. McClelland said that "On occasions before this week, WikiLeaks redacted identifying features where the safety of individuals or national security could be put at risk. It appears this hasn't occurred with documents that have been distributed across the internet this week." According to [[The Guardian]] at the time, this meant "Julian Assange could face prosecution in Australia."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-02 |title=Julian Assange could face arrest in Australia over unredacted cables |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/julian-assange-arrest-australia-wikileaks |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121054112/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/julian-assange-arrest-australia-wikileaks |url-status=live }}</ref>

After WikiLeaks published the unredacted cables, some journalists and contacts of the US government allegedly faced retaliation. For example according to media reports, Ethiopian journalist Argaw Ashine was interrogated several times about a reference to him in a cable talking to a government source. The source told him about plans to arrest the editors of the critical Ethiopian weekly [[Addis Neger (newspaper)|Addis Neger]]. The editors for Addis Neger fled the country the next month. Ashine was subjected to government harassment and intimidation, and was forced to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Joel |date=2011-09-19 |title=In Ethiopia case, a response to WikiLeaks |url=https://cpj.org/2011/09/in-ethiopia-case-a-response-to-wikileaks/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226121055/https://cpj.org/2011/09/in-ethiopia-case-a-response-to-wikileaks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-15 |title=Wikileaks cable: Ethiopia reporter Argaw Ashine 'flees' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14929307 |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226121056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14929307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2011-09-15 |title=WikiLeaks-named Ethiopian reporter in unredacted cable flees country in fear |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/15/wikileaks-named-ethiopian-reporter-flees |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226121057/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/15/wikileaks-named-ethiopian-reporter-flees |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the former [[Ambassadors of the United States|US Ambassador]] to [[Cameroon]] from 2004 to 2007, [[R. Niels Marquardt|Niels Marquardt]], Marafa Hamidou Yaya was arrested on "entirely unproven corruption charges", subjected to a "[[kangaroo court]]", and given a 25-year [[Sentence (law)|prison sentence]]. Marquardt said Marafa's only real crime was having told him that he "might be interested" in the presidency one day. When the cable was released, it became frontpage news in Cameroon and led directly to Marafa's arrest.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=WikiLeaks Damage Lives On: The Case of Marafa Hamidou Yaya |url=https://afsa.org/wikileaks-damage-lives-case-marafa-hamidou-yaya |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=afsa.org |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226121105/https://afsa.org/wikileaks-damage-lives-case-marafa-hamidou-yaya |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ambassador at the time, Robert Jackson, said Marafa's trial did not specify the evidence against him.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon-Info.Net |url=https://www.cameroon-info.net/article/robert-p-jackson-ambassadeur-des-usa-au-cameroun-il-y-a-eu-des-manquements-dans-193323.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.cameroon-info.net |language=fr |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226121057/https://www.cameroon-info.net/article/robert-p-jackson-ambassadeur-des-usa-au-cameroun-il-y-a-eu-des-manquements-dans-193323.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The U.S. established an Information Review Task Force (IRTF) to investigate the impact of WikiLeaks' publications. In 2013, Brigadier general Robert Carr, who headed the IRTF, testified at [[Chelsea Manning|Chelsea Manning's]] sentencing hearing that the task force had found no specific examples of anyone who had lost his or her life in reprisals due WikiLeaks' publication of material provided by Manning. Ed Pilkington wrote in ''The Guardian'' that Carr's testimony significantly undermined the argument that WikiLeaks' publications put lives at risk.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pilkington |first1=Ed |title=Bradley Manning leak did not result in deaths by enemy forces, court hears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/bradley-manning-sentencing-hearing-pentagon |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 April 2023 |date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129005217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/bradley-manning-sentencing-hearing-pentagon |url-status=live }}</ref> According to IRTF reports, "the lives of cooperating Afghans, Iraqis, and other foreign interlocutors have been placed at increased risk" because of the leaks. The reports said that the leaks could also cause "serious damage" to "intelligence sources, informants and the Afghan population". A damage assessment by the IRTF, 111,000 IED-related documents in the leaks "may lead to the compromise of Counter IED tactics, techniques and procedures used by Coalition Forces conducting exploitation of IED events".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=Jason |date=2019-04-11 |title=Here Are The Never-Before-Seen US Government Damage Reports Made In The WikiLeaks Aftermath |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/here-are-the-never-before-seen-us-government-damage-reports |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193341/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/here-are-the-never-before-seen-us-government-damage-reports |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, a lawyer for the US said that "sources, whose redacted names and other identifying information was contained in classified documents published by Wikileaks, who subsequently disappeared, although the US can't prove at this point that their disappearance was the result of being outed by Wikileaks."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-24 |title=Julian Assange 'put lives at risk' by sharing unredacted files |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51616077 |access-date=2023-10-22 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193340/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51616077 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediapoint |first=P. A. |date=2020-02-24 |title=Julian Assange extradition: Sources 'disappeared' after names exposed by Wikileaks, court hears |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/news/julian-assange-extradition-sources-disappeared-after-names-exposed-by-wikileaks-court-hears/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Press Gazette |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193341/https://pressgazette.co.uk/news/julian-assange-extradition-sources-disappeared-after-names-exposed-by-wikileaks-court-hears/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jamie |date=2020-02-24 |title=Julian Assange 'put lives at risk' by publishing classified documents, court hears |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/24/julian-assange-extradition-hearing-wikileaks-founder-us/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023193339/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/24/julian-assange-extradition-hearing-wikileaks-founder-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==2010-2011 reactions to the releases==
{{main|Reactions to the United States diplomatic cables leak}}Reactions to the leak in 2010 varied. Western governments expressed strong disapproval, while the material generated intense interest from the public and journalists. Some political leaders referred to Assange as a criminal, while blaming the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] for security lapses. Supporters of Assange referred to him in November 2010 as a key defender of free speech and freedom of the press.<ref>Sanburn, Josh. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101113195601/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2028734_2028733_2028727,00.html "Julian Assange—Who Will Be Time's 2010 Person of the Year?"], ''Time'' magazine, 10 November 2010.

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPbuGYwxQm8 "Julian Assange & WikiLeaks Are Doing The Right Thing! Carl Bernstein"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727093645/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPbuGYwxQm8 |date=27 July 2013 }}, ''The Joy Behar Show'', CNN, 1 December 2011; courtesy of YouTube, accessed 11 January 2011.
* [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1012/01/joy.01.html "Joy Behar Show—WikiLeaks Founder Placed on Interpol's Most Wanted List for Alleged Sex Crimes; Scarborough Goes After Palin"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140652/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1012/01/joy.01.html |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''The Joy Behar Show'', CNN, 1 December 2011.
* [https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/11/overseeing_state_secrecy "In Defence of WikiLeaks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701142235/http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/11/overseeing_state_secrecy |date=1 July 2017 }}, ''The Economist'', 29 November 2010.
* [[Simon Jenkins|Jenkins, Simon]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-wikileaks "US embassy cables: The job of the media is not to protect the powerful from embarrassment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128153139/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-wikileaks |date=28 November 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 28 November 2010.
* Naureckas, Jim. [http://www.fair.org/blog/2010/12/01/wikileaks-hasnt-leaked-anything "WikiLeaks Hasn't 'Leaked' Anything"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206200210/http://www.fair.org/blog/2010/12/01/wikileaks-hasnt-leaked-anything/ |date=6 December 2010 }}. ''[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]]'', 1 December 2010.</ref> Reaction to the release in September 2011 of the unredacted cables attracted stronger criticism, and was condemned by the five newspapers that had first published the cables in redacted form in November 2010.<ref>[https://vancouversun.com/news/Release+full+archive+draws+fury/5350078/story.html "Release of full archive draws fury"], ''Vancouver Sun'', 3 September 2011.
* Also see [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/02/leader-wikileaks-unredacted-release "No case, no need"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001329/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/02/leader-wikileaks-unredacted-release |date=8 March 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 2 September 2011.</ref>

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton responded to the leaks saying, "This disclosure is not just an attack on America's foreign policy; it is an attack on the international community, the alliances and partnerships, the conventions and negotiations that safeguard global security and advance economic prosperity." Julian Assange is quoted as saying, "Of course, abusive, Titanic organizations, when exposed, grasp at all sorts of ridiculous straws to try and distract the public from the true nature of the abuse."<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2010 |title=Clinton condemns leak as 'attack on international community' |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/11/29/wikileaks/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144211/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/11/29/wikileaks/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> [[John Perry Barlow]], co-founder of the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], wrote a tweet saying: "The first serious infowar is now engaged. The field of battle is WikiLeaks. You are the troops."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael G. |last2=Svensson |first2=Peter |date=3 December 2010 |title=WikiLeaks fights to stay online amid attacks |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-wikileaks-fights-to-stay-online-amid-attacks-2010dec03-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711003358/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-wikileaks-fights-to-stay-online-amid-attacks-2010dec03-story.html |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |website=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref>

===Denial-of-service attack===
About an hour prior to the planned release of the initial documents, WikiLeaks announced it was experiencing a massive [[distributed denial-of-service]] attack (DDoS),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikileaks 'Hacked Ahead of Secret US Document Release'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11858637|publisher=BBC News|date=28 November 2010|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226000854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11858637|url-status=live}}</ref> but vowed to still release the cables and documents via pre-agreed prominent media outlets {{lang|es|El País}}, {{lang|fr|Le Monde}}, {{lang|de|Der Spiegel}}, ''The Guardian'', and ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/wikileaks/status/8924979961798657|title=Twitter / WikiLeaks: El País, ''Le Monde'', Speigel|publisher=[[WikiLeaks]] (via Twitter)|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129222442/http://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/8924979961798657|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Arbor Networks]], an Internet-analyst group, the DDoS attack accounted for between two and four [[gigabit]]s per second (Gbit/s) of additional traffic to the WikiLeaks host network, compared to an average traffic of between twelve and fifteen Gbit/s under ordinary conditions.<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |author=Poulsen, Kevin |author-link=Kevin Poulsen |date=29 November 2010 |title=Cyber Attack Against WikiLeaks Was Weak |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/11/wikileaks-attack/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=29 November 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129222349/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/11/wikileaks-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The attack was slightly more powerful than ordinary DDoS attacks, though well below the maximum of 60 to 100 Gbit/s of other major attacks during 2010.<ref name="wired" />

On 2 December 2010, [[EveryDNS]], who provide a free [[DNS hosting service]], dropped WikiLeaks from its entries, citing DDoS attacks that "threatened the stability of its infrastructure",<ref>{{cite news |title=WikiLeaks fights to stay online amid attacks |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article929713.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Associated Press |date=3 December 2010 |access-date=6 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207055917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article929713.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> but the site was copied and made available at many other addresses, an example of the [[Streisand effect]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view/20101205-307140/How-the-Barbra-Streisand-Effect-keeps-WikiLeaks-online|title=How the Barbra Streisand Effect keeps WikiLeaks online|publisher=INQUIRER.net|author=Agence France-Presse|date=5 December 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622235520/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view/20101205-307140/How-the-Barbra-Streisand-Effect-keeps-WikiLeaks-online|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dropping of hosting, finance services, and accessibility===
[[Amazon.com]] removed WikiLeaks from its servers on 1 December 2010 at 19:30 [[GMT]], and the latter website was unreachable until 20:17 GMT when the site had defaulted to its Swedish servers, hosted by [[Bahnhof]].

[[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Joe Lieberman]], among the members of the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee]] who had questioned Amazon in private communication on the company's hosting of WikiLeaks and the illegally obtained documents, commended Amazon for the action;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lieberman.senate.gov/index.cfm/news-events/news/2010/12/amazon-severs-ties-with-wikileaks |title=Internet Company Had Hosted Wikileaks Website |author=Staff writer |date=1 December 2010 |publisher=Office of U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman |access-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204094146/http://lieberman.senate.gov/index.cfm/news-events/news/2010/12/amazon-severs-ties-with-wikileaks |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> WikiLeaks, however, responded by stating on its official Twitter page that "WikiLeaks servers at Amazon ousted. Free speech the land of the free—fine our $ are now spent to employ people in Europe", and later that "If Amazon are so uncomfortable with the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|first amendment]], they should get out of the business of selling books".<ref>{{Cite news |last=O’Connor |first=Anahad |date=2010-12-02 |title=Amazon Removes WikiLeaks From Servers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/world/02amazon.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322133859/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/world/02amazon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 December 2010, [[Tableau Software]] withdrew its visualizations from the contents of the leak, stating that it was directly due to political pressure from Joe Lieberman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-tableau-visualisation-joe-lieberman|title=WikiLeaks cables visualisation pulled after pressure from Joe Lieberman|location=London|work=The Guardian|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|first2=Josh|last2=Halliday|date=3 December 2010|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917211208/https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-tableau-visualisation-joe-lieberman|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tableau.com/blog/why-we-removed-wikileaks-visualizations|title=Why we removed the WikiLeaks visualizations|author=Fink, Elissa|date=2 December 2010|publisher=Tableau Software|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155857/https://www.tableau.com/about/blog/2010/12/why-we-removed-wikileaks-visualizations|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 December, [[PayPal]] cut off the account used by WikiLeaks to collect donations.<ref>Staff writer (4 December 2010). [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/04/world/main7117213.shtml PayPal Turns Off Tap for WikiLeaks Donations – Online Payment Service Cuts Whistleblower Site From Money Flow, Making Donations More Difficult"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715161431/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/04/world/main7117213.shtml |date=15 July 2013 }}. Associated Press (via [[CBS News]]). Retrieved 10 December 2010.</ref>

On 6 December, the Swiss bank [[PostFinance]] announced that it had frozen the assets of Assange;<ref>Staff writer (6 December 2010). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11929034 "Wikileaks: Swiss Bank Shuts Julian Assange's Account"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827011248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11929034 |date=27 August 2011 }}. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 10 December 2010.</ref> on the same day, [[MasterCard]] stopped payments to WikiLeaks,<ref>[[Declan McCullagh|McCullagh, Declan]] (6 December 2010). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mastercard-pulls-plug-on-wikileaks-payments/ "MasterCard Pulls Plug on WikiLeaks Payments"]. [[CBS News]]. Retrieved 10 December 2010.</ref> with [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] following them on 7 December.<ref>Staff writer (7 December 2010). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11938320 "Wikileaks' Visa Payments Suspended"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810172014/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11938320 |date=10 August 2017 }}. BBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2010.</ref>

Official efforts by the U.S. government to limit access to, conversation about, and general spread of the cables leaked by WikiLeaks were revealed by leading media organizations. A 4 December 2010 article by [[MSNBC]]<ref>Staff writer (4 December 2010). [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40512200 "Fed Workers Told: Stay Away from Those Leaked Cables – Directive Notes the Content 'Remains Classified'; Columbia U. Also Warns Future Diplomats"]. [[NBC News]]. Retrieved 5 December 2010.</ref> reported that the Obama administration had warned federal government employees and students in educational institutions studying towards careers in public service that they must refrain from downloading or linking to any WikiLeaks documents. However, State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley denied ordering students, stating, "We do not control private networks. We have issued no authoritative instructions to people who are not employees of the Department of State." He said the warning was from an "overzealous employee."<ref name="wsj_no_student_warn">{{cite news|author=Staff writer|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/AP66175f65a14645a98bbe7b99c7a2dc7f.html|title=State Dept Denies Warning Students about WikiLeaks|access-date=9 December 2010|date=7 December 2010|agency=Associated Press |work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124011425/http://online.wsj.com/article/AP66175f65a14645a98bbe7b99c7a2dc7f.html|archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a December 2010 article in ''The Guardian'', access to WikiLeaks was blocked on government computers because the information was still classified.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=2010-12-03 |title=US blocks access to WikiLeaks for federal workers |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-cables-blocks-access-federal |access-date=2023-03-22 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627071723/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-cables-blocks-access-federal |url-status=live }}</ref>

A spokesman for [[Columbia University]] confirmed on 4 December that its Office of Career Services sent an e-mail warning students at [[School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University|Columbia's School of International and Public Affairs]] to refrain from accessing WikiLeaks cables and discussing this subject on the grounds that "discourse about the documents would call into question your ability to deal with confidential information".<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40512200|title=Fed Workers Told: Stay Away from Those Leaked Cables|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=4 December 2010|access-date=6 December 2010|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322130200/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40512200|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this was quickly retracted on the following day. SIPA Dean [[John Henry Coatsworth]] wrote that "Freedom of information and expression is a core value of our institution, ... thus, SIPA's position is that students have a right to discuss and debate any information in the public arena that they deem relevant to their studies or to their roles as global citizens, and to do so without fear of adverse consequences."<ref>Gustin, Sam (6 December 2010). [https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/columbia-wikileaks-policy/ "Columbia University Reverses Anti-WikiLeaks Guidance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205194040/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/columbia-wikileaks-policy/ |date=5 December 2013 }}. ''Wired''. Retrieved 10 December 2010.</ref>

''The New York Times'' reported on 14 December<ref>{{Registration required|date=December 2010}} [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/15/us/15wiki.html?partner=rss&emc=rss Air Force Blocks Sites That Posted Secret Cables – NYTimes.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209100842/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/15/us/15wiki.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |date=9 February 2017 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> that the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] bars its personnel from access to news sites (such as those of ''The New York Times'' and ''The Guardian'') that publish leaked cables.

On 18 December, the [[Bank of America]] stopped handling payments for WikiLeaks.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12028084|title=Bank of America Stops Handling Wikileaks Payments|publisher=BBC News|date=18 December 2010|access-date=20 December 2010|archive-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218192353/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12028084|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Anonymous and anti-censorship===
{{main|Operation Payback|Timeline of events associated with Anonymous#Arab Spring activities}}

In response to perceived federal and [[corporate censorship]] of the cable leaks, internet group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] launched DDoS attacks on several websites. So far, the websites of the Swedish prosecutor, PostFinance (the Swiss post-office banking company), MasterCard and Visa have all been targeted.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |publisher=Yahoo! News |title=Protests, Cyber-Skirmishes Rage over WikiLeaks |author=Satter, Raphael G. |author2=Lawless, Jill |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/wikileaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024131349/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/wikileaks |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2010 |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 }}</ref>

The websites of the government of [[Zimbabwe]] were targeted by Anonymous with DDoS attacks due to censorship of the WikiLeaks documents.<ref name="BBC 4 January 2011">{{cite news|author=Staff writer|title=Anonymous Activists Target Tunisian Government Sites|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12110892|work=BBC News|date=4 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=12 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112041511/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12110892|url-status=live}}</ref> The websites of the government of [[Tunisia]] were targeted by Anonymous due to censorship of the WikiLeaks documents and the [[Tunisian revolution]].<ref name="BBC 4 January 2011"/> Tunisians were reported to be assisting in these denial-of-service attacks launched by Anonymous.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hackers Hit Tunisian Websites – Amid Anti-Government Protests, Attack Blocks Access to Stock Exchange and Ministry of Foreign Relations|author=Hill, Evan|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201113111059792596.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=3 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084251/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201113111059792596.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anonymous's role in the DDoS attacks on the Tunisian government's websites has led to an upsurge of [[internet activism]] among Tunisians against the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Violent Clashes Continue in Tunisia – Protests over Unemployment Continue To Spread across the Country as the Government Forces Try To Curb Growing Unrest|author=Randeree, Bilal|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201114101752467578.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=4 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=13 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513123755/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/201114101752467578.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anonymous released an online message denouncing the government clampdown on recent protests and posted it on the Tunisian government website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pm.gov.tn/ |title=Screenshot of the message |publisher=Pm.gov.tn |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303183445/http://www.pm.gov.tn/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anonymous has named their attacks "Operation Tunisia".<ref>{{cite news|title=Timeline: Tunisia's Civil Unrest – Chronicle of Nationwide Demonstrations over the Country's Unemployment Crisis|author=Rifai, Ryan|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/tunisia/2011/01/201114142223827361.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=4 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=17 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117082347/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/tunisia/2011/01/201114142223827361.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anonymous successfully DDoSsed eight Tunisian government websites. They plan attacks in Internet Relay Chat networks. Someone attacked Anonymous's website with a DDoS on 5 January.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia's Bitter Cyberwar – Anonymous Has Joined Tunisian Activists To Call for End to the Government's Stifling of Online Dissent|author=Ryan, Yasmine|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111614145839362.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=6 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031214738/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111614145839362.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Manipulation of news based on WikiLeaks cables===
On 9 December 2010, major Pakistani newspapers (such as ''[[The News International]]'', ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' and the ''[[Daily Jang]]'') and television channels carried stories that claimed to detail U.S. diplomats' assessments of senior Indian generals as "vain, egotistical and genocidal", also saying "India's government is secretly allied with [[Hindu]] fundamentalists", and that "Indian spies are covertly supporting Islamist militants in Pakistan's tribal belt and [[Balochistan]]."<ref name="fakecab">{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|title=Pakistani Media Publish Fake WikiLeaks Cables Attacking India – Comments Alleged To Be from WikiLeaks US Embassy Cables Say Indian Generals Are Genocidal and New Delhi Backs Militants|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=9 December 2010|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908204658/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india|url-status=live}}</ref> However, none of the cables revealed any such assessments. The claims were credited to an [[Islamabad]]-based news service agency that frequently ran pro-[[Pakistan Army]] stories.<ref name="fakecab"/>

Later, ''The News International'' admitted the story "was dubious and may have been planted", and ''The Express Tribune'' offered "profuse" apologies to readers.<ref name="pakapol">{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|title=WikiLeaks Fake Cables – Pakistani Newspapers Admit They Were Hoaxed – Papers Apologise to Readers for Publishing Anti-Indian Comments Alleged To Have Been Said by US Officials|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-fake-cables-pakistan-apologies|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=10 December 2010|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905044527/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-fake-cables-pakistan-apologies|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Urdu language|Urdu-language]] papers such as the ''Daily Jang'', however, declined to retract the story.<ref name="pakapol"/>

===Twitter subpoena===
{{Main|Twitter subpoena}}
On 14 December 2010, a U.S. federal court subpoenaed Twitter for extensive information regarding WikiLeaks, but also put on a [[gagging order]]. The order was said to be part of an "ongoing criminal investigation", and required information regarding the Twitter accounts of WikiLeaks, Assange, Manning, [[Rop Gonggrijp]], [[Jacob Appelbaum]], and [[Birgitta Jonsdottir]]. According to [[Glenn Greenwald]], the court "gave Twitter three days to respond and barred the company from notifying anyone, including the users, of the existence of the Order."<ref>{{cite news |author=Greenwald, Glenn |title=DOJ Subpoenas Twitter Records of Several WikiLeaks Volunteers |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/index.html |date=7 January 2011 |work=Salon.com |access-date=11 January 2011 |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |archive-date=11 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111083833/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter requested that it be allowed to notify the users, giving them ten days to object. The court order was unsealed on 5 January 2011, and Jonsdottir decided to publicly fight the order.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rushe, Dominic |title=Icelandic MP Fights US Demand for Her Twitter Account Details – Birgitta Jonsdottir Brands Efforts by US Justice Department To Access Her Private Information 'Completely Unacceptable' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |date=8 January 2011 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725200602/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jan/08/us-twitter-hand-icelandic-wikileaks-messages |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elected representatives of Iceland have declared such actions by the U.S. government "serious", "peculiar", "outlandish", and akin to heavy breathing on the telephone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Connor, Richard|date=9 January 2011|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14758284,00.html|title=Iceland Blasts US Demand for Lawmaker's Details in WikiLeaks Probe|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111072533/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14758284,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The published subpoena text demands "you are to provide ... subscriber names, user names ... mailing addresses, residential addresses, business addresses ... telephone number[s]... credit card or bank account number[s]... billing records", "as well as 'destination email addresses and IP addresses".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |title=Twitter Subpoena |work=Salon.com |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112061516/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/01/07/twitter/subpoena.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 10 January 2011, there were 636,759 followers of the WikiLeaks Twitter feed with destination email addresses and IP addresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.twitter.com/wikileaks |title=WikiLeaks on Twitter |publisher=Twitter |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114091042/http://twitter.com/wikileaks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/u-s-twitter-subpoena-on-wikileaks-is-harassment-lawyer-says.html |title=US Twitter Subpoena on WikiLeaks Is 'Harassment,' Lawyer Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |author=Larson, Erik |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110194208/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/u-s-twitter-subpoena-on-wikileaks-is-harassment-lawyer-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tunisian revolution and Arab Spring===
The cable leaks have been pointed to as a catalyst for the [[Tunisian Revolution|2010–2011 Tunisian revolution]] and government overthrow. ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine said, "We might also count Tunisia as the first time that WikiLeaks pushed people over the brink."<ref>{{cite news |title=The First WikiLeaks Revolution? |first=Elizabeth |last=Dickinson |url=http://wikileaks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/13/wikileaks_and_the_tunisia_protests |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=27 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627123123/http://wikileaks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/13/wikileaks_and_the_tunisia_protests |url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, ''The New York Times'' said, "The protesters ... found grist for the complaints in leaked cables from the United States Embassy in Tunisia, released by WikiLeaks, that detailed the self-dealing and excess of the president's family."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia Leader Flees and Prime Minister Claims Power |first=David A. |last=Kirkpatrick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/africa/15tunis.html?_r=2&hp |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524185730/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/africa/15tunis.html?_r=2&hp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wikileaks Real Impact in Tunisia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/01/wikileaks-real-impact-in-tunisia/70339/ |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-date=31 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131201903/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/01/wikileaks-real-impact-in-tunisia/70339/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia: The WikiLeaks connection |first=Ian |last=Black |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/15/tunisia-wikileaks-ghannouchi |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 January 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |location=London |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921012326/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/15/tunisia-wikileaks-ghannouchi |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is widely believed that the Tunisian revolution then spread to other parts of the Middle East, turning into the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/13/amnesty-international-wikileaks-arab-spring Amnesty International hails WikiLeaks and Guardian as Arab spring 'catalysts' | World news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202094838/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/13/amnesty-international-wikileaks-arab-spring |date=2 February 2017 }}. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved on 22 August 2013.</ref>

=== Unredacted cable reactions ===
After the unredacted cables became available online, WikiLeaks added them to their searchable database. The release was condemned by WikiLeaks' media partners, [[the Guardian]], [[The New York Times|New York Times]], [[El País|El Pais]], {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}} and {{lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}}, who said it put sources at risk of dismissal, detention and physical harm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-02 |title=WikiLeaks publishes full cache of unredacted cables |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123150711/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/02/wikileaks-publishes-cache-unredacted-cables |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2 September 2011 |title=Anger as Wikileaks releases all US cables unredacted |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14765837 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119215643/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14765837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Flock |first=Elizabeth |date=2011-09-02 |title=WikiLeaks posts all cables unredacted |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikileaks-publishes-full-cache-of-unredacted-cables-online/2011/09/02/gIQAHAhWwJ_blog.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714000210/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikileaks-publishes-full-cache-of-unredacted-cables-online/2011/09/02/gIQAHAhWwJ_blog.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The organisations published a joint statement that WikiLeaks disputed.<ref name=":7" /><blockquote>We deplore the decision of WikiLeaks to publish the unredacted state department cables, which may put sources at risk. Our previous dealings with WikiLeaks were on the clear basis that we would only publish cables which had been subjected to a thorough joint editing and clearance process. We will continue to defend our previous collaborative publishing endeavour. We cannot defend the needless publication of the complete data – indeed, we are united in condemning it. The decision to publish by Julian Assange was his, and his alone.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The publication was also condemned by [[Reporters Without Borders]] and the [[Index on Censorship|Index On Censorship]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Reporters Without Borders temporarily suspends its WikiLeaks mirror site - Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/reporters-without-borders-01-09-2011,40905.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016052151/http://en.rsf.org/reporters-without-borders-01-09-2011,40905.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Censorship |first=Index on |date=2011-09-02 |title=Index on Censorship response to Wikileaks cables release |url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2011/09/index-on-censorship-response-to-wikileaks-cables-release/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Index on Censorship |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004204340/https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2011/09/index-on-censorship-response-to-wikileaks-cables-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the publication, Reporters Without Borders temporarily suspended their WikiLeaks mirror and criticized the group, saying the decision could put journalists in danger.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2011-09-02 |title=Anger as Wikileaks releases all US cables unredacted |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14765837 |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109212533/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-14765837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-02 |title=Reporters Without Borders suspends WikiLeaks mirror site {{!}} Media news |url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/reporters-without-borders-suspends-wikileaks-mirror-site/s2/a545858/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.journalism.co.uk |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123053818/https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/reporters-without-borders-suspends-wikileaks-mirror-site/s2/a545858/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Glenn Greenwald]] commented that it was "a disaster from every angle" and criticised WikiLeaks, ''The Guardian'' 's [[David Leigh (journalist)|David Leigh]], and Open Leaks' [[Daniel Domscheit-Berg]]. According to Greenwald, "it's possible that diplomatic sources identified in the cables (including whistleblowers and human rights activists) will be harmed; this will be used by enemies of transparency and WikiLeaks to disparage both and even fuel efforts to prosecute the group; it implicates a newspaper, The Guardian, that generally produces very good and responsible journalism; it likely increases political pressure to impose more severe punishment on Bradley Manning if he's found guilty of having leaked these cables; and it will completely obscure the already-ignored, important revelations of serious wrongdoing from these documents."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Estes |first=Adam Clark |date=2011-09-02 |title=The End of WikiLeaks As We Know It |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/end-wikileaks-we-know-it/338353/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123053817/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/end-wikileaks-we-know-it/338353/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Glenn Greenwald: Facts and myths in the WikiLeaks/Guardian saga |date=27 March 2010 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/09/02/wikileaks |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001610/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/09/02/wikileaks |archive-date=27 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Greenwald and other commentators have agreed with WikiLeaks' rationale for the release of unredacted cables.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |author=Marks, Paul |date=6 September 2011 |title=Assange: Why WikiLeaks was right to release raw cables |newspaper=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20869-assange-why-wikileaks-was-right-to-release-raw-cables.html |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207050626/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20869-assange-why-wikileaks-was-right-to-release-raw-cables.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Leigh was criticized by several commentators, including Glenn Greenwald, who called the publication of the password "reckless", arguing that, even if it had been a temporary one, publishing it divulged the type of passwords WikiLeaks was using.<ref name="Greenwald2Sep2011" /> WikiLeaks said it was pursuing pre-litigation action against ''The Guardian'' for an alleged breach of a confidentiality agreement.<ref name="gunter">{{cite news |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=1 September 2011 |title=WikiLeaks accuses Guardian over unredacted cables leak |publisher=Journalism.co.uk |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/wikileaks-accuses-guardian-over-unredacted-cables-leak/s2/a545844/ |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016163745/http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/wikileaks-accuses-guardian-over-unredacted-cables-leak/s2/a545844/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Leigh disclaimed responsibility for the release, saying Assange had assured him the password would expire hours after it was disclosed to him.<ref name="satter">{{cite news |last=Satter |first=Raphael |date=31 August 2011 |title=WikiLeaks: Breach has exposed unredacted US cables |work=Forbes |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/08/31/general-wikileaks_8653454.html}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Mark Davis (journalist)|Mark Davis]], a journalist who was present while Assange worked with the media during the publication of the Afghan War logs, said that claims that Assange was callous about harm that might be caused by disclosures were lies, and that if there was a cavalier attitude it was the Guardian journalists who had a disdain for the impact of the material.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenfell |first1=Oscar |date=10 August 2019 |title=Australian investigative journalist exposes Guardian/New York Times betrayal of Assange |language=en |work=World Socialist Web Site |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/08/10/assa-a10.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119073125/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/08/10/assa-a10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[Department of Defence|Defense Department]] spokesman criticised WikiLeaks over it, saying "what we have said all along about the danger of these types of things is reinforced by the fact that there are now documents out there in unredacted form containing the names of individuals whose lives are at risk because they are named. Once WikiLeaks has these documents in its possession, it loses control and information gets out whether they intend [it] to or not."<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |title=WikiLeaks: U.S. cables exposed |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/08/wikileaks-us-cables-exposed-062451 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=POLITICO |date=September 2011 |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123092621/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/08/wikileaks-us-cables-exposed-062451 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet|United States|Politics|Freedom of speech}}
* [[List of public disclosures of classified information]]
* [[Pentagon Papers]]
* [[Classified information in the United States]]
* [[Chagossians]]
* [[Foreign policy of the United States]]
* [[Israeli retaliation leak]]
* ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'' (1971)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Cablegate}}
{{sister
|project=wikinews
|text={{hidden|headerstyle=text-align: left|[[Wikinews]] has news on this topic|*[[n:Wikileaks crashes under cyber attack|Wikileaks crashes under cyber attack]], 31 August 2011
* [[n:ACLU, EFF challenging US 'secret' court orders seeking twitter data|ACLU, EFF challenging US 'secret' court orders seeking twitter data]], 7 April 2011
* [[n:Wikileaks to release thousands of secret documents; 'international embarrassment' likely|Wikileaks to release thousands of secret documents; 'international embarrassment' likely]], 27 November 2010
* [[n:Files will risk 'countless' lives, Obama administration warns Wikileaks|Files will risk 'countless' lives, Obama administration warns Wikileaks]], 28 November 2010
* [[n:Wikileaks website attacked; millions of files to be released tonight|Wikileaks website attacked; millions of files to be released tonight]], 28 November 2010
* [[n:Wikileaks cable disclosure shows Arab fears of Iranian ambitions|Wikileaks cable disclosure shows Arab fears of Iranian ambitions]], 30 November 2010
* [[n:Latest 'CableGate' disclosures hint at US diplomatic tactics in Spain and beyond|Latest 'CableGate' disclosures hint at US diplomatic tactics in Spain and beyond]], 1 December 2010
* [[n:Leaked cables cause Australian concern|Leaked cables cause Australian concern]], 10 December 2010}}
}}
* [https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html Secret US Embassy Cables] by ''[[WikiLeaks]]''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/the-us-embassy-cables The US embassy cables] by ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/world/statessecrets.html State's Secrets] by ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/wikileaks-faq-what-do-the-diplomatic-cables-really-tell-us-a-731441.html WikiLeaks Diplomatic Cables FAQ] by {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}}
* [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/7/glenn_greenwald_julian_assange_arrest_and The Arrest of Julian Assange and the U.S. "War on WikiLeaks"] – video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
* [https://archive.org/details/wikileaks-cables-csv cables.csv] at the [[Internet Archive]], everything unredacted
* [https://foreignpolicy.com/tag/wikileaks/ "Wikileaked – Inside the State Department's Secret Cables"]. A journal run by ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' devoted to contents of WikiLeaks' U.S. diplomatic cables release (retrieved 10 December 2010)
* (German) [https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wikileaks-enthuellungen-codename-projekt-8-a-741992.html WikiLeaks-Enthüllungen: Codename Projekt 8] – {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}}'s background on the strained negotiations between Wikileaks and the newspapers it chose to publish the cables

{{WikiLeaks}}

[[Category:United States diplomatic cables leak| ]]
[[Category:2010 in international relations]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations]]
[[Category:2010 scandals]]
[[Category:2011 scandals]]
[[Category:November 2010 in the United States]]
[[Category:September 2011 in the United States]]
[[Category:Classified documents]]
[[Category:Classified information in the United States|Diplomatic cables leak]]
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:News leaks]]
[[Category:Information published by WikiLeaks]]
[[Category:United States documents|Diplomatic cables leak]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United States|Diplomatic cables leak]]
[[Category:The Guardian]]
[[Category:Controversies based on The New York Times coverage]]

Air Indiana Flight 216

2026-03-20T14:38:56Z

BasilGott93: stub

{{Short description|1977 aviation accident in the U.S.}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
|name = Air Indiana Flight 216
|image = Douglas DC-3, SE-CFP.jpg
|image_size = 240
|caption = [[DC-3]] similar to accident aircraft
|date = December 13, 1977
|summary = Rudder and right aileron control locks not removed before takeoff
|occurrence_type = Accident
|site = [[Evansville Regional Airport]], [[Indiana]], United States
|fatalities = 29
|injuries =
|aircraft_type = [[Douglas DC-3]]
|operator = [[Air Indiana]]
|tail_number = N51071
|origin = [[Evansville Regional Airport]], [[Indiana]]
|destination = [[Nashville International Airport]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]
|passengers = 26
|crew = 3
|survivors = 0
}}
The '''Air Indiana Flight 216''' crash occurred on December 13, 1977, at 19:22 CST, when a [[Douglas DC-3]], registration N51071 carrying the [[University of Evansville]] basketball team, the [[Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball|Evansville Purple Aces]], lost control and crashed shortly after takeoff at the [[Evansville Regional Airport]] in [[Evansville, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19771213-0 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-53 (DC-3) N51071 Evansville-Dress Regional Airport, IN (EVV) |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date=1977-12-13 |access-date=2012-01-29}}</ref> The plane was on its way to [[Nashville International Airport]], taking the team to play the [[Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men's basketball|Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders]] in [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee]].<ref name=tpcrifl>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-DxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ge4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6470%2C5684374 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |agency=Associated Press |title=Team plane crashes in flames |date=December 14, 1977 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=aceedr>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wq1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L-ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6706%2C4632809 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |agency=wire service reports |title=Air crash ends Evansville's dreams |date=December 14, 1977 |page=1D}}</ref>

The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] blamed the crash on the pilot's failure to remove [[gust lock]]s on the right [[aileron]] and the [[rudder]] before takeoff, as well as an overloaded baggage compartment. The NTSB report said that the plane might have been able to stay airborne had only one of the problems existed. As it was, the extra baggage shifted the plane's center of gravity to the rear, and the locked rudder and aileron made it impossible to control the overweight aircraft.

Head coach [[Bobby Watson (basketball coach)|Bobby Watson]] was the only coach on board the flight as his assistant coaches were on [[Scout (sport)|scouting]] assignments at the time. Athletic director Jim Byers had planned to board the plane but stayed behind to interview a candidate for the baseball program. Four of the passengers were still breathing when found by rescuers, with three dying on the scene and one dying hours after the accident. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://mccutchanvillefiredepartment.org/ue-plane-crash/ | title=UE Plane Crash | date=October 9, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=twp>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Dave |title=Evansville Fans, Community Took Watson to Heart |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1977/12/15/evansville-fans-community-took-watson-to-heart/36dfb734-643d-4c93-8ae5-28e736c9be29/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 30, 2020 |date=December 15, 1977}}</ref> The only member of the Purple Aces who did not die in the crash was 18-year-old freshman David Furr; he was out for the season with an ankle injury and thus was not on the plane that day. Two weeks after the crash, Furr and his younger brother Byron were killed in a car accident near [[Newton, Illinois]], leaving the entire 1977 Evansville team dead.<ref name=aevpl>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19771229&id=p8YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f2cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1967,6052206 |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |location=Florida |agency=UPI |title=Last Evansville player dies in auto accident |date=December 29, 1977 |page=1E}}</ref> After consideration, the rest of the season was cancelled.

[[File:The Weeping Basketball.jpg|thumb|The "Weeping Basketball" fountain memorial at the University of Evansville, commemorating the Air Indiana Flight 216 crash.]]

A memorial has been constructed at the University of Evansville known as the "Weeping Basketball." On stone slabs are engraved the names of the players who were killed, including Furr (the final name on the monument is that of Charles Goad of the Goad Equipment Company, invited on the flight by his friend Bob Hudson). Also engraved is an excerpt from the eulogy delivered by school president Wallace Graves at a memorial service: "Out of the agony of this hour we will rise." A memorial is also at the [[Ford Center (Evansville)|Ford Center]], where the Purple Aces currently play their home games. <ref name=wfie>{{cite news |url=https://www.14news.com/2020/12/13/sunday-marks-years-since-ue-plane-crash/ |work=14 WFIE |location=Indiana |agency=NBC |title=Sunday marks 43 years since UE plane crash |date=December 13, 2020}}</ref>

==Flight crew==
*Airplane crew:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evansvilleliving.com/articles/30-years-after-90-seconds|title=30 Years After 90 Seconds|date=September 9, 2011 }}</ref>
**Pilot - Ty Van Pham (aged 42)
**Copilot - Gaston Ruiz (aged 35)

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|Indiana|Modern history}}
*[[List of accidents involving sports teams]]
*[[Air Midwest Flight 5481]], an accident where maintenance errors combined with aircraft overloading to cause a stall and crash.
*[[Fine Air Flight 101]], a [[DC-8]] that was improperly loaded with the center of gravity shifted towards the back. Because loaders did not give the crew the proper information with regards to how the aircraft was loaded, the pilots improperly set their trim for takeoff. The plane immediately stalled and crashed after departure.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7810.pdf Final report] from the [[NTSB]]. [https://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR78-10.pdf Copy from] [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]].
{{coord|38|2|11.89|N|87|31|7.61|W|region:US-IN_type:event|display=title}}

{{University of Evansville}}
{{Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball navbox}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1970s}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Evansville Basketball Plane Crash}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1977]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-3]]
[[Category:Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Indiana]]
[[Category:1977 in Indiana]]
[[Category:1977–78 NCAA Division I men's basketball season]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving sports teams]]
[[Category:December 1977 in the United States]]

Homo erectus

2026-03-15T16:29:23Z

BasilGott93: content update

{{short description|Extinct species of archaic human}}
{{good article}}
{{redirect|H. erectus|other uses|H. erectus (disambiguation)|and|Homo erectus (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Pithecanthropus erectus|the song and album by Charles Mingus|Pithecanthropus Erectus (album)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|2|0.1}} [[Pleistocene]]<ref name=Rizal2020/>
| image = Java Man holotype.jpg
| image_caption = [[Java Man]], the [[holotype]] of ''H. erectus''{{efn-num|The Java Man [[femur]] presents a noticeable [[osteocyte]], likely [[Paget's disease of bone]] and [[osteopetrosis]] (thickening of the bone), probably stemming from [[skeletal fluorosis]] caused by ingestion of food contaminated by [[fluoride toxicity|fluoride]]-filled [[volcanic ash#ingesting ash|volcanic ash]] (as the specimen was found in ash-filled [[stratum (geology)|strata]]). Livestock that graze on volcanic ash-ridden fields typically die of [[acute toxicity]] within a few days or weeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Soriano|first=M. |title=The fluoric origin of the bone lesion in the ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' femur |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |year=1970 |pmid=4984453 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330320107 |bibcode=1970AJPA...32...49S }}</ref>}}
| extinct = yes
| taxon = Homo erectus
| authority = ([[Eugène Dubois|Dubois]], 1893)
}}

'''''Homo erectus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|oʊ|m|oʊ|_|ə|'|r|ɛ|k|t|ə|s}} {{lit|[[:wikt:erectus|upright]] man}}) is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[species]] of [[Homo|archaic human]] from the [[Pleistocene]], spanning nearly 2 million years. It is the first human species to evolve a humanlike [[body plan]] and [[human gait|gait]], to [[early expansions of hominins out of Africa|leave Africa]] and colonize Asia and Europe, and to [[Control of fire by early humans|wield fire]]. Some populations of ''H. erectus'' were ancestors of later human species, including ''[[Homo heidelbergensis|H. heidelbergensis]]'' — the [[last common ancestor]] of [[human|modern humans]], [[Neanderthal]]s, and [[Denisovan]]s. As such a widely distributed species both geographically and temporally, ''H. erectus'' anatomy varies considerably. Subspecies are sometimes recognized: ''[[Java Man|H. e. erectus]]'', ''[[Peking Man|H. e. pekinensis]]'', ''[[Solo Man|H. e. soloensis]]'', ''[[Homo ergaster|H. e. ergaster]]'', ''[[Dmanisi hominins|H. e. georgicus]]'', and ''[[Tautavel Man|H. e. tautavelensis]]''.

The species was first [[species description|described]] by [[Eugène Dubois]] in 1893 as "''[[Anthropopithecus|Pithecanthropus]] erectus''" using a skullcap, [[molar (tooth)|molar]], and [[femur]] from [[Java]], Indonesia. Further discoveries around East Asia were used to contend that humanity evolved out of Asia. Based on [[historical race concepts]], it was argued that local ''H. erectus'' populations evolved directly into local modern human populations ([[multiregional origin of modern humans|polycentrism]]) rather than all humanity sharing a single [[early modern human|anatomically modern]] ancestor ([[monogenism]]). As the fossil record improved over the mid-to-late 20th century, [[Early expansions of hominins out of Africa|"Out of Africa"]] theory and monogenism became the consensus.

The typical skull has a pronounced brow ridge, a protruding jaw, and large teeth. The bones are much thicker than in modern humans. East Asian populations normally have an even more robust skeleton and larger brain volume — averaging {{cvt|1000|cc}}. Western ''H. erectus'' brain volume could be as low as {{cvt|546|cc}} in ''H. e. georgicus''. ''H. erectus'' probably had a faster apelike [[human height|growth trajectory]], lacking the [[altriciality|extended childhood]] required for [[language acquisition]]. Reconstructed adult body dimensions range from {{cvt|141–167|cm|ftin|0}} in height and about {{cvt|50|kg}} in weight.

''H. erectus'' invented the [[Acheulean]] [[industry (archaeology)|tool industry]], a major innovation of large, heavy-duty [[stone tools]]. These may have been used in butchery, vegetable processing, and woodworking of [[spear]]s and [[digging stick]]s. ''H. erectus'' was a major predator of large herbivores on the expanding savannas during the [[Quaternary glaciation]]. The species is usually characterized as the first [[hunter-gatherer]] and the first to practice [[sexual division of labor]]. Fire usage and cave habitation were probably not important aspects of daily life. Similarly, ''H. erectus'' may not have often ventured into colder regions or cooked meat. The last known occurrence of ''H. erectus'' is 108,000 to 117,000 years ago (''H. e. soloensis'') in Southeast Asia, until the last savannas in the region gave way to jungle.

==Taxonomy==
{{See also|Human taxonomy}}
===Research history===

[[File:Hypothetical sketch of the monophylitic origin and of the diffusion of the 12 varieties of men from Lemuria over the earth LCCN2014649358.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|In 1868, [[Ernst Haeckel]] suggested early humans dispersed from the now-disproven hypothetical continent "[[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]]".<ref name=HsiaoPei2014/><ref>{{cite book|first=E.|last=Haeckel|author-link=Ernst Haeckel|orig-year=1868|year=1876|trans-title=The history of creation|title=Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte|translator=Lankester, E. R.|publisher=Henry S. King & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcreatio76hist/page/360|page=361}}</ref>]]

While [[Charles Darwin]] had hypothesized in his 1871 ''[[Descent of Man]]'' that humans most likely evolved in Africa,{{efn-num|Darwin's work mainly aimed to demonstrate that his [[scientific theory|theory]] of [[common descent]] with modification by [[natural selection|natural]] and [[sexual selection in humans|sexual selection]] applied to humans, "The sole object of this work is to consider, firstly, whether man, like every other species, is descended from some pre-existing form; secondly, the manner of his development; and thirdly, the value of the [[social Darwinism|differences]] between the so-called [[historical race concepts|races of man]]."<ref>{{cite book|first=C.|last=Darwin|author-link=Charles Darwin|year=1871|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34967/pg34967-images.html#Page_3|title=The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex|publisher=John Murray|page=3}}</ref>}} many late-19th century evolutionary naturalists postulated that Asia was the birthplace of humankind. Asia is midway between all continents via land routes or short sea crossings, providing optimal dispersal routes throughout the world. Among the major proponents of "Out of Asia" theory was [[Ernst Haeckel]], who argued that the first human species (which he speculatively named ''Homo primigenius'') evolved on a now-disproven hypothetical continent "[[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]]" from a species he termed ''[[Anthropopithecus|Pithecanthropus alalus]]'' (speechless ape-man). "Lemuria" had supposedly sunk below the [[Indian Ocean]], accounting for the lack of fossil evidence.<ref name=HsiaoPei2014/>

Dutch scientist [[Eugène Dubois]] joined the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] to search for the "[[missing link (human evolution)|missing link]]" of human evolution in [[Java]].{{efn-num|Dubois was studying the anatomy and evolution of the [[larynx]] in [[vertebrate]]s in [[Amsterdam]] with German anatomist [[Max Fürbringer]], but fed up with both the research and Fürbringer, he decided to drop everything and board the [[SS Prinses Amalia]] to the Dutch East Indies on 29 October 1887. Dubois said his interest in human evolution began in secondary school (the State [[Hogere Burgerschool]]), where he heard of lectures given by [[Carl Vogt]] in 1868.{{sfn|Theunissen|1989|loc=pp. 27–30}}}} At the [[Trinil]] site, his team found a skullcap and [[molar (tooth)|molar]] in 1891, and a [[femur]] in 1892 ([[Java Man]]), which he named "''Pithecanthropus erectus''" in 1893.{{sfn|Theunissen|1989|loc=54–59}} He attempted to convince the European scientific community that he had found an upright-walking ape-man dating to the [[late Pliocene]] or [[Early Pleistocene]]; they dismissed his findings as some kind of non-human ape.<ref name=HsiaoPei2014>{{cite journal |first=Y. |last=Hsiao-Pei |year=2014 |title=Evolutionary Asiacentrism, Peking Man, and the Origins of Sinocentric Ethno-Nationalism |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=585–625 |doi=10.1007/s10739-014-9381-4 |pmid=24771020 |s2cid=23308894}}</ref>

{{multiple image|total_width = 300
|image1=Homo erectus Sangiran 17 IMG 5644 BMNH.jpg
|image2=Sinanthropus Skull XII.png
|footer=[[Franz Weidenreich]] and [[Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald|Ralph von Koenigswald]] argued [[Java Man]] was an ancient human using fossils like [[Sangiran]] (left) and [[Peking Man]] (right)
}}

Dubois argued that "''P. erectus''" was a [[gibbon]]-like ape which was the precursor to a more familiar human body plan, but in the 1930s, German-American anatomist [[Franz Weidenreich]] noticed a striking similarity with ancient human remains recently being unearthed in China ([[Peking Man]], "''Sinanthropus pekinensis''").{{sfn|Theunissen|1989|loc=p. 156}}{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 59–60}} This characterization became better supported as German-Dutch palaeontologist [[Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald]] discovered more Indonesian ancient human remains over the decade at [[Mojokerto child|Mojokerto]], [[Sangiran]], and [[Solo Man|Ngandong]].{{efn-num|Dubois never accepted that the Java Man was a type of human, and continued to fight Weidenreich and von Koenigswald until his death in 1940. Sir [[Arthur Keith]] described Dubois in an obituary notice as, "an idealist, his ideas being so firmly held that his mind tended to bend facts rather than alter his ideas to fit them."{{sfn|Theunissen|1989|loc=pp. 159–165}}}}{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 60–62}}<ref>{{cite journal |first1=G. H. R. |last1=von Koenigswald |author-link1=Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald |first2=F. |last2=Weidenreich |author2-link=Franz Weidenreich |year=1939 |title=The Relationship between ''Pithecanthropus'' and ''Sinanthropus'' |journal=Nature |volume=144 |issue=3657 |pages=926–929 |doi=10.1038/144926a0|bibcode=1939Natur.144..926V }}</ref> Weidenreich believed that they were the direct ancestors of the local modern human [[human taxonomy#Homo sapiens subspecies|''Homo sapiens'' subspecies]], in accord with [[historical race concepts]] ([[multiregional origin of modern humans|polycentricism]]) — that is, Peking Man was the direct ancestor of specifically [[Chinese people]], and Java Man of [[Aboriginal Australian]]s.<ref name="Weidenreich1940">{{cite journal |first=F. |last=Weidenreich |author-link=Franz Weidenreich |year=1940 |title=Some problems dealing with ancient man |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=375–383 |doi=10.1525/aa.1940.42.3.02a00010}}</ref><ref name=Mayr1950/> As the significance of racial distinction diminished with the development of [[modern evolutionary synthesis]], many fossil human species and genera around Asia, Africa, and Europe (including "''Pithecanthropus''" and "''Sinanthropus''") were reclassified as subspecies of ''Homo erectus''.<ref name=Schwartz2010/>{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 70–73}}

During the late 20th century, some of the oldest ''H. erectus'' fossils were discovered across Africa, the first being Kenyan archeologist [[Louis Leakey]]'s [[Chellean Man|Olduvai Hominin 9]] in 1960.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 68–72}} As the human fossil record expanded, the "Out of Africa" theory and [[monogenism]] became the consensus: that all modern humans share a fully [[early modern human|anatomically modern]] common ancestor. ''H. erectus'' is now generally considered to be an African species which later dispersed across Eurasia, with later African populations giving rise to the modern human lineage.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 151–153}}

===Subspecies===
By the middle of the 20th century, [[human taxonomy]] was in turmoil, with many poorly defined species and genera described across Europe, Asia, and Africa, which exaggerated the differences among them.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=p. 65}} In 1940, Weidenreich was the first to suggest reclassifying "''Sinanthropus pekinensis''" and "''Pithecanthropus erectus''" as subspecies of ''H. erectus''.<ref name="Weidenreich1940"/> In 1950, German-American evolutionary biologist [[Ernst Mayr]] entered this field. Surveying a "bewildering diversity of names" and many proposals for consolidation, he decided to reclassify human fossils into three species of ''[[Homo]]'': "''H. transvaalensis''" (the [[australopithecine]]s), ''H. erectus'' (including "''Sinanthropus''", "''Pithecanthropus''", and various other Asian, African, and European taxa), and ''H. sapiens'' (including anything younger than ''H. erectus'', such as modern humans and Neanderthals). Mayr defined these species as a sequential lineage, each evolving into the next ([[chronospecies]]).<ref name=Mayr1950>{{cite journal |last=Mayr |first=E. |author-link=Ernst Mayr |year=1950 |title=Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology |volume=15 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1101/SQB.1950.015.01.013|pmid=14942702 }}</ref> Though later Mayr changed his opinion on the australopithecines (recognizing ''[[Australopithecus]]''), his more [[lumpers and splitters|conservative]] view of [[archaic human]] diversity became widely adopted in the subsequent decades.<ref name=Schwartz2010>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=J. H. |author1-link=Jeffrey H. Schwartz |last2=Tattersall |first2=I. |author2-link=Ian Tattersall |year=2010 |title=Fossil evidence for the origin of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=143 |issue=S51 |pages=96–98; 101–103 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21443 |pmid=21086529 |bibcode=2010AJPA..143S..94S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=...never more than one species of man existed on the earth at any one time... If fossils of [[African pygmies|Congo pygmies]] and of [[Tutsi|Watusi]] were to be found in the same deposit by a paleontologist, a million years hence, he might well think that they belonged to two different species.|author=[[Ernst Mayr]], 1950<ref name=Mayr1950/>}}

In the 1970s, as [[population genetics]] was being formulated, the anatomical variation of ''H. erectus'' across its wide geographic and temporal range (the basis for the subspecies distinctions) became better understood as [[cline (biology)|clines]] — different populations which attained some anatomical regionality but were not reproductively isolated.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 151–153}} In general, subspecies names for ''H. erectus'' are now used for convenience to indicate time and region rather than specific anatomical trends.<ref name=Anton2002>{{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2002 |title=Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian ''Homo erectus'' |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=118 |issue=4 |page=302 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10091|pmid=12124912 |bibcode=2002AJPA..118..301A }}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=...to paleontologists in general, subspecies are epiphenomena which do not merit the attention paid to species... The pursuit of subspecies in the fossil record is at best fraught with difficulty, and is more probably futile.|author=[[Ian Tattersall]], 1986<ref>{{cite journal |first=I. |last=Tattersall |author-link=Ian Tattersall |year=1986 |title=Species recognition in human paleontology |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=168 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80043-4|bibcode=1986JHumE..15..165T }}</ref>}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 330
| image1 = Ergaster Skull.png
| caption1 =
| image2 = Erectus Skull.png
| caption2 =
| footer = Reconstructions of ''[[Homo ergaster|H. e. ergaster]]'' ([[KNM ER 3733]]) left and ''[[Peking Man|H. e. pekinensis]]'' right
| align = right
| direction =
| alt1 =
| width3 = 150
}}
The more commonly used subspecies (if any are used) are:{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 153}}
*''[[Java Man|H. e. erectus]]'' for earlier Indonesian fossils
*''[[Peking Man|H. e. pekinensis]]'' for Chinese fossils
*''[[Solo Man|H. e. soloensis]]'' for the latest-surviving Indonesian fossils
*''[[Homo ergaster|H. e. ergaster]]'' for African fossils
*''[[Dmanisi hominins|H. e. georgicus]]'' for an early group of fossils from [[Prehistoric Georgia|Georgia]]<ref name=Rightmire2006/>
*''[[Tautavel Man|H. e. tautavelensis]]'' for Western European fossils<ref name=Lumley2015>{{cite journal |first=M.-A. |last=de Lumley |year=2015 |title=L'homme de Tautavel. Un ''Homo erectus'' européen évolué. ''Homo erectus tautavelensis'' |trans-title=Tautavel Man. An evolved European ''Homo erectus''. ''Homo erectus tautavelensis'' |language=fr |journal=L'Anthropologie |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=342–344 |doi=10.1016/j.anthro.2015.06.001}}</ref>

The ancient Georgia fossils have variably been classified as ''H. e. ergaster'' (or quadrinomial ''H. e. ergaster georgicus''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zollikofer |first1=C. P. E. |last2=Ponce de León |first2=M. S. |last3=Margvelashvili |first3=A. |last4=Rightmire |first4=G. Philip |last5=Lordkipanidze |first5=D. |s2cid=206554612 |year=2014 |title=Response to Comment on "A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early ''Homo''" |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1250056 |journal=Science |volume=344 |issue=6182 |pages=360–b |doi=10.1126/science.1250081 |pmid=24763573 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..360Z|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as their own subspecies as ''H. e. georgicus'', or as their own species ''H. georgicus''.<ref name=Rightmire2006>{{Cite journal |last1=Rightmire |first1=G. Philip |last2=Lordkipanidze |first2=David |last3=Vekua |first3=Abesalom |year=2006 |title=Anatomical descriptions, comparative studies and evolutionary significance of the hominin skulls from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248405001624 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=50 |issue=2 |page=140 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.07.009 |pmid=16271745|bibcode=2006JHumE..50..115R |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some authors may also elevate ''H. ergaster'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rightmire |first1=G. Philip |last2=Ponce de León |first2=Marcia S. |last3=Lordkipanidze |first3=David |last4=Margvelashvili |first4=Ann |last5=Zollikofer |first5=Christoph P. E. |year=2017 |title=Skull 5 from Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=104 |pages=51 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.005 |pmid=28317556 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JHumE.104...50R }}</ref> ''H. soloensis'',<ref>{{cite journal |first1=V. |last1=Zeitoun |first2=F. |last2=Détroit |first3=D. |last3=Grimaud-Hervé |first4=H. |last4=Widianto |year=2010 |title=Solo man in question: Convergent views to split Indonesian ''Homo erectus'' in two categories |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=223–224 |page=288 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.018 |bibcode=2010QuInt.223..281Z |s2cid=84764668 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02977578/file/Solo.pdf |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429071324/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02977578/file/Solo.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''H. pekinensis'' to species level.<ref>{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Marwick |year=2009 |title=Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence |journal=Quaternary International |volume=202 |issue=1–2 |page=53 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012|bibcode=2009QuInt.202...51M }}</ref> Fossils relegated to ''H. e. tautavelensis'' are traditionally assigned to ''[[Homo heidelbergensis|H. heidelbergensis]]''.<ref name=Lumley2015/>

===Evolution and dispersal===
{{See also|Human evolution|Early expansions of hominins out of Africa}}
[[File:Dmanisi fossils D 2282 + D 211 (Replika).JPG|left|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Dmanisi hominins|H. e. georgicus]]'' (above) represents one of the earliest dispersals out of Africa about 1.8 million years ago.<ref name=Ferring2011/>]]
''H. erectus'' evolved in Africa from a population of ''[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]''{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 143–144}}<ref name=Zaim2011/> and they coexisted for about half a million years.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=F.|last1=Spoor|first2=M. G.|last2=Leakey|first3=P. N.|last3=Gathogo|first4=F. H.|last4=Brown|title=Implications of new early ''Homo'' fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya|journal=Nature|year=2007|issn=0028-0836|page=689|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature05986|first5=S. C.|last5=Antón|first6=I.|last6=McDougall|first7=C.|last7=Kiarie|first8=F. K.|last8=Manthi|first9=L. N.|last9=Leakey |pmid=17687323 |bibcode=2007Natur.448..688S }}</ref> During this time interval, ''H. erectus'' populations could display a mix of more "classically ''erectus''" or "classically ''habilis''" cranial anatomy and a wide range of brain volumes.<ref name=Baab2025>{{cite journal|first1=Karen L.|last1=Baab|first2=Yousuke|last2=Kaifu|first3=Sarah E.|last3=Freidline|first4=Michael J.|last4=Rogers|title=New reconstruction of DAN5 cranium (Gona, Ethiopia) supports complex emergence of Homo erectus|journal=Nature Communications|year=2025|issn=2041-1723|volume=16|issue=1|pmid=41402278|pmc=12708782|doi=10.1038/s41467-025-66381-9|first5=Sileshi|last5=Semaw|doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest identified ''H. erectus'' specimen is a 2.04 million year old skull, DNH 134, from [[Drimolen]], South Africa, coexisting with the australopithecine ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |last2=Martin |first2=Jesse M. |year=2020 |title=Contemporaneity of ''Australopithecus'', ''Paranthropus'', and early ''Homo erectus'' in South Africa |journal=Science |volume=368 |issue=6486 |article-number=eaaw7293 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw7293 |pmid=32241925 |bibcode=2020Sci...368w7293H |ref=CITEREFHerriesMartinLeeceAdams2020 |hdl=11568/1040368 |s2cid=214763272 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''H. erectus'' dispersed out of Africa soon after evolution, the earliest recorded instances being ''H. e. georgicus'' 1.78 to 1.85 million years ago in Georgia,<ref name=Ferring2011>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferring |first1=Reid |last2=Oms |first2=Oriel |last3=Agustí |first3=Jordi |last4=Berna |first4=Francesco |last5=Nioradze |first5=Medea |last6=Shelia |first6=Teona |last7=Tappen |first7=Martha |last8=Vekua |first8=Abesalom |last9=Zhvania |first9=David|last10=Lordkipanidze|first10=David |year=2011 |title=Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=26 |article-number=10432–6 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1106638108 |pmid=21646521 |pmc=3127884 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10810432F |doi-access=free}}</ref> the Indonesian Mojokerto and Sangiran sites 1.6 to 1.8 million years ago,{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 142}}{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=p. 162}} and the Chinese [[Yunxian Man]] 1.77 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Hua|last1=Tu|first2=Xiaobo|last2=Feng|first3=Lan|last3=Luo|first4=Zhongping|last4=Lai|title=The oldest in situ ''Homo erectus'' crania in eastern Asia: The Yunxian site dates to ~1.77 Ma|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ady2270|journal=Science Advances|year=2026|issn=2375-2548|volume=12|issue=8|doi=10.1126/sciadv.ady2270|first5=Darryl|last5=Granger|first6=Christopher|last6=Bae|first7=Guanjun|last7=Shen}}</ref> Populations may have pushed into northwestern Europe at around the same time.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. W. F. |last1=Reumer |first2=N. |last2=Peters |first3=J. |last3=de Vos |year=2021 |title=Did ''Homo erectus'' sensu lato live in western Europe during the Early Pleistocene? An ecological approach to a vexing question |journal=Cainozoic Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=97–109 |url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1019587/}}</ref> While ''H. erectus'' is usually considered the first [[hominin]] to leave Africa, stone tools that may date to as far back as 2.48 and 2.1 million years ago (from [[Zarqa River|Zarqa Valley]], Jordan, and [[Shangchen]], China, respectively) could indicate that an earlier hominin species left Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Giancarlo|last1=Scardia|first2=Fabio|last2=Parenti|first3=Daniel P.|last3=Miggins|first4=Axel|last4=Gerdes|title=Chronologic constraints on hominin dispersal outside Africa since 2.48 Ma from the Zarqa Valley, Jordan|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379119302847|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|year= 2019|issn=0277-3791|pages=1–19|volume=219|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.007|first5=Astolfo G. M.|last5=Araujo|first6=Walter A.|last6=Neves|bibcode=2019QSRv..219....1S |url-access=subscription|hdl=11449/187832|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Since ''H. erectus'' was first defined in East Asia, those populations are sometimes distinguished as ''H. erectus sensu stricto'' ("in the strict sense"), and African and West Eurasian populations as ''H. erectus sensu lato'' ("in the broad sense"), but this may not reflect how these populations are actually related to each other.{{efn-num|There may have been two different ''H. erectus'' dispersals into East Asia: an early one that led to the Sangiran [[Java Man]] (specifically the older material), and a later one which led to the northern Chinese [[Peking Man]]. That is, the older Sangiran material may be more closely related to ''H. erectus sensu lato'' than to Peking Man. The younger Sangiran material, though, possibly descended from or interbred with Chinese ''H. erectus''.<ref name=Zaim2011>{{cite journal |last1=Zaim|first1=Y.|last2=Ciochon |first2=R. L.|author2-link=Russell Ciochon|last3=Polanski|first3=J. M.|last4=Grine|first4=F. E.|last5=Bettis|first5=E. A.|last6=Rizal |first6=Y.|last7=Franciscus|first7=R. G.|last8=Larick|first8=R. R.|last9=Heizler|first9=M.|last10=Eaves|first10=K. L.|last11=Marsh|first11=H. E.|title=New 1.5 million-year-old ''Homo erectus'' maxilla from Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 |year=2011 |pmid=21783226 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.04.009 |bibcode=2011JHumE..61..363Z}}</ref>}}<ref name=Anton2002/><ref name=Zaim2011/>

Once established around the [[Old World]], ''H. erectus'' evolved into other later species in the genus ''Homo'', including: ''H. heidelbergensis'', ''[[Homo antecessor|H. antecessor]]'',<ref name=Stringer2012/> ''[[Homo floresiensis|H. floresiensis]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=L. R. |author-link=Lee Rogers Berger |last2=Churchill |first2=S. E. |display-authors=et al. |year=2008 |title=Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=e1780 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1780B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001780 |pmc=2268239 |pmid=18347737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and ''[[Homo luzonensis|H. luzonensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=N. |last=Fleming |year=2019 |title=Unknown human relative discovered in Philippine cave |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01152-3 |pmid=32269371 |s2cid=146786512}}</ref> ''H. heidelbergensis'', in turn, is usually placed as the [[last common ancestor]] of [[Neanderthal]]s (''H. neanderthalensis''), [[Denisovan]]s, and modern humans.<ref name=Stringer2012>{{cite journal |last=Stringer |first=C. |year=2012 |title=What makes a modern human |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=485 |number=7396 |pages=33–35 |doi=10.1038/485033a |pmid=22552077 |bibcode=2012Natur.485...33S |s2cid=4420496 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''H. erectus'' is thus a non-natural, [[paraphyletic]] grouping of fossils and does not include all the descendants of a last common ancestor.<ref name="Ni2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Ni |first1=Xijun |last2=Ji |first2=Qiang |last3=Wu |first3=Wensheng |last4=Shao |first4=Qingfeng |last5=Ji |first5=Yannan |last6=Zhang |first6=Chi |last7=Liang |first7=Lei |last8=Ge |first8=Junyi |last9=Guo |first9=Zhen |last10=Li |first10=Jinhua |last11=Li |first11=Qiang |year=2021 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |issn=2666-6758 |pmc=8454562 |pmid=34557770 |last13=Stringer |first13=Chris |last12=Grün |first12=Rainer |article-number=100130 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N}}</ref> Despite being designated as a different species, ''H. erectus'' may have [[interbreeding between archaic and modern humans|interbred]] with some of its descendant species, namely the common ancestor of Neanderthals and Denisovans ("Neandersovans").<ref>{{cite journal |first=P. J. |last=Waddell |year=2013 |title=Happy New Year ''Homo erectus''? More evidence for interbreeding with archaics predating the modern human/Neanderthal split |journal=Quantitative Biology |pages=2–3 |arxiv=1312.7749}}</ref>

[[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg|thumb|upright=2.1|Successive dispersals of {{color box|#e8e22c}} ''Homo erectus'' (yellow), {{color box|#e4ca30}} ''[[Neanderthal|Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (ochre) and {{color box|#e9252c}} ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' (red, ''[[Out of Africa II]]'')]]
The dispersal of ''H. erectus'' is generally ascribed to the evolution of obligate [[biped]]alism, better technology, and adoption of a carnivorous diet.<ref name=Carotenuto2016/> However, the sudden adoption of carnivory could be [[sampling bias]], with earlier species consuming the same amount of meat.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=W. A. |last1=Barr |first2=B. |last2=Pobiner |first3=J. |last3=Rowan |first4=J. T. |last4=Faith |year=2022 |title=No sustained increase in zooarchaeological evidence for carnivory after the appearance of ''Homo erectus'' |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=5 |article-number=e2115540119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2115540119|doi-access=free |pmid=35074877 |pmc=8812535 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11915540B }}</ref> Populations spread out via open grassland and woodland [[savanna]]s, which were expanding due to a global [[aridification]] trend at the onset of the [[Quaternary glaciation]].<ref name=Carotenuto2016/> ''H. erectus'' is usually thought to have occupied the [[Sahara]] and West Asia during [[African humid period|humid periods]], but populations may have persisted into desert periods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |last2=Akuku |first2=Pamela |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Camacho |first4=Alfredo |last5=Carter |first5=Tristan |last6=Clarke |first6=Siobhán |last7=Cueva Temprana |first7=Arturo |last8=Favreau |first8=Julien |last9=Galloway |first9=Jennifer |last10=Hernando |first10=Raquel |last11=Huang |first11=Haiping |last12=Hubbard |first12=Stephen |last13=Kaplan |first13=Jed O. |last14=Larter |first14=Steve |last15=Magohe |first15=Stephen |year=2025 |title=''Homo erectus'' adapted to steppe-desert climate extremes one million years ago |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01919-1 |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free |pmid=39830897 |pmc=11738993 |bibcode=2025ComEE...6....1M }}</ref>

Most ''H. erectus sensu lato'' specimens date to 1 to 1.8 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene before giving way to descendant species.<ref name=Rizal2020/> The classification of [[Middle Pleistocene]] ''Homo'' has been a controversial topic, termed "the muddle in the middle".<ref name=Lumley2015/><ref>{{cite journal |first1=C. J. |last1=Bae |first2=X. |last2=Wu |year=2024 |title=Making sense of eastern Asian Late Quaternary hominin variability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=9479 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-53918-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=39488555 |pmc=11531466|bibcode=2024NatCo..15.9479B }}</ref> ''H. erectus sensu stricto'' persisted much longer than ''sensu lato'', with the youngest population (''H. e. soloensis'') dating to 108,000 to 117,000 years ago in [[Late Pleistocene]] Java.<ref name=Rizal2020>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizal |first1=Y. |last2=Westaway |first2=K. E. |last3=Zaim |first3=Y. |last4=van den Bergh |first5=E. A. |last5=Bettis III |first6=M. J. |last6=Morwood |first7=O. F. |last7=Huffman |first8=R. |last8=Grün |first9=R. |last9=Joannes-Boyau|first10=R. M.|last10=Bailey |author11=Sidarto |first12=M. C. |last12=Westaway |first13=I. |last13=Kurniawan |first14=M. W. |last14=Moore |first15=M. |last15=Storey |first16=F. |last16=Aziz |author17=Suminto |first18=J. |last18=Zhao |author19=Aswan|first20=M. E.|last20=Sipola |first21=R. |last21=Larick |first22=J.-P. |last22=Zonneveld |first23=R. |last23=Scott |first24=S. |last24=Putt |first25=R. L. |last25=Ciochon |author25-link=Russell Ciochon|year=2020 |title=Last appearance of ''Homo erectus'' at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=577 |issue=7790 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=31853068 |s2cid=209410644|hdl=10072/397335 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This population appears to have died out when the savannah corridors closed and tropical jungle took over.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. |last1=Louys |first2=P. |last2=Roberts |year=2020 |title=Environmental drivers of megafauna and hominin extinction in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=586 |issue=7829 |pages=402–406 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2810-y |pmid=33029012 |bibcode=2020Natur.586..402L |hdl=10072/402368 |s2cid=222217295 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

A 2021 phylogeny of some ''H. erectus'' fossils using [[tip dating]]:<ref name="Ni2021"/>

{{Clade|{{Clade
|1=''[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]''
|label2='''''H. erectus'''''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Homo gautengensis|Stw 53]] (1.9 million years ago)
|2=[[Dmanisi hominins|Dmanisi]] (1.8 million years ago)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Turkana Boy|Turkana]] (1.7 million years ago)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Olduvai Hominid 9]] (1.5 million years ago)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sangiran]] (1.4 million years ago)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Nanjing Man]] (0.6 million years ago)
|2=[[Peking Man]] (0.5 million years ago)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[He County#Archaeology|Hexian]] (0.5 million years ago)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sambungmacan crania|Sambungmacan]] (0.2 million years ago)
|2=[[Solo Man|Ngandong]] (0.1 million years ago)
}}
}}
}}
|2= {{clade
|1=''[[Homo heidelbergensis|H. heidelbergensis]]''{{efn-num|''H. heidelbergensis'' is also a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] assemblage of fossils.<ref name="Ni2021"/>}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neanderthal|H. neanderthalensis]]''
|2=''[[human|H. sapiens]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}|label1=''[[Homo]]'' (2.85 million years ago)|style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%}}

==Biology==
As such a widely distributed species both across regions and through time, the anatomy of ''H erectus'' can vary considerably. Among living [[primate]]s, the degree of regionality{{clarify|date=March 2026}} achieved by ''H. erectus'' ([[phenotypic plasticity]]) is only observed in modern humans.<ref name=Anton2016/>

===Head===
[[File:Solo Man reconstruction.png|thumb|[[Franz Weidenreich]]'s reconstruction of the ''[[Solo Man|H. e. soloensis]]'' skull]]
Dubois originally described the species using a skullcap, noting the traits of a low and thickened [[cranial vault]] and a continuous bar of bone forming the brow ridge (supraorbital torus).{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 132}} ''H. erectus'' fossils typically share these traits, but the Kenyan [[Koobi Fora]] skulls notably have thinner skulls and weaker supraorbital tori.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 147}} He also used several other traits now considered more typical of ''H. erectus sensu stricto'', such as a [[sagittal keel]] running across the midline of the skullcap, a bar of bone across the back of the skull ([[occipital bone|occipital]] torus), and a strong crest on the [[mastoid part of the temporal bone]].{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 132}} These traits can be still be found, nonetheless, in a few ''H. erectus sensu lato'' specimens, namely the 1.47 million year old Olduvai Hominin 9.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 136}}

Compared to ''H. erectus sensu lato'', the skullcap of ''sensu stricto'' narrows considerably at the front, the face is bigger and presumably more [[prognathism|prognathic]] (it juts out more, but the face is poorly documented), and the molars are larger particularly in Indonesian fossils.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=pp. 146–147}} ''H. erectus'' was the first human species with a fleshy [[human nose|nose]], which is generally thought to have evolved in response to breathing dry air in order to retain moisture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franciscus|first1=R. G.|last2=Trinkaus|first2=E.|author2-link=Erik Trinkaus |title=Nasal morphology and the emergence of ''Homo erectus'' |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=517–527 |year=1988 |pmid=3133950 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330750409 |bibcode=1988AJPA...75..517F }}</ref> Compared to earlier ''Homo'', ''H. erectus'' has smaller teeth, thinner [[tooth enamel|enamel]], and weaker [[mandible]]s (jawbone), likely due to a greater reliance on tool use and food processing.<ref name=Ungar2006>{{cite journal |last1=Ungar|first1=P. S.|last2=Grine|first2=F. E. |year=2006 |title=Diet in Early ''Homo'': A Review of the Evidence and a New Model of Adaptive Versatility |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=208–228 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123153 |bibcode=2006ARAnt..35..209U }}</ref>

The brain size of ''H. erectus'' varies considerably, but is generally smaller in ''H. erectus sensu lato'', as low as {{cvt|546|cc}} in [[Dmanisi skull 5]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lordkipanidze |first1=David |last2=Ponce de León |first2=Marcia S. |last3=Margvelashvili |first3=Ann |last4=Rak |first4=Yoel |last5=Rightmire |first5=G. Philip |last6=Vekua |first6=Abesalom |last7=Zollikofer |first7=Christoph P. E. |year=2013 |title=A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early ''Homo'' |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1238484 |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6156 |pages=326–331 |doi=10.1126/science.1238484 |pmid=24136960 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..326L |s2cid=20435482|url-access=subscription }}</ref> East Asian ''H. erectus'' overall are rather big-brained, averaging roughly 1,000 cc,<ref name=Anton2016>{{cite journal |first1=S. C. |last1=Antón |first2=H. G. |last2=Taboada |display-authors=et al. |year=2016 |title=Morphological variation in ''Homo erectus'' and the origins of developmental plasticity |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=371 |issue=1698 |article-number=20150236 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0236 |pmc=4920293 |pmid=27298467}}</ref> staying within the range of variation for modern humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.2478/anre-2021-0029 |title=Interpopulational variation in human brain size: Implications for hominin cognitive phylogeny |year=2022 |last1=Clark |first1=G. |last2=Henneberg |first2=M. |journal=Anthropological Review |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=405–429 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The late-surviving ''H. e. soloensis'' has the biggest brain volume with one specimen measuring {{cvt|1251|cc}}.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 136}}

===Body===
[[File:Neanderthal Museum 15.jpg|thumb|left|[[Turkana Boy]] at the [[Neanderthal Museum]]]]
The rest of the body is primarily understood by three partial skeletons from the Kenyan [[Lake Turkana#Anthropology|Lake Turkana]] site, notably [[Turkana Boy]]. Other postcranial fossils (all bones aside from the skull) attributed to ''H. erectus'' are not associated with a skull, making attribution unverifiable. Though the body plan of earlier ''Homo'' is poorly understood, ''H. erectus'' is usually characterized as the first ''Homo'' species with a human body plan, distinct from non-human apes.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=pp. 147–152}}<ref name=Anton2016/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haeusler|first1=M.|last2=Schiess|first2=R.|last3=Boeni|first3=T.|title=New vertebral and rib material point to modern bauplan of the Nariokotome ''Homo erectus'' skeleton |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=575–582 |year=2011 |pmid=21868059 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.07.004 |bibcode=2011JHumE..61..575H |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/50126/6/Haeusler_New_vertebral_and_rib_material_point_to_modern_bauplan.pdf}}</ref> The chest may have been short and [[barrel chest|barrel-shaped]], like other archaic humans.<ref name=Bastir2020>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Bastir|first2=D.|last2=García-Martínez|first3=N.|last3=Torres-Tamayo|first4=C. A.|last4=Palancar|first5=B.|last5=Beyer|first6=A.|last6=Barash|first7=C.|last7=Villa|first8=J. A.|last8=Sanchis-Gimeno|first9=A.|last9=Riesco-López|first10=S.|last10=Nalla|first11=I.|last11=Torres-Sánchez|first12=F.|last12=García-Río|first13=E.|last13=Been|first14=A.|last14=Gómez-Olivencia|first15=M.|last15=Haeusler|first16=S. A.|last16=Williams|first17=F.|last17=Spoor|year=2020|title=Rib cage anatomy in ''Homo erectus'' suggests a recent evolutionary origin of modern human body shape|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=4|issue=9 |pages=1178–1187|doi=10.1038/s41559-020-1240-4|pmid=32632258 |bibcode=2020NatEE...4.1178B |hdl=2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/311388|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fossil track]]s near [[Ileret]], Kenya, suggest a [[human gait]]. This adaptation is implicated in the dispersal of ''H. erectus'' across the Old World.<ref name=Hatala>{{cite journal |last1=Hatala|first1=K. G.|last2=Roach|first2=N. T.|last3=Ostrofsky |first3=K. R.|last4=Wunderlich|first4=R. E.|last5=Dingwall|first5=H. L.|last6=Villmoare|first6=B. A.|last7=Green|first7=D. J.|last8=Harris |first8=J. W.|last9=Braun|first9=D. R.|last10=Richmond|first10=B. G. |title=Footprints reveal direct evidence of group behavior and locomotion in ''Homo erectus'' |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=28766 |article-number=28766 |year=2016 |pmid=27403790 |pmc=4941528 |doi=10.1038/srep28766 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016NatSR...628766H}}</ref>

It is unclear when human ancestors [[prehistory of nakedness and clothing|lost most of their body hair]]. Genetic analysis suggests that high activity in the [[melanocortin 1 receptor]], which produces dark skin, dates back to 1.2 million years ago. This could indicate the evolution of hairlessness around this time, as a lack of body hair would have left the skin exposed to harmful [[UV radiation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers|first1=A. R.|last2=Iltis|first2=D.|last3=Wooding|first3=S. |year=2004 |title=Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=105–108 |doi=10.1086/381006 |bibcode=2004CurrA..45..105R |s2cid=224795768}}</ref> It is possible that populations in higher latitudes developed lighter skin to prevent [[vitamin D deficiency]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jablonski|first=N. G. |title=Human skin pigmentation as an example of adaptive evolution |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=156 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |year=2012 |pmid=23035389 |jstor=23558077}}</ref> though a 300,000 to 500,000 year old Turkish ''H. erectus'' specimen presents the earliest case of [[tuberculous meningitis]], which is typically exacerbated by vitamin D deficiency in dark-skinned people living in higher latitudes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kappelman|first1=J.|last2=Alçiçek|first2=M. C.|last3=Kazanci|first3=N.|last4=Schultz|first4=M.|last5=Ozkul|first5=M.|last6=Sen|first6=S. |title=First ''Homo erectus'' from Turkey and implications for migrations into temperate Eurasia |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=110–116 |year=2008 |pmid=18067194 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20739 |bibcode=2008AJPA..135..110K }}</ref> Hairlessness is generally thought to have facilitated sweating,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Best|first1=A.|last2=Kamilar|first2=J. M. |title=The evolution of eccrine sweat glands in human and nonhuman primates |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=117 |pages=33–43 |year=2018 |pmid=29544622 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.003 |bibcode=2018JHumE.117...33B |s2cid=3921318}}</ref> but it may also have helped to reduce parasite load, and was possibly reinforced by [[sexual selection]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pagel|first1=M|last2=Bodmer|first2=W. |year=2004 |chapter=The Evolution of Human Hairlessness: Cultural Adaptations and the Ectoparasite Hypothesis |title=Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Horizons |pages=329–335 |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-0443-4_17 |isbn=978-94-017-0443-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gile|first=J. |year=2010 |title=Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness |journal=Biological Theory |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=326–336 |doi=10.1162/BIOT_a_00062 |s2cid=84164968}}</ref>

===Size===
Height reconstructions range approximately {{cvt|141–167|cm|ftin|0}}, with tropical populations typically reconstructed as scoring on the higher end like modern human populations. Adult weight is harder to approximate, but about {{cvt|50|kg}} may have been normal. ''H. erectus'' is usually thought to be the first human species with little size-specific [[sexual dimorphism]], but the variability of postcranial material makes this unclear.<ref name=Anton2016/> A 2010 study estimates that the [[Turkana Boy]] would have reached a height of {{cvt|163|cm|ftin|0}} if he had reached adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=R. R. |last1=Graves |first2=A. C. |last2=Lupo |first3=R. C. |last3=McCarthy |first4=D. J. |last4=Wescott |first5=D. L. |last5=Cunningham |year=2010 |title=Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000? |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=542–554 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.007|pmid=20846707 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59..542G }}</ref>

===Growth and development===
The dimensions of a 1.8 million years old adult female ''H. e. ergaster'' pelvis from [[Gona, Ethiopia|Gona]], Ethiopia, suggests that she would have been capable of birthing children with a maximum prenatal brain size of {{cvt|315|cc}}, about 30–50% of adult brain size, falling between [[chimpanzee]]s (~40%) and modern humans (28%).<ref name=Simpson2008/> Similarly, a 1.5 million year old infant skull from Mojokerto had a brain volume of about 72–84% the size of an adult, which suggests a brain growth trajectory more similar to that of non-human apes.<ref name=Coqueugniot2004>{{cite journal |last1=Coqueugniot |first1=H. |last2=Hublin |first2=J.-J. |display-authors=et al. |year=2004 |title=Early brain growth in ''Homo erectus'' and implications for cognitive ability |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02852 |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue=7006 |pages=299–302 |doi=10.1038/nature02852 |pmid=15372030 |bibcode=2004Natur.431..299C |s2cid=4428043|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This suggests that the childhood growth and development of ''H. erectus'' was intermediate between that of chimpanzees and modern humans,<ref name=Simpson2008>{{Cite journal |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott W. |last2=Quade |first2=Jay |last3=Levin |first3=Naomi E. |last4=Butler |first4=Robert |last5=Dupont-Nivet |first5=Guillaume |last6=Everett |first6=Melanie |last7=Semaw |first7=Sileshi |year=2008 |title=A Female ''Homo erectus'' Pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1163592 |journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5904 |pages=1089–1092 |doi=10.1126/science.1163592 |pmid=19008443 |bibcode=2008Sci...322.1089S |citeseerx=10.1.1.710.7337 |s2cid=22191315}}</ref> and the faster development rate suggests that [[altriciality]] (an extended childhood) evolved at a later stage in human evolution.<ref name=Coqueugniot2004/> The faster development rate might also indicate a shorter expected lifespan compared to later ''Homo''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caspari |first1=Rachel |last2=Lee |first2=Sang-Hee |year=2004 |title=Older age becomes common late in human evolution |journal=PNAS |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10,895–10,900 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0402857101 |pmid=15252198 |pmc=503716 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Bone thickness===
[[File:Homo erectus skull cross-section.png|thumb|Cross sections of [[Peking Man]] Skulls III (A) and XII (B), and [[Java Man]] Skull II (C)]]
The bones are extraordinarily thickened, particularly in ''Homo erectus sensu stricto'', so much so that skull fragments have sometimes been confused for fossil turtle [[carapace]]s.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=p. 74}} The [[medullary canal]] in the [[long bone]]s (where the [[bone marrow]] is stored, in the limbs) is extremely narrowed (medullary [[stenosis]]). This degree of thickening is usually exhibited in semi-aquatic animals which use their heavy ([[pachyosteosclerosis|pachyosteosclerotic]]) bones as ballasts to help them sink, induced by [[hypothyroidism]].<ref name=Kennedy1985>{{cite journal |last=Kennedy|first=G. E. |year=1985 |title=Bone thickness in ''Homo erectus'' |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=699–708 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80052-X |bibcode=1985JHumE..14..699K}}</ref>

It is unclear what function intense bone thickening could have served. Before more complete skeletons were discovered, Weidenreich suggested ''H. erectus'' was a gigantic species.<ref>{{cite book|first=F.|last=Weidenreich|authorlink=Franz Weidenreich|year=1946|chapter=Giants as Earliest Ancestors|title=Apes, Giants, and Man|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531106/page/n57|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> Other explanations include a far more violent and impact-prone lifestyle than other ''Homo'', or pathological nutrient deficiencies.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=pp. 80–86}} The supraorbital torus thickens with age, and may be a response to [[bending]] stresses from habitual loading of the front teeth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Russell|first1=M. D.|last2=Brown|first2=T.|last3=Garn|first3=S. M.|last4=Giris|first4=F.|last5=Turkel|first5=S.|last6=İşcan|first6=M. Y.|last7=Oyen|first7=O. J.|last8=Jacobshagen|first8=B.|last9=Pietrusewsky|first9=M.|last10=Rightmire|first10=G. P.|last11=Smith|first11=F. H.|year=1985 |title=The Supraorbital Torus: 'A Most Remarkable Peculiarity' |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=337–350 |doi=10.1086/203279 |s2cid=146857927}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Subsistence===
{{See also|Hunting hypothesis}}
[[File:Megalochelys AMNH.jpg|thumb|left|''H. erectus'' overhunting may have led to the extinction of ''[[Megalochelys]]'' (above).<ref name=Rhodin2015/>]]
''H. erectus'' was early-on portrayed as the earliest [[hunter-gatherer]] and a skilled predator of big game, relying on running. The few identified specimens of the ''H. e. ergaster'' torso and pelvis may indicate a body plan more conducive for power running, unlike modern humans better [[endurance running hypothesis|adapted for endurance running]].<ref name=Bastir2020/> The gradual shift to "[[apex predator|top predator]]" may have led to its dispersal throughout Afro-Eurasia.<ref name=Carotenuto2016/> Though scavenging may have instead played a bigger role at least in some populations, ''H. erectus'' fossils are often associated with the butchered remains of large herbivores,{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=p. 105}} especially [[elephant]]s, [[rhino]]s, [[hippo]]s, [[bovine]]s, and [[boar]]s. Tracking complex prey behaviors as well as the nutritional value of meat have been connected to brain volume growth.<ref name=BenDor2011/>

''H. erectus'' is usually assumed to have practiced [[sexual division of labor]] much like recent hunter-gatherer societies, with men hunting and women gathering. This model is supported by a fossil trackway from Ileret, Kenya, made by a probably all-male band of over 20 ''H. erectus'' individuals, possibly a hunting party or (similar to chimpanzees) a border patrol group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hatala |first1=Kevin G. |last2=Roach |first2=Neil T. |last3=Ostrofsky |first3=Kelly R. |last4=Wunderlich |first4=Roshna E. |last5=Dingwall |first5=Heather L. |last6=Villmoare |first6=Brian A. |last7=Green |first7=David J. |last8=Harris |first8=John W. K. |last9=Braun |first9=David R.|last10=Richmond|first10=Brian G. |year=2016 |title=Footprints reveal direct evidence of group behavior and locomotion in ''Homo erectus'' |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=28766 |article-number=28766 |doi=10.1038/srep28766 |pmid=27403790 |pmc=4941528 |bibcode=2016NatSR...628766H}}</ref>

Since common modern human tapeworms began to diverge from those of other predators roughly 1.7 million years ago (specifically the [[Taenia solium|pork tapeworm]], [[Taenia saginata|beef tapeworm]], and [[Taenia asiatica|Asian tapeworm]]), not only was ''H. erectus'' consuming meat regularly enough for speciation to occur in these parasites, but meat was probably consumed raw more often than not.{{sfn|Boaz|Ciochon|2004|loc=p. 105–107}} Some populations were collecting aquatic resources like fish, shellfish, and turtles at waterside sites, such as Lake Turkana<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steele|first=T. E. |title=A unique hominin menu dated to 1.95 million years ago |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=107 |issue=24 |pages=10771–10772 |year=2010 |pmid=20534542 |pmc=2890732 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1005992107 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010PNAS..10710771S}}</ref> and Trinil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joordens|first1=J. C.|last2=Wesselingh|first2=F. P.|last3=de Vos|first3=J.|last4=Vonhof|first4=H. B.|last5=Kroon|first5=D. |title=Relevance of aquatic environments for hominins: a case study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia) |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=656–671 |year=2009 |pmid=19683789 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.003 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57..656J}}</ref> Underground [[storage organ]]s (roots, tubers, etc.) were likely also major dietary components, and traces of the edible plant ''[[Celtis]]'' have been documented at several ''H. erectus'' sites.<ref name=Hardy2018>{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Hardy |year=2018 |title=Plant use in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: Food, medicine and raw materials |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=191 |pages=393–398 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.028|bibcode=2018QSRv..191..393H }}</ref>

Possibly due to overhunting of the biggest game available, the dispersal of ''H. erectus'' and descendant species may be implicated in the extinctions of large herbivores and the gradual reduction of average herbivore size over the Pleistocene.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. |last1=Dembitzer |first2=R. |last2=Barkai |first3=M. |last3=Ben-Dor |first4=S. |last4=Meiri |year=2022 |title=Levantine overkill: 1.5 million years of hunting down the body size distribution |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=276 |article-number=107316 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107316|bibcode=2022QSRv..27607316D }}</ref> ''H. erectus'' overhunting has been blamed by some authors for the decline of [[proboscidea]]n species as well as competing carnivores,<ref name=BenDor2011>{{cite journal |last1=Ben-Dor|first1=M.|last2=Gopher|first2=A.|last3=Hershkovitz|first3=I|last4=Barkai|first4=R. |title=Man the fat hunter: the demise of ''Homo erectus'' and the emergence of a new hominin lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=12 |article-number=e28689 |year=2011 |pmid=22174868 |pmc=3235142 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0028689 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...628689B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=T. |last1=Surovell |first2=N. |last2=Waguespack |first3=P. J. |last3=Brantingham |year=2005 |title=Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=17 |pages=6,231-6,236 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501947102|doi-access=free |pmid=15829581 |pmc=1087946 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.6231S }}</ref><ref name=Faith2020>{{cite journal|last1=Faith|first1=J. Tyler|last2=Rowan|first2=John|last3=Du|first3=Andrew|last4=Barr|first4=W. Andrew|year=2020|title=The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to ''Homo sapiens''|journal=Quaternary Research|volume=96|pages=88–104|doi=10.1017/qua.2020.51 |bibcode=2020QuRes..96...88F }}</ref> but their decline may be better attributed to the spread of grasslands.<ref name=Faith2020/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saarinen|first1=Juha|last2=Lister|first2=Adrian M.|year=2023|title=Fluctuating climate and dietary innovation drove ratcheted evolution of proboscidean dental traits|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=7|issue=9 |pages=1490–1502|doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02151-4|pmid=37580434 |pmc=10482678|bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1490S }}</ref> The giant tortoise ''[[Megalochelys]]'' may have been driven to extinction by ''H. erectus'' in [[Sundaland]] (what is now [[Island Southeast Asia]]), since species went extinct shortly after the arrival of ''H. erectus''.<ref name=Rhodin2015>{{Cite book |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/cbftt/ |title=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises |chapter=Turtles and Tortoises of the World During the Rise and Global Spread of Humanity: First Checklist and Review of Extinct Pleistocene and Holocene Chelonians |year=2015 |publisher=Chelonian Research Foundation |isbn=978-0-9653540-9-7 |editor-last=Rhodin |editor-first=A. |edition=First |series=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015 |editor-last2=Pritchard |editor-first2=P. |editor-last3=van Dijk |editor-first3=P. P. |editor-last4=Saumure |editor-first4=R. |editor-last5=Buhlmann |editor-first5=K. |editor-last6=Iverson |editor-first6=J. |editor-last7=Mittermeier |editor-first7=R. |page=15}}</ref>

===Technology===
====Stone tools====

[[File:Pièce bifaciale Saint-Acheul La Garenne Archéologie Nationale 01042018.jpg|thumb|A [[handaxe]] from the [[Amiens|Saint-Acheul]] site at the [[National Archaeological Museum, France|Musée d'Archéologie nationale]], France ]]

''H. erectus'' manufactured [[Lower Paleolithic]] technologies, and is credited with the invention of the [[Acheulean]] stone tool [[industry (archaeology)|industry]] at latest 1.95 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Margherita|last1=Mussi|first2=Matthew M.|last2=Skinner|first3=Rita T.|last3=Melis|first4=Joaquín|last4=Panera|title=Early ''Homo erectus'' lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add9115|journal=Science|year= 2023|pages=713–718|volume=382|issue=6671|doi=10.1126/science.add9115|first5=Susana|last5=Rubio-Jara|first6=Thomas W.|last6=Davies|first7=Denis|last7=Geraads|first8=Hervé|last8=Bocherens|first9=Giuseppe|last9=Briatico|first10=Adeline|last10=Le Cabec|first11=Jean-Jacques|last11=Hublin|first12=Agness|last12=Gidna|first13=Raymonde|last13=Bonnefille|first14=Luca|last14=Di Bianco|first15=Eduardo|last15=Méndez-Quintas|pmid=37824630 |bibcode=2023Sci...382..713M }}</ref> This was a major technological breakthrough featuring large, heavy-duty tools; most iconically, the [[handaxe]]. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the Acheulean eventually replaced its predecessor — the [[Oldowan]] (a [[chopper (archaeology)|chopper]] and [[lithic flake|flake]] industry) — in Africa, and spread out across Western Eurasia.<ref name=Torre2016/> This sudden innovation was typically explained as a response to environmental instability in order to process more types of food and broaden the diet combined with increasing brain size, which also allowed ''H. erectus'' to colonize Eurasia. Despite this characterization of the Acheulean, the small-brained ''H. e. georgicus'' was able to leave Africa despite only manufacturing Oldowan-style tools,<ref name=Carotenuto2016/><ref name=Torre2016>{{cite journal |last=de la Torre|first=I. |title=The origins of the Acheulean: past and present perspectives on a major transition in human evolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1698 |article-number=20150245 |year=2016 |pmid=27298475 |pmc=4920301 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0245}}</ref> the 1.6 million year old DAN5/P1 specimen from [[Gona, Ethiopia]] is associated with Acheulean style tools despite its low brain volume of {{cvt|598|cc}},<ref name=Baab2025/> and the handaxe does not seem to have been manufactured commonly in East Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=H. |last1=Li |first2=C. |last2=Li |first3=K. |last3=Kuman |year=2014 |title=Rethinking the "Acheulean" in East Asia: Evidence from recent investigations in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, central China |journal=Quaternary International |volume=347 |pages=163–175 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.059|bibcode=2014QuInt.347..163L }}</ref> The lack of East Asian handaxes was first noted by American archaeologist [[Hallam L. Movius]] in 1948, who drew the "[[Movius Line]]", dividing the East into a "chopping-tool culture" and the West into a "hand axe culture".<ref name=Movius1948>{{cite journal |first=H. L. |last=Movius |author-link=Hallam L. Movius |year=1948 |title=The Lower Palaeolithic Cultures of Southern and Eastern Asia |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=386–403 |doi=10.2307/1005632 |jstor=1005632}}</ref> Movius took this as evidence of inferiority of Far Eastern populations:

{{blockquote|text=...as early as [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Palaeolithic]] times Southern and Eastern Asia as a whole was a region of cultural retardation...very primitive forms of Early Man apparently persisted there long after types at a comparable stage of physical evolution had become extinct elsewhere.|author=[[Hallam L. Movius]], 1948<ref name=Movius1948/>}}

[[File:Homo-erectus Turkana-Boy (Ausschnitt) Fundort Nariokotome, Kenia, Rekonstruktion im Neanderthal Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Reconstruction of [[Turkana Boy]] at the [[Neanderthal Museum]]]]
''H. erectus'' seems to have been using stone tools in butchery, vegetable processing, and woodworking (maybe manufacturing [[spear]]s and [[digging stick]]s).<ref name=Hardy2018/><ref name=Dominguez2001/> In Africa, Oldowan sites are typically found alongside major fossil assemblages, but Acheulean sites normally feature more stone tools than fossils, so ''H. erectus'' could have been using choppers and handaxes for different activities.<ref name=Dominguez2001>{{cite journal |first1=M. |last1=Dominguez-Rodrigo |first2=J. |last2=Serrallonga |first3=J. |last3=Juan-Tresserras |first4=L. |last4=Alcala |first5=L. |last5=Luque |year=2001 |title=Woodworking activities by early humans: a plant residue analysis on Acheulian stone tools from Peninj (Tanzania) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=289–299 |doi=10.1006/jhev.2000.0466|pmid=11312582 |bibcode=2001JHumE..40..289D }}</ref> These stone tools probably were not [[hafting|hafted]] onto spears; this innovation is associated with the transition to the [[Middle Paleolithic]] and the emergence of Neanderthals and modern humans.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J.|last1=Blinkhorn|title=Examining the Origins of Hafting in South Asia|journal=Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology|year=2019|issn=2520-8217|pages=466–481|volume=2|issue=4|doi=10.1007/s41982-019-00034-4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Materials for stone tools were normally sourced locally, and it seems [[lithic reduction|blanks]] were usually chosen based on size rather than material quality.<ref name=Torre2016/> ''H. erectus'' also produced tools from shells at Sangiran<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choi|first1=K.|last2=Driwantoro|first2=D. |year=2007 |title=Shell tool use by early members of ''Homo erectus'' in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=48–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013 |bibcode=2007JArSc..34...48C}}</ref> and Trinil.<ref name=Joordens2015/>

====Fire====
{{Main|Control of fire by early humans}}
''H. erectus'' is credited as the first human species to wield fire. The earliest claimed fire site is [[Wonderwerk Cave]], South Africa, at 1.7 million years old.<ref name=Beaumont2011>{{cite journal |last=Beaumont|first=P. B. |year=2011 |title=The Edge: More on Fire-Making by about 1.7 Million Years Ago at Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=585–595 |doi=10.1086/660919 |s2cid=144176681}}</ref> While the species' dispersal far out of Africa has often been attributed to fire and cave dwelling, fire does not become common in the archaeological record until 300,000 to 400,000 years ago,<ref name=Roebroeks2011>{{cite journal |last1=Roebroeks|first1=W.|last2=Villa|first2=P. |title=On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5209–5214 |year=2011 |pmid=21402905 |pmc=3069174 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1018116108 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5209R}}</ref> and cave-dwelling about 600,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303107882 |last1=Ullman|first1=M.|last2=Hovers|first2=E.|last3=Goren-Inbar|first3=N.|last4=Frumkin|first4=A. |year=2013 |title=Levantine cave dwellers: geographic and environmental aspects of early humans use of caves, case study from Wadi Amud, northern Israel |journal=International Congress of Speleology |volume=1 |page=169}}</ref> Therefore, ''H. erectus'' may have only been scavenging fire opportunistically. Similarly, ''H. erectus'' sites usually stay within warmer tropical or subtropical latitudes.<ref name=Carotenuto2016>{{cite journal |last1=Carotenuto|first1=F.|last2=Tsikaridze|first2=N.|last3=Rook|first3=L.|last4=Lordkipanidze|first4=D.|last5=Longo|first5=L.|last6=Condemi|first6=S.|last7=Raia|first7=P. |title=Venturing out safely: The biogeography of ''Homo erectus'' dispersal out of Africa |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=95 |pages=1–12 |year=2016 |pmid=27260171 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.005 |bibcode=2016JHumE..95....1C |hdl=10356/82274 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The dating of northerly populations (namely Peking Man) could suggest that they were retreating to warmer refugia during [[glacial period]]s, but the precise age of the Peking Man fossils is poorly resolved.{{sfn|Antón|2003|loc=p. 132}}<ref name="auto"/> There have been claims of manmade hearths and "clear-cut evidence for intentional fire use",<ref>{{cite journal |first1=X. |last1=Gao |first2=S. |last2=Zhang |first3=Y. |last3=Zhang |first4=F. |last4=Chen |year=2017 |title=Evidence of Hominin Use and Maintenance of Fire at Zhoukoudian |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S267–S277 |doi=10.1086/692501 |s2cid=164616520 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317987720}}</ref> ostensibly as far back as 770,000 years ago in the supposed cave home of Peking Man.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=M. |last2=Shi |first2=C. |display-authors=et al. |year=2013 |title=On the possible use of fire by ''Homo erectus'' at Zhoukoudian, China |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=335–343 |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-0061-0 |s2cid=93590269}}</ref> At the French Caune de L'Arago, Tautavel Man does not seem to have been using fire at all, even though occupation sequences span two cold periods.<ref name=Lumley2015/>

====Healthcare====
{{See also|Prehistoric medicine}}
[[File:Dmanisi fossils D 3444 + D 3900 (Replika).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The single-toothed ''[[Dmanisi hominins|H. e. georgicus]]'' specimen (above) is the earliest probable example of human group care.<ref name=Spikins2019/>]]
Like other primates, ''H. erectus'' probably used [[medicinal plant]]s<ref name=Hardy2018/> and infirmed sick group members. The earliest probable example of human group care is a 1.77 million year old ''H. e. georgicus'' specimen who had lost all but one tooth due to age or [[gum disease]] (the earliest example of severe chewing impairment) yet still survived for several years afterwards.<ref name=Spikins2019>{{cite journal |last1=Spikins|first1=P.|last2=Needham|first2=A.|last3=Wright|first3=B|last4=Dytham|first4=C|last5=Gatta |first5=M.|last6=Hitchens|first6=G. |year=2019 |title=Living to fight another day: The ecological and evolutionary significance of Neanderthal healthcare |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=217 |pages=98–118 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.011 |bibcode=2019QSRv..217...98S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Seafaring====
''H. erectus'' made long sea crossings to arrive on the islands of [[Flores]], [[Luzon]],<ref name="Détroit2019">{{cite journal |last1=Détroit|first1=F.|last2=Mijares|first2=A. S.|last3=Corny|first3=J.|last4=Daver|first4=G.|last5=Zanolli|first5=C.|last6=Dizon|first6=E.|last7=Robles|first7=E.|last8=Grün|first8=R.|last9=Piper|first9=P. J. |title=A new species of ''Homo'' from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines |journal=Nature |volume=568 |issue=7751 |pages=181–186 |year=2019 |pmid=30971845 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9 |name-list-style=amp |s2cid=106411053 |bibcode=2019Natur.568..181D |hdl=10072/386785 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02296712/file/Detroit_%26_al_2019_Nature_postprint.pdf}}</ref> and some [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] islands. Some authors have asserted that ''H. erectus'' intentionally made these crossings by inventing watercrafts and seafaring so early in time, speaking to advanced cognition and language skills. These populations could have also been founded by [[oceanic dispersal|natural rafting events]] instead.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Botha |first=Rudolf |year=2024 |title=Did ''Homo erectus'' Have Language? The Seafaring Inference |journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |volume=35 |language=en |pages=21–37 |doi=10.1017/S0959774324000118 |issn=0959-7743 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Art and rituals ===
{{See also|Prehistoric art}}

In East Asia, ''H. erectus'' is usually represented only by skullcaps, which used to be interpreted as widespread [[human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and ritual [[headhunting]]. This had been reinforced by the historic practice of headhunting and cannibalism in some recent Indonesian, Australian, and Polynesian cultures, which were formerly believed to have directly descended from these ''H. erectus'' populations. The lack of the rest of the skeleton is now normally explained by natural phenomena.<ref>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Jacob |author-link=Teuku Jacob |year=1972 |title=The Problem of Head-Hunting and Brain-Eating among Pleistocene Men in Indonesia |journal=Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=86–89 |jstor=40386169}}</ref>

[[File:Homo Erectus shell with geometric incisions circa 500,000 BP, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands (with detail).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Engraved ''[[Pseudodon]]'' shell [[Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL|DUB1006-fL]] from [[Trinil]], [[Java]]]]

Art-making could be evidence of symbolic thinking. An engraved ''[[Pseudodon]]'' shell [[Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL|DUB1006-fL]] from Trinil, Java, with geometric markings could possibly be the earliest example of art-making, dating to 436,000 to 546,000 years ago.<ref name=Joordens2015>{{cite journal |last1=Joordens|first1=J. C.|last2=d'Errico|first2=F.|last3=Wesselingh|first3=F. P.|last4=Munro|first4=S.|last5=de Vos|first5=J|last6=Wallinga|first6=J.|last7=Ankjærgaard|first7=C.|last8=Reimann|first8=T.|last9=Wijbrans|first9=J. R.|last10=Kuiper|first10=K. F.|last11=Mücher|first11=H. J.|last12=Coqueugniot|first12=H.|last13=Prié|first13=V|last14=Joosten|first14=I.|last15=van Os|first15=B.|last16=Schulp|first16=A. S.|last17=Panuel|first17=M.|last18=van der Haas|first18=V.|last19=Lustenhouwer|first19=W.|last20=Reijmer|first20=J. J.|last21=Roebroeks|first21=W. |title=''Homo erectus'' at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving |journal=Nature |volume=518 |issue=7538 |pages=228–231 |year=2015 |pmid=25470048 |doi=10.1038/nature13962 |s2cid=4461751 |bibcode=2015Natur.518..228J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway|first=E. |title=''Homo erectus'' made world's oldest doodle 500,000 years ago |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.16477 |url=https://www.nature.com/news/homo-erectus-made-world-s-oldest-doodle-500-000-years-ago-1.16477 |year=2014 |s2cid=164153158|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Dickson1992>{{cite book |last=Dickson|first=D. B. |year=1992 |title=The Dawn of Belief: Religion in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern Europe |publisher=University of Arizona Press |pages=40–46 |url={{google books |plainurl=yes |id=DNr5YIygjMMC |page=40}} |isbn=978-0-8165-1336-9}}</ref> ''H. erectus'' was also the earliest human to collect red-colored pigments, namely [[ochre]]. Ochre lumps at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, associated with the 1.4 million year old Olduvai Hominid 9 may have been purposefully shaped and trimmed by a [[hammerstone]]. Red ochre is normally recognized as bearing symbolic value when associated with modern humans.<ref name=Dickson1992/>

===Language===
{{See also|Origin of language|Origin of speech}}
The [[spinal column]] of the 1.6 million year old Turkana boy would not have supported properly developed respiratory muscles required to produce speech;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Latimer|first1=B.|last2=Ohman|first2=J. |year=2001 |title=Axial dysplasia in ''Homo erectus'' |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schiess|first1=R.|last2=Haeusler|first2=M. |title=No skeletal dysplasia in the Nariokotome boy KNM-WT 15000 (''Homo erectus'')--a reassessment of congenital pathologies of the vertebral column |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=365–374 |year=2013 |pmid=23283736 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22211 |bibcode=2013AJPA..150..365S }}</ref> and a 1.5 million year old infant ''H. erectus'' skull from Mojokerto, Java, shows that this population did not have an extended childhood, which is a prerequisite for [[language acquisition]].<ref name=Coqueugniot2004/> On the other hand, despite the [[cochlea]]r (ear) anatomy of Sangiran 2 and 4 retaining several traits reminiscent of australopithecines, the hearing range may have included the higher frequencies used to discern speech.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=A. |last1=Urciuoli |first2=J. |last2=Kubat |first3=L. |last3=Schisanowski |first4=F. |last4=Schrenk |first5=B. |last5=Zipfel |first6=M. |last6=Tawane |first7=L. |last7=Bam |first8=D. M. |last8=Alba |first9=O. |last9=Kullmer |year=2022 |title=Cochlear morphology of Indonesian ''Homo erectus'' from Sangiran |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=165 |article-number=103163 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103163|doi-access=free |pmid=35299091 |bibcode=2022JHumE.16503163U }}</ref>

Given expanding brain size and technological innovation, ''H. erectus'' may have been using some basic proto-language in combination with gesturing, and built the basic framework around which fully-fledged languages would eventually be formed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillert|first=D. G. |title=On the Evolving Biology of Language |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=6 |pages=1796 |year=2015 |pmid=26635694 |pmc=4656830 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01796 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cro-Magnon]]
*[[Behavioral modernity]]
*[[Evolution of human intelligence]]
*''[[Homo naledi]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist-num}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Boaz |first1=N. T. |last2=Ciochon |first2=R. |author2-link=Russell Ciochon |year=2004 |title=Dragon Bone Hill: An Ice-Age Saga of Homo erectus |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803488-9}}
* {{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2003 |title=Natural history of ''Homo erectus''† |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |volume=122 |issue=S37 |pages=126–170 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10399 |doi-access=free|pmid=14666536 |bibcode=2003AJPA..122S.126A }}
* {{cite book |last=Theunissen |first=B. |year=1989 |title=Eugène Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-1-55608-081-4}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Homo erectus}}{{Wikispecies|Homo erectus|''Homo erectus''}}
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/homo_erectus.php Homo erectus] Origins – Exploring the Fossil Record – Bradshaw Foundation
* [http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm Archaeology Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516125629/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm |date=16 May 2011 }}
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus Homo erectus] – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6937476.stm Possible co-existence with Homo Habilis] – BBC News
* [[John D. Hawks|John Hawks]]'s [http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/middle/kocabas/kappelman_2007_kocabas_tuberculosis.html discussion of the Kocabas fossil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210522/http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/palaeo.html Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology]
* [http://atlasofhumanevolution.com/HomoErectus.asp The Age of Homo erectus] – Interactive Map of the Journey of Homo erectus out of Africa
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).
{{Human Evolution}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q101362}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar|Evolutionary biology|Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Homo Erectus}}
[[Category:Homo erectus| ]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1892]]
[[Category:Pliocene primates]]
[[Category:Pleistocene primates]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Indonesia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric China]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Kenya]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Tanzania]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Hungary]]
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[[Category:Prehistoric Georgia (country)]]
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[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Eugène Dubois]]
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Punjab States Agency

2026-03-14T12:01:27Z

BasilGott93: cleaned up references and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Agency of British India}}
{{About|a historical group of states in British India|other uses of the name|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Punjab States Agency
| common_name = Punjab States Agency
| nation = [[British India]]
| status_text = British Residency
| era = New Imperialism
| year_start = 1921
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Partition of India|British withdrawal from India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = Patiala and East Punjab States Union
| s2 = Himachal Pradesh
| s3 = Bilaspur State (1950–54)
| s4 = Bahawalpur (princely state)
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Patiala and East Punjab States Union - PEPSU logo.jpg
| flag_s2 =
| flag_s3 = Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg
| image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| image_coat = Arms of British Punjab.jpg
| image_map = Punjab 1909.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of the [[Punjab (British India)|British Punjab]] in 1909.
| stat_area1 = 86430
| stat_year1 = 1921
| stat_pop1 = 465493
| today = In [[Pakistan]]: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]; in [[India]]: [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]

| footnotes = 
}}

The '''Punjab States Agency''' was an agency of the [[British Raj]]. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the [[Central India Agency]] and [[Rajputana Agency]], and dealt with forty [[princely states]] in northwest India formerly dealt with by the Province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=David P. Henige|title=Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2004|isbn=978-974-524-049-0}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Punjab |volume=22}}</ref>

After 1947, all of the states chose to [[Instrument of Accession|accede]] to the [[Dominion of India]], except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], which acceded to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].

== History ==
{{Princely States topics}}

After the 1809 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|Treaty of Amritsar]], most [[Cis-Sutlej states]] came under British protection. Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the [[Treaty of Lahore]] & [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|amritsar]] in 1846, several princely states such as [[Kapurthala]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the hill states between the Beas and Ravi—previously part of the Sikh Empire—also came under British influence and were administered under the Punjab. [[Chamba State|Chamba]] was added to Jammu in 1846 but was separated from Jammu and established as a separate state in 1847. Jammu and Kashmir remained under the administration of the Punjab State until 1877, when it was placed under the direct political control of the Government of British India.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918074647/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=uchicago.edu}}</ref>

While the hill princely states south of the Sutlej came under the suzerainty of the British crown after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–16 and became known as the Punjab Native States and the [[Simla Hill States]]. They later entered into direct diplomatic relations with the British province of Punjab, with the exception of [[Tehri Garhwal State]], which maintained a connection with the United Provinces.
[[File:Photograph of the Lt. Governor of Punjab, Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, with rulers of princely-states, Lahore, 1894.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Lt. Governor of Punjab, [[Dennis Fitzpatrick (civil servant)|Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick]], with rulers of princely-states, namely Faridkot, Sirmur, Nabha, Patiala, Bahawalpur, Jind, Kapurthala, and Malerkotla, Lahore, 1894]]
The Punjab States Agency was established in 1921 out of the previous Punjab Native States, which had received advice from the Lieutenant Governor of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Simla Hill States]], advised by the Deputy Commissioner of [[Simla district]].<ref>John Hutchison and JP Vogel, ''History of Punjab Hill states''; Lahore 1933</ref> The agency was created under the direct authority of the Governor General of India, with its headquarters in [[Shimla]].<ref>Ramesh Chandra Bisht, ''International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas'', Vol. 3, p. 104</ref>

By 1941, the term "Punjab Hill States" had replaced "Shimla Hill States" in formal usage — particularly in census tables, reports, and statistical summaries. Until the 1941 Census,<ref>1941 British India Punjab Province Census Book - [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 1941 British India Punjab Province Jstor.com]</ref> there were 18 Punjab Hill States and 16 Punjab States. After Indian Independence in 1947, except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur State]] (which acceded to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]), all others acceded to the new [[Dominion of India]] and became part of [[East Punjab]]. Today, these regions are part of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (Pakistan) and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]], [[Haryana]] (India).

== Princely states survived till 1947 ==

=== Punjab States Agency & Punjab Hill State ===
[[File:Province and Princely States of Punjab, 1947.jpg|thumb|Map of Punjab in 1947, with princely-state territory in purple & direct British-rule in pink.]]
18 Punjab Hill State & 16 Punjab State Noted in 1941 Census<ref name=":6">{{cite web
| title = Census of India, 1941: Volume VI – Punjab
| author = Khan Bahadur Sheikh Fazl-i-Ilahi
| publisher = Government of India
| year = 1941
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541
| website = JSTOR
}}</ref>

Those 16 Punjab state were [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], [[Faridkot State|Kalsia]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Malerkotla State|Bahawalpur]], [[Malerkotla State|MalerKotla]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], [[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], [[Suket State|Suket]]. and 18 Punjab hill states were [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur), [[Bashahr]], [[Baghat]], [[Baghat]], Balsan, [[Beja State|Beja]], [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]], [[Darkoti]], [[Dhami State|Dhami]], [[Jubbal]], [[Keonthal]], [[Kumharsain]], [[Kunihar]], [[Kuthar]], Mahlog, [[Mangal State|Mangal]], [[Baragaon, Himachal Pradesh|Sangri]], Tharoch.<ref name=":6" />
[[File:Reduced_from_the_preliminary_compilation_map_of_the_Cis-Sutlej_territory_comprising_the_Districts_of_Ambala,_Thanesar,_Ludhiana_and_Firozpur,_Surveyed_by_H._V._Stephen,_1846–51_(F.4-28).jpg|right|thumb|Map of the Cis-Sutlej territory 1846-51]]

=== State by Fall Region ===

==== Pakistan ====

* '''[[Punjab, Pakistan|PUNJAB]]'''

# [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] (now in Pakistan), title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (later promoted to 21 guns by the Pakistani president)

==== India ====
[[File:Map_of_the_protected_Sikh_states_exhibiting_the_possessions_of_the_petty_chiefs_and_independent_Jagirdars_in_the_Punjab,_copy_from_1843_(F.4-6).jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Details map on village level of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835) showing over 60 states and estates, along with [[Sikh Empire|Lahore (Sikh Empire)]] and direct British territory.]]
Source:<ref>Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi, South Asia Open Archives (SAOA), Center for Research Libraries, JSTOR. Available at Page no.V: https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797139</ref>

* [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|'''PEPSU''']] (7 Punjab State & 1 Punjab Hill State)

# [[Patiala State|Patiala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (19-guns local)
# [[Nabha State|Nabha]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local)
# [[Jind State|Jind]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
# [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
# [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Malerkotla State|MalerKotla]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Kalsia]], title Raja, Non Salute
# [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur), Non Salute Punjab Hill state

* '''Himachal Pradesh''' (17 Punjab Hill State & 4 Punjab state)

# [[Chamba State|Chamba]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Mandi State|Mandi]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Suket State|Suket]] (Sundarnagar), title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Bashahr]], title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute(Personal) Punjab Hill state
# [[Baghal State|Baghal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Baghat]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Balsan, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Beja State|Beja]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Darkoti]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Dhami State|Dhami]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Jubbal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Keonthal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kumharsain]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kunihar]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kuthar]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Mahlog, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Mangal State|Mangal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Baragaon, Himachal Pradesh|Sangri]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Tharoch, Non Salute Punjab Hill state

* '''Bilaspur'''

# [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns

* '''Merge within surrounded districts of [[East Punjab]]'''

# [[Loharu State|Loharu]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns added in '''Hisar District'''
# [[Dujana]], title Nawab.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=22}}</ref> added into '''Rohtak District'''
# [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], title Nawab added into '''Gurgaon District'''

Today, all of Himachal Pradesh, along with Bilaspur, Nalagarh, and a very small part of Patiala State (its [[Kandaghat|Kandaghat Tehsil]] part), is part of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. All merged states (Dujana, Loharu, Pataudi), most of Kalsia ([[Chhachhrauli|chachruali]] etc.) and [[Jind State#Administrative divisions and boundaries|Jind]] (including [[Jind]] and [[Charkhi Dadri|Dadri]]), as well as some parts of Patiala (Such as [[Pinjore]], [[Narwana]] and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]) and Nabha ([[Bawal]]), are now part of [[Haryana]]. Some parts of Kalsia (such as [[Dera Bassi]], [[charik]]) and [[Jind State#I. Sangrur Tahsil:|Jind]] (like [[Sangrur]], balanwali etc.), most of Patiala and Nabha, and the entire states of Faridkot, Malerkotla, and Kapurthala are now part of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

== Princely States: annexed by Britisher ==
[[File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, copy from 1843 (F.4-7).jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Map of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835), showing over 60 states and estates, along with [[Sikh Empire|Lahore (Sikh Empire)]] and direct British territory.]]
* Jagadhari, tittle sardar, annexed in 1829<ref>Source: Page no. 334 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref>
* Thanesar, tittle Sardar, annexed in 1832 & 1850<ref name=":43">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>
* [[Kaithal State|Kaithal]], title Bhai ( Maharaja) annexed in 1843<ref name=":42">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>

* [[Ladwa State]], title Sardar, annexed in 1846<ref name=":4">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>
* Dialgarth tittle Sardar, annexed in 1852<ref name=":5">Source: Page no. 222 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref>
* Raikot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1854<ref name=":5" />
* Mamdot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1855<ref name=":5" />
* Bahadurgarh, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabgarh]], title Raja, annexed 1857<ref>{{cite book |last1=experts |first1=Arihant |title=Know your state Haryana |publisher=Arihant Publication India Limited |year=2018 |isbn=978-9350947890}}</ref>
* Farrukhnagar, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh |title=Haryana: Past and Present |page=110}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=114 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
* Jhajjar, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref name=":0" />
And Many more.

=== Transfer ===

* [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], formerly included (from 1846) among the Punjab States, was placed under the direct Political control of the Government of British India in 1877.<ref name=":7">Source: Page No. 99 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918074647/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=uchicago.edu}}</ref>
== Jagirs ==
* Kunjpura, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Arnauli, title Bhai<ref name=":1" />
* Karnal, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Shantiabad, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Dhanaura, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Tangaur, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Jharauli, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Shamgarh, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Panipat, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Shahzadapur, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Mustafabad, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Gogripur, title Chaudhary<ref name=":1" />

== Historical princely states of the Punjab Hills ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Kangra-Lambagraon|Kangra]]
* Kangra-Nadaun
* [[Jaswan]]
* [[Guler State|Guler]] (Haripur)
* [[Siba State|Siba]]
* [[Datarpur State|Datarpur]]
* [[Kutlehar State|Kutlehar]]
* [[Madhopur, Jalandhar|Madhopur]]
* [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]]
{{Div col end}}

== Simla Hill States Superintendency of the Punjab States Agency ==
[[Salute state|Salute states]]:
* [[Bashahr]], title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute

Non-salute states, alphabetically:
{{Div col}}
* [[Baghal State|Baghal]]
* [[Baghat]]
* Balsan
* [[Beja State|Beja]]
* [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]]
* [[Darkoti]]
* [[Dhami State|Dhami]]
* [[Jubbal]]
* [[Keonthal]]
* [[Kumharsain]]
* [[Kunihar]]
* [[Kuthar]]
* Mahlog
* [[Mangal State|Mangal]]
* [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur)
* [[Baragaon, Himachal Pradesh|Sangri]]
* Tharoch
{{Div col end}}

== Dynasties by State ==
The following are the dynasties of respective states of the Punjab Agency:

[[Salute state]]s, by precedence:
* [[Patiala State|Patiala]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] (Phulkian Dynasty)<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=412}}</ref>
* [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] - Daudpotra Abbasi<ref name=":2" />
* [[Jind State|Jind]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] (Phulkian Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] - Kalal [[Jat]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[Nabha State|Nabha]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] ([[Phulkian]] Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]] - Agrok Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Chamba State|Chamba]] - Agrok Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] - [[Brar]] [[Jat]] ([[Phulkian]] Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Malerkotla State|Maler Kotla (Malerkotla)]] - Sherwani Pathan<ref name=":2" />
* [[Mandi State|Mandi]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]] - Jadu Bhati Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Suket State|Suket]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Loharu State|Loharu]] - Pathan<ref name=":2" />

Non-salute states, alphabetically :
* Dujana State - [[Yusufzai]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mamdot]] - Hassanzai Pathan<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Sir Lepel H |title=The Punjab Chiefs |date=1865 |page=56}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":2" />

Annexed States:
* Bahadurgarh - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabgarh]] - [[Tewatia]] Jat<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Raja Nahar Singh Palace|url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|website=HaryanaTourism|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628070339/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|archive-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* Farrukhnagar - Baluch<ref name=":1" />
* Jhajjar - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Political integration of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|30|6|N|77|10|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1930]]

Devi Krishnapriya

2026-03-08T18:33:34Z

BasilGott93: Added a bio.

{{Short description|Indian spiritual orator and motivational speaker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2026}}{{Advert|date=February 2026}}{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devi Krishnapriya
| image =
| caption = Devi Krishnapriya in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|01|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mathura]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Spiritual orator, devotional singer, motivational speaker
}}

'''Devi Krishnapriya''' (born 26 January 1997), also known as '''Sadhvi Krishnapriya''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-sadhvi-krishnapriya-is-running-campaign-for-animal-rights-cow-protection/articleshow/93118218.cms|title=Sadhvi Krishnapriya is running campaign for animal rights, cow protection|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-09-15|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian spiritual orator, devotional singer, motivational speaker, and social worker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/coimbatore-2-channel2/krishnapriya-ji-became-biggest-preacher-of-sanatan-dharma-and-an-inspiration-for-youth-6960004|title=How young Krishnapriya Ji became a major preacher of Sanatan Dharma and an inspiration for youth|website=Patrika News|access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> She is known for promoting devotion to Lord Krishna through religious discourses and devotional songs. She is also recognized for her involvement in animal rights and cow protection initiatives.

== Early life ==

Devi Krishnapriya was born on 26 January 1997 in [[Vrindavan]], Mathura district, [[Uttar Pradesh, India]], into a Brahmin family.<ref>{{Cite web |title='खुद के लिए तो बहुत कर रहे, पर समाज को क्या दे रहे हैं', आइए जानते हैं कथावाचक देवी कृष्णप्रिया के बारे में |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mathura/they-are-doing-so-much-for-themselves-but-what-are-they-giving-back-to-society-who-is-kathavachak-devi-krishnapriya/articleshow/127794911.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> From an early age, she was influenced by the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] devotional tradition and actively participated in religious discourses and community service activities.

During her adolescence, she developed a deep interest in narrating stories from the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (Bhagwat Katha). She received guidance from several spiritual mentors during her formative years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mathura/sadhvi-krishnapriiya-mathura-vrindavan-cow-shelter-gaushala/articleshow/91874599.cms|title=Dedicated her life to cow service: Know about Krishnapriya|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

== Career ==

* She performs devotional songs centered on [[Lord Krishna]] at religious gatherings and spiritual events across India.
* Her spiritual discourses are particularly popular among youth and women audiences.
* She has been associated with social initiatives related to cow protection, animal welfare, and education.

== Popularity ==

Her devotional songs and discourses have garnered millions of views on social media platforms such as YouTube and Facebook. She is frequently invited to religious events and ashrams, particularly in Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/technology/jaya-kishori-devi-chitralekha-these-female-spiritual-speaker-are-popular-on-social-media-3424495.html|title=From Jaya Kishori to Devi Chitralekha: Female spiritual speakers popular on social media|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh|date=2025-08-06|access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Devi Krishnapriya Ji: विवादों के दौर में भी क्यों बढ़ता जा रहा है इस कथावाचिका पर लोगों का विश्वास? शास्त्र, सेवा और सादगी से बनाया अलग मुकाम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/life-and-style/devi-krishnapriya-ji-spiritual-storyteller-discipline |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnapriya, Devi}}

[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:People from Mathura]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Indian women religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]

Kargil district

2026-03-04T22:14:03Z

BasilGott93: quick fix content for accuracy additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|District of Indian-administered Ladakh, Kashmir region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kargil district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]] of [[Ladakh]] administered by India<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Kargil Town as sen from Petrol Pump.jpg
| image_caption = View of Kargil Town
| image_alt =
| image_map = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
| map_caption = A map showing Indian-administered [[Ladakh]] (shaded in [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| image_map1 = Ladakh Kargil district.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption1 = Location of Kargil district in Ladakh
| coordinates = {{coord|34.56|N|76.13|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 4
| coor_pinpoint = Kargil
| subdivision_type = Administering [[country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Capital city|Capital]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 July 1979
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kargil]]
| parts_type = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Kargil, Shargole, Shakar-Chiktan, Sankoo and Taisuru
| area_total_km2 = 14,086
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 140,802
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 16,338
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 71.34%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 810 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]] 
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 =[[Indian English|English]]<ref name="officiallanguage">{{Cite news |last=Ganai |first=Naseer |date=19 January 2022 |title=Urdu No More Official Language Of Ladakh |work=[[Outlook India]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/urdu-is-dogra-legacy-to-j-k-and-ladakh-not-kashmiri-imposition-news-38816 |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144133/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/urdu-is-dogra-legacy-to-j-k-and-ladakh-not-kashmiri-imposition-news-38816 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Spoken
| demographics2_info2 = [[Purgi language|Purgi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Urdu]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Rakesh Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|Chief Executive Councillor]]
| leader_name1 = Mohd Jaffer Akhoon, [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mohmad Haneefa]], [[Independent politician|Ind]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberHomePage.aspx?mpsno=5006|title=Lok Sabha Members|work=Lok Sabha|access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> }}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = JK 07(till 2019) LA-01
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{url|kargil.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Kargil district''' is a district in [[India]]n-administered [[Ladakh]] in the [[Kashmir#Dispute|disputed]] [[Kashmir]]-region,<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (e), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}} (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|date=14 October 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=9780197638408|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref> which is administered as a [[union territory]] of [[Ladakh]]. It is named after the city of [[Kargil]], where the district headquarters lies. The district is bounded by the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the west, the Pakistani-administered [[Administrative units of Pakistan|administrative territory]] of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit–Baltistan]] to the north, [[Leh district]] of Ladakh to the east, and the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the south. Encompassing the historical region known as '''Purig''', the district lies to the northeast of the [[Great Himalayas]] and encompasses part of the [[Zanskar|Zanskar Range]]. {{anchor|Wakha Rong Valley}}Its population inhabits the river valleys of [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru]], [[Wakha Rong]] (not to be confused with the [[Rupshu#Rong|Rong Valley]] in Leh district), and [[Sod Valley]].

Kargil district was originally created in 1979, when Ladakh was part of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=7}} In 2003, Kargil was granted a [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] (LAHDC). In 2019, Ladakh became a [[union territory]], with Kargil and Leh being its joint capitals. In 2024, the [[Drass district|Drass]] and [[Zanskar]] districts were announced to be separated from Kargil district.

[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] comprise the majority of the population of the district.

== Geography ==
[[File:Kargil district river valleys.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Kargil district river valleys]]
The pre-2024 Kargil district lies between the crest of the [[Great Himalaya]] Range and the [[Indus River]] of Ladakh. It consists of two river valleys: the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] and its tributaries in the north, and the [[Zanskar River]] and its tributaries in the south. The [[Pensi La]] pass separates the two. The Suru flows north into [[Baltistan]] and joins the Indus River near [[Marol, Baltistan|Marol]]. The Zanskar River flows east and debouches into the Indus River in [[Leh district]] near a location called "Sangam".

The Suru River has two significant tributaries: Wakha Rong,{{efn|Alternatively, Wakha Chu, Wakka Chu or Wakkha Chu}} which flows northwest from [[Namika La]] to join the Suru River near Kargil, and the [[Dras River]], which originates near the [[Zoji La]] pass and joins the Suru River a short distance north of Kargil.{{Efn|Technically, the Suru River is considered a tributary of the Dras River since the latter comes with a greater volume. But the combined river flows north essentially through the channel of the Suru River.}} Wakha Rong, also called the "Purik River", contains the main travel route between Kargil and Leh, and lent its name to the Kargil region itself as "Purig".{{sfnp|Grist, Urbanisation in Kargil|2008|p=80}} The Dras River valley has historically been a subdivision called [[Dras]]s.

[[Zanskar]] was a traditionally Buddhist kingdom formed in the 10th century, which became subject to the Ladakhi kings.

Per the 2011 census, the Kargil tehsil, which includes the Drass and Wakha Rong valleys, contains 61% of the population of the district. The Sankoo tehsil, representing the upper Suru valley, contains 10% of the population and the Zanskar tehsil contains 29% of the population.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|loc=Maps preamble}}

=== Vulnerability of natural disasters ===
The Kargil district is particularly vulnerable to landslides, cloudbursts, and flash floods. The main highways connecting Kargil with adjacent regions (NH-1D and NH-301) are prone to landslides. Recurring flash floods were observed in the surroundings of the Kargil town in 2006, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018. These flash floods caused massive damages to roads, buildings, and agricultural area.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU23/EGU23-2663.html |title=Urban Landscape Change in the Trans-Himalayan Town of Kargil, Ladakh, India |last1=Altaf Hussain |first1= |last2=Susanne Schmidt |first2= |date=2023 |publisher=Copernicus Meetings |issue=EGU23-2663 |language=en |last3=Marcus Nüsser |first3=}}</ref>
[[File:Shila Waterfall in Zanaskar.webm|thumb|Waterfall located at Shila village located at 6km from Padum in Zanskar of Kargil district in Ladakh.]]

==History==
=== Buddhist dynasties ===
[[File:The Territorial Extent of Ladakh during the period of King Nyimagon about 975 A. D.- 1000 A.D. as depicted in A History of Western Tibet by A.H. Francke, 1907.jpg|thumb|The Empire of King Nyimagon in Western Tibet about 975-1000 AD. The eldest son Palgyimon received the bulk of the empire under the name [[Maryul]], based in Leh.]]
Purig is believed to have been conquered, along with Ladakh proper (modern Leh district), by [[Lhachen Palgyigon]], the son of the West Tibetan King [[Kyide Nyimagon]], in {{circa|900}} AD. After his father's death, Palgyigon controlled the vast territory called [[Maryul]], which stretched from the Zoji La pass to the basin of the [[Sengge Zangbo]] river (upper Indus river in Tibet).{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|pp=60–63}}<ref>{{harvp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=17}}: "The first-born, usually called dPal-gyi-mgon, took Ladakh; it seems that his father bequeathed him a theoretical right of sovereignty, but the actual conquest was effected by dPal-gyi-mgon himself."</ref> The third son, Detsukgon, inherited Zanskar along with [[Lahul and Spiti]].<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}: "The Ladakhi chronicles state that the eldest son, Pal-gyi-gön (Dpal-gyi-mgon), received Ladakh and the Rudok area; the second son, Tra-shi-gön (Bkra-shis-mgon), Guge and Purang; while the third son, De-tsuk-gön (Lde-gtsug-mgon), was given Zanskar, Spiti and Lahul."</ref> From this time onwards, Purig was attached to Ladakh. Zanskar had an independent existencence even though it was occasionally conquered and made a tributary to Ladakh.

The Suru Valley was historically ruled from [[Kartse]] ({{coord|34.2672|76.0018|name=Kartse Khar}}), a fort in a branch valley near [[Sankoo]]. An inscription names its ruler as Tri-gyal ({{bo|w=k<nowiki>'</nowiki>ri rgyal}}). Tibetologist [[A. H. Francke]] believes that the dynasty of Tri-gyals might have been in existence prior to the formation of the Maryul kingdom.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=48}} However, there is no mention of it in ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]''.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=63}}<ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |title=The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh |journal=The World Today |date=July 1960 |volume=16 |number=7 |pages=313–318 |jstor=40393242}}</ref>{{efn|This might imply that [[Wakha Rong]] and [[Dras River|Dras]] valleys (on the route between Zoji La and upper Ladakh) were under Ladakhi control, but Suru, being a side valley of the main route, might have remained independent, outside the domain of "Purig" until modern period.}}

The principality of Kartse apparently controlled the entire western Ladakh, from [[Mulbekh]] and [[Wanla]] in the east to Dras in the west, even though the extent of territory would have varied with time. The Tri-gyals were Buddhist and adopted the religion from Kashmir in ancient times. They commissioned a giant [[Maitreya]] rock carving in the vicinity of Kartse, and others at [[Mulbekh]] and possibly [[Apati, Ladakh|Apati]].{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|pp=273–274}}

=== Medieval period ===
Islam arrived in the [[Kashmir Valley]] around 1320 as a new force to be reckoned with. During the rule of Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar]] ({{reign|1394|1416}}), his general Rai Madari crossed the Zoji La pass and conquered Purig and [[Baltistan]]. This paved the way for the conversion of the two regions to Islam.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=22}} Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] ran an expedition to Tibet, conquering Ladakh along the way. The Tri-gyal of Kartse is said to have become his vassal and assisted in the invasions.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=273}} The first dynasty of Ladakh did not last much longer after this.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=23}} A second "[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal]]" dynasty was established around 1460 AD.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=28}}

Some time after this, a Muslim chieftaincy connected to [[Skardu]] appeared in Purig, first at Sod northeast of Kargil, then with a branch at [[Chiktan]] northeast of [[Namika La]].{{sfnp|Devers, Buddhism before First Diffusion?|2020|loc=paragraphs 31–32, note 17}} During the invasion of Ladakh by [[Mirza Haidar Dughlat]] in 1532, Sod and Chiktan appear to have submitted, but not Kartse. Joint raids were conducted on Kartse but they failed. The chief or commander of Suru, named "Baghan", is also said to have been killed during one of the raids.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=26}}{{sfnp|Howard, What happened between 1450 and 1550 AD?|1997|pp=130–131}}{{sfnp|Devers, Buddhism before First Diffusion?|2020|loc=note 17}}{{efn|Baghan is described as "a ''Chui'' of the provinces of Tibet", which is taken to mean "headman" by Petech.}}

[[Tashi Namgyal (Ladakh)|Tashi Namgyal]] ({{reign|1555|1575}}) re-established the old borders by conquering Purig as well as west Tibet.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=28}} His successors [[Tsewang Namgyal I]] and [[Jamyang Namgyal]] were equally energetic. However, Jamyang Namgal suffered a reverse, having been captured by the ruler of Skardu, Ali Mir, better known as [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] ({{reign|1590|1625}}). A marital alliance between the two was later established, accordingly Jamyang Namgyal married a Balti princess [[Gyal Khatun]] and got reinstated as the ruler, while his own daughter [[Mandok Gyalmo]] was married to Anchan. Jamyang and Gyal Khatun's son [[Sengge Namgyal]] again rejuvenated Ladakh to old glory and in fact went further by annexing the kingdom of [[Guge]] in west Tibet.

In 1586, Kashmir became a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] province. Purig and Baltistan were Islamic, and Mughal involvement in the affairs of the region became endemic. In 1638, emperor [[Shah Jahan]] sent a force to intervene in Baltistan and installed Ali Mir's son Adam Khan as the ruler. The joint forces of Mughal Kashmir and Adam Khan blocked Sengge Namgyal's efforts to regain Purig, forcing him to sue for peace. When Sengge Namgyal reneged on his tribute, the emperor imposed economic sanctions against Ladakh barring all trade, which impoverished Ladakh.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=49–51}}

Under his son Deldan Namgyal (''Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal'') between 1640 and 1675, Purig returned to the control of Ladakh. [[Zanskar]] and other parts of the modern Ladakh Division were also conquered.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|p=477}}

===Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir===
In 1834, the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] ruler [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Jammu]], acting under the suzerainty of the [[Sikh Empire]], sent the governor of [[Kishtwar]], general [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]], to conquer the territory between Jammu and Tibet. Marching from Kishtwar, Zorawar Singh reached Purig and defeated the [[Bhotiya|Bhotia]] leader Mangal at [[Sankoo]] in August 1834. [[Kartse]], the then capital of Purig, fell into Zorawar Singh's hands. He built a fort there before advancing towards Leh. Tshed-Pal, the Gyalpo of Leh, was defeated and reinstalled as a subsidiary of the Dogras. Meanwhile, the chief of [[Sod Valley|Sod]] rebelled and Zorawar Singh returned to reassert his authority. Zanskar subsequently offered submission.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|p=480}}{{sfnp|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=77–78}}

The Purigis rebelled repeatedly, instigated by Sikh governor [[Mihan Singh]] of Kashmir. They also received support from Ahmed Shah of Baltistan. Zorawar Singh returned in 1839 to quell the rebellion and [[Dogra invasion of Baltistan|conquered Baltistan]] as well.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|pp=481–482}}{{sfnp|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=78–80}}

After the conquest, the region of the present Kargil district was organised into three ''ilaqas'' of the Kishtwar ''wazarat'',{{efn|The term "''ilaqa''" has the rather generic meaning of "area". It was the smallest unit of administration at that time, comparable to the present day [[community development block]]s.}} based at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively. They were headed by civil officers called ''Thanadars''.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=274}} Later, Suru was made into a separate ''ilaqa''.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=804}}

Following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] and the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]], Gulab Singh was made the Maharaja of the newly carved-out [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[British Raj|British suzerainty]].{{sfnp|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=112}} The princely state was organised into two large provinces, [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] and [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]]. Ladakh and Skardu were set up as districts in the Jammu province, called ''wazarats''. The three Purig ''ilaqas'' were included in the Skardu ''wazarat''.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=194}} Zanskar continued to be attached to Kishtwar.

In 1901, a major reorganisation of the frontier districts took place. A new Ladakh ''wazarat'' was created, being one of the two ''wazarats'' of the Frontier Districts province. Kargil was made a new tehsil under the Ladakh ''wazarat'', with the three Purig ''ilaqas'' (Drass, Kargil and Suru), the Zanskar ''ilaqa'' from the Kishtwar district, and the [[Kharmang]] ''ilaqa'' from the erstwhile Skardu district. Kargil, Leh and Skardu became the three tehsils of the Ladakh ''wazarat''.{{sfnp|Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control|2004|p=35}} Initially, the administration of the ''wazarat'' used to spend four months each at Leh, Kargil and Skardu. But shifting the entire staff so often proved onerous, and so the shifting was eventually limited to Leh and Skardu.

===Post-1947===
[[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-52-b-kargil-1946.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Survey of India map of the Kargil area with the 1949 line of control marked]]

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], pitched battles were fought around Kargil, and the entire area including Drass and Zoji La Pass initially coming under the control of [[Gilgit Scouts]]. By November 1948, the Indian troops reclaimed all of Kargil and Leh tehsils and some portions of the Kharamang ilaqa bordering the Dras river.<ref name="Dawn">[http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/21/ed.htm Kargil: what might have happened By Javed Hussain] 21 October 2006, Dawn</ref> They remained with India after the ceasefire, forming the Ladakh district of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state of India.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] the entire Kargil region including key posts was captured by Indian troops under leadership of Col. [[Chewang Rinchen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec08/Art01.htm |title=Assault on Enemy OPs in Kargil |work=The Liberation Times |date=8 December 1971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105025357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec08/Art01.htm |archive-date=5 November 2006 }} A dramatised account of India's assault on Kargil during the 1971 war. (a commemorative online newspaper)</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2023}} To straighten the line of control in the area, the Indian Army launched night attacks when the ground temperatures sank to below −17 °C and about 15 enemy posts located at height of 16,000 feet and more were captured.<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1971War/Palit.html |title=The Lightning Concept |author=Major General D.K. Palit (Retd.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502104702/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1971War/Palit.html |archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref> After Pakistan forces lost the war and agreed to the [[Shimla Agreement]], the strategic areas near Kargil remained with India.<ref>The Armed Forces of Pakistan By Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Pg 4</ref>

In 1979, Ladakh was divided into Kargil and Leh districts within the Jammu and Kashmir state.

=== Kargil War ===
{{Main|Kargil War}}
In the spring of 1999, under a covert plan of then Pakistan Army chief [[Pervez Musharraf]], armed infiltrators from Baltistan, aided by the Pakistani Army, occupied vacant high-altitude posts in the Kargil and Drass regions. The result was a limited-scale conflict ([[Kargil War]]) between the two nuclear-equipped nations, which ended with India regaining the Kargil region through military action and diplomatic pressure. However, there remains the controversy of the mountain peak, knows as [[Point 5353]] or the Marpo La Peak, which is still believed to be under Pakistan's control.

=== Ladakh union territory ===
In August 2019 the [[Parliament of India]] passed an [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019|act]] that separated Ladakh from Jammu and Kashmir into an independent [[union territory]] of India. Kargl and Leh continue to be the two districts of Ladakh, with the Kargil town designated as a joint capital of the union territory.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Article 370 revoked Updates: Jammu & Kashmir is now a Union Territory, Lok Sabha passes bifurcation bill |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-governor-reviews-security-situation-in-state/story/370856.html |website=www.businesstoday.in|date=6 August 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:Blossoming apricot tree.jpg|thumb|Apricot blossom during Spring season in Kargil, Ladakh.]]

==Climate==
[[File:Gonbo Rangjon Shinko La Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00332.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gumbok Rangan]] near the southern edge of Kargil, ca. June 2024]]

Kargil district is situated in the deep south-western part of the [[Himalayas]], giving it a cool, [[temperate]] climate. [[Summer]]s are warm with cool nights, while [[winter]]s are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to {{convert|−15|C|abbr=on}} with recorded temperatures of {{convert|−60|C|abbr=on}} in the tiny town of [[Dras]], situated {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} from Kargil town. The Zanskar Valley is colder. Kargil district is spread over {{convert|14086|km2|abbr=on}}. The [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] flows through the district.

The climate is cold and temperate. The average annual temperature in Kargil is 8.6 °C. About 318 mm of precipitation falls annually. The driest month is November with 6 mm. Most precipitation falls in March, with an average of 82 mm. The warmest month of the year is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C. In January, the average temperature is −8.8 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 76 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 32.1 °C.<ref>[http://en.climate-data.org/location/24807/ Climate: Kargil - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table]</ref>
[[File:Spring in Kargil.webm|thumb|Fog and clouds during Spring in Kargil, Ladakh.]]

{{Weather box/concise_C|width=auto
| location = Kargil, India
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref name="http://en.climate-data.org/location/24807/">
"Climatological Information for Kargil, Ladakh",
Hong Kong Observatory, 2003. Web: [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/marrakech_e.htm HKO-Marrakech].</ref>
| −4.3 |-2.6 |1.3 |10.5|18.9|24.7|26.2|25.6|22.2|15.8|7.8|-3.9 
| −13.2 |−12.9|−7.9 |1.3|7|11.3|12.4|12|10|0.7|−8.6|−12.1 
| 46|51|82|35|26|11|7|10|10|8|6|26
}}

==Administration==
[[File:Padum Zanskar View From Karsha Oct22 A7C 03984.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Padum]] in the central valley of Zanskar]]
The Kargil district was formed in July 1979, by separating it from [[Leh district|Leh]]. Kargil has 5 Sub-Divisions, 8 tehsils, and 14 Blocks.

'''Sub-Divisions (5):''' [[Dras]]s, [[Kargil]], [[Shakar-Chiktan]], [[Sankoo]], [[Zanskar]] ([[Padum]])

'''Tehsils (8):''' [[Dras]]s, [[Kargil]], [[Shakar-Chiktan]], [[Shargole]], [[Sankoo]], [[TSG Tehsil|Trespone]] ([[Trespone]]), [[Suru Valley|Taisuru]], [[Zanskar]] ([[Padum]])

'''Blocks (14):''' [[Dras]]s, [[Kargil]], [[Shakar]], [[Chiktan]], [[Shargole]], [[Sankoo]], [[Trespone]], [[Saliskote]], [[Gund Mangalpore]], [[Suru Valley|Taisuru]], [[Padum]], [[Lungnaq]], [[Cha, Ladakh|Cha]], [[Zangla]]

Each block consists of a number of [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s.

===Politics===
It forms part of the [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]] parliamentary constituency. Major political parties in the region include [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|PDP]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Ladakh Union Territory Front|LUTF]] (now merged with the BJP) and the erstwhile Kargil Alliance. The present [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for Ladakh is [[Mohmad Haneefa]].

Ladakh, a union territory without a legislature, does not have a legislative assembly but is represented in the Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/j-k-ladakh-union-territory-with-without-legislature-difference-1577432-2019-08-05|title=J&K to be a union territory with legislature, Ladakh to be without|work=India Today|date=5 August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

Sh. Rakesh Kumar (IAS) is the current District Development Commissioner for Kargil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Deputy Ccommissioners |url=http://kargil.nic.in/others/dcprofile-pg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727122757/http://kargil.nic.in/others/dcprofile-pg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Kargil.nic.in}}</ref>

===Autonomous Hill Council===
Kargil District is administered by an elected body known as the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]. The LAHDC-K was established in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4912/1/ladakh_autonomous_hill_development_council_act%2C_1997.pdf|title=Ladakh Autonomous Hill development Council act 1997|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Girls in Kargil.jpg|thumb|Local girls in Kargil]]
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kargil district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 140,802.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf|title=Kargil district census data 2011|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220010101/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 603rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|10|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.18%. Kargil has a [[sex ratio]] of 810 [[Women in India|females]] per every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 71.34%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=1145 |title=Census of India: Search Details - Kargil district|access-date= 31 October 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2022}}

{{bar box
|title=Sex Ratio in Kargil District in 2011 Census.<ref name="census2011-C01"/> (no. females per 1,000 males)
|float=right
|width=360px
|left1=Religion (and population)
|right1=Sex Ratio
|bars=
{{bar pixel|Muslim (pop 108,239)|green|94.109||941 }}
{{bar pixel|Buddhist (pop 20,126)|gold|97.546||975 }}
{{bar pixel|Hindu (pop 10,341)|orange|93.565||936 }}
{{bar pixel|Other (pop 2,096)|grey|13.297||133 }}
{{bar pixel|Total (pop 140,802)|black|81.014||810 }}
}}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kargil district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C01"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent(%)
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|76.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhism]]|Gold|14.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|7.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.83}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}Of the total population, 77% are Muslims, of which 63% follow [[Shia]] Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in the north ([[Kargil town]], [[Dras]]s, and the lower [[Suru valley]]). Of the remainder, 17% of the total population practises [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Bön]], mostly found in [[Zanskar]] with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol, Mulbekh and [[Garkon|Garkhone]]. The remaining 8% of the population follows [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]], though as many as 95% of them are male.

Much of Kargil population is inhabited by the [[Purigpa]] and [[Balti (people)|Balti]] people of [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] origin. They converted from Buddhism to Islam in the 14th century and intermingled with other Aryan people.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gellner|first=David N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5raAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8223-7730-6|pages=49–51}}</ref> Muslims mainly inhabit the valley of Drass and speak [[Shina language|Shina]], a small number community, known as [[Brokpa]], inhabit the [[Dha-Hanu]] region and Garkone village along the Indus River. Some [[Arghons]] and [[Shina people|Shina]] have also settled in Kargil town.

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! colspan=10 | Kargil district: religion, gender ratio, and % urban of population, according to the 2011 Census<ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!|
!| Hindu
!| Muslim
!| Christian
!| Sikh
!| Buddhist
!| Jain
!| Other
!| Not stated
!| Total
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left" | Total
|| 10,341 || 108,239 || 604 || 1,171 || 20,126 || 28 || 4 || 289 || 140,802
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
|| 7.34% || 76.87% || 0.43% || 0.83% || 14.29% || 0.02% || 0.00% || 0.21% || 100.00%
|-
| colspan=10|
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | Male
|| 9,985 || 55,762 || 532 || 1,101 || 10,188 || 16 || 3 || 198 || 77,785
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | Female
|| 356 || 52,477 || 72 || 70 || 9,938 || 12 || 1 || 91 || 63,017
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | Gender ratio (% female)
|| 3.4% || 48.5% || 11.9% || 6.0% || 49.4% || 42.9% || 25.0% || 31.5% || 44.8%
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left" | Sex ratio (no. of females per 1,000 males)
|| 936 || 941 || 135 || 964 || 975 || 750 || 333 || 460 || 810
|-
| colspan=10|
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | Urban
|| 3,139 || 12,671 || 63 || 360 || 88 || 2 || 1 || 14 || 16,338
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | Rural
|| 7,202 || 95,568 || 541 || 811 || 20,038 || 26 || 3 || 275 || 124,464
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left" | % Urban
|| 30.4% || 11.7% || 10.4% || 30.7% || 0.4% || 7.1% || 25.0% || 4.8% || 11.6%
|-
|}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Kargil district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Purgi language|Purgi]] |value1 = 65.35 |color1 = teal
|label2 = [[Shina language|Shina]] |value2 = 9.83 |color2 = deeppink
|label3 = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] |value3 = 7.02 |color3 = seagreen
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 5.32 |color4 = Green
|label5 = [[Balti language|Balti]] |value5 = 3.23 |color5 = lightseagreen
|label6 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] |value6 = 1.26 |color6 = royalblue
|label7 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value7 = 1.00 |color7 = tomato
|label8 = Others |value8 =6.99 |color8 = grey
}}

[[File:Dardi shina group performing in 72 independant day of india .jpg|thumb|Shina cultural performance in Kargil]]
The [[Purgi language|Purgi]] dialect of [[Balti language|Balti]] is spoken by 65% while 10 per cent speak [[Shina language]] in regions like [[Dras]]s and [[Batalik]]is.<ref>{{citation|last=Rather|first=Ali Mohammad|title=Kargil: The Post-War Scenario|date=September 1999|url=http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138|journal=Journal of Peace Studies|volume=6|number=5–6|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141201063036/http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138|publisher=International Center for Peace Studies|archive-date=1 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Urdu]] is also spoke and understood in Kargil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=19 September 2011 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner }}</ref>

Balti language has four variants/dialects and Purgi is the southern dialect of Balti language. Balti, is a branch of Archaic Western Tibetan language, is also spoken by the inhabitants of the four districts of ([[Baltistan]]) in Pakistan and [[Turtuk]] in the [[Nubra valley]] of the [[Leh district]] as well. The Buddhists of [[Zanskar]] speak [[Zangskari language|Zanskari]] language of the [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi-Balti]] language group.<ref>{{citation|last=Rather |first=Ali Mohammad |title=Kargil: The Post-War Scenario |journal=Journal of Peace Studies |publisher=International Center for Peace Studies |volume=6 |number=5–6 |date=September 1999 |url=http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141201063036/http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138 |archive-date= 1 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==

Though earlier Tibetan contact has left a profound influence upon the people of both Kargil and Leh, after the spread of Shia Islam the people of Kargil were heavily influenced by Persian culture. This is apparent by the use of Persian words and phrases as well as in songs called ''[[marsia]]s'' and ''[[qasida]]s''. At least until recently, some Kargilis, especially those of the [[Agha (title)|Agha]] families (descendants of Syed preachers who were in a direct line descent from the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]) went to [[Iraq]] for their education.<ref>Janet Rizvi. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. Second Edition, pp. 210-211. Oxford University Press, Delhi. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.</ref> Native Ladakhis go for higher Islamic studies in seminaries in [[Najaf]], Iraq and [[Qom]] in Iran. These non-Agah scholars are popularly called as "Sheikh". Some among the most prominent religious scholars include Imam-e-[[Jummah]], [[Sheikh Mussa Shariefi]], Sheikh Ahmed Mohammadi,<ref>[http://youthwingisk.blogspot.in/ Anjuman Jamiatul Ulama Houzai Elmiya Madrasa Asna Asharia Islamia School Kargil]</ref> Sheikh Hussain Zakiri and Sheikh Anwar.<ref>[http://www.ikmtkargil.org/suborgans.html IKMT Kargil]</ref>[[File:TRADITIONAL LADAKHI DANCE.jpg|thumb|Cultural dance by local women of Kargil, Ladakh.]]

Social ceremonies such as marriages still carry many customs and rituals that are common to both the Muslims and Buddhists. Among the two districts of Ladakh, Kargil has a more mixed ethnic population and thus there are more regional dialects spoken in Kargil as compared to Leh. Local folk songs, which are called ''[[Balti dialect#Literature|rgya-glu]]'' and ''[[Ghazal|balti ghazals]]'', are still quite popular and are performed enthusiastically at social gatherings.
==Wildlife==

===Endangered species===
Kargil is home to many endangered wildlife species:
* [[Snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia'')
* [[Himalayan wolf|Tibetan wolf]] (''Canis lupus chanco'')
* [[Himalayan brown bear]] (''Ursus arctos isabellinus'')
* [[Siberian ibex|Asiatic ibex]] (''Capra ibex'')
* [[Urial]] (''Ovis vignei'')
* [[Musk deer]] (''Moschus'' spp.)
* [[Pika|Pikas]]
* [[Marmot]]s
* [[Hare|Hares]]

Some of the reptiles found in Kargil district are:
* ''[[Platyceps ladacensis]]'' (Ladakh cliff racer)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hussain|first1=Amjad|last2=Tantarpale|first2=V. T.|date=13 May 2021|title=First locality record for the Ladakh Cliff Racer, Platyceps ladacensis (Anderson 1871) from Kargil, Ladakh, India|url=https://journals.ku.edu/reptilesandamphibians/article/view/15311|journal=Reptiles & Amphibians|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=54–55|doi=10.17161/randa.v28i1.15311|s2cid=238052440|issn=2332-4961|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Phrynocephalus theobaldi]]'' (toad head agama)
* ''[[Altiphylax stoliczkai]]'' (Balti gecko)
* ''[[Paralaudakia himalayana]]'' (Himalayan agama)
* ''[[Ablepharus ladacensis]]'' (Ladakh ground skink)

Aishwarya Maheshwari of the [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) is quoted as saying, "It is here in Kargil that one of world's most elusive creatures, the snow leopard, roams wild and free. During my research I have learnt about the tremendous decline in wildlife sightings since the 1999 Kargil war, so much so that even the common resident birds had disappeared."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kafila.org/2012/01/28/india-pakistan-and-the-snow-leopard-javed-naqi/ |title=India, Pakistan and the Snow Leopard: Javed Naqi |publisher=Kafila |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Voices from Frozen Land |url=http://javed-naqi.blogspot.in/2012/01/human-wildlife-conflict-in-kargil.html |title=Javed Naqi: Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry? |publisher=Javed-naqi.blogspot.in |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810220301/http://javed-naqi.blogspot.in/2012/01/human-wildlife-conflict-in-kargil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bargad.org/2012/02/01/wildlife-kargil-india-pakistan-rivalry/ |title=Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry? | Bargad... बरगद |publisher=Bargad.org |date=1 February 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050008/http://bargad.org/2012/02/01/wildlife-kargil-india-pakistan-rivalry/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

===Birds===
Besides the endangered species, various birds are commonly seen in summer:
* Black-necked [[Eurasian magpie]]
* [[House sparrow]]
* [[Hoopoe]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bt6WTrErH0C&pg=PA7296 |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia |via=Google Books |isbn=9788177552577 |access-date=16 August 2013|last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications }}</ref>
* [[Rosefinch]]es
* [[Red-billed chough]]
* [[Eastern chiffchaff]]
* [[Common sandpiper]]
* [[European goldfinch]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Alok Bhave |url=http://alokbhave.blogspot.in/2011/10/trip-to-cold-desert-ladakh-part2.html |title=Nature watch: Trip to Cold Desert - Ladakh Part2 |publisher=Alokbhave.blogspot.in |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

===Gallery===
[[File:GOAT IN ZANSKAR.jpg|thumb|Picture of a Goat in Shila Village of Zanskar, Kargil, Ladakh.]]<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px">
File:The Eurassian Magpie - A common sight in Kargil.jpg|[[File:RZONGI KOR.jpg|thumb|Rzongi Kor Cave located in Sharchey Village of Batalik Sector in Kargil]]The Eurasian magpie, a common sight in Kargil
File:Marmot - Found in wild in Ladakh.jpg|A [[marmot]], found in the wild in Ladakh
File:Phrynocephalus theobaldi.jpg|Ladakh toad head agama (''[[Phrynocephalus theobaldi]]'') at Kargil campus of the [[University of Ladakh]]
File:Adult Paralaudakia himalayana.jpg|An adult Himalayan Agama (''Paralaudakia himalayana'') at Ringmospang, Kargil
File:Platyceps ladacensis.jpg|An adult Ladakh cliff racer (''Platyceps ladacensis''), from Gongma Minji, Kargil
File:Carduelis caniceps, Kargil, Ladakh, India.jpg|Grey-crowned goldfinch (''Carduelis caniceps'') at Ringmospang, Kargil
</gallery>

==Transportation==
[[File:NPD_Road_South_Zangla_Zanskar_Jun24_A7CR_00970.jpg|thumb|Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road towards Padum near [[Zangla]]]]
[[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]], connecting [[Srinagar]] to [[Leh]], passes through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from May to December due to heavy snowfall at the [[Zoji La]]. Kargil is {{convert|204|km|abbr=on}} from the capital city of [[Srinagar]]. There is a partially paved road leading from Kargil south to [[Zanskar]], which is also only open only from June to September. The total distance to Zanskar is nearly {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}}. India and Pakistan have both considered linking the Pakistani town of [[Skardu]] to Kargil with a bus route to reunite the Ladakh families separated by the [[line of control]] since 1972.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?fromtimeline=true&id=102160&callid=1&template=indopakfaceoff Pak considers Kargil-Skardu bus] 15 March 2007 [[NDTV]]</ref>

===Road===
Kargil is connected to the rest of India by high-altitude roads which are subject to landslides and are impassable in winter due to deep snows. The [[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]] connects Kargil to [[Srinagar]]. The [[National Highway 301 (India)|NH 301]] connects Kargil with the remote Zanskar region. Upgradation of this road is going on to reduce the time travel between Kargil and [[Padum]], tehsil headquarters of [[Zanskar]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/news/centre-clears-780-cr-for-kargil-zanskar-road-upgrade.html|title=Centre clears ₹780-cr for Kargil-Zanskar road upgrade|work=NBMCW|date=7 April 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

The [[Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road]] is a major axis through [[Zanskar]] in Kargil district, connecting [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]] in Himachal with Leh. The construction of this road was completed in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BRO connects 298-km long Nimmu-Padam-Darcha road to Ladakh region |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bro-connects-298-km-long-nimmu-padam-darcha-road-to-ladakh-region/article67995218.ece |work=Business Line |date=26 March 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=High road at Chilling: India builds Himalayan bridges and highways to match China |first=Devjyot |last=Ghoshal |date=29 September 2020 |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-road-idUSKBN26K1F7 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

===Air===
[[Kargil Airport]] is a non-operational airport used only for defence purposes by the [[Indian Air Force]]. Kargil Airport has been included under Central Govt.'s [[UDAN|UDAN scheme]] for commercial operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/operationalisation-of-civilian-flights-to-kargil-airport-reviewed/|title=Operationalisation of civilian flights to Kargil Airport reviewed|work=Daily Excelsior|date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh-l-g-discusses-air-connectivity-possibilities-for-kargil-with-centre/article34856905.ece|title=Ladakh L-G discusses air connectivity possibilities for Kargil with Centre|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> The nearest operational airport is Leh's [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport]] which is located 215 kilometres from Kargil.

===Rail===
There is no railway service currently in Ladakh, however, 2 railway routes are proposed- the [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] and Srinagar–Kargil–Leh line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Himachal CM meets Union railway minister, seeks 100% Centre funding for Bhanupali-Bilaspur-Leh rail line|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/himachal-cm-meets-union-rly-minister-seeks-100-centre-funding-for-bhanupali-bilaspur-leh-rail-line/story-AGkPR9GCAei32BM6X0WhLJ.html|access-date=9 November 2020|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]
* [[List of villages in Kargil district]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |title=District Census Handbook: Kargil |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu and Kashmir |year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121205644/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2017 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Aggarwal |first=Ravina |title=Beyond Lines of Control: Performance and Politics on the Disputed Borders of Ladakh, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k3mgWCitj0C |year=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3414-3 |ref={{sfnref|Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=Internet Archive |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=274}}}}
* {{citation |first=Quentin |last=Devers |title=Buddhism before the First Diffusion? The case of Tangol, Dras, Phikhar and Sani-Tarungtse in Purig and Zanskar (Ladakh) |journal=Études Mongoles & Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques & Tibétaines |volume=51 |year=2020 |issue=51 |doi=10.4000/emscat.4226 |s2cid=230579183 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/4226 |ref={{sfnref|Devers, Buddhism before First Diffusion?|2020}} |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last=Francke |first=Rev. A. H. |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=A History of Western Tibet |publisher=S. W. Partridge & Co |date=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907}}}}
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |via=Internet Archive |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Nicola |last=Grist |chapter=Urbanisation in Kargil and its Effects in the Suru Valley |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Fernanda Pirie |title=Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |year=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4334-6 |ref={{sfnref|Grist, Urbanisation in Kargil|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Radhika |last=Gupta |chapter=Allegiance and Alienation: Border Dynamics in Kargil |editor=David N. Gellner |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5raAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7730-6 |pages=47–71 |ref={{sfnref|Radhika Gupta, Allegiance and Alienation|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Neil |last=Howard |chapter=What happened between 1450 and 1550 AD? and other questions from the history of Ladakh |editor1=Henry Osmaston |editor2=Nawang Tsering |editor3=International Association for Ladakh Studies |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC&pg=PA130 |year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1432-5 |pages=121–138 |ref={{sfnref|Howard, What happened between 1450 and 1550 AD?|1997}}}}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065805/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=30– |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |author-link=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3498 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}
* {{citation |title=Gulab Singh |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}}}
* Ghulam Mohiuddin Dar. ''Kargil: Its social, culture, and economic history''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111201823/http://www.t2india.com/place-info.php?place=164-Kargil Kargil : The Important Trade Transit of Yesteryears], [http://www.journeymart.com/Dexplorer/AsiaIS/India/Jammu&Kashmir/?SubLink=DExplorer%2FAsiaIS%2FIndia%2FJammu%26Kashmir%2FciPeople_Inc.htm People & Society]
*Shireen M. Mazari, ''The Kargil Conflict, 1999: Separating Fact from Fiction'', The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (2003) {{ISBN|969-8772-00-6}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{official website|http://kargil.nic.in/}}
* Rivers of Kargil district on OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1159554#map=9/34.0095/76.2872&layers=C Dras, Suru and Kartse], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/29845817#map=9/34.0095/76.2872&layers=C Wakha], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1159504#map=9/34.0095/76.2872&layers=C Zanskar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100715103005/http://kargil.nic.in/lahdck/lahdck.htm Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil] (archived 15 July 2010)
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jammuandkashmir/tehsil/kargil.html Kargil Tehsil Map], MapsofIndia.com
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1491179.stm "Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma"], BBC
*[https://www.rediff.com/news/kargwk1.htm Kargil War 1999], Rediff
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Kargil district
| North = ''[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]''
| Northeast =
| East = [[Leh district]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Southwest = [[Kishtwar district]]
| West =
| Northwest = [[Bandipore district]] [[Ganderbal district]] [[Anantnag district]]
}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Kargil district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kargil district| ]]
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1995]]
[[Category:Kargil| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Districts of Ladakh]]

Hridayi Vasant Phultana

2026-02-18T13:30:30Z

BasilGott93:

{{Short description|Marathi song from the film Takatak 2}}
{{About|the 2022 song from the film Takatak 2|the 1988 song from the film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi|Hridayi Vasant Phulatana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Hridayi Vasant Phultana
| cover = Hridayi Vasant Phultana.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = remix single
| artist = Shruti Rane
| album = [[Takatak 2]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|08|17}}
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=05}}
| label = [[Ishtar Music]]
| writer = Jai Atre
| composer = Varun Saket
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|fx0jRxu3G8I|Hridayi Vasant Phultana}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Hridayi Vasant Phultana'''" is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the [[romantic comedy]] film ''[[Takatak 2]]'', directed by Milind Kavde. Composed by Varun Saket, sung by Shruti Rane and lyrics are penned by Jai Atre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takatak 2 {{!}} Song - Hridayi Vasant Phultana {{!}} Marathi Video Songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/takatak-2-song-hridayi-vasant-phultana/videoshow/93584333.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[remix]] of 1988 song of [[Hridayi Vasant Phulatana|same title]] from ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'', composed by [[Arun Paudwal]] and written by Shantaram Nandgaonkar. The music video of the track features [[Iran]]ian-[[Germany|German]] actress [[Elnaaz Norouzi]], alongside film leads [[Prathamesh Parab]], Pranali Bhalerao, Komal Bodkhe, Ajinkya Raut and Akshay Kelkar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title='Takatak 2' new song: Elnaaz channels her inner 'Marathi mulgi' in the evergreen chartbuster 'Hridayi Vasant Phultana'- Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-new-song-elnaaz-channels-her-inner-marathi-mulgi-in-the-evergreen-chartbuster-hridayi-vasant-phultana-watch/articleshow/93577652.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Adaptation ==
Earlier the film was titled 'Hridayi Vasant Phultana', but as the title rights was not available makers finalised 'Takatak'. During the discussion on ''Takatak 2'' director Milind Kawade told [[Reliance Entertainment]] team, they approached Venus Music and acquired the rights to adapt the song 'Hridayi Vasant Phulana'.<ref name="hindustantimes"/>

== Development ==
[[Elnaaz Norouzi]] marks her appearance in Marathi song, along with the principal cast of the film. Previously Elnaaz was appeared in India's first [[Netflix]] original series 'Sacred Games' alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2022-08-17 |title='Hridayi Vasant Phultana' song features Elnaaz Norouzi |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/hridayi-vasant-phultana-song-features-elnaaz-norouzi.php |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> The song was launched at an event organized at [[Viviana Mall]] in [[Thane]]. She said in the event "I am very happy to get an opportunity to work in Marathi on the occasion of ''[[Takatak 2]]''." Elnaz also opinioned that after Hindi films, she is satisfied to be involved in the remake of a popular song in Marathi. Seeing so many big names associated with this song, at first I held both my ears and lyricist Jai Atre Yani and I were fully aware that the original move and the thought behind the song should not be compromised at all.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Takatak 2: 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना...' या गाण्याचे नवे व्हर्जन ऐकलेत का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/takatak-2-new-song-hrudai-vasant-phultana-is-out-141660628934170.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Release ==
The makers had earlier decided to release the 90 second song and release the entire song after the release of the film, but due to the popular demand, the makers have decided to release the entire song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Takatak 2 : 'अशी ही बनवाबनवी'मधील 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना...' गाण्याला मॉर्डन टच; टकाटक-2 मधून येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/takatak-2-song-hridayi-vasant-phultana-release-1090393 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> The teaser was revealed on 16 August 2022 and the song was digitally released on 17 August 2022 on [[Ishtar Music]]'s YouTube channel and available on all digital audio platforms.<ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=Takatak 2: 'टकाटक 2'मध्ये पहायला मिळणार 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना' गाण्याचं नवं रुप |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/popular-song-hridayi-vasant-fultana-new-version-in-takatak-2-movie-au163-776000.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=हृदयी वसंत फुलताना-Hridayi Vasant Phultana Full Song{{!}} Elnaaz Norouzi, Takatak 2, Prathmesh P, Milind K | date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx0jRxu3G8I |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* Song – "Hridayi Vasant Phultana"
* Director – Milind Zumber Kavde
* Choreographer – Rahul Sanjeer
* Editor – Guru Patil
* Singer – Shruti Rane
* Music – Varun Likhate
* Lyrics – Jai Atre
* Music Arranger – Manash Borthakur
* Stroke Instruments – Tapas Roy
* Live Rhythm – Prathamesh Dhumal, Shubham Salokhe
* Electric Guitar – Kandarpa Kalita
* Trumpet – Domjoe Soprano
* Additional Vocals & Dialogues – Janardhan Dhatrak, Varun Likhate Backing
* Vocals – Umesh Joshi, Janardhan Dhatrak, Shripad Lele, Vijay Dhuri
* Mixed & Mastered by – Abhishek Khandelwal ([[YRF Studios]])
* Assistant Engineer – Dileep Nair (YRF Studios)
* Lead Vocals recorded by Ajinkya Dhapare (The Sonic Station, Mumbai)
**Assisted by – Virat Bhushetty
* Ethnic Stroke Instruments – Partho Protim Das (Euphony Studio Guitars)
* Trumpet Recorded – Studio Strings
* Backing Vocals Recorded by – Harshul Khadse (Seven Heaven Studios)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hrudayi-vasant-phultana-from-takatak-2/HHKJ2tBlX2c_ Hridayi Vasant Phultana] on [[JioSaavn]]
*[https://gaana.com/album/hrudayi-vasant-phultana-from-takatak-2 Hridayi Vasant Phultana] on [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
*[https://music.apple.com/us/album/hrudayi-vasant-phultana-from-takatak-2-single/1639558720 Hridayi Vasant Phultana] on [[Apple Music]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:2020s music videos]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]

Salwan, Haryana

2026-02-17T16:06:01Z

BasilGott93: creating entry

{{Short description|Village in Haryana, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salwan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|30|23|N|76|43|02|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Haryanvi, Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 132046
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01749
| registration_plate = HR 40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Panipat, Assandh, Safidon, Karnal
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|dry hot during summer with less rainfall]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Salwan''' is The Biggest village in [[Karnal District]], [[Haryana]], India, Ruled By क्षत्रिय Community, Apart From क्षत्रिय Many Other Community Like Jaats, Brhamins Etc Also Coexist Here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/75-species-of-medicinal-plants-found-in-karnal-466565|title= 75 species of medicinal plants found in Karnal |date=2 January 2023|website=The Tribune}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Karnal district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Kalinka Temple

2026-02-16T08:37:35Z

BasilGott93: created initial bio added tags...

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttarakhand}}
{{One source|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Kalinka Mandir
| image = Kalinka Temple.jpg
| alt =
| website = {{url|https://kalinkamandir.org}}
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.8621|79.0693|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
| location = Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand
| elevation_m = 2090
| architecture = [[Hinduism]]
}}

The hill temple of '''Kalinka''' is situated in Bironkhal block of [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]] in northern India. The temple complex lies close to the border with the [[Almora]] district and is dedicated to [[Kali|Goddess Kali]]. The temple has been in existence for centuries but the new structure has been renovated a couple of times in the last decade. It is often confused with Bunkhal kalinka, which is near Malund village of Raath region in Thalisain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बीरोंखाल के महाकालिंका मंदिर मेले में उमड़ी श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-a-crowd-of-budding-pilgrims-at-the-mahakalinka-temple-fair-of-birkonkhal-1711444.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

==History==
{{cite section|date=February 2026}}
Historically, construction of the temple has been credited to the Badiyaari community. Badiyaris were a semi-nomadic shepherding tribe. Until recently, they have taken up varying professions in the state, some settling in larger cities within or outside of Uttarakhand. However, some still practice their ancestral profession of farming and animal husbandry. According to a folk-legend, a badiyaari shepherd was herding his sheep on the ridge which houses the temple at present. As he was sleeping at night, he was awakened by a loud cracking sound and thunder with flashes of lightning. He saw a bright light and heard a shrill and furious voice that commanded him to climb up the mountain and build a shrine there. The shrine was to be dedicated to the goddess. He, after paying his homage to the goddess, started climbing uphill and after reaching the summit, gathered some rocks and formed a mound.
[[File:Idol of Kali inside the temple.jpg|thumb|Idol of Goddess Kali inside the temple]]

Over time, the summit was cleared of all the brambles and vegetation to make bigger structures. The temple in its present lotus-bud shaped shikhar (dome) was constructed around the year 2010. A charitable co-operative by the name of "Garhwal-Almora Kali Mandir Vikas Samiti" has been formed by residents of roughly a dozen villages surrounding the hill-temple. All these villages have a considerable Badiyari population. This organization of villagers keeps the temple premises clean and are responsible for any beautification projects to be taken up in the future.

==Geography and climate==
Situated at an altitude of roughly {{convert|2100|m}} on a flat, bare and rocky hilltop which is devoid of much vegetation. As one gets out of the temple premises, there is a dense mixed forest consisting of mainly Banj Oak (Quercus leucotrichophora), Rhododendron, Chir Pine ([[Pinus roxburghii]]) many other species. There are many ways to approach the temple from both Garhwal and Kumaon regions. The ascent is of easy to moderate difficulty. It offers a good view of [[Dudhatoli]] hills, the [[Trisul |Trisul Massif]] and also peaks of Western Garhwal up to [[Bandarpunch]] range. The climate is highland subtropical type (as per Köppen classification). In summer, its pleasantly warm and in winter cool with a bright sunshine. It receives a good amount of rain throughout the year. It also experiences snowfall every season. The temperature during summer fluctuates between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius during the day and 10–15 at night. In winter it is around 15 degrees Celsius during day and around 5 degrees Celsius during the night.

==Social significance==
The ridge on which this temple is built has been of great importance to the locals. In medieval times, Garhwal and Katyuri (Kumaon) kingdoms were often at war and thus people used this ridge to cross over the two sides. Saabligarh (Named after Patti Saabli or the Saabli region) was a Garhwali fortress in the nearby village of Dhobighat. The fortress due to its high altitude and strategic location acted as a regional frontier between the two kingdoms. The lands of Kumaon to the east of the temple are gentle, consisting of rolling hills and low-lying fertile valleys. Whereas to the West is Garhwal, which comparatively has a more rugged and rocky terrain with higher elevations. Historically, this route has also been used by buyers of cattle from Garhwal. Buffaloes from Kumaon were and still are much coveted among all the cattle, as they have been trained to roam around the terrain for grass and water and then return to their sheds. In the 1960s (before roads came to this part of Garhwal), locals traveled on foot to terai regions, specifically Ramnagar, in order to buy [[Jaggery]] and Salt. This was literally everything that they needed as they used to grow everything on their farms. Sugar and Salt are the only two things that are not manufactured in Garhwal hills. As a matter of choice, they preferred the Kumaon route over Garhwal owing to its gentle terrain.

==Quadrennial fair==
[[Kali|Goddess Kali]] is much revered among the local people and the temple holds an important place during social events and religious festivals. A fair, known locally as Kālinkā Jatodā, is held here in winter which attracts thousands of local people and outsiders. Historically, hundreds of goats, rams and male buffalo calves have been sacrificed here during that fair. Animal sacrifices have been a subject of controversy and criticism in recent times. Government and law enforcements have been trying to curb this practice but it continues despite all the efforts. It is deeply imbibed in the local culture.

{{Gallery
|title=Temple complex during snowfall, February 2018
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Temple building during snowfall.jpg
|alt1=

| |File:Kalinka Snowfall.jpg
|alt2=

| |File:Snowfall at Kalinka.jpg
|alt3=

| |File:Temple complex snowfall.jpg
|alt4=

| |File:Kalinka temple during Snowfall.jpg
|alt5=

| |File:Holy oak tree covered with snow.jpg
|alt6=

|}}

==Himalayan peaks as seen from Kalinka temple==
<gallery mode="packed">
North-eastern Garhwal Himalayas.jpg|Peaks of North-eastern Garhwal
Hathi-Ghori peaks.jpg|Hathi-Ghodi peaks
Kedarnath Peak.jpg|Kedarnath Peak
Chaukhamba mountain peak.jpg|The crown-shaped peak of Chaukhamba
Kamet Closeup.jpg|Kamet
Himalayan peaks of Central Garhwal.jpg|Himalayan peaks of Central Garhwal
Dronagiri Parvat.jpg|Dronagiri Parvat
Dronagiri and Nanda Ghunti.jpg|Dronagiri (Left) and Nanda Ghunti (Right)
Mrigthuni.jpg|Mrigthuni
Trishul Closeup.jpg|Trishul
Panchachuli Pithauragarh.jpg|Panchachuli
Jethi Bahurani.jpg|Jethi Bahurani peak in western Nepal
</gallery>

==Nearby places==
This region remains almost unexplored as compared to other tourist circuits of Uttarakhand, more specifically the Garhwal region. Outsiders coming to this place have a lot to see. They can visit Jogimarhi (a virtually unknown [[hill station]] in the region), Bindeshwar Mahadev (Not to be confused with Binsar Mahadev near Ranikhet), Deeba mata temples (The upper and the lower Deeba), Gauni Chheeda on NH-121 (Gauni falls), [[Gujrugarhi]] temple and historical caves, and lot of high hills for jungle treks.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]

Elamanchili

2026-02-01T02:24:18Z

BasilGott93: expanded article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Elamanchili
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Elamanchili Railway Station 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Elamanchili Railway Station
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|33|6|N|82|51|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Elamanchili Municipality]], [[VMRDA|Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 39.00
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_total = 35,650
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=618736|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 531055
| area_code = 08931
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Sundarapu Vijay Kumar
}}
'''Elamanchili''' is a town in the [[Anakapalli district]] of the Indian state [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a municipality and also the mandal headquarters of Elamanchili mandal. It the second biggest city in Anakapalli
district, after Anakapalle. The town is spread over an area of {{Convert|39|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, which is under the jurisdiction of [[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> This town has historical importance dating back to the 7th century CE.
[[File:View near Elamanchili town 03.jpg|thumb|Landscape View near Elamanchili town]]

== History ==
Elamanchilii was once called '''Ellamanchi'''. It was the capital of the Madhyama Kalinga (Central Kalinga) kingdom, which extended from the [[Champavathi River]] to the [[Varaha River]]. The town was used for tax collection, as it is on the border of these areas. Kalla Varahala Naidu (Vara Naidu) was once the king of Elamanchili.

Many historical and archaeological findings were found surrounding Elamanchili, dating back the history of this town to the times of early Buddhism in India, Jainism, and medieval Hinduism. The [[Kotturu Dhanadibbalu]] Buddhist and Dharapalem Hindu sites respectively are near this town. This particular area of Elamanchili was once under the rule of Andhra-Sathavahanas.
Some Pre-historic findings were excavated from the surroundings of Panchadharla, Dharapalem and Elamanchili surrounding Hills of Eastern Ghats. Research work is under progress on these excavations, and recently found lord venkateswara swamy statue.

The village of Sarvasiddhi (10 km from Elamanchili) was constructed by [[Eastern Chalukyas]] King Kubja Vishnuvardhan during 615 CE. Vishnuvardhana ruled over a kingdom extending from Nellore to Visakhapatnam. He assumed the title of Vishamasiddhi (conqueror of difficulties). Vishnuvardhana participated in the wars between his brother Putekesin II and the Pallava Narasimhavarma I and probably lost his life in battle in 641 CE. This area was under the [[Eastern Chalukyas]]. Elamanchili was under the rule of [[Eastern Chalukyas]] as some edicts were found by the name of Vijayaditya VII (1063 – 1068 C.E., 1072 – 1075 C.E.) at Elamanchili.

The famous Dharmalingeswara Temple at Panchadharla was believed to be constructed along with the famous

==Demographics==

==Transport==
[[File:National Highway 5 at Elamanchili.jpg|thumb|National Highway 5 at Elamanchili]]
Elamanchili is well connected by rail and road. [[Elamanchili railway station]] provide halt for many express trains. Buses are available from all parts of area in the state.
Nearest airport is Visakhapatnam International Airport which is about 54 km from the town.

== Legislative Assembly ==
*1951-1954 - N/A
*1955-1962 - Venkata Surya Narayana Raju Chintlapat
*1962-1967 - Veesam Sanyasi Naidu
*1966-1972 - Satyanarayana Nagireddi
*1972-1978 - Kumara Venkata Satya Narayana Raju Kakarlapudi (K K Raju)
*1978-1983 - Veesam Sanyasi Naidu
*1983-1985 - Kumara Venkata Satya Narayana Raju Kakarlapudi (K K Raju)
*1985-2004 - [[Pappala Chalapati Rao|Chalapathi Rao Pappala]]
*2004-2014 - [[Kanna Babu]] (U V R Raju)
*2014–2019- [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
*2019-2024- [[Kanna Babu]] (U V R Raju)
*2024-Present- [[Sundarapu Vijay kumar]]

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anakapalli district]]

Prime Volleyball League

2026-01-23T12:27:07Z

BasilGott93: starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian volleyball league}}
{{Distinguish|Premier Volleyball League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = Prime Volleyball League
| current_season = 2025 Prime Volleyball League
| last_season = 2024 Prime Volleyball League
| sport = Volleyball
| upcoming_season = 2025 Prime Volleyball League
| logo = [[File:Prime_Volleyball_League_official_logo.png|300px]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2021}}
| inaugural = [[2022 Prime Volleyball League |2022]]
| administrator = [https://baselineventures.com/prime-volleyball-league/ Baseline Ventures]
| ceo = [[Joy Bhattacharjya]]
| teams = [[#Teams|10]]
| venue =
| country = India
| confed = [[Asian Volleyball Confederation|AVC]]
| champion = [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]] (1st title)
| champ_season = 2025
| most_champs =
| most successful club = [[Kolkata Thunderbolts]] [[Ahmedabad Defenders]] [[Calicut Heroes]] [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]] (1 title each)
| confed_cup = [[Central Asian Volleyball Association|CAVA]] Men's Club Championship
| sponsor =
| website = [https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/ primevolleyballleague.com]
| tv = [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony Sports]]
| streaming = [https://www.youtube.com/@PrimeVolleyballLeague/ YouTube]
}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Seasons
| list =
* [[2022 Prime Volleyball League |2022]]
* [[2023 Prime Volleyball League |2023]]
* [[2024 Prime Volleyball League |2024]]
* [[2025 Prime Volleyball League |2025]]

}}

'''Prime Volleyball League''' is a professional men's [[Volleyball|indoor volleyball]] league in India. The inaugural season took place in February 2022.<ref name="PVL Preview NIE" /> The league is an initiative of Baseline Ventures with no involvement from [[Volleyball Federation of India]] and a rechristened version of the [[Pro Volleyball League]] which was held in February 2019.<ref name="PVL launched NIE" /> [[Sony Pictures Networks India]] is the official broadcaster of the league.<ref name="PVL Sony PDS" /> [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]] are the defending champions having defeated the Mumbai Meteors in the [[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025 PVL final]].

== Background ==
The [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI) in association with the [https://baselineventures.com/prime-volleyball-league/ Baseline Ventures] launched and conducted the inaugural season of a franchise-based indoor volleyball league called [[Pro Volleyball League]] in 2019 and [[Chennai Spartans]] won the title.<ref name="PVL VFI breach SS" /> Later it was discontinued in the same year after the VFI and Baseline got embroiled in a dispute and the federation terminated the 10-year contract with Baseline alleging breach of trust.<ref name="PVL VFI terminate SS" /> In November 2020, a [[Madras High Court]]-appointed arbitrator found the termination wrongful and awarded {{currency|4.5|INR}} [[crore]] to Baseline as compensation for terminating its contract.<ref name="PVL VFI breach ET" /> In June 2021, Baseline Ventures joined hands with few original franchise owners from Pro Volleyball League to launch a new league called ''Prime Volleyball League'' with no involvement from VFI this time. Five of the six teams ([[Ahmedabad Defenders]], [[Calicut Heroes]], [[Chennai Spartans]], [[Hyderabad Black Hawks]] and [[Kochi Blue Spikers]]) from Pro Volleyball League returned to this league with two new teams ([[Bengaluru Torpedoes]] and [[Kolkata Thunderbolts]]) were added for the [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|inaugural edition]].<ref name="PVL launched NIE" />

On 14 February 2022, VFI announced the launch of ''Indian Volleyball League'', making it the only recognised league by VFI in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Abhijit|date=2022-02-14|title=PVL is illegal, says Federation while announcing Indian Volleyball League|url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/pvl-illegal-federation-announcing-ivl-29236|access-date=2022-02-14|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref>

Volleyball World has signed multiple-year contract with Prime Volleyball League. Prime Volleyball League will broadcast globally through its platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preechachan |date=2022-10-04 |title=VOLLEYBALL WORLD TO STREAM THE RUPAY PRIME VOLLEYBALL LEAGUE GLOBALLY |url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/volleyball-world-to-stream-the-rupay-prime-volleyball-league-globally/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Asian Volleyball Confederation |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the league announced an eighth team called the [[Mumbai Meteors]] that is based in [[Mumbai]] which played from the [[2023 Prime Volleyball League]] season. They were bought by the [[PhonePe]] owners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BE STAFF |date=2022-10-10|title=PhonePe acquires team Mumbai Meteors for Prime Volleyball 2023
|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/phonepe-acquires-team-mumbai-meteors-for-prime-volleyball-2023/94756657 |access-date=2022-10-16|website=ET Brand Equity.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2023, the league announced a ninth team called the [[Delhi Toofans]] that is based in [[Delhi]] which played from the [[2024 Prime Volleyball League]] season. They were bought by the Sanghi Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-12-14|title=Delhi Toofans join Prime Volleyball League for season 3
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/delhi-toofans-join-prime-volleyball-league-for-season-320231214204703 |access-date=2023-12-14|website=aninews.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2024, the league announced a tenth team called [[Goa Guardians]] that is based in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]] which played from the [[2025 Prime Volleyball League]] season. They were bought by the Chekuri Sports Ventures.

== Teams ==
{{location map+ |India3
|float=center
|width=355
|alt=Locations of the Prime Volleyball League teams
|caption=Locations of the Prime Volleyball League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0628127 |long=80.2770915 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Chennai Blitz]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.9312 |long=76.2673 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Kochi Blue Spikers]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.564613 |long=88.3410758 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Kolkata Thunderbolts]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.2588 |long=75.7804 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Calicut Heroes]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9787989 |long=77.5976268 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.4065313 |long=78.5482817 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Hyderabad Black Hawks]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.033863 |long=72.585022 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|[[Ahmedabad Defenders]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=19.076090 |long=72.877426 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|Mumbai Meteors}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|Delhi Toofans}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.50 |long=73.82 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">{{nobreak|Goa Guardians}}</div>|position=right}}
}}

The Prime Volleyball League encompassed ten franchises, representing cities across India.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Team name
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |City
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Captain
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Head coach
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |International players
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Team owner
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Debut
! style="background:#000080;color:#fff" |Ref.
|-
| style="background:#F39C12;"|
|[[Ahmedabad Defenders]]
|[[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Muthusamy Appavu
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sajjad Hussain {{flagicon|IND}} S Dakshinamoorthy
|{{flagicon|USA}} Ryan Meehan {{flagicon|ARG}} Rodrigo Villalboa
|Bonhomie Sports
|2022
|<ref name="PVL AD Team" />
|-
| style="background:#8E44AD;"|
|[[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranjit Singh (volleyball)|Ranjit Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} K R Lakshminarayana
|{{flagicon|USA}} Kyle Friend {{flagicon|USA}} Noah Taitano
|Limitless Human Performance
|2022
|<ref name="PVL BT Team" />
|-
| style="background:#E3280A;"|
|[[Calicut Heroes]]
|[[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jerome Vinith
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kishor Kumar
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]] {{flagicon|FRA}} Aaron Koubi
|Beacon Sports
|2022
|<ref name="PVL CH Team" />
|-
| style="background:#FAFA19;"|
|[[Chennai Blitz]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohan Ukkrapandian]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chander Singh
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Da Silva Amorim {{flagicon|VEN}} Fernando David Gonzalez
|SPP Group
|2022
|<ref name="PVL CB Team" />
|-
| style="background:#4A148C;"|
| Delhi Toofans
| [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saqlain Tariq
| {{flagicon|IND}} Manoj Nair
| {{flagicon|PRI}} Carlos Berrios {{flagicon|VEN}} Jesus Chourio
| Sanghi Group
| 2024
| 
|-
| style="background:#8AECFF;"|
| Goa Guardians
| [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Yadav
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jothish
| {{flagicon|USA}} Jeffrey Menzel {{flagicon|USA}} Nathaniel Dickinson
| Chekuri Sports Ventures
| 2025
| 
|-
| style="background:#D35400;"|
|[[Hyderabad Black Hawks]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vipul Kumar
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Ruben Wolochin
|{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Henry Bell Cisnero]] {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Luis Arias (volleyball)|Luis Antonio Arias]]
|GlobalArena6 Sports
|2022
|<ref name="PVL HBH Team" />
|-
| style="background:#1FC3F3;"|
|[[Kochi Blue Spikers]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Karthik
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. M. H. Kumara
|{{flagicon|USA}} Colton Cowell {{flagicon|USA}} Cody Caldwell
|M Liga Sports
|2022
|<ref name="PVL KBS Team" />
|-
| style="background:#8E44AC;"|
|Mumbai Meteors
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amit Gulia
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abhijit Bhattacharya
|{{flagicon|CUB}} Hiroshi Centelles {{flagicon|USA}} Brandon Greenway
|Meteor Sports
|2023
|<ref name="PVL MB Team" />
|-
| style="background:#E3280A;"|
|[[Kolkata Thunderbolts]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashwal Rai
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunny Joseph
|{{flagicon|USA}} Matthew August {{flagicon|USA}} Ian Woo Satterfield
|Kolkata Sports Ventures
|2022
|<ref name="PVL KT Team" />
|}

== Format ==
Each team will have 12 players with the provision of a maximum of two reserve players. All teams have a salary purse of {{currency|75|INR}} [[lakh]]s from which they can pick their team via an auction and player draft. Each team can pick maximum of two International players for {{INR|25}} to {{INR|30}} lakhs while the Indian players are chosen via an auction from the remaining money. The auction was taken place in [[Kochi]] on 14 December 2021. Players were divided into five categories with different base prices set for each category – International, Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze and U-21 players.<ref name="PVL auction SS" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2021-12-13 |title=Prime Volleyball League to be held in Kochi in 2022 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-pvl-auctions-teams-schedule-start-date-coaches/article37946406.ece |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

There are a total of 24 matches with each team playing against each other in a single round-robin format with the top 4 teams moving into the Play-Offs. The first edition was earlier scheduled to be held in Kochi but later moved to [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="PVL Preview NIE" />

==Editions and results==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:5%; color:#fff; background:#000080;" rowspan=2 scope=col|Season
!style="width:60%; color:#fff; background:#000080;" colspan=5|Final
!style="width:20%; color:#fff; background:#000080;" rowspan=2 scope=col|Final venue
!style="width:5%; color:#fff; background:#000080;" rowspan=2 scope=col|No. of teams
!style="width:10%; color:#fff; background:#000080;" rowspan=2 scope=col|Ref.
|-
!style="width:20%; color:#fff; background:#00008B;" colspan=2 scope=col|Winner
!style="width:15%; color:#fff; background:#00008B;" scope=col|Score
!style="width:20%; color:#fff; background:#00008B;" colspan=2 scope=col|Runner-up
|-
!style="text-align:left;" scope=row|2022 ''[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|Details]]''
|style="background:#E3280A;"|
|'''[[Kolkata Thunderbolts]]'''
|3–0
|style="background:#F39C12;"|
|[[Ahmedabad Defenders]]
|[[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|7
|<ref name="PVL 2022 fixtures" />
|-
!style="text-align:left;" scope=row|2023 ''[[2023 Prime Volleyball League|Details]]''
| style="background:#F39C12;"|
|''' [[Ahmedabad Defenders]]'''
|3–2
| style="background:#8E44AD;"|
|[[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|8
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Volleyball League 2023 final result and score |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/prime-volleyball-league-2023-points-table-standings-results-score}}</ref>
|-
!style="text-align:left;" scope=row|2024 ''[[2024 Prime Volleyball League|Details]]''
| style="background:#E3280A;"|
|'''[[Calicut Heroes]]'''
|3–1
| style="background:#F39C12;"|
|Delhi Toofans
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
|9
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Volleyball League 2024 final result and score |url=https://www.mykhel.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-results/}}</ref>
|-
!style="text-align:left;" scope=row|2025 ''[[2025 Prime Volleyball League|Details]]''
| style="background:#8E44AD;"|
|'''[[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]'''
|3–0
| style="background:#412e7d;"|
|Mumbai Meteors
|Gachibowli Indoor Stadium in Hyderabad
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball League 2025: Bengaluru Torpedoes lift title with dominant win over Mumbai Meteors in final |url=https://khelnow.com/volleyball/final-report-prime-volleyball-league-202510 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

==Performance by teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
! style="background:gold"|Winners
! style="background:silver"|Runners-up
!Playoffs
!Years won
!Years runner-up
!Years Playoffs
!No. of seasons played
|-
|[[Ahmedabad Defenders]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|4
|align=center|[[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]], [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]], [[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]], [[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Kolkata Thunderbolts]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|align=center|2
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]], [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Calicut Heroes]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|align=center|3
|align=center|[[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]]
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]], [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]], [[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|align=center|[[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
|align=center|[[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
|align=center|[[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]], [[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]], [[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Chennai Blitz]]
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Hyderabad Black Hawks]]
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|1
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]
| align="center" |4
|-
|[[Kochi Blue Spikers]]
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
| align="center" |4
|-
|Mumbai Meteors
|align=center|0
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
|align=center|[[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
| align="center" |3
|-
|Delhi Toofans
|align=center|0
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]]
|align=center|[[2024 Prime Volleyball League|2024]]
| align="center" |2
|-
|Goa Guardians
|align=center|0
|align=center|0
|align=center|1
|align=center|—
|align=center|—
|align=center|[[2025 Prime Volleyball League|2025]]
| align="center" |1
|}

==Viewership==
TV viewership increased by a staggering 55%, with a colossal 206 million people tuning in to watch the matches throughout the second season.The PVL also drew equal interest from female audiences with the gender ratio between male and female TV viewers being 58:42.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preechachan |date=2023-04-17 |title=INDIA’S RUPAY PRIME VOLLEYBALL LEAGUE’S SECOND SEASON A MAJOR SUCCESS WITH TV VIEWERSHIP OF 206 MILLION |url=https://asianvolleyball.net/new/indias-rupay-prime-volleyball-leagues-second-season-a-major-success-with-tv-viewership-of-206-million/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Asian Volleyball Confederation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sports in India]]
*[[Indian Volley League]]
*[[Pro Volleyball League]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="PVL Preview NIE">{{Cite web |title=India to host its first-ever Prime Volleyball League in Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/feb/02/hawks-allset-to-rock-2414107.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL launched NIE">{{Cite web |title=Prime league launched, VFI not amused |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/sep/16/prime-league-launched-vfi-not-amused-2359434.html |access-date=16 September 2021 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL Sony PDS">{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball gets backing of 5 original team owners, signs Sony as long-term broadcast partner – Piston Des Sport |url=https://www.pistondessport.com/2021/09/15/soccer-players-head-to-france-2-2/ |access-date=2 January 2022 |publisher=Piston Des Sport}}</ref>



<ref name="PVL auction SS">{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball League 2021 Auctions: Full list of players sold in auction |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-auction-2021-full-sold-players-list-international-indian-domestic/article37950632.ece |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL VFI breach ET">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball league to return in a new avatar sans federation support |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/volleyball-league-to-return-in-a-new-avatar-sans-federation-support/articleshow/83769485.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL VFI breach SS">{{Cite web |title=Pro Volleyball League co-owner to take legal action against VFI |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/pro-volleyball-league-baseline-ventures-joy-bhattacharjya-vfi-terminate-contract/article30039285.ece |access-date=21 November 2019 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL VFI terminate SS">{{Cite web |title=VFI terminates contract with Pro Volleyball League co-owners |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/pro-volleyball-league-season-2-indian-volleyball-federation-terminates-contracts/article30009452.ece |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL AD Team">{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Defenders {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/ahmedabad-defenders/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL BT Team">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Torpedoes {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/bengaluru-torpedoes/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL CH Team">{{Cite web |title=Calicut Heroes {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/calicut-heroes/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL CB Team">{{Cite web |title=Chennai Blitz {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/chennai-blitz/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL HBH Team">{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Black Hawks {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/hyderabad-black-hawks/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL KBS Team">{{Cite web |title=Kochi Blue Spikers {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/kochi-blue-spikers/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL KT Team">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Thunderbolts {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/kolkata-thunderbolts/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL 2022 fixtures">{{Cite web |title=2022 Fixtures and Results {{!}} Prime Volleyball League |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/fixtures/ |access-date= |publisher=PrimeVolleyballLeague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="PVL MB Team">{{Cite web |last=BE STAFF |date=2022-10-10|title=PhonePe acquires team Mumbai Meteors for Prime Volleyball 2023
|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/phonepe-acquires-team-mumbai-meteors-for-prime-volleyball-2023/94756657 |access-date=2022-10-16|website=ET Brand Equity.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevolleyballleague.com/ Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://volleybox.net/men-prime-volleyball-league-tt2240/ Volleybox] {{in lang|en}}

{{Prime Volleyball League}}
{{Volleyball in India}}
{{Professional Men's Volleyball Leagues}}
{{National sports leagues of India}}
[[Category:Prime Volleyball League|*]]
[[Category:Volleyball competitions in India]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]
[[Category:Volleyball in India]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]

Sardarshahar

2026-01-18T16:33:49Z

BasilGott93: slightly enhance formatting for clarity and updated info per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sardarshahar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = SRDR
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Sardarshahar Rajasthan Assembly Map.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in North Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.440053|N|74.490818|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]
| established_title =

| founder = Ratan Singh (King Of Bikaner State)
| named_for = Sardar Singh (Son Of Ratan Singh)
| government_type = City Council
| governing_body =
| leader_title = City Council President
| leader_name = Rajkaran Choudhary
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 36.00
| area_rank = Biggest Tehsil in [[Churu district|Churu]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 248.108
| population_total = 95,911
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 235
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331403
| area_code = 01564
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ10
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1020/1000 [[female|♂]]/[[male|♀]]
| website = https://sardarshaharblog.com/
| footnotes =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 = 3,796
}}

'''Sardarshahar''' is a [[city]] located in the [[Churu district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is also the seat of the Rajasthan legislative assembly [[Sardarshahar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardarshahar Municipality City Population Census 2011-2023 {{!}} Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800466-sardarshahar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Sardarshahar is the tehsil headquarter. and part of the [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency]]. Sardarshahar was established in 1838 at the place of "Alwana" village in Bikaner state. The city is named after Sardar Singh, The son of [[Bikaner]] Maharaja(Raja Ratan Singh). It is known for its grand Havelis (mansions) with frescoes, The only Clock Tower (GhantaGhar) in Asia which streets running under it in all four directions, Shri Ichha Puran Balaji Mandir, Acharya Shri Mahapragya Samadhi Sthal(ShantiPeeth), Gandhi Vidya Mandir and many more. It is famous for its Food (especially sweets), handicraft work, silver work, and woodwork. It is the birthplace of the Eleventh Acharya (Religious head)-[[Mahashraman|Acharyashri Mahashramanji]] of the Shri Jain Terapanthi Sect.

==Location and transport==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2018}}
Sardarshahar, located in Rajasthan, India, is strategically positioned for easy access to various destinations in the region. The city located approximately 300 km from the national capital, [[New Delhi]] and 245 km away from the state capital, [[Jaipur]], and a mere 130 km from the vibrant city of [[Bikaner]]. Sardarshahar is well-connected to [[Ratangarh Junction railway station|Ratangarh Junction]] through a railway line, the railway line comes from Ratangarh Junction and ends at [[Sardar Shahar railway station|Sardarshahar Railway Station]]. For local transportation, auto-rickshaws are the primary mode of travel within the city .The city has its own [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|RSRTC]] bus depot, operating since 1976, which provides bus services to numerous cities of Rajasthan.

'''Nearest Airport :'''
* [[Bikaner Airport]] - 150 km
* Nearest International Airport - [[Jaipur International Airport]] 267 km

'''Highway :'''

* '''''[[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway|Amritsar-Jamnagar Expressway (NH-754):]]''''' The interchange of this Expressway is located 70 kilometers away from Sardarshahar on the Sardarshahar-Lunkansar SH-6A Highway.
* '''''Mega Highway Hanumangarh - Kishangarh (SH-7)''''' : Sardarshar is situated on Hanumangarh - Kishangarh Mega Highway, which was developed in 2008 by RIDCOR and the Rajasthan government. This highway is classified as a state highway.
* '''''Dungargarh - Sadulpur (SH6)'' :''' Sardarshar is situated on the Dungargarh - Sadulpur State Highway 6, which is a state highway developed by the Rajasthan government and is also proposed as a national highway.
* '''''Sardarshahar - Lunkaransar (SH-6A)''''' : This highway is a branch of SH6 and is another state highway developed by the Rajasthan government.
* '''''Sardarshahar - Ratangarh Via Churu (SH107)''''' : This is the least developed highway in Sardarshahar, a single-lane state highway connecting Sardarshahar to the [[Churu district|district headquarters]] [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]].

'''Sardarshahar Railway :''' The railway line from Sardarshar was initially established by the Bikaner State in 1916, running to Ratangarh. In 2013, the Indian government initiated the conversion of the Sardarshahar rail line to a [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]. The new line was constructed in 2017 between [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]] and Sardarshahar, with [[Railway electrification|electrification]] completed in 2022. Sardarshahar is now connected to Ratangarh Junction, with three daily trains servicing the route. Proposed railway lines for Sardarshahar include Sardarshahar-Hanumgarh and Sardarshahr-Sadulpur-Vai-Taranagar, which are currently under consideration in the Railway Department.

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2022}}
It is about 1832 when the economic situation of Bikaner state was weak. The city was founded in Bikaner in the name of princes. There was a need to settle the city to boost the falling economy. Took the task to Hukum Chand Surana to make this idea work. At that time the Diwan of the state was Baid Mehta by whom all the letter/ orders of Sardarshahar were written. Hukum Chand Surana and Madan Singh Chhajed were sent near Sawai village to find a suitable place. A village 85 miles away from Bikaner and 29 miles away from Ratangarh [which was established by his father Surat Singh in 1798 in the name of Maharaj Ratan Singh] was found whose name was Alwana अलवाना(refer page no 72 of Gazzettier of the Bikaner State written by captain P.W.Powlett, Political Agent of Alwar State) .In some places Alwana is also mentioned as Rajavas. Alwana was renamed Sardargarh in 1832 and started building houses for Raj employees. To expedite the process, Baid Mehta wrote a letter in which it was announced that Sardargarh would not be taken for five years to settle down and that the state of Bikaner would be given a prize money of Rs. Thus in Vikram Samvat 1888 (1832) Alwana village was renamed after the heir to the Gadi Maharaj Kanwar Sardar Singh as Sardar Garh by Maharaja Ratan Singh of Bikaner State and in Vikram Samvat 1895(AD 1838) the foundation of the fort was duly renamed as Sardarshahar in place of Sardar Garh town. Mohilo ruled Sardarshahar for a long for which definite information is known from the statue /छतरी of Mohilo. The statue/छतरी of Indrapal Mohilo of Sardarshahar is said to be from 1185 AD. It was also held in Sardarshahar Tehsil at the time of 1891 census in the country. At this time there were 93 villages in Sardarshahar tehsil of Bikaner state, and there were lot of Jat and Brahmin people in it.

Rai Bahadur Hukam Singh Sodhi, Diwan of Bikaner State has written in his book Physical and Political Geography of Bikaner State with Historical Notes, describing the 1891 census. The total population of Sardarshahar Tehsil is 44911, out of which 23,313 were males and 21,598 females. At that time there were also 2 police stations Sardarshahar. Sodhi had mentioned the important place of this tehsil to Sardarshahar where at that time there was a British post office and an Anglo-Vernacular school near 1890. There was also a small stronghold where 2 cannons were also kept. Not a single drop of rain fell in most of the land, the development of Sardarshahar was stopped for a few years.

A municipality was established at Sardarshahar in 1896.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=9788129108906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |page=1166}}</ref>

According to the 1961 census, there were 177 villages in Sardarshahar tehsil. The entire population of tehsil was 98,694 and this population was more than Churu.

==Description==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2018}}
Sardarshahar is situated in the heart of the [[Thar Desert]]. This is a historical town and was established around 700 years ago. The town was named after prince [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]] of Bikaner Kingdom. It has [[haveli]]s adorned with [[fresco]] [[paintings]] and carved [[woodwork]]. It also has a small fort that now houses government offices.

It is the birthplace of the Eleventh Acharya of Jain Swetambar Terapanth, Acharya Shri Mahashramanji. It also has the Acharya Mahapragya Samadhi Sthal.

Sardarshahr is known for its fine Rajasthani musicians and bands. The town is also known for its artistic talent in silver jewelry and other articles of silver like utensils and gift items.
same important village of sardarshahar are Government and administration are requested not to play any kind with nature. This tree, this forest is a shelter of thousands of millions of wildlife, their shelter has been destroyed. We look forward to the Government of India kalyanpura purohitan, Sawai badi, mehari, jivandesar, dulrasar, patlisar, udasar, bayla, mehrasar, rajasar, pulasar, ruplisar, bandhnau, foga, kalyanpura bidavtan, ramsara,

==Education==
Sardarshahar has become an education hub in the district. The IASE Deemed University is a constituent of Gandhi Vidya Mandir. The foundation stone of the {{convert|1200|acre|km2|adj=on}} university campus was laid in 1955 by the first President of India [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad.]] It educates over 10,000 students from kindergarten to post-graduate and Ph.D. A Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya is located in Sardarshahar. Bal Mandir Senior Secondary School occupies a sprawling campus in the heart of town. The oldest school of sardarshahar are Seth Sampat Ram Dugar Uchha Madhyamik Vidhyalay and Buniyadi Uchha Sikshan Sansthan(also known as Basic school). Both schools are part of Gandhi vidya mandir. The oldest English medium school in the town is Krishna Public School which was opened in 1988. Other educational institutes are Rose Buds Public School which is 27 years old established in 1992, Balika Vidhyalaya, Mittal Girls College, Government Senior Secondary School, basic public school, Anjuman senior secondary school, Meera Niketan, maharana pratap school, Oxford Public School & Cambridge Convent school. The city also has teacher training institutions. Basic Teacher's Training College is among them.

==Language==

'''[[Bagri language]]''' which is a dialect of Rajasthani language is spoken by majority of the people.

While Hindi and English are official language for government offices.

==Haveli ==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2018}}
Some of the prominent and artistically important haveli ([[mansion]]s) in the town are:
* Jammar Haveli ( जम्मड भवन हवेली ) The haveli of Punam Chand and Amar Chand Jammar. This haveli is about 185 years old (founded in 1873) and is notable for the paintings on it walls. The east wall of this haveli has a [[frieze]] depicting the story of [[Pabuji]], the hero who, according to legend, introduced [[camel]]s to Rajasthan. Other walls feature paintings from c. 1900 that depict scenes from the [[Mahabharata]]. The haveli also hosts friezes on the walls of its forecourt. It has two room whose walls are painted with real gold
*The haveli of Buddhmal Dugar has a "Mehfil" (room for concerts and entertainment) which has many unique and rare chandeliers as well as antique items. There are rooms whose walls and ceilings are made of glass and gold. The haveli which stands opposite to this haveli was also built by Buddhmal Dugar and is around 150 years old. It is said that "Pittarji Maharaj" (the benign spirit of an ancestor) resides there.
*The haveli of the late Baijnathji Chaudhary on Chaudhary Marg near Ghantaghar ([[clock tower]]) is about 125 years old and hosts frescos on its walls.
*The haveli of Shree Chand Vijay Kr Nahata is a modern as well as an ancient haveli.The haveli consists of rare chandelier made of rare elements and gold & has antiques made of sandalwood which are more than a century old.
*The haveli of Moolchand Malu, founder of KuberGroups, near Terapant Bhawan is a sight to watch.
*Gadhaiya's haveli has paintings and is a tourist spot.
*The haveli of late Ramlal Anoopchand Dugar, is 150 years old, has numerous rooms, including library, ceiling covered with carpet paintings, chandeliers & antique items. A blend of traditional & modern era. He also built Shardul Vyamshala (Gymnasium), which eventually opened for the public, free of cost. It currently runs on donation.

==Clock tower==
The [[clock tower]] of Sardarshahar is the only clock tower in all of Asia that has streets running under it in all four directions. The clock tower is made of white marble. Its height is 60 feet and the upper minaret is 30 feet high. Anglo-Swiss watches from Switzerland are embedded on its four sides.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} This is a tourist attraction. The Sardarshahar clocktower is famous all over the world.

==Temples ==
Iccha Puran Balaji Temple is dedicated to the God [[Hanuman]], colloquial referred to as "Balaji" in the region. It is located on SH-7. There is plenty of quality craft and sculpture work all over the temple complex. This temple was built by Seth Mulchand Malu, a businessman from Sardarshahar.

Shanti peeth - Jain temple and Smadhi of the world Jain acharya shri Mahapragya ji it is located on sh-7 (mega highway)

One of the oldest temples is "Shri Sachchiyay. Mataji (The Goddess of Truth) Mandir" worshiping by Pandit Rajeet Kumar Bhojak family member of Late. Sh. Arjun Ram Ji, located at Dugar school road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrisachchiyaymatasrdr.org/ |title=Shri Sachchiyay Mataji Mandir (Osian Wali) |publisher=shrisachchiyaymatasrdr.org}}</ref>

Another temple is of Baba Ramdevji & Shani temple located on Dugar school road. Shani Dev temple is maintained by the Panchiram Pincha charitable trust and is located at Pincha Ka Baas, Meena Ka Kunva. An ancient Parshwanath Jain shwetamber mandir with carvings is also present here. Sadhan ka Thikana (the place where Sadhus stay) is a lecture hall and [[meditation]] center of the Terapanth Jain Oswal community. In addition to the existing place, a new huge building was constructed named Terapanth Bhawan on the Dugar Vidyalaya Road in the year 2010 when the tenth Acharya of Jain Terapanth sect Acharya Mahapragya spent four months here as " Chaumasa".

Satyanarayan Ji's temple is also a historical template, well known for its ancient architecture and is near Shyamsukha haveli. The other most famous temple is Shree Nath ji temple (related to Nath Sampradaya) established by Somnath Ji Maharaj.

One of the most famous and culturally important{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} temples of Sardarshahar includes Rani Sati temple in 'Taal Maidaan'. Built in the 18th century, this temple is believed to have divine energies of the deity housed in this temple. It is visited by thousands of devotees especially during 'badi amavas' and 'mangsar navmi'.
The "Taal Maidan" is a huge ground that also houses the government hospital built-in memory of Seth Chhotu Ram Sethia, a vyayamshala (exercise club), a Dharamshala built by Chhajer family and a charitable institute named Shrichand Bardia Rog Nidan Kendra built-in memory of his father by Sarup Chand Bardia.

==See also==
* [[Sardar Shahar railway station|Sardarshahar Railway Station]]
* [[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Churu district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Churu district]]

Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express

2026-01-12T07:21:27Z

BasilGott93:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Raxaul–Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|25}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}}
| stops = 18
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| distance = {{convert|2060|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours
| frequency = Weekly
| class = general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12545 / 12546
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12545 / 46 '''Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] express train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}} and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in India.

It operates as train number 12545 from Raxaul Junction to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus and as train number 12546 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Maharashtra]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Itarsi-Khandwa-train-route-to-be-functional-from-next-week/articleshow/48435247.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 11 August 2015</ref>

==Coaches==
The 12545 / 46 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express has 23 general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 12545 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express covers the distance of {{convert|2060|km|0|abbr=on}} in 37 hours 15 mins (55 km/h) and in 37 hours 25 mins as the 12546 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Raxaul Junction Karmabhoomi Express (55 km/h).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kumbh-mela-20-trains-to-get-additional-halt-at-nashik-road-2107433], ''dnaindia.com'', 23 July 2015</ref>

As the average speed of the train is equal to {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, but its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge due to its unreserved coaches.

==Routing==
The 12545 / 46 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express runs from Raxaul Junction via {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Cheoki Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus.

==Traction==
As the route is going to electrification, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur]]-based [[WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive pulls the train up to {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} later, an electric locomotive [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/raxaul-mumbai-ltt-karmabhoomi-express-12545/8616/2314/466 12545 Karmabhoomi Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-raxaul-karmabhoomi-express-12546/8617/466/2314 12546 Karmabhoomi Express] at India Rail Info

{{Karmabhoomi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raxaul-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Raxaul]]

List of awards and nominations received by Mohit Chauhan

2026-01-07T06:58:49Z

BasilGott93: minor expanded lead based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[Mohit Chauhan]] is an Indian playback singer, best known as a singer in [[Hindi]] films. He also sings in other languages including [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-make-music-that-comes-from-deep-within-mohit-chauhan-2669665|title=Make music that comes from deep within: Mohit Chauhan|last=Roy|first=Dhaval|date=2018-09-30|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

==Annual Central European Bollywood Awards==
The Annual Central European Bollywood Awards are fan awards with the voters mostly from [[Germany]], Austria and Switzerland. They are users of the Bollywood Forum belonging to the film website, organizer of the ACEBAs. Chauhan has received one awards from five nominations.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|rowspan="5" | Central European Bollywood Awards - Best Male Playback Singer
| Khoon Chala
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodforum.ch/aceba/index.htm|title=ACEBA Wimners and Nominees}}</ref>
|-
|2007
| Tum Se Hi
|-
|2009
| [[Masakali]]
|-
|2010
| Pee Loo
| {{won}}
|-
|2011
| Phir Se Udd Chala
| {{nom}}
|}

==[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]==
The BIG Star Entertainment Awards are presented annually by [[Reliance Broadcast Network Limited]] in association with [[Star India]] to honour personalities from the field of entertainment across movies, music, television, sports, theater and dance. Chauhan has received an award from three nominations.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|rowspan="3"| Best Male Singer
|''Pee Loo'' from ''[[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2011
|''Sadda Haq'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2012
|''Ala Barfi'' from ''[[Barfi!]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Music Awards ==
Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Music Awards were presented by [[Bollywood Hungama]] to honour the musical work of the artists throughout the year. The winners have been selected based on the number of votes acquired by each of the contenders. These awards have been discontinued after 2015.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width=39% | Film
! scope="col" width=39% | Nominated song
! scope="col" width=15% | Result
! scope="col" width=2% | Ref.
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2011
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| "[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]"
| rowspan="5"|
|
|-
| "Tum Ho"
|
|-
| "[[Jo Bhi Main]]"
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Delhi 6]]''
| "[[Masakali]]"
|
|-
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| "Ye Dooriyaa"
|
|-
|}

==daf BAMA Awards==
daf BAMA award are Multicultural Musical Award at '''International Level''' where Best Male Act are selected as per online voting by the people corresponding to their country.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ""Best Male Act"" [[India]]
|
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mohit-chauhan-bags-best-indian-male-act-best-male-act-international-at-daf-bama-music-awards-2016-1287203.html|title=Mohit Chauhan Wins Big at Daf Bama Music Awards 2016|date=30 August 2016 | publisher=News18 | accessdate=26 September 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| ""Best Male Act"" ""International""
|
| {{won}}
|}

==[[Filmfare Awards]]==
The Filmfare Awards are one of the oldest and most prestigious Hindi film awards. They are presented annually by The Times Group for excellence of cinematic achievements. Chauhan received two awards from five nominations.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|-
|2010
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Masakali'' from ''[[Delhi-6]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2011
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Pee Loon'' from ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai|Once Upon a Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Sadda Haq'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Jo Bhi Main'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Winners/articleshow/11676105.cms |title=Filmfare Awards 2011 Winners |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 January 2012 |accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Ala Barfi'' from ''[[Barfi!]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

==[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]==
The '''GiMA''' Best Male Playback Singer Award is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual Global Indian Music Academy Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a male playback singer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song. Chauhan received two awards from six nominations.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Pee Loo'' from ''[[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Tujhe Bhula Diya'' from ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Naadan Parinde'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Kun Faya Kun'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2016
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Matargasti'' from ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]]==
The IIFA Best Male Playback Award is chosen by the viewers and the winner is announced at the ceremony.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|-
|2010
|Best Male Singer
|''Masakali'' from ''[[Delhi-6]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2011
|Best Male Singer
|''Pee Loon'' from ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2012
|Best Male Singer
|''Naadan Parindey'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}
|}

==[[Mirchi Music Awards]]==
The Mirchi Music Awards are presented annually by Radio Mirchi to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film music industry of India.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|-
|[[2nd Mirchi Music Awards|2009]]
|Best Male Singer
|''Masakali'' from ''[[Delhi-6]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=Mirchi Music Award 2009|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|2010]]
|Male Vocalist of The Year
|"Pee Loo" from ''[[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-01-30|title=Nominees - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010|date=2011-01-30|access-date=2018-09-30}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3 | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]
|Best Song Representing Sufi Tradition
|"Kun Faya Kun" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Awards 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| "Nadaan Parinde" from ''Rockstar''
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archivedate=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]" from ''Rockstar''
|}

==RMIM Puraskaar==
The '''RMIM Puraskaar''' borrows its name from the news group '''rec.music.indian.misc''', the oldest community of Hindi Film Music lovers on the net. These awards voice the opinion of HFM listeners scattered all over the Internet including on forums, groups, blogs, and social networks. Shreya Ghoshal has won twelve awards from twenty-four nominations in different categories till date.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width=26% | Category
! scope="col" width=26% | Film
! scope="col" width=26% | Nominated song
! scope="col" width=15% | Result
! scope="col" width=2% | Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| 2009
| Best Sung Solo Song
| ''[[Delhi 6]]''
| "Masakali"
| {{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| 2011
| Male Singer of the Year
|colspan="2"| ''Overall Performance During the Year''
| rowspan="5" {{won}}
| rowspan="5"|
|-
| Best Sung Solo Song
|rowspan="4"| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| "Sadda Haq"
|-
| Song of The Year
| "Kun Faya Kun"
|-
| Satish Kalra Sammaan
| (along with the musical team of [[Barfi!]])
|-
| Best Sung Song (Group)
| "Kun Faya Kun"
|-
!rowspan="2" | 2017
| RMIM Samman
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
| (along with the musical team of [[Jab Harry Met Sejal]])
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Sung Song Duet
| Ghar
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==[[Screen Award]]==

The '''Screen Award for Best Male Playback''' is chosen by a distinguished panel of judges from the Indian Bollywood film industry and the winners are announced in January.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|-
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|colspan=5 align=center |'''[[Star Screen Awards]]'''
|-
|2010
|Best Male Singer
|''[[Masakali]]'' from ''[[Delhi-6]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2011
|Best Male Singer
|''Pee Loon'' from ''[[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai|Once Upon a Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2012
|Best Male Singer
|''Phir Se Udd Chala'' & ''Sadda Haq'' from ''''Rockstar''''
|{{won}}
|-
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|colspan=5 align=center |'''[[Colors Screen Awards]]'''
|-
|2013
|Best Male Singer
|''Ala Barfi'' from ''[[Barfi]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

==[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]==
South Indian International Movie Awards, also known as the '''SIIMA''' Awards, rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the South Indian film industry.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|-
|2013
|Best Male Playback Singer
|''Po Nee Po'' from ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

==[[Star Guild Awards]]==
The '''Producers Guild Film Award''' for '''Best Male Playback Singer''' (previously known as the '''Apsara Award for Best Male Playback Singer''') is given by the producers of the film and television guild as part of its annual award ceremony to recognise the best Indian film of the year.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|-
|2010
|Best Male Singer
|''Yeh Dooriyan'' from ''''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''''
|{{won}}
|-
|2011
|Best Male Singer
|''Pee Loon'' from [[Once Upon A Time in Mumbai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|Best Male Singer
|"Sadda Haq" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Singer
|"Naadan Parinde" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2013
|Best Male Singer
|"Ala Barfi" from ''[[Barfi]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2016
|Best Male Singer
|"Matargashti" from ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

als in the Hindi language film industry of India. The awards were first introduced in 2013.

==[[Vijay Awards]]==
The Vijay for Best Male Playback Singer is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil (Kollywood) films. The award was first given in 2007.
'''Mohit Chauhan is the first and only Bollywood singer to win this award.'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|-
|2012
|Best Playback Singer Male
|''Po Nee Po'' from ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/mohit-chauhan-the-first-bollywood-singer-win-highest-tamil-award%7C|title=Movie News|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|publisher=}}</ref>
|}

==[[Zee Cine Awards]]==
The Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer- Male is chosen by the jury of Zee Entertainment Enterprises as part of its annual award ceremony for [[Hindi films]], to recognise a male playback singer. Following its inception in 1998, a ceremony wasn't held in 2009 and 2010, but resumed back in 2011. Chauhan received three awards from five nominations.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref
|----- bgcolor="#bfd7ff"
|-
|2011
|rowspan="5"| Best Male Singer
|''Pee Loon'' from ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai|Once Upon a Time in Mumbai]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/zee-cine-awards-2011/complete-list-winners-zee-cine-awards-2011 |title=Zee Cine 2011|date=14 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2012
|''Sadda Haq'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zee-cine-awards-2012-winners-ranbir-kapoor-vidya-balan-win-top-honours/%7c|title=Zee Cine Awards 2012 winners|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|''Jo Bhi Main'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2013
|''Ala Barfi'' from ''[[Barfi]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2016
|''Matargashti'' from ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607 |title=Zee Cine 2016 Winners |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326060750/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607 |archivedate=2016-03-26 }}</ref>
|}

==Other awards and honors==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Awards
!Song
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2011
| '''RMIM Puraskaar''' - Male Singer of the Year
| Pee Loo
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.giitaayan.com/2011/indexen.htm|title=RMIM Purskaar 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| '''[[People's Choice Awards India]]''' Best Male Playback Singer
|''Sadda Haq'' from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| 2015
| '''Musical Sameeksha Awards''' - Best Male Playback Singer
| Matargasti from [[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2017
| '''Rajdhani Rattan Awards''' - Ekta Mission Delhi
|
| {{won}}
|
|-
|}

==Special Achievements==

•Brands Academy Indian Of the Year - 2017
•Green Ambassador of Sikkim - 10 May 2018

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Mohit}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician]]

Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya

2026-01-06T05:58:21Z

BasilGott93: added references

{{Short description|Hindu mantra}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}{{italic title}}[[File:Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya.jpg|thumb|Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya in [[Devnagari|Devanagari]]]]
'''''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya''''' ({{langx|sa|ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय|lit=I bow to God Vāsudeva}}; {{audio|Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya Pronunciation.oga|listen}}) is one of the most popular [[mantra]]s in [[Hinduism]] and, according to the [[Bhagavata]] tradition, the most important mantra in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. (John Nicol) |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023004629 |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |date=1920 |publisher=London; New York : H. Milford, Oxford University Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=186}}</ref> It is called the '''Dvadasakshari Mantra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin Walker |url=http://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker |title=Hindu World Vol. 2 An Encyclopedic Survey Of Wisdom Benjamin Walker |pages=27}}</ref> or simply '''Dvadasakshari''', meaning the "twelve-syllable" mantra, dedicated to [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qa8aAAAAMAAJ |author=Prabhakar Balvant Machwe |publisher=Bhāratīya Saṃskr̥ti Saṃsada |page=212 |year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2n4VDAAAQBAJ |author=Edwin F. Bryant | date=18 June 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=354| isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 }}</ref>

== Origin ==
[[Bhagavata|Bhagavatism]], one of the traditions that was assimilated with what would become [[Vaishnavism]], revered the [[Vrishni heroes]], primary among them being [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dineschandra Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/Sircar1971 |title=Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient and Medieval India by Dineschandra Sircar (1971) |date=1971 |pages=19}}</ref> It may be concluded that the mantra was first associated with the reverence of Vāsudeva as the supreme deity<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/swami-sivananda-books |title=Swami Sivananda exclusive books |pages=73}}</ref> before he was syncretised with Vishnu, after which it became an invocation of both deities.
[[File:Krishna dancing on a lotus, c1825.jpg|thumb|Vāsudeva (Krishna) dancing on a lotus. Telugu]]

==Meaning==
''Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya'' means "''Om'', I bow to Lord Vāsudeva or Lord Vishnu".<ref name="Walters2002">{{cite book |author=J. Donald Walters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzSBzgEACAAJ |title=The Art and Science of Raja Yoga: Fourteen Steps to Higher Awareness : Based on the Teachings of Paramhansa Yogananda |date=1 March 2002 |publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers |isbn=978-1-56589-166-1 |pages=251– |access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
|- bgcolor="#C2D4F2"
!Term!!Devanagari!!Listen!!Meaning
|-
| [[Om]] ||{{center|ॐ}}|| {{audio|Om.ogg|Om}}||Refers to the Supreme Infinite [[Brahman|Spirit]] or [[Bhagavan|Person]]. [[Om]] represents the [[Shabda]] [[Brahman]].
|-
| [[Namaste|Namo]] ||{{center|नमो (namo)}}||{{audio|Namo Pronunciation.ogg|Namo}}||Salutation, worship, a common spoken valediction or [[Salutation (greeting)|salutation]] originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. 'Namo' नमो is the [[Sandhi]] form of 'namas' नमस्, neuter [[nominative case|nominative]] singular.
|-
| [[Bhagavata|Bhagavate]] ||{{center|भगवते}}||{{audio|Bhagabate_Pronunciation.ogg|Bhagavate}}||1. God in [[Sanskrit]], someone who is considered God (or equally powerful, merciful). 'Bhagavate' भगवते is the [[dative case|dative]] of 'bhagavat' भगवत्. 2. Bhagavate is one who is becoming divine.<ref name="Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya chant blg">{{cite web|title=Chanting Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya|url=http://sacralweb.blogspot.in/2008/10/chanting-om-namo-bhagavate-vasudevaya.html|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vāsudeva|Vāsudevā]]ya ||{{center|वासुदेवाय}}||{{audio|Vasudevaya_Pronunciation.ogg|Vāsudevāya}}||Vasu means "Life in all beings" Devaya means "God". This means God(life/light) who lives of all beings.
Krishna is also known as [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna), because He was the son of [[Vasudeva]]. In the [[Bhagavad-Gita]], [[Arjuna]] called Krishna by the name Vaasudeva multiple times. 'Vāsudevāya' वासुदेवाय is the [[dative case|dative]] of 'vāsudeva' वासुदेव.
|}{{Vaishnavism}}

== Details ==
''Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevaya'' means "prostration to [[Vāsudeva|Vasudeva]]", who is variously understood as Krishna.<ref name="The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana Kr">{{cite web|title=The Significance of Mantra-Japa Sadhana|url=http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/disc/disc_90.html|publisher=swami-krishnananda.org|access-date=14 April 2012|author=Swami Krishnananda}}</ref> The [[Vaishnava Upanishads]] state that this mantra is described on the [[Sudarshana Chakra]]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upanishad Brahmayogin |url=http://archive.org/details/108_Upanishads_with_Sanskrit_Commentary_of_Upanishad_Brahma_Yogin |title=108 Upanishads with Sanskrit Commentary of Upanishad Brahma Yogin |publisher=Adyar Library|language=English}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Similarly, in the twelve petals, is placed the Vasudevan (the twelve-syllabled Mantra, Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya).|title=[[Vaishnava Upanishads]]}}
The [[Sarada Tilaka|Sharada Tilaka]], a [[Tantra|Tantric]] text, states:
{{cquote|"Dvadasharno mahamantrah pradhano Vaishnavagame"—
The twelve lettered mantra is the chief among vaishnava mantras.
}}

Similarly, this is referred to as the ultimate mantra in the [[Shrimad Bhagavatam]]. This twelve syllable mantra<ref name="Studholme2002">{{cite book |author=Alexander Studholme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VlulOGhZ3EC&pg=PA177 |title=The Origins of Oṃ Maṇipadme Hūṃ: A Study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7914-5389-6 |pages=177}}</ref> is known as a mukti (liberation) mantra, and a spiritual formula for attaining freedom.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The mantra can also be found in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veda Vyasa |url=https://archive.org/details/vishnu-purana-sanskrit-english-ocr/page/n77/mode/1up |title=Vishnu Purana English Translation with Sanskrit Text |pages=72}}</ref>

In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Dhruva]] chanted this mantra in his penance as ordered by sage [[Narada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruva |url=http://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/Prince_Dhruva_was_initiated_by_Narada_into_chanting%E2%80%A6_om_namo_bhagavate_vasudevaya,_and_Lord_Vasudeva_incarnated_Himself_as_Prsnigarbha,_the_Personality_of_Godhead_with_four_hands,_and_awarded_the_prince_a_specific_planet_above_the_seven_stars |access-date=14 April 2012 |publisher=Vaniquotes}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*[[Swami Vivekananda]] used this phrase multiple times in his lectures and letters.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda Letters">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Letters|url=http://www.vivekananda.org/newSVLetters.asp|publisher=Vedanta network Boston|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=16 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516014920/http://www.vivekananda.org/newSVLetters.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda letter the 15th February [1893]|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/unpublished/i_your_highness.htm|publisher=Ramakrishna Vivekananda Info|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref>
*[[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)|Dayananda Saraswati]] wrote a book named "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya".{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Willow Smith]] and [[Jahnavi Harrison]] put this mantra into their song Gajendra from their collaborative album RISE.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==See also==
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
*[[Hare Krishna (mantra)]]
*[[Svayam Bhagavan]]
*[[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
*[[Om Tat Sat]]
*[[Hari Om]]
*[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Krishna}}

[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Om mantras]]

Murmu

2025-12-07T12:22:42Z

BasilGott93:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

'''Murmu''' is a surname indicating a particular clan (''paris'') of the [[Santal people|Santals]] found in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dash|first1=Malini|last2=Choudhury|first2=R.K.|date=October 2005|title=Breast Feeding Practices Among Santals and Non- Santals of Orissa|journal=The Anthropologist|volume=7|issue=4|pages=283–287|doi=10.1080/09720073.2005.11890922|s2cid=70961427 |issn=0972-0073}}</ref>
The Kol tribe also bears the surname Murmu. The tribe resides in Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, and other states.

== Notable people ==
*[[Droupadi Murmu]] (born 1958) is an Indian politician who is the current [[President of India]] belongs to Murmu clan of [[Santal]].
*[[Anthony Murmu]], (27 October 1930 – 19 April 1985) an [[India]]n politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]], [[Bihar]] as a member of the [[Janata Party]].
*[[Bhagwat Murmu]] (28 February 1928 – 30 June 1998) social worker, first recipient of Padma Shri Award among Santal People, awarded on 16 March 1985<ref>[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}<ref>[http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Bihar&Award=Padma%20Shri Padma Awards, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India]</ref> Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, 1957-1962.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/jhajha.html About Jhajha Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency]</ref>
*[[Bhairav Murmu]] another sibling of great leader [[Sidhu Kanhu]] who also led the [[Santhal rebellion]] (1855–1856)
*[[Chami Murmu]], (born c. 1973) a recipient of [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award in 2020.
*[[Chand Murmu]] sibling of great leader [[Sidhu Kanhu]] who also led the [[Santhal rebellion]] (1855–1856)
*[[Chandrani Murmu]] (born 16 June 1993) is an Indian politician, a youngest Indian [[Member of Parliament]], from [[Keonjhar]], [[Odisha]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].
*[[Durga Murmu]] is an Indian politician. He was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Phansidewa as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
*[[G. C. Murmu]] (born 1959), Indian Administrative Service officer
*[[Hemlal Murmu]], Indian politician and former MP from [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] in 14th Lok Sabha
*[[Jauna Murmu]] (born 1990), Indian sprint runner and hurdler
*[[Joyel Murmu]] is an Indian politician.
*Sidhu Murmu ([[Sidhu Kanhu]]), a leader of the [[Santhal rebellion]] (1855–1856)
*[[Khagen Murmu]], (born 2 February 1960) an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
*[[Naresh Chandra Murmu]] (born 1 September 1971) Chief Scientist and Director of CSIR - [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]] Durgapur, West-Bengal, India. He was also acting Director of CSIR - [[National Metallurgical Laboratory]] Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
*[[Nathaniyal Murmu]] was an eminent Santal Social Reformer.
**[[Nathaniyal Murmu Memorial College]], a college at Tapan in the Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India.
*[[Paika Murmu]] (15 January 1912 — ?) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Rajmahal]], [[Bihar]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].
*[[Paresh Murmu]] is an Indian politician member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].
*[[Rabindranath Murmu]] (born 1967/68) is an Indian [[Santali language]] writer from [[Jharkhand]]. He won [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi Award for Santali Translation]] in 2012.
*[[Raghunath Murmu]] (1905–1981), Indian linguist, inventor of the [[Ol Chiki script]] used in Santali language
**[[Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College]] in Baligeria, West Bengal, India
**[[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], a Medical college and hospital in Baripada, Odisha, India
**[[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], a college in Baragari, Bankura, West Bengal, India
**[[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Teachers Training College]], a Training School in Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
**[[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Tribal University]] in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
**[[Pt. Raghunath Academy Of Santali Cinema & Art]], an academy formed to promote and develop Santali films, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
*[[Rupchand Murmu]] (born 1947), Indian politician, former MP
*[[Sadhu Ramchand Murmu]], (30 April 1897 — 15 December 1954) a Santali Writer. His contributions are Sari Dhorom Serenj Puthi (2 parts-1969), Lita Godet (1979), Sonsar Phend (Drama), Isror (Verse), Ol Doho Onorhe (Poetry.
*[[Salkhan Murmu]] (born 1952), Indian socio-political activist, former MP from Mayurbhanj
*[[Sidha Lal Murmu]] (1 November 1935 – 4 June 1999) was an Indian politician.
*[[Sonu Murmu]] (Member of Federal Parliament of Nepal, 2022-2027)
*Kanhu Murmu, a leader of the [[Santhal rebellion]] (1855–1856)
**[[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]] in West Bengal, India
**[[Sidhu Kanhu Birsa Polytechnic]] in Keshiary, [[Paschim Medinipur district]], West Bengal, India
**[[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]] in Jharkhand, India
*Phulo Murmu & Jhano Murmu, Two sisters, Heroines of India’s Freedom movement ([[Santhal rebellion]], 1855-1856)<ref>[https://aidindia.org/the-unsung-heroines-of-indias-freedom-movement-phulo-murmu-and-jhano-murmu/ The unsung Heroines of India’s Freedom movement- Phulo Murmu and Jhano Murmu]</ref>
**[[Phulo Jhano Murmu College of Dairy Technology]]<ref>[https://aidindia.org/the-unsung-heroines-of-indias-freedom-movement-phulo-murmu-and-jhano-murmu/ The unsung Heroines of India’s Freedom movement- Phulo Murmu and Jhano Murmu]</ref><ref>[https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dumka/story-dairy-technology-college-named-after-phulo-jhano-2696613.html हंसडीहा में आज राज्यपाल द्रौपदी मुर्मू करेंगी डेयरी टेक्नोलॉजी कॉलेज का उद्घाटन]</ref>
**[[Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], a Medical college and hospital in Dumka, Jharkhand, India
*[[Tilka Majhi|Tilka Majhi (Murmu)]] (11 February 1750 – 13 January 1785) was a notable tribal leader and revolutionary from present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, recognized as one of the earliest figures to rebel against British colonial oppression in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tilka Manjhi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?281 |website=amritmahotsav |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=30 December 2021 |title=How a Fearless Adivasi Led India's 1st People's Revolt Against the British |url=https://thebetterindia.com/270899/history-tilka-manjhi-fearless-adivasi-led-indias-first-peoples-revolt-british/ |website=The better India}}</ref>
**[[Tilka Majhi Bhagalpur University]], formerly Bhagalpur University, is a public university in [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Santali-language surnames]]

Seethammadhara mandal

2025-12-03T08:11:34Z

BasilGott93: creating info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seethammadhara mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.742457|N|83.312417|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Seethammadhara]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Seethammadhara mandal''' is one of the 11 mandals in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Its headquarters is located at [[Seethammadhara]]. It is located in the centre of [[Visakhapatnam]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s32d6cc4b2d139a53512fb8cbb3086ae2e/uploads/2022/05/2022050917.pdf |title=Visakhapatnam district - District handbook of statistics |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Visakhapatnam district website, Government of AP}}</ref>

There are no villages in this mandal as it is located within the jurisdiction of [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]], which is responsible for the civic amenities of [[Seethammadhara]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Visakhapatnam (rural) mandal|Visakhapatnam Rural]] to the north and [[Visakhapatnam Urban-2]] to the east. <ref name=sub>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Visakhapatnam District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=13|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Visakhapatnam (urban) mandal villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf |publisher=apland.ap.nic.in |accessdate=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Visakhapatnam district]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Asha Roy

2025-10-19T06:51:17Z

BasilGott93: New Some Post Added Tags...

{{short description|Indian sprinter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Asha Roy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|1|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Ghanshyampur, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], India
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Sprint (running)|Sprints]]
| pb = '''100 m''': 11.72 ([[Lucknow]] 2013) '''200 m''': 23.59 ([[Chennai]] 2013)
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's athletics}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013 Pune]]|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200 m]]}}
}}

'''Asha Roy''' (born 5 January 1990) is an Indian professional [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] who won the silver medal for 200m in the Asian Track and Field at the 20th [[Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Pune]] on 7 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sprinter-asha-roy-gives-singur-a-reason-to-cheer/story-2oWhNEoTEX2jvpsStD7I7I.html|title=Sprinter Asha Roy gives Singur a reason to cheer|date=2013-07-14|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref> Roy clocked 11.85 seconds in a 100-meter dash at the 51st National Open Athletics Championships, held at the Yuva Bharti Krirangan, [[Kolkata]] in 2011. Roy's record was just short of the national record of 11.38 seconds, which was set by Rachita Mistry in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/indias-fastest-woman/|title=India's Fastest Woman - Asia Sentinel|date=2011-11-04|work=Asia Sentinel|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> Roy also ran the fastest 200-meter dash, clocking the tape at 24.36 seconds and anchored [[Bengal]]'s 4 × 100 m relay team, which won the silver with a timing of 47.49 seconds at the Championships.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/track-results-51st-open-national-athletics-championships-2011|title=Track Results: 51st Open National Athletics Championships, 2011|date=2011-09-14|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Roy was born in Ghanshyampur, a village in the Hooghly district of the Indian State of [[West Bengal]], on 5 January 1990, to Bholanath Roy, a door-to-door vegetable-seller, and Bulu Roy, a [[homemaker]]. Roy is the third among four daughters of Bholanath Roy and Bulu Roy. The Roy family lives in abject poverty and the [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] usually was only able to eat two meals a day, with little attention to the kind of nutrition the top athletes need.<ref name=":1" />

Roy studied for her bachelor's degree at the Sriampore College of the Hooghly district. Roy was promised a job and monetary assistance after her performance at the National Open Meet by both, the [[Indian Railways]] and the State Government of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":1" /> However, it took Roy almost a year to get a job. Roy was approached by a few [[Kolkata]]-based companies to join them as a brand ambassador, but all the opportunities ended in nought. Roy had almost decided to quit the sport, between January 2011 and February 2012, when finally an opportunity came her way. Roy joined [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]] office in February 2012.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/running/after-two-years-of-darkness-asha-roy-returns-in-style|title=After two years of darkness, Asha Roy returns in style|date=2013-04-08|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

== Career ==
Roy trained under a coach Probir Chandra, who had first spotted Roy when she finished first at a school meet as a student of the third grade. Coach Chandra approached Roy's father to discuss her talent and took the full responsibility for her training. Roy became a member of the Bengal Athletic Team when she was in the fifth grade and she participated in the Nationals when she was in the sixth grade.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2004-2006: School Games and Junior Nationals ===
Roy won four gold medals and was named the best athlete in the school games in 2004. Roy achieved the second position in the long jump as well as in the 100-meter dash at the Junior Nationals in 2006.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2009: Indo-Bangla International Meet ===
Roy won the gold medal for the 100-meter dash at the Indo-Bangla International Meet.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2010: University Meet ===
Roy won a silver medal at the University Meet.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2011: 51st National Open Athletics Championships ===
Roy participated in the 100-meter, 200-meter, and 4X100-meter Relay races at the 51st National Open Athletics Championships, hosted at the Yuva Bharti Krirangan, [[Kolkata]]. She bagged the gold medal for the 100-meter race, finishing in 11.85 seconds, and for the 200-meter race, finishing in 24.36 seconds.<ref name=":1" /> Roy also anchored the [[Bengal]]'s 4 × 100 m relay team, bagging the silver medal with a timing of 47.49 seconds at the Championships. It was after her performance at the Open National Championship that her career took off.<ref name=":2" />

=== 2013: Indian Grand Prix championship and 20th Asian Athletics Championships ===
Roy made her comeback by winning the gold medal for the 200-meter race in the second [[Indian Grand Prix]] Championship in [[Patiala]]. Roy also was able to improve her previous best of 24.33 seconds in the 200-meter race and set a new meet record, timing 24.23 seconds.<ref name=":3" />

Roy went on to win the silver medal for 200m in the Asian Track and Field at the 20th [[Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Pune]] on 7 July 2013. The [[West Bengal]] Athletic Association felicitated Roy on 17 July 2013 and awarded her with Rs. 50,000 and gifts from the State association.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/asha-roy-felicitated-for-asian-meet-silver/article4926659.ece|title=Asha Roy felicitated for Asian meet silver|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2015: Struggles and Injuries ===
Under the guidance of the Chief national coach in the [[Sprint (running)|sprinting]], Tarun Saha, Asha Roy had been training to participate in [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] in the 200-meter race and represent the Railways.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Rush-for-Rio-berths-as-athletes-look-to-impress/articleshow/48980433.cms|title=Rush for Rio berths as athletes look to impress - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref> Roy was in the national preparatory camp for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] when her waist injury became worse and she could no longer continue to train. Roy's condition began deteriorating after she began training at the [[Kolkata]] SAL campus, leading to her inability to perform at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportzwiki.com/more/asha-roys-dream-of-participating-in-rio-gets-shattered-due-to-injury/|title=Asha Roy's dream of participating in Rio gets shattered due to injury - Sportzwiki|website=sportzwiki.com|date=30 December 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Asha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

List of Chennaiyin FC players

2025-10-10T15:20:59Z

BasilGott93: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin Football Club]] is a professional [[association football]] club based in [[Chennai]], [[India]], that plays in [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile|title=Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref> The club was formed in 2014 and played its first competitive match on 15 October 2014 and defeated [[FC Goa]] by 2–1 due well anticipated the goals of [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] and [[Elano]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/3998-fc-goa-vs-chennaiyin-fc|title=MATCH 4 - COMPLETED|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref> The club won two [[Indian Super League|ISL]] titles, and appeared as the runner-ups of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]. The club was the first [[Indian Super League|ISL]] to appear in [[AFC Cup]] and went up to Group stage in [[2019 AFC Cup|2019]] edition whereby they made second rank on the table. They failed to make into knockouts .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/chennaiyin-fc-crowned-2015-isl-champion-1450669977-1|title=Chennaiyin FC crowned 2015 ISL champion|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.jagranjosh.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/chennaiyin-fc-win-isl-2017-18-final-beat-bengaluru-fc/r60n42ly37wr13tvxls5l5zn8|title=ISL 2017-18 Final: Chennaiyin FC beat Bengaluru FC to lift second title|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/afc-cup-2019-chennaiyin-fc-disappointing-season-group-stage/8h0ll8gzug5a1ds4iy86bvt8k|title=AFC CUP 2019: Chennaiyin FC's sorry season ends on a sorrier note after failing to make knockouts|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>

==List of players==
*Appearances and goals are for [[Indian Super League]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] matches only.
*Players are listed according to the date of their first team debut for the club. Only players with at least one appearance are included.

''Statistics correct as of 28 August 2020''

;Table headers
* '''Nationality''' – If a player played international football, the country/countries he played for are shown. Otherwise, the player's nationality is given as their country of birth.
* '''Career span''' – The year of the player's first appearance for Chennaiyin FC to the year of his last appearance.
* '''Matches''' – The total number of games played, both as a starter and as a substitute
The list includes all the players registered under a [[Chennaiyin FC]] contract. Some players might not have featured in a professional game for the club.

[[File:Jeje Lalpekhlua.jpg|thumb|Jeje Lalpekhlua has the most caps (77) for the club. He is the leading goal scorer having scored 25 goals.|170 px]]
[[File:Elano blumer.jpg|thumb|[[Elano]] is the first Golden Boot winner of the league and club as well. He won it in [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/12-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|title = Awards*|access-date = 2020-10-12|date = October 12, 2020|website = www.indiansuperleague.com|language = en}}</ref>|170 px]]
[[File:Bney-Zen (7).jpg|thumb|[[Nerijus Valskis]] is the sixth Golden Boot winner of the league and third of club as well. He won it in [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/148-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|title = Awards*|access-date = 2020-10-12|date = October 12, 2020|website = www.indiansuperleague.com|language = en}}</ref>|170 px]]
[[File:ApoulaEdel.jpg|thumb|[[Apoula Edel]] is the second Golden Glove winner of the league and first of club as well. He won it in [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/13-154-golden-glove-award-statistics|title = Awards*|access-date = 2020-10-12|date = October 12, 2020|website = www.indiansuperleague.com|language = en}}</ref>|170 px]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Name!!{{Tooltip| Nat| Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}{{ref label|Positions|NB|}}!!Chennaiyin FC career!! data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type="number"|Goals!!class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
|align="left"|[[Gennaro Bracigliano]]|| {{flagicon|FRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014–2015|||13||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/gennaro-bracigliano-from-chennai-to-the-north-east|title=Gennaro Bracigliano: From Chennai to the North East|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Elano]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014–2015|||26||12||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/elano-joins-teammates-in-chennai-ahead-of-isl-kickoff|title=Elano joins teammates in Chennai ahead of ISL kickoff|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/elano-blumer-chennaiyin-fc-retained-new-loan-deal-258201-2015-06-18|title=ISL 2015: Elano signs new loan deal with Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Alessandro Nesta]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/alessandro-nesta-joins-chennaiyin-fc|title=Alessandro Nesta joins Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bojan Djordjic]]|| {{flagicon|SWE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||11||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/isl-chennaiyin-fc-full-squad-colombian-striker-joins-020617.html|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC Full Squad; Colombian striker joins|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.mykhel.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/chennaiyin-fc/interviews/rapid-fire-with-bojan-djordjic|title=Rapid Fire with Bojan Djordjic|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bernard Mendy]]|| {{flagicon|FRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2016|||39||5||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/bernard-mendy|title=Bernard Mendy|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-confirm-bernard-mendy-s-re-signing-for-hero-isl-3|title=Chennaiyin FC confirm Bernard Mendy's re-signing for Hero ISL 3|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Eric Djemba-Djemba]]|| {{flagicon|CMR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||9||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-chennaiyin-fc-sign-eric-djemba-djemba-jean-maurice-1510976|title=Indian Super League: Chennaiyin FC Sign Eric Djemba Djemba, Jean Maurice|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.sports.ndtv.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Stiven Mendoza]]|| {{flagicon|COL}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2015|||25||17||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Colombian-striker-John-Stiven-Mendoza-joins-Chennaiyin-FC/articleshow/44021464.cms|title=Colombian striker John Stiven Mendoza joins Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-retain-john-stiven-mendoza-valencia|title=Chennaiyin FC retain John Stiven Mendoza Valencia|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jairo Suárez]]|| {{flagicon|COL}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||7||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/chennaiyinfc/status/520884072805974016|title=Jairo Suarez has won both the Copa Colombia and Colombian Super Cup with Santa Fe. #ChennaiyinJairo #KnowThePlayers|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.twitter.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jean-Eudes Maurice]]|| {{flagicon|HTI}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014|||8||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jean-eudes-maurice-joins-training-at-chennaiyin-fc|title=Jean-Eudes Maurice joins training at Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Marco Materazzi]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||7||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/photos/marco-materazzi-arrives-in-india|title=Marco Materazzi arrives in India|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mikaël Silvestre]]|| {{flagicon|FRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||14||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/indian-super-league-former-manchester-united-arsenal-defender-signs-chennaiyin-fc-609722|title=Indian Super League: Former Manchester United and Arsenal Defender Signs for Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Abhijit Mondal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennaiyin-fc-replaces-injured-goalie-abhijit-with-francesco-114110701402_1.html|title=Chennaiyin FC replaces injured goalie Abhijit with Francesco|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Cristian Hidalgo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||7||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/news/hidalgo-says-team-will-try-to-win-next-game|title=Hidalgo says team will try to win next game|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bruno Pelissari]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014–2015|||25||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/know-your-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-718810.html|title=Know your ISL team: Chennaiyin FC
|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.news18.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Francesco Franzese]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/chennaiyinfc/status/530708384039718914|title=Our goalkeeping coach, Francesco Franzese, cools down in Chennaiyin Style! #LetsFootball #ChennaiyinFC|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.twitter.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Shilton Paul]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||4||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/chennaiyin-fc-isl-team-profile-indian-super-league-2014-teams-and-player-details-167082/|title=Chennaiyin FC ISL Team Profile: Indian Super League 2014 Teams and Player Details|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.india.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2020 |||77||25||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-chennaiyin-fc-sign-jeje-lalpekhlua-on-a/brjjdziw7b4r1lsjzj90gns4y|title=Indian Super League: Chennaiyin FC set to sign Jeje Lalpekhlua on a big money deal|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kreedon.com/jeje-lalpekhlua-biography/|title=Jeje Lalpekhlua Biography: A Young, Spirited & Passionate Indian Football Sensation|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.kreedon.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jeje-lalpekhlua-balwant-singh-for-attacking-football/article6568367.ece|title=Jeje Lalpekhlua Biography: A Young, Spirited & Passionate Indian Football Sensation|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.kreedon.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2018|||28||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesportsmirror.com/2015/05/chennaiyin-fc-retains-six-domestic-players-sign-mehraj-and-godwin/|title=Chennaiyin FC retains six domestic players; sign Mehraj and Godwin|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.thesportsmirror.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer, born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/isl-chennaiyin-fc-full-squad-colombian-striker-joins-020617.html|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC Full Squad; Colombian striker joins|access-date=2020-01-29|website=www.mykhel.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Khelemba Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-colombian-striker-name-28-man-squad|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Colombian striker, name 28-man squad|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Dane Pereira|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-team-profile-lack-local-players-makes-chennaiyin-dark-horses-1758101.html|title=ISL team profile: Lack of local players makes Chennaiyin dark horses|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Eduardo Silva Lerma|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Chennaiyin-FC-sign-ex-PSG-striker/articleshow/44885037.cms|title=Chennaiyin FC sign ex-PSG striker|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Pierre Jonas Folke Tillman|| {{flagicon|SWE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Chennaiyin-FC-sign-ex-PSG-striker/articleshow/44885037.cms|title=Chennaiyin FC sign ex-PSG striker|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Denson Devadas]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||15||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/features/chennai-s-denson-devadas-remembers-his-decisive-moves|title=Chennaiyin FC's Denson Devadas remembers his decisive moves|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||8||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/g00/en-india/news/7083/isl/2014/10/19/5257781/abhishek-das-chennaiyin-have-the-best-foreign-players?i10c.ua=1&i10c.encReferrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLmluLw%3d%3d&i10c.dv=12|title=Abhishek Das: Chennaiyin have the best foreign players|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jayesh Rane]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2017|||20||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-players-join-i-league-clubs-from-chennaiyin-fc-on-loan-116012700981_1.html|title=Two players join I-League clubs from Chennaiyin FC on loan|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2016|||20||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jeje-lalpekhlua-balwant-singh-for-attacking-football/article6568367.ece|title=Jeje Lalpekhlua Biography: A Young, Spirited & Passionate Indian Football Sensation|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.kreedon.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Harmanjot Khabra]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014–2017|||34||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-10694-harmanjot-singh-khabra-profile|title=Harmanjot Khabra|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Gouramangi Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||11||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/isl-spotted-india-footballer-gouramangi-singh-with-amitabh-bachchan/20141023.htm|title=Spotted: India footballer Gouramangi Singh with Amitabh Bachchan|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.rediff.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jaison Vales]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/chennaiyinfc/status/519479795021672448|title=Jaison Vales has won the I-League on two occasions with Churchill Brothers. #ChennaiyinVales #KnowThePlayers|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Anthony Barbosa]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/interviews/anthony-barbosa-rapid-fire|title=Anthony Barbosa Rapid Fire
|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pappachen Pradeep]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2014/11/29/np-pradeep-will-nice-play-home-state/|title=NP Pradeep: It will be nice to play in my home state|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.blog.cpdfootball.de|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Mohammed Ismail|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chennaiyin-fc-may-retain-elano-mendoza/article6969761.ece|title=Chennaiyin FC may retain Elano, Mendoza|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-isl-2015-chennayin-fc-want-to-learn-lessons-from-first-season-2130041|title=ISL 2015: Chennayin FC want to learn lessons from first season|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.dnaindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Karanjit Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015–present|||63||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/g00/en-in/news/indian-super-league-karanjit-singh-signs-for-chennaiyin-fc/1sqr8t5dc1ro41imcmk9sxaskk?i10c.ua=1&i10c.encReferrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLmluLw%3d%3d&i10c.dv=13|title=Indian Super League: Karanjit Singh signs for Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-01-31|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Éder Monteiro Fernandes|Éder]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015–2016|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indian-super-league-2015-isl-2015-chennaiyin-fc-sign-eder-monteiro-fernandes/article7503392.ece|title=Chennaiyin sign Eder Monteiro Fernandes|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Dhanpal Ganesh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–present|||33||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennaiyin-FC-sign-Nallappan-Mohanraj-and-Dhanpal-Ganesh/articleshow/53285357.cms|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Nallappan Mohanraj and Dhanpal Ganesh|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-dhanpal-ganesh-new-contract-until-2022/article25880889.ece|title=Dhanpal Ganesh extends contract with Chennaiyin FC until 2022|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Justin Stephen]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-19162-justin-stephen-profile|title=Justin Stephen|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Manuele Blasi]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2016|||19||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-manuele-blasi/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Manuele Blasi|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/chennaiyin-fc-retains-manuele-blasi/article8901669.ece|title=Chennaiyin FC retains Manuele Blasi|access-date=2020-02-03|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Godwin Franco]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||6||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-chennaiyin-fc-retain-six-home-players-sign-mehraj-godwin-2-1036061.html|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC retain six home players; sign Mehraj, Godwin|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Fikru Teferra|Fikru]]|| {{flagicon|ETH}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015|||11||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-isl-winning-duo-edel-and-fikru/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Isl Winning Duo Edel And Fikru|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nidhin Lal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennaiyin-replace-goalie-nidhinlal-with-pawan-115112100393_1.html|title=Chennaiyin replace goalie Nidhinlal with Pawan|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Raphael Augusto]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2019|||69||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Chennaiyin-FC-sign-Brazilian-duo-Raphael-Augusto-and-Mailson/articleshow/48439329.cms|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Brazilian duo Raphael Augusto and Mailson|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC announce new contract for Brazilian midfielder Raphael Augusto|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-chennaiyin-fc-announce-new-contract-for-brazilian-midfielder-/nlatyf1um55u1avdl2tg36n1x|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sena Ralte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015|||6||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/isl_player_transfer_2016/july_transfer_news.html |title=ISL TEAMS PLAYER TRANSFER 2016-17 (JULY 2016) |access-date=2020-02-05 |website=www.kolkatafootball.com |language=en }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Zakeer Mundampara]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2017|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/zakeer-mundampara-renews-with-chennaiyin-fc/article9055335.ece|title=Zakeer Mundampara renews with Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-02-06|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Apoula Edel]]|| {{flagicon|ARM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015|||13||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/g00/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/12/20/18506792/indian-super-league-exclusive-apoula-edel-chennaiyin-fc-in?i10c.ua=1&i10c.encReferrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvLmluLw%3d%3d&i10c.dv=13|title=Indian Super League Exclusive: Apoula Edel – Chennaiyin FC in the finals because of our bonding off the field|access-date=2020-02-06|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015–2016|||27||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=167797039|title=ISL_HINDU_20102015_01|access-date=2020-02-07|website=thehinduimages.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2016/07/15201353/Thoi-Wadoo-sign-extensions-with-Chennaiyin-FC.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207030757/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2016/07/15201353/Thoi-Wadoo-sign-extensions-with-Chennaiyin-FC.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2020|title=Thoi, Wadoo sign extensions with Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.dtnext.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Maílson Alves]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015–2019|||57||8||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Chennaiyin-FC-sign-Brazilian-duo-Raphael-Augusto-and-Mailson/articleshow/48439329.cms|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Brazilian duo Raphael Augusto and Mailson|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-2017-chennaiyin-fc-sign-defensive-duo-mailson-alves-and/1jqx6on76ge5116c9mqfzut6a|title=ISL 2017: Chennaiyin FC sign defensive duo Mailson Alves and Henrique Sereno|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Alessandro Potenza ]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Alessandro Potenza|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-alessandro-potenza/|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015–2018|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chennaiyin-replace-goalie-nidhinlal-with-pawan-115112100393_1.html|title=Chennaiyin replace goalie Nidhinlal with Pawan|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Gilbert Oliveira]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Indian Midfielder Gilbert Oliveira|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-indian-midfielder-gilbert-oliveira/|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nallappan Mohanraj]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-nallappan-mohanraj-and-dhanpal-ganesh/ |title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Nallappan Mohanraj and Dhanpal Ganesh|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Hans Mulder]]|| {{flagicon|NED}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||12||2||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-hans-mulder/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Hans Mulder|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[John Arne Riise]]|| {{flagicon|NOR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016|||10||1||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-john-arne-riise-as-marquee-player/|title=Chennaiyin FC sign John Arne Riise as marquee player|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Davide Succi]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||13||3||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-davide-succi-and-maurizio-peluso/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Davide Succi and Maurizio Peluso|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016–present|||72||4||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/isl-auction-begins-thoi-singh-sold-to-chennaiyin-fc-for-rs-86-lakh/articleshow/48014478.cms?from=mdr|title=ISL auction begins; Thoi Singh sold to Chennaiyin FC for Rs 86 lakh|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.economictimes.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2016/07/15201353/Thoi-Wadoo-sign-extensions-with-Chennaiyin-FC.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207030757/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2016/07/15201353/Thoi-Wadoo-sign-extensions-with-Chennaiyin-FC.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2020|title=Thoi, Wadoo sign extensions with Chennaiyin FC|access-date=2020-02-07|website=www.dtnext.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Eli Sabiá]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016, 2018–present|||60||3||<ref>{{cite web |title=Eli Sabia Signed By Chennaiyin FC|url=https://sportzdose.com/eli-sabia-signed-chennaiyin-fc/|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.sportzdose.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennnaiyin-fc-resigns-eli-sabia-indian-super-league-henrique-sereno/article24780176.ece|title=Chennaiyin FC re-signs defender Eli Sabia|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Uttam Rai and Daniel Lalhlimpuia|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-uttam-rai-and-daniel-lalhlimpuia/|access-date=2020-02-08|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Siam Hanghal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super League: Chennaiyin FC sign Siam Hanghal|url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/sukhwinder-singh-tinku/13-football/40396-indian-super-league-chennaiyin-fc-sign-siam-hanghal|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.indiansportsnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Maurizio Peluso]]|| {{flagicon|ITA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-davide-succi-and-maurizio-peluso/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Davide Succi and Maurizio Peluso|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Uttam Rai]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-uttam-rai-and-daniel-lalhlimpuia/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Uttam Rai and Daniel Lalhlimpuia|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Duwayne Kerr]]|| {{flagicon|JAM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2016|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-jamaican-international-goalkeeper-duwayne-kerr|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Jamaican international goalkeeper Duwayne Kerr|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Baljit Sahni]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||8||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-baljit-sahni/|title=Chennaiyin FC Sign Baljit Sahni|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016–present|||76||1||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/isl_player_transfer_2016/may_transfer_news.html|title=ISL 2016 NEWS|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-chennaiyin-fc-jerry-lalrinzuala-relish/ui3txybt99fh16xaju47icvjy|title=ISL 2017-18: Chennaiyin FC's Jerry Lalrinzuala relishing the challenge of playing with three foreign defenders|access-date=2020-02-11|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Dudu Omagbemi]]|| {{flagicon|NGR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||13||5||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Dudu Omagbemi|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-dudu-omagbemi|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Henrique Sereno]]|| {{flagicon|POR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||14||1||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign ISL winning defensive duo Mailson and Sereno|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-isl-winning-defensive-duo-mailson-and-sereno/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bikramjit Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||16||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=B. Singh|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/bikramjit-singh/168776/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.us.soccerway.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Gregory Nelson]]|| {{flagicon|NED}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2019|||33||3||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2017: Chennaiyin FC sign Dutch winger Gregory Nelson|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-chennaiyin-fc-sign-dutch-winger-gregory-nelson/1p7x0z525y29h1t48ydc5awej5|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jaime Gavilán]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||11||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2017: Chennaiyin FC sign former ATK midfielder Jaime Gavilan Martinez|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-chennaiyin-fc-sign-former-atk-midfielder-jaime/t3y6om2zncyw1rs9rt552e9ve|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jude Nworuh]]|| {{flagicon|NGR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||9||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Nigerian forward Jude Nworuh|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-nigerian-forward-jude-nworuh/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Rene Mihelič]]|| {{flagicon|SVN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||14||2||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Slovenian Rene Mihelic|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-slovenian-rene-mihelic/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Iñigo Calderón]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2019|||32||4||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Spaniard Inigo Calderon|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-spaniard-inigo-calderon/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Anirudh Thapa]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016–present|||69||5||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC's Anirudh Thapa: I had a dream of playing for only one club|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/chennaiyin-fc-anirudh-thapa-isl-afc-cup-2019/1iqmdwmf5lxv01qxmvr4rmfzgn|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mohammed Rafi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2019|||21||5||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2017-18: Mohammed Rafi, the veteran who loves headers|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-mohammed-rafi-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin/1wfx2xrwssgmm1p6z8bdth0vxo|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Baoringdao Bodo]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2019|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2018-19: Chennaiyin FC sign CK Vineeth, Halicharan Narzary on loan from Kerala Blasters for rest of season|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2018-19-chennaiyin-fc-sign-ck-vineeth-halicharan-narzary-on-loan-from-kerala-blasters-for-rest-of-season-5955461.html|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Germanpreet Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–present|||36||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC players interact with fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennaiyin-fc-players-interact-with-fans/articleshow/67624206.cms|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Fulganco Cardozo]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.sportsindialive.com/football/event/18944/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.sportsindialive.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Francis Fernandes]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2019|||37||1||<ref>{{cite web |title=From Santosh Trophy finals failure to ISL winner's medal - The incredible rise of Francis Fernandes|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/francis-fernandes-isl-santosh-trophy-chennaiyin-super-cup/1dfrw98sfga761pduf9l7hnpty|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Keenan Almeida]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2019|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=23 Keenan Almeida|url=http://www.sportsindialive.com/football/player/keenan-almeida/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.sportsindialive.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Shahinlal Meloly]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2019|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC releases eight players|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chennaiyin-fc-releases-eight-players/article24060458.ece|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sanjay Balmuchu]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super League champions Chennaiyin FC release eight players from 2017-18 title-winning side|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/indian-super-league-champions-chennaiyin-fc-release-eight-players-from-2017-18-title-winning-side-4492113.html|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Aimol Reamsochung]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian football: Chennaiyin FC snap up seven AIFF graduates to complete 'B' team|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-chennaiyin-fc-aiff-graduates-b-team/1ks7pvwp3jslj1db05xtaqzi4n|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Bibin Boban|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign six AIFF elite academy players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-six-aiff-elite-academy-players/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Prosenjit Chakraborty|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian football: Chennaiyin FC snap up seven AIFF graduates to complete 'B' team|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-chennaiyin-fc-aiff-graduates-b-team/1ks7pvwp3jslj1db05xtaqzi4n|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bedashwor Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–2019|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign six AIFF elite academy players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-six-aiff-elite-academy-players/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Saurabh Meher]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian football: Chennaiyin FC snap up seven AIFF graduates to complete 'B' team|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-chennaiyin-fc-aiff-graduates-b-team/1ks7pvwp3jslj1db05xtaqzi4n|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Laldinliana Renthlei]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2020|||34||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign six AIFF elite academy players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-six-aiff-elite-academy-players/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC signs Isaac, Ralte, Laldinliana|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-signs-isaac-vanmalsawma-zohmingliana-ralte-laldinliana-renthlei/article24229795.ece|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Aman Chetri|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian football: Chennaiyin FC snap up seven AIFF graduates to complete 'B' team|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-chennaiyin-fc-aiff-graduates-b-team/1ks7pvwp3jslj1db05xtaqzi4n|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Tondonba Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2020|||26||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Our new signing Ngasepam Tondonba Singh started in 17 of the 18 I-League games for NEROCA FC last season, helping them finish as runners-up!|url=https://www.facebook.com/ChennaiyinFC/photos/our-new-signing-ngasepam-tondonba-singh-started-in-17-of-the-18-i-league-games-f/1585476934898585/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Carlos Salom]]|| {{flagicon|PSE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||11||1||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Palestine forward Carlos Antonio Salom|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-palestine-forward-carlos-antonio-salom/|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Andrea Orlandi]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||9||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC signs Spanish-born Italian midfielder Andrea Orlandi|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/chennaiyin-fc-signs-spanish-born-italian-midfielder-andrea-orlandi/article24614666.ece|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sinivasan Pandiyan]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC signs Pandiyan from Chennai City FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/chennaiyin-fc-signs-pandiyan-from-chennai-city-fc/article23531453.ece|access-date=2020-02-13|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Halicharan Narzary]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin signs Vineeth, Narzary on loan from Kerala Blasters|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/isl-2018-19/isl-2018-19-chennaiyin-fc-signs-ck-vineeth-halicharan-narzary-narzary-loan-kerala-blasters/article26080028.ece|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[C. K. Vineeth]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019|||18||4||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin signs Vineeth, Narzary on loan from Kerala Blasters|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/isl-2018-19/isl-2018-19-chennaiyin-fc-signs-ck-vineeth-halicharan-narzary-narzary-loan-kerala-blasters/article26080028.ece|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||20||2||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC signs Isaac, Ralte, Laldinliana|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-signs-isaac-vanmalsawma-zohmingliana-ralte-laldinliana-renthlei/article24229795.ece|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Zohmingliana Ralte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–2019|||4||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL champions Chennaiyin FC sign Mizoram trio on two-year deals|url=https://scroll.in/field/883735/isl-champions-chennaiyin-fc-sign-mizoram-trio-on-two-year-deals|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sanjiban Ghosh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018–present|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign goalkeeping duo Sanjiban Ghosh & Nikhil Bernard|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-goalkeeping-duo-sanjiban-ghosh-nikhil-bernard/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Zonunmawia|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign six AIFF elite academy players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-six-aiff-elite-academy-players/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Hendry Antonay]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign six AIFF elite academy players|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-six-aiff-elite-academy-players/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nikhil Bernard]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018–2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign goalkeepers Sanjiban Ghosh & Nikhil Bernard|url=https://sportsflashes.com/en/news/chennaiyin-fc-sign-goalkeepers-sanjiban-ghosh-nikhil-bernard/200527.html|access-date=2020-02-14|website=www.sportsflashes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nerijus Valskis]]|| {{flagicon|LTU}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–2020|||20||15||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin secure the signature of Lithuanian forward Nerijus Valskis|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-secure-the-signature-of-lithuanian-forward-nerijus-valskis|access-date=2020-02-02|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Chris Herd]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2018-19: Chennaiyin FC signs Christopher Herd|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/isl-2018-19/isl-2018-19-chennaiyin-fc-christopher-herd-football/article26153588.ece|access-date=2020-03-07|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Rafael Crivellaro]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||20||7||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin rope in Rafael Crivellaro as their latest foreign recruit|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-rope-in-rafael-crivellaro-as-their-latest-foreign-recruit|access-date=2020-02-05|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Lucian Goian]]|| {{flagicon|ROM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–2020|||20||2||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin complete Lucian Goian signing to strengthen defence|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-complete-lucian-goian-signing-to-strengthen-defence|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[André Schembri]]|| {{flagicon|MLT}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–2020|||18||5||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC signs Andre Schembri on free transfer force|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-transfers-andre-schembri-indian-super-league/article29270271.ece/|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin sign former Maltese international Andre Schembri|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-sign-former-maltese-international-andre-schembri|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Dragoș Firțulescu]]|| {{flagicon|ROM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||16||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign Romanian winger Dragos Firtulescu|url=http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-romanian-winger-dragos-firtulescu/|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||18||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Football Transfers: Chennaiyin FC confirm Edwin Vanspaul signing from Chennai City FC|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-chennaiyin-fc-confirm-edwin-vanspaul-signing-from-chennai-city-fc|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Masih Saighani]]|| {{flagicon|AFG|2013}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–2020|||12||1||<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghan defender Masih Saighani joins Chennaiyin on a free transfer|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/afghan-defender-masih-saighani-joins-chennaiyin-on-a-free-transfer|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||21||7||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin up the ante as Lallianzuala Chhangte joins|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-up-the-ante-as-lallianzuala-chhangte-joins|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Vishal Kaith]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–present|||20||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishal Kaith moves to Chennaiyin|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/vishal-kaith-moves-to-chennaiyin|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Deepak Tangri]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2018-19: Chennaiyin FC sign Deepak Tangri, Rahim Ali & Abhijit Sarkar|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2018-19-chennaiyin-fc-deepak-tangri-rahim-ali-abhijit/1chbohxqtakzu1elrnuqhqj2av|access-date=2020-02-25|language=en|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bawlte Rohmingthanga]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC B sign off campaign on a high|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-b-sign-off-campaign-on-a-high/articleshow/68586206.cms|access-date=2020-02-19|language=en|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Rahim Ali]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||6||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC sign India U-19 internationals Rahim Ali, Abhijit Sarkar and Deepak Tangri|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-india-u-19-internationals-rahim-ali-abhijit-sarkar-and-deepak-tangri|language=en|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Enes Sipović]]|| {{flagicon|BIH}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Bosnian central defender Enes Sipović signs for Chennaiyin FC|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/bosnian-central-defender-enes-sipovic-signs-for-chennaiyin-fc/|website=www.chennaiyinfc.com|date= September 21, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Memo (footballer)|Memo]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Experienced Hero ISL star Memo signs for Chennaiyin FC|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/experienced-hero-isl-star-memo-signs-for-chennaiyin-fc|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date= October 4, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Reagan Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Full-backs Chhuantea Fanai and Reagan Singh join Chennaiyin FC for 2020-21 season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/full-backs-chhuantea-fanai-and-reagan-singh-join-chennaiyin-fc-for-2020-21-season|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date= September 13, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Lalchhuanmawia]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Full-backs Chhuantea Fanai and Reagan Singh join Chennaiyin FC for 2020-21 season|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/full-backs-chhuantea-fanai-and-reagan-singh-join-chennaiyin-fc-for-2020-21-season|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date= September 13, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Aman Chetri|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC add trio of youngsters for Hero ISL 2020-21|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-add-trio-of-youngsters-for-hero-isl-2020-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date= August 28, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Esmaël Gonçalves|Isma]]|| {{flagicon|GNB}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |title=Portuguese forward Isma joins Chennaiyin FC|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/portuguese-forward-isma-joins-chennaiyin-fc|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date= October 11, 2020|access-date=2020-10-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==List of marquee players==
[[File:Elano blumer.jpg|thumb|Elano was the marquee for two seasons namely [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]] and [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]].|170 px]]
[[File:John Arne Riise.JPG|thumb|Riise was the marquee for third seasons namely [[2016 Indian Super League|2016]].|170 px]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Year signed
! Marquee
!ref
|-
| align=center | 2014–2015 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Elano]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/meet-the-8-marquee-players-indian-super-league-isl-football-020621.html|title=Meet the 8 marquee players of Indian Super League (ISL)|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-retain-elano-as-marquee-player-82077.html|title=Chennaiyin FC retain Elano as marquee player|access-date=2020-02-19|website=www.newsnation.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align=center |2016
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[John Arne Riise]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennaiyin FC sign John Arne Riise|url=http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-john-arne-riise-marquee-player/|access-date=25 August 2016|work=Chennaiyin Football Club|date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818125518/http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-sign-john-arne-riise-marquee-player/|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
|}

==By nationality==
''As of 25 October 2020''.

=== All Players ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" scope=col|Country
!style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" scope=col|Number of players
|-
|'''{{flag|India}}'''||align=center|70
|-
|'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''||align=center|8
|-
|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''||align=center|7
|-
|'''{{flag|Spain}}'''||align=center|5
|-
|'''{{flag|France}}'''||align=center|3
|-
|'''{{flag|Colombia}}'''||align=center|2
|-
|'''{{flag|Netherlands}}'''||align=center|2
|-
|'''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''||align=center|2
|-
|'''{{flag|Romania}}'''||align=center|2
|-
|'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''||align=center|2
|-
|'''{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Armenia}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Australia}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Bosnia}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Guinea Bissau}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Haiti}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Jamaica}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Malta}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Norway}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Portugal}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Slovenia}}'''||align=center|1
|-
|'''{{flag|Palestine}}'''||align=center|1
|-
!TOTAL|| align="center" |118
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennaiyin FC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Chennaiyin FC players}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players|Chennaiyin FC]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC-related lists|Players]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players|*]]
[[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|Chennaiyin FC]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Netaji Nagar, Kolkata

2025-09-20T17:45:28Z

BasilGott93:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Netaji Nagar
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = Netaji Nagar Narkelbagan.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Narkelbagan, Netaji Nagar's main crossroads
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
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|image_map =
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|image_map1 =
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-29}}</ref>
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]] and [[Masterda Surya Sen metro station|Masterda Surya Sen]]
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]]

|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tollyganj]]

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC pages
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22|28|51|N|88|21|36|E}}
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700040, 700092
|area_code = +91 33
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Netaji Nagar''' is a locality of [[South Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is a part of [[Tollygunge]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title=Kolkata - A Municipal History|publisher=KMC|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> It is named after the famous freedom fighter [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]].

==Geography==
===Police district===
Netaji Nagar police station is in the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 9, Puratan Bazar, Hari Mohan Primary School, Kolkata-700092.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=8&Division=J |title = Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division | publisher= KP | access-date = 13 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2014, Netaji Nagar police station was carved out of the jurisdiction of [[Baishnabghata Patuli#Police district|Patuli police station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140226/jsp/calcutta/story_18022477.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306104359/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140226/jsp/calcutta/story_18022477.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 March 2014 |title = Four new police stations | publisher= The Telegraph, 26 February 2014| access-date = 14 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Baishnabghata Patuli Township#Police district|Patuli Women police station]] has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli.<ref name="police"/>

===Location and neighbourhood===
It predominantly has lower to medium class residential area. Most of the people are Bengali Hindu refugee from [[East Pakistan]], who were given land by government to rehabilitate them. They have settled here after 1947 partition of India. In the recent times people of all ethnicity including the old refugees live here. Starting from a refugee colony, the locality has grown both in size and facilities and has become one of the most Important localities of South Kolkata.

Recently, many [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] diaspora of Kolkata have preferred to live in this locality, who have shifted from prime [[Bhowanipore]] area of city and have also built a [[Jain temple]] in locality.

The [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] code for this area is 700040/92.<ref name=a>[http://pincode.kolkataonline.in/SO/Netaji-Nagar-SO-Kolkata-20798 Netaji Nagar]</ref>

==Education==
Among educational institution are [[Netaji Nagar Day College]], [[Netaji Nagar College for Women]] and [[Netaji Nagar College (Evening)|Netaji Nagar Evening College]], [[The Future Foundation School, Kolkata]], Narmada School, Netaji Nagar Vidya Mandir & Netaji Nagar Balika Vidyamamdir.

==Transport==
The area is served by large arterial road named [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road]], which connects to [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Tollygunj Metro Station]] on one end and [[Garia]] on other end with the closest one being [[Masterda Surya Sen metro station|Masterda Surya Sen metro station (Bansdroni)]].

==Culture==
There was a cinema hall named ''Malancha'' nearby, which was a major landmark before its services were shut down.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose]]

Barvala, Botad district

2025-09-05T13:48:58Z

BasilGott93: minor improved structure per sources and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{unreferenced|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barwala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|09|N|71|54|E|display=title, inline|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Botad district|Botad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17,951
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382450
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = GJ 33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barvala''' or '''Barwala (Ghelasa)''' is a village of [[Barwala Taluka]], [[Botad district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is situated on the Utavli river.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Botad district]]

{{Botad-geo-stub}}

Navamohana Krishna Temple

2025-08-06T10:35:17Z

BasilGott93: Created The Place V1

{{Short description|Krishna temple and Divya Desam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Navamohana Krishna Temple
| image = Indischer Maler um 1640 001.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Krishna dances over Kaliya
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|27|N|77|43|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura]]
| location = [[Gokul]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Krishna]] [[Rukmini]] [[Satyabhama]]
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
|tradition=[[Vaishnavism]]}}

The '''Navamohana Krishna Temple,''' also referred to in Sri Vaishnava tradition as '''Tiruvaipadi''', is one of the [[Divya Desams]], the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by the 12 poet-saints called the [[Alwars|Alvars]].<ref name="MS">''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> It is located in modern day [[Gokul]], in the [[Mathura district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located 15 km south-east of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. It is regarded to be the site of [[Sri Krishna|Krishna']]s childhood past-times.

The place is revered by [[Andal]], the only female Alvar. It is also closely associated with the ancient [[Nagnajiti|Nappinai]] cult of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
According to Hindu tradition, [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], spent his childhood days in [[Gokul|Gokulam]]. He danced over the subdued [[Kaliya]] on the banks of the river [[Yamuna]]. This divine act was witnessed by the people of Gokulam, Krishna's foster-father [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]], and his brother [[Balarama]]. A chapter in ''Aichar Kuruvai'' describes the event. The association of Nappinnai, the beloved shepherd girl with [[Krishna]] is unique to [[Tamil people|Tamil]] tradition, like the huntress Valli with [[Muruga|Murugan]]. According to some scholars, the Radha cult of the later period was close to the ancient Nappinai cult of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu|last=.T. |first=Padmaja|year=2002|isbn=8170173981|publisher=Abhinav Publications}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The Navamohana Krishna temple is located on the banks of river [[Yamuna]], {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Mathura]]. It is located on the other side of Yamuna river from Mathura, and one has to cross the river to reach the temple. The temple is believed to be a modern addition, with the old temple destroyed due to various political scenario. The temple has a small shrine and pillared halls. The sanctum houses the image of Navamohana Krishna temple in his childhood form. The temple tank is located to the west of the temple, parallel to river Yamuna.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|title=Seermalgum Ayarpadi|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=71292|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
{{Main articles|Divya Desam}}
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periyalvar]] in ten, [[Andal]] in five, and [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in seven hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are glorified by the Alvars in the compendium.<ref name="MS" />

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Krishna|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]

Arossim

2025-06-03T12:30:32Z

BasilGott93: New A Entry W/ Infobox...

{{one source|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arossim
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Arossim Beach.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.3367|N|73.9008|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1721<ref name="Census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/626884-arossim-goa.html|title=Arossim Population - South Goa, Goa - Census India|website=www.censusindia.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 403712
| registration_plate = GA
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Arossim''' ({{IPA|kok|saːɭɡãːw|}}) is a medium-sized village<ref name="Census" /> in [[South Goa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]]. It is surrounded by the villages of [[Cansaulim]] to the north, [[Utorda]] and [[Majorda]] to the south, [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] and [[Nuvem]] to the east, and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. It is 14.7 km from [[Margao]], the main headquarters town of [[South Goa]] district and 27.5 km from [[Panjim]] or [[Panaji]], the state capital of [[Goa]].

In recent times, Arossim has been known for its prominence in tourism, with large and small hotels and eateries in the area, besides its traditional beach.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Villages in South Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)

2025-02-28T13:18:25Z

BasilGott93: created a stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Haroon Rashid Khan''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Haroon Khan(Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)):Constituency- VERSOVA(MUMBAI SUBURBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=793 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Versova Assembly constituency]] in [[Mumbai Suburban district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Versova Assembly Election Result 2024: Haroon Khan of Sena UBT Wins. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/versova-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-bharati-lavekar-vs-harun-khan-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-eci-maharashtra-assembly-election-result-2823166.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Versova (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/versova-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684846/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the first Muslim leader who is elected on Shiv Sena ticket in 25 years after Sabbir Sheikh, who won from Ambarnath assembly constituency in 1999 on undivided Shiv Sena ticket. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is Maharashtra s new MLA Haroon Khan in the news...? |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/994765961/Why-is-Maharashtras-new-MLA-Haroon-Khan-in-the-news |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khan is from [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]], Mumbai Suburban district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Ismail Khan. He passed Class 10 and later discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Khan made his electoral debut and became a first time MLA winning from Versova Assembly constituency representing Shiv Sena (UBT) in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 65,396 votes and defeated his nearest rival and two time MLA, [[Bharati Lavekar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,600 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Versova, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS (UBT)'s Haroon Khan with 65396 defeats BJP's Dr. Bharati Lavekar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/versova-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638274-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Versova Election Result 2024 LIVE: Haroon Khan of SSUBT Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/versova-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130111.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Versova, Maharashtra Election Results 2024 Highlights: Versova निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में Haroon Khan ने 1600 वोटों से दर्ज की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/versova-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2103835-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Haroon}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Panna Lal Shakya

2025-01-28T21:07:43Z

BasilGott93: update lead for consistency and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Panna Lal Shakya ''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and [[social work]]er and [[incumbent]] member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from the [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna constituency]] in [[Guna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guna Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Panna Lal Shakya defeats INC's Pankaj Kaneriya with 66454 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/guna-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470396-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dilliwar |first=Deepak |title=Madhya Pradesh Minister List 2023: मध्यप्रदेश की नई सरकार के मंत्रिमंडल में सिंधिया समर्थकों का रहेगा दबदबा? देखिए संभावित मंत्रियों की सूची {{!}} MP Cabinet Minister List 2023 PDF |url=https://www.ibc24.in/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-minister-list-2023-hindi-1874296.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.ibc24.in |language=hi}}</ref> Shakya is associated with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and belong to [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-24 |title='अपनी औकात में रहता हूं...' ऑटो में चलते हैं BJP कैंडिडेट पन्नालाल, विधायक भी रह चुके |url=https://www.aajtak.in/madhya-pradesh/story/bjp-candidate-pannalal-was-seen-doing-jan-chaupal-while-sitting-in-an-auto-taxi-lcln-1824879-2023-11-24 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> In [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Shakya defeated the Pankaj Kaneriya of [[Indian National Congress]] party by 66,454 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Election Results: MP में सबसे छोटी-सबसे बड़ी 20 जीत BJP की, सिर्फ 33 कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी जीते 10000+ वोट से |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-election-results-bjp-s-smallest-biggest-20-wins-in-mp-only-33-congress-candidates-won-by-10000-votes-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Panna Lal Shakya
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]]
| native_name = पन्नालाल शाक्य
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Guna Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| predecessor = Gopilal Jatav
| president = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 2023
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Panna Lal Shakya
| birth_date = 1956
| birth_place = Nayapura, [[Guna, India|Guna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| citizenship = {{flag|india}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|India]]n
| parents = Chhote Lal Shakya (father)
| residence = Nayapura, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Arts]] & [[Master of Arts]] from [[Jiwaji University]] in [[Gwalior district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| nickname = Shakya Sahib
}}

Shakya gained controversy on 25 March 2018 after he suggested that girls should avoid having boyfriends in order to prevent assault.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mlas-advice-to-girls-dont-make-boyfriends-youll-be-safe/articleshow/63455219.cms | title=BJP mla pannalal shakya: BJP MLA's advice to girls: Don't make boyfriends, you'll be safe | India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>

== Political career ==
*2013 - 2018, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Guna Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/latest-updates/results-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2013 |title=RESULTS OF MADHYA PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2013 |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206030819/http://www.bjp.org/latest-updates/results-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=18 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/BJP-meet-to-iron-out-differences/articleshow/54355423.cms BJP meet to iron out differences]</ref>
*2023 - ongoing, 2nd term Member of Legislative Assembly for Guna Assembly constituency

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakya, Panna Lal}}
[[Category:People from Guna, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Peria Obulapuram

2024-07-08T12:31:18Z

BasilGott93: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peria Obulapuram
| other_name = Periya Obulapuram, Periaobulapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.438838|N|80.1086589|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 17
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2810
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628566
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peria Obulapuram''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Peria Obulapuram has 733 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 68.74%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2810 || 1406 || 1404
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 347 || 168 || 179
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 587 || 288 || 299
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
| Literates || 1693 || 994 || 699
|-
| Workers (all) || 1213 || 902 || 311
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1101 || 859 || 242
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 286 || 230 || 56
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 380 || 246 || 134
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 429 || 380 || 49
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 112 || 43 || 69
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 8 || 4 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 67 || 11 || 56
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 34 || 27 || 7
|-
| Non-workers || 1597 || 504 || 1093
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Binaca Geetmala annual list 1978

2024-02-19T09:00:22Z

BasilGott93: created redirect

#REDIRECT[[Binaca Geetmala]]

Cabinet Ministers of Punjab (India)

2024-02-17T09:57:17Z

BasilGott93: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Government of Punjab, India]]

Cooch Behar II

2024-01-24T12:21:42Z

BasilGott93:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cooch Behar II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 18.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Baneswar Shiva temple]]
| image_map = File:Cooch Behar-II in Cooch Behar (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.36|N|89.46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 385.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 343901
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cooch Behar II''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Khagrabari, one of the constituent panchayats of the block, is located at {{coord|26.36|N|89.46|E|format=dms|}}.

Topographically Cooch Behar district is generally plain land which is low and marshy at some places. “Considering the nature of general surface configuration, relief and drainage pattern, distribution of different types of soil, climatic condition, the formation of geology and forest tracts, the district Koch Bihar falls under [[Barind Tract]]. The physiology of this area consists of alluvial soil, generally blackish brown in colour and composed of sand, clay and silt. The soils are loose and sandy throughout the district.” The Himalayan formations in the north end beyond the boundaries of this district. There are no hills/ mountains here. It has a large network of rivers flowing from north-west to south and south-east. The [[Teesta River|Teesta]] flows through Mekhliganj CD block before entering [[Bangladesh]]. The [[Jaldhaka River|Jaldhaka]] and its connected river-streams form a large catchment area in the district. It virtually divides the district into two unequal parts and meets the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh. The Himalayan rivers flowing through Cooch Behar district change courses from time to time. In 1876, [[W.W. Hunter]] mentioned the [[Dharla River|Dharla]] and the [[Torsha River|Torsha]] as the same stream with two names. However, since the advent of the 20th century, these are two different streams meeting the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Koch Bihar district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref>

The hill-streams of Cooch Behar carry debris and silt from the Himalayas and are shallow. During the
monsoons the speed of flow of the rivers almost doubles and the rivers overflow the banks causing floods and devastation. The Raidak I and II, Gadadhar, Kaljani, Torsha and Ghargharia are the major rivers causing floods in the Cooch Behar I and II CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 18, 22| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 July 2020}}</ref>

The Cooch Behar II CD block is bounded by the [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] and [[Alipurduar I]] CD blocks in Alipurduar district on the north, the [[Tufanganj I]] CD block on the east, the [[Cooch Behar I]] CD block on the south, the [[Mathabhanga II]] CD block on the west.<ref name="map"/>

The Cooch Behar II CD block has an area of 385.38 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 257 gram sansads (village councils), 115 [[mouza]]s, 111 inhabited villages and 5 [[census town]]s. [[Cooch Behar#Police station|Cooch Behar]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Kalarayerkuthi]].<ref name="map"/>

[[File:ADMINISTRATIVE MAP.jpg|thumb|650px|left|Community development blocks in Cooch Behar district]]

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Cooch Behar II block/ panchayat samiti are: Ambari, Baneswar, Bararangras, Chakchaka, Dhandhingguri, Gopalpur, Khagrabari, Khapaidanga, Madhupur, Marichbari Kholta, Patlakhawa, Pundibari and Takagachh Rajarhat.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/District_Administration.html| title = Relation between Blocks & Gram Panchayats (GPs) | publisher = Cooch Behar District Administration| access-date = 2011-03-20}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Cooch Behar II CD block had a total population of 343,901, of which 289,917 were rural and 53,984 were urban. There were 179,591 (52%) males and 164,310 (48%) females. There were 38,828 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 154,656 (44.97%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,429 (1.00%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Cooch Behar II block had a total population of 298,163, out of which 154,011 were males and 144,152 were females. Cooch Behar II block registered a population growth of 16.06 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=21 July 2020 |work=Cooch Behar District (03) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_3.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Cooch Behar II CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets. [[Baneswar]] (4,841), [[Khagrabari]] (23,122), [[Baisguri]] (5,021), [[Chakchaka]] (8,582) and [[Takagachh]] (12,414) .<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Cooch Behar II CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Basdaha Natibari (4,385), Sajherpar Ghoramara (5,844), Khagribari (6,226), Singimari Paschimpar (4,545), Chhat Singimari (4,432), Sakunibala (5,751), [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (20,739), Bararangras (8,049), Gopalpur (18,297), Marichbari (13,370), Kholta (14,110), Ambari (8,926), Kaljani (9,887), Kalapani (5,480), Kaminirghat (4,688), Mahishbathan Pratham Khanda (4,840), [[Sidheswari]] (4,467), Pestharjhar (5,536) and Khapaidanga (9,839).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Cooch Behar II CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Haripur, Cooch Behar|Haripur]] (995), [[Baikunthapur]] (1,053).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Cooch Behar II CD block was 248,311 (81.39% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 138,097 (86.43% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 110,214 (75.85% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.58%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Cooch Behar district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Cooch Behar II CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|17.64}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.51}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 281,472 and formed 81.85% of the population of Cooch Behar II CD block. Muslims numbered 60,658 and formed 17.64% of the population. Christians numbered 608 and formed 0.18% of the population. Others numbered 1,163 and formed 0.34% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar II CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 93.94 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = 'Other' Bengali |value2 = 1.92 |color2 = mediumpurple
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.85 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value4 = 1.23 |color4 = plum
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.06 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 93.49% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.85% [[Hindi]] and 1.23% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] as their first language. 1.92% were recorded as speaking 'Other' under Bengali.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
Based on a study of the per capita consumption in rural and urban areas, using central sample data of NSS 55th Round 1999–2000, Cooch Behar district had a rural poverty ratio of 25.62%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 20-26% of the population of Cooch Behar, Birbhum, Nadia and Hooghly districts were below poverty line, marginally higher than the level of poverty in West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Cooch Behar II CD block'''
|value1 = 21.35
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 33.77
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.04
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 41.85
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Cooch Behar II CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 27,400 and formed 21.35%, agricultural labourers numbered 43,329 and formed 33.77%, household industry workers numbered 3,895 and formed 3.04% and other workers numbered 53,699 and formed 41.85%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 128,323 and formed 37.31% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 215,578 and formed 62.69% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 35 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 111 inhabited villages in the Cooch Behar II CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Cooch Behar, 2011. All the villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 27 villages (24.32%) have post offices. 84 villages (75.68%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 55 villages (49.55%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 29 villages (26.13%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 11 villages (9.91%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (6.31%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 86, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture is the primary mode of living in the district. The entire Cooch Behar district has fertile soil and around half of the cultivated land in the district is cropped twice or more. Paddy (rice) and jute are the largest producing crops, followed by potatoes, vegetables and pulses. There are 23 tea gardens on glided slopes. There are some [[coconut]], [[areca nut]] and [[Betel|betel leaf]] plantations. 77.6% of the land holdings are marginal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 23-26 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2012–13, there were 120 fertiliser depots, 1 seed store and 75 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Cooch Behar II CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2012–13, the Cooch Behar II CD block produced 55,399 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 24,464 hectares, 540 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 274 hectares, 810 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 428 hectares, 486 tonnes of wheat from 227 hectares, 80 tonnes of maize from 33 hectares, 80,756 tonnes of jute from 6,476 hectares and 89,263 tonnes of potatoes from 3,097 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/>

In 2012–13, the total area irrigated in the Cooch Behar II CD block was 6,575 hectares, out of which 55 hectares were irrigated by private canal water, 1,640 hectares by tank water, 899 hectares by river lift irrigation, 230 hectares by deep tube wells, 2,520 hectares by shallow tube wells, 111 hectares by open dug wells, 1,120 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2013/>

===Pisciculture===
Being a river-bound district, pisciculture is an important economic activity in the Cooch Behar district. Almost all the rivers originating in the Himalayas have a lot of fish. The net area under effective pisciculture in 2010–11 in the Cooch Behar II CD block was 290.50 hectares. 17,863 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 17,345 quintals.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 27-28: Fishery | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012–13, Cooch Behar II CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 8 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/>

==Transport==
Cooch Behar II CD block has 4 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2013/>

The [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of the [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] passes through this block and there are stations at New Baneswar, Pundibari and Sajerpar.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rangiya-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55714/7767/1374/444| title = Rangiya New Jalpaiguri Express | work= Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |access-date = 10 August 2020}}</ref>

The [[New Mal-Changrabandha-New Cooch Behar line]] passes through this block and there is a station at Chapaguri.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/41895/551/445 | title = New Cooch Behar DEMU via Changrabandha | work= Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |access-date = 10 August 2020}}</ref>

The [[Alipurduar-Bamanhat branch line]] passes through this block and there is a station at Baneswar.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipurduar-bamanhat-passenger-55465/21260/449/7550| title = 55765 =>55465 Alipurduar – Bamunhat Passenger | work= Time Table| publisher = Indiarailinfo |access-date = 31 July 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012–13, Cooch Behar II CD block had 210 primary schools with 25,009 students, 18 middle schools with 6,350 students, 11 high schools with 14,726 students and 22 higher secondary schools with 24,754 students. Cooch Behar II CD block had 1 general degree college with 386 students, 5 technical/ professional institutions with 974 students and 529 institutions for special and non-formal education with 27,892 students.<ref name=handbook2013/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Cooch Behar II CD block, among the 111 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have schools, 58 villages had two or more primary schools, 48 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 22 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 547-48, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 23 July 2020}}</ref>

[[Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]] initially started functioning as a [[satellite campus]] of [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]] and was formally established in 2001 at [[Pundibari]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ubkv.ac.in/ | title = Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya | publisher = UBKV |access-date = 6 August 2020}}</ref>

[[Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Baneswar]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bsm.ac.in/ |title = Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidylaya |publisher= BSM | access-date = 28 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Culture==
The Cooch Behar II CD block has several heritage temples.
<gallery widths="210px" heights="150px">
File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 03.jpg|'''[[Baneswar]]''': [[Baneswar Shiva temple]], [[Bengal temple architecture|squarish with dome]], is believed to have been built in ancient times
File:Siddheswari Temple at Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 03.jpg|'''[[Sidheswari]]''': Unusual octagonal temple of Siddheswari Devi, built in end 19th-early 20th century
File:Siddhanath Siva temple at Dhauluabari under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 11.jpg|'''[[Dhaliabari]]''': Siddheswari Shiva temple, rare North Bengal temple with terracotta work
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Cooch Behar II CD block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health centre, 5 primary health centres, 1 institution other than Health Department, 1 central government institution and 2 NGO/private nursing homes with total 228 beds and 16 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 52 family welfare subcentres. 10,176 patients were treated indoor and 80,409 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2013/>

Pundibari Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Pundibari]], is the major government medical facility in the Cooch Behar II CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Patlakhawa (with 6 beds), Bokalir Math (with 4 beds), Gopalpur (with 10 beds) and Kaljani (with 4 beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 July 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Cooch Behar district]]

Dilawalpur, Raebareli

2024-01-22T06:42:30Z

BasilGott93: Added post.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dilawalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Dilāwalpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dih block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Dilawalpur (#355) in Dih CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.100882|N|81.469404|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.191
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1683
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dilawalpur''' is a village in [[Dih, Raebareli|Dih]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=393–409 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 28 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,683 people, in 305 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 2 primary schools and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Atawan]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Dilawalpur as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 738 people (373 male and 365 female), in 181 households and 160 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=160–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 822 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 6 residents were literate, 5 male and 1 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Parshadepur]] and the [[thana]] of [[Salon, India|Salon]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dilawalpur (as "Dilawarpur") as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 802 people (400 male and 402 female), in 195 households and 190 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=civ-cv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 822 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dilawalpur as having a population of 1,146 people, in 242 households, and having an area of 332.65 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=210–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Dilawalpur as having a total population of 1,460 people (778 male and 682 female), in 264 households and 264 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 246–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 326 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 307, or 21% of the total; this group was 52% male (161) and 48% female (146).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 32% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 19% (238 men and 39 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 394 people were classified as main workers (387 men and 7 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 1,066 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 344 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 28 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 1 worker in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 15 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 5 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]