Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Australia A cricket team in India in 2026–27

2026-05-08T02:24:11Z

BarneyMoh54: Done

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Australia A cricket team in India in 2026–27
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India A
| team2_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team2_name = Australia A
| from_date = 22 September
| to_date = 11 October 2026
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_FCs = 2
| team1_FCs_won =
| team2_FCs_won =
| team1_FCs_most_runs =
| team2_FCs_most_runs =
| team1_FCs_most_wickets =
| team2_FCs_most_wickets =
| player_of_FC_series =
| no_of_LAs = 3
| team1_LAs_won =
| team2_LAs_won =
| team1_LAs_most_runs =
| team2_LAs_most_runs =
| team1_LAs_most_wickets =
| team2_LAs_most_wickets =
| player_of_LA_series =
}}

The [[Australia A cricket team]] will tour India in September and October 2026 to play against [[India A cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Malcolm |first=Alex |date=7 May 2026 |title=Australia A men to tour India in September-October ahead of 2027 Test tour |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-a-men-to-tour-india-in-september-october-ahead-of-2027-test-tour-1535621 |website=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref> The tour will consist of two [[First-class cricket|first-class]] and three [[List A cricket|List A]] matches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cameron |first1=Louis |last2=Jolly |first2=Laura |date=7 May 2026 |title=Aussies set for BGT trial run in three-team India tour |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4499566/australia-a-mens-womens-tours-india-under-19s-2026-india-border-gavaskar-trophy-2027-test? |website=cricket.com.au |publisher=Cricket Australia |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref> In May 2025, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Australia Women's, Australia Men's A and South Africa Men's A team tours of India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2026/news/55556339/bcci-announces-venues-and-fixtures-for-team-india-senior-women-india-a-and-india-u19-bilateral-series |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>


== First-class series ==
=== 1st Unofficial Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–25 September 2026
| team1 = [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] {{flagdeco|AUS}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669/india-a-vs-australia-a-1st-unofficial-test-1535672/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd Unofficial Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 29 September–2 October 2026
| team1 = [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] {{flagdeco|AUS}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669/india-a-vs-australia-a-2nd-unofficial-test-1535673/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== List A series ==
=== 1st Unofficial ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 October 2026
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagdeco|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669/india-a-vs-australia-a-1st-unofficial-odi-1535674/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== 2nd Unofficial ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 October 2026
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagdeco|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669/india-a-vs-australia-a-2nd-unofficial-odi-1535675/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== 3rd Unofficial ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2026
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagdeco|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669/india-a-vs-australia-a-3rd-unofficial-odi-1535676/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = CAP Siechem Ground, [[Pondicherry]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-a-in-india-2026-27-1535669 Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}

[[Category:A team cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026–27]]
{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}

Dhruva Natchathiram: Chapter One – Yuddha Kaandam

2026-05-03T07:02:38Z

BarneyMoh54: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Dhruva Natchathiram (upcoming film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Tranquebar Mission

2026-04-26T18:20:00Z

BarneyMoh54: created first data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Tranquebar Mission
| native_name = Trankebarmissionen
| native_name_lang = தரங்கம்பாடி மிஷன்
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor = [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]]
| formation = 1706
| founder = [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]]
| founding_location = [[Tranquebar]], [[Danish India]]
| extinction =
| merger =
| type =
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]], India
| location =
| coordinates =
| region_served =
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| language = Tamil
| owner =
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = Bishop of Tranquebar
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| slogan =
| mission =
| website =
| remarks =
| former_name =
| footnotes =
}}The '''Tranquebar Mission''' ({{langx|da|Trankebarmissionen}}; {{langx|ta|தரங்கம்பாடி பணி}}) was established in 1706 by two German missionaries from [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Halle]] namely, [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]]. Ziegenbalg and Plütschau responded to the appeal of King [[Frederick IV of Denmark]] to establish a mission for the natives, living in the [[Danish East India Company]] colony of [[Tranquebar]].<ref name=Kiefer>{{cite web|last1=Kiefer|first1=James E|title=Biological sketches of memorable Christians of the past: Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, Missionary to India|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/107.html|website=Anglican|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> The mission was responsible for the printing and publication of the [[Bible]] in the Tamil language.<ref name=Muthiah /> In 2006, the 300 years anniversary of the mission was celebrated by the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]] (TELC), with many international delegates in attendance. A monument to acknowledge 300 years of the mission was raised by the TELC on this occasion.<ref name=Hindu-Saqaf /><ref name=Hindu-2006 />

==History==
[[File:Ziegenbalg Landing Plaque, Tranquebar 3.jpg|thumb|Ziegenbalg Landing Plaque, [[Tharangambadi]] (Tranquebar)]]
In 1620, the village of [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]] was acquired for the Danish Crown, by the Danish Admiral [[Ove Gjedde]], by signing an agreement with the [[Raghunatha Nayak]] of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Tanjore Nayak Kingdom]] on behalf of the King of Denmark.<ref name=Frontline>{{cite journal|last1=Moorthy|first1=M|title=Danish flavour|journal=Frontline|date=24 October 2009|volume=26|issue=22|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

King [[Frederick IV of Denmark]] was very keen to spread Christianity among his non-European subjects and called from Royal missionaries. However, there was a lack of interest to his call among his Danish subjects. Hence, the king gave the task of finding the right people to his court chaplain Franz J Lütkens. After a search in German universities, [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and [[Heinrich Plütschau]] were selected. After being ordained in Copenhagen, they sailed to [[Tranquebar]] with a royal charter on the ship Sophia Hedewig on 29 November 1705, arriving on 9 July 1706.<ref name=Boston>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Gerald H|title=Ziegenbalg, Bartholomäus (1682–1719): Pioneer German missionary in South India|url=http://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/w-x-y-z/ziegenbalg-bartholomaus-1682-1719/|website=Boston University: Department of Theology|access-date=26 August 2015|date=1998}}</ref><ref name=Fenger /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Klosterberg|first=Brigitte|date=2020|title=The "Mission Archives" in the Archives of the Francke Foundations in Halle|url=https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/the-mission-archives-in-the-archives-of-the-francke-foundations-in-halle/|journal=MIDA Archival Reflexicon|pages=1}}</ref>

At this point around 15,000 people lived in Tranquebar and its surroundings, with the population consisting of Hindus, Muslims, Indian Catholics, as well as Europeans working for the East India Company. After initial conflicts with the [[Danish East India Company]], which even lead to a four month incarceration of Ziegenbalg, he established the Tranquebar Mission in 1706.<ref name=":0" /> They baptised their first convert after 10 months of establishing the mission. The mission faced opposition from the authorities of Danish settlement, in spite of the royal charter, as it was felt that by encouraging conversion, Ziegenbalg was encouraging dis-order and rebellion at [[Tranquebar]]. Under Ziegenbalg, the mission set up the very first Tamil press in India at Tranquebar, and set about the task of translating the Bible into Tamil. In 1716, a seminary for training native clergy was established by the mission. When Ziegenbalg died in 1719, he had finished translating the [[New Testament]] and chapters [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] to [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]] of the [[Old Testament]], and the mission had 2 church buildings, a seminary and a native congregation of 250 people.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

Another notable missionary was [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz]] (born 1726), who served the Tranquebar Mission for 48 years.<ref name=Kiefer />

==Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg==
[[File:Ziegenbalg.png|thumb|left|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (1682-1719)]]
[[File:Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar (p.170) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar (p.170, 1890), London Missionary Society<ref name=LMS>{{cite journal|title=Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclelondon00unkngoog|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]
{{main|Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg}}
[[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] was the first [[Protestant]] missionary to land in India, sent as a Royal Missionary by [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]], from the Kingdom of [[Denmark]]. Ziegenbalg landed at Tranquebar, then part of [[Danish India]] colony of the [[Danish East India Company]], on 9 July 1706. Ziegenbalg attended the local school, sat amongst the village children and learnt [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He set up a Tamil seminary in 1707, and preached Christianity to the villagers. In 1711, he was able to convince the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|University of Halle]] at [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] to start scholarly study into the [[Tamil language]].

In 1715, he translated the [[Bible]] into Tamil and helped set up India's first printing press at Tranquebar, with Tamil being the first Indian language to be printed. Ziegenbalg championed the cause of women's education and abolition of caste system, and gained the respect of the local people. Ziegenbalg established the very first school for girls (all-girl school) in India at Tranquebar in 1707. In 1713, in a letter written to Johann Georg von Holstein the privy counsellor to [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]], Ziegenbalg mentions 47 students in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] school, 20 pupils in the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] school and 15 pupils in the [[Danish language|Danish]] school, with the students of the Tamil and Portuguese schools being provided free tuition, boarding, lodging and food. Between 1717–1718, he helped establish the New Jerusalem Church at Tranquebar for the use of the native people, conducting services in Tamil. Ziegenbalg died on 23 February 1719, aged 37, and is buried in the New Jerusalem Church.<ref name=Muthiah>{{cite news|last1=Muthiah|first1=S|title=The legacy that Ziegenbalg left|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232261.ece|access-date=26 August 2015|issue=Sunday Magazine|work=The Hindu|date=2 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=Hindu-Saqaf>{{cite news|last1=Saqaf|first1=Syed Muthahar|title=Tercentenary of Tranquebar Mission|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tercentenary-of-tranquebar-mission/article3100867.ece|access-date=25 August 2015|issue=Tamil Nadu|work=The Hindu|date=6 July 2006}}</ref><ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Fenger>{{cite book|last1=Fenger|first1=Johannes Ferdinand|title=History of the Tranquebar Mission worked out from the Original Papers|date=1863|publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Mission Press|location=Tranquebar, British India|edition=Francke, Emil|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftranque00fengrich|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Shantz>{{cite book|last1=Shantz|first1=Douglas H|title=An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe|date=6 March 2013|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn=978-1421408804|pages=520|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ST4kjIT7nsC&dq=jerusalem+church+tranquebar&pg=PT192|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Jeyaraj>{{cite book|last1=Jeyaraj|first1=Daniel|title=Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, the Father of Modern Protestant Mission: An Indian Assessment|date=2006|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK)|location=Delhi, India|isbn=8172149204|pages=151–154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZYAOyJ-6SMC&dq=jerusalem+church+tranquebar&pg=PA147|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

==New Jerusalem Church==
{{main|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar}}
The New Jerusalem Church was established by the Tranquebar Mission, built in 1718 by the Royal Danish missionary [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] in the coastal town of [[Tranquebar]], India which was at that time a [[Danish India]] Colony.<ref name=Hindu-2006>{{cite news|title=New Jerusalem Church rededicated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-jerusalem-church-rededicated/article3102831.ece|access-date=24 August 2015|issue=Tamil Nadu|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2006}}</ref> The church is located on King Street,<ref name=TripAdvisor>{{cite web|title=New Jerusalem Church founded in 1718 AD|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g1119849-d601070-i31254583-The_Bungalow_on_the_Beach-Tharangambadi_Tamil_Nadu.html|website=Trip Advisor|access-date=24 August 2015|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> and church services are conducted every Sunday.<ref name=Jayanth>{{cite web|last1=Jayanth|first1=Joseph|title=1718 church in Tranquebar|url=http://www.potofthots.com/2012/11/1718-church-in-tranquebar.html|website=Pot of Thots|access-date=24 August 2015|date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The church, along with other buildings of the Tranquebar Mission was damaged during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami of 2004]], and were renovated at a cost of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 7 million, and re-consecrated in 2006.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name=Frank>{{cite news|last1=Imhoff|first1=Frank|title=Tamil Lutherans Rededicate Tranquebar Mission Church in India|url=http://archive.wfn.org/2006/07/msg00180.html|access-date=24 August 2015|publisher=Worldwide Faith News|date=19 July 2006}}</ref>

==Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church==
{{main|Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church}}
On 14 January 1919, the Tamil congregation of different German, Danish and Swedish Lutheran missions, joined together to form the Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church (TELC). In March 1921, the constitution of the TELC was amended to include the structure of episcopacy. In 1921, a Swedish missionary Rev. Dr. Ernst Heuman, was ordained as the first bishop of the TELC. The bishop of TELC holds the title '''Bishop of Tranquebar'''. In 1956, Dr. Rajah Bushanam became the first Indian to be ordained as the bishop of TELC.<ref name=Vethanayagamony>{{cite web|last1=Vethanayagamony|first1=Peter|title=The Lutheran Churches of India|url=http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/the-lutheran-churches-of-india/|website=Lutheran Forum|access-date=26 August 2015|date=15 December 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906075803/http://www.lutheranforum.org/extras/the-lutheran-churches-of-india/|archive-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>

==300 Years Celebration==
To mark the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the Tranquebar Mission, the [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] at Tranquebar was re-consecrated by Rt. Rev. [[Margot Käßmann]], Bishop of the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover]], Germany on 9 July 2006. The event was organised by the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church (TELC)]], with many international delegates from USA, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, etc. in attendance. The function was presided by Rt. Rev. T Aruldoss, Bishop of TELC, with Rt. Rev. Mark Hanson, President, Lutheran World Federation (LWF) giving thanks. The re-consecration was attended by nearly 10000 people.

To mark the occasion, a printing technology institute was inaugurated at the same place where Ziegenbalg started the first [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] printing press. A souvenir detailing the services rendered by Ziegenbalg was also released. The local villagers of Tranquebar made a request for a memorial to be for Ziegenbalg on this occasion.<ref name=Hindu-2006 /><ref name="Frank"/>

[[India Post]] also released a special stamp to mark the occasion, with a portrait of Ziegenbalg and the [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] in the background. The stamp was released in Madras, on 10 December 2006 by the then Union Minister [[Dayanidhi Maran]].<ref name=Maran-Hindu>{{cite news|title=Stamp on Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg released|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/stamp-on-bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg-released/article3032329.ece|access-date=31 August 2015|issue=Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sinha>{{cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=Aniruddha|title=A commemorative postage stamp on Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, the German Theologist & Scholar|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg-india-stamp/|website=iStamp Gallery|access-date=31 August 2015|date=2015}}</ref><ref name=Thirumalai>{{cite journal|last1=Isaiah|first1=Sudhir|last2=Thirumalai|first2=M S|title=Three Hundred Years of Evangelization in India – The First Missionary to India: Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|journal=Globeserve|date=1 June 2007|url=http://www.globeserve.org/three-hundred-years-of-evangelization-in-india-the-first-missionary-to-india-bartholomaeus-ziegenbalg/|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Stamps>{{cite web|title=Stamps 2006|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2006.aspx|website=India Post|access-date=31 August 2015|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>

== Sources ==
* Excerpts from the history of the Tranquebar Mission, in: Werner Raupp (Ed.): Mission in Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990, p. 138–163 (1. [[August Hermann Francke]]; 2. [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]]; 3. Es begann in Tranquebar; incl. introd. and lit.)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Denmark|Germany|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tranquebar Mission}}
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lutheranism in India|India]]
[[Category:1706 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:Lutheran missions]]
[[Category:1706 in Christianity]]
[[Category:History of Christianity in India]]

Ghulam Kadir

2026-04-24T06:25:21Z

BarneyMoh54: created post.

{{Short description|Afghan Rohilla leader (1767/1769–1789)}}
{{other uses|Ghulam Qadir (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Mir Bakhshi]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| term_start = 5 September 1787
| term_end = 18 July 1788
| predecessor = [[Zabita Khan]]
| native_name =
| birth_name = Ghulam Abd al Qadir Ahmed Khan
| birth_date = 1767 or 1769
| death_date = {{Death date|1789|03|03|df=y}} (aged 20, or 22)
| death_place = [[Mathura]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| father = [[Zabita Khan]]
| relatives = [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] (grandfather)
| module =
{{Infobox royalty | embed = yes
| signature = [[File:Seal of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla.png|100px]]
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
}}
}}

'''Ghulam Kadir''' (1767/1769 – 3 March 1789), fully '''Ghulam Abd al Qadir Ahmed Khan''',{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=93}} was a leader of the [[Pashtun|Afghan]] [[Rohilla]] during the late 18th century in the time of the [[Mughal Empire]]. He is particularly known for blinding the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and [[Capture of Delhi (1788)|occupying and plundering Delhi]] for two and a half months in 1788.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Zabita Khan.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Zabita Khan, the father of Ghulam Kadir, by Mihr Chand ({{Circa|1770}})]]
Ghulam Kadir was the son of [[Zabita Khan]].{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=91}} His father had assumed the leadership of a branch of the Afghan Rohilla after the death of his own father [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] on 31{{nbsp}}October 1770.{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=570}}{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=34}} As the eldest son of Najib-ud-Daula, Zabita Khan had succeeded him and was invested as ''[[Mir Bakhshi]]'' (Head of the Mughal Army) by [[Shah Alam II]] on 29{{nbsp}}December 1770.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=34–35}}

=== Imprisonment in the Qudsia Bagh ===
After several rebellions by the Rohillas led by Zabita Khan, Shah Alam II began a military campaign against him, led by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] leader [[Mahadaji Shinde]].{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=570}} During this campaign Ghulam Kadir, aged eight to ten, was captured in Ghausgarh (near [[Hasanpur Luhari]] in today's [[Shamli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]) on 14 September 1777{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=102–103}} as part of Zabita Khan's family,{{Sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2011|p=441}}{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|p=41}} while his father managed to escape.

After his capture, Ghulam Kadir was taken to Delhi. There he grew up in a "gilded cage" in the [[Qudsia Bagh]]:{{Sfn|Dalrymple|2019|p=271}} Shah Alam II called Ghulam Kadir his son (''farzand''){{Sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2011|p=441}} and granted him the title of ''Raushan-ud-Daula''.{{Sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2011|p=441}} The Mughal Emperor even wrote poems about him, some of which have been preserved.{{Sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2011|p=442}} On the other hand it has been reported that Ghulam Kadir was castrated during his captivity.{{Sfn|Ikram|1964|p=270}} This, however, is disputed by modern scholarship, foremost by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]].{{Sfn|Dalrymple|2019|p=272}}

As resentment against Ghulam Kadir grew in the palace, Shah Alam II sent him back to his father, Zabita Khan, who had regained the imperial favour once more and had again been established as ''Mir Bakhshi.''{{Sfn|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2011|p=442}}

=== Campaign against Shah Alam II ===
After the death of his father on 21{{nbsp}}January 1785,{{Sfn|Singh|1939|p=1265}} Ghulam Kadir was able to assert himself as his father's successor and leader of the Rohilla.{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|pp=139–140}}

==== Appointment as ''Mir Bakhshi'' and regent in September 1787 ====
In 1787 Ghulam Kadir wished to step into his father's and grandfather's footsteps and become ''Mir Bakhshi'' of the Mughal Empire. To accomplish this feat, he demanded an audience with the emperor.{{Sfn|Singh|1939|p=303}} At the Mughal court, the ''nazir'' {{En dash}} the superintendent of the Shah's [[Mughal Harem|harem]] {{En dash}}, Manzur Ali Khan{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=303, 320}} (also transliterated as "Munsoor Ali Khan"),{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|p=147}} supported Ghulam Kadir's cause against Maratha resistance. According to the historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]], the ''nazir'' {{En dash}} who is said to have personally saved Ghulam Kadir's life in Ghausgarh in 1777 {{En dash}} intended to use him to curb Hindu influence over the Mughal emperor.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=303}}

As there were not enough men to defend [[Delhi]], Ghulam Kadir entered the city on 26{{nbsp}}August 1787 and was presented to the emperor by the ''nazir''. On 5{{nbsp}}September 1787 he entered the city again, this time ahead of 2,000 men. This action forced Shah Alam II to reluctantly establish him as ''Mir Bakhshi'' and regent of the Mughal empire and granting him the title ''[[amir al-umara]]''.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=304–305}}

==== Struggle with Begum Samru in October 1787 ====
To consolidate his position at Shah Alam II's court, Ghulam Kadir tried to secure the support of [[Begum Samru]], the wife of [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre|Walter Reinhardt]],{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|p=149}} and ruler of the principality of [[Sardhana]], who had considerable influence at this time. Furthermore, she commanded four battalions of French-led [[Sepoy|sepoys]] stationed in the city and was thus in a position to disobey the Empire's new regent.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=305–306}}

Ghulam Kadir's efforts to secure her support were, however, fruitless, as Begum rejected a proposal for an alliance. After this rejection, he demanded her removal from the city and declared that he would otherwise begin hostilities.{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|p=152}} As this demand was not met, he started cannonading [[Salimgarh Fort]]{{Sfn|Francklin|1798|p=153}} and on 7{{nbsp}}October 1787 the first cannonballs hit the imperial palace. Now the ''nazir'' intervened and was able to dissuade him from continuing his assault on the city.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=306}}

Ghulam Kadir and his Rohillas then turned away from Delhi to conquer the crownlands in the [[Doab#The Doab|Doab]].{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=306–308}} This expansion led [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] to write a letter dated 14{{nbsp}}November 1787 to Ghulam Kadir asserting that the [[East India Company]] would not militarily engage him, as long as he observed peace with the Company and their ally, the [[Nawab of Awadh]].{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=93}} This demand was accepted by Ghulam Kadir.{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=93}}

==== Occupation of Delhi in 1788 ====
{{Main|Capture of Delhi (1788)}}
In July 1788 Ghulam Kadir joined forces with [[Isma'il Beg|Ismail Beg]] and their attention focused again on Delhi.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=308}} The small imperial Mughal army was sent to engage them, but due to treason its leaders led their units away.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=309–310}} On 18{{nbsp}}July 1788 Ghulam Kadir and Ismail Beg therefore took full possession of the city and of the [[Red Fort]], after the ''nazir'' had tricked the Shah into granting them an audience and forbade any resistance by the Red Battalion on 15{{nbsp}}July 1788.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=310, 317}}

Ghulam Kadir's occupation of Delhi lasted from 18{{nbsp}}July 1788 to 2{{nbsp}}October 1788, marking Delhi's last Afghan occupation until today.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=310}} During these months he deposed Shah Alam II on the 30{{nbsp}}July 1788{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=310}} and installed the Mughal prince [[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht]] as the new emperor under the regnal name ''Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Jahan Shah'' ({{Reign|31 July 1788|11 October 1788}}).{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=317–318}} Bidar Bakht was the son of Ahmed Shah, who was a beloved step-son of [[Badshah Begum|Malika-uz-Zamani]]; Bidar Bakht's enthronement was the result of a pact between Ghulam Kadir and [[Badshah Begum|Malika-uz-Zamani]], who paid 12{{nbsp}}[[Lakh|lakhs]] of rupees to Ghulam Kadir to ensure her step-grandson's investiture.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=317}} Badshah Begum wanted to see Shah Alam II deposed and laid low because Shah Alam's father, Alamgir II, had blinded and killed her beloved step-son, Ahmed Shah, in order to seize the throne.

[[File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|thumb|An image of Shah Alam II after being blinded by Ghulam Kadir. The image is attributed to Khairullah ({{Circa|1800}})]]

The occupation led to a reign of terror, during which Shah Alam II was blinded on 10{{nbsp}}August 1788.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=310}} According to tradition Ghulam Kadir said to the Shah immediately after his blinding that it was "the return for [his] action at Ghausgarh."{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=313 [Footnote *]}} In his quest to secure Mughal treasure, Ghulam Kadir tortured the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] imperial family and it is said that 21 princes and princesses were killed.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=319}} The dishonouring behaviour towards the women of the imperial family is noted as especially cruel in the eyes of its time.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=321}} Even Malika-uz-Zamani's fate turned as her palace was raided and she was placed on a riverbank.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=319}} The ''nazir's'' house was next to be sacked and stripped of all belongings.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=320}}

The plunder of Delhi resulted in losses amounting to 25{{nbsp}}[[crore]] of rupees.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=322}} According to [[Jadunath Sarkar]], this "dance of demons" finally "ruined the prestige of the empire beyond recovery".{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=310}}

Ismail Beg was not rewarded for his part in the occupation and left the Rohillas in September 1787,{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=323}} when the Marathas mounted an offensive to free Delhi from Ghulam Kadir's occupation. This force was led by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and it managed to occupy [[Old Delhi]] on 28{{nbsp}}September 1787.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=324}} Then an attack was conducted by the combined forces of the Marathas, of Begum Samru and of the turned Ismail Beg, which Ghulam Kadir's Rohillas could not withstand indefinitely. After the explosion of a powder magazine, that Ghulam Kadir saw as an omen, he abandoned Delhi Fort at 10{{nbsp}}October 1787{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=327}} with his remaining troops.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=325–326}} On 16{{nbsp}}October 1788 the now blind Shah Alam II was reinstated as Mughal emperor and on 17{{nbsp}}October 1788 ''[[khutbah]]'' was read in his name.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=326}}{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=566}} His formal coronation happened on 7{{nbsp}}February 1789.{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=568}}

==== Escape and execution in 1789 ====
After the liberation of Delhi, a hunt for Ghulam Kadir was mounted by the Marathas. Ghulam Kadir fled to Mirat fort, which in turn was encircled by the Marathas.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} After the conditions there had become intolerable, he managed to break the encirclement during the night with 500 horsemen and tried to escape to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=328}} But during the engagement of his horsemen by a Maratha patrol, he lost sight of his entourage. Then his horse stumbled and broke its leg and he had to continue his escape alone and on foot. He reached Bamnauli (Uttar Pradesh), where he sought refuge in a house of a Brahman and offered him a reward for a horse and a guide, who could lead him to Ghausgarh.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=328–329}} But the Brahman recognized him and alerted a party of Marathas, who captured him on 18{{nbsp}}December{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=329}}{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=565}} or 19{{nbsp}}December 1788.{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=94}} According to Jadunath Sarkar and [[Herbert Eastwick Compton|Herbert Compton]], the saddlebags of Ghulam Kadir stuffed with valuables looted from Delhi fell into the hands of Lestineau, who took them to the United Kingdom for his retirement.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|pp=328–329|p=120}}{{Sfn|Compton|1892|pp=43, 368–369}}

Ghulam Kadir remained in Maratha custody for some time but was not harmed. However, on 28{{nbsp}}February 1789 Mahadaji Shinde received a letter by Shah Alam II, demanding the eyes of Ghulam Kadir as the Shah would otherwise retire to [[Mecca]] and live as a beggar.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|p=329}}{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=565}} Then Mahadaji Shinde ordered his ears to be cut off, and the next days nose, tongue and upper lip were sent to the emperor in a casket. After this was done, his mutilation continued and his hands, feet and genitals were cut off, before he was hanged from a tree and beheaded at [[Mathura]] on 3{{nbsp}}March 1789.{{Sfn|Malik|1982|p=565}}{{Sfn|Sarkar|1952|pp=329–330}}{{Sfn|Dalrymple|2019|p=304}} His ears and eyeballs were sent to the Shah.{{Sfn|Dalrymple|2019|p=304}}

== In literature ==
[[Muhammad Iqbal]] created a ''[[nazm]]'' about Ghulam Kadir in [[Urdu]] ("Ghulam Qadir Ruhela"), which narrates the treatment of the [[Timurids]] during the Delhi occupation in 1788.{{Sfn|Garg|1996|p=94}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=(Bang-e-Dra-131) Ghulam Qadir Ruhela|url=http://iqbalurdu.blogspot.com/2011/04/bang-e-dra-131-ghulam-qadir-ruhela.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627120203/http://iqbalurdu.blogspot.com/2011/04/bang-e-dra-131-ghulam-qadir-ruhela.html|archive-date=27 June 2020|access-date=18 April 2021|website=Allama Iqbal Poetry}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Alam|first1=Muzaffar|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/alam15810/alam15810/alam15810.xml|title=Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics|last2=Subrahmanyam|first2=Sanjay|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-231-52790-3|pages=429–466|chapter=The Political Thought of a Late-Eighteenth-Century Mughal Prince|doi=10.7312/alam15810-012}}
* {{Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition|volume=|title=G̲h̲ulām Ḳādir Rohilla|page(s)=|first=A.S.|last=Bazmee Ansari|authorlink=|url=https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2514|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2514}}
* {{Cite book|last=Compton|first=Herbert|url=https://archive.org/details/particularaccoun00compiala|title=A particular Account of the European Military Adventures of Hindustan, from 1784 to 1803|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|year=1892|location=London|author-link=Herbert Eastwick Compton}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalrymple|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ|title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2019|isbn=9781408864401|location=London|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Elliot|first1=Henry Miers|title=[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians|The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]|last2=Dowson|first2=John|year=1877|volume=VIII|location=London|pages=244–253|chapter=Atrocities of Ghulam Kadir|author-link=Elliot|author-link2=John Dowson|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036786#page/n279/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Elliot|first1=Henry Miers|title=[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians|The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]|last2=Dowson|first2=John|year=1877|volume=VIII|location=London|pages=253–254|chapter=Death of Ghulam Kadir|author-link=Elliot|author-link2=John Dowson|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036786/page/n287/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book|last=Francklin|first=William|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofreignof00fran#page/n3/mode/2up|title=The History of the Reign of Shah-Aulum, The present emperor of Hindostaun|publisher=Cooper and Graham|year=1798|location=London|author-link=William Francklin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Garg|first=Sanjay|date=1996|title=A Seal of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla|url=https://www.academia.edu/2969164|journal=Numismatic Studies|volume=4|pages=91–94}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Muhammad|title=Muslim Civilization in India|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1964|isbn=0-231-02580-7|editor-last=Embree|editor-first=Ainslie T.|location=New York|doi=10.7312/ikra92066|author-link=S. M. Ikram}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin|date=1982|title=Persian Documents pertaining to the tragic End of Ghulam Qadir Rohilla, 1780–1789|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=565–571|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44141288}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Ganda|date=1939|title=The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=1265–1282|jstor=44252473}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1681/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons|year=1952|edition=2|volume=III|location=Calcutta|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.14987|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons|year=1950|volume=IV|location=Calcutta|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Whitehead|first=Richard Bertram|author-link=R. B. Whitehead|date=1929|title=Akbar II as Pretender: A Study in Anarchy|journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|volume=61|issue=2|pages=259–272|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00082149|jstor=25193883|s2cid=163201364 }}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|last=Pillai|first=Manu S.|date=30 August 2019|title=The blinding of a Mughal Emperor|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-blinding-of-a-mughal-emperor-1567148880060.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410195308/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-blinding-of-a-mughal-emperor-1567148880060.html|archive-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=10 April 2021}}
* {{Cite web|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|date=23 March 2018|title=Cursed by imperial birth|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/cursed-by-imperial-birth/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212324/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/cursed-by-imperial-birth/|archive-date=10 April 2021|website=[[The Friday Times]]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadir, Ghulam}}
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:People executed by dismemberment]]

Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao

2026-04-22T01:46:29Z

BarneyMoh54: created some bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao
| image = Sobhanadreeswara reading a book (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2004
| governor = [[C. Rangarajan]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Kotagiri Vidyadhara Rao]]
| successor = [[Raghu Veera Reddy]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[Chennupati Vidya]]
| successor1 = [[P. Upendra]]
| constituency1 = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| term_start2 = 1984
| term_end2 = 1989
| predecessor2 = [[Chennupati Vidya]]
| successor2 = [[Chennupati Vidya]]
| constituency2 = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Chanamolu Venkata Rao
| successor3 = Jyestha Ramesh Babu
| constituency3 = [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
| term_start4 = 1989
| term_end4 = 1991
| predecessor4 = Anne Babu Rao
| successor4 = Anne Babu Rao
| constituency4 = [[Vuyyuru]]
| term_start5 = 1978
| term_end5 = 1983
| predecessor5 = Kakani Venkatratnam
| successor5 = KP Reddiah
| constituency5 = [[Vuyyuru]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao''' (born 21 October 1943), is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and a [[farmer]] leader. He served as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing the [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]]. He was also a former legislator of the [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency]] and served as the Agriculture Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Naidu's nine-member cabinet sworn in |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11ap1.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sobhanadreeswara Rao was born on 21 October 1943, to Vadde Ankaiah and Annapurnamma in [[Vuyyuru]]. He pursued B.Sc. and B.E. for his education. In 1962, he married V. B. Rajyam and the couple has a son and a daughter.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Political career ==

* 1972 Kakani Venkataratnam from Uyyuru Legislative Assembly Constituency contest for Legislative Assembly<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vuyyur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/vuyyur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
* 1977 Contested as Member of Parliament in Machilipatnam
* 1978-83 Uyyuru was elected as a legislator <ref name=":0" />
* 1984-89 Vijayawada was elected as a member of the 8th Lok Sabha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3141.htm |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>
* 1991-96 Vijayawada was elected as a member of the 10th Lok Sabha <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3629.htm |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>
* 1997-99 AP in New Delhi Appointment as Special Representative of Govt
* 1999-2004 Election as MLA of Mylavaram and work as State Agriculture Minister<ref name=":1" />
* 2004 Voluntary retirement from active politics

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://vaddesobhanadri.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadde, Sobhanadreeswara Rao}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Murder of Nikita Tomar

2026-04-22T01:08:15Z

BarneyMoh54: new entry

{{Short description|Abduction, and murder incident in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Nikita Tomar
| location = [[Ballabhgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| date = 26 October 2020
| image = Nikita tomar attack and accuse.jpg
| caption = Left: attack, Middle: Nikita Tomar, Right: convict
| victims = Nikita Tomar
| perpetrators = Taushif and Rehman
| assailants = 2
| motive = Forced abduction
| verdict = [[Life imprisonment]]
| charges = [[Murder|IPC-302 Murder]]
}}

'''Nikita Tomar''', a 20-year-old [[India]]n student, was shot dead by Tausif, a young man (accompanied by his friend Rehman), outside her college in the town of [[Ballabhgarh]] in [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] district, [[Haryana]], on 26 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-28|title=Accosted outside college, 20-year-old woman shot dead by former classmate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/accosted-outside-college-20-year-old-woman-shot-dead-by-former-classmate-6906255/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Tausif wanted her to marry her and allegedly convert to Islam, both of which she refused.<ref name=":6" /> The incident was recorded on [[CCTV]], which led to the arrests of two men, both of whom were fellow students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikita Tomar murder: No response to calls, texts; wanted to teach her lesson, says accused |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/faridabad/nikita-tomar-murder-no-response-to-calls-texts-wanted-to-teach-her-lesson-says-accused/articleshow/78923759.cms |accessdate=16 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shocking revelations, brutal reason behind murder of Ballabhgarh girl Nikita Tomar: What we know so far |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/shocking-revelations-brutal-reason-behind-murder-of-ballabhgarh-girl-nikita-tomar-what-we-know-so-far-2320841.html |accessdate=14 January 2021 |work=Zee News |date=26 October 2020}}</ref> On 23 March 2021, two men were convicted of her murder by a fast-track court and were imprisoned for life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Faridabad: 2 get life term in Nikita Tomar murder|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/2-get-life-term-in-nikita-tomar-murder/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Incident ==
=== Background ===
Tomar's family was originally from the state of Uttar Pradesh. Her family told the press after her death that she had intended to join the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Army]], following in the footsteps of several members of her family who had served in the military. Tomar was studying at the Rawal International School in Nangla, and later at Aggarwal College, in Haryana, where she was studying for a bachelor's degree in Commerce. According to Tomar's family, she met one of the men convicted for her murder, Tausif, at this school, where he was a fellow student.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2020-11-07|title=The price of saying ‘no’: On the murder of Haryana college student Nikita Tomar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-price-of-saying-no-on-the-murder-of-haryana-college-student-nikita-tomar/article33043175.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2020-10-27|title=Woman shot dead by stalker outside college in Faridabad|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/woman-shot-dead-by-stalker-outside-college-in-faridabad/article32952684.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2018, Tomar's family filed a police complaint alleging that Tausif had abducted her from outside Aggarwal College and confined her for three days, and that they had filed a criminal complaint about this. According to Tomar's family, they were forced to withdraw the complaint because they allege that Tausif's family exerted political influence. Tomar's father later stated to press that Tausif had stalked Tomar for a little while after the incident, but had later stopped and had no contact with her in the past two years. The case concerning this abduction has been re-opened and is currently being investigated.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|date=3 December 2020|title=Nikita Tomar murder: 2018 abduction case of student who was shot dead reopened|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/nikita-tomar-murder-2018-abduction-case-of-student-who-was-shot-dead-reopened/story-Jz8CAaBLyXOn8mXnvEr8GM.html|accessdate=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Murder ===
On 26 October 2020, Tomar was standing outside Aggarwal College with two friends, after writing an exam, and waiting for her brother to pick her up. CCTV footage outside the college captured two men, one with his face covered by a white cloth, drive up in a white Hyundai elite i20 and attempt to force Tomar into the car. Tomar can be seen on the video resisting, after which the man with the covered face shot her at point-blank range. Several persons can be seen walking by on the footage, but there were no attempts to intervene in the incident. Tomar was shot in the neck and collapsed, while the attackers left in the car. Tomar was taken to a local hospital, where she died from her injuries.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Accosted outside college, 20-year-old woman shot dead by former classmate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/accosted-outside-college-20-year-old-woman-shot-dead-by-former-classmate-6906255/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Tomar's father stated that right before the murder, Tausif had, after two years of no contact, asked Tomar to convert to Islam and marry him, and that Tomar had refused.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Women shot dead by former classmate: Kin claim accused was pressuring her to marry him|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/women-shot-dead-by-former-classmate-kin-claim-accused-was-pressuring-her-to-marry-him-6906258/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Investigation and Trial ===
Immediately after the incident, Tomar's brother filed a [[first information report]] with the police stating that Tausif, who had studied in the same school as Tomar and was alleged to have abducted her in 2018, was responsible for her death. Based on this information, Tausif was arrested the same day.<ref name=":2" /> Eleven days after the incident, the Faridabad police filed a chargesheet in a district court, charging Tausif as well another man, Rehman, of the offences of [[criminal conspiracy]], murder, abduction with intention to compel marriage and abduction with intent to murder, as well as for offences for illegally possessing firearms under the Arms Act, and listing digital and forensic evidence in addition to several eyewitnesses.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|date=7 November 2020|title=700 pages, 60 witnesses: Faridabad police file chargesheet in Nikita Tomar murder case|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/faridabad-police-files-chargesheet-in-nikita-tomar-murder-case-6978941/|accessdate=16 December 2020}}</ref> Tausif and Rehman were remanded to jail.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: Both accused sent to 14-day judicial custody|work=India today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nikita-tomar-murder-case-both-accused-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-1736251-2020-10-29|accessdate=14 January 2021}}</ref> A third person, Tausif's uncle, who had been accused of illegally supplying Tausif with the gun used in the incident, was also arrested.<ref name=":3" /> As per media reports, Tausif confessed to Police after the arrest that he shot Nikita Tomar but retracted his statement later mentioning they have been implicated for the act they did not commit or even not physically present.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2021|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: Fast-track court in Haryana's Faridabad convicts two|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/nikita-tomar-murder-case-fast-track-court-in-haryanas-faridabad-convicts-two/articleshow/81670131.cms|accessdate=24 March 2021}}</ref>

The trial for Tomar's murder was conducted at a District and Sessions Court in Faridabad which had been designated a fast-track court established to hear cases concerning crimes against women. Eyewitnesses, including Tomar's friends who were standing with her outside the college, at the time of the incident provided testimony.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2020-12-02|title=Eyewitnesses depose in Nikita Tomar murder case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/eyewitnesses-depose-in-nikita-tomar-murder-case/article33225699.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-13|title=Judge orders day-to-day hearing by special court in Nikita murder case|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/judge-orders-day-to-day-hearing-by-special-court-in-nikita-murder-case/article33088531.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In addition, CCTV footage of the incident, as well as forensic evidence from the car used at the murder, were presented in court. An appeal by Tausif and Rehman to re-investigate the case had been previously dismissed in February 2021.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2021-03-24|title=Tosif, friend held guilty of Nikita Tomar murder|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tosif-friend-held-guilty-of-nikita-tomar-murder/article34152055.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: HC dismisses plea for case re-investigation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/nikita-tomar-case-hc-dismisses-plea-re-investigation-7172349/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The defence counsel argued that the weapon recovered by the police did not have Taufiq's fingerprints on it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2021-03-24|title=Verdict likely in Nikita Tomar murder case today|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/verdict-likely-in-nikita-tomar-murder-case-today/article34144886.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 24 March 2021, the District and Sessions Court held Tausif and Rehman guilty of murder and criminal conspiracy to murder, and also held Tausif guilty for illegal possession of arms. Tausif's uncle, who had been arrested and charged with supplying the firearm in question, was acquitted.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=24 March 2021|title=Tosif, friend held guilty of Nikita Tomar murder|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tosif-friend-held-guilty-of-nikita-tomar-murder/article34152055.ece|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2021|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: Haryana court convicts Tausif, Rehan|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nikita-tomar-murder-case-haryana-court-convicts-tausif-rehan-1783143-2021-03-24|accessdate=24 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2021|title=Nikita Tomar murder case convicts sentenced to life imprisonment|work=Hindustan times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nikita-tomar-murder-case-convicts-tausif-rehan-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-101616755283069.html|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> On 26 March 2021, the Court passed the sentencing order, giving both Tausif and Rehman life imprisonment and levying a fine of {{INRConvert|20000|year=2021}} on each of them for the murder, as well as five years and a fine of {{INRConvert|2000|year=2021}} for the offense of conspiracy and abduction. In addition, Tausif was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine of {{INRConvert|5000|year=2021}} for violating the Arms Act. The sentences will run concurrently.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-26|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: Two convicts sentenced to life imprisonment|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nikita-tomar-murder-case-two-convicts-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment/article34170671.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Public response and aftermath ==
[[Karni Sena]] claimed that Tomar's death was part of a planned program of forced religious conversions by Muslim men against Hindu women also known as "[[Love Jihad|love jihad]]."<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-17|title='Love jihad': What a reported miscarriage says about India's anti-conversion law|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55314832|access-date=2021-12-25}}</ref> One demonstration organised in [[Ballabhgarh]] to protest against such claims concerning 'love jihad' in connection with Tomar's death became violent, resulting in ten policeman suffering injuries and 32 persons being arrested in connection with violence. As several of those arrested had also tested positive for [[COVID-19]], all persons who attended the protest were subsequently quarantined as well.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-02|title=10 policemen injured in Ballabgarh violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-policemen-injured-in-ballabgarh-violence/article32999584.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-02|title=Nikita Tomar murder: 32 held for Ballabgarh violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nikita-tomar-murder-32-held-for-ballabgarh-violence/article33005343.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=Nikita Tomar murder protests: 3 of 28 arrested in Faridabad test positive for coronavirus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nikita-tomar-murder-protests-3-of-28-arrested-in-faridabad-test-positive-for-coronavirus-6913682/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=Faridabad: Protest seeking justice for woman takes a violent turn|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/faridabad-protest-seeking-justice-for-woman-takes-a-violent-turn-6912899/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh police]] stated that persons participating in the protest had been organizing the event on [[WhatsApp]] groups on which they had been sharing "... inflammatory messages that instigated violence."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Nikita Tomar murder protests: Men on WhatsApp groups that spread hate speech, says police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nikita-tomar-murder-protests-whatsapp-groups-6931459/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A similar protest held in Delhi about Tomar's death involved protestors calling for Muslim genocide, encouraging violence against Muslims and stating, "''Mulle ka na qazi ka, ye desh hai'' ''Veer Shivaji'' ''ka'' (This is Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj’s country, not of Muslims' religious leaders)".<ref>{{Cite web|title=As BJP States Ready Anti-'Love Jihad' Laws, Hindutva Activists Ramp Up Violent Rhetoric|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/anti-love-jihad-protests|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Wire}}</ref> Haryana's Home Minister [[Anil Vij]] announced that the state would be enacting a 'love jihad' law following the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-11-06|title=Govt. mulling law against ‘love jihad’, Haryana Home Minister tells Assembly|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/govt-mulling-law-against-love-jihad-home-minister-tells-haryana-assembly/article33040639.ece|access-date=2021-03-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Vij, a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], stated that Tausif's family was connected to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party and alleging that they were attempting to politically influence the outcome of the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Faridabad murder: Accused a relative of Congress leaders, alleges Anil Vij|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ballabhgarh-woman-killed-accused-a-relative-of-congress-leaders-anil-vij-6907115/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The Chair of the [[National Commission for Women]], Rekha Sharma, made a statement to the press after the Sessions Court passed the order of conviction, calling for the imposition of the death penalty, and stating, "Her parents educated her and thought that she was going to be self-dependent. That girl was murdered in a gruesome manner. I would like to demand to give capital punishment."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Nikita Tomar murder case: Faridabad court awards life imprisonment to Tauseef, Rehaan|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nikita-tomar-murder-case-faridabad-court-awards-life-imprisonment-to-tauseef-rehan-2883213|access-date=2021-03-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

He has gone on to identify failures in Indian law to address the issue of [[stalking]], stating, "It is not about Hindus or Muslims. We need a stringent law so that these obsessive stalkers don’t even dare to look at our daughters."<ref name=":1" /> Later, Tomar's father is reported by ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' to have said that a law prohibiting 'love jihad' would have saved his daughter.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomar, Nikita}}
[[Category:2020 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:October 2020 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Haryana]]
[[Category:2020s in Haryana]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]

Prahladan Gopalan

2026-04-20T08:37:37Z

BarneyMoh54: new new details!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prahladan Gopalan
| birth_name = Puthiyapurayil Gopalan
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1960
| term_end1 = 1965
| predecessor1 = [[K. P. R. Gopalan]]
| successor1 = [[K. P. R. Gopalan]]
| constituency1 = Madayi Assembly constituency
| spouse =
| children = 5
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1922}}
| birth_place = [[Malabar District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1969|5|20|1922}}
| death_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Puthiyapurayil Gopalan''' popularly known as '''Prahladan Gopalan''' was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[Kerala]], India. He represented [[Madayi]] Assembly constituency in the second [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

==Biography==
Puthiyapurayil Gopalan was born on 1922, as one of the five children of R. Kunhiraman Master and P. Madhavi Amma, a [[Malabar District]] School Teacher.<ref name="azhimukham" /> His father was a man who was widely criticized for the [[Dalit]] upliftment put forward by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and had to accept humiliation even from his own community.<ref name="azhimukham" />

Gopalan became an untrained teacher in 1938 at the age of 16. At that time he participated in a teachers' strike against a meeting called ''Gurujan Sabha'', which is compulsory every Saturday, conducted in RKUP school where his father was the manager.<ref name="azhimukham" /> His father was in favor of the meeting. People started calling Gopalan along with the name of [[Prahlada]] in [[Hindu mythology]] after he succeeded in his struggle against his own father over the issue.<ref name="azhimukham">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-14 |title=കെ സുധാകരന്റെ ഭക്തർ ശവഘോഷയാത്ര നടത്തിയ പി രാമകൃഷ്ണന്‍ കോണ്‍ഗ്രസ്സിനുള്ളിലെ 'പടയാളി'യായിരുന്നു |url=https://azhimukham.com/offbeat/offbeat-obit-congress-leader-p-ramakrishnan-writes-ka/cid2755807.htm |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=azhimukham.com |language=ml |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517012521/https://azhimukham.com/offbeat/offbeat-obit-congress-leader-p-ramakrishnan-writes-ka/cid2755807.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He died on May 20, 1969, at the age of 47 in a road accident in [[Malappuram]].

==Career and activism==
Gopalan was evicted from his home for protesting against his father and later moved to [[Bombay]]. While in Bombay he was attracted to [[Indian National Congress]]. He was appointed General Secretary of the Bombay Youth Congress and returned home in 1940 to form Youth Congress in his native place. He later took part in several freedom struggles, including the [[Quit India movement]], and was imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m191.htm |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He also fasted inside the jail in protest of being given unhygienic food in jail.

In the 1960 elections to the Second Kerala Legislative Assembly, Prahladan defeated [[K. P. R. Gopalan]] by 261 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1960-election-results.html|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1960|access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> In 1965, he again contested for the Third Kerala Legislative Assembly, but lost to K. P. R. Gopalan. He also served as the president of Kannur District Congress Committee.

==Controversies==
On September 25, 1962, on his way to Peachy, [[P. T. Chacko]] MLA's official car was involved in an accident.<ref name="woneminute">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=മുന്നണികളെ അടി തെറ്റിച്ച സ്ത്രീ സാന്നിദ്ധ്യങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://woneminute.com/uncategorized/political-issue-kerala-news-politics-swapna-suresh/cid6132519.htm |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=woneminute.com |language=ml}}</ref> The controversy was sparked when locals saw a woman in the car.<ref name="woneminute"/> Prahladan Gopalan went on a hunger strike in front of the Assembly on January 30, 1964, demanding the resignation of Chacko from his own party. Chacko was forced to resign on February 16, 1964.<ref name="woneminute"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Prahladan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]

Sujata Saunik

2026-04-18T00:00:46Z

BarneyMoh54: created new post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[List of chief secretaries of Maharashtra|Chief Secretary Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = *[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| term_start = 1 July 2024
| term_end = 30 June 2025
| appointer =
| office1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| governor1 = *[[Ramesh Bais]]
*[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Dr. [[Nitin Kareer]]
| successor1 = Rajesh Kumar Meena
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| prime_minister3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| appointer4 =
| prime_minister4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|06|15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155047/https://dtf.in/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=11969816 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], [[Civil servant]]
| children = 1
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]
| profession =
| spouse = [[Manoj Saunik]]
| sibling =
| website = [https://www.linkedin.com/in/sujata-saunik-2825511b/ LinkedIn]
}}

'''Sujata Manoj Saunik''' (born 15 June 1965) is a retired 1987-batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who served as [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. Saunik was the Additional Chief Secretary of Administrative Innovation, Excellence and Good Governance Department, Home Department, [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (Maharashtra)]] and was also the Principal Secretary of Public Health and Financial Reform in the state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Who is Sujata Saunik, Maharashtra's first woman chief secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-sujata-saunik-maharashtras-first-woman-chief-secretary/articleshow/111383386.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630145913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-sujata-saunik-maharashtras-first-woman-chief-secretary/articleshow/111383386.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Sujata Saunik becomes first woman Chief Secretary of Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-first-woman-chief-secretary-sujata-saunik-takes-charge-9424517/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142132/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-first-woman-chief-secretary-sujata-saunik-takes-charge-9424517/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 2000 and 2006, Saunik worked at the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]].<ref name="f943">{{cite book | last1=Grover | first1=H. | last2=Islam | first2=T. | last3=Slick | first3=J. | title=Case Studies in Disaster Mitigation and Prevention: Disaster and Emergency Management: Case Studies in Adaptation and Innovation Series | publisher=Elsevier Science | series=Disaster and emergency management : Case Studies in Adaptation and Innovation series | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-12-809528-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnOfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 | access-date=2 September 2024 | page=154 | archive-date=17 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155036/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VnOfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

She served as the first woman to be appointed to the post of Chief Secretary in the Maharashtra Government.<ref name="x119">{{cite news | last=Naik | first=Yogesh | title=Sujata Saunik becomes Maharashtra's first woman chief secretary | work=Hindustan Times | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sujata-saunik-becomes-maharashtra-s-first-woman-chief-secretary-101719774757740.html | access-date=2024-09-02 | archive-date=2024-07-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702201632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/sujata-saunik-becomes-maharashtra-s-first-woman-chief-secretary-101719774757740.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2024, there were reports that she was being forced out of the post.<ref name="y591">{{cite news | last=Tripathi | first=Dipesh D. | title=BJP 'forcing' Chief Secretary to quit, appoint Eknath Shinde aide: Aaditya Thackeray | work=India Today | date=30 August 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-maharashtra-chief-secretary-woman-sujata-saunik-eknath-shinde-aaditya-thackeray-resign-2590452-2024-08-30 | access-date=2 September 2024 | archive-date=17 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155041/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-maharashtra-chief-secretary-woman-sujata-saunik-eknath-shinde-aaditya-thackeray-resign-2590452-2024-08-30 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saunik, Sujata}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line

2026-04-17T09:08:58Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 350px
| name = Jaynagar–Janakpur–Kurtha-Bardibas railway
| image = Jaynagar-Bijalpura railway line.jpg
| image_width = 300
| image_alt =
| color = 003893
| color2 = DC143C
| caption =
| other_name = Bardibas - Jayanagar line
| native_name = बर्दिबास जयनगर कुर्था मार्ग
| native_name_lang =
| type = Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU)
| system = Indian Railway & Nepal Railway
| status = Operating
| electrification = No, Planned in future
| start = [[Bhangaha]], ([[Mahottari District]], [[Nepal]])
| end = [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jaynagar]], ([[Madhubani district]], [[India]])
| stations = [[Inarwa railway station|Inarwa]], Khajuri, Baidehi, Parbaha, [[Janakpurdham railway station|Janakpur]], Kurtha, Khutta Pipradhi, Loharpatti, Singyahi, Bhangaha
| routes = Bhangaha-Kurtha-Janakpur-Jayanagar
| open = {{start date and age|1937}}
| event1label = Upgradation
| event1 = 2014 - 2019
| event2label = Reopened
| event2 = 2022
| event3label = Inaugurated by
| event3 = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] (As PM of Nepal) [[Narendra Modi]] (As PM of India)
| linelength_km = 68.7
| linelength_mi = auto
| linelength = (currently 52 km is operational)
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| speed_mph = 69
| map = {{Jaynagar–Janakpur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| locale = [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]] and [[Nepal]]ese province of [[Madhesh Province]]
| speed = up to 120 km/h <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://farakdhar.com/story/56933/|title=जनकपुर-जयनगर रेल्वे ट्रयाकको परीक्षण सम्पन्न, सञ्चालन हुने टुंगो छैन |trans-title=The Janakpur-Jayanagar railway track has been tested, the operation is not yet finished |language=Nepali |website=Farakdhar {{pipe}}{{pipe}} Nepal's Online Magazine|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
}}

The '''Jaynagar–Janakpur–Bardibas railway line''' ([[Hindi]]/ [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: जयनगर–जनकपुर–बर्दिबास रेलवे) is a [[Cross-border railway lines in India|cross-border railway line]] between India and Nepal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kurtha-Jayanagar train service test successful|url=https://nepalnews.com/s/travel-and-tourism/kurtha-jayanagar-train-service-test-successful|access-date=16 January 2022|website=Nepal News|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409051643/https://nepalnews.com/s/travel-and-tourism/kurtha-jayanagar-train-service-test-successful|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Delhi |first=PIB |title=Indo Nepal Rail connectivity gets a vital boost |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1689207}}</ref> The railway links [[Bijalpura]] with [[Jaynagar railway station|Jaynagar]], crossing the [[India–Nepal border]] near [[Inarwa, Dhanusha|Inarwa]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Murr|first=Michael|title=Michaels WebSite|url=https://www.michael-murr.de/|access-date=16 January 2022|website=www.michael-murr.de|language=en}}</ref> An extension to Bardibas is being constructed.<ref name="auto"/> The line began as a {{Railgauge|2ft6in}} freight railway in 1937, and subsequently became a passenger railway. It closed in 2014 to allow it to be converted to {{Railgauge |5ft6in}} broad gauge, and reopened in 2022. At that time it was the only operational passenger railway line in Nepal.<ref name="dorw">{{Cite web|title=India – Nepal broad gauge passenger train service launched |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/india-nepal-broad-gauge-passenger-train-service-launched/61314.article |access-date=8 June 2024 |publisher=Railway Gazette International |date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

==Route==
The railway begins at [[Jaynagar railway station]], in the [[Madhubani district]] of India. The international border with Nepal is less than {{convert|3|km|mi}} from the terminus, but this does not affect passengers, as there are no border facilities or checkpoints at the crossing. The first station in Nepal is [[Inarwa railway station]], a short distance after the border. There are customs checkpoints at both of these stations, but the border is maintained as an open border for people. In total, there are eight stations and six halts between Jaynagar and Bijalpura. There are also 15 major bridges and 127 smaller bridges, as well as 47 road crossings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/first-broad-guage-passenger-link-between-india-and-nepal-566516.html |title=Explained: First Broad Gauge Passenger Train Between India And Nepal |date=10 April 2022 |publisher=India Times |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

Stations between Jaynagar to Bijalpura:
*Jaynagar (India)
*Inarwan (Nepal)
*Khajuri (Halt)
*Baidehi
*Parbaha
*[[Janakpurdham railway station|Janakpurdham]]
*Kurtha
*Khutta Pipradhi
*Loharpatti
*Singyahi
*Bhangaha (formerly Bijalpura)

The terminal station in Nepal was known as Bijalpura prior to that section closing in 2001, after monsoon rains destroyed a bridge and washed away some of the embankments. The new station is now called Bhangaha,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/29563 |title=Resumption of railway service after 21 years elates Bhangaha folks |publisher=The Rising Nepal |first=Gopal Prasad |last=Baral |date=17 July 2023}}</ref> although both names are still used by various sources.<ref name=risingnepal29512/>
Details of how many stations there will be on the extension from Bhangaha to Bardibas had not been published in 2023.<ref name=Naya-Patrika/>

One year after the new broad-gauge railway opened, Niranjan Kumar Jha, the General Manager of the Nepal Railway Company, said that despite uncertainty about how many people would use the line after it had been closed for almost a decade, the number of passengers was steadily increasing, the line was making a profit, and had provided a significant boost to the local economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/nepal-india-railway-line-from-jaynagar-to-kurtha-completes-1-year-of-operation/99262599 |title=Nepal-India railway line from Jaynagar to Kurtha completes 1 year of operation |publisher=Economic Times |date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Following the construction of the Nepal Government Railway (NGR) in 1927, a {{RailGauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} gauge cross-border line between Amalekhagunj, Nepal and Raxaul, India,<ref name=ISP>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/rajgallery.htm |title=The Steam Locomotives of Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages}}</ref> the '''Nepal Janakpur Jaynagar Railway (NJJR)''' was the second railway line to be constructed in Nepal. It was also {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge and opened in 1937, linking Bijalpura and Janakpur to Jaynagar in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dorw.gov.np/home/NewsDetails/4006 |title=Department of Railways |publisher=Government of Nepal |date=17 May 2024}}</ref> Initially it was used by Britishers to carry timber from the then heavily forested areas of [[Janakpur]] in the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] to [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] (India).<ref name=murr>{{cite web|url=https://www.michael-murr.de/index.php?page=236&languageid=en#janakpur |title=The Janakpur Railway Nepal |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=michael-murr.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.notesnepal.com/archives/6195 |title=Railway In Nepal : History Of The First Ever Train That Arrived to Nepal |date= 11 November 2020|publisher=Notes Nepal |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> When all the timber in the area had been cut down, the owners gave the railway to the Nepali Government, and the carrying of passengers began. Soon Nepalese villagers around Janakpur found it handy for commuting to their local town and going to India.{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=22}} Janakpur, revered as being the birth place of the goddess [[Sita]], is a holy and popular pilgrimage destination for lots of travelers within Nepal and India. Large numbers of Indian visitors started to visit Janakpur using the railway, particularly at times of festival.<ref name=Poon>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/a-look-inside-nepal-s-abandoned-railway-to-india |first=Linda |last=Poon |title=A Look Inside Nepal's Abandoned Railway to India |date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

The railway continued beyond Janakpur to Bijalpura, but this section was only accessible in the dry season, and could not be used during the rainy season. By 1965, a start had been made on upgrading it to an all-weather line, but the work ceased because of uncertainty that the project would generate any extra traffic on the line.{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=23}}
The section from Janakpur to Bijalpura was abandoned in 2001, after the bridge over the Bighi River was destroyed and some of the embankment was washed away.<ref name=murr/>

A review of the railway in 1965 found that the line had carried very little freight once it had ceased to be used to transport timber.{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=22}} It noted that the railway had previously been under the control of the Transport
Department in the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication. The management were not particularly competent, and the paperwork required to move freight by rail was far too complicated, resulting in most potential customers not bothering. At the time, management had been transferred to the Nepal Transport Corporation, and there were hopes that this would lead to improvements in efficiency.{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=21}} The carriage of freight at the time was hampered by the fact that the Indian railway at Jaynagar was {{Railgauge |1m}} gauge, and all goods therefore had to be transhipped at Jaynagar. The report noted that two new locomotives had been bought in 1962, and that for the relatively small cost of NRs 3 million, the line could be upgraded, including the provision of new rolling stock.{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=23}}

[[File:Janakpur Station, Nepal Railways-20160923-IMG 7914.jpg|250px|left|thumb|An abandoned narrow gauge NJJR engine at Janakpur]]
Trains were hauled by a mixed collection of steam locomotives until the mid 1990's, when the Indian government gave four diesel locomotives to the railway.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vifindia.org/2020/october/07/janakpur-jaynagar-railway-line-a-new-milestone-in-nepal-india-relations |first=Prof Hari Bansh |last=Jha |title=Janakpur-Jaynagar Railway Line: A New Milestone in Nepal-India Relations |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation |date=7 October 2020}}</ref> However, one of the steam locomotives was retained in working order until at least 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.farrail.com/pages/touren-engl/nepal_nov-2005.html |title=Steam on the Janakpur Railway |publisher=Farrail |year=2005}}</ref> In 1965, experts concluded that the railway had never been well-maintained, and that the condition of the rolling stock and track was "fair-to-poor".{{sfn |Gallagher |1965 |p=23}} The [[British Broadcasting Company]] produced a programme about the railway in 2014, which showed that conditions were worse. With no funding from central government, the track and rolling stock were dilapidated. Trains frequently derailed, but were usually put back on the track with help from the passengers, and only one of the four diesel locomotives was operational, but often broke down. Despite not having been paid for over three months, the staff continued to operate the line, repairing the locomotive when required and attempting to obtain fuel for it. Although it was a lifeline for the communities at Janakpur and along the line,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05mp8mt |title=The Last Train in Nepal |publisher=BBC |year=2014}}</ref> the train service ceased in 2014 so that the line could be converted to broad gauge.<ref name=Poon/>

===Conversion to broad gauge===
The Darbhanga to Jaynagar was converted to broad gauge in 2007, with new trains running from same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/23/lalu-prasad-to-inaugurate-broad-gauge-at-jaynagar-tomorrow-1190545347.html |title=Lalu Prasad to inaugurate broad gauge at Jaynagar tomorrow |publisher=One India |date=23 September 2007}}</ref> Three years later, a memorandum of understanding was issued by the governments of Nepal and India, which would see India's Ministry of Railways rebuilding the line from Jaynagar to Janakpur and beyond, as the first of several cross-border broad gauge links between the two countries. Accordingly, the narrow gauge service ceased in March 2014, to allow the work to start.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/india-nepal-broad-gauge-passenger-train-service-launched/61314.article |title=India – Nepal broad gauge passenger train service launched |publisher=Railway Gazette International |date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Construction started when [[Nepali Congress]] leader [[Bimalendra Nidhi]] was Minister for Physical Infrastructure and Transport in the [[Koirala cabinet, 2013|Sushil Koirala cabinet]].<ref name="dorw"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Train To Himalayas India Nepal Passenger Rail Service Begins Today Here All You Need To Know |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/india-nepal-cross-border-passenger-train-routes-services-documents-required-to-travel-jaynagar-kurtha-rail-service-all-details-here-5315596/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=www.india.com |date=2 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal, India PMs likely to jointly inaugurate cross-border railway link |url=https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/nepal-india-pms-likely-to-jointly-inaugurate-cross-border-railway-465246 |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Nepal Railway on it's inauguration day 20220402.jpg|thumb|left|alt= A Nepal Railway train on its inaugural run after the rail line's conversion to broad gauge.|A Nepal Railway train on its inaugural run after the rail line's conversion to broad gauge.]]
The job of rebuilding the tracks and stations was awarded to [[Ircon International]], and was funded by a grant of [[Nepali Rupees|NPR]] 8.77 billion from the Indian Government. The project was split into three sections, with the first running from Jaynagar to Janakpur and Kurtha, beyond which the formation was washed away in 2001. This section is {{convert|35|km|mi}} long, and was completed in 2019, but the train service did not start until 2022. The next {{convert|17|km|mi}} from Kurtha to Bijalpura, the original terminus prior to 2001, was completed by April 2023. Construction of the final {{convert|17|km|mi}} from Bijalpura to Bardibas was dependant on the Nepalese government making the land available.<ref name=gazette/>

The Nepal Rail Company (NRC) is responsible for operating the trains and maintaining them. They bought two 5-car diesel-electric multiple units from the Integral Coach Factory in [[Chennai]], paid for by the Nepali government. NRC have an operation and maintenance support contract with the [[Konkan Railway Corporation]], while [[Indian Railways]] are training staff and providing other expertise. Trial running on the new railway took place in July 2021, and both countries signed a "standard operating procedure" on 6 October 2021, which covers the operation of both passenger and freight trains on the line. In December 2021 the Indian Commissioner of Railway Safety approved the {{convert|3|km|mi|adj=on}} section from Jaynagar to the border, after which the new railway was handed over to the Nepali government.<ref name=gazette/>

The section from Jayanagar to Kurtha was officially inaugurated by Nepali Prime Minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 2 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deuba, Modi flag off Kurtha-Jayanagar railway from Delhi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/04/02/deuba-modi-flag-off-kurtha-jayanagar-railway-from-delhi|website=kathmandupost.com|language=en|date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Samiti |first1=Rastriya Samachar |date=19 July 2021|title=Speed trial run conducted on Janakpur-Jayanagar railway track|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/speed-trial-run-conducted-on-janakpur-jayanagar-railway-track|access-date=16 January 2022|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=North has renewed cross-border train pledge, but progress slow on the ground|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/12/18/north-has-renewed-cross-border-train-pledge-but-progress-slow-on-the-ground|access-date=16 January 2022|website=kathmandupost.com|language=en}}</ref> It was fully operational for passenger service on 3 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Janakpur-Jayanagar Railway to come into operation from Sunday|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/janakpur-jayanagar-railway-to-come-into-operation-from-sunday/|website=My Republica|language=en|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Samiti|first1=Rastriya Samachar|title=Kurtha-Jayanagar railway service to launch today|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/kurtha-jayanagar-railway-service-to-launch-today|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en|date=2 April 2022|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> The second section from Kurtha to Bijalpura was formally opened by Prakash Jwala, Nepal's Minister for Physical Infrastructure and Transport on 16 July 2023, during a visit to Janakpur.<ref name=risingnepal29512>{{cite web |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/29512 |title=Janakpur-Jayanagar train extended to Bijalpura |publisher=The Rising Nepal |date=16 July 2023}}</ref> By late 2023, the government had resolved issues with the purchase of land for the third section, but progress was delayed until compensation payments for the land had been made. A survey of the new route began on 17 December 2023, and construction was scheduled to begin once that was completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/12/18/survey-starting-this-week-for-extending-jayanagar-bijalpura-bardibas-railway |title=Survey starting this week for extending Jayanagar-Bijalpura-Bardibas railway |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |date=18 December 2023}}</ref> Construction was expected to take about three years.<ref name=Naya-Patrika>{{cite web |url=https://nayapatrikadaily.com/news-details/131475/2023-12-31?fbclid=IwAR1ou4b4PScE3ETEMs2XD39vTfAQ5fxrYmUG3FeitmNaqDLCPkkJvPPRo9Y |title=नेपाल रेलवेको तेस्रो चरणको ट्रयाक निर्माणको सर्भे हुँदै |trans-title=Construction of the track of the third stage of the Nepal Railway is underway |date=1 January 2024 |website=nayapatrikadaily.com |publisher=Naya Patrika |access-date=1 January 2024 |language=Nepali}}</ref> It is expected to boost industralization, religious and cultural tourism after completion.<ref name=":0" />

==Rolling stock==
As well as locomotives supplied directly to the Janakpur-Jaynagar railway, most of the stock from the Nepal Government Railway was transferred to the railway when the NGR closed in 1968.<ref name=ISP/> The following steam locomotives are known to have been active on the railway.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gwrarchive.org/site/sitel2pg/Nepal/nepal.php |title=Railway systems in Nepal |publisher=The Restoration & Archiving Trust}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!NGR No
!Name
!Builder
!Type
!Date
!Works number
!Notes
|-
|1
|''Pashupati''
|[[Hunslet Engine Company|Hunslet]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|4-6-0|T}}}}
|1926
|1536
|Ex NGR
|-
|2
|''Guhyeshwari''
|Hunslet
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|4-6-0|T}}}}
|1926
|1537
|Ex NGR
|-
|3
|''Gorakhnath''
|[[Avonside Engine Company|Avonside]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|0-6-0|T}}}}
|1928
|2016
|Ex NGR
|-
|4
|''Mahibir''
|[[Beyer, Peacock & Company]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|2-6-2+2-6-2| [[Garratt]]}}}}
|1932
|6736
|Ex NGR
|-
|
|''Rama''
|[[Orenstein & Koppel]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|2-6-2|T}}}}
|1936
|12757
|
|-
|
|''Seeta''
|[[Orenstein & Koppel]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|2-6-2|T}}}}
|1936
|12758
|
|-
|5
|''Krishna''
|[[Du Croo & Brauns]]
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|0-10-0|T}}}}
|1939
|241
|Ex NGR
|-
|6
|''Sitaram''
|Beyer Peacock & Company
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|2-6-2+2-6-2| Garratt}}}}
|1947
|7243
|Ex NGR
|-
|7
|''Bishnu''
|Hunslet
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|0-6-2|T}}}}
|1949
|3684
|Ex NGR. Used for steam charters after dieselisation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/nepal321.htm |title=Raj Steam - Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages |p=321}}</ref>
|-
|
|''Surya''
|Hunslet
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|0-6-2|T}}}}
|1962
|3875
|
|-
|
|''Shree Chandra''
|Hunslet
|{{nowrap|{{whyte|0-6-2|T}}}}
|1962
|3876
|
|}

In 1994, four class ZDM-5 diesel locomotives were sent to the railway from India. 41 of the type were built by the [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] from 1989 onwards. They weighed 22 tonnes and were built for lines where the axle loading could not exceed 6 tonnes. They had a {{whyte|Bo-Bo}} wheel arrangement and the 490hp engine drove a hydraulic transmission system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-diesel-mg.html#zdm-1 |title=Narrow Gauge Locomotives |publisher=IRFCA |year=2021}}</ref> Initially, two locomotives, ZDM-535 and ZDM-536, were supplied by Indian Railways, who also provided crews to operate them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/nepal304.htm |title=Raj Steam - Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages |p=304}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, they were joined by ZDM-533<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/nepal341.htm |title=Raj Steam - Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages |p=341}}</ref> and ZDM-524.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/nepal342.htm |title=Raj Steam - Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages |p=342}}</ref> The railway also had two small diesel locomotives, manufactured by [[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik]] of Germany for the Nepal Government Railway in 1960. After transfer, they were used on the Bijalpura extension.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/raj/nepal/nepal302.htm |title=Raj Steam - Nepal |publisher=The International Steam Pages |p=302}}</ref>

In 2020, two new broad gauge 5-car diesel-electric multiple units were purchased from the [[Integral Coach Factory]] in [[Chennai]]. They are rated at 1,600hp, and each has one air-conditioned coach and four standard coaches. Each multiple unit has seating for 300 passengers, with additional room for another 700 standing passengers.<ref name=gazette/>

== See also ==
* [[Railway stations in Nepal]]
* [[Nepal Railways|Nepal railway]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[List of railway stations in India|Railway stations in India]]

== References ==
<references />

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/269131468291697296/pdf/multi0page.pdf
|first=John S |last=Gallagher |display-authors=etal
|title=A National Transport System For Nepal
|publisher=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
|date=June 1965
}}
{{Refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Nepal railway}}
[[Category:International railway lines in Asia]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nepal]]
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]

Jagdish Devda

2026-04-14T02:49:15Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdish Devda
| image = File:DCM Jagdish Dewda.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Vikram University]]
| education = [[M.A.]], [[LL.B.]]
| office = 5th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 13 December 2023
| term_end =
| alongside = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| predecessor = [[Jamuna Devi]] (1998-2003)
| governor = [[Mangubhai C. Patel]]
| office1 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = *Mohan Yadav
*[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Departments
| 2namedata1 = *Finance
*Commercial Taxes
*Planning, Economic & Statistics
| term_start1 = 2 July 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Tarun Bhanot]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Malhargarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhargarh]]
| term_start2 = December 2008
| predecessor2 =
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2008
| preceded3 = Pushpa Bharatiya
| succeeded3 = Radhe Shyam Patidar
| constituency4 = [[Suwasra Assembly constituency|Suwasra]]
| term_start4 = 1990
| term_end4 = 1998
| preceded4 = Asharam Vermai
| succeeded4 = Pushpa Bharatiya
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Renu Devda
| children =
| signature =
| nickname =
| website =
}}

'''Jagdish Devda''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] & 6th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|deputy chief minister]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] alongside Rajendra Shukla from 2023. He is representing [[Malhargarh Assembly constituency]] as an [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the 6th time in [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet the two new deputy CMs in MP: Jagdish Devda and Rajendra Shukla, who rose up the BJP ranks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/meet-the-two-new-deputy-cms-in-mp-jagdish-devda-and-rajendra-shukla-who-rose-up-the-bjp-ranks-9065616/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=13 December 2023 |author1=Anand Mohan J |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213082119/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/meet-the-two-new-deputy-cms-in-mp-jagdish-devda-and-rajendra-shukla-who-rose-up-the-bjp-ranks-9065616/ |archive-date=13 December 2023 }}</ref>

==Early life==

Devda completed the Master of Arts and Law degree from [[Vikram University]], [[Ujjain]].

== Political career ==
On December 13, 2023, Devda was appointed [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] along with [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] in the [[Mohan Yadav ministry|Ministry of Mohan Yadav]]. He also held the portfolio of Finance and Commercial Taxes in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Cabinet expansion: Kailash Vijayvargiya, 27 others take oath">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Madhya Pradesh Cabinet expansion: Kailash Vijayvargiya, 27 others take oath |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-expansion-today-mohan-yadav-bjp-ministers-swearing-in-2480179-2023-12-25 |access-date=25 December 2023 |date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225175434/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-expansion-today-mohan-yadav-bjp-ministers-swearing-in-2480179-2023-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

As Finance Minister, Devda addressed the media ahead of the presentation of the 2026–27 state budget and highlighted key priorities of the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Minister Jagdish Devda PC on MP Budget 2026 |url=https://www.ibc24.in/budget/madhya-pradesh-budget/finance-minister-jagdish-devda-pc-on-mp-budget-2026-3476453.html |website=IBC24 |language=hi |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

The Economic Survey 2025–26 of Madhya Pradesh, presented under his tenure as Finance Minister, reported growth in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and per capita income.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Budget 2026: Madhya Pradesh Economic Survey highlights |url=https://www.ibc24.in/budget/madhya-pradesh-budget/madhya-pradesh-economic-survey-3475762.html |website=IBC24 |language=hi |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Current Indian deputy chief ministers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devda, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mandsaur district]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Allahu Akbar (disambiguation)

2026-04-10T01:38:20Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{wikt|Allahu akbar|allahu akbar}}
'''Allahu Akbar''' (Arabic: {{lang|ar|الله أكبر}}) is an Arabic phrase, called ''[[Takbir]]'', meaning "God is greater" or "God is [the] greatest".

'''Allahu Akbar''' or '''Allahu Ekber''' and similar variants may also refer to:

* [[Allahu Akbar (anthem)]], the national anthem of Libya from 1969 to 2011
* [[Allahu Akbar (1959 film)|''Allahu Akbar'' (1959 film)]], an Egyptian love story film set in the dawn of Islam
* [[Allahu Akbar (1977 film)|''Allahu Akbar'' (1977 film)]], an Indian Malayalam film
* [[Allahu Akbar (Lounès Matoub song)|"Allahu Akbar" (Lounès Matoub song)]], a song written by Lounès Matoub
* [[Allahüekber Dağları]], a range of mountains in northeast Turkey, formerly on the border between Turkey and Russia
* [[Allah-o Akbar Rural District]], an administrative subdivision of Iran
* "Allah U Akbar", a song by Brand Nubian from their 1993 album ''[[In God We Trust (Brand Nubian album)|In God We Trust]]''

==See also==
*[[God is great (disambiguation)]]
*[[Allah (disambiguation)]]
*[[Akbar (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

List of tirthankaras

2026-04-08T10:03:49Z

BarneyMoh54: new new pg...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
This article lists, in chronological order, the names, signs, colors etc. of the 24 [[Tirthankara]]s in [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankara |title=Chronological information on the 24 Tirthankaras, Britannica |accessdate=2012-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kahansurya.com/Jainism-Stories/24TirthankarMahapuran/01A.htm |title=Jain Text giving information about 24 Tirthankaras |accessdate=2013-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611004349/http://www.kahansurya.com/Jainism-Stories/24TirthankarMahapuran/01A.htm |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/tirthankar/indextir.htm |title= Individual biography 24 Tirthankaras |accessdate= 2013-09-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190428182623/http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/tirthankar/indextir.htm |archive-date= 28 April 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra |title=Information on the lives of 63 Prominent men including 24 Tirthankaras, WisdomLib |date=c. 1931}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No.
! Tirthankara
! Image
! Heaven before birth
! Birthplace; consecration
! Parents
! Complexion
! Symbol
! Height
! Number of years lived
! Tree
! Attendant spirits
! Male disciple; female disciple
! Place of Nirvana
! Birth
|-
| 1
| '''[[Rishabhanatha]]'''
| [[File:Shatrunjay Adinath Rishabhdev Bhagwan.jpg|100px]]
| Sarvarthasiddha
| [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]]
| [[Nabhi]] by [[Marudevi]]
| Golden
| Bull
| 1,500 meters
| 592.704 quintillion years
| Vata ''([[Ficus benghalensis]])''
| Gomukha and [[Chakreshvari]]
| Pundarika; Brahmi
| [[Mount Ashtaapad|Ashtaapad]]
| 10224 years ago
|-
| 2
| '''[[Ajitanatha]]'''
| [[File:Idol of Ajitnatha at Taranga.jpg|100px]]
| Vijayavimana
| [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Jitashatru by Vijaya
| Golden
| Elephant
| 1,350 meters
| 508.032 quintillion years
| Shala ''([[Shorea robusta]])''
| Mahayaksha and Ajitabala; or Rohini
| Simhasena; Phalgu
| [[Shikharji]]
| 5 × 10223 years ago
|-
| 3
| '''[[Sambhavanatha]]'''
| [[File:SAMBHAVNATHA.jpg|100px]]
| Uvarimagraiveka
| [[Shravasti]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Jitari by Sena
| Golden
| Horse
| 1,200 meters
| 423.36 quintillion years
| Prayala ''([[Buchanania latifolia]])''
| Trimukha and Duritari; or Prajnapti
| Charu; Shyama
| [[Shikharji]]
| 2 × 10223 years ago
|-
| 4
| '''[[Abhinandananatha]]'''
| [[File:Abhinandan Swami.jpg|100px]]
| Jayantavimana
| [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Samvara by Siddhartha
| Golden
| Monkey
| 1,050 meters
| 352.8 quintillion years
| Priyangu (''[[Setaria italica]]'', sometimes known as ''Panicum italicum'')
| Nayaka and Kalika; or Yaksheshvara and Vajrashrinkhala
| Vajranabha; Ajita
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10223 years ago
|-
| 5
| '''[[Sumatinatha]]'''
| [[File:Tirtankara Sumatinatha.jpg|100px]]
| Jayantavimana
| [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Megharatha by Mangala
| Golden
| Goose
| 900 meters
| 282.24 quintillion years
| Shala ''([[Shorea robusta]])''
| Tumburu and Mahakali; or Purushadatta
| Charama; Kashyapi
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10222 years ago
|-
| 6
| '''[[Padmaprabhu]]'''
| [[File:Tirthankara_Padmaprabha.jpg|100px]]
| Uvarimagraiveka
| [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Shridhara by Susima
| Red
| Lotus
| 750 meters
| 211.68 quintillion years
| Chhatra
| Kusuma and Shyama; or Manovega or Manogupti
| Pradyotana; Rati
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10221 years ago
|-
| 7
| '''[[Suparshvanatha]]'''
| [[File:Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg|100px]]
| Madhyamagraiveka
| [[Varanasi]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Supratishtha by Prithvi
| Golden
| [[Swastika]]
| 600 meters
| 141.12 quintillion years
| Shirisha ''([[Albizia lebbeck]])''
| Matanga and Shanta; or Varanandi and Kali
| Vidarbha; Soma
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10220 years ago
|-
| 8
| '''[[Chandraprabhu]]'''
| [[File:Tirthankar_Chandraprabha.jpg|100px]]
| Vijayantadevaloka
| [[Chandrawati Jain temple|Chandrawati]] or Chandrapura; [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikharji]]
| Mahasena by Lakshmana
| White
| Crescent Moon
| 450 meters
| 70.56 quintillion years
| Naga
| Vijaya and Bhrikuti; or Shyama or Vijaya and [[Jvalamalini]]
| Dinna; Sumana
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10219 years ago
|-
| 9
| '''[[Pushpadanta|Suvidhinatha/Pushpadanta]]'''
| [[File:Suvidhinath_Kakandi.jpg|100px]]
| Anatadevaloka
| [[Khukhundoo|Kakandi]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Sugriva by Rama
| White
| Crocodile
| 300 meters
| 14.112 quintillion years
| Shala ''([[Shorea robusta]])''
| Ajita and Sutaraka; or Mahakali
| Varahaka; Varuni
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10218 years ago
|-
| 10
| '''[[Shitalanatha]]'''
| [[File:-------------iii.jpg|100px]]
| Achyutadevaloka
| [[Bhaddilpur]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Dridharatha by Nanda
| Golden
| [[Kalpavriksha]]
| 270 meters
| 7.056 quintillion years
| Priyangu ({{nowrap|''[[Setaria italica]]''}}, {{aka}} ''Panicum italicum'')
| Brahma and Ashoka; or Manavi
| Nanda; Suyasha
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10217 years ago
|-
| 11
| '''[[Shreyansanatha]]'''
| [[File:Shri_Shreyansnath_Bhagwan_at_Shri_Sinhapuri_Tirth,_Sarnath.jpg|100px]]
| Achyutadevaloka
| [[Sarnath|Simhapuri]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Vishnuraja by Vishnu
| Golden
| Rhinoceros
| 240 meters
| 8.4 million years
| Tanduka
| Yaksheta and Manavi; or Ishvara and Gauri
| Kashyapa; Dharani
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10212 years ago
|-
| 12
| '''[[Vasupujya]]'''
| [[File:Vataman_-_Vasupujya_Swami.jpg|100px]]
| Pranatadevaloka
| [[Champapuri]]; [[Champapuri]]
| Vasupujya by Jaya
| Red
| Buffalo
| 210 meters
| 7.2 million years
| Patala ''([[Bignonia suaveolens]])''
| Kumara and Chandra; or Gandhari
| Subhuma; Dharani
| [[Champapuri]]
| 4 × 10211 years ago
|-
| 13
| '''[[Vimalanatha]]'''
| [[File:Vimalnatha.jpg|100px]]
| Mahasaradevaloka
| [[Kampilya]]pura; [[Shikharji]]
| Kritavarma by Shyama
| Golden
| Boar
| 180 meters
| 6 million years
| Jambu ''([[Eugenia jambolana]])''
| Shanmukha and Vidita; or Vairoti)
| Mandara; Dhara
| [[Shikharji]]
| 1.6 × 10211 years ago
|-
| 14
| '''[[Anantanatha]]'''
| [[File:Anantnath.jpg|100px]]
| Pranatadevaloka
| [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Simhasena by Suyasha
| Golden
| Porcupine
| 150 meters
| 3 million years
| Ashoka ''([[Saraca asoca]])''
| Patala and Ankusha; or Anantamati
| Yasha; Padma
| [[Shikharji]]
| 7 × 10210 years ago
|-
| 15
| '''[[Dharmanatha]]'''
| [[File:Dharmanath.jpg|100px]]
| Vijayavimana
| [[Ratnapuri, India|Ratnapuri]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Bhanu by Suvrata
| Golden
| [[Vajra]]
| 135 meters
| 1 million years
| Dadhiparna ''([[Clitoria ternatea]])''
| Kinnara and Kandarpa; or Manasi
| Arishta; Arthashiva
| [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikharji]]
| 3 × 10210 years ago
|-
| 16
| '''[[Shantinatha]]'''
| [[File:Gujarat,_shantinatha,_xii_secolo.jpg|100px]]
| Sarvarthasiddha
| Gajapura or [[Hastinapur]]i; [[Shikharji]]
| Vishvasena by Achira
| Golden
| Deer
| 120 meters
| 100,000 years
| Nandi ''([[Cedrela toona]])''
| Garuda and Nirvani; or Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi
| Chakrayuddha; Shuchi
| [[Shikharji]]
| 10194 years ago
|-
| 17
| '''[[Kunthunatha]]'''
| [[File:Tirthankar_Kunthunatha.jpg|100px]]
| Sarvarthasiddha
| Gajapura or [[Hastinapur]]i; [[Shikharji]]
| Suraraja by Shridevi
| Golden
| Goat
| 105 meters
| 95,000 years
| Vata ''([[Ficus benghalensis]])''
| Gandharva and Bala; or Vijaya
| Samba; Damini
| [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikharji]]
| 10194 years ago
|-
| 18
| '''[[Aranatha]]'''
| [[File:Shri_Arnatha_Bhagwan,_Amritsar,Punjab.jpg|100px]]
| Sarvarthasiddha
| Gajapura or [[Hastinapur]]i; [[Shikharji]]
| Sudarshana by Devi
| Golden
| Fish
| 90 meters
| 84,000 years
| Amba ''([[Mangifera indica]])''
| Yaksheta and Dhana; or Kendra and Ajita
| Kumbha; Rakshita
| [[Shikharji]]
| 16,585,000 BCE
|-
| 19
| '''[[Mallinatha]]'''
| [[File:Tirthankar_Mallinath.jpg|100px]]
| Jayantadevaloka
| [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Kumbharaja by Prabhavati
| Blue
| [[Kalasha]]
| 75 meters
| 55,000 years
| Ashoka ''([[Saraca asoca]])''
| Kubera and Dharanapriya; or Aparajita
| Abhikshaka; Bandhumati
| [[Shikharji]]
| 6,584,980 BCE
|-
| 20
| '''[[Munisuvrata]]'''
| [[File:Idol_of_Munisuvrat_at_Aagashi_Jain_Temple,_Virar,_Maharashtra.jpg|100px]]
| Aparajitadevaloka
| [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]]; [[Shikharji]]
| Sumitraraja by Padmavati
| Black
| Tortoise
| 60 meters
| 30,000 years
| Champaka ''([[Magnolia champaca]])''
| Varuna and Naradatta; or Bahurupini
| Malli; Pushpavati
| [[Shikharji]]
| 1,184,980 BCE
|-
| 21
| '''[[Naminatha]]'''
| [[File:Tirthankara_Naminath.jpg|100px]]
| Pranatadevaloka
| [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]; [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikharji]]
| Vijayaraja by Vapra
| Golden
| Blue Water Lily
| 45 meters
| 10,000 years
| Bakula ''([[Mimusops elengi]])''
| Bhrikuti and Gandhari; or Chamundi
| Shubha; Anila
| [[Shikharji]]
| 584,979 BCE
|-
| 22
|'''[[Neminatha]]'''
| [[File:Neminath_bhagwan.jpg|100px]]
| Aparajitadevaloka
| [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)|Sauripura]]; [[Girnar]]
| [[Samudravijaya]] by Shivadevi
| Black
| [[Shankha]]
| 30 meters
| 1,000 years
| Vetasa (''[[Salix caprea]]'' ''Linn'')
| Gomedha and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]]; or Sarvahna and Kushmandini
| Varadatta; Yakshadinna
| [[Girnar]]
| 84,000 years ago
|-
| 23
| '''[[Parshvanatha]]'''
| [[File:Shankheshwar_Parshvanath_1.jpg|100px]]
| Pranatadevaloka
| [[Varanasi]]; [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikharji]]
| Ashvasena by Vamadevi
| Green
| Snake
| 13.5 feet
| 100 years
| Dhataki ''([[Woodfordia fruticosa]])''
| Parshvayaksha or [[Dharanendra]] and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]]
| Aryadinna; Pushpachuda
| [[Shikharji]]
| 872 BCE
|-
| 24
| '''[[Mahavira]]'''
| [[File:Mahavira_sculpture.jpg|100px]]
| Pranatadevaloka
| [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Kshatriyakund]]; [[Pawapuri|Pavapuri]]
| [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhartharaja]] and [[Trishala]]
| Golden
| Lion
| 6 feet
| 72 years
| Teak ''([[Tectona grandis]])''
| Matanga and Siddhayika
| [[Indrabhuti Gautama|Indrabhuti]]; Chandanabala
| [[Pawapuri|Pavapuri]]
| 599 BCE
|}

The total length of the lifespans of all 24 Tīrthaṅkaras combined equals 2.603672 [[Names of large numbers#Standard dictionary numbers|sextillion]] years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras|*]]
[[Category:Lists of saints|Tirthankaras]]

Pulaya

2026-04-04T06:35:50Z

BarneyMoh54: new page!

{{Short description|Caste group in India}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name = Pulaya
|image =Pulaya women.JPG
|caption =Two Pulaya women from [[Kerala]]
|image_size =
|languages = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]]
|country = [[India]]
| classification =
|populated_states = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamilnadu]]
|ethnicity = [[Malayali]]
|notable_members = [[Ayyankali]], [[P. K. Chathan Master]]
}}

'''Pulaya''' (also called '''Cheraman, Cheruman''', mas. '''Pulayan'''; fem. '''Pulayi, Pulachi'''; pl. '''Pulayar/Pulayas, Cherumar/Cheramar/Cherumas''', {{IPA|ml|pulɐjɐ, tʃerumɐ|IPA}}) is a [[Caste system in India|caste]]<ref>{{cite book |title=An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus |first=Michael |last=Moffatt |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-40087-036-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4t9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |page=42 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191120/https://books.google.com/books?id=L4t9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref> group mostly found in modern-day Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and historically in [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] under India's [[reservation in India|reservation system]] in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Traditions ==
Pulayars are noted for their [[music]], [[craftsmanship]], and for certain dances which include ''Kōlam-thullal'', a mask [[dance]] which is part of their exorcism rituals, as well as the Mudi-āttam or hair-dance which has its origins in a fertility ritual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/ps_01021.htm|title=PRIMAL ELEMENTS:THE ORAL TRADITION|access-date=27 March 2006|archive-date=9 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209005528/http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01021.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Early Evidence for Caste in South India |pages=467-492 |title=Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honor of David G. Mandelbaum |editor=Paul Hockings |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |location=Berlin, New York, Amsterdam |date=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palaniappan |first=Sudalaimuthu |date=2008 |title=On The Unintended Influence Of Jainism On The Development Of Caste In Post-Classical Tamil Society |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/On%20The%20Unintended%20Influence%20Of%20Jainism%20On%20The%20Development%20Of%20Caste%20In%20Post-Classical%20Tamil%20Society%20file46109.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Jaina Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |eissn=1748-1074 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409020633/https://www.soas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/On%20The%20Unintended%20Influence%20Of%20Jainism%20On%20The%20Development%20Of%20Caste%20In%20Post-Classical%20Tamil%20Society%20file46109.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> The folk dance [[Chozhikali]] is performed by the Pulayar community of central Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-18-11-2018/764585|title=ചോഴികളി|access-date=2023-03-13|language=ml|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313053530/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-18-11-2018/764585|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demography ==
According to the 2011 Census, the Pulayan population in Kerala was 1,338,008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227124213/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They are a [[Scheduled Caste]] under India's [[reservation in India|reservation system]] in the state of Kerala<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/list-scheduled-castes-kerala-state |title=List of Scheduled Castes in the Kerala State |publisher=Kerala Public Service Commission, State Government of Kerala |access-date=2020-06-30 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513005014/https://keralapsc.gov.in/list-scheduled-castes-kerala-state |url-status=live }}</ref> and Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76750 |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice |date=2017 |access-date=2020-07-20 |title=Tamil Nadu |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118235649/http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76750 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Ayyankali]] (1863–1941), social reformer
* [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], 37th [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], Indian actor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/22/dharmajan-bolgatty-accuses-congress-leaders-of-sabotage-election.html |title=Actor Dharmajan says two Congress leaders worked for his poll defeat |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111192622/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/22/dharmajan-bolgatty-accuses-congress-leaders-of-sabotage-election.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chittayam Gopakumar]], deputy speaker of 14th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assembly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-cpi-functionary-suspended-for-casteist-remarks-4532306/ |title=CPI functionary suspended for casteist remarks |date=19 February 2017 |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311024656/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-cpi-functionary-suspended-for-casteist-remarks-4532306/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Nandanar]], a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism
* [[C. T. Ravikumar]], judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[P. K. Rosy]] (1903–1988), first heroine of the Malayalam film industry
* [[Punnala Sreekumar]], general secretary of Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha (KPMS)
* [[Kodikunnil Suresh|Kodikunnel Suresh]], member of Parliament<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-mp-loses-seat-over-fake-sc-claim/articleshow/6221433.cms |title=Cong MP loses seat over fake SC claim |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191738/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cong-mp-loses-seat-over-fake-sc-claim/articleshow/6221433.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[K. P. Vallon]] (1894–1940), social reformer
* [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]] (1912–1978), former member of the Constituent Assembly
* [[Vinayakan]], actor and dancer<ref>{{cite web |title=I am someone who thinks in an Ayyankali thought: Vinayakan, best actor – Round Table India |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/interview-with-vinayakan/ |website=Round Table India |access-date=22 June 2025 |date=19 March 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Caste system in Kerala]]

Arts of Pulayar caste:
* [[Chimmanakali]]
* [[Mangalamkali]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

Tea

2026-03-29T04:49:28Z

BarneyMoh54: cleanup

{{Short description|Brewed drink made from tea leaves}}
{{About|the beverage made from ''Camellia sinensis''|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Tea
| type = Hot or cold beverage
| image = Longjing tea steeping in gaiwan.jpg
| caption = [[Longjing tea|Longjing]] [[green tea]] being infused in a ''[[gaiwan]]''
| origin = China<ref>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Fuller |title=A Tea From the Jungle Enriches a Placid Village |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |page=A8 |date=21 April 2008 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214133259/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| introduced = First recorded in China in 59 BC, possibly originated earlier{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=29–30}}
| color =
}}

'''Tea''' is an [[Odor|aromatic]] [[drink|beverage]] prepared by pouring hot or [[boiling water]] over [[Curing (vegetable preservation)|cured]] or fresh leaves of ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] native to [[East Asia]] which originated in the borderlands of [[Southwest China|south-western China]], [[Northeast India|north-east India]] and [[Geography of Myanmar|northern Myanmar]].<ref name=Yamamoto /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mary Lou Heiss|author2=Robert J. Heiss|title=The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofteacultur0000heis|quote=Camellia sinensis originated in southeast Asia, specifically around the intersection of 29th parallel and 98th meridian, the point of confluence of the lands of southwest China and Tibet|url-access=registration}}, north Burma, and northeast India, citing Mondal (2007) p. 519</ref>{{sfn|Heiss|Heiss|2007|pp=6–7}} Tea is also made, but rarely, from the leaves of ''[[Camellia taliensis]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sevencups.com/shop/lao-shu-dian-hong-old-tree-yunnan|title=Laoshu Dianhong (Old Tree Yunnan)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teatrekker.com/product/yunnan-da-bai-silver-needles/|title=Yunnan da Bai Silver Needles – Tea Trekker}}</ref><ref>Liu ''et al.'' (2012)</ref> After plain [[Drinking water|water]], tea is the most widely consumed drink in the world.<ref name="Macfarlane">{{cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Macfarlane |author-link=Alan Macfarlane |last2=Macfarlane |first2=Iris |author-link2=Iris Macfarlane |title=The Empire of Tea |publisher=The Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-58567-493-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireoftearemar00macf/page/32 32] |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireoftearemar00macf/page/32}}</ref> There are many types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and [[astringent]] flavour, while others have profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy [[Note (perfumery)|notes]].<ref name="ody">{{cite book |author1=Penelope Ody |title=Complete Guide to Medicinal Herbs |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing |location=New York |year= 2000|page=48 |isbn=978-0-7894-6785-0 }}</ref> Tea has a [[Stimulant|stimulating]] effect in humans, primarily due to its [[caffeine]] content.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cappelletti |first1=Simone |last2=Piacentino |first2=Daria |last3=Sani |first3=Gabriele |last4=Aromatario |first4=Mariarosaria |title=Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug? |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |date=January 2015 |pmid=26074744 |pmc=4462044 |doi=10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655 |issn=1570-159X}}</ref>

An early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century AD, in a medical text written by Chinese physician [[Hua Tuo]].<ref>[[#Martin|Martin]], p. 29: "beginning in the third century CE, references to tea seem more credible, in particular those dating to the time of Hua T'o, a highly respected physician and surgeon"</ref> It was popularised as a recreational drink during the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]], and tea drinking spread to other East Asian countries. [[Jesuit China missions#The arrival of Jesuits|Portuguese priests]] and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century.<ref name="caff" /> During the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the British, who later started to plant tea on a large scale in [[Pakistan]] and [[Company rule in India|India]], where it had previously been used only as a medicine.

The term [[herbal tea]] refers to drinks not made from ''Camellia sinensis''. They are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or [[Plant anatomy|other plant parts]], such as [[steeping|steeps]] of [[Rose hip|rosehip]], [[chamomile]], or [[rooibos]]. These may be called ''tisanes'' or ''herbal infusions'' to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Etymology of tea}}

The [[etymology]] of the various words for ''tea'' reflects the history of transmission of tea drinking and trade from China.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp= 262–264}} Nearly all of the words for tea worldwide fall into three broad groups: ''te'', ''cha'' and ''chai'', present in English as ''tea'', ''cha'' or ''char'', and ''chai''. The earliest of the three to enter English is ''cha'', which came in the 1590s via the Portuguese, who traded in [[Macao]] and picked up the [[Cantonese]] pronunciation of the word.<ref name=oed>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tea&allowed_in_frame=0|title=tea|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p= 262}} The more common ''tea'' form arrived in the 17th century via the Dutch, who acquired it either indirectly from the Malay ''teh'', or directly from the ''tê'' pronunciation in [[Min Chinese]].<ref name=oed /> The third form ''chai'' (meaning "spiced tea") originated from a northern Chinese pronunciation of ''cha'', which travelled overland to Central Asia and [[Persia]] where it picked up a Persian ending ''yi''. The Chinese word for tea itself was perhaps derived from the non-Sinitic languages of the botanical homeland of the tea plant in south-west China (or [[Burma]]), possibly from an archaic [[Austroasiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] root word *''la'', meaning "leaf".{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p= 266}}

== Origin and history ==

===Botanical origin===
{{further|History of tea|History of tea in China}}
[[File:Camellia sinensis - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg|thumb|Tea plant (''Camellia sinensis'') from ''[[Köhler's Medicinal Plants]]'', 1897]]
Tea plants are native to East Asia and the probable center of origin of tea is near the source of the [[Irrawaddy River]] from where it spread out fan-wise into southeast China, Indo-China and [[Assam]]. The natural home of the tea plant is considered to be within the comparatively small fan-shaped area between [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]] along the [[Myanmar|Burma]] frontier in the west, through [[China]] as far as the [[Zhejiang]] Province in the east, and from this line generally south through the hills to Burma and [[Thailand]] to [[Vietnam]]. The west–east axis indicated above is about 2,400 km long extending from longitude 95°-120°E. The north–south axis covers about 1,920 km, starting from the northern part of Burma, latitude 29°N passing through [[Yunnan]], [[Tonkin|Tongkin]], Thailand, [[Laos]] and on to Annan, reaching latitude 11°N.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Gautam Kumar |date=19 September 2021 |title=Origin And Distribution Of The Tea Plant |url=https://teaorb.com/en-us/blog/origin-of-tea |website=teaorb.com |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815111058/https://teaorb.com/en-us/blog/origin-of-tea }}</ref>

Chinese (small-leaf) type tea (''C. sinensis'' var. ''sinensis'') may have originated in southern China possibly with hybridization of unknown wild tea relatives. Since there are no known wild populations of this tea, its origin is speculative.<ref name="Meegahakumbura 1" /><ref name="Meegahakumbura 2" />

Given their genetic differences forming distinct [[clade]]s, Chinese Assam-type tea (''C. sinensis'' var. ''assamica'') may have two parentages – one being found in southern [[Yunnan]] ([[Xishuangbanna]], [[Pu'er City]]) and the other in western Yunnan ([[Lincang]], [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]]). Many types of Southern Yunnan Assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species ''[[Camellia taliensis]]''. Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam-type tea (also ''C. sinensis'' var. ''assamica''). Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from the same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no [[haplotype]]s with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species ''[[Camellia pubicosta]]''.<ref name="Meegahakumbura 1">{{cite journal |last1=Meegahakumbura |first1=MK |last2=Wambulwa |first2=MC |last3=Thapa |first3=KK |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Indications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant (''Camellia sinensis'' (L.) O. Kuntze) and new insights into the origin of tea germplasm in China and India revealed by nuclear microsatellites |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e0155369 |pmid=27218820 |pmc=4878758 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155369 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1155369M|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Meegahakumbura 2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Li MM, Thapa KK, Sun YS, Möller M, Xu JC, Yang JB, Liu J, Liu BY, Li DZ, Gao LM |display-authors=3 |date=2018 |title=Domestication origin and breeding history of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in China and India based on nuclear microsatellites and cpDNA sequence data |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |article-number=2270 |pmid=29422908 |pmc=5788969 |doi= 10.3389/fpls.2017.02270|bibcode=2018FrPS....8.2270M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small-leaf tea is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago, while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. The divergence of Chinese small-leaf tea and Assam tea would correspond to the last [[Ice age|glacial maximum]].<ref name="Meegahakumbura 1" /><ref name="Meegahakumbura 2" />

===Early tea drinking===
[[File:Shinno (Shennong) derivative.jpg|thumb|upright|A 19th-century Japanese painting depicting [[Shennong]]: Chinese legends credit Shennong with the invention of tea.<ref name="laura2" />]]

People in ancient East Asia ate tea for centuries, perhaps even [[millennia]], before ever consuming it as a beverage. They would nibble on the leaves raw, add them to [[soups]] or [[Leaf vegetable|greens]], or [[ferment]] them and chew them as [[areca nut]] is [[betel nut chewing|chewed]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Driem |first1=George van |author1-link=George van Driem |title=The tale of tea: a comprehensive history of tea from prehistoric times to the present day |date=2019 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=978-90-04-38625-9 |page=20 |language=en |chapter=The Primordial Origins of Tea}}</ref>

Tea drinking may have begun in the region of [[Yunnan]], where it was used for medicinal purposes. It is believed that in [[Sichuan]], "people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather than as a medicinal concoction."{{sfn|Heiss|Heiss|2007|pp=6–7}}

Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to the mythical [[Shennong]] (in central and northern China) in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from southwest China.<ref name="laura2">{{Citation| last=Yee| first=L.K.| title=Tea's Wonderful History| publisher=The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project| quote=year 1996–2012| url=http://www.chcp.org/tea.html| access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020803115304/http://chcp.org/tea.html |archive-date=3 August 2002 }}</ref> The earliest written records of tea come from China. The word ''tú'' {{Wikt-lang|zh|荼}} appears in the ''[[Classic of Poetry|Shijing]]'' and other ancient texts to signify a kind of "bitter vegetable" ({{lang|zh|苦菜}}), and it is possible that it referred to many different plants such as [[sow thistle]], [[chicory]], or [[Polygonum|smartweed]],{{sfn|Benn|2015|p=22}} as well as tea.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=264–65}} In the ''[[Chronicles of Huayang]]'', it was recorded that the [[Ba (state)|Ba]] people in Sichuan presented ''tu'' to the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] king. The [[Qin (state)|Qin]] later conquered the state of [[Ba (state)|Ba]] and its neighbour [[Shu (state)|Shu]], and according to the 17th century scholar [[Gu Yanwu]] who wrote in ''Ri Zhi Lu'' ({{lang|zh|日知錄}}): "It was after the Qin had taken Shu that they learned how to drink tea."{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=29–30}} Another possible early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the [[Qin dynasty]] general Liu Kun who requested that some "real tea" to be sent to him.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18 |title=All the Tea in China |author=Kit Boey Chow |author2=Ione Kramer |pages=2–3 |publisher=Sinolingua |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8351-2194-1 |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831072957/https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest known physical evidence<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html|title=Archaeologists discover world's oldest tea buried with ancient Chinese emperor|work=[[The Independent]]|publisher=Independent Print Limited|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008011801/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> of tea was discovered in 2016 in the mausoleum of [[Emperor Jing of Han]] in [[Xi'an]], indicating that tea from the genus ''Camellia'' was drunk by [[Han dynasty]] emperors as early as the second century BC.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau|volume=6|article-number=18955|author=Houyuan Lu|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/srep18955|pmid=26738699|pmc=4704058| date=7 January 2016|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2016NatSR...618955L}}</ref> The Han dynasty work "The Contract for a Youth", written by [[Wang Bao]] in 59 BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html|title=World's oldest tea found in Chinese emperor's tomb|publisher=[[Phys.org]]|date=28 January 2016|quote=The oldest written reference to tea is from the year 59 BC.|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917190549/http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> contains the first known reference to boiling tea. Among the tasks listed to be undertaken by the youth, the contract states that "he shall boil tea and fill the utensils" and "he shall buy tea at Wuyang".{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=29–30}} The first record of tea cultivation is dated to this period, during which tea was cultivated on Meng Mountain ({{lang|zh|蒙山}}) near [[Chengdu]].{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=30–31}} Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD, in a medical text by the Chinese physician [[Hua Tuo]], who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |author=Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer |page=28 |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513051901/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, before the [[Tang dynasty]], tea-drinking was primarily a southern Chinese practice centered in [[Jiankang]].{{sfn|Benn|2015|p=42}} Tea was disdained by the [[Northern and Southern dynasties|Northern dynasties]] aristocrats, who describe it as inferior to yogurt.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qmwywEACAAJ&q=slaves'%20drink&pg=PA76 |title=The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History |author=Andrew Chittick |pages=75–76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-093754-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt&pg=PA22 |title=Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200–600 |editor1=Scott Pearce |editor2=Audrey G. Spiro |editor3=Patricia Buckley Ebrey |page=22 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2001 |isbn=0-674-00523-6}}</ref> It became widely popular during the Tang dynasty, when it spread to Korea, [[Japan]], and Vietnam. ''[[The Classic of Tea]]'', a treatise on tea and its preparations, was written by the 8th century Chinese writer, [[Lu Yu]]. The current Chinese word for tea ([[wikt:茶|茶]]) appeared in ''The Classic of Tea'' by removing a stroke from the word ''tu''.{{sfn|Benn|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=XF17CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}} Lu was known to have influenced tea drinking on a large part in China.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Miranda Brown |date=2 March 2022 |title=The Medieval Influencer Who Convinced the World to Drink Tea—Not Eat It |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/eating-tea? |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>

===Developments===
[[File:Tea with ingredients.jpg|thumb|right|Tea with ingredients, China]]

Through the centuries, a variety of techniques for processing tea, and a number of different forms of tea, were developed. During the Han and [[Six Dynasties]], tea was steamed and pounded, shaped into cake form, slowly dried over low fire, and suspended to air dry. Chunks of tea were then boiled to drink, flavoured with orange peels, [[jujube]], mint, ginger or [[scallion]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zp6iMZoqt0C&pg=PA362 |title=Six Dynasties Civilization |author= Albert E. Dien |publisher=Yale University Press |page=362 |year= 2007 |isbn=978-0-300-07404-8 }}</ref> Tea was similarly prepared in cake form during the Tang dynasty, but [[Lu Yu]] disparaged the use of various condiments to flavour the tea apart from salt.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=39–41}} By the [[Song dynasty]], loose-leaf tea was developed and became popular. During the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, unoxidized tea leaves were first stirred in a hot dry pan, then rolled and air-dried, a process that stops the [[Redox|oxidation]] process that would have turned the leaves dark, thereby allowing tea to remain green. In the 15th century, [[oolong]] tea, in which the leaves are allowed to partially oxidize before being heated in the pan, was developed.{{sfn|Benn|2015|p=42}} Western tastes, however, favoured the fully oxidized [[black tea]], and the leaves were allowed to oxidize further. [[Yellow tea]] was an accidental discovery in the production of green tea during the Ming dynasty, when apparently careless practices allowed the leaves to turn yellow, which yielded a different flavour.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=118}}

===Worldwide spread===
{{See also|Arabic tea|Korean tea|Tea in Australia|Tea in France}}
[[File:Gorskii 03992u.jpg|thumb|left|Tea-weighing station north of [[Batumi]], [[Russian Empire]], before 1915]]

Tea was first introduced to Western priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed ''chá''.<ref name="caff">{{cite book |author1=Bennett Alan Weinberg |author2=Bonnie K. Bealer |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63 |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |page=63 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427034134/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest European reference to tea, written as ''chiai'', came from ''Delle navigationi e viaggi'' written by Venetian [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Giambattista Ramusio]] in 1545.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=165}} The first recorded shipment of tea by a European nation was in 1607 when the Dutch East India Company moved a cargo of tea from [[Macau|Macao]] to Java, then two years later, the Dutch bought the first assignment of tea which was from [[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]] in Japan to be shipped to Europe.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=106}} Tea became a fashionable drink in [[The Hague]] in the Netherlands, and the Dutch introduced the drink to [[Germany]], [[France]], and across the Atlantic to [[New Amsterdam]] (New York).{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=169}}

In 1567, Russian people came in contact with tea when [[Cossacks|Cossack]] leaders ([[ataman]]s) Petrov and Yalyshev visited China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apollotea.com/tea-articles/tea-history/15-russian-tea-history |title=Russian Tea History |website=www.apollotea.com |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806201927/https://www.apollotea.com/tea-articles/tea-history/15-russian-tea-history}}</ref> The Mongolian Khan donated to [[Tsar]] [[Michael of Russia|Michael I]] four [[pood]]s (65–70 kg) of tea in 1638.<ref name="T">{{cite book |title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Советская энциклопедия |year=1978 |pages=vol. 29, p. 11}}</ref> According to [[Jeremiah Curtin]],<ref>Jeremiah Curtin, ''A Journey to Southern Siberia'', 1909, chapter one</ref> it was possibly in 1636<ref>Basil Dymytryshyn, ''Russia's Conquest of Siberia: A Documentary Record'', 1985, volume one, document 48 (he was an envoy that year, but the tea may have been given on a later visit to the Khan)</ref> that Vassili Starkov was sent as envoy to the [[Altan Khan of the Khalkha|Altyn Khan]]. He was given 250 pounds of tea as a gift to the tsar. Starkov at first refused, seeing no use for a load of dead leaves, but the Khan insisted. Thus was tea introduced to Russia. In 1679, Russia concluded a treaty on regular tea supplies from China via [[camel train|camel caravan]] in exchange for furs. It is today considered the ''de facto'' national beverage.

[[File:This print of the Raymond Hugh Mckay Commander. The first vessel direct from China to Hull is published commemorative of her arrival on the 14th October 1843 RMG PW7733.jpg|thumb|The ''Raymond'', Hugh Mckay Commander. The first vessel direct from China to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] on her arrival on 14 October 1843 with a cargo of tea.]]

The first record of tea in English came from a letter written by Richard Wickham, who ran an [[East India Company]] office in Japan, writing to a merchant in Macao requesting "the best sort of chaw" in 1615. [[Peter Mundy]], a traveller and merchant who came across tea in [[Fujian]] in 1637, wrote, "''chaa'' – only water with a kind of herb boyled in it".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXYFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Tea: A Very British Beverage |author=Paul Chrystal |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-3360-2 |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928000518/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXYFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25&lpg=PT25 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Peter Mundy Merchant Adventurer'', 2011, ed. R.E. Pritchard, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford</ref> Tea was sold in a coffee house in London in 1657, [[Samuel Pepys]] tasted tea in 1660, and [[Catherine of Braganza]] took the tea-drinking habit to the English court when she married [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1662. Tea, however, was not widely consumed in the British Isles until the 18th century and remained expensive until the latter part of that period. English drinkers preferred to add sugar and milk to black tea, and black tea overtook green tea in popularity in the 1720s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Tea |series=[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y24y |network=[[BBC Radio 4]] |airdate=29 April 2004 |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411023701/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y24y |archive-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tea smuggling during the 18th century led to the general public being able to afford and consume tea. The British government removed the tax on tea, thereby eliminating the smuggling trade, by 1785.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=98#masses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730000451/http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=98 |archive-date=30 July 2009 |title=A Social History of the Nation's Favourite Drink |work=United Kingdom Tea Council}}</ref> In Britain and Ireland, tea was initially consumed as a luxury item on special occasions, such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings. The price of tea in Europe fell steadily during the 19th century, especially after Indian tea began to arrive in large quantities; by the late 19th century tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society.<ref name="Lysaght" /> The popularity of tea played a role in historical events – the [[Tea Act]] of 1773 provoked the [[Boston Tea Party]] that escalated into the [[American Revolution]]. The need to address the issue of British trade deficit because of the trade in tea resulted in the [[Opium Wars]]. The Qing [[Kangxi Emperor]] had banned foreign products from being sold in China, decreeing in 1685 that all goods bought from China must be paid for in silver coin or bullion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goldstone|first=Jack A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOu_DQAAQBAJ&q=chinese+european+bullion&pg=PT365|title=Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China, 1600–1850; 25th Anniversary Edition|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-40860-6|language=en}}</ref> Traders from other nations then sought to find another product, in this case opium, to sell to China to earn back the silver they were required to pay for tea and other commodities. The subsequent attempts by the Chinese Government to curtail the trade in opium led to war.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams and the Making of China |last=Lovell |first=Julia|author-link=Julia Lovell |isbn=978-1-4472-0410-7 |year=2012 |publisher=Picador}}</ref>
[[File:MapTea-1907.jpg|alt=World map of tea exporters and importers, 1907|thumb|World map of tea exporters and importers, 1907]]
Chinese small-leaf-type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea.<ref name="Sen" /> In 1841, [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]] brought seeds of [[Chinese tea]] from the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaun]] region and experimented with planting tea in [[Darjeeling]]. The Alubari [[tea garden]] was opened in 1856, and [[Darjeeling tea]] began to be produced.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=214}} In 1848, [[Robert Fortune]] was sent by the [[East India Company]] on a mission to China to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the [[First Opium War]] and the [[Second Opium War]].<ref name="Rose">{{cite book |author=Sarah Rose |title=For All the Tea in China |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=1–5, 89, 122, 197 |year=2010 |author-link=Sarah Rose}}</ref> The Chinese tea plants he brought back were introduced to the [[Himalayas]], though most did not survive. The British had discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to [[Assam]] and the northeast region of India, which was then hybridized with Chinese small-leaf-type tea. Using Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British colonial government established a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export.<ref name="Sen" /> Tea was originally consumed only by [[Anglo-Indians]]; however, it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book |author=Colleen Taylor Sen|title=Food Culture in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32487-1 |page=26 |quote=Ironically, it was the British who introduced tea drinking to India, initially to anglicized Indians. Tea did not become a mass drink there until the 1950s when the India Tea Board, faced with a surplus of low-grade tea, launched an advertising campaign to popularize it in the north, where the drink of choice was milk. |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065113/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The British introduced tea industry to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1867.<ref name="taylor-AU">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm|title=TED Case Studies – Ceylon Tea|publisher=American University, Washington, DC|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223084443/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

== Chemical composition ==
{{See also|Phenolic content in tea}}

Physically speaking, tea has properties of both a [[solution (chemistry)|solution]] and a [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]. It is a solution of the water-soluble compounds extracted from the tea leaves, such as the polyphenols and amino acids. Tea infusions are among most consumed beverages globally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Ziyin|last2=Baldermann|first2=Susanne|last3=Watanabe|first3=Naoharu|date=1 October 2013|title=Recent studies of the volatile compounds in tea|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096399691300104X|journal=Food Research International |series=Tea – from bushes to mugs: composition, stability and health aspects |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=585–599 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.011 |issn=0963-9969|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Caffeine]] makes up about 3% of tea's dry weight, which translates to between 30 and 90 milligrams per {{convert|250|mL|usfloz|adj=on|frac=2}} cup depending on the type, brand,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Weinberg, Bennett Alan |author2=Bealer, Bonnie K. |name-list-style=amp |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/228 228]}}</ref> and brewing method.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hicks MB, Hsieh YP, Bell LN |title=Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration |journal=Food Research International |volume=29 |issue=3–4 |pages=325–330 |year=1996 |doi=10.1016/0963-9969(96)00038-5 |url=http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/data/lhquang/file/Tea1/Tea%20preparation%20and%20its%20influence%20on%20methylxanthine.pdf |access-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203132842/http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/data/lhquang/file/Tea1/Tea%20preparation%20and%20its%20influence%20on%20methylxanthine.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> A study found that the caffeine content of one gram of black tea ranged from 22 to 28 mg, while the caffeine content of one gram of green tea ranged from 11 to 20 mg, reflecting a significant difference.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3459493 |pmid=23055579 |doi=10.4103/0972-124X.99256 |volume=16 |issue=2 |title=Green tea: A boon for periodontal and general health |year=2012 |journal=Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology |pages=161–167 |vauthors=Chatterjee A, Saluja M, Agarwal G, Alam M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Tea contains small amounts of [[theobromine]] and [[theophylline]], which are [[xanthine]]s and [[stimulant]]s, similar to caffeine.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=1614995 |year=1992 |last1=Graham |first1=HN |title=Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=334–350 |journal=Preventive Medicine |doi=10.1016/0091-7435(92)90041-f}}</ref>

[[File:TeaLeaves.JPG|thumb|Fresh tea leaves in various stages of growth]]

The [[Astringent|astringency]] in tea can be attributed to the presence of [[polyphenol]]s. These are the most abundant compounds in tea leaves, making up 30–40% of their composition.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harbowy |first=ME |year=1997 |title=Tea Chemistry |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=415–480 |doi=10.1080/713608154}}</ref> Polyphenols in tea include [[flavonoid]]s, [[epigallocatechin gallate]] (EGCG), and other [[Flavan-3-ol|catechins]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferruzzi |first1=MG |year=2010 |title=The influence of beverage composition on delivery of phenolic compounds from coffee and tea |journal=Physiol Behav |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=33–41 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.035 |pmid=20138903|s2cid=207373774 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson G, Dionisi F, Renouf M |year=2011 |title=Flavanols from green tea and phenolic acids from coffee: critical quantitative evaluation of the pharmacokinetic data in humans after consumption of single doses of beverages |journal=Mol Nutr Food Res |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=864–873 |pmid=21538847 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.201000631}}</ref> Although there has been preliminary [[clinical research]] on whether green or black teas may protect against various human diseases, there is no evidence that tea polyphenols have any effect on health or lowering disease risk.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD |title=Green Tea |date=2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153347/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm073992.htm#gtea |title=Summary of Qualified Health Claims Subject to Enforcement Discretion:Green Tea and Cancer |publisher=Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services |date=October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015104050/http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm073992.htm#gtea |archive-date=15 October 2014 }}</ref>

== Health effects ==
{{Main|Health effects of tea}}
Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of ''[[Camellia sinensis]]''[[Camellia sinensis|<nowiki/>'s]] consumption, there is no high-quality evidence showing that tea consumption gives significant benefits other than possibly increasing alertness, an effect caused by [[caffeine]] in the tea leaves.<ref name="medline">{{cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Black tea |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/997.html |access-date=27 February 2018 |publisher=MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref><ref name="nccih" /> In [[clinical research]] conducted in the early 21st century, it was found there is no scientific evidence to indicate that consuming tea affects any disease or improves health.<ref name="medline" />

Black and green teas contain no [[Nutrient|essential nutrients]] in significant amounts, with the exception of the [[Mineral (nutrient)|dietary mineral]] [[manganese]], at 0.5 mg per cup or 26% of the [[Reference Daily Intake]] (RDI).<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Tea, brewed, prepared with tap water [black tea], one cup, USDA Nutrient Tables, SR-21 |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beverages/3967/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026201138/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beverages/3967/2 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Conde Nast}}</ref> [[Fluoride]] is sometimes present in tea; certain types of "brick tea", made from old leaves and stems, have the highest levels, enough to pose a health risk if too much tea is drunk, which has been attributed to high levels of fluoride in soils, acidic soils, and long brewing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fung KF, Zhang ZQ, Wong JW, Wong MH |year=1999 |title=Fluoride contents in tea and soil from tea plantations and the release of fluoride into tea liquor during infusion |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=197–205 |doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00187-0 |bibcode=1999EPoll.104..197F }}</ref>

== Cultivation and harvesting ==
{{anchor|Cultivation and harvesting}}
{{multiple image
|image1 = 04 Zhejiang tea 05.1987 01.jpg
|caption1 =Tea harvesting in [[Zhejiang province]], China, May 1987
|image2 = SriLanka TeaHarvest (pixinn.net).jpg
|caption2 = Tea plantation workers in [[Tea production in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
|total_width = 400 }}

''Camellia sinensis'' is an evergreen plant that grows mainly in [[Tropical climate|tropical]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] climates.<ref name="hort.purdue" /> Some varieties can tolerate [[oceanic climate]]s and are cultivated as far north as [[Cornwall]] in England,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levin |first=Angela |date=20 May 2013 |title=Welcome to Tregothnan, England's only tea estate |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10061426/Welcome-to-Tregothnan-Englands-only-tea-estate.html |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214014053/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10061426/Welcome-to-Tregothnan-Englands-only-tea-estate.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Perthshire]] in Scotland,{{Cn|date=June 2025|reason=Previously cited article turned out to be unreliable. Appears to be some evidence this is still true, but not that would meet [[BP:RS]] standards.}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in the [[Tea production in the United States|United States]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tea |url=http://69.93.14.225/wscpr/LibraryDocs/Tea2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810214327/http://69.93.14.225/wscpr/LibraryDocs/Tea2010.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2011 |work=The Compendium of Washington Agriculture |publisher=Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration |year=2010 |access-date=26 April 2011 |author=}}</ref> and [[Vancouver Island]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/05/tea-farm-on-vancouver-island-a-canadian-first/ |title=Tea farm on Vancouver Island, a Canadian first |newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=5 May 2013 |access-date=26 May 2014 |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214442/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/05/tea-farm-on-vancouver-island-a-canadian-first/ |archive-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the Southern Hemisphere, tea is grown as far south as [[Hobart]] in Tasmania<ref>{{cite news |url=http://prelive.themercury.com.au/article/2013/08/13/385535_tasmania-news.html |title=Tassie tea crop brewing |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)]] |date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311120146/http://prelive.themercury.com.au/article/2013/08/13/385535_tasmania-news.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 |first=Jennifer |last=Crawley}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/cookandchef/txt/s2404570.htm |title=Episode 36 – Produce of Two Islands |series=[[The Cook and the Chef]] |number=36 |date=29 October 2008 |network=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]] |author= |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215032023/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/cookandchef/txt/s2404570.htm |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Waikato]] in New Zealand.<ref name=nzh-2013aug17>{{cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/tea-growing-is-tough-going/XCPAATJPQKKS7QFZ64WFSV2ILI/ |title=Tea growing is tough going |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=17 August 2013 |author= |access-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222192713/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/tea-growing-is-tough-going/XCPAATJPQKKS7QFZ64WFSV2ILI/|archive-date=22 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tea plants are propagated from seed and cuttings; about 4 to 12 years are needed for a plant to bear seed and about three years before a new plant is ready for harvesting.<ref name="hort.purdue">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/camellia_sinensis.html |title=Camellia Sinensis |publisher=Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plants Products |access-date=26 October 2010 |date=3 July 1996 |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924055240/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Camellia_sinensis.html |archive-date=24 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to a [[hardiness zone|zone 8]] climate or warmer, tea plants require at least {{convert|1200|mm}} of rainfall per year and prefer [[Soil pH|acidic soils]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Camellias: A Practical Gardening Guide |last1=Rolfe |first1=Jim |first2=Yvonne |last2=Cave |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-577-7}}</ref> Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above sea level. Though at these heights the plants grow more slowly, they acquire a better flavour.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tea Cuisine: A New Approach to Flavoring Contemporary and Traditional Dishes |last=Pruess |first=Joanna |year=2006 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-1-59228-741-3}}</ref>

[[File:Mattupetty Lake View.jpg|thumb|400px|Tea plantations around [[Mattupetty Dam|Mattupetty lake]] near [[Munnar]], India]]

Two principal varieties are used: ''Camellia sinensis'' var. ''sinensis,'' which is used for most Chinese, Formosan and Japanese teas, and ''C. sinensis'' var. ''assamica,'' used in [[Pu'er tea|Pu-erh]] and most Indian teas (but not Darjeeling). Within these botanical varieties, many [[strain (biology)|strains]] and modern clonal varieties are known. Leaf size is the chief criterion for the classification of tea plants, with three primary classifications being:<ref name=Mondal /> [[Assam tea|Assam]] type, characterised by the largest leaves; China type, characterised by the smallest leaves; and Cambodian type, characterised by leaves of intermediate size. The Cambodian-type tea (''C. assamica'' subsp. ''lasiocaly'') was originally considered a type of Assam tea. However, later genetic work showed that it is a hybrid between Chinese small-leaf tea and Assam-type large-leaf tea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wambulwa |first1=M. C. |last2=Meegahakumbura |first2=M. K. |last3=Chalo |first3=R.|title=Nuclear microsatellites reveal the genetic architecture and breeding history of tea germplasm of East Africa |journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes |date=February 2016 |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s11295-015-0963-x |s2cid=255132393 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28051971|url-access=registration|display-authors=etal |article-number=11 }}</ref> Darjeeling tea appears to be another hybrid of the same sort.<ref name="Meegahakumbura 2" />

[[File:2DU Kenya16 (5367334314).jpg|left|thumb|Women picking tea in [[Kenya]]]]

A tea plant will grow into a tree of up to {{cvt|16|m|ft}} if left undisturbed,<ref name="hort.purdue" /> but cultivated plants are generally pruned to waist height for ease of harvesting. The short plants also bear more new shoots which provide new and tender leaves and increase the quality of the tea.<ref name="Tea Cultivation">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585098/tea |title=Tea production |access-date=1 June 2007 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |first=Campbell Ronald |last=Harler |date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430063121/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585098/tea |archive-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> For centuries, tea shoots were harvested only by hand, or "plucked," but in time workers came to use shears or sickles to speed the job, and in the twentieth century commercial plantations adopted machines for the task, especially for low-grade black teas processed by the [[crush, tear, curl]] method. Today ''World Tea News'' estimates that at least 70 percent of tea bushes worldwide are harvested by practices other than plucking.<ref>{{cite web |last=Melican |first=Nigel |date=1 December 2021 |title=Where Is the Tea Industry Going with Mechanical Harvesting? |url=https://www.worldteanews.com/issues-trends/where-tea-industry-going-mechanical-harvesting |website=World Tea News |publisher=Questex |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

Only the top {{convert|25|to|50|mm|0}} of the mature plant are picked. These buds and leaves are called 'flushes'.<ref>{{cite book |first=Elizabeth S. |last=Hayes |title=Spices and Herbs: Lore and Cookery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htsIVCwRsEcC |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-486-24026-8 |page=74}}</ref> A plant will grow a new flush every 7 to 15 days during the growing season. Leaves that are slow in development tend to produce better-flavoured teas.<ref name="hort.purdue" /> Several teas are available from specified flushes; for example, Darjeeling tea is available as first flush (at a premium price), second flush, monsoon and autumn. Assam second flush or "tippy" tea is considered superior to first flush, because of the gold tips that appear on the leaves.

[[File:Đồi chè Ô Quý Hồ.jpg|thumb|Tea plantation near [[Sa Pa]], [[Vietnam]]]]

Pests that can afflict tea plants include mosquito bugs, genus ''[[Helopeltis]]'', which are [[hemiptera|true bugs]] and not to be confused with [[mosquito|dipterous insects of family ''Culicidae'']] ('mosquitos'). Mosquito bugs can damage leaves both by sucking plant materials, and by the laying of eggs (oviposition) within the plant. Spraying with synthetic [[insecticide]]s may be deemed appropriate.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Somnath Roy |author2=Narayanannair Muraleedharan |author3=Ananda Mukhapadhyay |author4=Gautam Handique |date=24 April 2015 |title=The tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae): its status, biology, ecology and management in tea plantations |journal=International Journal of Pest Management, 61:3 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=179–197 |doi=10.1080/09670874.2015.1030002 |s2cid=83481846}}</ref> Other pests are Lepidopteran leaf feeders and various [[List of tea diseases|tea diseases]].

== Production ==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Tea production – 2022
|-
! style="background:#ddf;"| Country
! style="background:#ddf;"|Million tonnes
|-
| {{CHN}}||{{right|14.53}}
|-
| {{IND}}||{{right|5.97}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Tea production in Kenya|Kenya]]||{{right|2.33}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Tea production in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]||{{right|1.40}}
|-
| {{TUR}}||{{right|1.30}}
|-
| {{VNM}}||{{right|1.12}}
|-
| {{IDN}}||{{right|0.60}}
|-
| {{BAN}}||{{right|0.44}}
|-
| {{ARG}}||{{right|0.36}}
|-
| {{UGA}}||{{right|0.33}}
|-
|'''World''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''29.76'''
|-
|colspan=2|Source: [[UN Food and Agriculture Organization|(FAO)]]<ref name="faostat2024">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Tea leaves production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

Tea is mainly grown in Asia and Africa, with smaller areas in South America and around the Black and Caspian Seas. The four biggest tea-producing countries are China, India, Kenya and Sri Lanka, together representing 81% of world tea production. Smaller hubs of production include such places as [[São Miguel Island, Azores]], in Portugal, and [[Guria]], in Georgia. In 2022, global production of tea was 29.8 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 49% and India with 20% of the world total. [[Kenya]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Turkey]] were secondary producers.<ref name="faostat2020">{{cite web |date=2020 |title=World tea production in 2019; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from picklists |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |access-date=17 May 2022 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)}}</ref>

=== Storage ===
Storage conditions determine the [[shelf life]] of tea; black tea shelf life is greater than that of green teas. Some, such as flower teas, may last only a month or so. Others, such as pu-erh, improve with age. To remain fresh and prevent mold, tea needs to be stored away from heat, light, air, and moisture. Tea must be kept at room temperature in an air-tight container. Black tea in a bag within a sealed opaque canister may keep for two years. Green tea deteriorates more rapidly, usually in less than a year. Tightly rolled [[gunpowder tea]] leaves keep longer than the more open-leafed [[Chun Mee tea]].

Storage life for all teas can be extended by using [[desiccant]] or oxygen-absorbing packets, vacuum sealing, or refrigeration in air-tight containers (except green tea, where discrete use of refrigeration or freezing is recommended and temperature variation kept to a minimum).<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Tea Storage |url=http://www.o-cha.net/english/cup/pdf/29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327174214/http://www.o-cha.net/english/cup/pdf/29.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=15 July 2009}}</ref>

=== Processing and classification ===
{{Main|Tea processing}}
[[File:Teaprocessing.svg|thumb|right|upright=3|Common processing methods of tea leaves]]
After picking, the leaves of ''C. sinensis'' soon begin to [[Wilting|wilt]] and [[Redox|oxidize]] unless immediately dried. An [[Food browning|enzymatic oxidation]] process triggered by the plant's intracellular [[enzyme]]s causes the leaves to turn progressively darker as their [[chlorophyll]] breaks down and [[tannin]]s are released. This darkening is stopped at a predetermined stage by heating, which deactivates the enzymes responsible. In the production of black teas, halting by heating is carried out simultaneously with drying. Without careful moisture and temperature control during manufacture and packaging, growth of undesired molds and bacteria may make tea unfit for consumption.

[[File:Tea in different grade of fermentation.jpg|thumb|Teas of different levels of oxidation (L to R): green, yellow, oolong, and black]]
Tea is divided into categories based on how it is processed.<ref name="LiuTong">{{cite book |author=Liu Tong |title=Chinese tea |publisher= China Intercontinental Press|location=Beijing|year=2005|page=137 |isbn=978-7-5085-0835-1}}</ref> At least six different types are produced:
* [[green tea|Green]]: unwilted and unoxidized;
* [[yellow tea|Yellow]]: unwilted and unoxidized but allowed to yellow;
* [[white tea|White]]: wilted and unoxidized;
* [[Oolong]]: wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized;
* [[Black tea|Black]]: wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized (called {{lang|zh|紅茶}} [''hóngchá''], "red tea" in Chinese and other East Asian tea culture);
* [[Fermented tea|Post-fermented (Dark)]]: green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost (called [[Pu'er tea|''Pu'er'']] if from the Yunnan district of South-Western China or {{lang|zh|黑茶}} [''hēichá''] "black tea" in [[Chinese tea culture]]).

=== Blending and additives ===
{{further|Tea blending and additives}}

After basic processing, teas may be altered through additional processing steps before being sold<ref>{{cite book |title=Tea: a user's guide |last=Tony |first=Gebely |isbn=978-0-9981030-0-6 |pages=Chapter 6 |oclc=965904874 |date=October 2016|publisher=Eggs and Toast Media, LLC }}</ref> and is often consumed with additions to the basic tea leaf and water added during preparation or drinking. Examples of additional processing steps that occur before tea is sold are blending, flavouring, scenting, and decaffeination of teas. Examples of additions added at the point of consumption include milk, sugar and lemon.

Tea blending is the combination of different teas together to achieve the final product. Such teas may combine others from the same cultivation area or several different ones. The aim is to obtain consistency, better taste, higher price, or some combination of the three.

Flavoured and scented teas are enhancements of the base tea. This can be accomplished through directly adding flavouring agents, such as [[ginger]], [[clove]]s, [[Lamiaceae|mint leaves]], [[cardamom]], [[bergamot orange|bergamot]] (found in [[Earl Grey tea|Earl Grey]]), [[vanilla]], and [[spearmint]]. Alternatively, because tea easily retains odours, it can be placed in proximity to an aromatic ingredient to absorb its aroma, as in traditional [[jasmine tea]].<ref>Gong, Wen. Lifestyle in China. 五洲传播出版社, 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010, from [https://books.google.com/books?id=33DE2sJEjH0C&pg=PA85] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228102221/https://books.google.com/books?id=33DE2sJEjH0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA85|date=28 December 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Nice Cup of Tea.jpg|thumb|Black tea is often taken with milk.]]

The addition of milk to tea in Europe was first mentioned in 1680 by the epistolist [[Madame de Sévigné]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.briefguides.co.uk/content/tea.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822093059/http://www.briefguides.co.uk/content/tea.php |archive-date=22 August 2006 |title=Brief Guide to Tea |publisher=BriefGuides |year=2006 |access-date=7 November 2006}}</ref> Many teas are traditionally drunk with milk in cultures where dairy products are consumed. These include Indian [[masala chai]] and British tea blends. These teas tend to be very hearty varieties of black tea which can be tasted through the milk, such as Assams, or the East Friesian blend. Milk is thought to neutralise remaining tannins and reduce acidity.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Some tea and wine may cause cancer – tannin, found in tea and red wine, linked to esophageal cancer |journal=Nutrition Health Review |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-9164614 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230843/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-9164614/some-tea-and-wine-may-cause-cancer |archive-date=19 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Way of Herbs |last=Tierra |first=Michael |year=1990 |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn=978-0-671-72403-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/wayofherbsfullyu00tier}}</ref> The [[Han Chinese]] do not usually drink milk with tea but the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] do, and the elite of the Qing Dynasty of the Chinese Empire continued to do so. [[Hong Kong-style milk tea]] is based on British habits. [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] and other Himalayan peoples traditionally drink tea with milk or [[yak butter]] and salt. In Eastern European countries, and in Russia and Italy, tea is commonly served with lemon juice. In Poland, tea is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and is sweetened with either sugar or honey; tea with milk is called a ''bawarka'' ("[[Bavaria]]n style") in [[Polish language|Polish]] and is widely popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://glosbe.com/ |title=Bawarka in English, translation, Polish-English Dictionary |website=Glosbe |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224121219/https://glosbe.com/ |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, tea with milk is known as "white tea".

The order of steps in preparing a cup of tea is a much-debated topic and can vary widely between cultures and individuals. Some say it is preferable to add the milk to the cup before the tea, as the high temperature of freshly brewed tea can denature the proteins found in fresh milk, similar to the change in taste of [[UHT]] milk, resulting in an inferior-tasting beverage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3016342.stm |title=How to make a perfect cuppa |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 June 2003 |access-date=28 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722010957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3016342.stm |archive-date=22 July 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Others insist it is better to add the milk to the cup after the tea, as black tea is often brewed as close to boiling as possible. The addition of milk chills the beverage during the crucial brewing phase, if brewing in a cup rather than using a pot, meaning the delicate flavour of a good tea cannot be fully appreciated. By adding the milk afterwards, it is easier to dissolve sugar in the tea and to ensure the desired amount of milk is added, as the colour of the tea can be observed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2000/02/03/97177.htm |title=Biscuit Dunking Physics |first=Karl S. |last=Kruszelnicki |date=3 February 2000 |website=www.abc.net.au |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611155916/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2000/02/03/97177.htm |archive-date=11 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Historically, the order of steps was taken as an indication of class: only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality porcelain would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk.<ref name="Dubrin2010">{{cite book |author=Dubrin, Beverly |title=Tea Culture: History, Traditions, Celebrations, Recipes & More |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMcNCwcCPpgC&pg=PA24 |year=2010 |publisher=Charlesbridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-60734-363-9 |page=24 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506052427/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMcNCwcCPpgC&pg=PA24 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Higher temperature difference means faster [[heat transfer]], so the earlier milk is added, the slower the drink cools. A 2007 study published in the ''European Heart Journal'' found certain [[Health effects of tea|beneficial effects of tea]] may be lost through the addition of milk.<ref name="Lorenz">{{cite journal |last1=Lorenz |first1=M. |last2=Jochmann |first2=N. |last3=Von Krosigk |first3=A. |last4=Martus |first4=P. |last5=Baumann |first5=G. |last6=Stangl |first6=K. |last7=Stangl |first7=V. |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl442 |title=Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=219–223 |year=2006 |pmid=17213230 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Packaging ==

=== Tea bags ===
{{Main|Tea bag}}

[[File:Tea bags.jpg|thumb|Tea bags]]

In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small bags of silk with a drawstring. Consumers noticed they could simply leave the tea in the bag and reuse it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution and packaging method would not be fully realised until later. During World War II, tea was rationed in the United Kingdom. In 1953, after [[Rationing in the United Kingdom during and after World War II|rationing in the UK]] ended, [[Yorkshire]]-based tea manufacturer [[Tetley]] launched the tea bag in the UK, and it was an immediate success.

The "pyramid tea bag" (or sachet), introduced by Lipton<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lipton.com/en_en/jane-1,180.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430040636/http://www.lipton.com/en_en/jane-1%2C180.aspx |archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Lipton Institute of Tea – Interview of Steve, Tea technology manager, Chapter: A Culture of Innovation |publisher=Lipton |year=2008 |access-date=26 June 2008 }}</ref> and PG Tips/Scottish Blend in 1996,<ref>{{cite web |title=PG Tips – About Us |url=http://www.pgtips.co.uk/aboutus/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120162321/http://www.pgtips.co.uk/aboutus/|archive-date=20 January 2007 |access-date=17 February 2009 |work=pgtips.co.uk}}</ref> attempts to address one of the connoisseurs' arguments against paper tea bags by way of its three-dimensional [[tetrahedron]] shape, which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while steeping.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2011|title=Change brewing for reshaped tea market|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/change-brewing-for-reshaped-tea-market-1320676.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/change-brewing-for-reshaped-tea-market-1320676.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> However, some types of pyramid tea bags have been criticised as being environmentally unfriendly, since their synthetic material is not as biodegradable as loose tea leaves and paper tea bags.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most UK teabags not fully {{sic|biodeg|radeable|nolink=y}}, research reveals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/02/teabags-biodegradeable |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 May 2012 |first=Rebecca |last=Smithers |date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204105012/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/02/teabags-biodegradeable |archive-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Loose tea ===
[[File:English Westminster Tea.jpg|thumb|A blend of loose-leaf black teas]]

The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister, paper bag, or other container such as a [[tea chest]]. Some whole teas, such as rolled [[gunpowder tea]] leaves, which resist crumbling, are vacuum-packed for freshness in [[BoPET|aluminised packaging]] for storage and retail. The loose tea is individually measured for use, allowing for flexibility and flavour control at the expense of convenience. Strainers, [[Infuser|tea balls]], tea presses, filtered teapots, and infusion bags prevent loose leaves from floating in the tea and over-brewing. A traditional method uses a three-piece lidded teacup called a [[gaiwan]], the lid of which is tilted to decant the tea into a different cup for consumption.

=== Compressed tea ===
[[File:Xiaguan Te Ji Tuo Cha 2004.jpg|thumb|Sheng (raw) [[pu-erh]] ''[[tuo cha]]'', a type of compressed aged raw pu-erh]]

[[Tea brick]]s or compressed tea are produced for convenience in transport, storage, and ageing. It can usually be stored longer without spoilage than loose leaf tea. Compressed tea is prepared by loosening leaves from the cake using a small knife, and steeping the extracted pieces in water. During the Tang dynasty, as described by Lu Yu, compressed tea was ground into a powder, combined with hot water, and ladled into bowls, resulting in a "frothy" mixture.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=50}} In the [[Song dynasty]], the tea powder would instead be whisked with hot water in the bowl. Although no longer practiced in China today, the whisking method of preparing powdered tea was transmitted to Japan by [[Zen]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monks, and is still used to prepare [[matcha]] in the [[Japanese tea ceremony]].{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=62}} Chinese [[Pu'er tea|pu-erh]] is often distributed in the form, as other teas may sometimes be.

Compressed tea was the most popular form of tea in China during the Tang dynasty.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=48}} By the beginning of the Ming dynasty, it had been displaced by loose-leaf tea.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=110}} It remains popular, however, in the Himalayan countries and Mongolian steppes. In Mongolia, tea bricks were ubiquitous enough to be used as a form of currency. Among Himalayan peoples, compressed tea is consumed by combining it with [[yak butter]] and salt to produce [[butter tea]].{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=124–36}}

=== Instant tea ===
{{Main|Instant tea}}

"Instant tea", similar to [[Freeze drying|freeze-dried]] [[instant coffee]] and an alternative to brewed tea, can be consumed either hot or cold. Instant tea was developed in the 1930s, with [[Nestlé]] introducing the first commercial product in 1946, while Redi-Tea debuted instant [[iced tea]] in 1953. Additives such as [[Masala chai|chai]], vanilla, honey or fruit, are popular, as is [[powdered milk]].

During the Second World War British and Canadian soldiers were issued an instant tea in their composite ration ("compo") packs. These blocks of instant tea, powdered milk, and sugar were not always well received. As Royal Canadian Artillery Gunner, George C Blackburn observed:

{{blockquote|But, unquestionably, the feature of Compo rations destined to be remembered beyond all others is Compo tea...Directions say to "sprinkle powder on heated water and bring to the boil, stirring well, three heaped teaspoons to one pint of water."

Every possible variation in the preparation of this tea was tried, but...it always ended up the same way. While still too hot to drink, it is a good-looking cup of strong tea. Even when it becomes just cool enough to be sipped gingerly, it is still a good-tasting cup of tea, if you like your tea strong and sweet. But let it cool enough to be quaffed and enjoyed, and your lips will be coated with a sticky scum that forms across the surface, which if left undisturbed will become a leathery membrane that can be wound around your finger and flipped away...<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=George |title=The Guns of Normandy: A Soldier's Eye View, France 1944 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kL0hdkLlovgC&pg=PT93 |isbn=978-1-55199-462-8 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424075208/https://books.google.com/books?id=kL0hdkLlovgC&pg=PT93 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== Bottled and canned tea ===
{{Main|Canned tea}}

Canned tea is sold prepared and ready to drink. It was introduced in 1981 in Japan. The first bottled tea was introduced by an Indonesian tea company, PT. Sinar Sosro in 1969 with the brand name Teh Botol Sosro (or Sosro bottled tea).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sosro.com/in/tehbotol-sosro |title=PT. Sinar Sosro |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080750/http://www.sosro.com/in/tehbotol-sosro |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In 1983, Swiss-based Bischofszell Food Ltd. was the first company to bottle iced tea on an industrial scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bina.ch/cms/geschichte/?L=1 |title=Bischofszell Food Ltd |publisher=Bina.ch |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000057/http://www.bina.ch/cms/geschichte/?L=1 |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>

== Tea culture ==
{{Main|Tea culture}}
{{See also|American tea culture|Argentine tea culture|Brazilian tea culture|Chinese tea culture|Dominican tea culture|Indian tea culture|Tea culture in Japan|Mexican tea culture|Russian tea culture|Senegalese tea culture|Tea in the United Kingdom}}
In many cultures, tea is consumed at elevated social events, such as the [[tea party]]. [[Tea ceremony|Tea ceremonies]] have arisen in different cultures, such as the [[Chinese tea culture|Chinese]] and [[Japanese tea ceremony|Japanese]] traditions, each of which employs certain techniques and ritualised protocol of brewing and serving tea for enjoyment in a refined setting. One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the [[Gongfu tea ceremony]], which typically uses small [[Yixing clay teapot]]s and oolong tea.

[[Tea in the United Kingdom|In the United Kingdom]], 63% of people drink tea daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/681635/tea-consumption-daily-amount-united-kingdom-uk/ |title=• UK: average cups of tea per day 2017 | Statista |website=www.statista.com |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043046/https://www.statista.com/statistics/681635/tea-consumption-daily-amount-united-kingdom-uk/ |archive-date=2 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is customary for a host to offer tea to guests soon after their arrival. Tea is consumed both at home and outside the home, often in cafés or [[teahouse|tea rooms]]. [[Tea (meal)#Afternoon tea|Afternoon tea]] with cakes on fine porcelain is a cultural stereotype. In southwest England, many cafés serve a [[cream tea]], consisting of scones, [[clotted cream]], and jam alongside a pot of tea.

[[File:Tea and Biscuits (30700190145).jpg|thumb|Tea being served in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]]]]

Ireland, as of 2016, was the second-biggest per capita consumer of tea in the world, after Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/507950/global-per-capita-tea-consumption-by-country/|title=Annual per capita tea consumption worldwide as of 2016, by leading countries |website=Statista|date=14 January 2016}}</ref> Local blends are the most popular in Ireland, including [[Irish breakfast tea]], using Rwandan, Kenyan and Assam teas. The annual national average of tea consumption in Ireland is 2.7 kg to 4 kg per person. [[Tea culture#Ireland|Tea in Ireland]] is usually taken with milk or sugar and brewed longer for a stronger taste.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/consumer/why-we-get-a-better-cup-in-ireland-than-all-the-tea-in-china-1.1949600 |title=Why we get a better cup in Ireland than all the tea in China |last=Pope |first=Conor |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Tea in Turkey|Turkish tea]] is an important part of [[Turkish cuisine|that country's cuisine]] and is the most commonly consumed hot drink, despite the country's long history with coffee. In 2004, Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea (6.4% of the global total), which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world,<ref name="quantity">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/105404/index.html|title=World tea production reaches new highs|work=fao.org|access-date= January 18, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428045119/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/105404/index.html|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> with 120,000 tons being consumed in Turkey and the rest being exported.<ref name="tea">''About Turkey: Geography, Economics, Politics, Religion and Culture'', Rashid and Resit Ergener, Pilgrims' Process, 2002, {{ISBN|0-9710609-6-7}}, p. 41</ref> In 2010, Turkey had the highest per capita consumption in the world at 2.7 kg.<ref name="Indian Tea Industry Report">{{cite press release |url=http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/ASEAN%20%E2%80%93%20India%20FTA%20%20Emerging%20Issues%20for%20Trade%20in%20Agriculture/Tea%20Export.pdf |title=Capacity Building Program on International Trade |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611133413/http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/ASEAN%20%E2%80%93%20India%20FTA%20%20Emerging%20Issues%20for%20Trade%20in%20Agriculture/Tea%20Export.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> As of 2013, the per-capita consumption of Turkish tea exceeds 10 cups per day and 13.8 kg per year.<ref>{{cite news |title=En çok çay ve karpuz tüketiyoruz (in Turkish)/ We consume a lot of tea and watermelon |author=Turkish Statistical Institute |url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2013/ekonomi/genel/08/11/en.cok.cay.ve.karpuz.tuketiyoruz/719067.0/ |newspaper=[[CNN Türk]] |date=11 August 2013 |access-date=24 August 2013 |author-link=Turkish Statistical Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191721/http://www.cnnturk.com/2013/ekonomi/genel/08/11/en.cok.cay.ve.karpuz.tuketiyoruz/719067.0/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tea is grown mostly in [[Rize Province]] on the Black Sea coast.<ref>"tea"</ref>

[[File:South Indian tea seller.jpg|thumb|upright|left|South Indian woman preparing a cup of morning tea in the traditional South Indian way]]
[[Russian tea culture|Russia has a long, rich tea history]] dating to 1638 when tea was introduced to [[Michael I of Russia|Tsar Michael]]. Social gatherings were considered incomplete without tea, which was traditionally brewed in a [[samovar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tea in Russia |url=https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/tea-russia |website=Alimentarium |access-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103430/https://www.alimentarium.org/en/knowledge/tea-russia |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Pakistan, both black and green teas are popular and are known locally as ''sabz chai'' and ''[[kahwah]]'', respectively. The popular green tea is often served after every meal in the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] belt of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. In central and southern Punjab and the metropolitan Sindh region of Pakistan, tea with milk and sugar (sometimes with pistachios, cardamom, etc.), commonly referred to as ''chai'', is widely consumed. It is the most common beverage of households in the region. In the northern Pakistani regions of [[Chitral]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], a salty, buttered [[Butter tea|Tibetan-style tea]] is consumed.

[[Indian tea culture]] is strong; the drink is the most popular hot beverage in the country. It is consumed daily<ref>{{Cite web|title=A majority of Indians think theirs is a tea-drinking nation|url=https://business.yougov.com/content/26569-majority-indians-think-theirs-tea-drinking-nation|access-date=3 August 2020|website=YouGov: What the world thinks|language=en-IN}}</ref> in almost all houses, offered to guests, consumed in high amounts in domestic and official surroundings, and is made with the addition of milk with or without spices, and usually sweetened. It is sometimes served with biscuits to be dipped in the tea and eaten before consuming the tea. More often than not, it is drunk in "doses" of small cups (referred to as "cutting" chai if sold at street tea vendors) rather than one large cup.

[[File:Iranian tea.jpg|alt=tea in narrow waist glass|thumb|150px|Iranians usually drink tea with rock candy or ghand and in glass cups.]]

[[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] have one of the highest per capita rates of tea consumption in the world. ''Châikhânes'' ([[teahouse]]s) are common in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Persian Tea {{!}} Everything You Need to Know |url=http://www.persianfoodtours.com/persian-tea/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Persian Food Tour |language=en-US}}</ref> Iranian tea is typically served in traditional Iranian glasses with a traditional saucer and teaspoon. Tea is cultivated in [[northern Iran]] along the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persian Tea |url=http://www.tdefilm.ir/News/www.tdefilm.ir |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=TDE }}{{dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

In Burma ([[Myanmar]]), tea is consumed not only as hot drinks, but also as [[sweet tea]] and green tea known locally as ''laphet-yay'' and ''laphet-yay-gyan'', respectively. Pickled tea leaves, known locally as ''[[lahpet]]'', are a national delicacy. Pickled tea is usually eaten with roasted sesame seeds, crispy fried beans, roasted peanuts and fried garlic chips.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTk20rPq1dUC |title=Burma: Rivers of Flavor |first=Naomi |last=Duguid |isbn=978-1-57965-413-9 |year=2012|publisher=Artisan }}</ref>

In Mali, [[gunpowder tea]] is served in series of three, starting with the highest oxidisation or strongest, unsweetened tea, locally referred to as "strong like death", followed by a second serving, where the same tea leaves are boiled again with some sugar added ("pleasant as life"), and a third one, where the same tea leaves are boiled for the third time with yet more sugar added ("sweet as love"). Green tea is the central ingredient of a distinctly Malian custom, the "Grin", an informal social gathering that cuts across social and economic lines, starting in front of family compound gates in the afternoons and extending late into the night, and is widely popular in [[Bamako]] and other large urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malian Tea Ceremony |url=https://www.virtualgreenteamuseum.de/malianteaceremony.php |website=Virtual Green Tea Museum |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

In the United States, 80% of tea is consumed as [[iced tea]].<ref>"Tea". Modern Marvels television (program). The History Channel. Broadcast 15 October 2010.</ref> [[Sweet tea]] is native to the [[Southeastern United States|southeastern U.S.]] and is iconic in its cuisine due to its refreshing temperature and large amount of [[White sugar|sweetener]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gpbnews.org/post/sweet-tea-history-nectar-south|title=Sweet Tea: A History of the 'Nectar Of The South'|last=Powers|first=Sean|access-date=14 March 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129132033/http://www.gpbnews.org/post/sweet-tea-history-nectar-south|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=180 widths=180>
File:Turkish tea2.jpg|[[Turkish tea]] served in a typical small glass and corresponding plate
File:English teaware.jpg|English teaware
File:Iced Tea from flickr.jpg|[[Iced tea]] with a slice of lemon
File:South Indian tea (5399611578).jpg|Indian [[masala chai|masala tea]]
File:Classic bubble tea.jpg|[[Bubble tea]]
File:Hibiscus tea.jpg|[[Hibiscus tea]]
File:Cha yen.JPG|[[Thai tea]]
</gallery>

== Economics ==

=== Producers and consumers ===
{{further|List of countries by tea consumption per capita}}

[[File:Tea factory, Pinglin.jpg|thumb|Tea factory in [[Taiwan]]]]

Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world, equaling all others – including coffee, soft drinks, and alcohol – combined.<ref name="Macfarlane" /> Most tea consumed outside East Asia is produced on large plantations in the hilly regions of India and Sri Lanka and is destined to be sold to large businesses. Opposite this large-scale industrial production are many small "gardens," sometimes minuscule plantations, that produce highly sought-after teas prized by gourmets. These teas are both rare and expensive and can be compared to some of the most expensive wines in this respect.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

India is the world's largest tea-drinking nation,<ref name=Sanyal /> although the per capita consumption of tea remains a modest {{convert|750|g|oz}} per person every year. Turkey, with {{convert|2.5|kg|lboz}} of tea consumed per person per year, is the world's greatest per capita consumer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=208 |title=Turkey: Second biggest tea market in the world |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=25 November 2012 |author=Euromonitor International |work=Market Research World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000057/http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=208 |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref>

=== Certification ===
Several bodies independently certify the production of tea, such as [[Rainforest Alliance]], [[Fairtrade certification|Fairtrade]], [[UTZ Certified]], and [[Organic certification|Organic]]. From 2008 to 2016, sustainability standards-certified tea production experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 35%, accounting for at least 19% of overall tea production. In 2016, at least 1.15 million tonnes of sustainably certified tea was produced, valued at US$2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Voora, V., Bermudez, S., and Larrea, C.|date=2019|title=Global Market Report: Tea|url=https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/tea-coverage/|website=State of Sustainability Initiatives}}</ref>

Rainforest Alliance certified tea is sold by [[Unilever]] brands [[Lipton]] and [[PG Tips]] in Western Europe, Australia and the U.S. Fairtrade certified tea is sold by a large number of suppliers around the world. UTZ Certified tea is sold by [[Pickwick tea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unilever, the World's Largest Tea Company, Commits to Rainforest Alliance Certification |url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/press-releases/unilever/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Rainforest Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Contemporary issues ==
===Effects of climate change ===
The effects of [[climate change]] on tea crops have been widely investigated and include yield losses, negative effects on [[Regional economics|regional economies]], and changes in tea taste, aroma, texture, color that affect market prices, and consumer demand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jayasinghe |first1=Sadeeka Layomi |last2=Kumar |first2=Lalit |date=2021-03-24 |title=Potential Impact of the Current and Future Climate on the Yield, Quality, and Climate Suitability for Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]: A Systematic Review |journal=Agronomy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=619 |doi=10.3390/agronomy11040619 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Agron..11..619J |issn=2073-4395 }}</ref> Climate change affects the quantity of tea farmers are able to grow by influencing [[precipitation]] levels, increasing temperatures, encouraging insect pests, and shifting the timing of [[Growing season|growing seasons]]. This happens differently in different regions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ali Abaker Omer |first1=Altyeb |last2=Zhang |first2=Chun-Hua |last3=Liu |first3=Jie |last4=Shan |first4=Zhi-guo |date=2025-01-24 |title=Comprehensive review of mapping climate change impacts on tea cultivation: bibliometric and content analysis of trends, influences, adaptation strategies, and future directions |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |language=English |volume=15 |pages=16 |article-number=1542793 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2024.1542793 |doi-access=free |pmid=39925372 |bibcode=2025FrPS...1542793A |issn=1664-462X}}</ref> China and India—two of the largest producers—are both experiencing shorter growing seasons, [[Heat wave|heatwaves]], and exposure of crops to hot spells.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nowogrodzki |first=Anna |date=2019-02-06 |title=How climate change might affect tea |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00399-0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=566 |issue=7742 |pages=S10–S11 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00399-0 |pmid=30728514 |bibcode=2019Natur.566S..10N }}</ref>

To reduce the effects of climate change, tea famers are turning to [[agroforestry]], soil enrichment through the incorporation of [[Legume#Ecology|legumes]], growing tea plants from seed, [[soil conservation]] methods, and new varieties of tea that have adaptations.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

Additional research is needed to explore the synergistic effects of multiple climate stressors on tea and in underrepresented regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia.<ref name=":1" /> To further the research agenda, scholars note the importance of emerging molecular technologies and information tools for modeling and simulation. Agroforestry and modern technologies for soil management “can improve nitrogen use efficiency, reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]], and support sustainable tea cultivation” alongside socioeconomic research to ensure farmers can access such technologies and remain economically viable.<ref name=":1" />

===Safety ===
Tests of commercially popular teas have detected residues of banned toxic [[pesticide]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unilever-china-quality-idUSBRE83N0AT20120424 |title=Greenpeace says finds tainted Lipton tea bags in China |last=Blanchard |first=Ben |date=24 April 2012 |newspaper=Reuters |location=Beijing |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225630/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/24/us-unilever-china-quality-idUSBRE83N0AT20120424 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pesticide-traces-in-some-tea-exceed-allowable-limits-1.2564624 |title=Pesticide traces in some tea exceed allowable limits |last=Griffith-Greene |first=Megar |date=8 March 2014 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317230357/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pesticide-traces-in-some-tea-exceed-allowable-limits-1.2564624 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fraud ===
Tea is a common target of [[food fraud]]. Lower cost ingredients may be substituted for tea, or a tea may be adulterated with undeclared and possibly toxic colors and flavours. The origin of the tea, picking season, and the processing techniques may be intentionally misidentified. Tea powders which undergo additional processing are more susceptible to food fraud.<ref name="Hellman">{{cite book |last1=Hellberg |first1=Rosalee S. |last2=Everstine |first2=Karen |last3=Sklare |first3=Steven A. |title=Food Fraud: A Global Threat with Public Health and Economic Consequences |date=30 November 2020 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-817243-8 |pages=143–145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZThDwAAQBAJ&q=%22weight+%22+%22food+fraud%22+china |language=en|chapter=Chapter 8. Coffee and Tea fraud}}</ref>

=== Labour ===
Tea production in Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda uses [[child labour]], according to the [[U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|title=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|work=dol.gov|access-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319225451/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Workers who pick and pack tea on plantations in developing countries can face harsh working conditions and may earn below the [[living wage]].<ref name="waronwant">{{cite web|url=http://www.waronwant.org/campaigns/fighting-supermarket-power/tea-industry/inform/16999-a-bitter-cup|title=A Bitter Cup|publisher=[[War on Want]]|access-date=27 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919011759/http://www.waronwant.org/campaigns/fighting-supermarket-power/tea-industry/inform/16999-a-bitter-cup|archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Builder's tea]]
* [[Chaiwala]]
* [[Frederick John Horniman]]
* [[Indian Tea Association]]
* [[International Tea Day]]
* [[ISO 3103]], a standardized method for brewing tea
* [[List of tea companies]]
* [[Phenolic content in tea]]
* [[Ryukyuan tea ceremony]]
* [[Tea classics]], historical monographs of East Asian tea
* [[Tea leaf grading]]
* [[Tea pet]]
* [[Tea strainer]]
* [[Tea tasting]]
* [[Teasmade]]

; Other drinks:
* [[Burmese milk tea]]
* [[Butterfly pea flower tea]]
* [[Cannabis tea]]
* [[Chifir']], Russian extra-strong tea brew
* [[Herbal tea]]
* [[Kombucha]], a fermented tea drink
* [[List of Chinese teas]]
* [[List of hot beverages]]
* [[List of national drinks]]
* [[Maghrebi mint tea]]
* [[Mushroom tea]]
* [[Yaupon tea]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Lysaght>{{cite journal |author=Lysaght, Patricia |title=When I makes Tea, I makes Tea: the case of Tea in Ireland |journal=Ulster Folklife |volume=33 |year=1987 |pages=48–49}}</ref>



<ref name="Mondal">{{cite book |last=Mondal |first=T. K. |year=2007 |contribution=Tea |editor-last=Pua |editor-first=E.C. |editor2-last=Davey |editor2-first=M.R. |title=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |volume=60: Transgenic Crops V |pages=519–20 |isbn=978-3-540-49160-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Sanyal">{{cite news |last=Sanyal |first=Amitava |title=How India came to be the largest tea drinking nation |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |page=12 |location=New Delhi |date=13 April 2008 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1460940491.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611022230/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1460940491.html |archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Yamamoto">{{cite book |last1=Yamamoto |first1=T |last2=Kim |first2=M |last3=Juneja |first3=L R |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8493-4006-2 |title=Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=4 |quote=For a long time, botanists have asserted the dualism of tea origin from their observations that there exist distinct differences in the morphological characteristics between Assamese varieties and Chinese varieties.{{nbsp}}... Hashimoto and Shimura reported that the differences in the morphological characteristics in tea plants are not necessarily the evidence of the dualism hypothesis from the researches using the statistical cluster analysis method. In recent investigations, it has also been made clear that both varieties have the same chromosome number (n=15) and can be easily hybridised with each other. In addition, various types of intermediate hybrids or spontaneous polyploids of tea plants have been found in a wide area extending over the regions mentioned above. These facts may prove that the place of origin of ''Camellia sinensis'' is in the area including the northern part of the Burma, Yunnan, and Sichuan districts of China.}}</ref>
}}

=== General sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Benn |first=James A. |title=Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XF17CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-988-8208-73-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Heiss |first1=Mary Lou |last2=Heiss |first2=Robert J. |title=The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofteacultur0000heis |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58008-745-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Victor H. |last2=Hoh |first2=Erling |title=The True History of Tea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-500-25146-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Laura C. |title=Tea: The Drink that Changed the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ2j_bX6WTUC&pg=PA8 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8048-3724-8 |ol=OL1956186W|oclc=1159227468|ref=Martin}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=tea|commons=Category:Tea|q=yes|b=Cookbook:Tea|voy=yes|d=Q6097|s=Category:Tea|species=Camellia sinensis|n=Category:Tea}}
{{Plant-based diets}}
{{Teas|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tea| ]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Victorian cuisine]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine]]

God Father (2020 film)

2026-03-26T19:48:57Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{short description|Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = God Father
| image = God Father (2020).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jegan Rajshekar
| producer = Rajkumar Ajith Vasudev
| writer = Jegan Rajshekar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]]
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
*[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
}}
| music = Naviin Ravindren Vibin R
| studio = GS Arts First Clap
| cinematography = N. Shanmuga Sundaram
| editing = [[Bhuvan Srinivasan]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
}}

'''''God Father''''' is a 2020 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[survival film|survival]] [[action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed by Jegan Rajshekar and co-produced by Rajkumar and Ajith Vasudev. The film starring [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] has the music composed by Naviin Ravindren.

== Plot ==
Adhiyamaan ([[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]]), a young middle class office goer, is a contented man who lives with his loving wife Mithra ([[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]) and adorable son Arjun ([[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]) in a multi-storeyed apartment. Life goes smoothly for Adhi until one day, he unknowingly falls in dreaded gangster Marudhu's ([[Lal (actor)|Lal]]) trap.

Marudhu's young son has a malfunctioning heart, and doctors say he can only be saved with a heart transplant. But the problem is to find a donor matching his age and blood group. Marudhu sends his henchmen out to check various hospital records to locate a suitable kid. Arjun's stats match his son's needs. So he decides to kill Arjun and harvest his heart for his son. Thus begins a survival drama, which largely takes place within an apartment complex. How Adhi uses his wits to save his child forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
*[[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] as Adhiyamaan
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Marudhu Singam
*[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Mithra
*[[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]] as Arjun
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Police Inspector
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Adhi's neighbor
*Pradeep K Vijayan as Vasu

== Production ==
This film marks the return of Ananya to Tamil cinema after a hiatus. The trailer was released on 6 January 2020 by [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Karthik Subbaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/god-father-trailer-natraj-subramaniam-promises-an-entertaining-ride/articleshow/73124838.cms|title='God Father' trailer: Natraj Subramaniam promises an entertaining ride|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 21 February 2020.

=== Critical response ===
Both the ''Deccan Chronicle'' and ''The Times of India'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars. The ''Deccan Chronicle'' praised the performances of the cast and criticized the screenplay, saying that "However, had he had a tauter screenplay and closed all logical loopholes, the film would have made a difference".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220220/review-godfather-is-enjoyable-in-parts.html|title=Review: Godfather is enjoyable in parts|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=February 22, 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Similarly, ''The Times of India'' criticized the predictable screenplay and wrote that "But the biggest issue is how reveals the surprises in the name of foreshadowing. Rather than subtly introduce these elements into the plot, he underlines the moments".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/god-father/movie-review/74228175.cms|title=God Father Movie Review: The tension inherent in the plot helps the film coast through|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11531324}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]

Seruppugal Jaakirathai

2026-03-23T10:12:34Z

BarneyMoh54: created the info nd citations

{{Short description|2025 Tamil action comedy series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Seruppugal poster.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Action comedy]]
| creator =
| director = Rajesh Soosairaj
| starring = {{ubl|[[Singampuli]]|[[Vivek Rajgopal]]|[[Iraa Agarwal]]}}
| music = L. V. Muthu Ganesh
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| producer = Singaravelan
| cinematography = K. Gangadaran
| editor = Wilsy J Sasi
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|03|28}}
}}

'''''Seruppugal Jaakirathai''''' (''Beware of Sandals'') is a 2025 Tamil-language action comedy web series directed by Rajesh Soosairaj and produced by Singaravelan under SS Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seruppugal Jaakirathai out on OTT: Latest Tamil action-comedy series makes streaming debut |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/seruppugal-jaakirathai-out-on-ott-latest-tamil-action-comedy-series-makes-streaming-debut/3406771470631 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=‘செருப்புகள் ஜாக்கிரதை' வெப் தொடர் மார்ச் 28 ரிலீஸ் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/1354455-seruppugal-jaakkirathai-web-series.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The series has comedian-actor [[Singampuli]] in the lead role, with [[Vivek Rajgopal]], [[Iraa Agarwal]], Manohar, and a supporting ensemble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seruppugal Jaakirathai OTT release: Everything you need to know about Tamil action-comedy series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/seruppugal-jaakirathai-ott-release-everything-you-need-to-know-about-tamil-action-comedy-series/5b0e0399af880 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The plot revolves around the search for a diamond hidden inside a slipper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seruppugal Jaakirathai OTT release date: When and where to watch ZEE5’s new original |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/seruppuga-jaakirathai-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-zee5s-new-original/999f3914a119 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The series was released on [[ZEE5]] March 28, 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-16 |title=Seruppugal Jaakirathai OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Singampuli-Vivek’s Tamil series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/seruppugal-jaakirathai-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-singampuli-vivek-rajagopal-tamil-film-online-654684.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The story revolves around Rathinam, a diamond smuggler who hides a precious gem inside his slipper during a police raid. In a panic, he swaps his footwear with a nearly identical pair belonging to Thyagarajan (Singampuli), an unsuspecting auditor. When Thyagarajan and his son Ilango misplace the slipper, a frenzied search ensues, blending slapstick comedy, unexpected twists, and high-stakes action as multiple parties vie to recover the hidden diamond.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Singampuli]] as Thyagarajan
* [[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Rathinam
* [[Iraa Agarwal]]
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Munusamy
* Indrajith
* Mapla Ganesh
* Usain
* Sabitha
* Uthumalai Ravi
* Palani
* [[Seval]] Ram
* Dr. Prabhakar

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=##9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Birth of the Sandals
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rathnam conceals diamonds valued at 10 crores inside a pair of slippers and gives them to Thyagu, who accidentally loses them. Upon discovering their true worth, he tasks his son, Ilango, with retrieving them.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Elusive Pair
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ilango reaches Ekambaram's house and is startled to find a large crowd gathered for a funeral. As he spots the slippers, someone else picks them up and walks away.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sandals In Chaos
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ilango manages to recover the slippers, but he and his father are alarmed when they realize the diamonds are missing. Hoping to find answers, they return to Ekambaram's house, only to face another unexpected shock.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Sandals and Secrets
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Thyagu and Ilango grow anxious as they desperately search for the discarded slippers. Meanwhile, Rathnam arrives at Ekambaram’s house to find them himself and comes face-to-face with Thyagu.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Cursed Sandals
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Thyagu deceives Rathnam, leading to him being beaten by Ekambaram’s family. The police soon arrest Rathnam, and Thyagu rejoices, believing the diamond-filled slippers will be his. However, his joy is short-lived.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Vanishing Sandals
|DirectedBy = Rajesh Soosairaj
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|03|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Thyagu and Ilango make one last attempt to retrieve the diamond slippers, only to be caught by the police. However, when no diamonds are found, they are released. The mystery remains—where are the diamonds?
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
}}

== Release ==
[[ZEE5]] announced ''Seruppugal Jaakirathai'' in late 2024, releasing a first-look poster featuring [[Singampuli]] and other cast members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-14 |title=சிங்கம் புலியின் ‘செருப்புகள் ஜாக்கிரதை’ நகைச்சுவை வெப் சீரிஸ் ஓடிடி ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-seruppugal-jaakirathai-comedy-series-on-nw-kls-ws-b-1754039.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref> The platform described the series as a comedy-action project. Directed by Rajesh Soosairaj and produced by Singaravelan, the six-episode series was released on [[ZEE5]] on March 28, 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |date=2025-03-26 |title=L2: எம்புரான் முதல் மிஸ்டர் ஹவுஸ்கீப்பிங் வரை! இந்த வார படங்களின் லிஸ்ட்! |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/seruppugal-jaakirathai-to-house-keeping-this-week-ott-list |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=OTT Comedy Thriller: ఓటీటీలోకి మరో కామెడీ థ్రిల్లర్.. షూలో విలువైన వజ్రం.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎక్కడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-comedy-thriller-web-series-seruppugal-jaakirathai-will-be-streaming-zee5-ott-platform-from-march-28-121742625088918.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Seruppugal Jaakirathai misses the mark in delivering an engaging and coherent crime comedy. The major falter in the series is that there is a stark absence of grounded character development and an over-reliance on chaotic, exaggerated situations. Its tedious pacing and poorly executed humour don’t help the show either."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seruppugal Jaakirathai series review: Beware of this crime comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/seruppugal-jaakirathai-series-review-beware-of-this-crime-comedy-that-misses-giving-you-laughs/c0254d2d65460 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=செருப்புகள் ஜாக்கிரதை (வெப் சீரிஸ்) - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : செருப்புகள் ஜாக்கிரதை - கடிக்கிறது - Seruppugal jaakirathai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3564/Seruppugal-jaakirathai/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/seruppugal-jaakirathai/0-6-4z5723159 ''Seruppugal Jaakirathai''] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=36167761}}

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]

Fishing

2026-03-23T02:23:34Z

BarneyMoh54: basic updated formatting as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Activity of trying to catch fish}}
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Phishing|Pish}}
{{use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{use dmy dates |date=December 2020}}
{{Multiple image |align=right |width=300 |direction=vertical
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Stilts fishermen Sri Lanka 02.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Stilts fishermen, Sri Lanka
| image2 = Pátzcuaro-Trad-Fishing-3.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Fishing with nets, Mexico
}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
'''Fishing''' is the activity of trying to catch [[fish]]. Fish are often caught as [[wildlife]] from the [[natural environment]] ([[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]] or [[Marine ecosystem|marine]]), but may also be caught from [[Fish stocking|stocked]] [[Body of water|bodies of water]] such as [[Fish pond|ponds]], [[canal]]s, [[park]] [[wetland]]s and [[reservoir]]s. [[Fishing techniques]] include [[trawling]], [[Longline fishing|longlining]], [[jigging]], [[Fishing techniques#Hand-gathering|hand-gathering]], [[Spearfishing|spearing]], [[Fishing net|netting]], [[angling]], [[Bowfishing|shooting]] and [[Fish trap|trapping]], as well as [[Destructive fishing practices|more destructive]] and often [[Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing|illegal]] techniques such as [[Electrofishing|electrocution]], [[Blast fishing|blasting]] and [[Cyanide fishing|poisoning]].

The term fishing is also used more broadly to include catching [[aquatic animal]]s other than fish, such as [[crustacean]]s ([[shrimp]]/[[lobster]]s/[[crab]]s), [[shellfish]], [[cephalopod]]s ([[octopus]]/[[squid]]) and [[echinoderm]]s ([[starfish]]/[[sea urchin]]s). The term is not normally applied to harvesting fish raised in [[Aquaculture|controlled cultivations]] ([[fish farming]]). Nor is it normally applied to hunting [[aquatic mammal]]s, where terms like [[whaling]] and [[Seal hunting|sealing]] are used instead.

Fishing has been an important part of [[Culture|human culture]] since [[hunter-gatherer]] times. It is one of the few [[Food industry|food production]] activities that has persisted from [[prehistory]] into the [[Contemporary history|modern age]], surviving both the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and [[Technological revolution#History|successive Industrial Revolutions]]. In addition to fishing [[Fish as food|for food]], people commonly fish as a [[Recreational fishing|recreational pastime]]. [[Fishing tournament]]s are held, and caught fish are sometimes kept long-term as [[Taxidermy|preserved]] or [[Fishkeeping|living]] [[Trophy hunting|trophies]]. When [[BioBlitz]]es occur, fish are typically [[Catch and release|caught, identified, and then released]].

According to the [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] statistics, the total number of [[Commercial fishing|commercial fishers]] and [[Fish farming|fish farmers]] is estimated to be 39.0 million.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=FAO |date=2020 |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action |url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en |journal=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=FAO |publication-place=Rome |publication-date=2020 |pages=7|doi=10.4060/ca9229en |hdl=10535/3776 |isbn=978-92-5-132692-3 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Fishing industry|Fishing industries]] and [[aquaculture]] provide direct and indirect [[employment]] to over 500 million people in [[Developing country|developing countries]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120015/http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf |date=23 October 2018 }} Policy brief of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] for the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] [[Copenhagen climate summit|COP-15]] in Copenhagen, December 2009.</ref> In 2005, the worldwide ''per capita'' consumption of fish captured from [[wild fisheries]] was {{convert|14.4|kg}}, with an additional {{convert|7.4|kg}} harvested from [[Fish farming|fish farms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/ |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=FAO |access-date=1 July 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513075213/http://www.fao.org/fishery |url-status=live }} </ref>

==History==
{{main|History of fishing|History of seafood}}
[[File:Fishing tools stone age SPMZ.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing tools from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] period]]
Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper [[Paleolithic]] period about 40,000 years ago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117013632/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution] National Geographic News article. (archived 17 January 2006)</ref> [[Isotope analysis|Isotopic analysis]] of the remains of [[Tianyuan man]], a 40,000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yaowu Hu | first1 = Y | last2 = Hong Shang | first2 = H | last3 = Haowen Tong | first3 = H | last4 = Olaf Nehlich | first4 = O | last5 = Wu Liu | first5 = W | last6 = Zhao | first6 = C | last7 = Yu | first7 = J | last8 = Wang | first8 = C | last9 = Trinkaus | first9 = E | last10 = Richards | first10 = M | year = 2009 | title = Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 27 | pages = 10971–74 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0904826106 | pmid = 19581579 | pmc = 2706269| bibcode = 2009PNAS..10610971H | doi-access = free | issn=0027-8424 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083054/http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html |date=15 July 2011 }} ''[[PhysOrg.com]]'', 6 July 2009.</ref> [[Archaeological|Archaeology]] features such as [[midden|shell middens]],<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm Coastal Shell Middens and Agricultural Origins in Atlantic Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226160847/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm |date=26 December 2009 }}.</ref> discarded fish bones, and [[cave painting]]s show that [[seafood]] was important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing in Africa is evident very early on in human history. [[Neanderthal]]s were fishing by about 200,000 BC.<ref name="quatr.us">{{cite web|url=https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|title=History of fishing – fishing nets, shellfish, boats|website=quatr.us Study Guides|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2018|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041721/https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> People could have developed basketry for fish traps, using spinning and early forms of [[knitting]] to make fishing nets<ref name="quatr.us"/> able to catch more fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfaro Giner |first=Carmen |date=2010 |title=Fishing nets in the ancient world: the historical and archaeological evidence |url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4649252 |journal=Ancient nets and fishing gear: Proceedings of the international workshop on Nets and fishing gear in classical antiquity: A first approach: Cádiz, November 15–17, 2007. - ( Monographs of the Sagena project; 2) |language=en |pages=55–81}}</ref>

During this period, most people lived a [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. However, where there are early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at [[Lepenski Vir]], they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food.

===Trawling===
The British [[Dogger (boat)|dogger]] was a very early type of sailing [[Trawler (fishing)|trawler]] from the 17th century, but the modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century, at the English fishing port of [[Brixham]]. By the early 19th century, the fishers at Brixham needed to expand their fishing area further than ever before due to the ongoing depletion of stocks that was occurring in the [[overfishing|overfished]] waters of [[South Devon]]. The [[Brixham trawler]] that evolved there was of a sleek build and had a tall [[gaff rig]], which gave the vessel sufficient speed to make long-distance trips out to the fishing grounds in the ocean. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water. The great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham earned the village the title of 'Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries'.<ref name="kjappeal">{{cite web|url=http://www.kjappeal.org/history.html |title=History of a Brixham trawler |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=JKappeal.org |access-date=13 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202015738/http://kjappeal.org/history.html |archive-date=2 December 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:A Brixham trawler.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of ''A Brixham trawler'' by [[William Adolphus Knell]]. The painting is now in the [[National Maritime Museum]].]]
This revolutionary design made large-scale trawling in the ocean possible for the first time, resulting in a massive migration of fishers from the ports in the south of England, to villages further north, such as [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Grimsby]], [[Harwich]] and [[Great Yarmouth|Yarmouth]], that were points of access to the large fishing grounds in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="kjappeal"/>

The small village of [[Grimsby]] grew to become the largest fishing port in the world<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ggift.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/English-Heritage-Grimsby-Fish-Docks-.pdf |title= GRIMSBY FISH DOCKS: AN ASSESSMENT OF CHARACTER AND SIGNIFICANCE |author= Matthew Whitfield |date= April 2009 |page= 10 |publisher= English Heritage |access-date= 21 March 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260321110932/https://www.ggift.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/English-Heritage-Grimsby-Fish-Docks-.pdf |archive-date= 21 March 2026 }}</ref> by the mid 19th century. An [[Act of Parliament]] was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper.<ref name=lochist>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/grimsby.html |title=A brief history of Grimsby |date=14 March 2021 |publisher=localhistories.org |access-date=16 July 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424232855/http://www.localhistories.org/grimsby.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was only in 1846, with the tremendous expansion in the [[fishing industry]], that the [[Grimsby Docks|Grimsby Dock Company]] was formed. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Albert]] the [[Prince consort]] in 1849. The dock covered {{convert|25|acre|ha}} and was formally opened by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] in 1854 as the first modern fishing port.

The elegant [[Brixham trawler]] spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pilgrim's restoration under full sail|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/devon|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117134149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/news/112001/27/brixham_trawler.shtml|archive-date=17 November 2002|access-date=2 March 2009|website=BBC}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishers around Europe, including from the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scandinavia]]. Twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://issuu.com/tobyrussell/docs/brixham_sailing_trawlers|title=Sailing trawlers|date=10 January 2014|publisher=issuu|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726185531/http://issuu.com/tobyrussell/docs/brixham_sailing_trawlers|url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest steam-powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the [[trawl]] system of fishing as well as lines and drift nets. These were large boats, usually {{convert|80|-|90|ft}} in length with a beam of around {{convert|20|ft|0}}. They weighed 40–50 tons and travelled at {{convert|9|-|11|kn}}. David Allen designed and made the earliest purpose-built fishing vessels in [[Leith]], Scotland in March 1875, when he converted a drifter to steam power. In 1877, he built the first [[screw propeller|screw propelled]] [[steamship|steam trawler]] in the world.<ref name="grantontrawlers">{{Cite web|url=http://grantontrawlers.com/steam%20trawler.html|title=The Steam Trawler|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727215048/http://grantontrawlers.com/steam%20trawler.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Steam trawlers were introduced at [[Grimsby]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] in the 1880s. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000 men on the North Sea. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until 1897. The last sailing fishing trawler was built in 1925 in Grimsby. Trawler designs adapted as the way they were powered changed from sail to coal-fired steam by [[World War I]] to [[Diesel engine|diesel]] and [[turbines]] by the end of [[World War II]].

In 1931, the first powered drum was created by Laurie Jarelainen. The drum was a circular device that was set to the side of the boat and would draw in the nets. Since [[World War II]], [[radio navigation aid]]s and [[Fishfinder|fish finders]] have been widely used. The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the [[stern]]. The first purpose-built stern trawler was ''Fairtry'' built in 1953 at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland. The ship was much larger than any other trawlers then in operation and inaugurated the era of the 'super trawler'. As the ship pulled its nets over the stern, it could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons.<ref name="hulltrawler">{{cite web|title=HISTORY|url=http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm|url-status=usurped|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172332/http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm}}</ref> The ship served as a basis for the expansion of 'super trawlers' around the world in the following decades.<ref name="hulltrawler"/>

===Recreational fishing===
{{main|Recreational fishing}}
[[File:Louis John Rhead - Izaak Wolton and his scholar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Izaak Walton]]'s ''[[The Compleat Angler|Compleat Angler]]'', published in 1653 helped popularise fly fishing as a sport. Woodcut by [[Louis Rhead]]]]
The early evolution of fishing as recreation is not clear. For example, there is anecdotal evidence for [[fly fishing]] in Japan. However, fly fishing was likely to have been a means of survival, rather than recreation. The earliest English essay on recreational fishing was published in 1496, by [[Juliana Berners|Dame Juliana Berners]], the prioress of the Benedictine [[Sopwell Priory|Sopwell Nunnery]]. The essay was titled ''Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle'',<ref>Berners, Dame Juliana (1496) [http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/berners/berners.html ''A treatyse of fysshynge wyth an Angle''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629102803/https://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/berners/berners.html |date=29 June 2023 }} (transcription by Risa S. Bear).</ref> and included detailed information on fishing waters, the construction of [[fishing rod|rods]] and lines, and the use of natural baits and artificial flies.<ref>Berners, Dame Juliana. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2008, from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131016013753/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1419859/Dame-Juliana-Berners Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref>

Recreational fishing took a great leap forward after the [[English Civil War]], where a newly found interest in the activity left its mark on the many books and treatises that were written on the subject at the time. [[Leonard Mascall]] in 1589 wrote ''A booke of Fishing with Hooke and Line'' along with many others he produced in his life on game and wildlife in England at the time. ''[[The Compleat Angler]]'' was written by [[Izaak Walton]] in 1653 (although Walton continued to add to it for a quarter of a century) and described the fishing in the [[Derbyshire]] [[River Wye, Derbyshire|Wye]]. It was a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse. A second part to the book was added by Walton's friend [[Charles Cotton]].<ref name="Herdfly">{{cite web|url=https://fishingmind.com/fly-fishing-techniques-in-the-fifteenth-century/|title=Fly fishing techniques in the fifteenth century|author=Andrew N. Herd|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022224519/https://fishingmind.com/fly-fishing-techniques-in-the-fifteenth-century/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Charles Kirby designed an improved fishing hook in 1655 that remains relatively unchanged to this day. He went on to invent the Kirby bend, a distinctive hook with an offset point, still commonly used today.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8d6yECc8kpsC|title=The Science of Fly-fishing|author=Stan L. Ulanski|year=2003|publisher=University of Virginia Press|page=4|isbn=978-0-8139-2210-2}}</ref>

[[File:Ustonson advert.jpg|thumb|left|Trading card of the Ustonson company, an early firm specialising in fishing equipment, and holder of a [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] from the 1760s.]]
The 18th century was mainly an era of consolidation of the techniques developed in the previous century. Running rings began to appear along the fishing rods, which gave anglers greater control over the cast line. The rods themselves were also becoming increasingly sophisticated and specialised for different roles. Jointed rods became common from the middle of the century and [[bamboo]] came to be used for the top section of the rod, giving it much greater strength and flexibility.

The industry also became commercialised – rods and tackle were sold at the [[haberdashers]] store. After the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666, artisans moved to [[Redditch]] which became a centre of production of fishing-related products from the 1730s. Onesimus Ustonson established his shop in 1761, and his establishment remained a market leader for the next century. He received a [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] from three successive monarchs starting with King [[George IV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatflyfishingtips.com/welcome-to-great-fly-fishing-tips/|title=Welcome To Great Fly Fishing Tips|date=December 2011|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627040414/http://www.greatflyfishingtips.com/welcome-to-great-fly-fishing-tips/|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also invented the [[fishing reel|multiplying winch]]. The commercialization of the industry came at a time of expanded interest in fishing as a recreational hobby for members of the [[aristocracy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fishing Tackle Chapter 3|url=http://www.calmproductions.com/acatalog/GT_Fishing%20Tackle_Chp3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918103205/http://www.calmproductions.com/acatalog/GT_Fishing%20Tackle_Chp3.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2013|access-date=16 July 2014|website=CLAM PRODUCTIONS}}</ref>

The impact of the [[Industrial Revolution]] was first felt in the manufacture of fly lines. Instead of anglers twisting their lines – a laborious and time-consuming process – the new textile spinning machines allowed for a variety of tapered lines to be easily manufactured and marketed.

British fly fishing continued to develop in the 19th century, with the emergence of fly fishing clubs, along with the appearance of several books on the subject of fly tying and fly fishing techniques.

By the mid to late 19th century, expanding [[leisure]] opportunities for the middle and lower classes began to have an effect on fly fishing, which steadily grew in mass appeal. The expansion of the railway network in Britain allowed the less affluent for the first time to take weekend trips to the seaside or rivers for fishing. Richer [[hobby]]ists ventured further abroad.<ref name="Herdy1800-1850">{{cite web|url=http://www.flyfishinghistory.com/18001850.htm#|title=Fly Fishing in the Years 1800–1850|author=Andrew N. Herd|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703003401/http://www.flyfishinghistory.com/18001850.htm|archive-date=3 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The large rivers of [[Norway]] replete with large stocks of [[salmon]] began to attract fishers from England in large numbers in the middle of the century – ''Jones's guide to Norway, and salmon-fisher's pocket companion'', published in 1848, was written by Frederic Tolfrey and was a popular guide to the country.<ref name="Herdy1800-1850"/>

[[File:Nottingham reel.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|'Nottingham' and 'Scarborough' reel designs.]]
Modern reel design had begun in England during the latter part of the 18th century, and the predominant model in use was known as the '[[Nottingham]] reel'. The reel was a wide drum that spooled out freely and was ideal for allowing the bait to drift a long way out with the current. Geared multiplying reels never successfully caught on in Britain, but had more success in the United States, where [[George Snyder (fly reels)|George Snyder]] of [[Kentucky]] modified similar models into his bait-casting reel, the first American-made design in 1810.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyfishinghistory.com/tech18th.htm|title=Fly Fishing in the Eighteenth Century|author=Andrew N. Herd|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719031319/http://www.flyfishinghistory.com/tech18th.htm|archive-date=19 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The material used for the rod itself changed from the heavy woods native to England to lighter and more elastic varieties imported from abroad, especially from South America and the [[West Indies]]. [[Bamboo]] rods became the generally favoured option from the mid-19th century, and several strips of the material were cut from the cane, milled into shape, and then glued together to form the light, strong, hexagonal rods with a solid core that were superior to anything that preceded them. [[George Cotton]] and his predecessors fished their flies with long rods, and light lines allowing the wind to do most of the work of getting the fly to the fish.<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/208708/fishing/2330/Early-history#ref70275|title=fishing|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=July 2023|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504214050/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/208708/fishing/2330/Early-history#ref70275|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Trout fishing 1860s.jpg|thumb|left|Fishing became a popular recreational activity in the 19th century. Print from [[Currier and Ives]].]]
Tackle design began to improve in the 1880s. The introduction of new woods to the manufacture of fly rods made it possible to cast flies into the wind on silk lines, instead of [[horse hair]]. These lines allowed for a much greater casting distance. However, these early fly lines proved troublesome as they had to be coated with various dressings to make them float and needed to be taken off the reel and dried every four hours or so to prevent them from becoming waterlogged. Another negative consequence was that it became easy for the much longer line to get into a tangle – this was called a 'tangle' in Britain, and a 'backlash' in the US. This problem spurred the invention of the regulator to evenly spool the line out and prevent tangling.<ref name="Brit"/>

The American, Charles F. Orvis, designed and distributed a novel reel and fly design in 1874, described by reel historian Jim Brown as the "benchmark of American reel design," and the first fully modern fly reel.<ref name="brown_reel_treasury">Brown, Jim. ''A Treasury of Reels: The Fishing Reel Collection of The American Museum of Fly Fishing.'' Manchester, Vermont: The American Museum of Fly Fishing, 1990.</ref><ref name="schullery_orvis_story">Schullery, Paul. ''The Orvis Story: 150 Years of an American Sporting Tradition.'' Manchester, Vermont, The Orvis Company, Inc., 2006</ref>

[[Albert Illingworth, 1st Baron Illingworth]] a textiles magnate, patented the modern form of fixed-spool spinning reel in 1905. When casting Illingworth's reel design, the line was drawn off the leading edge of the spool but was restrained and rewound by a line pickup, a device which orbits around the stationary spool. Because the line did not have to pull against a rotating spool, much lighter lures could be cast than with conventional reels.<ref name="Brit"/>

The development of inexpensive [[fiberglass]] rods, synthetic fly lines, and monofilament leaders in the early 1950s revived the popularity of fly fishing.
[[File:Man fishing on the beach - kanagawa - 2023 12 16.webm|thumb|A man casting a lure and spinning the reel in [[Kanagawa prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Japan]].]]

==Techniques==
[[File:Đó.jpg|thumb|left|Fishermen with traditional fish traps, Vietnam]]
{{main|Fishing techniques}}

There are many fishing techniques and tactics for catching fish. The term can also be applied to methods for catching other [[aquatic animal]]s such as [[molluscs]] ([[shellfish]], [[squid]], [[octopus]]) and edible marine [[invertebrate]]s.

Fishing techniques include [[Gathering seafood by hand|hand gathering]], [[spearfishing]], [[fish net|netting]], [[angling]], [[bowfishing]] and [[fish trap|trapping]], as well as less common techniques such as [[fishing gaff|gaffing]], [[snagging]], [[club (weapon)|clubbing]] and the use of specially trained animals such as [[cormorant fishing|cormorant]]s and [[otter fishing|otter]]s. There are also [[destructive fishing practice|destructive fishing technique]]s (such as [[electrofishing|electrocution]], [[blast fishing|blasting]] and [[cyanide fishing|poisoning]]) that can do irreversible damage to local [[ecosystem]]s by killing or [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilizing]] entire [[fish stocks]], causing [[habitat destruction]] and/or upsetting the equilibrium of [[interspecific competition]]; such practices are often deemed [[illegal fishing|illegal]] and may be liable to [[criminal punishment]].

[[Recreational fishing|Recreational]], [[commercial fishing|commercial]] and [[artisan fishing|artisanal]] fishers use different techniques and sometimes the same ones. Recreational fishers fish for pleasure, sport, or to provide food for themselves, while commercial fishers fish for profit. Artisanal fishers use traditional, low-tech methods for survival in third-world countries, and as a cultural heritage in other countries. Usually, recreational fishers use angling methods and commercial fishers use netting methods. A modern development is fishing with the assistance of a [[unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]].<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/75111335/fishing-with-a-drone Fishing with a drone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112115841/https://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/75111335/fishing-with-a-drone |date=12 November 2021 }} ''Stuff'', 15 December 2015.</ref>

Why a fish bites a baited hook or lure involves several factors related to the sensory physiology, behaviour, feeding ecology, and biology of the fish, as well as the environment and characteristics of the bait, hook, or lure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lennox|first1=Robert J|last2=Alós|first2=Josep|last3=Arlinghaus|first3=Robert|last4=Horodysky|first4=Andrij|last5=Klefoth|first5=Thomas|last6=Monk|first6=Christopher T|last7=Cooke|first7=Steven J|title=What makes fish vulnerable to capture by hooks? A conceptual framework and a review of key determinants|journal=Fish and Fisheries|volume=18|issue=5|language=en|pages=986–1010|doi=10.1111/faf.12219|issn=1467-2979|year=2017|bibcode=2017AqFF...18..986L }}</ref> There is an intricate link between various fishing techniques and knowledge about fish and their behaviour, including [[Fish migration|migration]], [[Forage fish|foraging]] and [[Oceanic habitats|habitat]]. The effective use of fishing techniques often depends on this additional knowledge.<ref>Keegan, William F (1986) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080703210618/http://www.arqueologiamendoza.com/wikisrc/images/b/b5/The_Optimal_Foraging_Analysis_of_Horticultural_Production.pdf New Series, Volume. 88, No. 1., pp. 92–107.]</ref> Some fishers follow [[Solunar theory|fishing folklores]], which claim that fish feeding patterns are influenced by the position of the sun and the moon.

== Tackle ==
[[File:angler at devizes england arp.jpg|alt=Man seated at the side of the water surrounded by fishing rods and tackle.|thumb|An [[Angling|angler]] on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]], England, with his tackle]]
{{main|Fishing tackle}}
Fishing tackle is the equipment used by [[fisherman|fishers]] when fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle, although the term is most commonly associated with gear used in [[angling]]. Some examples are [[fishing hook|hooks]], [[fishing line|lines]], [[fishing sinker|sinkers]], [[fishing float|floats]], [[fishing rod|rods]], [[fishing reel|reels]], [[fishing bait|baits]], [[fishing lure|lures]], [[spearfishing|spears]], [[fishing net|nets]], [[fishing gaff|gaffs]], [[fishing trap|traps]], [[waders (footwear)|waders]], and tackle boxes. [[Fishing techniques]] refers to the ways the tackle is used when fishing.

Tackle that is attached to the end of a fishing line is collectively called '''terminal tackle'''. These include hooks, sinkers, floats, leader lines, [[fishing swivel|swivels]], split rings, and any wires, snaps, beads, spoons, blades, spinners and clevises used to attach spinner blades to fishing lures. People also tend to use dead or live [[bait fish]] as another form of [[fishing bait|bait]].
{{clear}}

==Fishing vessels==
[[File:Krabbenkutter Ivonne Pellworm P5242390jm.JPG|thumb|left|Commercial crab boat working in the [[Fishing in the North Sea|North Sea]]]]
[[File:Small sport fishing boat.jpg|thumb|right|Small [[sport fishing boat]]]]
{{see also|Fishing vessels|Traditional fishing boats}}

A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Many different kinds of vessels are used in [[Commercial fishing|commercial]], [[Artisan fishing|artisanal]], and [[recreational fishing]].

According to the [[FAO]], in 2004 there were four million commercial fishing vessels.<ref name="FAO 2007">FAO 2007</ref> About 1.3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, two-thirds (1.8 million) of the [[Deck (ship)|undecked]] boats are traditional craft of various types, powered only by sail and oars.<ref name="FAO 2007"/> These boats are used by [[artisan fishers]].

It is difficult to estimate how many [[Recreational boat fishing|recreational fishing boats]] there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid since some recreational boats may also be used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a [[Fisherman|fisher]] periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from [[dugout canoe]]s, [[float tube]]s, [[kayaks]], [[raft]]s, stand up paddleboards, [[pontoon boat]]s and small [[Dinghy|dinghies]] to [[Runabout (boat)|runabouts]], [[cabin cruiser]]s and cruising yachts to large, hi-tech and luxurious [[Big-game fishing|big game]] rigs.<ref>[[NOAA]]: [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/speciesid/fish_page/fish51a.html Sport fishing boat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506051732/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/speciesid/fish_page/fish51a.html |date=6 May 2017 }}</ref> Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open [[Cockpit (sailing)|cockpits]] at the [[stern]], designed for convenient fishing.
{{clear}}

==Traditional fishing==
{{main|Artisanal fishing}}
[[File:Des jeunes pêcheurs dans la ville de San-Pédro.jpg|alt=Traditional fishing|thumb|Traditional fishing]]
Traditional fishing is any kind of small scale, [[commercial fishing|commercial]] or [[subsistence economy|subsistence]] fishing practices using traditional techniques such as [[Fishing rod|rod]] and [[Fishing tackle|tackle]], [[arrow]]s and [[harpoon]]s, [[throw net]]s and drag nets, etc.

==Recreational fishing==
{{main|Recreational fishing}}
[[File:An evening fishing - by Francis Hannaway.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|[[Angling]]}}]]
[[File:Vanda å Nukariforsen.jpg|thumb|A fisherman on the rapids in [[Nukari]], [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Finland]]]]
[[Recreation]]al and sport fishing refer to fishing primarily for [[pleasure]] or competition. Recreational fishing has conventions, rules, licensing restrictions and laws that limit how fish may be caught; typically, these prohibit the use of nets and the catching of fish with hooks not in the mouth. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a [[fishing rod|rod]], [[fishing reel|reel]], [[fishing line|line]], [[Fish hook|hooks]] and any one of a wide range of [[Bait (luring substance)|baits]] or [[Fishing lure|lures]] such as [[Artificial fly|artificial flies]]. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is generally known as [[angling]]. In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish be returned to the water ([[catch and release]]). Recreational or sport fishermen may log their catches or participate in fishing competitions.

The estimated global number of recreational fishers varies from 220 million to a maximum number of 700 million fishers globally,<ref>{{cite web |last1=FAO |title=The role of Recreational Fisheries in the sustainable management of marine resources {{!}} GLOBEFISH {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/fishery-information/resource-detail/en/c/1013313/#:~:text=Recreational%20fishing%20(RF)%20is%20defined,a%20competitive%20sphere%20among%20commercial |website=www.fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125718/http://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/fishery-information/resource-detail/en/c/1013313/#:~:text=Recreational%20fishing%20(RF)%20is%20defined,a%20competitive%20sphere%20among%20commercial |url-status=live }}</ref> which is thought to be double the number of individuals working as commercial fishers. In the United States alone it was estimated that 50.1 million people engaged in fishing activities in both [[saltwater]] and [[freshwater]] environments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lange |first1=David |title=Topic: Recreational Fishing in the U.S. |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/1163/recreational-fishing/ |website=Statista |language=en |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209025952/https://www.statista.com/topics/1163/recreational-fishing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Big-game fishing]] is fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as [[swordfish]], [[tuna]], [[shark]]s, and [[marlin]]. Sportfishing (sometimes game fishing) is recreational fishing where the primary reward is the challenge of finding and catching the fish rather than the [[culinary]] or financial value of the fish's flesh. Fish sought after include [[tarpon]], [[sailfish]], [[mackerel]], [[grouper]] and many others.
{{clear}}

==Fishing industry==
{{Main|Fishing industry}}

<gallery widths="300px">
Contribution of fish to animal protein supply, average 2013-2015.svg|Contribution of fish to animal protein supply, average 2013–2015
File:World capture fisheries and aquaculture production.svg|World capture fisheries and aquaculture production 1950 – 2015
File:Employment_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg|A comparison of employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing by region

</gallery>

[[File:Albatun Dod.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Spanish [[tuna]] [[purse seiner]] in the [[Seychelles Islands]]]]

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the [[FAO]] as including [[recreational fishing|recreational]], [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] and [[commercial fishing]], and the harvesting, [[Fish processing|processing]], and [[Fish marketing|marketing]] sectors.<ref>FAO Fisheries Section: Glossary: [http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp ''Fishing industry.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708081658/http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp |date=8 July 2007 }} Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other [[seafood products]] for human consumption or use as [[raw material]] in other industrial processes. In 2022 24% of fishers and fish farmers and 62% of workers in post-harvest sector were women.<ref name="cd0683en">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref>

There are three principal industry sectors:{{NoteTag|The wording of the following definitions of the fishing industry are based on those used by the Australian government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.frdc.com.au/industry/ |title=Today's Fishing Industry |date=10 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090614105342/http://frdc.com.au/industry/ |archive-date = 14 June 2009 |publisher=[[Fisheries Research and Development Corporation]] |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>}}
* The [[Fishing industry#Commercial sector|commercial sector]] comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resources and the various transformations of those resources into products for sale.
* The [[Fishing industry#Traditional sector|traditional sector]] comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products following their traditions.
* The [[Fishing industry#Recreational sector|recreational sector]] comprises enterprises and individuals associated with the purpose of recreation, sport or sustenance with fisheries resources from which products are derived that are not for sale.

===Commercial fishing===
{{main|Commercial fishing}}
[[File:French Fishing Vessel 'Alf' in the Irish Sea MOD 45155246.jpg|thumb|{{center|Fishing boat in heavy sea}}]]
[[File:Push-up fälla - Ystad-2021.jpg|thumb| Push-up trap developed by [[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]] for more accurate and less harmful fishing]]
Commercial fishing is the capture of fish for commercial purposes. Those who practice it must often pursue fish far from the land under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest a wide range of aquatic species, from [[tuna]], [[cod]] and [[salmon]] to [[shrimp]], [[krill]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], in various [[fishery|fisheries]] for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. [[Individual fishing quota]]s and international treaties seek to control the species and quantities caught.

A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one person with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] processing tons of fish every day.

Commercial fishing gear includes weights, [[Fishing net|nets]] (e.g. purse [[Seine fishing|seine]]), seine nets (e.g. beach seine), [[trawl]]s (e.g. [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]), dredges, [[Fish hook|hooks]] and line (e.g. [[Long-line fishing|long line]] and [[Hand-line fishing|handline]]), lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, entangling nets and [[Fishing trap|traps]].

According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations, the total world [[Wild fisheries|capture fisheries]] production in 2000 was 86 million tons (FAO 2002). The top producing countries were, in order, the People's Republic of China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan), Peru, Japan, the United States, Chile, Indonesia, Russia, India, Thailand, Norway, and Iceland. Those countries accounted for more than half of the world's production; China alone accounted for a third of the world's production. Of that production, over 90% was marine and less than 10% was inland.

A small number of species support the majority of the world's fisheries. Some of these species are [[herring]], [[cod]], [[sardine]], [[anchovy]], [[tuna]], [[flounder]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[squid]], [[shrimp]], [[salmon]], crab, [[lobster]], [[oyster]] and [[scallop]]s. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over a [[million]] [[tonne]]s in 1999, with [[herring]] and [[sardine]]s together providing a catch of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species as well are fished in smaller numbers.

===Fish farms===
{{main|Fish farm}}
Fish farming is the principal form of [[aquaculture]], while other methods may fall under [[mariculture]]. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases [[juvenile fish]] into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural population is generally referred to as a [[fish hatchery]]. Fish species raised by fish farms include [[Aquaculture of salmon|salmon]], [[carp]], [[Aquaculture of tilapia|tilapia]], [[Aquaculture of catfish|catfish]], [[white seabass]] and [[trout]].

Increased demands on [[wild fisheries]] by [[commercial fishing]] has caused widespread [[overfishing]]. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish.

[[File:Derkovits, Gyula - Still-life with Fish I (1928).jpg|thumb|right|[[Gyula Derkovits]], ''still-life with fish'' (1928)]]

===Fish products===
{{see also|Fish processing|Fish products|Fish (food)|Seafood}}
Fish and fish products are [[Fish as food|consumed as food]] all over the world. With other [[seafood]]s, it provides the world's prime source of high-quality [[protein]]: 14–16 percent of the animal protein consumed worldwide. Over one billion people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein.<ref>Tidwell, James H. and Allan, Geoff L.</ref>

Fish and other aquatic organisms are also processed into various food and non-food products, such as sharkskin leather, pigments made from the inky secretions of [[cuttlefish]], [[isinglass]] used for the [[clarification (wine)|clarification]] of wine and beer, [[fish emulsion]] used as a [[fertiliser]], [[Animal glue|fish glue]], [[fish oil]] and [[fish meal]].

Fish are also collected live for research and the [[aquarium trade]].

===Fish marketing===
{{see also|Fish market|Fish marketing}}
{{clear}}

==Fisheries management==
[[File:Fishing down the food web.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|[[Fishing down the food web]]}}]]
{{main|Fisheries management|Fisheries science}}

Fisheries management draws on [[fisheries science]] to find ways to protect [[fishery]] resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of [[monitoring control and surveillance]].

[[Fisheries science]] is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of [[oceanography]], [[marine biology]], [[marine conservation]], [[ecology]], [[Population dynamics of fisheries|population dynamics]], [[economics]] and management in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such as [[bioeconomics (biology)|bioeconomics]].

===Sustainability===
{{main|Sustainable fishing}}
Stocks fished within biologically sustainable levels decreased from 90% in 1974 to 62.3% in 2021.<ref name="cd0683en"/> Issues involved in the long term sustainability of fishing include [[overfishing]], [[by-catch]], [[marine pollution]], [[environmental effects of fishing]], [[Ghost net|ghost fishing]], [[Fisheries and climate change|climate change]], [[fisheries-induced evolution]] and [[fish farming]].

Conservation issues are part of [[marine conservation]], and are addressed in [[fisheries science]] programs. There is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity's desire to catch them, a problem that gets worse as the [[world population]] grows.

Similar to other [[environmental issues]], there can be conflict between the fishermen who depend on fishing for their livelihoods and [[Fisheries scientists|fishery scientists]] who realise that if future fish populations are to be [[Sustainable fishing|sustainable]] then some fisheries must limit fishing or cease operations.
{{clear}}

==Animal welfare concerns==
{{Further|Animal welfare|Pain in fish}}

Historically, some doubted that fish could experience pain. Laboratory experiments have shown that fish do react to painful stimuli (e.g., injections of [[bee venom]]) in a similar way to mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Sneddon
| first = LU
| title = Pain perception in fish: indicators and endpoints.
| journal = ILAR Journal
| volume = 50
| issue = 4
| pages = 38–42
| pmid = 19949250
| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1093/ilar.50.4.338
| doi-access =
| url = http://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=acwp_aff
| access-date = 20 February 2024
| archive-date = 20 June 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200620233217/https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=acwp_aff
| url-status = live
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Oidtmann
| first1 = B
| last2 = Hoffman
| first2 = RW
| title = Pain and suffering in fish
| journal = Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift
| volume = 114
| issue = 7–8
| pages = 277–282
| date = Jul–Aug 2001
| pmid = 11505801
}}</ref>
There is still some controversy about the exact nature of fish pain and consciousness, but among animal‑welfare bodies and most specialists the practical consensus is that fish very likely feel pain (though not necessarily as humans do), and that policies and practices should reflect that.<ref name="Sneddon2018">{{cite journal | last1=Sneddon | first1=Lynne U. | last2=Wolfenden | first2=David C.C. | last3=Leach | first3=Matthew C. | last4=Valentim | first4=Ana M. | last5=Steenbergen | first5=Peter J. | last6=Bardine | first6=Nabila | last7=Broom | first7=Donald M. | last8=Brown | first8=Culum | title=Ample evidence for fish sentience and pain | journal=Animal Sentience | volume=3 | issue=21 | date=2018-01-01 | issn=2377-7478 | doi=10.51291/2377-7478.1375 | url=https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1375&context=animsent | access-date=2026-03-19 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref>
In large-scale operations like fish farms, stunning fish with electricity or putting them into water saturated with [[nitrogen]] so that they cannot breathe, results in death more rapidly than just taking them out of the water. For [[sport fishing]], it is recommended that fish be killed soon after catching them by hitting them on the head followed by [[exsanguination|bleeding out]] or by stabbing the brain with a sharp object<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Davie
| first1 = PS
| last2 = Kopf
| first2 = RK
| title = Physiology, behaviour and welfare of fish during recreational fishing and after release.
| journal = New Zealand Veterinary Journal
| volume = 54
| issue = 4
| pages = 161–172
| date = August 2006
| pmid = 16915337
| doi=10.1080/00480169.2006.36690| s2cid = 1636511
}}</ref> (called [[pithing]] or ''[[ike jime]]'' in Japanese). Some believe it is not cruel if you release the catch back to where it was caught however a study in 2018 states that the hook damages an important part of the feeding mechanism by which the fish sucks in food, ignoring the issue of pain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/fishing-anglers-fish-hurt-injuries-catch-and-release-feeding-a8575816.html|title=Anglers' catch-and-release method stops fish feeding properly, study finds|date=9 October 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=10 October 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211923/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/fishing-anglers-fish-hurt-injuries-catch-and-release-feeding-a8575816.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

When fishing there are high chances of catching other marine wildlife in a fishing net. There are over 100 different fishing regulations on paper for reducing this [[bycatch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts {{!}} Seaspiracy Website |url=https://www.seaspiracy.org/facts |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=SEASPIRACY |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001614/https://www.seaspiracy.org/facts |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plastic pollution ==
[[File:Plastic Waste 0089.jpg|thumb|Plastic pollution]]

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear includes netting, mono/multifilament lines, hooks, ropes, floats, buoys, sinkers, anchors, metallic materials and fish aggregating devices (FADs) made of non-biodegradable materials such as [[concrete]], [[metal]] and [[polymer]]s. It has been estimated that global fishing gear losses each year include 5.7% of all fishing nets, 8.6% of all traps and 29% of all lines used. Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) can have serious impacts on marine organisms through entanglement and ingestion.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122658/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |url-status=live }}</ref> The potential for fishing gear to become ALDFG depends on a number of factors including:

* Environmental factors are mostly related to seafloor topography and obstructions, although tides, currents, waves, winds, and interaction with wildlife are also important.
* Operational losses and operator errors can occur even during normal fishing operations.
* Problems such as inadequate fisheries management and regulations that do not include adequate controls can hamper collection of ALDFG (e.g. there may be poor access to collection facilities).
* Gear loss resulting from conflicts primarily occurs (intentionally or unintentionally) in areas with high concentrations of fishing activities, leading to gear being towed away, fouled, sabotaged or vandalized. Passive and unattended gear such as pots, set gillnets and traps are particularly prone to conflict damage. In the Arctic, conflicts are the most common reason for lost gear.<ref name="UNEP" />

==Cultural impact==
[[File:ona1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ona, Sandøy|Ona]], a traditional fishing village in Norway]]
[[File:Fishing Woman.jpg|thumb|Woman with traditional fish catching device made from bamboo in Assam]]

===Community===

For communities like [[fishing village]]s, fisheries provide not only a source of food and work but also a community and cultural identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Collective in Support of Fishworkers|url=http://www.icsf.net/|date=2 March 2012|publisher=ICSF|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514194635/http://www.icsf.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic===

Some locations may be regarded as fishing destinations, which anglers visit on vacation or for competitions. The economic impact of fishing by visitors may be a significant, or even primary driver of tourism revenue for some destinations.

===Semantic===

A "[[fishing expedition]]" is a situation where an interviewer implies they know more than they do to trick their target into divulging more information than they wish to reveal. Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled [[Fishing tackle#Hook, line and sinker|hook, line and sinker]]" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of [[phishing]], in which a third party will duplicate a website where the user would put sensitive information (such as bank codes).

===Religious===

Fishing has had an effect on major religions,<ref>Regensteinn J.M. and Regensteinn C.E. (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=OFKLk3S0fzgC&dq=%22Religious+food+laws+and+the+seafood+industry%22&pg=PR8 "Religious food laws and the seafood industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060436/https://books.google.com/books?id=OFKLk3S0fzgC&dq=%22Religious+food+laws+and+the+seafood+industry%22&pg=PR8 |date=4 April 2023 }} In: R.E. Martin, E.P. Carter, G.J. Flick Jr and L.M. Davis (Eds) (2000) ''Marine and freshwater products handbook'', CRC Press. {{ISBN|978-1-56676-889-4}}.</ref> including Christianity,<ref>[http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=1246 A Misunderstood Analogy for Evangelism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220213144/http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=1246 |date=20 December 2008 }} Bible Analysis Article</ref><ref>[http://www.americanbible.org/brcpages/FishandFishing American Bible Society Article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905193146/http://americanbible.org/brcpages/FishandFishing |date=5 September 2008 }} American Bible Society</ref> [[Hinduism]], and the various [[new age]]<ref>[http://www.cafeastrology.com/zodiacpisces.html About Pisces the Fish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906100527/http://www.cafeastrology.com/zodiacpisces.html |date=6 September 2008 }} The Astrology Cafe Monitor</ref> religions. Jesus was said to participate in fishing excursions, and a number of the [[miracle]]s and many parables and stories reported in the Bible involve fish or fishing. Since the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]] [[Saint Peter|Peter]]<ref>[http://www.ucgstp.org/lit/gn/gn030/peter.html Peter: From Fisherman to Fisher of Men] Profiles of Faith {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222258/http://www.ucgstp.org/lit/gn/gn030/peter.html |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> was a fisherman, the Catholic Church has adopted the use of the [[fishermans ring]] into the Pope's traditional [[Papal regalia and insignia|vestments]].



==See also==
{{Portal|Fish}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Angling]]
* [[Artisanal fishing]]
* [[History of fishing]]
* [[List of fishing villages]]
* [[Recreational fishing]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics
| publisher = United Nations Environment Programme
| documentURL = https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics
| license statement URL = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf
| license = Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book
| first= Ken
| last= Schultz
| year= 1999
| title= Fishing Encyclopedia: Worldwide Angling Guide
| publisher= [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]]
| isbn= 978-0-02-862057-2
| url-access= registration
| url= https://archive.org/details/kenschultzsfishi00schu_0
}}
* {{Cite book
| first= Otto
| last= Gabriel
|author2=Andres von Brandt
| year= 2005
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&q=%22Fish+catching+methods+of+the+world%22
| publisher= Blackwell
| title =Fish catching methods of the world
| isbn= 978-0-85238-280-6}}
* {{Cite book
| first= Dietrich
| last= Sahrhage
|author2=Johannes Lundbeck
| year= 1992
| title= A History of Fishing
| publisher= [[Springer-Verlag]]
| isbn= 978-0-387-55332-0}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=fishing |commons=Category:Fishing |b= |n= |q= |s= |v= |voy=Fishing |species=no |d=no |display=Fishing }}

* {{cite web|archive-date=7 January 2013|work=[[Daniel Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (2009)|url=http://www.canal.ird.fr/canal.php?url=/programmes/recherches/pauly/index_en.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130107135851/http://en.ird.fr/the-media-centre/videos-online-channel-ird/overfishing-the-point-of-view-of-daniel-pauly/overfishing-the-point-of-view-of-daniel-pauly|title=''The sea without fish, a reality!''|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]}}.
* [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/02/22/588034042/new-maps-reveal-global-fishings-vast-scope-of-exploitation-of-the-ocean Map of world ocean fishing activity, 2016]

{{Fisheries and fishing}}
{{Water sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fishing| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Survival skills]]

Dhritarashtra

2026-03-16T14:32:23Z

BarneyMoh54: revise

{{short description|Blind ruler of Kuru kingdom in Indian epic Mahabharata}}
{{about|the figure in the Hindu epic Mahābhārata|the figure in Buddhist mythology|Dhṛtarāṣṭra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| image = The blind king Dhrtarastra listens as the visionary narrator Sanjaya relates the events of the battle between the Kaurava and the Pandava clans.jpg
| caption = The blind king Dhritarashtra listens as the visionary narrator Sanjaya relates the events of the battle between the Kaurava and the Pandava clans.
| weapon = [[Gada (mace)]]
| affiliation = [[Kuru dynasty]]
| spouse = [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]
| family = '''Parents''':{{bulleted list|[[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] (Mother)|[[Vichitravirya]] (Adoptive father)| [[Vyasa]] (Biological father)}}
'''Half - Brother''' {{bulleted list|[[Pandu]] by [[Ambalika]]}} '''Half-Brother''' {{bulleted list|[[Vidura]] by [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Ambika's maid|Parishrami]]}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Kauravas|100 Kauravas]] including {{hlist||[[Duryodhana]]|[[Dushasana]]|[[Vikarna]]}} (sons)|[[Dushala]] (daughter)|[[Yuyutsu]] (son)}}
| relatives = '''Half-brother''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}''{{bulleted list|[[Shuka]] (from Vatikā)}}
}}

'''Dhritarashtra''' ({{langx|sa|धृतराष्ट्र|Dhr̥tarāṣṭra}}) was a ruler of the ancient [[Kuru kingdom]], featured as a central character in the [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He is also attested in the ''[[Yajurveda]]'', where he is acknowledged as the son of King [[Vichitravirya]].

According to the ''Mahabharata'', Dhritarashtra’s birth was the result of the ancient practice of ''[[Niyoga]]''. After Vichitravirya died childless, his half-brother [[Vyasa]] fathered children with Vichitravirya’s widows to continue the Kuru lineage. Dhritarashtra was born blind to Vichitravirya’s elder queen, [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]]. Despite being the eldest, his blindness disqualified him from inheriting the throne, which passed to his younger half-brother, [[Pandu]]. However, after Pandu renounced the throne and retired to the forest, Dhritarashtra assumed kingship of the Kuru kingdom, albeit as a nominal ruler heavily influenced by his grandsire, [[Bhishma]], and his eldest son, [[Duryodhana]].

Dhritarashtra married [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], a devoted wife who, in a gesture of solidarity, blindfolded herself for life to share in her husband's blindness. Together, they had one hundred sons, known as the [[Kauravas]], and a daughter, [[Dushala]]. Throughout his reign, Dhritarashtra struggled with the conflicting roles of father and king. His deep affection for Duryodhana, often clouded his judgment, leading him to overlook his son's misdeeds and fail to curb the injustices inflicted upon their cousins, the [[Pandavas]]. His hundred sons, led by Duryodhana, became the antagonists in the Mahabharata, opposing the Pandavas in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Dhritarashtra also fathered a son, [[Yuyutsu]], through a maid, who later sided with the Pandavas during the war.

During the Kurukshetra War, Dhritarashtra depended on his charioteer [[Sanjaya]], who had divine vision, to learn about the entire details of the war, the deaths of the prominent warriors, and the profound teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. After the war, which resulted in the fall of the Kauravas, a grief-stricken Dhritarashtra withdrew to the forest with Gandhari, [[Kunti]], and [[Vidura]]. He spent his final years in asceticism and meditation, ultimately passing away in a forest fire, attaining liberation.

== Etymology and historicity ==
''Dhṛtarāṣṭra'' means "He who supports/bears the nation".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Apte|first1=Vaman Shivaram|title=A practical Sianskrit-English Dictionary|date=1957|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:1060.apte |chapter=धृतराष्ट्र}}</ref>

A historical [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru King]] named Dhr̥tarāṣṭra Vaicitravīrya is mentioned in the ''[[Kāṭhaka]] Saṃhitā'' of the [[Yajurveda]] ({{circa}} 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]]-era King [[Sudas]] of the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]]. His cattle were reportedly destroyed as a result of the conflict with the [[Kóryos#Indian tradition|''vrātya'']] ascetics; however, this Vedic mention does not provide corroboration for the accuracy of the Mahabharata's account of his reign. Dhritarashtra did not accept the vratyas into his territory, and with the aid of rituals, the vratyas destroyed his cattle. The group of vratyas were led by Vaka Dālbhi of [[Panchala]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 |pages=17, footnote 115}}</ref><ref>Michael Witzel (1990), [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vamsa.pdf "On Indian Historical Writing"], p.9 of PDF</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
With [[Vichitravirya]] having died of sickness, [[Bhishma]] unable to take the throne because of his vow, and [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]]'s line unwilling to leave the Bahlika Kingdom, there was a succession crisis in [[Hastinapur]]a. [[Satyavati]] invites her son [[Vyasa]] to impregnate the queens [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]] under the [[Niyoga]] practice. When Vyasa went to impregnate Ambika, his appearance was scary and frightened her, so she closed her eyes during their union; hence her son was born blind.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sacred books of the Hindus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12kSkNpBx-sC|publisher=Genesis Publications|page=94|year=2007|isbn = 9788130705439}}</ref>

Dhritarashtra, along with his younger half-brother [[Pandu]], was trained in the military arts by [[Bhishma]] and [[Kripacharya]]. Hindered by his handicap, Dhritarashtra was unable to wield weapons, but had the strength of one hundred thousand elephants due to a boon given by [[Vyasa]], and was said to be so strong that he could crush iron with his bare hands.<ref name=" Ganguli">Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web.</ref>
When it came time to nominate an heir, [[Vidura]] suggested that Pandu would be a better fit because he was not blind. Though bitter about losing his birthright, Dhritarashtra willingly conceded the crown, though this act would seep into the obsession he would have over his crown later in life.<ref>Kalyāṇakara, Bā Ha. Dhr̥tarāshṭra. Nāgapūra: Ākāṅkshā Prakāśana, 2007.</ref> Dhritarashtra married [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] of Hastinapura's weakened and lowly vassal [[Gandhara]]; After their marriage, Gandhari covered her eyes with a blindfold in order to truly experience her husband's blindness.<ref>Suri, Chander Kanta. The Life and times of Shakuni. Delhi: for All, 1992. Print</ref> Gandhari and he had one hundred sons, called the [[Kauravas]], and one daughter [[Dushala]]. He also had a son named [[Yuyutsu]] mothered by a maid.

== Reign ==
After the incident with [[Kindama|Rishi Kindama]], Pandu retired to the forest. Hence, Dhritarashtra was offered the crown. Through the blessings of [[Vyasa]], he and Gandhari had one hundred sons and a daughter, with his eldest son, [[Duryodhana]], becoming his heir. Upon Duryodhana's birth, ill omens appeared; many sages and priests advised Dhritarashtra and Gandhari to abandon the baby. But they refused to do so; Duryodhana grew up with a princely education and his parents believed that he would be a great heir.

However, when Pandu died, Kunti and her sons returned to Hastinapura, living alongside Dhritarashtra's children. [[Yudhishthira]], Pandu's eldest son, was older than Duryodhana. Given that Pandu was the king and that Yudhishthira was [[divine filiation|the son of the god]] of [[Dharma]] (Dharmaraja, also known as [[Yama]]) he had a strong claim to the throne. A succession crisis began; though recognising Yudhishthira's merits, Dhritarashtra favoured his own son, blinded by affection. Upon much pressure from the Brahmins, [[Vidura]], and [[Bhishma]], Dhritarashtra reluctantly named Yudhishthira as his heir.<ref name="Vyas 1992">{{Cite book|last=Vyas|first=Ramnarayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmYAdJHqd3cC&q=crowning+of+Yudhishthira&pg=PA29|title=Nature of Indian Culture|date=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-388-7|language=en}}</ref>

=== Bifurcation of the Kuru Kingdom ===
After the [[lakshagraha|House of Lac]] incident, in which the Pandavas are believed to have been immolated, Dhritarashtra mourns, but was able to finally name Duryodhana as his heir. When the Pandavas are revealed to have survived, Duryodhana refuses to cede his title as heir when the sour relations between the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]] simmer. On Bhishma's advice, Dhritarashtra bifurcates the kingdom, giving Hastinapura to Duryodhana and [[Khandavprastha|Khandavaprastha]] to Yudhishthira.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Valmiki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhritrashtra+khandavaprastha&pg=PT2606|title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated)|last2=Vyasa|date=2018-05-19|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-78656-128-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vyas 1992"/>

=== The game of dice ===
[[File: Disrobing of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Draupadi disrobed in Dhritarashtra's assembly. Dhritarashtra seated in the centre.]]

[[Shakuni]], [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]'s brother, was a master of dice as he could load them without his opponents having a clue. He, along with his nephew [[Duryodhana]], conspired in a game of dice and invited the Pandavas to gamble. The Pandavas eventually lost their kingdom, wealth, and prestige and were exiled for thirteen years. [[Draupadi]], the wife of the Pandavas, was humiliated in court after [[Dushasana]] tried to disrobe her. The blind king only intervened after counselling with Gandhari when Draupadi was going to curse the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] dynasty. Though notables like [[Vikarna]] and [[Vidura]] objected to the sins of Duryodhana, most of the spectators were helpless due to their obligations to [[Hastinapur]]a; Dhritarashtra could have spoken out, but did not.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== The Kurukshetra War==
[[File: Krishna Pleads with Dhritarashtra to Avoid War.jpg|thumb|Krishna requests Dhritarashtra to avoid war.]]
[[Krishna]], as a peace emissary of the Pandavas, travelled to Hastinapura to persuade the Kauravas to avoid the bloodshed of their own descendants. However, Duryodhana conspired to arrest him, which resulted in the failure of the mission. After Krishna's peace mission failed and a war seemed inevitable, [[Vyasa]] approached Dhritarashtra and offered to grant him a divine vision so that Dhritarashtra could see the war. However, not willing to see his kin slaughtered, Dhritarashtra asked that the boon be given to [[Sanjaya]], his charioteer. Sanjaya dutifully narrated the war to his liege, reporting how [[Bhima]] killed all his children. Sanjaya would console the blind king while challenging the king with his own viewpoints and morals. When Lord Krishna displayed his [[Vishvarupa]] (True form) to [[Arjuna]] on the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]], Dhritarashtra regretted not possessing the divine sight.<ref name="Ganguli"/>
[[File:The_mourning_of_Dhritarashtra.jpg|thumb|Dhritarashtra mourns the death of his sons.]]
Dhritarashtra was confident that Bhishma, [[Drona]], [[Karna]] and the other invincible warriors would make the [[Kaurava]] camp victorious. He rejoiced whenever the tide of war turned against the Pandavas. However, the results of the war devastated him. All of his sons and grandsons but one were killed in the carnage. Dhritarashtra's only daughter [[Duhsala]] was widowed. [[Yuyutsu]] had defected to Pandava side at the onset of the war, and was the only son of Dhritarashtra who had managed to survive the Kurukshetra War.<ref>[http://www.storypick.com/yuyutsu-moral-kaurava/ Yuyutsu was one of the 11 who managed to survive the war].</ref>

=== Crushing of Bhima's metal statue ===

After the war ended, the victorious Pandavas arrived at Hastinapura for the formal transfer of power. The Pandavas set forth to embrace their uncle and offer him their respects. Dhritarashtra hugged [[Yudhishthira]] heartily without a grudge. When Dhritarashtra turned to Bhima, Krishna sensed his intentions and asked Bhima to step back and placed Bhima's iron statue in his place. Dhritarashtra crushed the statue into pieces and then broke down crying, his rage leaving him. Broken and defeated, Dhritarashtra apologised for his folly and wholeheartedly embraced Bhima and the other Pandavas.<ref>[[Bhima|During the Kurukshetra War]]</ref>

== Later years and death ==
15 years after the great war of ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the grief-stricken blind king along with his wife [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], sister-in-law [[Kunti]], and half brother [[Vidura]] left [[Hastinapur]]a for [[penance]]. It is believed that all of them (except Vidura who predeceased him) perished in a forest fire and attained [[moksha]].<ref>[http://mahabharata-resources.org/mbtn/MBTN_4_harshala.pdf Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Kunti proceed to the forest]</ref>

==Assessment==
Throughout his reign as King of Hastinapura, Dhritarashtra was torn between the principles of [[dharma]] and his love for his son Duryodhana. He often ended up endorsing his son's actions merely out of fatherly love.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12_chapter 6'|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G9ZxOEksx_s68Ift_xUquiW0FJ0DZGKE/view?usp=drivesdk&usp=embed_facebook|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Google Docs}}</ref>

Dhritarashtra is physically strong, yet psychologically weak, easily manipulated by his brother-in-law, Shakuni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nanda|first=Rishi Nanda, Mehak Mahajan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1DPDwAAQBAJ&q=was+dhritarashtra+strong&pg=PT130|title=Break Your Leadership Chakravyuh: Stories and Learnings from Indian Mythology|date=2020-02-10|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64678-700-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Soma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OdrQGX1QA8C&q=Dhritarashtra+manipulated+by+Shakuni&pg=PA188|title=Mahabharata: The Game Vol - 1|date=2007|publisher=Scholastic India|isbn=978-81-7655-816-7|language=en}}</ref> Dhritarashtra appears in ''[[Mahābhārata|Mahabharata]]'' sections that have been circulated as separate scriptures, most notably the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', whose dialogue was narrated to him.
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Mahabharata)}}
*[[Gandhari (character)]]
*[[Kauravas]]
*[[Duryodhana]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]
*shakuni

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Mythological kings of Kuru]]
[[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Mythological blind people]]

Sanjay Kirloskar

2026-03-07T10:32:41Z

BarneyMoh54: created initial stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and the chairman of the Kirloskar Brothers Ltd}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Kirloskar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|3|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Bombay State]] (present–day Maharashtra), [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Illinois Institute of Technology]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]] [[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]]

| children = Alok Kirloskar (b. 1983) Rama Kirloskar (b. 1989)
| father = Chandrakant Kirloskar
| mother = Sumantai Kirloskar
| website =
}}

'''Sanjay Kirloskar''' is an Indian [[industrialist]] and the [[chairman]] of the [[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]] (a [[Kirloskar Group]] company), and the largest pump manufacturer in India.<ref>{{cite news|title='Domestic pump manufacturers should be given fair opportunity'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/domestic-pump-manufacturers-should-be-given-fair-opportunity/article9987367.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=8 December 2017}}</ref>

Under his leadership [[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]] is India's largest pump manufacturer, which produces [[centrifugal pump]]s from 0.1 kW to 26 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpumps.com/view/16462/kirloskar-brothers-supplies-its-largest-horizontal-split-case-pump-in-india/|title=Kirloskar Brothers supplies the largest splitcase pump in India|date=8 March 2011|work=WorldPumps.com|access-date=12 August 2014|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520171407/http://www.worldpumps.com/view/16462/kirloskar-brothers-supplies-its-largest-horizontal-split-case-pump-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpumps.com/view/17310/kirloskar-brothers-commissions-indias-largest-concrete-volute-pumps|title=Kirloskar Brothers commissions India's largest concrete volute pumps|work=WorldPumps.com|date=12 April 2011|access-date=12 August 2014|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001100546/http://www.worldpumps.com/power-generation/news/kirloskar-brothers-commissions-indias-largest//|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sanjay Kirloskar is the son of Chandrakant Kirloskar and the grandson of [[Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar]]. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], [[Chicago]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanjay Kirloskar Biography|url=http://wri-india.org/profile/sanjay-kirloskar|publisher=World Resource Institute, India}}</ref>

==Career==
Kirloskar Brothers acquired [[Pulsometer steam pump|SPP Pumps (UK)]], in 2002 and then Aban Construction, one of India's leading construction companies in 2006, followed by The Kolhapur Steels limited in 2007 and Braybar Pumps Ltd (South Africa) in 2010, Syncroflo Inc (USA) in 2014 and Rodelta Pumps International B.V. (The Netherlands) in 2015. For the last 5 years, Kirloskar Brothers has shown an average [[RONW]] (Return on Net Worth) of 32%.<ref>[http://moneylife.in/article/wealth-creators-2002-11---a-moneylife-study/22844.html Top 20 Wealth Creators from 2002 to 2011]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130605062458/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-11-19/pumping-up-the-profits-in-indiabusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice Kirloskar Brothers No. 18 in BusinessWeek's ranking of Asia's Hot Growth Companies]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2006/12/31/stories/2006123103790100.htm Kirloskar Brothers Stock Recommendation]</ref>

[[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]] received the [[ASME]] N-STAMP in 2012 and is the first Indian company in rotating equipment to receive this as well as amongst a few companies in the world to have this accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2012 |title=Financial Analysts Meet Q1 |url=http://www.kirloskarpumps.com/Control/Content/Pdf_718201252002PMFinancialAnalystmeetQ1-July-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710092527/http://www.kirloskarpumps.com/Control/Content/Pdf_718201252002PMFinancialAnalystmeetQ1-July-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

Sanjay Kirloskar also set up the all-women operated and managed manufacturing plant of [[Kirloskar Brothers Ltd]] at [[Coimbatore]] in 2010 as part of a drive to have more women in the core engineering industry. [[Coimbatore]] is the second largest metropolitan city of state [[Tamil Nadu]] in India.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120726095237/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/news/30584699_1_tata-cummins-plant-cummins-india-anant-talaulicar Kirloskar Brothers changing gender dynamics]</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/corporate-industry/kirloskar-plant-women-who-assemble-one-pump-every-20-seconds/slideshow/19416666.cms Kirloskar Brothers Ltd produces a pump every 20 seconds at it all women plant]</ref> Today Kirloskar Brothers is India's largest Pump& Valve manufacturer and one of the World's largest Pump manufacturer's by market capitalization.

== Trademark dispute within the Kirloskar Group ==
Sanjay has been involved in a long-running legal dispute concerning the use and licensing of the “Kirloskar” trademark within the Kirloskar Group. The conflict arose after Kirloskar Proprietary Limited (KPL), which administers the trademark for group companies, sought to revise trademark user agreements with several firms, including KBL. KBL declined to sign the revised agreement and filed a civil suit in Pune in 2018 challenging the proposed changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kirloskar Brothers Ltd wins interim relief in trademark dispute with KPL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/kirloskar-brothers-ltd-wins-interim-relief-in-trademark-dispute-with-kpl-125012201462_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251012054933/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/kirloskar-brothers-ltd-wins-interim-relief-in-trademark-dispute-with-kpl-125012201462_1.html |archive-date=2025-10-12 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2025, a Pune court granted interim relief to [[Kirloskar Brothers|Kirloskar Brothers Limited]] in the matter. Subsequent proceedings in the [[Bombay High Court]] allowed KPL to license the trademark to certain group companies while restricting its use in businesses overlapping with those of KBL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gawande |first=Priyanka |date=2025-10-19 |title=SC stays high court's modified order in ‘Kirloskar' licensing dispute {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/kirloskar-trademark-dispute-supreme-court-kirloskar-case-bombay-high-court-11760877229112.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, the [[High courts of India|High Court]] modified its order to further restrict licensing of the mark in competing sectors, a decision that was later stayed by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] pending further consideration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Geeta |date=2025-07-27 |title=Bombay HC stays Pune court order in Kirloskar trademark dispute |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bombay-hc-stays-pune-court-order-in-kirloskar-trademark-dispute/3928278/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/all-in-the-family-kirloskar-brothers/215913 Sanjay Kirloskar and Alok Kirloskar on NDTV Profit]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221180000/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898274-1,00.html Time Magazine article on S.L. Kirloskar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirloskar, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Illinois Institute of Technology alumni]]

Nadu Iravil

2026-03-04T04:54:34Z

BarneyMoh54: new a post...

{{short description|1970 film by S. Balachander}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadu Iravil
| image = Nadu Iravil.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. Balachander]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[And Then There Were None]]''|[[Agatha Christie]]}}
| producer = S. Balachander
| starring = S. Balachander [[Major Sundarrajan]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| cinematography = K. V. S. Reddy
| editing = K. Govindasamy
| music = S. Balachander
| studio = S. B. Creations
| distributor = S. B. Creations
| released = {{Film date|1970}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nadu Iravil''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ə|d|ʊ|_|ɪr|ə|v|ɪ|l}} {{Translation|In the middle of the night}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]], directed and produced by [[S. Balachander]]. The film's story was written by him and dialogue was written by Ve. Laxmanan, who also composed the music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=28 September 2014 |title=Panchathantram: 1974 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/panchathantram-1974/article6452869.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203012156/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/panchathantram-1974/article6452869.ece |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1939 novel ''[[And Then There Were None]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2008 |title=Author of incredible reach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Author-of-incredible-reach/article15400530.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901094619/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Author-of-incredible-reach/article15400530.ece |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=1 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Dhayanandam is a rich old man living in a sole home on an island with his mentally-ill wife Ponni and a few servants. Their doctor Saravanan reveals Dhayanandam's cancer has spread beyond cure and he has only a few days to live. So he makes arrangements for all of Dhayanandam's siblings to visit him and stay with him during his last few days. Dhayanandam is still extremely mad at his siblings for treating him badly in the past because he married Ponni, a woman from a lower caste. He thinks they are the reason behind Ponni's mental illness, but still allows them to stay in his house.

During the next few days, Dhayandam's relatives are murdered one after the other. Remaining guests start blaming Ponni, Dhayanandham and Saravanan and want to leave the island, which does not have any means to communicate with the outside world. But Dhayanandham says that won't be possible without his permission and forces them to stay until the killer is found. Saravanan asks Dhayanandham to distribute his wealth to his siblings, but Dhayanandham refuses to cooperate until the killer is found.

Jambu is Dhayanandham's youngest brother who has lost his legs and eyes in the military. Ponni and Dhayanandham take a special liking to Jambu's son Ragini. Dhayanandham permits Jambu to leave the island, but Jambu refuses. The next night, Ragini sees a mysterious man who looks like Dr. Saravanan from behind, push her dad Jambu with his wheel chair down the stairs. Jambu survives the fall and Ragini accuses Dr. Saravanan. But everyone, including Jambu himself, say the killer must have been someone else who looks like Dr. Saravanan from behind. The same night, someone pushes Ponni from the rooftop and kills her. A completely distraught Dhayanandham declares he is willing all his wealth to Rangini.

Dhayanandham asks Ragini to play the piano to calm him down. And when she is playing, the masked killer in Dr. Saravanan's clothes tries to stab her from behind. But Dhayanandham shoots the killer down. Rest of the family is all relieved that the killer is dead, when the Doctor appears at the top of the stairs, surprising everyone.

Ragini unmasks the killer and it is revealed he is none other than Jambu. Before dying, Jambu confesses he was neither a cripple nor blind, and Ragini is not his daughter but just his nurse. He carried out all the killings so that he could be the only person remaining to inherit Dhayanandham's wealth. He had asked Ragini to act as his daughter saying that was the only way Dhayanandham would allow her inside his house.

Per Ragini's request, Dhayanandham splits his wealth to all his siblings and his servants, and succumbs to his disease.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Dhayanandam
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Ponni (Dhayanandam's wife)
* [[S. Balachander]] as Dr. Saravanan
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Ragini
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] as Servar Mose
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Ranga Rajan, (Somanathan's Son-in-law/Leela's husband)
* V. R. Thilagam as Leela (Ranga Rajan's wife)
* M. S. S. Pakkiyam as Neelamegham's wife
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Neelamegham
* K. Vijayan as Aravindhan (Vadivambal elder son)
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Jambulingam (Dhayanandam's younger brother / blind man)
* Sadhan as Kalyam (Aravindan's younger brother)
* Kottappuli Jayaraman as Joseph (Dhayanandam's house servant)
* Maali alias Mahalingam (Mohanambal's son)
* S.N.Lakshmi as Vadivambal (Dhayanandam's sister)
* C. V. V. Banthulu as Somanathan
* Kalpana as Anu Radha (Neelamegham's daughter)
* S. R. Janaki as Mohanambal (Dhayanandam's sister in law)
* Ramanujam as Mottaiyan
* Saroja as Pankajam (Mottaiyan's daughter)}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]'' (1964), [[S. Balachander]] launched a film named ''Nadu Iravil'' the same year. It was based on the 1939 novel ''[[And Then There Were None]]'', by the British writer [[Agatha Christie]].<ref name="Sampath">{{Cite book |last=Sampath |first=Vikram |title=Voice of the Veena, S. Balachander: A Biography |publisher=[[Rupa Publications|Rupa & Co.]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-291-1936-0 |pages=77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=51 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> Unlike the novel, it features the characters in an urban house rather than being stranded on an island.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2017 |title=Aboard the mystery train |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-1708514.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129045624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-1708514.html |archive-date=29 November 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by S. Balachander, while the lyrics for the songs were written by Ve. Laxmanan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadu Iravil |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Nadu%20Iravil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116082726/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/Nadu%20Iravil |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Kann Kattum Jadaiyile" || rowspan=2|[[P. Susheela]]|| 06:11
|-
| "Kann Kattum Jadiyile" (pathos) || 07:00
|-
| "Naalu Pakkam Yeri" || rowspan=2|[[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:27
|-
| "Naalu Pakkam Yeri" – 2 || 03:23
|}

== Release and reception ==
Though Balachander completed the film in 1964–1965, no distributor was willing to buy it, prompting him to distribute the film himself. ''Nadu Iravil'' was eventually released in 1970 and became a major success, prompting several distributors who earlier rejected the film, to return and beg Balachander for distributing it.<ref name="Sampath" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The movie succeeds as a very good entertainer entirely due to the directorial work of S. Balachander and Reddi's camera".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 1970 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700516&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154927}}
{{S. Balachander}}
{{And Then There Were None}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on And Then There Were None]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Prithvi (2010 film)

2026-03-03T21:32:01Z

BarneyMoh54: added info

{{short description|2010 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prithvi
| image = Prithvi_ips.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Jacob Verghese]]
| producer = [[N. S. Rajkumar]] Soorappa Babu
| writer = Jacob Verghese
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = B A Madhu Manju Mandavya
}}
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Sathya. P
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| released = {{Film date|2010|4|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Prithvi''''' is a 2010 [[India]]n [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Jacob Verghese]] and co-produced by [[N. S. Rajkumar]]. The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] in lead roles. [[Manikanth Kadri]] composed the music of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/apr/14/parvathi-back-with-prithvi-145985.amp|title=Parvathi back with Prithvi|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Plot==
Prithvi Kumar is an aspiring [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] trainee, who passes his [[Civil Services Examination|CSE examination]] and receives posting as [[District Collector|DC]] in [[Bellary district]]. He is married to his love interest Priya and leaves for [[Bellary]] and they receive a warm welcome there. Prithvi joins the office and learns about the illegal mining and water pollution arising in the district. At the office, Prithvi is visited by an old man named Shankarappa from Sandur-Taluk, who reveals that his son Kantharaju is missing for many days, Prithvi promises to look into the matter.

Meanwhile, Prithvi looks into the Eshwari mines files and is visited by the mining federation, who bribe him with an expensive watch in the form of a felicitation, Prithvi denies the offer. Later, Prithvi learns from Sandur-Taluk [[Police ranks and insignia of India|Inspector]] Suryaprakash that Kantharaju is actually a government surveyor and goes to the Sandur-Taluk hospital, only to find that the patients have diseases caused by the illegal mining. Naagendra Nayak, who is the main owner of the ''Eshwari Mines'' tells Prithvi to blindly sign the file with the support of his minister brother Narasimha Nayak and the Home Minister. Prithvi refuses and rejects the file and sends it to [[Central Government]], which provokes Naagendra, who destroys Prithvi's bike with a bomb,

When Prithvi and Priya were at an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] school function. Prithvi seizes the illegal mines owned by Naagendra, due to which Naagendra forms a strike with the help of people and a riot ensues where the media projects Prithvi as a leader. Narasimha forces the [[Home Minister]] to order Prithvi to reopen the factory, but to no avail. With the help of a reporter Basavaraj, He finds about the border dispute between [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the survey file is with Kantharaju. One night, Prithvi receives a call from Basavaraj, who reveals that he found Kantharaju in Ananth Nagar, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is ready to meet him. Prithvi, along with Surya Prakash and Basavaraj meets Kantharaju, who gives the border-survey file to Prithvi and leaves. Naagendra's henchman finds out and informs it to Naagendra, who kidnaps Kantharaju.

Basavaraj leaves for Bangalore, but gets kidnapped by Naagendra, who kills him and throws his severed head at Prithvi's house. Naagendra provokes Prithvi and they engage in [[hand-to-hand combat]] at the office where the [[Home Minister]] grants a leave to Prithvi, based on trauma. Priya, who is horrified by the events ask Prithvi that they leave the district, but Prithvi objects and tells Priya that she can leave. A dejected Priya leaves to her parents' house. Prithvi confronts Naagendra's henchman, and a battle ensues where Prithvi is knocked in the process but survives. Prithvi calls Surya Prakash and formulates a plan to destroy Naagendra. Under Prithvi's orders, Surya Prakash tells Naagendra to arrive with Kantharaju alone and will hand over the survey file.

Naagendra arrives with Kantharaju and meets Prithvi where they engage in [[Close Combat|close-combat]]. Prithvi defeats Naagendra where he frees Kantharaju and buries Naagendra, along with his car in his own mining. Kantharaju, along with his wife and children reunite with Shankarappa. Priya reunites with Prithvi. Narasimha gets arrested due to the illegal mining and the mines are seized by the [[Government]] and Naagendra's name is added in the Bellary [[missing person]] case. The film ends with Prithvi continuing his duties as the DC in Bellary.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Prithvi Kumar
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Priya
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Prithvi's father
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Gowri, Prithvi's mother
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Priya's father
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Priya's mother
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Home Minister of [[Karnataka]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur]] as Narasimha Nayak
* [[John Kokken]] as Nagendra Nayak
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Tirupathi
* [[John Vijay]] as [[Inspector]] Suryaprakash
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Sharanappa
* Shivaji Jadhav as Narayanappa
* [[Padma Vasanthi]] as Basavaraj's wife
* Spoorthi as Aarti, Prithvi's sister
* Mico Shivu
* Prakash Urs
* Anil
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prithvi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2010|04|11|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2009–10
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=05}}
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|hC8mzKM4KP8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

[[Manikanth Kadri]] scored the film's background music and composed its soundtrack, lyrics for which was penned by [[Jayant Kaikini]], [[K. Kalyan]] and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prithvi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Manikanth Kadri |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/prithvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1046324042 |website=iTunes |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180728074144/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/prithvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1046324042 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Actress and singer [[Shruti Haasan]] made her debut as a playback singer for a Kannada track with "Nenapidu Nenapidu". Saxophonist [[Kadri Gopalnath]], also the father of the composer Manikanth Kadri, lent bits to the track "Kukkoo Kogileyinda". The album was released in [[Bangalore]] on 11 April 2010. Anand Audio distributed the album into the market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pyarilal |first1=Vasanth |title=Puneeth's 'Prithvi' audio launched |url=https://southscope.in/puneeth%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%99prithvi%E2%80%99-audio-launched/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728075455/https://southscope.in/puneeth%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%99prithvi%E2%80%99-audio-launched/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018 |website=southscope.in |date=12 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prithvi Audio Released |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/2170-prithvi-audio-released.html |access-date=28 July 2018 |website=chitraloka.com |date=12 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728075326/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/2170-prithvi-audio-released.html |archive-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 27:05
| title1 = Hejjegondu Hejje
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Nenapidu Nenapidu
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Kukkoo Kogileyinda
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Ninagende Visheshavaada
| lyrics4 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| length4 = 4:26
| title5 = Haagella Nee Nodabeda
| lyrics5 = Jayanth Kaikini
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length5 = 4:42
| title6 = Jagave Ninadu
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| extra6 = Manikanth Kadri, Benny Dayal
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| length6 = 4:06
}}

==Release==
''Prithvi'' ran for 70 days in the Sagar and Menaka. The film became a commercial success in the A centers and multiplexes, but it flopped in B and C Centres. However, the film received [[cult status]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/prithvi-movie-director-jacob-verghese-movie-with-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/87199534.cms|title='ಪೃಥ್ವಿ' ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕನ ಜೊತೆ ಪುನೀತ್ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ: ಈ ಬಾರಿ ಏನು ಕಥೆ ಇರಲಿದೆ?|website=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref> The movie did a pre-release business of ₹8 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-half-year-box-office/20100624.htm|title=Half-yearly report: Aaptarakshaka rules|website=Rediff}}</ref>

The film was also dubbed in Malayalam and Telugu as ''Prithvi IAS''.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "A good show by director Jacob Varghese, who has chosen the intriguing Bellary politics with `gani-dhanis' (mining lords) in focus".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/prithvi/movie-review/5863936.cms?from=mdr|title=PRITHVI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Jacob Verghese adds commercial touch to this serious subject by including some heavy duty action sequences. Prithvi is definitely a treat for Puneet fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-prithvi/20100423.htm|title=Prithvi is a treat for Puneet fans|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> B S Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' praised the script, cast performances, action scenes and technical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/65565/prithvi.html|title=PRITHVI|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Prithvi is still worth a watch. Fans can look forward to multiple viewing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/prithvi-good-news-from-bellary/articleshow/21884649.cms|title=Prithvi: Good news from Bellary|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> Renu Joseph of ''[[News18 India|News18]]'' termed the film as "A fast-paced action thriller" despite its predictability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/prithvi-review-338683.html|title=Prithvi: A fast paced action thriller|work=[[News18 India]]|date=14 May 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4561448}}

{{Jacob Verghese}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithvi}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2010 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jordan]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Mismatch (2019 film)

2026-03-03T17:49:27Z

BarneyMoh54: new a article...

{{short description|2019 Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mismatch
| image = Mismatch 2019 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N V Nirmal Kumar
| producer = G Srirama Raju Bharath Ram
| screenplay = Bhupathi Raja
| story = Bhupathi Raja
| starring = Uday Shankar [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| music = [[Gifton Elias]]
| studio = Adhiroh Creative Signs LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|12|06}}
| cinematography = Ganesh Chandrra
| editing = SP Raja Sethupathi
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Mismatch''''' (stylized as ''Mis(s)match'') is a 2019 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[sports film]] directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar. The film stars Uday Shankar and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the lead roles.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/mismatch-is-a-message-oriented-film-with-healthy-family-content-uday-shankar/articleshow/72385913.cms |title=Mismatch is a message oriented film with healthy family content: Uday Shankar |date=2019-12-05 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*Uday Shankar as Siddharth
**Master Adhiroh as younger Siddharth
::The sequence where he repeats thousands of numbers from memory is based on Shankar's real life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/051219/child-prodigy-to-lead-actor.html|title=Child prodigy to lead actor|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=5 December 2019|last=Kavirayini|first=Suresh}}</ref>
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Mahalakshmi
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Mahalakshmi's father
*Sanjay Swaroop as Siddharth's father
*Naga Mahesh as a villager
*Ravulapati Venkata Ramarao in negative role
*Malakpet Shailaja as a villager
*Bhadram as Bhadram
*[[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Mahalakshmi's mother
*Sandhya Janak
*[[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Mahalakshmi's friend
*Padma Jayanthi as Mahalakshmi's aunt
*Laxman
*Munna
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Uday Shanker, who was last seen in the film ''[[Aatagadharaa Siva]]'' (2018), wanted to do a film with a message. N. V. Nirmal Kumar, who had previously directed the Tamil film ''[[Salim (film)|Salim]]'' (2014), was chosen to direct the film.<ref name="TOI" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mismatch
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Gifton Elias]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:22
| label = [[Lahari Music]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Gifton Elias]]
| prev_title = Hawaa
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|_iZ2XaYZn7M|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}
The songs were composed by [[Gifton Elias]]. The first single, "Arere Arere", was launched by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] on 25 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/arere-arere-the-lyrical-video-from-mismatch-is-out/articleshow/72226939.cms |title=Arere Arere, the lyrical video from MisMatch is out! |date=2019-11-25 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> The song "Ee Manase" from ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' was remixed and used in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/dec/05/aishwarya-rajesh-treated-me-like-a-friend-uday-shankar-2071550.html|title = Aishwarya Rajesh treated me like a friend: Uday Shankar}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:22
| title1 = Rajadhiraja
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = Dhanunjay, Satya Yamini, Saicharan Bhaskaruni
| length1 = 5:09
| title2 = Arere
| lyrics2 = [[Shreshta]]
| extra2 = [[M M Manasi]]
| length2 = 5:13
| title3 = Ee Manase – Remix
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[LV Revanth]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Kannaale Kalalenno
| lyrics4 = Dharma Teja
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length4 = 6:33
| title5 = Ee Manase – Remix
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Seetaram Sastry
| extra5 = Lipsika, [[Noel Sean]]
| note5 = Female Version
| length5 = 4:48
| title6 = Cheyy Joggingu Jumpingu
| lyrics6 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra6 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length6 = 3:17
}}

== Release ==
The film released on 6 December.<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/mismatch-to-release-on-december-6 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
This film received positive reviews from fans and polarized reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mis-match-wins-the-match-finally |title=Mis Match wins the match finally |date=2019-12-07 |website=Telangana Today |access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 3.5 of 5 stars and stated that "On the whole, 'Mismatch' is a decent entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/mismatch-movie-review-rating-76080 |title=Mismatch Movie Review & Rating |date=2019-12-06 |website=The Hans India |access-date=2019-12-09}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 of 5 stars and praised the performances of Rajesh and Rawat, but stated how "there’s only so much they can do to save the film from a routine script and terrible narration".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mismatch/movie-review/72399650.cms |title=Mismatch Movie Review : Nothing impressive here |date=2019-12-06 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-12-09}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12039934}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2019 sports films]]

Oor Mariyadhai

2026-03-03T04:57:47Z

BarneyMoh54: new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Oor Mariyadhai.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = R. N. Kumaresan
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]]|[[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]]|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]}}
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|05|01|ref1=}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Oor Mariyadhai''''' ({{Translation|Respect of the village}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Anand (actor)|Anand]]. It revolves around Rathnavelu (Sarathkumar), who is in love with Rasathi (Sasikala) who, however, loves Kannan (Anand). When her mother discovers this fact she gets her forcefully married to Rathnavelu leading to Kannan committing suicide and his brother swearing revenge. The film, produced by [[R. B. Choudary]], was released on 1 May 1992.

== Plot ==
In a village, the annual temple festival features a dangerous tug-of-war contest held across a fire pit. The victor earns the highest
honor—carrying the deity's sacred sword, who becomes the village's moral authority, empowered to settle disputes and issue judgments.

Rathnavelu "Rathnam" Thevar, a widely respected nobleman, wins the contest by defeating the womanizer Veerapandi "Veerapandi" Thevar, whom the villagers dislike. Rathnam loves his niece Rasathi, though she sees him only with familial affection. Rathnam's cousin Kamachi harbors a one-sided love for him that he never reciprocates. His devotion to Rasathi is so deep that he tattoos her name on his arm. One day, during a playful quarrel about beauty between Kamachi and Rasathi, Rasathi impulsively accepts a challenge and remains bathing unclothed in the river in anger. At that moment, Kannan—Veerapandi's younger brother returns to the village after completing his studies. Due to the chaos caused by Minor Mahadevan and his aide, the [[coracle]] overturns, and he falls into the river, where he unexpectedly encounters Rasathi. Struck by her beauty, he falls in love instantly. Rasathi soon reciprocates his feelings, and they begin a secret romance.

As the sword-bearer, Rathnam presides over village justice. When Rakappan falsely accuses his wife of infidelity—though he is actually abusive—Rathnam orders their separation, earning respect for protecting the woman. Trouble begins when Rasathi's family discovers her love for Kannan, who belongs to their sworn enemy's lineage. Rasathi's grandmother Chinna Thaayi recounts the violent past: years earlier, Rasathi's father Chinnaraj defeated Veerapandi and Kannan's father Muthupandi Thevar in the same sacred contest. Humiliated, Muthupandi attacked him, and both men died in the
clash. During the violence, Rathnam's father, Arumuga Thevar, lost a leg. Since then, hatred between the families has endured.

Seeking revenge, Veerapandi manipulates Kannan into eloping with Rasathi. When she refuses, he abducts her. Rathnam intervenes and rescues her, but to prevent Rasathi from entering the rival family, her mother compels Rathnam to marry her. Bound by duty, Rathnam agrees. The next day, Kannan is found dead by suicide in the village square. Devastated, Rasathi attempts to kill herself but is stopped. Rathnam, understanding her grief, pretends to be drunk on their wedding night so the marriage will not be consummated, respecting her love for another man. Veerapandi, blaming Rathnam's family for his brother's death, plots revenge. His attempt to kill Rathnam through an electrical trap fails, killing a cow instead. Rathnam learns of the plot but is restrained by his father, who urges him not to act in anger.

During a feast arranged by Minor, Rasathi behaves affectionately toward Rathnam in public for the sake of family honor. Rathnam mistakenly believes she has begun to accept him, but she later clarifies that she still loves Kannan. Heartbroken, Rathnam turns to alcohol for the first time. In a drunken state, he approaches Rasathi, intending to consummate the marriage, but she panics and resists, causing a public scene. Rakappan seizes this opportunity to convene a panchayat, citing Rathnam's earlier judgment about protecting women from abusive husbands. Veerapandi humiliates Rathnam by spreading false accusations about Kamachi's character, forcing her to leave in shame. The council rules that Rathnam and Rasathi must separate after Rasathi openly declares she cannot accept him as her husband. She removes and returns the [[Mangalasutra|thali]] he tied. To protect Rathnam's reputation, Kamachi marries another man.

At the next festival, despite his family's pleas, Rathnam participates in the fire-pit tug-of-war for the village's sake. The rope reminds him of the thali and his broken marriage; emotionally shattered, he loses and falls into the flames, suffering severe injuries. Veerapandi becomes the new sword-bearer and gains power. Rasathi, realizing her role in Rathnam's suffering, laments that she agreed to the separation only so he could live happily with someone else, never knowing his love for her was absolute. Now in authority, Veerapandi attempts to force Rasathi into marriage. When her mother intervenes, he tries to assault her. The villagers inform Rathnam, who—despite his injuries—rises to protect them. Fighting through Veerapandi's men, Rathnam reaches the temple grounds, takes up the sacred sword, and kills Veerapandi.

Grievously wounded, Rathnam collapses. Rasathi discovers the tattoo of her name on his arm and the thali he had preserved as a memory of their bond. Only then does she fully understand the depth of his love. Overcome with guilt and sorrow, she begs forgiveness beside his lifeless body—and dies beside him with the thali chain entwined around her neck as though their marriage still lives. The film ends with the families mourning the tragic couple.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as Rathnavelu "Rathnam" Thevar
*[[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]] as Rasathi
*[[Srividya]] as Rasathi's mother and Rathnavelu's sister
*[[Goundamani]] as Minor "Minor" Mahadevan
*[[Senthil]] as Chinna Minor
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Veerapandi Thevar
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Kannan
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Kamachi
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Arumuga Thevar
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Veerapandi's uncle
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Minor's tenant
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Chinna Thaayi
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Minor's wife
*[[Typist Gopu]] as a village headman
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Thalaivetti Muniyandi (uncredited role)
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] in a special appearance as Sakkarapatti Chinnaraj
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] in a special appearance as Muthupandi Thevar
*R. N. Kumaresan in a special appearance
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] in a special appearance as Rakappan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Oor Mariyadai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oor-mariyadai/yCS58TddYac_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124225238/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/oor-mariyadai/yCS58TddYac_ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheran Pandiayan / Oor Mariyadhai |url=https://avdigital.in/products/cheran-pandiayan-oor-mariyadhai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301034718/https://avdigital.in/products/cheran-pandiayan-oor-mariyadhai |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> The song "Unna Naan Thottathukku" was originally composed for the film ''Adhikaalai Subavelai'' which never released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2021 |title=70/80/ 90's Kids... இந்த சினிமா பாட்டு நினைவில் இருக்கா..? |trans-title=Remember this film song..? |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17930&id1=3&issue=20210404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423181457/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17930&id1=3&issue=20210404 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:06
| title1 = Ethirveetu Jannal
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Krishnaraj
| length1 = 5:24
| title2 = Kichchali Samba
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Malaruthu
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Mariyadai Ullavan
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 5:05
| title5 = Palapalanguthu Thalathalanguthu
| extra5 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 5:08
| title6 = Unna Naan Thottathukku
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 4:30
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Oor Mariyadhai'' was released on 1 May 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 1992 |title=Oor Mariyathai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 May 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote even though name of the characters, locations, making, actors, screenplay will get changed, the story will remain the same.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=24 May 1992 |title=ஊர் மரியாதை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-24/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230331132201/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-24/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=26 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vanaja Girija

2026-03-03T04:55:47Z

BarneyMoh54: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanaja Girija
| image = Vanaja Girija.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Keyaar]]
| producer = Meena Panju Arunachalam
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramki]]|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = A. Karthik Raja
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|1994|12|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vanaja Girija''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Keyaar]]. The film stars [[Ramki]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], and [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]. It was released on 16 December 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanaja girija ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vanaja%20girija |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119101124/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vanaja%20girija |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=2012-06-02 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film is a remake of ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]'' (1974) written by the same writer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=18 November 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 34: காதல் பூக்கும் தருணம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/64876-34.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060457/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/64876-34.html |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and it was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Mama Bagunnava]]'' (1997) with Mohini reprising her role.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=May 2023}}
The veterinarian Anand and the doctor Raja are brothers. Their father Ramanathan is a rich retired businessman. Vanaja and Girija live with their mother Lakshmi. Their father Shankar left them when they were young because of Ramanathan. Vanaja and Girija decide to take revenge on Ramanathan by charming his sons.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramki]] as Raja
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Anand
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Vanaja
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Girija
*[[Visu]] as Ramanathan
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Chellamma
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Appu
*[[Senthil]] as Kuppuswamy
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Shankar
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vadivu
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Thyagu
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Selvam
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Mary
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] (in his 700th film composition).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanaja Girija (1994) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002998.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102111942/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002998.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=2012-05-26 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanaja Girija Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/vanaja-girija-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930213839/https://mossymart.com/product/vanaja-girija-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Munnam Seydha" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]|| 6:37
|-
| "Othaiyila" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:20
|-
| "Siragadikkuthu" || [[Swarnalatha]], K. S. Chithra || rowspan=2|[[Panchu Arunachalam]]|| 5:03
|-
| "Thirumagal Unn" || [[Arunmozhi]] || 1:35
|-
| "Unnai Edhirpaarthen" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha || Vaali || 5:38
|}

== Reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' gave a positive review that the film reminded him of ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' and that the director "has managed to exploit most of the scenes in the movie for maximum comic relief".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=9 January 1995 |title=Just the thing to chase the blues away |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JJsWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4601%2C3275040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123070038/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JJsWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4601%2C3275040 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=27 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the humour and acting of actors but found music to be disappointing and praised Keyaar for making a comedy film and succeeding in making viewers laugh.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=1995-01-15 |title=வனஜா கிரிஜா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230123065137/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Keyaar}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films directed by Keyaar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Deiva Machan

2026-03-03T02:32:21Z

BarneyMoh54: created details.

{{Short description|2023 Indian comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deiva Machan
| image = Deiva Machan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Martyn Nirmal Kumar
| writer = Martyn Nirmal Kumar
| producer = {{Ubl|Udaya Kumar
| Geeta Udayakumar
| M. P. Veeramani}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vemal]]
* [[Pandiarajan]]
* Anitha Sampath}}
| cinematography = Camil J. Alex
| editing = S Elayaraja
| music = {{Ubl|'''Score:'''
| [[Ajesh]]
|'''Songs:'''
|Godwin J. Kodan}}
| studio = {{Ubl|Uday Productions
| Magic Touch Pictures}}
| country = India
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|4|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Deiva Machan''''' ({{translation}}Godly brother-in-law) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Martyn Nirmal Kumar in his directorial debut.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=Vemal's 'Deiva Machan' is a rural entertainer that revolves around brother-sister bonding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vemals-deiva-machan-is-a-rural-entertainer-that-revolves-around-brother-sister-bonding/articleshow/91339934.cms |access-date=2022-06-28 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=Here's the first look of Vemal's Deiva Machan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/05/heres-the-first-look-of-vemals-deiva-machan-31285.html |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vemal]], [[Pandiarajan]] and Anitha Sampath in the lead role while Neha Jha, [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Aadukalam Naren]] in supporting roles.<ref name=":2" /> The film's music is composed by Godwin J. Kodan, and [[Ajesh]] composed the background score.

The story is based on the director's short film ''Boodham''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Deiva Machan Movie Review: An interesting idea let down by a slipshod screenplay |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/apr/21/deiva-machan-movie-review-an-interesting-idea-let-down-by-slipshod-screenplay-42539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724233241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/apr/21/deiva-machan-movie-review-an-interesting-idea-let-down-by-slipshod-screenplay-42539.html |archive-date=2023-07-24 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film was released on 21 April 2023 and received positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Thabaal Karthi owns an electronic shop in his hometown of [[Ayyampalayam, Dindigul]]. A man named Saattaikkaran will appear in Karthi's dream and say the name of someone who will die soon. Whatever Saattaikkaran says will become true. His sister Kunguma Thaen's marriage proposals always end in obstruction. Finally, they find a bridegroom for her whom she is interested in marrying. But this time Saattaikkaran, in Karthi's dream, said Karthi's brother-in-law would die, so Karthi has to save his brother-in-law. He later realizes that his dream might be targeted towards him, so he has to save himself. Who actually dies forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vemal]] as Thabaal Karthi
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Paramanandham
* Anitha Sampath as Kunguma Thaen
* Neha Jha as Kodimalar
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Murugan
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as the Zamindar
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Saattaikkaran
* Vathsan Veeramani as Azhagar
* [[Deepa Shankar|Deepa]] as Manjula
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Azhagammal
* Muruganantham as Kariththuni
* Thangadurai
* 'Kiccha' Ravi as Mani Maama
* Trichy Meesai Ramesh as Vettaikkaran Maarimuthu
* Baby Miruthika as Meenakshi
* Master Pandi as Pandi
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Udaya Kumar and Geeta Udaya Kumar of Uday Productions along with M. P. Veeramani of Magic Touch Pictures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=2022-05-05 |title=Actor Vemal starrer "Deiva Machan" first look revealed |url=https://chennaivision.com/actor-vemal-starrer-deiva-machan-first-look-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125125256/https://chennaivision.com/actor-vemal-starrer-deiva-machan-first-look-revealed/ |archive-date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US}}</ref> Filming was completed in May 2022.<ref name=":2" /> Cinematography is done by Camil J. Alex, and editing is done by S. Elayaraja. The film is a second collaboration between [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Bala Saravanan]] after the web series ''[[Vilangu (TV series)|Vilangu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Dt Next |date=5 May 2022 |title=Vemal's upcoming film titled Deiva Machan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/04/vemals-upcoming-film-titled-deiva-machan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125125408/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/04/vemals-upcoming-film-titled-deiva-machan |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Deiva Machan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Godwin J. Kodan''' Score:''' [[Ajesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:23
| language = Tamil
| label = Tips Tamil
| producer = Godwin J. Kodan [[Ajesh]]
| chronology = [[Ajesh]]
| prev_title = [[Vallavanukkum Vallavan]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's music is composed by Godwin J. Kodan, and [[Ajesh]] composed the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Song is composed by Godwin J Kodan. Ajesh takes care of the background score |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2022/05/actor-vemal-starrer-deiva-machan-first-look-revealed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504120245/https://moviegalleri.net/2022/05/actor-vemal-starrer-deiva-machan-first-look-revealed.html |archive-date=2022-05-04 |access-date=2022-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Gopura Purave Vaa
| extra1 = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Reshma Raghavendra
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| length1 = 2:20
| title2 = Kalyaana Melam
| extra2 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length2 = 3:55
| title3 = Pattuvaetti Santhanam
| extra3 = Mahalingam, [[Senthil Ganesh]], Rajalakshmi
| lyrics3 = Arun Bharathi
| length3 = 4:08
| total_length = 10:23
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 21 April 2023.

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' stated that "Director Martin Nirmal Kumar has given Deiva Machan as a family relationship comedy." and gave 3.25 out of 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-04-21 |title=Deiva Machan |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/deiva-machan-25533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421123658/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/deiva-machan-25533 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "Overall, Deiva Machan is an enjoyable comedy that will leave you with a smile on your face. It may not be for everyone, nonetheless, it is a fun and entertaining film that is well worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deiva Machan Movie Review : A likeable film that's not compelling enough |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/deiva-machan/movie-review/99662765.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421093543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/deiva-machan/movie-review/99662765.cms |archive-date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2023-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' wrote a review stating, "Even though there are flaws in the screenplay and the story is predictable, Bala Saravanan and Vimal combo comedy scenes are well worked."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=தெய்வ மச்சான் சுவாரஸ்ய ஒன்லைன், ஆனால் டெம்ப்ளேட் காட்சிகள் - மச்சான் சிரிக்க வைக்கிறானா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/deiva-machan-an-interesting-plot-letdown-by-template-screenplay-and-scenes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421145814/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/deiva-machan-an-interesting-plot-letdown-by-template-screenplay-and-scenes |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16212056}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hate Story 4

2026-03-02T09:39:42Z

BarneyMoh54: refined content for clarity for consistency

{{short description|2018 film by Vishal Pandya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Hate Story 4
| image = Hate Story 4 Official Poster.jpg
| alt = The poster features Urvashi Rautela in a black short night gown. The film title appears at bottom-right.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishal Pandya]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar Dua|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = [[Milap Zaveri]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Sammeer Arora|Vishal Pandya}}
| story = Sammeer Arora
| starring = {{ubl|[[Urvashi Rautela]]|[[Vivan Bhatena]]|[[Karan Wahi]]|[[Ihana Dhillon]]|[[Gulshan Grover]]|[[Tia Bajpai]]|[[Shaad Randhawa]]}}
| music = [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Himesh Reshammiya]] [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] [[Mithoon]] [[Tony Kakkar]] Baman-Chand
| cinematography = Sunita Radia
| editing = Manish More
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]|Super T Films UK Ltd.}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|03|09}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}21 crores<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3728 |title=Hate Story 4 (2018) – Movie – Box Office India |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}26.60 crores<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hate-story-4/box-office/ | title=Hate Story IV Box Office Collection till Now | Box Collection | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3728 |title="Hate Story 4 – Movie – Budget and Collection" |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hate Story 4''''' (styled as '''''Hate Story IV''''') is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Sex in film|erotic]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Vishal Pandya]] and written by Sammeer Arora. The film features [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Karan Wahi]] and [[Vivan Bhatena]] in the lead roles. The film marks the Bollywood debut of Punjabi film actress [[Ihana Dhillon]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-revealed-urvashi-rautela-plays-a-supermodel-in-hate-story-4-2545041 "Revealed: Urvashi Rautela plays a supermodel in 'Hate Story 4'"]</ref><ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/punjabi-film-actress-ihana-dhillon-bollywood-debut-thug-life-ji-karda-tiger/18535157"Punjabi film actress Ihana Dhillon set to make Bollywood debut"]</ref> It is the fourth installment in the [[Hate Story (film series)|Hate Story film series]] and it received negative response from critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/hate-story-4-movie-review-so-much-hate-is-injurious-to-your-health-zero-star/story-uglHVhi4KbBHw7IvmLuMvI.html |title=Hate Story 4 movie review: So much hate is injurious to your health. Zero star |date=9 March 2018 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hate-story-4-movie-review-urvashi-rautela-karan-wahi-5091794/|title = Hate Story 4 movie review: Acting, what's that?|date = 10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hate-story-4-box-office-collection-day-1-fails-to-open-big-earns-rs-3-76-cr/story-f3KNDFgTmkIv97Oft0IviI.html|title=Hate Story 4 box office collection day 1: Fails to open big, earns Rs 3.76 cr|date=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Hate Story 4 Movie Review {2.5/5}: The cheap thrills really let down the punch of the story and the women-friendly climax|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/hate-story-4/movie-review/63233743.cms|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> The film was declared "average" at the box office.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
The movie starts with Tasha confronting Aryan about their intimate photo, which had been sent to her phone anonymously. Aryan's girlfriend Rishma appears with a gun to kill him. In a tussle, Rishma is shot and dies.

The story moves back, introducing Aryan and Rajveer, the sons of London based billionaire and politician Vikram Khurana. Looking for a fresh face to represent their company, Rajveer goes to a bar, where he is smitten by Tasha. He woos Tasha by promising her to make her a star and hires her for their company. In an attempt to lure her into bed, he pays some goons to attack her so he can swoop in as the hero. As he is paying the goons, someone takes a picture of the transaction. Aryan too is captivated by Tasha's beauty and is able to get her drunk at a party. That night, he sleeps with her, and she wakes up regretting the event. This is when their photo is sent to her phone.

In the present, Aryan convinces Tasha to quietly dispose of Rishma's body. They dump the body in a river. Tasha then reveals to the audience that she herself is the person behind all of this – the mastermind behind all the events thus far. She had known that Rajveer had hired goons and had bribed them as well; she also spiked Aryan's drink at the party, and after he passed out, she took photos with him in compromising positions to make it look like they slept together. She then sent the photos to Rishma.

Tasha continues to avoid Rajveer, making him desperate for her. Playing the brothers against each other, she publicly rejects Rajveer's proposal, telling him that Aryan told her about how Rajveer lures girls into bed and then leaves them. She also reveals that she and Aryan are involved. Aryan receives a video clip of him dumping Rishma's body.

Vikram is baffled by Rajveer's behaviour when he receives the compromising picture of Aryan and Tasha and the video of Aryan dumping a dead body. He gets a threatening call in which the blackmailer (Tasha) demands that his sons confess to the crime they committed two years ago in India. It is revealed that two years ago, Rajveer tried to force a girl named Bhavna into his car. When a passerby named Ashwin came to help her, Aryan shot him. Overcome by rage, Rajveer shot him multiple times, killing him. In the hospital, Ashwin is declared dead as his sister Natasha (Tasha) and his mother arrive. Bhavna's family is threatened by Vikram to keep silent, with Natasha vowing to avenge her brother's murder.

Presently, Rajveer, heartbroken, is unable to overcome the pain when he is informed that Aryan is the one who kidnapped his love. He confronts Aryan and threatens to reveal that Aryan killed Rishma. In the struggle to stop him, Aryan ends up killing Rajveer, then dumps him in a grave as suggested by Tasha. Rajveer's ex Monica discovers the truth about Tasha and tells Aryan. Aryan tries to kill Tasha but she successfully knocks him out and injures herself, acting innocent in front of the police, who then arrest Aryan.

In the ending credits, Tasha blames Vikram for being a bad father. At Natasha's home, Rishma, revealed to be alive, stands in front of Ashwin's picture; she had been his fiancé when he was alive.

==Cast ==
*[[Urvashi Rautela]] as Natasha "Tasha" Choudhary
*[[Karan Wahi]] as Rajveer Khurana
*[[Vivan Bhatena]] as Aryan Khurana
*[[Ihana Dhillon]] as Rishma
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Vikram Khurana [[Member of Parliament|MP]], also a business tycoon
*[[Tia Bajpai]] as Bhavna Shrivastav {{small|(special appearance)}}
*[[Shaad Randhawa]] as Ashwin Choudhary, Natasha's elder brother {{small|(special appearance)}}
*[[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Natasha and Ashwin's mother
*[[James Abbey]] as ACP, Mumbai Police
*[[Rita Siddiqui]] as Monica

==Production==
The [[pre-production]] of the film began in June 2017.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060617/urvashi-rautela-to-star-in-hate-story-4.html "Exclusive: Urvashi Rautela to star in Hate Story 4?"]</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in [[London]] from September 2017<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hate-story-4-shoot-begins-in-london-ihana-dhillon-to-debut-in-bollywood/story-aX39yxTTqfut6kJ3tValNM.html "Hate Story 4 shoot begins in London, Ihana Dhillon to debut in Bollywood"]</ref> and concluded on 11 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/nov/13/9216/hate-story-4-shoot-wrapped-up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214020000/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/nov/13/9216/hate-story-4-shoot-wrapped-up |url-status=live |archive-date=14 February 2018 |title=Hate Story 4 shoot wrapped up |date=13 November 2017 |website=cinestaan.com|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author-link=Vishal Pandya |user=ivishalpandya |number=929302277621518337 |date=11 November 2017 |title=Hate Story 4 !! It's a wrap #HateStory4 @urvashimrautela @TSeries |link=no|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> The official [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] was launched on 26 January 2018 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B7athiVJBA |title=Official Trailer: Hate Story IV |website=[[YouTube]]|date=26 January 2018 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hate Story 4
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Mithoon]], Tony Kakkar and Baman-Chand
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|02|23}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/hate-story-iv-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1352253671 |title=Hate Story 4 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=23 February 2018 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=36|s=42}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|QlI1PHkC33w|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Dil Juunglee]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Hate Story 4
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]
| next_year = 2018
}} {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Hate Story 4
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Baaghi 2]]
| next_year = 2018
}} {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Mithoon]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Aksar 2]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Hate Story 4
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Baaghi 2]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Tony Kakkar]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]
| prev_year = 2016
| title = Hate Story 4
| year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Boman]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Hate Story 3]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Hate Story 4
| year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}{{Singles
| name = Hate Story 4
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Re-make)
| single1date = 31 January 2018
| single2 = Boond Boond
| single2date = 7 February 2018
| single3 = Tum Mere Ho
| single3date = 13 February 2018
| single4 = Mohabbat Nasha Hai
| single4date = 17 February 2018
| single5 = Badnamiyaan
| single5date = 21 February 2018
| single6 = Naam Hai Mera
| single6date = 23 February 2018
}}
}}
The music for the film's soundtrack album was composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Mithoon]], Tony Kakkar and Baman-Chand. Lyrics were penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Kumaar]], [[Rashmi Virag]] and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. The background score is composed by [[Sunny and Inder Bawra]]. The songs featured in the film were sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Armaan Malik]], Tony Kakkar, [[Himesh Reshammiya]], Amrita Singh and [[Sukriti Kakar]].

The first song, "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" from the [[Aashiq Banaya Aapne|2005 film of the same title]], originally composed by Reshammiya, was recreated for this film in the voices of Neha Kakkar and Reshammiya and was released on 31 January 2018. The second song, "Boond Boond", sung by Nautiyal and Neeti Mohan, was released on 7 February 2018. This was the second collaboration of Arko Pravo Mukherjee and Nautiyal after "Meherbani" in ''[[The Shaukeens]]''. The third song released was "Tum Mere Ho", sung by Nautiyal and Amrita Singh and released on 13 February 2018. This was the first collaboration between Mithoon and Nautiyal following ''[[Baaghi 2]]''. It was also the first Bollywood song for Amrita. The fourth song to be released was "Mohabbat Nasha Hai", sung by Tony Kakkar and Neha Kakkar and released on 17 February 2018. There is also a solo version of the song sung by Tony Kakkar. The fifth song was "Badnaamiyan", sung by Armaan Malik and released on 21 February 2018. This was the second collaboration of Armaan Malik and Baman-Chand after "Wajah Tum Ho" from ''[[Hate Story 3]]''. There is also a female version of the song sung by Sukriti Kakar. The sixth and last song, "Naam Hai Mera", originally composed by Himesh Reshammiya, was also recreated for this film and sung by Neeti Mohan. It was released on 23 February 2018.

The soundtrack of the film was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 23 February 2018; it includes eight songs.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:42
| title1 = Aashiq Banaya Aapne (Re-make)
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| extra1 = [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Boond Boond
| lyrics2 = Manoj Muntashir
| music2 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Tum Mere Ho
| lyrics3 = Manoj Muntashir
| music3 = [[Mithoon]]
| extra3 = Jubin Nautiyal, Amrita Singh
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = Badnaamiyan
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| music4 = Baman-Chand
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length4 = 5:09
| title5 = Naam Hai Mera
| lyrics5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| music5 = Tanishk Bagchi
| extra5 = Neeti Mohan
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Mohabbat Nasha Hai
| note6 = Duet
| lyrics6 = [[Kumaar]]
| music6 = Tony Kakkar
| extra6 = [[Tony Kakkar]], Neha Kakkar
| length6 = 5:15
| title7 = Mohabbat Nasha Hai
| lyrics7 = Kumaar
| music7 = Tony Kakkar
| extra7 = Tony Kakkar
| length7 = 5:15
| title8 = Badnaamiyan
| note8 = Female
| lyrics8 = Rashmi Virag
| music8 = Baman-Chand
| extra8 = [[Sukriti Kakar]]
| length8 = 4:44
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb movie|5325684}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|hate-story-4}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/hate_story_4}}

{{Vishal Pandya}}

[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sunny and Inder Bawra]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Pandya]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Dodda Vira Rajendra

2026-02-27T23:13:59Z

BarneyMoh54: created a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Dodda Vira Rajendra
| image =
| title = Raja of Coorg
|dynasty =
| reign = 1780–1809
| predecessor = Linga Raja I
| successor = Devammaji (as Rani)<ref>{{Cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/TheImperialGazetteerOfIndia-Volume11/page/n20/mode/1up 15] |title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |volume=11 |language=en|year=1908|edition=New|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1809
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Mercara (Madikeri)
| spouse = Mahadevamma
| father = Linga Raja - I
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| mother =
|succession=Raja of [[Kingdom of Coorg|Coorg]]
}}

'''Dodda Vira Rajendra''' was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Coorg]] from 1780 to 1809. He freed the kingdom from the occupation of [[Tipu Sultan]], the [[Kingdom of Mysore|king of Mysore]]. He later aided the British in their fight against Tipu Sultan. Dodda Veera raja constructed the city of Vira-rajendrapete, today known as [[Virajpet|Virajapet]].<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer">{{cite book |last1=Rice |first1=Benjamin Lewis |title=Mysore and Coorg, a gazetteer |date=1878 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZwIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and exile==
Not much is known of Dodda Vira Rajendra's childhood. In 1780, Linga Raja, his father and ruler of the Coorg Kingdom died while Dodda Vira Rajendra was still young. [[Hyder Ali]], the king of Mysore saw this as an opportunity and took possession of the Coorg Kingdom until, as he said "the princes (Dodda Vira Rajendra and his brother) would come of age". In September 1782, the princes were deported to [[Gorur, Hassan|Garuru]]. Enraged at the deportation of their princes, the Coorgs revolted and proclaimed independence. Soon after in December 1782, Hyder Ali died due to a cancerous growth in his back and his son Tipu became the King. Tipu dispatched the Coorg royal family to [[Periyapatna]] and proceeded to annex Coorg and other areas.
In December 1788, Dodda Vira Rajendra escaped from Periyapatna and by 1790 had regained power in Coorg.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/><ref name="Coorg Memoirs"/>

==Battles against the Kingdom of Mysore==
Dodda Vira Rajendra ousted the occupying army of Mysore from [[Bisle|Bisle Ghat]] to [[Mananthavady|Manantody]] and led plundering expeditions into the territories of the Mysore Kingdom. In retaliation, Tipu Sultan sent armies against him, led by Tipu Sultan's Generals Golam Ali and Buran-ud-Din, but were defeated by Dodda Vira Rajendra. In June 1789, he sacked and burnt the fort of [[Kushalanagar]] and in August he destroyed the fort of Beppunad. This was followed by the capture of the fort of [[Bhagamandala]]. Thereafter, he captured [[Sullia|Amara Sulya]].<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/><ref name="Coorg Memoirs">{{cite book |last1=Mögling |first1=Herrmann |title=Coorg Memoirs |date=1855 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5ABAAAAQAAJ |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

Noticing the successes of Dodda Vira Rajendra, the Government of the [[British East India Company]] offered him an alliance against Tipu Sultan in October 1790. Faced with a powerful opponent in the Kingdom of Mysore, Dodda Vira Rajendra accepted the offer and allied with the British.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/><ref name="Coorg Memoirs"/> In the same year, he recaptured the [[Bhagamandala|Bhagamandal fort]] which was captured by Tipu in 1785 and forcibly converted the Kodavu captives into Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.html?id=uI4bAQAAIAAJ#v=onepage&q=dodda%20rajendra%20tipu%20sultan&f=false |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Trübner & Company |year=1885 |volume=2 |publication-place=The University of California |pages=353 |language=English}}</ref>

Alarmed, Tipu dispatched another army led by General Khadar Khan, which was also defeated. Thereafter, the fort of [[Madikeri|Mercara]] capitulated to Dodda Vira Rajendra without a fight.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/><ref name="Coorg Memoirs"/>

Dodda Vira Rajendra allowed the British Bombay Army to pass through Coorg, on its way to [[Srirangapatna]], Tipu Sultan's capital. He also aided the British in their fight against Tipu Sultan, until the latter's death on 4 May 1799.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/><ref name="Coorg Memoirs"/>

==Death==
Dodda Vira Rajendra died in 1809. His tomb is located in [[Mercara]] (Madikeri). He is deified and his tomb is worshipped to this day.<ref name="Coorg District Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |title=Coorg District Gazetteer |date=1855 |page=517 |url=https://karunadu.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/District%20Gazetteers/Kodagu/Coorg_1965_Chapter19.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

==Works==
Dodda Vira Rajendra compiled a literary work ''Rajendraname'', which records the history of the Coorg rulers from 1633 to 1807.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/>

He established the town of [[Virajpet]] in 1792.<ref>{{cite web|title=A melting pot of cultures|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/212863/a-melting-pot-cultures.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224150529/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/212863/a-melting-pot-cultures.html|archive-date=24 February 2017|date=19 December 2011}}</ref>

He also built a street called Mahadevpet in [[Madikeri]] town.<ref name="Mysore Gazeteer"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1809 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Coorg]]

Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu

2026-02-25T14:10:05Z

BarneyMoh54: minor rework layout for consistency additionally and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Hita Harivansh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

St. Edmund's School Jaipur

2026-02-22T18:06:30Z

BarneyMoh54: created a entry nd citations

{{Short description|School in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Edmund's School, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur
| logo = Logo St. Edmund's School Jaipur.jpg
| logo_size = 120px
| image = St. Edmund's School Jaipur.jpg
| address = Malviya Nagar
| city = Jaipur
| state = Rajasthan
| country = India
| motto = "Facta Non Verba"
| established = {{Start date and age| July 1986}}
| administrator = Mrs. Manjula Singh
| principal = Monika Bhatia
| director = Anoop Singh
| teaching_staff = 100+
| grades = 1–12
| gender = Co-educational
| affiliation = CBSE
| enrollment = 3500+
| colors = Grey
}}

'''St. Edmund's School''', in [[Malviya Nagar (Rajasthan)|Malviya Nagar]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India, was founded in 1986 and is one of the oldest school in Jaipur.

==History==
St. Edmund's School is a co-educational school affiliated by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].{{citation needed|reason=I can find no mention of this school in the CBSE's lists of finalized and affiliated schools|date=February 2023}} It was founded in July 1986, by Late Shri Ranveer Singh Ji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-15 |title=School in jaipur, hi tech school in jaipur, St.Edmund school jaipur |url=https://stedmundsjaipur.com/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415205754/https://stedmundsjaipur.com/ |archive-date=15 April 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The Times Group |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31810&articlexml=TIMES-nie-SCHOOL-BUZZ-15112016004018 |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041155/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31810&articlexml=TIMES-nie-SCHOOL-BUZZ-15112016004018 |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.stedmundsjaipur.com/}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Edmund's School Malviya Nagar Jaipur}}
[[Category:Schools in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Namit Arora

2026-02-16T12:41:56Z

BarneyMoh54: new entry

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namit Arora
| image = Namit_Arora_%28October_2023%29.jpg
| birth_place = India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater = IIT Kharagpur
| occupation = Writer
| notable_works = Indians: A Brief History of a Civilization
}}
'''Namit Arora''' is an Indian author.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=2021-03-20 |title=Seema Chishti reviews Indians: A Brief History of a Civilization, by Namit Arora |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/indians-a-brief-history-of-a-civilization-review-modern-day-journeys-into-the-past/article34106444.ece |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Arora grew up in [[Gwalior]]. He is an alumnus of [[IIT Kharagpur]]. He obtained a master's degree in computer engineering from [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Nicholas |date=2021-06-24 |title=Podcast with Namit Arora, author of "Indians: A Brief History of a Civilization" |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/podcast-with-namit-arora-author-of-indians-a-brief-history-of-a-civilization/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> He cut short his career of almost 2 decades in the tech industry of [[Silicon Valley]] to return to [[India]] in 2013 to write books.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Abdullah |date=2021-10-10 |title='No one person gets to limit what it means to be Indian': Namit Arora, author of 'Indians' |url=https://scroll.in/article/1007336/no-one-person-gets-to-limit-what-it-means-to-be-indian-namit-arora-author-of-indians |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Arora's book ''Indians: A Brief History of a Civilization'' has been translated into [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and was longlisted for the 2022 Karwaan Book Award. He is an Indian author.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-03-27 |title=Indians: A Brief History of a Civilization |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/indians-brief-history-civilization |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-07-09 |title=2022 Karwaan Prize: Ten longlisted books that focus on the history of the Indian subcontinent |url=https://scroll.in/article/1027036/2022-karwaan-prize-ten-longlisted-books-that-focus-on-the-history-of-the-indian-subcontinent |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> A web-series based on the book, supported by a grant from the [[Raza Foundation]] and narrated by Arora himself, was published on [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indians: A Brief History of a Civilisation and Why We Need to Know it |url=https://thewire.in/history/indians-a-history-web-series-namit-arora |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Books==

* The Lottery of Birth: On Inherited Social Inequalities. Publisher: Three Essays Collective.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lottery of Birth: On Inherited Social Inequalities |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-lottery-of-birth-on-inherited-social-inequalities-donat-let-go-music-masti-modernity-the-cinema-of-nasir-husain/cid/1460315 |access-date= |website=The Telegraph India |language=}}</ref>
* A California Story. Publisher: Adelaide Books LLC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Hari |date=2019-09-23 |title="A California Story" by Namit Arora: An Endearing, Honest Portrait of Indian American Life |url=https://3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2019/09/namit-aroras-a-california-story-an-endearing-honest-portrait-of-indian-american-life.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=3 Quarks Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Love and Loathing in Silicon Valley: A Novel. Publisher: [[Speaking Tiger Books]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caravan |first=The |title=Love and Loathing in Silicon Valley: A Novel |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/bookshelf/love-and-loathing-in-silicon-valley |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>
* Indians: A Brief History of A Civilization. [[Penguin India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=7 Must-Read Books on Ancient Indian History to Unveil the Past |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/top-trending-products/books/must-read-books-on-ancient-indian-history-to-unveil-the-past/articleshow/101008704.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* Speaking of History, co-authored with [[Romila Thapar]]. Penguin India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-01 |title=Past, present, future: The dangerous path of distorted history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/past-present-future-the-dangerous-path-of-distorted-history/article70457006.ece |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Namit}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University alumni]]

Daman Assembly constituency

2026-02-13T18:17:14Z

BarneyMoh54: created new article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Goa legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Daman
| type= SLA
| state = Goa
| established = 1967
| abolished = 1989<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 25,296
| mla = Prabhakar Jivanbhai Somabhai
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Daman Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. M. Bhathala || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. Vallabhabhai Tendel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Bhathela Makanbhai Morarji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Tandel Narsinhbai Lallubhai || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Prabhakar Jivanbhai Somabhai || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Daman<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhakar Jivanbhai Somabhai |party=Independent politician |votes=5,316 |percentage=28.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patel Dahyabhai Vallabhabhai |party=Independent politician |votes=3,451 |percentage=18.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhawla Gulamhusein Ramzan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,966 |percentage=15.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lopes Mari Francisco |party=Independent politician |votes=2,441 |percentage=12.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tandel Narsinhbhai Lallubhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,882 |percentage=9.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhathela Makanbhai Morarji |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paetel Dayalbhai Lallubhai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=545 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,865 |percentage=9.86% |change= {{decrease}}7.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,921 |percentage=70.90% |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,296 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Daman<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tandel Narsinhbai Lallubhai |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,613 |percentage=43.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhawla Gulamhusein Ramzan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,968 |percentage=26.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhathela Makanbhai Morarji |party=Independent politician |votes=2,127 |percentage=14.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhatia R. C. |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=951 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moraes Sousa Jose |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawadwala Akabarali Lookmanji |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmer Chandrakant Devchand |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,645 |percentage=17.55% |change= {{increase}}17.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,070 |percentage=63.57% |change= {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,251 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Daman<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhathela Makanbhai Morarji |party=Independent politician |votes=6,423 |percentage=44.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhathela Dajibhai Kanjibhai |party=Janata Party |votes=6,401 |percentage=44.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moraise Souza Jose |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=3.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhawala Gulamhusein Ramzenbhai |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vagmar Abdulgafur Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhatia R. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22 |percentage=0.15% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,411 |percentage=67.99% |change= {{decrease}}16.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,640 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Daman<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Vallabhabhai Tendel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,729 |percentage=48.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lallubhai Jogibhat Patel |party=Independent politician |votes=7,350 |percentage=46.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premabhai S Prabhakar |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=379 |percentage=2.38% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,895 |percentage=82.78% |change= {{increase}}23.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,504 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Daman<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. M. Bhathala |party=Independent politician |votes=2,775 |percentage=28.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. O. Pandya |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=2,544 |percentage=26.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Desai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,394 |percentage=24.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. R. Mhawla |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=10.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. Barot |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=6.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Bhatt |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=231 |percentage=2.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,704 |percentage=60.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,530 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

List of women's Test cricketers who have taken five wickets on debut

2026-02-01T03:49:53Z

BarneyMoh54: improved lead for clarity and added references based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{featured list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Myrtle MacLagan 1934-35.jpg|thumb|right|[[Myrtle Maclagan]] took seven wickets for 10 runs on her Test debut in 1934, achieving both the best figures on debut, and the first five-wicket haul in women's Tests.|alt=Black and white photograph of Myrtle Maclagan bowling]]
[[Women's Test cricket]] has been played since 1934, when [[England women's cricket team|England]] faced [[Australia national women's cricket team|Australia]] in a three-match series.<ref name="t1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67401.html |title=1st Test: Australia Women v England Women at Brisbane, Dec 28–31, 1934 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref> Since that first match, over 130 Tests have been competed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/301/301939.html |title=Australia Women v England Women: England Women in Australia 2010/11 (Only Test) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref> The advent of [[Twenty20 cricket]] in the early part of the 21st century has all but eliminated Test cricket from the woman's game.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/jan/25/the-spin-charlotte-edwards-tribute |title=Charlotte Edwards: the best captain in England? |last=Bull |first=Andy |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> Thirteen players have claimed [[five-wicket haul]]s (five or more [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] in an [[Innings#Cricket|innings]]) on their debut in women's Test cricket.<ref name="debut">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283832.html |title=Records / Women's Test matches / Bowling records / Best figures in a innings on debut |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

The only occasion on which more than one player has taken a five-wicket haul on debut in the same match was during the first women's Test match in December 1934.<ref name="debut"/> During this match, three players achieved the feat; [[Myrtle Maclagan]] and [[Mary Spear]] for England, and [[Anne Palmer (cricketer)|Anne Palmer]] for Australia.<ref name="t1"/> Maclagan's bowling figures of seven wickets for 10 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] are the best by any woman on Test debut, and is one of three occasions on which a player has claimed seven wickets on their women's Test debut, along with Palmer and [[Lesley Johnston]].<ref name="debut"/> [[Betty Wilson]], who was the fourth player to take five wickets in an innings on debut, is the only woman to have taken [[ten wickets in a match]] on debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=bbm;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Women's Test matches / Bowling records |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410185126/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=bbm;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> Spear's five wickets for 51 runs was the most [[Glossary of cricket terms#economical|economical]] bowling when taking five wickets, conceding just 0.44 runs per [[Over (cricket)|over]]. Conversely, [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] was the most expensive, allowing 4.11 runs per over. [[Isobel Joyce]] bowled the fewest overs in her innings when taking a five-wicket haul, six wickets for 21 runs from 11.1 overs.<ref name="debut"/>

The most recent occasion on which a player took five wickets in an innings on debut was in July 2007, when [[South Africa national women's cricket team|South Africa]]'s [[Sunette Loubser]] achieved the feat in a match against the [[Netherlands national women's cricket team|Netherlands]].<ref name="debut"/>

==Key==
{|
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Date''' – Starting date of the match
*'''Inn''' – The [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] of the match in which the five-wicket haul was taken
*'''Overs''' – Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled in that innings
*'''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] conceded
*'''Wkts''' – Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
*'''Econ''' – [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Bowling economy rate]] (average runs per over)
*'''Batsmen''' – The [[Batting (cricket)|batsmen]] whose wickets were taken in the five-wicket haul
*'''Result''' – The result for the bowler's team in that match
* '''Won''' – The match was won by bowler's team
* '''Lost''' – The match was lost by bowler's team
* '''Drawn''' – The match was [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]]
*{{double-dagger}} – 10 wickets or more taken in the match
|}

==Bowlers==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls on debut in women's Test cricket
|-
! scope="col; | No.
! scope="col; | Bowler
! scope="col; | Date
! scope="col; | Ground
! scope="col; | For
! scope="col; | Against
! scope="col; | Inn
! scope="col; | Overs
! scope="col; | Runs
! scope="col; | Wkts
! scope="col; | Econ
! scope="col"; class="unsortable" | Batsmen
! scope="col"; | Result
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Myrtle|Maclagan}}
| rowspan="3" | {{dts|format=dmy|1934|12|28}}1 || rowspan="3" | [[Brisbane Exhibition Ground|Exhibition Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || {{crw|ENG}} ||{{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|17}} || {{nts|10}} || {{sort|7190|7}} || {{nts|0.58}} ||
*[[Hazel Pritchard]]
*[[Ruby Monaghan]]
*[[Nell McLarty]]
*[[Essie Shevill]]
*[[Kath Smith]]
*[[Lorna Kettels]]
*[[Anne Palmer (cricketer)|Anne Palmer]]
|| Won<ref name="t1"/>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Anne|Palmer|Anne Palmer (cricketer)}}
| {{crw|AUS}} ||{{crw|ENG}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|13.2}} || {{nts|18}} || {{sort|7182|7}} || {{nts|1.35}} ||
*[[Myrtle Maclagan]]
*[[Molly Hide]]
*[[Mollie Child]]
*[[Joy Partridge]]
*[[Doris Turner (cricketer)|Doris Turner]]
*[[Mary Spear]]
*[[Carol Valentine]]
|| Lost<ref name="t1"/>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Mary|Spear}}
| {{crw|ENG}} ||{{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|34}} || {{nts|15}} || {{sort|5185|5}} || {{nts|0.44}} ||
*[[Hazel Pritchard]]
*[[Nell McLarty]]
*[[Lorna Kettels]]
*[[Margaret Peden]]
*[[Peggy Antonio]]
|| Won<ref name="t1"/>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Betty|Wilson}} {{double-dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1948|3|20}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{crw|AUS}} ||{{crw|NZ}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|14}} || {{nts|28}} || {{sort|6172|6}} || {{nts|2.00}} ||
*[[Vera Burt]]
*[[Ina Lamason]]
*[[Hilda Thompson]]
*[[Phyl Blackler]]
*[[Una Wickham]]
*[[Vi Farrell]]
|| Won<ref name="t8">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67408.html |title=Only Test: New Zealand Women v Australia Women at Wellington, Mar 20–23, 1948 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Grace|Gooder}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1949|3|26}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || {{crw|NZ}} ||{{crw|ENG}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|23.2}} || {{nts|42}} || {{sort|6158|6}} || {{nts|1.80}} ||
*[[Cecilia Robinson (cricketer)|Cecilia Robinson]]
*[[Mary Duggan]]
*[[Grace Morgan]]
*[[Megan Lowe]]
*[[Mary Johnson (cricketer)|Mary Johnson]]
*[[Eileen Whelan]]
|| Lost<ref name="t12">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67412.html |title=Only Test: New Zealand Women v England Women at Auckland, Mar 26–29, 1949 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Loretta|Bayliss}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1961|3|17}} || [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]] || {{crw|NZ}} ||{{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|18}} || {{nts|28}} || {{sort|5172|5}} || {{nts|1.55}} ||
*[[Kit Raymond]]
*[[Joyce Christ]]
*[[Valma Batty]]
*[[Norma Wilson (cricketer)|Norma Wilson]]
*[[Una Paisley]]
|| Drawn<ref name="t29">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67429.html |title=Only Test: New Zealand Women v Australia Women at Dunedin, Mar 17–19, 1961 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Lesley|Johnston}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1972|02|5}} || [[Junction Oval|St Kilda Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || {{crw|AUS}} ||{{crw|NZ}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|13.2}}{{#tag:ref|Eight-ball overs were bowled in this match.<ref name="t42"/>|group=n|name="ebo"}} || {{nts|24}} || {{sort|7176|7}} || {{nts|1.35}} ||
*[[Janice Stead]]
*[[Bev Brentnall]]
*[[Lynda Prichard]]
*[[Jill Saulbrey]]
*[[Pat Carrick]]
*[[Elaine White]]
*[[Jackie Lord]]
|| Lost<ref name="t42">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67442.html |title=Only Test: Australia Women v New Zealand Women at Melbourne, Feb 5–8, 1972 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 8
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Vivalyn|Latty-Scott}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|05|7}} || [[Jarrett Park]], Jamaica || {{crw|WIN}} ||{{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|41}} || {{nts|48}} || {{sort|5152|5}} || {{nts|1.17}} ||
*[[Lorraine Hill]]
*[[Wendy Hills]]
*[[Jan Lumsden]]
*[[Anne Gordon]]
*[[Marie Cornish]]
|| Drawn<ref name="t47">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67447.html |title=1st Test: West Indies Women v Australia Women at Montego Bay, May 7–9, 1976 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Shubhangi|Kulkarni}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|10|31}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || {{crw|IND}} ||{{crw|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|11.4}} || {{nts|48}} || {{sort|5152|5}} || {{nts|4.11}} ||
*[[Patricia Whittaker]]
*[[Yolande Geddes-Hall]]
*[[Leila Williams (cricketer)|Leila Williams]]
*[[Sheryl Bayley]]
*[[Nora St Rose]]
|| Drawn<ref name="t52">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67452.html |title=1st Test: India Women v West Indies Women at Bangalore, Oct 31 – Nov 2, 1976 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 10
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Chamani|Seneviratne}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|4|17}} || [[Colts Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || {{crw|SRI}} ||{{crw|PAK}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|31}} || {{sort|5169|5}} || {{nts|1.29}} ||
*[[Sadia Butt]]
*[[Deebah Sherazi]]
*[[Asma Farzand]]
*[[Sharmeen Khan]]
*[[Mahewish Khan]]
|| Won<ref name="t106">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67505.html |title=Only Test: Sri Lanka Women v Pakistan Women at Colombo (Colts), Apr 17–20, 1998 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Isobel|Joyce}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2000|9|30}} || [[College Park, Dublin]] || {{crw|IRE}} ||{{crw|PAK}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|11.1}} || {{nts|21}} || {{sort|6179|6}} || {{nts|1.88}} ||
*[[Sajjida Shah]]
*[[Khursheed Jabeen]]
*[[Nazia Nazir]]
*[[Kiran Baluch]]
*[[Sadia Butt]]
*[[Mahewish Khan]]
|| Won<ref name="t111">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67510.html |title=Only Test: Ireland Women v Pakistan Women at Dublin, Jul 30–31, 2000 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 12
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Rebecca|Steele|dab=cricketer}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|27}} || [[Bilakhiya Stadium]], [[Vapi]] || {{crw|NZ}} ||{{crw|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|42}} || {{nts|79}} || {{sort|5121|5}} || {{nts|1.88}} ||
*[[Anju Jain]]
*[[Anjum Chopra]]
*[[Jhulan Goswami]]
*[[Mamatha Maben]]
*[[Deepa Marathe]]
|| Drawn<ref name="t121">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67520.html |title=Only Test: India Women v New Zealand Women at Vapi, Nov 27–30, 2003 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 13
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Sunette|Loubser}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|7|28}} || [[Hazelaarweg Stadion|Hazelaarweg]], [[Rotterdam]] || {{crw|ZAF}} ||{{crw|NED}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|40.3}} || {{nts|37}} || {{sort|5163|5}} || {{nts|0.91}} ||
*[[Violet Wattenberg]]
*[[Marloes Braat]]
*[[Caroline de Fouw]]
*[[Mandy Kornet]]
*[[Jolet Hartenhof]]
|| Won<ref name="t130">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/298730.html |title=Only Test: Netherlands Women v South Africa Women at Rotterdam, Jul 28–31, 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}
{{Cricket records}}

[[Category:Lists of women Test cricketers|!]]
[[Category:Cricket records and statistics]]

Vena Pal

2026-01-29T18:16:09Z

BarneyMoh54: created first info added tags

{{Short description|Purported ruler of the Bathinda region}}
{{Not to be confused with|Vena (Hindu king)}}{{Punjabi folklore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Vena Pal''', also known as '''Ven''' or '''Raja Bineypal''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Zulfiqar |title=Lahore & the Punjab |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |year=1982 |pages=63–68}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |year=1988 |volume=21 |pages=126–128 |quote=}}</ref> is the name of a purported ''[[raja]]'' of the [[Bathinda|Bathinda region]].{{Efn|Vena Pal's name is alternatively rendered as 'Vinaipal', 'Binaypal', 'Bhainipal', 'Bena Pal', 'Benapal', or 'Venapal'.|group=note}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Rana Muhammad Sarwar |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |year=2005 |volume=2 |pages=477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chib |first=Sukhdev Singh |title=This Beautiful India: Punjab |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |year=1977 |pages=82}}</ref> Vena Pal was a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Rajput]] ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr. |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2001 |isbn=9788176482349 |volume=4: Muh-R |pages=521}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> According to lore recounted by [[Giani Gian Singh]], Vena Pal is said to have been the son of Surpal of Bhatner.<ref name=":2" /> Vena Pal was exiled by his step-mother and wandered in the jungle, eventually he witnessed a she-goat fighting two wolves to save its offspring, and was moved by the scene.<ref name=":2" /> The location where he witnessed the scene is said to have been the present-day location of Bathinda.<ref name=":2" />

According to tradition, the [[Qila Mubarak, Bathinda|Bathinda Fort]] was built by an ancestor of Vena Pal named [[Raja Dab|Raja Deb]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Urban History of Early India |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2024 |isbn=9789819762309 |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=Aloka Parasher |pages=351–352 |quote=Bathinda was an important settlement from 300 to 1200 CE and even during the medieval period. It was called Govindgarh in earlier times. As per the tradition the fort was built by Raja Deb, an ancestor of Vena Pal, during the early centuries. The fort was originally made of mud bricks. It has witnessed several alterations at the hands of successive rulers. The excavation conducted by Shri Raghbir Singh at Bathinda Fort revealed pottery and mud-brick wall of the early medieval period.}}</ref> In local traditional lore, Vena Pal is connected to [[Baba Ratan Hindi|Baba Rattan]].<ref name=":0" /> However, there are various versions of the tradition that connects the two figures together.<ref name=":0" /> One version states that Baba Rattan arrived in Bathinda from Medina in 668 [[Vikram Samvat|Bk.]] (611–612 [[Common Era|C.E.]] or 24 [[Hijri year|A.H.]]) and became the prime minister of Raja Vena Pal.<ref name=":0" /> Some sources claim Vena Pal was a contemporary of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] whilst others state that he lived much later, being contemporary with [[Muhammad of Ghor]], who he was defeated by.<ref name=":0" /> According to Visakha Singh, the Gills of Moga trace their origin to Vena Pal, having founded the settlement of Moga after their dispersal from Bhatinda in the aftermath of the Islamic conquest and dissolution of Vena Pal's dynasty in Bhatinda.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sant Visakha |url=https://archive.org/details/malwa_itihas_3/malwa_itihas_1/page/n178/ |title=Malwa Itihas |publisher=Gurmat Pracharak Singh Sabha, Ilaka Tihara |year=1953 |pages=155–156 |language=pa |script-title=pa:ਮਾਲਵਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ |trans-title=History of Malwa|volume=I}}</ref> Visakha Singh blames the fall of the polity to an individual named Rattan Mal, a Muslim ''[[Siddha]]'', who betrayed the dynasty in-favour of the invaders.<ref name=":3" /> Alongside Bhatinda, the settlements of Bitli and Bhatner of Marwar were also ravaged.<ref name=":3" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bathinda]]
[[Category:7th century in India]]

Serampore Municipality

2026-01-24T03:37:40Z

BarneyMoh54: created a bio more to come

{{Short description|Municipal Corporation in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Serampore Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt = Logo of Serampore Municipality
| coa_caption = Coat of Arms
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1865}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Giridhari Saha
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = Uttam Nag
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| seats = 29
| structure1 = India Sreerampur, West Bengal Municipality 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (25)'''
*{{colorbox|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (25)
'''Opposition (2)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''Others (2)'''
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|www.seramporemunicipality.net}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Serampore Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Serampore]] and its surrounding areas ([[Mahesh, Serampore|Mahesh]], [[Tin Bazar]], [[Battala]] and partly [[Chatra, Serampore|Chatra]]) in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
[[Serampore]] is the first town in Bengal to voluntarily adopt the Municipal Act of 1850 Sec XX16.<ref name="uttarpara">{{cite web | url = http://www.uttarpara.com/heritage/municipality.htm | title = Uttarpara Municipality | publisher = uttarpara.com | accessdate = 4 July 2017}}</ref> It is not clear when Serampore Municipality was established.

[[Serampore]] is a pre-colonial town on the west bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]]. It was part of [[Danish India]], when it was called Fredericksnagore, from 1755 to 1845.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://seramporemunicipality.com/about_us.php | title = Serampore Municipality | work = About us | publisher = Serampore Municipality | accessdate = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Serampore Municipality.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Serampore Municipality]]
Serampore Municipality covers an area of 17.60 km2 and has a total population of 183,339 (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm | title = Serampore Municipality | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs | work = Urban Local Bodies | accessdate = 4 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928223458/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1981, 29.44% of the total population formed main workers and 70.56% were non-workers in Serampore Municipality and 54.25% of the total main workers were industrial workers. This may be interpreted as follows: although industrial activities are prominent in the municipal areas of the region, the major portion of the population is [[Commuting|commuters]] and migrants find employment in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/68558/14/14_chapter%205.pdf | title = Chapter V Industrial set up of the study area | work = Table 16, page 232, Table 17, Page 233, Table 18, Page 236 | publisher = Shodhganga | accessdate = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Serampore Walsh Super Speciaity (Subdivisional) Hospital, with 266 beds, Serampore TB Hospital, with 55 beds, Serampore ESI Hospital, with 216 beds, are located in the Serampore Municipality area.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Elections==
In the 2015 municipal elections for Serampore Municipality [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won 22 seats, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] 4 seats, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] 1 seat and Independents 2 seats.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(ok51ajaejr1ty3qg43xq0kf1))/Municipal/FinalResult_All_Mun.aspx |title = Municipal General Election Results | work= Results of Municipal General Elections 2015 |publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission | accessdate = 4 July 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2010 municipal elections for Serampore Municipality [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won 13 seats, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] 5 seats, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] 6 seats and Independents 5 seats.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(x5feom55drnpkn55tfuthm55))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_Yearwise.aspx |title = Municipal General Election Results | work= Results of Municipal General Elections yearwise |publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission | accessdate = 11 July 2017 }}</ref>

About the 2010 municipal elections, [[The Guardian]] wrote, "Today's municipal elections are unlike any for decades: the Communists, who have held West Bengal's main towns almost without a break since the 1970s, are facing disaster… This time defeat is likely to be definitive and could signal the beginning of the end for the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPIM)."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/west-bengal-elections-communists | title = India's Communist party faces defeat in West Bengal heartland. | work = The Guardian, International Edition, 30 May 2010 | date = 29 May 2010 | publisher = theguardian | accessdate = 14 July 2017 | last1 = Burke | first1 = Jason }}</ref>

In the 2005 municipal elections for Serampore Municipality, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won 14 seats, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] 4 seats, [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] 2 seats, [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] 4 seats and others 1 seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hooghly.nic.in/Municpal_elec/Result_glance.htm | title = Municipal General Elections 2005 | work= District Hooghly | publisher = Hooghly district administration |accessdate = 19 July 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Hooghly District}}
{{coord|22.753|88.343|display=title}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]

Miss Diva 2013

2026-01-17T18:48:39Z

BarneyMoh54: new a info

{{Short description|1st edition of Miss Diva}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image = MIss Diva 2013 Manasi Moghe (cropped).jpg
| winner = '''[[Manasi Moghe]]'''
| represented ='''[[Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| photo =
| caption = [[Manasi Moghe]]
| presenters = [[Vivan Bhatena]] [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]]
| date = September 5, 2013
| venue = Westin Mumbai Garden City, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| broadcaster = [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]
| entrants = 14
| placements = 7
| photogenic = [[Jhataleka Malhotra]]
| debuts = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[National Capital Territory of India|Delhi]], [[Goa]], [[Haryana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[New Delhi|National Capital City]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]]
| before =
| next = [[Miss Diva - 2014|2014]]
}}
'''[[Miss Diva]]''' was introduced by ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' to select a candidate to represent India at [[Miss Universe]] (in contrast to [[Femina Miss India]], also owned by ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'', which selects a candidate as a delegate for [[Miss World]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/06/what-are-the-differences-between-the-miss-universe-and-miss-world-pageants/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322051504/http://naradanews.com/2016/06/what-are-the-differences-between-the-miss-universe-and-miss-world-pageants/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 22, 2017|title=What are the differences between the Miss Universe and Miss World pageants?|first=|last=|website=Naradanews.com}}</ref>

The first edition of Miss Diva was held at Westin Mumbai Garden City, [[Mumbai]] on September 5, 2013. 14 contestants vied for the crown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Contestants/Miss-Diva-2013/photolist/21931342.cms|title=2013 - Miss Diva Contestants - Miss Diva - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> [[Manasi Moghe]] was crowned the winner, [[Gurleen Grewal]] 1st Runner Up and [[Srishti Rana]] 2nd Runner Up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Miss-Diva-2013-Manasi-Moghe-wins-the-title/articleshow/22351727.cms|title=Miss Diva 2013: Manasi Moghe wins the title - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

As the winner of Miss Diva 2013, [[Manasi Moghe]] represented India at [[Miss Universe 2013]] held in [[Russia]] where she made it to the Top 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/manasi-moghe-out-of-miss-universe-continues-indias-dry-run-216968-2013-11-10|title=Manasi Moghe out of Miss Universe, continues India's dry run|newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Gurleen Grewal]] represented India at [[Miss International 2013]] held in [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/others/Gurleen-Grewal-to-represent-India-at-Miss-International-2013/articleshow/25207440.cms|title=Gurleen Grewal to represent India at Miss International 2013 - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> where she did not place. [[Srishti Rana]] represented India at Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 held in [[South Korea]] where she was crowned the winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/others/Indias-Srishti-Rana-crowned-Miss-Asia-Pacific-World-2013/articleshow/24947203.cms|title=India's Srishti Rana crowned Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India}}</ref>

==Final results==
Color keys
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant Won in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a Runner-up in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a Semi-Finalist in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#fadadd|border=darkgray}} Unplaced
}}
{{col-end}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
! style="width:280px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Final Results
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Candidate
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International Placement
|-align="center" style="background:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
| Miss Universe India 2013
|
* [[Manasi Moghe]]
| Top 10
|-style="background:#fadadd; text-align:center; font-weight: bold"
| Miss Diva International 2013
|
* [[Gurleen Grewal]]
| Unplaced
|-align="center" style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| Miss Diva Asia Pacific World 2013
|
* [[Srishti Rana]]
| Miss Asia Pacific World 2013
|-
! Top 5
|
* Shruti Tuli
* [[Jhataleka Malhotra]]
|-
! Top 7
|
* Sukanya Bhattacharya
* [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]*
|}
*'''Won Top 7 semifinalist spot by winning Miss Digital Title.'''

=== Special Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Contestant
|-
|'''Miss Beautiful Eyes '''
|Yashna Khurana
|-
|'''Miss Digital crown '''
|[[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]
|-
|'''Miss Perfect Body '''
|Preeti Chauhan
|-
|'''Miss Photogenic '''
|Jhataleka Malhotra
|-
|''' Miss Popular award '''
|[[Sonika Chauhan]]
|-
|'''Miss Runway'''
|Nischitha Rao
|-
|'''Miss Times Sudoku title'''
|Seep Taneja
|}

==Judges==
*[[Zeenat Aman]] - Miss Asia Pacific 1970 and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actress]]
*[[Jacqueline Fernandez]] - [[Miss Universe Sri Lanka|Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2006]], model and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actress]]
*[[Sahar Biniaz]] - [[Miss Universe Canada 2012]], model and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actress]]
*[[Malaika Arora]] - Model and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actress]]
*[[Raveena Tandon]] - Model and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actress]]
*[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] - Model and [[Bollywood|Bollywood actor]]
*[[Atul Kasbekar]] - Famous Indian Photographer

==Contestants==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Representing !! Contestant<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/Gurleen-Grewal/eventshow/21973821.cms|title=Gurleen Grewal - BeautyPageants|website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> !! Age !! Height !! Hometown
|-
| '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]''' || style="text-align:center;" |Seep Taneja ||
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
| '''[[Bihar]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Sukanya Bhattacharya || style="text-align:center;" | 20 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} || [[Patna]]
|-
| '''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Gurleen Grewal]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | 21 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.78}} || [[Jalandhar]]
|-
| '''[[National Capital Territory of India|Delhi]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Trishla Chandola || style="text-align:center;" | 23 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} || [[New Delhi]]
|-
| '''[[Goa]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sonika Chauhan]] || style="text-align:center;" | 24 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.70}} || [[Kolkata]]
|-
| '''[[Haryana]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Srishti Rana]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | 20 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} || [[Faridabad]]
|-
| '''[[Karnataka]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Nischitha Rao || style="text-align:center;" | 22 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.80}} || [[Bangalore]]
|-
| '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Manasi Moghe]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | 21 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.76}} || [[Indore]]
|-
| '''[[Maharashtra]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | [[Jhataleka Malhotra]] || style="text-align:center;" | 19 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.74}} || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| '''[[New Delhi|National Capital City]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Yashna Khurana || style="text-align:center;" | 21 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.75}} || [[New Delhi]]
|-
| '''[[Odisha]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 22 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.75}} || [[Sambalpur]]
|-
| '''[[Punjab]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Shruti Tuli || style="text-align:center;" | 19 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.78}} || [[Amritsar]]
|-
| '''[[Tamil Nadu]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Preeti Chauhan || style="text-align:center;" | 26 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} || [[Mumbai]]
|-
| '''[[West Bengal]]''' || style="text-align:center;" | Sona Goldar || style="text-align:center;" | 23 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.78}} || [[Kolkata]]
|}

==Contestants notes==
* [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] later became [[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India United Continent 2015]].
* Sukanya Bhattacharya later became Indian Princess Tourism International 2015.
* Srishti Rana was the finalist of [[Femina Miss India 2013]](Top 5),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTeW-30BMzg|title=Ponds Femina Miss India 2013 Crowning Moment|last=Debby Javier|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> she was also Runner-up Pond's Femina Miss India Delhi 2013 (Second runner-up).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9e6eFK6vVc|title=Pond's Femina Miss India Delhi 2013 - 2nd Runner Up - Srishti|last=zoom|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
* Srishti Rana<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/miss-india/photos/indian-diva-2013-delhi-finalist-srishti-rana/eventshow/21774654.cms#21778687 |title=She doesn't believe in imitating other divas. Her aim is to be the super model of India and next Miss Universe 2013. |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830080633/https://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/miss-india/photos/indian-diva-2013-delhi-finalist-srishti-rana/eventshow/21774654.cms%2321778687 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Yashna Khurana were winners of Miss India Diva 2013 [[Delhi]].
* [[Jhataleka Malhotra]] later became [[Femina Miss India 2014|Femina Miss India International 2014]]
* Shruti Tuli was First finalist of Miss India Diva 2013 [[Chandigarh]].
* Sona Goldar was the winner of Miss India Diva 2013 [[Kolkata]].
* Trishla Chandola was the winner of Miss India Diva 2013 [[Bangalore]].
* Sukanya Bhattacharya was the finalist of [[Femina Miss India 2013]] and awarded MISS DANCING QUEEN.
* Preeti Chauhan was the finalist of I AM She 2012.(Top 10)
* Manasi Moghe was the finalist of [[Femina Miss India 2013]] and awarded MISS ACTIVE Subtitle in PFMI 2013.
* Seep Taneja was the contestant of I AM She 2011.

==Crossovers==
* '''[[Femina Miss India]]'''
** [[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]] - [[Srishti Rana]] - (Finalist, Miss Fashion Icon)
** [[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]] - [[Manasi Moghe]] (Miss Active)
** [[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]] - Sukanya Bhattacharya (Miss Dancing Queen)
** [[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]] - [[Jhataleka Malhotra]] ''(Femina Miss India International 2014)''
** [[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]] - [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] ''(Femina Miss India United Continent 2015, Miss Rampwalk, Miss Vivacious)''
* '''Indian Princess'''
** 2015 - Sukanya Bhattacharya ''(Indian Princess Tourism International 2015, Miss Photogenic)''
* '''[[I Am She - Miss Universe India]]'''
** 2011 - Seep Taneja
** 2011 - Trishla Chandola
** 2012 - Preeti Chauhan (Top 10)
* '''Asian Supermodel India'''
** 2010 - [[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]] '''(Winner)'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/ Femina Miss India/Miss India Universe Official Website]

[[Category:Femina Miss India]]
[[Category:2013 beauty pageants in India]]

Rana Bahadur Shah

2026-01-09T22:07:23Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{Short description|King of Nepal from 1777 to 1799}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rana Bahadur Shah
| succession = [[King of Nepal]]
| image = Rana Bahadur Shah.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 17 November 1777 – 8 March 1799
| full name =
| regnal name = [[Shree Panch|Shree Paanch]] Maharajadhiraj Rana Bahadur Shah Dev
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh Shah]]
| successor = [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]
| spouse = [[Raj Rajeshwari Devi]] (m.1789–1806; his death) [[Subarna Prabha Devi]] (m.1791–1806; his death) [[Kantavati Devi|Kantavati Jha]] (m.1797–1799; her death) [[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal|Lalit Tripura Sundari Devi]] (m.1804–1806; his death)
| issue = Ranodyot Bikram Shah Samarsher Shah King [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]] Tilottoma Devi Amar Lakshmi Devi Vilasvati Lakshmi Devi Dhanashahi Lakshmi Devi
| father = [[Pratap Singh Shah]]
| mother = [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi]]
| birth_date = 25 May 1775
| birth_place = [[Basantapur Durbar Square|Basantapur]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| death_date = 25 April 1806 (aged 30)
| death_place = Basantapur, Kingdom of Nepal
| death_cause =[[Assassination]]
| royal house = [[Shah dynasty|Shah]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| coronation = January 1778{{cn|date=August 2020}}
| cor-type = [[Coronation of the Nepalese monarch|Coronation]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Rana Bahadur Shah, King of Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज रण बहादुर शाह देव}}; 25 May 1775 – 25 April 1806) was [[King of Nepal]], he succeeded to the throne after the death of his father, [[Pratap Singh Shah|King Pratap Singh Shah]]. He ruled under the regencies of his mother, [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Queen Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] (died, 13 July 1785 from tuberculosis), and then of his uncle, Bahadur Shah. During this time, the kingdom was expanded by [[Conquest (military)|conquest]] to include the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] regions, now part of [[India]]. He imprisoned his uncle, Bahadur Shah, who died in jail.

==Reign==
The premature death of [[Pratap Singh Shah]] (reigned 1775–77), the eldest son of [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], left a huge power vacuum that remained unfilled for decades, seriously debilitating the emerging Nepalese state. Pratap Singh Shah's successor was his son, Rana Bahadur Shah (reigned 1777–99), aged two and one-half years at his accession.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=13}} The acting regent until 1785 was [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Queen Rajendralakshmi]], followed by [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal|Bahadur Shah]] (reigned 1785–94), the second son of [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=10}} Court life was consumed by rivalry centered on alignments with these two regents rather than on issues of national administration, and it set a bad precedent for future competition among contending regents. The exigencies of the [[Sino-Nepalese War]] in 1788–92 had forced Bahadur Shah to temporarily take a pro-British stance, which led to a commercial treaty with the British in 1792.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|pp=11–12}}

Meanwhile, Rana Bahadur's youth had been spent in pampered luxury. In 1794 King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age, and his first act was to reconstitute the government so that his uncle, Bahadur Shah, had no official part to play.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} In mid 1795, he became infatuated with a Maithili Brahman widow, Kantavati Jha, and married her on the oath of making their illegitimate half-caste son (as per the Hindu law of that time) the heir apparent, by excluding the legitimate heir from his previous marriage.{{refn|group=note|Rana Bahadur Shah had two legitimate wives before marrying Kantavati. His first wife was Rajarajeshwari, Devi with whom he begot one daughter. His second wife was Subarnaprabha Devi with whom he begot two sons, Rana Udghot Shah and Shamsher Shah. Rana Udghot Shah was the eldest male heir apparent of Rana Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=16}}}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=16–17}} By 1797, his relationship with his uncle, who was living a retired life, and who wanted to seek refuge in China on the pretext of meeting the new emperor, had deteriorated to the extent that he ordered his imprisonment (on 19 February 1797) and his subsequent murder (on 23 June 1797).{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=17–21}} Such acts earned Rana Bahadur notoriety both among courtiers and common people, especially among Brahmins.

[[File:King Girvan Yuddhavikram Shah (1797-1816) (restoration).jpg|thumb|[[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]] was crowned king after Shah left for Varanasi.]]
That same year in 1797, [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]] was born and was immediately declared the crown prince.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=22–25}} However, within a year of Girvan's birth, Kantavati contracted tuberculosis; it was advised by physicians that she perform ascetic penances to cure herself. To make sure that Girvan succeeded to the throne while Kantavati was still alive, Rana Bahadur, aged just 23, abdicated in favor of their son on 23 March 1799, placing his first wife, [[Raj Rajeshwari Devi|Raj Rajeshwari]], as the regent.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=22–25}} He joined his ailing wife, Kantavati, and his second wife, Subarnaprabha, in ascetic life and started to live in Deopatan, donning saffron robes and titling himself Swami Nirgunanda.{{refn|group=note|From here on Rana Bahadur Shah became known as Swami Maharaj. Rana Bahadur however was an ascetic in name only. Although Rana Bahadur left the royal duties after his abdication, he did not relinquish any of its privileges and luxuries.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=40}}}} This move was also supported by all the courtiers who were discontented with his wanton and capricious behavior.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=22–25}} It was around this time that both Bhimsen Thapa and his father Amar Singh Thapa (sanu) were promoted from [[subedar]] to the rank of [[sardar]], and Bhimsen began to serve as the ex-King's chief bodyguard.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=24–25}} However, Rana Bahadur's renunciation lasted only a few months. After the inevitable death of Kantavati, Rana Bahadur suffered a mental breakdown during which he lashed out by desecrating temples and cruelly punishing the attendant physicians and astrologers.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=26–27}} He then renounced his ascetic life and attempted to re-assert his royal authority.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} This led to a direct conflict with almost all the courtiers who had pledged a holy oath of allegiance to the legitimate King Girvan; this conflict eventually led to the establishment of a dual government and to an imminent civil war, with [[Damodar Pande]] leading the military force against the dissenting ex-King and his group.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} Since most of the military officers had sided with the courtiers, Rana Bahadur realized that his authority could not be re-established; and he was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of [[Varanasi]] in May, 1800.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}}

===Exile in Varanasi: 1800–1804===
As Rana Bahadur Shah's best friend and advisor, Bhimsen Thapa also accompanied him to Varanasi. Rana Bahadur's retinue included his first wife, Rajarajeshvari, while his second wife, Subarnaprabha, stayed back in Kathmandu to serve as regent.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=32}} Since Rana Bahadur was willing to do anything to regain his power and punish those who had forced him into exile, he served as a focal point for dissident factions in Varanasi. He first sought help from the British, in exchange for which he was willing to concede a trading post in Kathmandu and grant them a percentage of the tax revenue.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=50}} However, the British were in favor of working with the existing government in Nepal, rather than risking restoring an exiled ex-king to power.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=51}} The Kathmandu Durbar was willing to appease the British and agreed to sign a commercial treaty, as long as the wayward Rana Bahadur and his group were held in India under strict British surveillance.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=34}} This arrangement was kept a secret from Rana Bahadur and his group; when they eventually became aware of the strictures on their movement, and hence the treaty, they were incensed at the British as well as the proponents ([[Damodar Pande]] and his faction) of this treaty in Nepal.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=51}} An elaborate intrigue was set in motion with the aim of splitting the unity of courtiers in the Kathmandu Durbar and fomenting anti-British feelings. A flurry of letters were exchanged between the ex-king and individual courtiers, through which he tried to set them up against Damodar Pande and tried to woo them with promises of lifelong high government positions that could be inherited by their progeny.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=38–42}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=52,56}}

Meanwhile, Rajarajeshwari, fed up with her debauched husband, left Varanasi,{{refn|group=note|The exact reason for Rajarajeshwari's departure from Varanasi is a matter of controversy. In Varanasi, Rana Bahadur had sold all her jewelry to support his dissipation and had acquired many new wives and concubines. He regularly mistreated Rajarajeshwari, and once even humiliated her in public before a prostitute. So, her sense of frustration could have made her leave Varanasi. But at the same time, there is also evidence to support that Rana Bahadur sent her back to Kathmandu with a political motive.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=60}}}} entered the border of Nepal on 26 July 1801, and taking advantage of the weak regency, was slowly making her way towards Kathmandu with the view of taking over the regency. {{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=36–37}} Back in Kathmandu the court politics turned complicated when Mul Kaji (or chief minister) Kirtiman Singh Basnet, a favorite of the Regent Subarnaprabha, was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of Rajarajeshwari.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=34}} In the resulting confusion many courtiers were jailed, while some executed, based solely on rumors. Bakhatbar Singh Basnet, brother of assassinated Kirtiman Singh, was then given the post of mul kaji{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=35}} During his tenure as the mul kaji, on 28 October 1801, a Treaty of Commerce and Alliance{{refn|group=note|The treaty was signed by Gajraj Misra, on the behalf of Nepal Durbar, and Charles Crawford, on the behalf of East India Company, in Danapur, India. Among the articles in the treaty, it decided on perpetual peace and friendship between the two states, on the pension for Rana Bahadur Shah, the establishment of a British Residency in Kathmandu, and an establishment of trade relations between the two states.{{sfn|Amatya|1978}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=51}}}} was finally signed between Nepal and East India Company that led to the establishment of the first [[Residencies of British India|British Resident]], Captain William O. Knox, who was reluctantly welcomed by the courtiers in Kathmandu on 16 April 1802.{{refn|group=note|Knox had previously accompanied Captain [[William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)|William Kirkpatrick]] in the 1792 British diplomatic mission to Nepal as a Lieutenant in charge of the military escort. In Knox's 1801 mission, he was accompanied by experts like the naturalist [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]], who later published ''An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal'' in 1819, and the surveyor Charles Crawford, who made the first scientific maps of Kathmandu valley and of Nepal, and proposed that the Himalayas might be among the highest mountains in the world.{{sfn|Waller|2004|p=174}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton And His Pioneering Natural History Collections In Nepal In 1802–1803|url=http://www.nepembassy.org.uk/full_news.php?filename=2012_01_19|access-date=7 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103182603/http://www.nepembassy.org.uk/full_news.php?filename=2012_01_19|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Three maps of Nepal relating to the pioneering natural history collections of Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, 1802-3| url=http://www.linnean.org/The-Society/LinnBlog/December+2013+Maps+of+Nepal| access-date=31 December 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231134602/http://www.linnean.org/The-Society/LinnBlog/December%2B2013%2BMaps%2Bof%2BNepal| archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Game of Mapping the Himalaya |last=Sorkhabi |first=Rasoul |url =https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/65/3/the-great-game-of-mapping-the-himalaya/ |access-date= 31 December 2014}}</ref> }}{{sfnm|Pradhan|2012|1p=14|Nepal|2007|2p=51|Amatya|1978|3p=|Acharya|2012|4pp=35–36}} The primary objective of Knox's mission was to bring the trade treaty of 1792 into full effect and to establish a "controlling influence" in Nepali politics.{{sfn|Amatya|1978}} Almost eight months after the establishment of the Residency, Rajarajeshwari finally managed to assume the regency on 17 December 1802.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=36–37}}

===Return to Kathmandu===
[[File:Rana Bdr Shah.jpg|thumb|Aggressive looking Rana Bahadur Shah]]
After Rajarajeshwari took over the regency, she was pressured by Knox to pay the annual pension of 82,000 rupees to the ex-King as per the obligations of the treaty,{{sfn|Amatya|1978}} which paid off the vast debt that Rana Bahadur Shah had accumulated in Varanasi due to his spendthrift habits.{{refn|group="note"|Rana Bahadur had borrowed a lot of money from many different people: Rs 60,000 from Dwarika Das; Rs 100,000 from Raja Shivalal Dube; Rs 1,400 from Ambasankar Bhattnagar. Similarly, he had borrowed a lot of money from the East India Company as well. However, Rana Bahadur was reckless in the manner he spent the borrowed money. For instance, he had once given an alms of Rs 500 to a Brahmin.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=54–55}} For more details see {{sfnm|Regmi|1987a|Regmi|1987b|Regmi|1988}} }}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=42–43, 48}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=54–55}} The Nepalese court also felt it prudent to keep Rana Bahadur in isolation in Nepal itself, rather than in the British controlled India, and that paying off Rana Bahadur's debts could facilitate his return at an opportune moment.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=42–43, 48}} Rajarajeshwari's presence in Kathmandu also stirred unrest among the courtiers that aligned themselves around her and Subarnaprabha. Sensing an imminent hostility, Knox aligned himself with Subarnaprabha and attempted to interfere with the internal politics of Nepal.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=43}} Getting a wind of this matter, Rajarajeshwari dissolved the government and elected new ministers, with Damodar Pande as the mul kaji, while the Resident Knox, finding himself persona non grata and the objectives of his mission frustrated, voluntarily left Kathmandu to reside in [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]] citing a cholera epidemic.{{sfnm|Acharya|2012|1p=43|Amatya|1978}} Subarnaprabha and the members of her faction were arrested.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=43}}

Such open display of anti-British feelings and humiliation prompted the Governor General of the time [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] to recall Knox to India and unilaterally suspend the diplomatic ties.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=45}} The Treaty of 1801 was also unilaterally annulled by the British on 24 January 1804.{{sfn|Amatya|1978}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|pp=14, 25}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=56}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=45}} The suspension of diplomatic ties also gave the Governor General a pretext to allow the ex-King Rana Bahadur to return to Nepal unconditionally.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|pp=14, 25}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=45}}

As soon as they received the news, Rana Bahadur and his group proceeded towards Kathmandu. Some troops were sent by Kathmandu Durbar to check their progress, but the troops changed their allegiance when they came face to face with the ex-King.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=49–55}} Damodar Pande and his men were arrested at Thankot where they were waiting to greet the ex-King with state honors and take him into isolation.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=49–55}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=56}} After Rana Bahadur's reinstatement to power, he started to extract vengeance on those who had tried to keep him in exile.

On April 25, 1806, he was beheaded by his half-brother, [[Sher Bahadur Shah]]. Rana Bahadur's death was followed by the [[Bhandarkhal massacre (1806)|Bhandarkhal massacre]].

==See also==
*[[Nepali Mandir]]
*[[Pratap Singh Shah]]
*[[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation | last = Acharya | first = Baburam | editor-last = Acharya | editor-first = Shri Krishna |title = Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan | location = Kathmandu | year = 2012 | pages = 228 | language = ne | publisher = Education Book House | isbn = 9789937241748}}
* {{citation|last1=Amatya|first1=Shaphalya|title=The Failure of Captain Knox's Mission In Nepal (1801 A.D.-1804 A.D.)|journal=Ancient Nepal|date=1978|volume=46–48|issue=June–November|pages=9–17|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_46-48_05.pdf|access-date=8 January 2018}}
* {{citation | last = Karmacharya | first = Ganga | title = Queens in Nepalese politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775–1846 | publisher = Educational Pub. House | pages = 185 | year = 2005 | location = Kathmandu | isbn = 9789994633937 }}
* {{citation | last = Nepal | first = Gyanmani | title = Nepal ko Mahabharat | publisher = Sajha | language = ne | year = 2007 | edition = 3rd | pages = 314 | location = Kathmandu | isbn = 9789993325857 }}
* {{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah }}
* {{citation | last = Regmi | first = Mahesh Chandra | title = Rana Bahadur Shah's Expense in Banaras | journal = Regmi Research Series | date = June 1987a | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 84–89 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_19.pdf | access-date = 31 December 2014 }}
* {{citation | last = Regmi | first = Mahesh Chandra | title = Rana Bahadur Shah's Expense in Banaras | journal = Regmi Research Series | date = July–August 1987b | volume = 19 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 92–98 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_19.pdf | access-date = 31 December 2014 }}
* {{citation | last = Regmi | first = Mahesh Chandra | title = Rana Bahadur Shah's Expense in Banaras | journal = Regmi Research Series | date = March 1988 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 31–37 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_20.pdf | access-date = 31 December 2014 }}
* {{citation | last = Waller | first = Derek J. | title = The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | orig-year = 1990 | year = 2004 | pages = 327 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PYqWhpyoQsoC | isbn = 9780813191003 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.nepalmonarchy.gov.np/monarcyinnepal/monarchyinnepal_TextOnly.php Royal Court of Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110031624/http://www.nepalmonarchy.gov.np/monarcyinnepal/monarchyinnepal_TextOnly.php |date=10 November 2006 }} – official website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061118193257/http://www.nepalhomepage.com/general/kings/rana.html Rana Bahadur Shah biography – Nepal home page]

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Shah dynasty]]|25 May|1775|25 April|1806}}
{{S-reg|}}
|-
{{succession box|
title=[[List of monarchs of Nepal|King of Nepal]]|
years=1777–1799|
before=[[Pratap Singh Shah]]|
after=[[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Heads of State of Nepal}}
{{Prime Ministers of Nepal}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1806 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1806]]
[[Category:Kings of Nepal]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Shah dynasty]]
[[Category:Mukhtiyars]]
[[Category:People of the Nepalese unification]]
[[Category:People from Kathmandu District]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]

Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali

2026-01-03T01:43:13Z

BarneyMoh54: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian historical television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali.jpg
| alt_name = Salim Anarkali
| genre = [[History|Historical]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| director = K Mohit Kumar Amit Gupta Dinesh Mahadev
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Sandeep Mukherjee
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 69
| list_episodes =
| producer = Resham Sinha Hitesh Thakkar
| editor = Satya Sharma Virendra Sharma
| runtime = 20 minutes
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|10|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|1|4}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* Mitali
* Arundhati Sharma
}}
| screenplay = Shrinita Bhaumik Manish Palival Anjum Abbas
}}

'''''Dastaan-E-Mohabbat: Salim Anarkali''''' ({{Translation|''Story Of Love: Salim Anarkali''}}) is an Indian historical television series that aired on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/colors-tv-launches-the-historical-saga-dastaan-e-mohabbat-salim-anarkali-28716|title=Colors TV launches the Legendary Historical Saga 'Astana-E-Sabbath: Salim Anarkali'|website=Mumbai Live|date=29 September 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> Created by Ludhiana Pathak's Writer's Galaxy Studios'','' it premiered on 1 October 2018. Starring [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Sonarika Bhadoria]], the show explores the historical love story of Prince [[Jahangir|Salim]] and [[Anarkali]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-s-shaheer-sheikh-to-romance-this-actress-in-mughal-e-azam-remake-1293690-2018-07-23|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi's Shaheer Sheikh to romance this actress in Mughal-e-Azam remake|date=23 July 2018|website=India Today|accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sonarika-bhadoria-who-would-say-no-to-being-anarkali/19949156|title=Sonarika Bhadoria: Who would say no to being Anarkali|date=6 November 2018|website=mid-day|accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==

[[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] (Uzair Bassar) visits an old [[dargah]] with his father [[Akbar]] ([[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]]) and mother [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]] ([[Gurdeep Kohli]]). The Saint blesses them and foretells that Salim will be a great warrior with the capability of becoming a great king, and that one day Salim will turn against Akbar. Akbar promises that he will never allow such things to happen.

When dacoits attack the village of Agra, a girl named Saifu (Naisa Khanna) and her aunt Jhillan ([[Shruti Ulfat]]) save Salim as they flee. On learning that Saifu saved Salim's life, Akbar renames Saifu as [[Anarkali]], which means 'blossomed pomegranate'. The seer also foretold that Anarkali will be the reason of the feud between Akbar and Salim. As they return to Agra, Salim and Anarkali become best friends. While Jodha and Akbar are happy to see Salim with his new-found friend, Akbar's first wife, [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum|Ruqaiya]], ([[Tasneem Sheikh]]) and Akbar's mother [[Hamida Banu Begum|Hamida]] ([[Aruna Irani]]) are enraged to see the niece of a servant playing with Salim. When Ruqaiya plots to kill Salim, Anarkali saves him once more.

Later, after Salim begins misbehaving when Ruqaiya puts [[Flunitrazepam|rohypnol]] in his milk, Akbar decides to send him to the battlefield for 12 years until he is grown-up. Salim leaves the castle and is angry with his father's decision. However, Anarkali tearfully bids adieu to Salim and decides to write him letters throughout the 12 years in which all of this takes place.

===12 Years Later===

Prince Salim ([[Shaheer Sheikh]]) is now grown up and he is a brave and talented warrior who can single-handedly kill ten soldiers. Though ferocious, Salim has the soft heart of Jodha, and knows how to forgive. Salim's best friend is the Hindu warrior, Mahabbat ([[Meherzan Mazda]]), with whom Salim shares all his secrets. Anarkali ([[Sonarika Bhadoria]]), who is also grown-up, is a shy, soft-spoken, beautiful servant of Agra palace, and extremely close to Jodha. She writes letters to Salim every week, although she never gets a reply from him.

Though Anarkali loves Salim, she never expresses her desires. She knows that as a servant, she can never even dream of becoming the queen of Salim's heart. Although Ruqaiya hates Anarkali and frequently tries to defame her, Anarkali has nothing harsh against anyone. Jodha receives the news of Salim's homecoming and requests Anarkali to decorate Salim's room.

Salim returns and after meeting Jodha, he expresses his desire to meet Anarkali. Salim meets Anarkali at the terrace and is absolutely smitten with her. Although Anarkali is reluctant to see Salim again, Salim insists upon meeting her. This gives Ruqaiya an opportunity to make Anarkali fall in Salim's eyes. The next day, Ruqaiya orders Anarkali to dance with another dancer at a party arranged to celebrate Salim's homecoming. Salim is absolutely furious to see Anarkali as a ''rakkasha'' (courtesan) and slaps her in front of everyone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.serialgossip.com/spoiler-32555-a |title=Dastan E Mohabbat Salim Anarkali and Bepanah latest spoiler october 1, 2018 (Latest Spoilers Alert)}}</ref> Salim leaves, followed by Mahabbat.

However, Mahabbat succeeds in making Salim understand that he was always in love with Anarkali. Salim decides to confess his feelings to Anarkali, who then requests that Salim leaves her alone, fearing that her worst nightmare will come true. A stubborn Salim tries to win over Anarkali and is successful. At last, Salim decides to give up, but before he does, he decides to make Anarkali confess her true feelings for him. He orders Mahabbat to arrange a party in the jungle, and to order Anarkali to come with them. Salim also arranges a dancer named Firdous to make Anarkali jealous. While Firdous dances, Salim notices Anarkali's jealousy, but she still remains silent.

Salim orders everyone to get out of the tent except Anarkali. Salim asks her why she was still silent. Anarkali replies that she is just a servant and cannot tell Salim what to do and what not. A frustrated Salim decides to make the tent catch fire and kill himself. However, this incident makes Anarkali weak, and she confesses her love for him. Hamida, after receiving the news of the fire incident, decides to meet Salim but is stunned to see him hugging Anarkali. She learns of their affair and decides to end it. Firdous, as revealed is a plot planted by Ruqaiya, tells her about Salim's love for Anarkali.

Ruqaiya asks Firdous to create a rift between them, but Firdous refuses and says she will not come between the two lovers. Ruqaiya kills Firdous. Akbar calls Nigris Jaan to teach dance to Anarkali. Firstly, Nigris behaves rudely with Anarkali but later, when she realises her love for Salim, she starts helping her. Then, Maan Bai, Salim's cousin enters and is successful in marrying him. She becomes Salim's first wife and starts creating the rift between Salim and Anarkali, but is unsuccessful. She even tries to kill Anarkali but Anarkali is saved by Salim. Maan Bai tells Akbar about their affair; he becomes furious and tells Anarkali to go away from Salim if she wants to save her life. But, later she is stabbed in her stomach and dies in the arms of Salim.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shaheer Sheikh]] as [[Jahangir|Jahangir/Prince Salim]]
** Uzair Basar as Young Jahangir/Salim
* [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] as [[Anarkali|Anarkali "Saifu"]]
** Naisa Khanna as Young Anarkali "Saifu"

===Recurring===
* Heli Daruwala as [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum "Maan Bai"]]
* [[Gurdeep Kohli|Gurdeep Kohli Punj]] as [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Mariam-uz-Zamani "Jodha Bai"]]
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as [[Akbar|Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar]]
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] as [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]
* [[Parvati Sehgal]] as [[Salima Sultan Begum]]
* [[Aruna Irani]] as [[Hamida Banu Begum|Hamida Banu Begum "Badi Begum"]]
* [[Shruti Ulfat]] as Jhillan
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/piyush-sahdev-to-play-abu-fazl-in-daastan-e-mohabbat-salim-anarkali/19835150|title=Piyush Sahdev to play Abu Fazl in Daastan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali|date=25 September 2018|website=mid-day|accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Mahabbat
* Karan Sharma as [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]]
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as [[Bhagwant Das]]
* [[Rachana Mistry]] as Husna
* [[Anand Goradia]] as Khanam
* Ankita Srivastava as Firdaus
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Nargis Jaan
* [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]] as Hakim Mirza
* [[Riya Shukla]]

== International broadcast ==
* In Indonesia (Indonesian), it began airing on [[ANTV]] with the title ''Salim Anarkali'' from 11 March 2019 to 11 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabloidbintang.com/articles/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/124958/dibintangi-shaheer-sheikh-salim-anarkali-tayang-mulai-senin-11-maret-2019|title=Dibintangi Shaheer Sheikh, Salim Anarkali Tayang Mulai Senin, 11 Maret 2019|date=19 November 2022 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popmagz.com/salim-anarkali-antv-tayang-sore-kisah-cinta-anak-jodha-akbar-22577/|title=Salim Anarkali ANTV Tayang Sore, Kisah Cinta Anak Jodha Akbar|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.voot.com/shows/salim-anarkali/1/639077 Watch Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali on Voot]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans drama series]]

Mijiic languages

2026-01-01T19:04:42Z

BarneyMoh54: new pg

{{Infobox language family
| name = Mijiic
| altname =
| region = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]] and [[Shannan Prefecture]], [[China]]
| ethnicity = [[Miji people]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]?
| fam2 = [[Hrusish languages|Hrusish]]?
| child1 = [[Miji language|Miji]] (Sajolang)
| child2 = [[Bangru language|Bangru]]
| glotto = miji1239
| glottorefname = Miji
}}

'''Mijiic''' is a small language family of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in northeastern India, consisting of the erstwhile possible [[language isolate]] (dialect cluster) [[Miji language|Miji]] and the recently discovered [[Bangru language]]. The two languages are clearly related, though "the very different consonant inventories makes seeking regular correspondences difficult."<ref name=blench2023/> The Bangru and Miji are geographically separated and are not clearly aware of their linguistic relationship, though there is some evidence for contact between East Miji and Bangru in the past. They are commonly included in the [[Sino-Tibetan]] language family, but the evidence is weak.<ref>{{citation|first1=Roger |last1=Blench |first2=Mark |last2=Post |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-26 }}</ref><ref name=blench2023>Roger Blench (2023) [https://www.academia.edu/95056998/What_is_the_evidence_that_the_isolate_languages_of_Arunachal_Pradesh_are_genuinely_Trans_Himalayan What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?]</ref>

==Numerals==
The basic numerals correspond.<ref name=blench2023/>

{| class=wikitable
! Numeral !! West Miji (Sajolang) !! East Miji (Namrai) !! Bangru
|-
! one
| ùŋ || uŋ || akə
|-
! two
| ɡnì || krn || kəraj
|-
! three
| ɡə̀tʰə́n || ktʰm || kətajŋ
|-
! four
| bə̀lí || plaj || purwaj
|-
! five
| buŋə || pŋu || puŋu
|-
! six
| rɛ́ʔ || raʔm || rɛʔ
|-
! seven
| miaʔ || miaʔ || moj
|-
! eight
| sɨɡeʔ || ʃəɡəʔ || səɡaj
|-
! nine
| stʰə̌ŋ || ʃətʰən || sətəŋ
|-
! ten
| lɨ̀n || lɨn || rəŋ
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/12657496/The_Mijiic_languages_distribution_dialects_wordlist_and_classification ''The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification'']. m.s.

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{language families}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hrusish languages]]

Anumarana

2025-12-26T22:16:21Z

BarneyMoh54: Stub

{{short description|Indian practice of self-immolation}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Anumarana''''' or '''''Anugamana'''''<ref name=lr>{{cite book|title=Loops and Roots: The Conflict Between Official and Traditional Family ... By Purnima Chattopadhayay-Dutt|date=1995|pages=554–555|isbn=9788170246596|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7I4aHMgsaAC&q=Anumarana&pg=PA554|last1=Chattopadhayay-Dutt|first1=Purnima|publisher=APH }}</ref> refers to the ancient Indian practice of [[self-immolation]] by which anyone with personal loyalty to the deceased could commit suicide at a loved one's funeral.<ref name=mlj>{{cite book|title=The Journal of Oriental Research, Madras, Volumes 19-22|date=1951|publisher=Madras Law Journal, Indo-Aryan|page=1,4,57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0c3AAAAIAAJ&q=Anumarana}}</ref><ref name=hd>{{cite book|title=History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India)|date=1974|publisher=Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana Kāṇe, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|page=xviii, 628, 632|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARk9AQAAIAAJ&q=Anumarana}}</ref> Anumarana was practiced usually by the widowed wives, when learnt of husband's death at battlefield or elsewhere and he had been already cremated. The widow then resolves to take away her life and immolated herself with husband's ashes or [[paduka]]s or other such memento.<ref name=lr/><ref name=mlj/><ref name=hd/> The practice of Anumarana is mentioned in [[Kamasutra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Dharmaśāstra, Volume 1 By Swami Parmeshwaranand|date=2003|page=210|isbn=9788176253659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1qJNIbbWA0C&q=Anumarana&pg=PA210|last1=Parmeshwaranand|first1=Swami|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref> In [[Mahabharata]], there is a mention of Anumarana being practiced by widows of [[Kshatriyas]] on rare occasions.<ref>Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India - Issue 41 - 1929 - Page 21</ref> The practice has been described to be prevalent [[northern India]] and had existed before the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Women in the Sacred Laws by Shakuntala Rao Shastri
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1990 - Women (Hindu law) 1990: pp:130: Before the Gupta period the Anumarana was co-extensive with the later Sati rite.</ref> As per custom, the [[Brahmin]] women were only permitted to die by ''[[Sahamarana]]'' and were not allowed the right of ''anumarana''; however, non-Brahmin women could decide to self-immolate both by ''sahamarana'' or ''anumarana.''<ref>{{cite book|title=Rammohun Roy: A Critical Biography By Amiya P. Sen|isbn = 9788184757828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4xSuc3JhzMC&q=anumarana+brahmin&pg=PT115|last1 = Sen|first1 = Amiya P.|date = 15 October 2012| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader edited by Sumit Sarkar, Tanika Sarkar|date=2008|page=50|isbn=9780253352699|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&q=sahamarana+brahmin&pg=PA50|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sumit|last2=Sarkar|first2=Tanika|publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Burning women: a global history of widow sacrifice from ancient times to the present by Jörg Fisch|date=2006|publisher=Seagull|page=253,375,401|isbn=9781905422029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zymCAAAAMAAJ&q=anumarana+brahmin}}</ref> Anumarana was not comparable to later understandings of the practice of ''[[sati (practice)|sati]]'', as in this widows did not self-immolate in funeral pyre of her husband.<ref name=mlj/><ref name=hd/> When a widow immolated herself with the husband's dead body, it was called ''Sahamarana'' or ''Sahagamana.''<ref name=lr/>

The Commission of [[Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987]] Part I, Section 2(c) defines ''Sati'' as the act or rite itself, including both ''sahamarana'' and ''anumarana''.<ref name="NRCW">[http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/13.htm Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025224737/http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/13.htm |date=2009-10-25 }}. Official text of the Act on [[Government of India]]'s National Resource Centre for Women (NCRW) [http://nrcw.nic.in/ Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302132824/http://nrcw.nic.in/ |date=2010-03-02 }}</ref> The practice of ''anumarana'' was generally banned by British authorities already in 1826 (with a prior ban for Brahmin widows in 1817<ref>{{cite book|last=Calcutta Historical Society|year=1957|title=Bengal: Past and Present|volume=76,1|publisher=Calcutta Historical Society|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RvjAAAAMAAJ&q=anumarana+banned+1826}}</ref>), three years prior to the general ban on ''sati''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Long|editor-first=George |page=359|chapter=Suttee|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36orAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA359|title=The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|volume=23|year=1842|publisher=C. Knight|location=London}}</ref> At least 3 cases of anumarana were recorded in 1826.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarma|first1=Bina K.|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Soma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW_aAAAAMAAJ&q=anumarana+banned+1826|page=120|title=Folk deities and Matrika cult of South West Bengal|year=2004|volume=2|publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya| isbn=9788187661313 }}</ref> Nor had such cases been particularly exceptional; [[Anand Yang]] documents several cases where the widow immolated herself many years after her husband's death. Just in the [[Ghazipur]] district in 1822, for example, 4 widows were reported to commit ''anumarana'' 16–40 years after the deaths of their husbands, one of them throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her son.<ref>For these statistics and in-depth treatment, see {{cite book|last1=Yang|first1=Anand A.|editor1-last=Sarkar|editor1-first=Sumit |editor2-last=Sarkar|editor2-first=Tanika |pages=29–31|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&pg=PA29|chapter=Whose Sati?Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India|title=Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=9780253352699}}</ref>

Also the practice of ''anumarana'' was, in earlier times, not restricted to widows. These included the deceased's relatives, servants, followers, or friends. Sometimes these deaths stemmed from vows of loyalty,<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: Ancient India By Simmi Jain|date=2003|pages=522–23|isbn=9788178351728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH1qr33kfXAC&q=indian+antiquary&pg=PA252|last1=Jain|first1=Simmi|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref> and is said to have been prevalent in the 11th century CE in north/northwestern India, cases recorded in the 13th century CE as well.<ref name="Shastri">Shakuntala Rao Shastri, ''Women in the Sacred Laws'' -- The later law books (1960), also reproduced online at [http://www.hindubooks.org/women_in_the_sacredlaws/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222221/http://www.hindubooks.org/women_in_the_sacredlaws/|date=2014-04-08}}. Web page 23-26, original pages, 65-76</ref> At the death in 1839 of the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], [[Ranjit Singh]], Ranjit Singh's premier minister, Dhyan Singh, declared his commitment to perish in the flames as well. He had to be physically prevented from doing so by the other courtiers, since they felt the Sikh Empire could not manage without Dhyan Singh at this point of crisis in history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fisch|first=Jörg|page=262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWIgyZRqu2QC&pg=PA262|title=Tödliche Rituale: die indische Witwenverbrennung und andere Formen der Totenfolge|year=1998|publisher=Campus Verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main/New York|isbn=9783593360966}} Fisch's source is [[:de:Johann Martin Honigberger|Johann Martin Honigberger]] who was royal physician for Ranjit Singh. At Ranjit Singh's funeral, 11 of his wives ''did'' commit sati.{{cite book|last=Honigberger|first=Johann M.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frchteausdemmorg00honi/page/109 109]–110|url=https://archive.org/details/frchteausdemmorg00honi|title=Fruchte aus dem morgenlande|year=1851|publisher=Carl Gerold und Sohn|location=Vienna}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jauhar]]
* [[Sati (practice)]], a chiefly historical practice in which a Hindu widow burns alive on her deceased husband's funeral pyre

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Suicide types]]
[[Category:Funerals in India]]
[[Category:Death customs]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Gender and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Women and death]]

Arakonam–Jolarpettai Express

2025-12-21T19:26:21Z

BarneyMoh54: Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Companies|date=April 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
}}

The '''Arakkonam–Jolarpettai MEMU Express''' is an [[India]]n daily train that runs between [[Jolarpettai]] and [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Siddharth |title=16085/Arakkonam - Jolarpettai MEMU Express (UnReserved) - Arakkonam to Jolarpettai SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-arakkonam-jolarpettai-memu-express-16085/2656/428/37 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The train departs from [[Arakkonam Junction railway station]] daily at 18:05 and arrives at [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station]] at 21:15. This train stops at 14 stations, importantly [[Sholinghur]], [[Walajah Road railway station|Walajah Road]], [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]], [[Ambur railway station|Ambur]], and [[Vaniyambadi railway station|Vaniyambadi]]. This train was referred to as the "workers' special" during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It is mostly used by workers commuting from Chennai Ambattur, Avadi, Thiruvallur, Arakkonam, Katpadi.

This train operates with train no. 16085 in the up direction towards Jolarpettai and no. 16086 in the down direction towards Arakkonam Junction.

== History ==
The Arakkonam-Jolarpettai MEMU service was introduced on 22 May 2000.[2] This MEMU was the first to be introduced for long-distance routes in [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]].

== Coaches ==
This train carries an 8 car MEMU rack OF ICF or RCF. The train has rake sharing with 66011 Chennai central-Arakkonam MEMU Express. Even though it is classified as Express, this train stops in many stations. According to railway rules, trains running more than 200 km are included in express category. This train travels only 146 km, but collects express (higher) fares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |last2=Raju |first2=Nidharshana |date=2024-08-06 |title=Charged Express train fare for Chennai suburban train, passengers irked |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/charged-express-train-fare-for-chennai-suburban-train-passengers-irked |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Yelagiri Express]]
* [[Brindavan Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Madhusudanpur Nand Urf Jhalra

2025-12-20T06:11:07Z

BarneyMoh54: new new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhalra
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = India Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1861}}
| founder = Abdur Rahman Mansoori
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha =
| population_total = 3642
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246701
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[खड़ीबोली]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name = Babbu Urf Jehngir Khan
| image_skyline =
| image_caption = Jhalra Hult Railway Station
| footnotes = Swatch jhalra sundar jhalra
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01342
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_demonym = Jhalariya
| coordinates = {{coord|29.42|N|78.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| elevation_m = 950
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mohammadpur Deomal]]
}}

'''Madhusudanpur Nand Urf Jhalra''' is a large village and near [[Meerut]] [[Pauri]] [[Highway]] [[National Highway 34 (India)]] [[Jhalra Gram Panchayat]] in [[Bijnor district]] block [[Mohammadpur Deomal]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madsudanpurnand Urf Jhalra Village Population – Bijnor – Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/112254-madsudanpurnand-urf-jhalra-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps of Bijnor Tahsil Villages in Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh – Village Map |url=https://villagemap.net/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/bijnor/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=villagemap.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Population ==
In 2011, the village had 597 families and a population of 3,642 people, of which 1957 were males and 1685 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=india data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40813 }}</ref>

== History ==

Telhi [[Mansoori]] Jat Khan Fakir Chamar Sakke etc. are included here [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Diwali]] are also celebrated with sorrow Jhalra is located at{{Coord|29.4|N|78.18|E}} .<ref>{{Cite web |title=up government |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1088/1/43699_1971_BIJ.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhalra Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jhalra-jhh/8301 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Gram Panchayat ==
As per the constitution of India and the Panchyati Raaj Act, [[Jhalra Gram Panchayat]] village is administrated by a Gram Pradhan who is elected by the Villagers<ref>{{Cite web |title=4fa975b6-9bde-4c28-a843-820f75b25aee |url=https://publuu.com/flip-book/158451/397357 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Publuu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=https:%2Fsec.up.nic.in%2Fsite%2FDownloadCandidateFaDebt.aspx |url=https://publuu.com/flip-book/158451/397372 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Publuu |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl.No.
!From
!To
!Name of Gram Pradhan
|-
|1
|1950
|1990
|Abdul Rahman Mansoori (OBC)
|-
|2
|1995
|2000
|Laddan (GEN)
|-
|4
|2000
|2005
|Shafeeq (GEN)
|-
|5
|2005
|2010
|Sukhveer (SC)
|-
|6
|2010
|2015
|Shakeel (OBC)
|-
|7
|2015
|2020
|Mustari (GEN)
|-
|8
|2020
|—
|Gulsher (GEN)
|}

== Government Employees ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!
{| class="wikitable"
!Designation
!
|}
|'''Department'''
|-
|'''Aadesh'''
|Anganwadi
|Department Of Women & Child Development
|-
|'''Atik Ahamad'''
|Leakpal
|Department Of Revenue
|-
|'''Huma Beby'''
|Asst Teacher
|Department Of Education
|-
|'''Kusum Rani'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|'''Punam Rani'''
|Frontline Worker
|Department Of Health & Family Welfare
|-
|'''Rupesh'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|'''Tahira'''
|Asha
|Department Of Health
|-
|'''Vijay Laxmi'''
|Anganwadi
|Department Of Women & Child Development<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): MADHUSOODANPURNANDURFJHALRA |url=https://civicatlas.in/gram-panchayat-madhusoodanpurnandurfjhalra-55362 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=civicatlas.in}}</ref>
|}

== Education ==
It has a government-run primary and junior school and

Bijnor Public School, Delhi Public School, Platinum Public School

== Religious places ==
Jama Masjid

Noor Masjid

Shiv Mandir

Choti Masjid

Islamia Madrasa

== Founded ==
This village was built by Abdur Rahman Mansoori in 1861. In this village, he served more than 5 terms in this village, that too by becoming Sarpanch in 1950. won the elections and was elected the first head of the village After that India became independent in 1958, then elections went on, then his son Hafiz Abdul Salam contested for the post of [[Pradhan]] and became the first [[Pradhan]] {{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jhalra (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|6}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Muslims]]|green|94}}
|caption=
}}

== Nearby places ==
'''Nearest Districts'''

Jhalra is located around 5 kilometres Bijnor District

Surrounding districts from jhalra are as follows:

Haridwar District, 60.3 Km

Kotdwar District, 35.2 km

== Services ==
Jio 5G

Jio 4G

BSNL WIFI

VODAFONE

IDEA

AIRTEL

JIO WIFI

== Cricket ground ==
The cricket ground is named after Hafiz Abdul Salam, and is located at {{Coord|29.432046|N|78.183014|E}}.
<gallery>
Jhalra cricket ground1.jpg
Jhalra cricket ground.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

Azizul Islam

2025-11-10T17:35:40Z

BarneyMoh54: improved article

{{Other|Azizul Islam (disambiguation)}}{{Short description|Bangladeshi flutist}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Azizul Islam
| native_name = আজিজুল ইসলাম
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Ustad_Azizul_Islam_2016.jpg
| caption = Islam in 2017
| instrument = flute
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|05|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rajbari District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| website = {{URL|ustadazizulislam.com}}
}}

'''Azizul Islam''' (born 2 May 1944)<ref name=bio>{{cite news|url=http://www.ustadazizulislam.com/biography.html|title=Biography|accessdate=February 12, 2017|publisher=ustadazizulislam.com}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi flutist. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] by the [[Government of Bangladesh]] in the music category in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/17-named-ekushey-padak-2017-1360108|title=17 named for Ekushey Padak 2017|date=February 12, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==Early life==
Islam studied in Government Muslim High School Chittagong and [[Chittagong College]]. He then graduated from [[Bangladesh Marine Academy]]. He became a captain of a merchant vessel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/ustad-azizul-islam-on-flute-enthrals-audience-16652|title=Ustad Azizul Islam on flute enthrals audience|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=February 12, 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star|author=Pranabesh Chakraborty}}</ref> He was trained under Ranjan Sengupta and Vilayat Ali Khan.<ref name=honour>{{cite news|url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/7481/flautist-ustad-azizul-islam-honoured|title=Flautist Ustad Azizul Islam honoured|date=January 21, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2017|newspaper=newagebd.net}}</ref>

==Career==
Islam left the marine job in 1973.<ref name=bio/> He became a student of the Indian [[sarod]] player Ustad [[Bahadur Khan (musician)|Bahadur Khan]] to acquire the knowledge of the performing style of Seni Gharana. Then he received lessons from the flutists Devendra Murdeshwar and VG Karnad, both disciples of [[Pannalal Ghosh]].<ref name=bio/>

==Awards==
* Sangeet Piyasi Award
* Paul Harris Fellow Award
* Sahitya Academy Award<ref name=honour/>
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (2017)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Azizul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:People from Rajbari District]]
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi flautists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]

{{Bangladesh-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-musician-stub}}

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6

2025-11-01T14:33:03Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{short description|Season of television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox television season
| season_number =
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = aqua
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| host = [[Manish Paul]] [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]
| judges = [[Remo D'Souza]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Karan Johar]]
| num_contestants = 20
| celebrity_winner = [[Drashti Dhami]]
| professional_winner = [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
}}
| num_episodes = 31
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|06|01}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|09|14}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6''''' is the '''sixth season''' of the dance reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''. It premiered on 1 June 2013 on [[Colors TV|Colors]]. The season was hosted by [[Manish Paul]] and [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]. [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Karan Johar]] and [[Remo D'Souza]] were the three judges. The finale took place on 14 September 2013 and where [[Drashti Dhami]] with [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] emerged as the winners while [[Lauren Gottlieb]] and [[Punit Pathak]] became the runner-up.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drashti-dhami-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/422046-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921180620/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drashti-dhami-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/422046-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2013|title=Drashti Dhami beats Lauren Gottlieb, wins 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6'|date=14 September 2013|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Drashti Dhami crowned as Winner of Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 6|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/drashti-dhami-crowned-as-winner-of-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-6/|accessdate=15 September 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Celebrity
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notability
! scope="col" | Professional partner
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! [[Eijaz Khan]]
| Actor
| Bhawna Khanduja
| bgcolor=lightgreen |Withdrew {{small|on 1 June 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-contestant-eijaz-khan-undergoes-shoulder-surgery/story-cHkf0LJv6YIJLSkj5d9dlN.html|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa contestant Eijaz Khan undergoes shoulder surgery|date=13 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Suresh Menon]]
| Comedian
| Suchitra Sawant
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 1st {{small|on 8 June 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=902|title=GR8! TV Magazine - Karanvir Bohra and Suresh Menon in Jhalak..|work=gr8mag.com}}</ref>
|-
! [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]
| Cricketer
| Amrita Maitra
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 2nd {{small|on 15 June 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/cricketer-srikkanth-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/story-oF4pFeOWwELHdgvOiAG74I.html|title= Krishnamachari Srikkanth eliminated in Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 6|date=17 June 2013|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
! [[Meghna Malik]]
| ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' actress
| Savio Barnes
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 3rd {{small|on 22 June 2013}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhopatkar |first=Tejashree |date= 22 June 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meghna-Malik-Ammaji-out-of-Jhalak/articleshow/20714228.cms |title=Meghna Malik (Ammaji) out of Jhalak |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! [[Ekta Kaul]]
| Actress
| [[Tushar Kalia]]
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 4th {{small|on 29 June 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ekta-kaul-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/|title = Ekta Kaul exits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date = 30 June 2013|accessdate = 25 September 2014|newspaper = Indian Express|author = PTI}}</ref>
|-
! [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| Actress and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]'' winner
|Sushant Pujari (later Savio Barnes)
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 5th {{small|on 7 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shweta-tiwari-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6-622056.html#:~:text=Shweta%20Tiwari%20was%20evicted%20from,losing%20the%20face%2Doff%20round.&text=Mumbai%3A%20Popular%20television%20actress%20Shweta,round%20to%20actress%20Aarti%20Chabaria.|title=Shweta Tiwari eliminated from 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6'|date=8 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Rochelle Rao]]
| Model & Presenter
| Varun Thakur
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected {{small|on 12 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rochelle-maria-rohit-roy-to-enter-jhalak-as-wild-card-entry/articleshow/20742229.cms|title=Rochelle Rao to enter Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 as wild card entry|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Rohit Roy]]
| Actor
| Suchitra Sawant
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected {{small|on 12 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/rohit-roy-to-enter-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/|title=Rohit Roy to enter Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Vatsal Sheth]]
| Model & Bollywood actor
| [[Alisha Singh]]
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected {{small|on 12 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2013|title=Four wild card entries in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/four-wild-card-entries-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/story-wNi9HZj2lFNfb1ckg527ML.html|access-date=1 August 2013|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! [[Aarti Chabria]]
| Bollywood actress and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4|Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]'' winner
| Cornel Rodrigues
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 6th {{small|on 13 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/aarti-chabria-exits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6-170218-2013-07-12|title=Aarti Chabria edits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date=12 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Dasgupta]]
| Actor and RJ
| Ankita Maity
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 7th {{small|on 20 July 2013}}<ref>{{cite news |title=RJ Mantra eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rj-mantra-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/1144677/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Karan Patel]]
| Actor
| Sharmishtha Rao
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 9th {{small|on 3 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/karan-patel-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/story-crc4XndAYSnbOfP6UFmAHO.html|title=Karan Patel eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6|date=6 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Karanvir Bohra]]
| Actor
| [[Sneha Kapoor]]
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 10th {{small|on 10 August 2013}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karanvir-bohra-evicted-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/413376-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815215851/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karanvir-bohra-evicted-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/413376-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2013|title=Karanvir Bohra evicted from 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6'|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=11 August 2013|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! [[Sidharth Shukla]]
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' actor and model
| Sonia Jaffer (later [[Mohena Singh]])
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 11th {{small|on 17 August 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/siddharth-shukla-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-174180-2013-08-18|title=Siddharth Shukla eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|date=18 August 2013|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329141726/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/siddharth-shukla-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-174180-2013-08-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! [[Sana Saeed]]
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' actress
| [[Tushar Kalia]]
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 12th {{small|on 24 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sana-saeed-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/articleshow/22030993.cms|title=Sana Saeed evicted from 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6'|date=24 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Mukti Mohan]]
| Actress and dancer
| Altaf Iqbal (later Shashank Dogra)
| bgcolor="f4c7b8" | Eliminated 13th {{small|on 7 September 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/beautiful-and-talented-mukti-mohan-is-the-latest-contestant-to-leave-the-dance-floor-this-week-on-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/articleshow/22397811.cms|title=Mukti Mohan out of Jhalak|date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
! [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan Mukherjee]]
| Singer
| Marischa Fernandes
| style="background:#d1c571;" |Fourth place {{small|on 14 September 2013}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=28 May 2013 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/range-of-famous-personalities-to-contest-in-jhalak-dikhla-jaa/ |title=Range of famous personalities to contest in Jhalak Dikhla Jaa |work=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! Sonali Majumdar
| ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' winner
| Sumanth Maroju
| bgcolor="tan" | Third place {{small|on 14 September 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-sonali-and-sumanth-s-top-5-performances-1886458|title=Jhalak Dikhla Jaa: Sonali and Sumanth's top 5 performances |date= 19 September 2013|website=[[DNA India]]|publisher=[[Essel Group]] |access-date=15 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! [[Lauren Gottlieb]]
| ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (American TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' star and dancer
| Punit Pathak
| bgcolor="silver" |Runners-up {{small|on 14 September 2013}}<ref name="times13">{{cite news |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa's not cake walk for me: Lauren |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaas-not-cake-walk-for-me-Lauren/articleshow/20971163.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Purva Desai |agency=TNN |date=8 July 2013 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012043211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaas-not-cake-walk-for-me-Lauren/articleshow/20971163.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! [[Drashti Dhami]]
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' actress
| [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
| bgcolor="gold" |'''Winners''' {{small|on 14 September 2013}}<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Scoring chart==
The highest score each week is indicated in {{fontcolor|#004600|'''bold green'''}} with a dagger ({{dagger}}), while the lowest score each week is indicated in {{fontcolor|#800000|''italicized red''}} with a double-dagger ({{double-dagger}}).

'''Colour key:'''{{columns-list|{{legend|gold|Winners}}
{{legend|silver|Runners-up}}
{{legend|tan|Third place}}
{{legend|#d1c571|Fourth place}}
{{legend|fff383|Excused from competition for the week}}
{{legend|lightblue|Bottom two}}
{{legend|#f4c7b8|Eliminated}}|colwidth=20em}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! rowspan="2" |Couple
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Pl.|Place}}
! colspan="19" |Week
|-
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!8+9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!13+14
!15
!16
!15+16
|-
! scope="row" |Drashti & Salman
|1st
|24
|26
|28
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|27
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|29
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}
|25
|27
|22+24=''{{fontcolor|#800000|46}}''{{double-dagger}}
|27+27=54
|27+30=57
|111
|30+10+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|70}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
| bgcolor="gold" |'''{{fontcolor|#004600|100}}'''{{dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in first place.|name=Win}}
|-
! scope="row" |Lauren & Punit
|2nd
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|28}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|28
|27
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+27='''{{fontcolor|#004600|57}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|117}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+8+30=68
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
| bgcolor="silver" |98{{efn|This couple finished in second place.}}
|-
! scope="row" |Sonali & Sumanth
|3rd
|26
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|29
|26
|28
|27
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|29
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|59
| bgcolor="#fff383" |{{efn|This couple was excused from competition due to illness or injury, and was granted a [[Bye (sports)|bye]] to the following week.|name=Sickie}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|25+30=55
|27+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|57}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+30='''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|117}}'''{{dagger}}
|30+6+30=66
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
| bgcolor="tan" |96{{efn|This couple finished in third place.}}
|-
! scope="row" |Shaan & Marischa{{ref|Shaan|3}}
|4th
|24
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|28
|27
|27
|27
|25
|27
|24
|51
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}
|24+27=51
|27+24=''{{fontcolor|#800000|51}}''{{double-dagger}}
|24+27=51
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|102}}''{{double-dagger}}
|30+4+29=''{{fontcolor|#800000|63}}''{{double-dagger}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
| bgcolor="#d1c571" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|93}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in fourth place.}}
|-
! scope="row" |Mukti & Shashank
|5th
| colspan="5" bgcolor="darkgrey" |
| {{efn|This couple was selected as wild card.|name=Ws}}
|24
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|24
| bgcolor="lightblue" |54{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |27{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
| bgcolor="lightblue" |24+24=48{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|24+30=54
|26+23=''{{fontcolor|#800000|49}}''{{double-dagger}}
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |103{{efn||name=Elim}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="13" bgcolor=darkgrey |
|-
! scope="row" |Sana & Tushar
|6th
| colspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|
| {{efn|This couple was selected as wild card.|name=Ws}}
|27
|27
|29
|56
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}
|26
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|26+30=''{{fontcolor|#800000|46}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="12" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
! scope="row" |Sidharth & Mohena{{ref|Siddharth|2}}
|7th
|25
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}''{{double-dagger}}
|25
|24
|24
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}''{{double-dagger}}
|26
|27
|53
|bgcolor=lightblue|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="11" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
! scope="row" |Karanvir & Sneha
|8th
|27
|25
|bgcolor=lightblue|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|27
|26
|bgcolor=lightblue|25{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|24
|27
|27
|54
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|27{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="10" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Karan & Sharmishtha
|9th
| colspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|
| {{efn|This couple was selected as wild card.|name=Ws}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|24{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}''{{double-dagger}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|44}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
! scope="row" |Manta & Ankita
|10th
| colspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|
| {{efn|This couple was selected as wild card.|name=Ws}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|22{{efn||name=Elim}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Aarti & Cornel
|11th
|25
|27
|26
|bgcolor=lightblue|24{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="7" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Shweta & Savio{{ref|Shweta|1}}
|12th
|24
|bgcolor=lightblue|23{{efn||name=Bottom2}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}''{{double-dagger}}
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|22{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="6" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Ekta & Tushar
|13th
|bgcolor=lightblue|23{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}
|25
|26
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|26{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Meghna & Savio
|14th
|26
|27
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|24{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Srikkanth & Amrita
|15th
| colspan="1" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|21{{efn||name=Elim}}
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Suresh & Suchitra
|16th
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}''{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=darkgrey|
|-
!Eijaz & Bhawna
|17th
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|{{efn|This couple withdrew from the competition.|name=Withdrew}}
|}
;Notes
{{notelist}}
{{note|Shweta|1}}In Week 5, Shweta's choreographer Sushant sustained an injury during technical rehearsals and was thus unable to perform. Savio, another dancing partner who was seen with Meghna earlier this season, replaced Sushant as Shweta's new choreographer. 
{{note|Siddharth|2}}In Week 8, Sidharth's choreographer Sonia was injured during technical rehearsals and was unable to continue the show. Hence, Mohena, another dancing partner who was seen with [[Karan Wahi]] in the previous season, replaced Sonia as Sidharth's new choreographer. {{note|Shaan|3}}In Week 12, Shaan's choreographer Marischa hurt herself hence she could not perform on the stage. Therefore, Sneha, who was seen earlier this season with Karanvir Bohra performed with Shaan, which was choreographed by Marischa herself.

==Themes==
The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week:
* Week 1 : Introduction
* Week 2 : Jhalak On Wheels
* Week 3 : Dance Fusion
* Week 4 : Family
* Week 5 : Out Of The Box (Prop Pe Prop)
* Week 6 : Wild Card Entries & Back-up Dancers
* Week 7 : Filmi Masala
* Week 8 : Costume Drama (Nautanki)
* Week 9 : International 'Item Songs'
* Week 10 : Brahmastra & Team Challenge
* Week 11 : Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani & Dance Marathon
* Week 12 : DJ Mix & Indian Cinema
* Week 13 : Teen Ka Tadka & Public's Demand
* Week 14 : Ganesh Acharya Special & International Style on Bollywood Songs
* Week 15 : Semi Finals & Dancing with the Fictitious Crew without their choreographers
* Week 16 : Super Finale

Week 4 was themed 'Family' Special, and each of the participating celebrities dedicated their performances as follow.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
* Lauren & Punit- Father
* Sidharth & Sonia- Mother
* Shaan & Marisha- Kids
{{Col-break}}
* Ekta & Tushar- Sisters
* Shweta & Sushant- Working/Single Mothers
* Karanvir & Sneha- Lovers
{{Col-break}}
* Drashti & Salman- Brother and Sister
* Aarti & Cornel- Mother
* Sumanth & Sonali- Friendship
{{col-end}}

Week 5 was themed 'Out Of The Box (Prop Pe Prop)', and each of the participating celebrities performed with the given props.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
* Sumanth & Sonali- Matka (Earthen Pot)
* Drashti & Salman- Chain
* Karanvir & Sneha- Feather
{{Col-break}}
* Shweta & Savio- Skipping Rope
* Lauren & Punit- Umbrella
* Sidharth & Sonia- Scarf
{{Col-break}}
* Shaan & Marisha- Pillow
* Aarti & Cornel- Suitcase
{{col-end}}

1st Episode of Week 6 themed 'Wild Card' Special selected 4 new contestant to current participating celebrities.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%; line-height:15px;"
! Couple
! Dance Form
! Dance Song
|-
!Sana & Tushar
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]] & [[Latin dance|Latin]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Chikni Chameli]] & Kombdi Palali
|-
!Vastal & Alisha
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Lyrical Hip-Hop]] & Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Main Kya Karoon
|-
!Karan & Sharmishtha
|style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#cf9;"|Deva Shree Ganesha
|-
!Mantra & Ankita
|style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#cf9;"|Dope Shope
|-
!Rochelle & Varun
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle & [[Jazz dance|Jazz]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Babuji Dheere
|-
!Mukti & Altaf
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|Khuda Jaane
|-
!Rohit & Suchitra
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Hud Hud Dabangg
|}
{{Col-break}}
Out of the 7 new Wild Card Entrance the couples which joined the current celebrities in the race of 'Jhalak' were
* Mukti & Altaf
* Sana & Tushar
* Karan & Sharmishtha
* Mantra & Ankita
:{{color box|#ccff88}} Selected Dance
:{{color box|#ffc6c6}} Rejected Dance
{{col-end}}

Week 10 themed 'Brahmastra & Team Challenge' had two performances from the participants, where one was a team performance. Team leader was selected from the previous week's highest scorers. Team participants, dancing style and songs were finalised by these leaders.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:15px;"
! Category
! Drashti's Team
! Lauren's Team
|-
! Team Leader
|Drashti & Salman
|Lauren & Punit
|-
! Remaining Participants
|Sana & Tushar, Mukti & Shashank, Sidharth & Mohena
|Karanvir & Sneha, Shaan & Marisha
|-
! Dance Form
|[[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|[[Jive (dance)|Jive]]
|-
! Dance Song
|Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Mashup
|Lift Kara De, Phatela Jeb, Tai Tai Phish, I Hate You (Like I Love You)
|-
! Marks
|'''30'''
|'''30'''
|-
|}
{{Col-break}}
* Initially Sonali & Sumant, Karan & Sharmishtha were both in Lauren's team, but Sonali being hospitalised, they could not take part in the team act and were not scored and Karan & Sharmishtha being eliminated in the same week, they were too not a part of the team performance.
* The marks gained by the participants were added to their individual marks and next elimination was based on the combined marks with the votes.
:'''Green numbers''' indicates the highest score.
{{col-end}}

Week 13 was themed 'Teen Ka Tadka' special episode wherein every contestant will get a new celebrity contestant to dance with. Sana and Tushar who were paired with Mumaith Khan could not perform in the episode since they got eliminated in that week.
* Lauren & Punit- [[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
* Drashti & Salman- [[Sanaya Irani]]
* Sonali & Sumant- [[Darsheel Safary]]
* Shaan & Sneha- [[Hazel Keech]]
* Sana & Tushar- [[Mumaith Khan]]
* Mukti & Shashank- [[Ragini Khanna]]

== Dance chart ==
* Shweta performed with Savio in Week 5 due to an injury caused to her former choreographer Sushant.
* In Week 7, Mukti performed with Altaf, her former choreographer, but week 8 onwards, she continued the show with Shashank as her new choreographer.
* Week 8 onwards, Sidharth performed with Mohena due to an injury to his former partner Sonia.
* In week 10, as Sonali was hospitalised and had high fever with abdominal pain, Sumant performed a solo act which wasn't scored.
* In the first episode of week 13, Lauren-Punit performed with Rithvik, Drashti-Salman with Sanaya, Sonali-Sumant with Darsheel, Shaan-Sneha with Hazel and Mukti-Shashank with Ragini.

:{{color box|#ccff88}} Highest scoring dance
:{{color box|#ffc6c6}} Lowest scoring dance
:{{color box|lightblue}} Danced, but not scored

=== Dance forms ===
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%; line-height:20px"
|+''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' (season 6) - Dance chart
! rowspan="2" |Couple
! colspan="20" |Weeks
|-
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! colspan=2| 12
! colspan=2| 13
! colspan=2| 14
! colspan=2| 15
! 16
|-
! scope="row" | Drashti & Salman
|[[Waltz]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Argentine tango]] & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Acrobatics]]
|[[Flamenco]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|Acrobacia & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[African dance|Afro]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Jive (dance)|Jive]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Aerial dance|Aerial]] & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Ballroom dance|Ballroom]] & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Pasodoble]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|[[Rhumba|Rumba]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
| style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
|-
! scope="row" | Lauren & Punit
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Robot (dance)|Robotics]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hindustani classical music|Semi Classical]] & [[Pasodoble]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contortion|Contorted Contemporary]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]] & Broadway
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Jazz dance|Broadway Jazz]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo#Lyrical hip-hop|Lyrical Hip Hop]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] & [[Robot (dance)|Robotics]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Tango (dance)|Tango]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
|[[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Jazz dance|Street Jazz]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
| style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|-
! scope="row" | Sonali & Sumant
|[[Waltz]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Freestyle Contemporary]]
|[[Robot (dance)|Robotic]] & [[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|Freestyle
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]] & [[Hindustani classical music|Semi Classical]]
|Freestyle
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Disco#Disco dancing|Disco]]
|Freestyle, [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]], [[Garba (dance)|Garba]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Rock and roll|Rock & Roll]]
|style="background:lightblue;"|Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Hindustani classical music|Semi Classical]]
|Freestyle & [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Kathak]] & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
| style="background:#cf9;"|[[Rhumba|Rumba]]
| style="background:#cf9;"|[[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|-
! scope="row" | Shaan & Maricsha
|[[Disco#Disco dancing|Disco]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Freestyle Contemporary]] & Acrobacia
|Afro & [[Krumping]]
|Freestyle
|[[Modern contemporary dance#Contemporary dance|Modern Contemporary]]
|Freestyle & [[Pasodoble]]
|Freestyle
|Freestyle & Acrobacia
|[[Tango (dance)|Tango]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Mallakhamb]] & Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|Freestyle
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]] & [[Aerial (dance move)|Aerial Silk]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|[[Waltz]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
| style="background:#cf9;"|Freestyle
|-
! scope="row" | Mukti & Shashank
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Contemporary{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|[[Lindy Hop]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Tandava|Tandav]]
|[[Samba]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[African dance|Afro]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Mujra]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Jazz dance|Broadway Jazz]]
| colspan="3" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Sana & Tushar
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Bollywood & Latin{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|[[Cabaret]], [[Lindy Hop]] & [[Rock and roll|Rock & Roll]]
|Freestyle
|[[Pasodoble]] & [[Krumping]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Aerial dance|Aerial]] [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[List of Indian folk dances|Indian Folk]]
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#cf9;"|[[Acrobatics|Acrobacia]] & [[African dance|Afro]]
| colspan="7" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Sidharth & Sonia/Mohena
|Freestyle
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle
|[[Rhumba|Rumba]] & [[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|Freestyle & [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Jazz dance|Broadway Jazz]]
|[[Robot (dance)|Robotics]]
|[[Rhumba|Rumba]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Pasodoble]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]] & [[Sufi whirling|Sufi]]
| colspan="9" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Karanvir & Sneha
|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Kathak]] & [[Tap dance|Tap]]
|[[Waltz]]
|[[Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo#Lyrical hip-hop|Lyrical Hip-Hop]]
|[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] & [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]]
|Freestyle
|[[Lavani]]
||[[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]]
|Freestyle
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Karan & Sharmishtha
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]] & [[Jive (dance)|Jive]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Pasodoble]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
| colspan="11" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Mantra & Ankita
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|Freestyle
| colspan="13" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Aarti & Cornel
|[[Bachata (dance)|Bachata]]
|Freestyle
|[[Kalaripayattu]] & [[Tango]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Freestyle & [[Waltz]]
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Rochelle & Varun
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Freestyle & Jazz{{efn|No scores were given for this dance.|name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Rohit & Suchitra
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Vatsal & Alisha
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Lyrical Hip-Hop & Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Shweta & Savio/Sushant
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|[[Jazz dance|Jazz]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Belly dance|Belly]] & [[Hip-Hop|Hip Hop]]
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|Freestyle & [[Hip-hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
| colspan="15" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Ekta & Tushar
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]] & Acrobacia
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|[[Chhau dance|Mayurbhanj Chhau]] & [[Odissi]]
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
| colspan="16" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Meghna & Savio
|[[Rock and Roll (dance)|Rock and Roll]] & [[Jive (dance)|Jive]]
|[[Bollywood#Bollywood song and dance|Bollywood]]
|[[Lavani]] & [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-cha-cha]]
| colspan="17" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Srikant & Amrita
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=1 |
|Freestyle
| colspan="18" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Suresh & Suchitra
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Tollywood
| colspan="19" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|}
</blockquote>
;Note
{{notelist}}

=== Dance songs ===
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%; line-height:20px"
! rowspan="2" |Couple
! colspan="20" |Weeks
|-
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! colspan=2| 12
! colspan=2| 13
! colspan=2| 14
! colspan=2| 15
! 16
|-
! scope="row" | Drashti & Salman
|Ishq Wala Love
|Uska Hi Banana
|Enna Vi Na Dope Shope
|style="background:#cf9;"|Saturday Saturday
|Pyaar Ki Yeh Kahani
|style="background:#cf9;"|Aao Huzoor Tumko
|Nain Lad Jai Hai
|style="background:#cf9;"|O…Saya
|style="background:#cf9;" |Tumse Mili Nazar To
|Jeene Laga Hoon
|Bharat Ka Rahnewala & Maa Tujhe Salaam
| style="background:#ffc6c6;" |Second Hand Jawaani & Chadti Jawani Meri
| style="background:#ffc6c6;" |Bahon Ke Darmiyan & Tadap Tadap
|Yeh Raat
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Humko Aaj Kal Hai Intezaar
|Halkat Jawani
|O O Jaane Jaana
|style="background:#cf9;"|Ishq Bina
|style="background:#cf9;"|Sadda Dil Vi Tu
|style="background:#cf9;"|Pretty Women
|-
! scope="row" | Lauren & Punit
|style="background:#cf9;"|Bezubaan
|style="background:#cf9;"|Dreamum Wakeuppam
|style="background:#cf9;"|Morni Baga Bagoliyan
|style="background:#cf9;"|Ainvayi Ainvayi
|style="background:#cf9;"|Mila Toh Marega
|Ooh La La
|Jaane Do Na
|style="background:#cf9;"|Pehli Baar Mohabbat
|style="background:#cf9;"|Antakshri
|style="background:#cf9;"|Ali Maula
|style="background:#cf9;"|Bande Mein Tha Dum
|style="background:#cf9;"|Jalwa
|style="background:#cf9;"|Mangta Hai Kya
| style="background:#cf9;" |Maar Dala, Badtameez Dil Char Baj Gaye
|I Hate Luv Storys
|Aisa Jadoo
|style="background:#cf9;"|Mere Dholna Sun
|style="background:#cf9;"|Khoon Chala
|style="background:#cf9;"|Main Heroine Hoon
|style="background:#cf9;"|Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh
|-
! scope="row" | Sonali & Sumant
|Aashiyan
|style="background:#cf9;"|Aashayen
|Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam
|Jaane Kyun
|Radha
|Oye Lucky! & One Two Three Four
|style="background:#cf9;"|I Am a Disco Dancer
|Brown Rang
|style="background:#cf9;"|Apdi Pode
|style="background:lightblue;"|Khabar Nahin{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|style="background:#cf9;"|Man Mohini
|Chura Ke Dil Mera & Chinta Ta Ta & Aila Re Aila
|style="background:#cf9;"|Azeem-O-Shaan Shahenshah
|Chil Chil Chillla Ke
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Tera Naina
|style="background:#cf9;"|Husn Hai Suhana
|style="background:#cf9;"|Jhanjariya
|style="background:#cf9;"|Mere Watan
|style="background:#cf9;"|Dhoom Again
|style="background:#cf9;"|Maahi Ve
|-
! scope="row" | Shaan & Maricsha
|Dekho Nashe & Where's The Party
|style="background:#cf9;"|Dil Kyun Yeh Mera
|Kun Faya Kun
|Aal Izz Well
|Te Amo
|Amitabh Saliloqi
|Dil Mein Baji Guitar
|Roshani Se
|Neeyat Kharab
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Dil Haara
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Zinda, Lakshya & Kandhon Se Milte
|Yamma Yamma
|Mere Haath Main
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Mashallah
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Aati Kya Khandala
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Main Laila
|Woh Ladki Jo
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Suno Na
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Blue Theme
|style="background:#cf9;"|Aa Dekhen Zara
|-
! scope="row" | Mukti & Shashank
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=5|
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Khuda Jaane{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|Na Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai
|style="background:#cf9;"|Rhythmic Beat
|Aa Re Pritam Pyaare
|style="background:#cf9;"|Lag Jaa Gale Se
|Ghanan Ghanan
|Koi Yaha Nache & Yaar Bina Chain Kahan
| style="background:#ffc6c6;" |Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum & Yeh Haseen Waadiyaan
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Satrangi Re
|style="background:#cf9;"|Inhi Logon Ne
|Chamma Chamma
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Kabhi Tu Chhalia Lagta Hai
|colspan="3" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Sana & Tushar
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=5|
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Chikni Chameli & Kombdi Palali{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|O Haseena Zulfonwali, Aaj Ki Raat & Parda
|Ek Haseena Thi
|Mast
|style="background:#cf9;"|Nahin Samne
|Rang De Basanti
|Pyaar Mein Dil Pein Maar De
|style="background:#cf9;"|Awara Man Mein Hai
|colspan="7" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Sidharth & Sonia/Mohena
|Raftaarein
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Tip Tip Barsa Pani
|Tere Bin
|Rab Ka Shukraana
|Dhadang Dhang & Character Dheela
| style="background:#ffc6c6;" |Baadshah, Tumhi Dekho Naa & Dard-e-Disco
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Inteha Ho Gayi Intezaar Ki
|Dum
|Honton Pe Bas
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Khalbali & Sadda Haq
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Yun Shabnami & Khwaja Mere Khwaja
|colspan="9" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Karanvir & Sneha
|Allah Duhai Hai
|Anjaana Anjaani
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Taal Se Taal
|Ek Ladki Ko Dekha To
|Mera Mann Kehne Lag
|Radha Kaise, Hum Hain Is Pal & Jashn-E-Bahaara
|Bachna Ae Haseeno
|Panga
|Jumma Chumma De De
|Roundhe
|colspan="10" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Karan & Sharmishtha
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=5|
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Deva Shree Ganesha{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Kar Ja Re Ya Mar Ja Re
| style="background:#ffc6c6;" |Zara Dil Ko Thaam Lo & Main Hoon Don
|colspan="11" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Mantra & Ankita
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=5|
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Gabru{{efn||name=NoScore}}
|Hum The Woh Thi & Nakhrewali
|colspan="13" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Aarti & Cornel
|Lat Lag Gayee
|Suraj Hua Maddham
|Hai Rama
|Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Dhan Te Nan
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Aao Na
|colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Rochelle & Varun
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Babuji Dheere Chalna{{efn|No scores were given for this dance.|name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Rohit & Suchitra
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Hud Hud Dabangg{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Vatsal & Alisha
| colspan="5" style="background:darkgrey;" |
| bgcolor="lightblue" | Main Kya Karoon{{efn||name=NoScore}}
| colspan="14" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Shweta & Savio/Sushant
|Fevicol Se
|Muskaanein Jhooti Hai
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Zara Zara Touch Me
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Khwahishein
|Crazy Kiya Re
|colspan="15" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Ekta & Tushar
|Meri Aashiqui
|Jiyein Kyun
|Rhythmic Beat
|Kitni Baatein
|colspan="16" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Meghna & Savio
|Aunty Ji
|Aa Ante Amalapuram
|Munni Badnaam Hui
|colspan="17" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Srikant & Amrita
|style="background:darkgrey;" colspan=1 |
|Chammak Challo
|colspan="18" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
! scope="row" | Suresh & Suchitra
|style="background:#ffc6c6;"|Go Go Govinda
|colspan="19" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|}
</blockquote>
;Note
{{notelist}}

==Guest appearances==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;"
! Week(s)
! Episode(s)
! Guest(s)
! Note(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1 || Ep01
| [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] || Introduced female contestants in the Grand Premiere episode
|-
| Ep01
| [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] || Introduced male contestants in the Grand Premiere episode
|-
| Ep01
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]] || To promote ''[[Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani]]''
|-
| Ep02
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Sunny Deol]] & [[Bobby Deol]] || To promote ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]''
|-
| 2 || Ep03
| [[Sunny Leone]] || To announce First Elimination Result
|-
| 3 || Ep06
| [[Ranveer Singh]] || To promote ''[[Lootera]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 || Ep07
| [[Sonam Kapoor]] & [[Dhanush]] || To promote ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
|-
| Ep08
| [[Vidya Balan]] || To promote ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6 || Ep11
| [[Farhan Akhtar]] ||To promote ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
|-
| Ep12
| [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] & [[Rohit Shetty]] || To promote ''[[Chennai Express]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7 || Ep13
| [[Prabhu Deva]] & [[Girish Kumar]] || To promote ''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
|-
| Ep14
| [[Vivian Dsena]] || To support [[Drashti Dhami]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 8 || Ep16
| [[Mika Singh]] || To support [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
| Ep16
| [[Rishi Kapoor]] & [[Arjun Rampal]] || To promote ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]''
|-
| Ep17
| [[Shakti Mohan]] & [[Neeti Mohan]] || To support [[Mukti Mohan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9 || Ep18
| [[Sanaya Irani]] || To support [[Drashti Dhami]]
|-
| Ep19
| [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] || To promote ''[[Madras Cafe]]''
|-
| 10 || Ep21
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]] || To promote ''[[Grand Masti]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 12 || Ep25
| [[Bharti Singh]] || In Teen ka tadka episode
|-
| Ep25
| [[Ram Charan]] & [[Priyanka Chopra]] || To promote ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]''
|-
| Ep26
| [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] & [[Parineeti Chopra]] || To promote ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 13 || Ep27
| [[Shahid Kapoor]] & [[Ileana D'Cruz]] || To promote ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]''
|-
| Ep28
| [[Salman Khan]] || To promote ''[[Bigg Boss]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 14 || Ep29
| [[Anil Kapoor]] || To promote ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|-
| Ep29
| [[Irrfan Khan]] || To promote ''[[The Lunchbox]]''
|-
| Ep30
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] & [[Neetu Singh]] || To promote ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
|-
| Ep30
| [[Karan Singh Grover]] || To support [[Drashti Dhami]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15 || rowspan="3" | Ep31
| [[Hrithik Roshan]] & [[Priyanka Chopra]] || To promote ''[[Krrish 3]]''
|-
| [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], [[Karan Wahi]] & [[Rashami Desai]]
| rowspan="2" |Special appearances
|-
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]] & [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://colors.in.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/ Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604021109/http://colors.in.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/ |date=4 June 2012 }}

{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa seasons]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Mawana

2025-09-15T12:19:55Z

BarneyMoh54: new new post...

{{For-text|the village in Iran|[[Mawana, Iran]]|the Swedish footballer|[[Filston Mawana]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mawana
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Muhana
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.10|N|77.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 221
| population_total = 81443
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=21 August 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 250401
| area_code = 01233
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:893[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
}}

'''Mawana''' is a city in [[Meerut district]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]]. It is 26 km from the district headquarters [[Meerut]]. Its name comes from the  word "Muhana" which means gateway. It is supposed to be the Muhana of Hastinapur kingdom. [[Hastinapur]] is a [[Mahabharata]] period town situated 9 km from the city center.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melchor Hernández |first=Yver Alonso |date=2014-01-01 |title=Upinder Singh, ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. From Stone Age to the 12th Century'', Delhi, Pearson, 2009, 677 pp. |url=https://doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v49i1.2062 |journal=Estudios de Asia y África |pages=227–232 |doi=10.24201/eaa.v49i1.2062 |issn=2448-654X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Nora |last2=Bhardwaj |first2=Surinder Mohan |date=July 1975 |title=Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/213547 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=417 |doi=10.2307/213547 |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geography==
The river [[Ganga]] is 10 km from Mawana. NH-34 joints [[Meerut]] to Mawana then Mawana to [[Bijnor]].

==Administration==
Mawana is a Nagar Palika Parishad city in district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (India).<ref name="Census2011Gov"/> Mawana city is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every five years.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Mawana had a total population of 81,443, of which 43,029 were males and 38,414 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 11,426. The total number of literates in Mawana was 49,395, which constituted 60.6% of the population with male literacy of 66.6% and female literacy of 54.0%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Mawana was 70.6%, of which male literacy rate was 77.8% and female literacy rate was 62.5%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 8,347 and 48 respectively. Mawana had 13566 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Mawana |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=136284 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=28 November 2019}}</ref>

== Work profile ==
Out of the total population, 23,562 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 20,728 were male while 2,834 were female. In the census survey, a worker is defined as person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of the total 23,562 working population, 84.02% were engaged in main work while 15.98% of the total workers were engaged in marginal work.<ref name="Census2011Gov"/>

==Festivals and fairs==
Mawana hosts an annual fair named ''Shaheed Chadrabhan Pradarshani''. The founder of Shaheed Chandrabhan Samiti is R. Singh (ret. DSP and freedom fighter).<ref>{{cite news |title=शहीद चंद्रभान प्रदर्शनी का समापन। |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/15372162148-mawana-news |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=18 September 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> Mela Makhdumpur is famous for Ganga-Snan festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=मखदूमपुर गंगा घाट पर बसने लगी तंबुओं की नगरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/ganga-mela-makhdumpur-mawana-news-mrt452296777 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=7 November 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Amar Pal Singh]] – Former Member of Parliament, Meerut

== Mawana tehsil - Meerut ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
This is a list of all towns and villages in Mawana Tehsil of Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh.
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Town
!State
!Population
|-
|1
|Mawana Nagar Palika Parishad
|Uttar Pradesh
|81,443
|-
|2
|[[Kithaur|Kithaur Nagar Panchayat]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|27,933
|-
|3
|[[Hastinapur|Hastinapur Nagar Panchayat]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|26,452
|-
|4
|[[Phalauda|Phalauda Nagar Panchayat]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|19,908
|-
|5
|[[Parikshitgarh|Parikshitgarh Nagar Panchayat]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|19,830
|-
|6
|[[Bahsuma|Bahsuma Nagar Panchayat]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|11,753
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Villages
!Administrative division
!Population
|-
|1
|Achi Khurd
|Mawana
|2,630
|-
|2
|Achikalan
|Mawana
|1,342
|-
|3
|Afjalpur Urf Raninagla
|Mawana
|2,825
|-
|4
|Agwanpur
|Mawana
|11,353
|-
|5
|Ahmadnagar Badhla
|Mawana
|1,507
|-
|6
|Ahmadpur Urf Dandoopur
|Mawana
|2,098
|-
|7
|Ahmadpuri Urf Amanpuri
|Mawana
|2,136
|-
|8
|Aidalpur
|Mawana
|8
|-
|9
|Aidalpur
|Mawana
|578
|-
|10
|Akbarpur Garhi
|Mawana
|3,028
|-
|11
|Akbarpur Ichchhabad
|Mawana
|462
|-
|12
|Akbarpur Sadat
|Mawana
|4,496
|-
|13
|Akheypur
|Mawana
|179
|-
|14
|Alamgirpur Badhla
|Mawana
|4,076
|-
|15
|Alipur Alampur
|Mawana
|1,551
|-
|16
|Alipur Morna
|Mawana
|2,577
|-
|17
|Amarpur Mazra Khandawli
|Mawana
|2,373
|-
|18
|Amarsinghpur
|Mawana
|2,559
|-
|19
|Ameharasani
|Mawana
|703
|-
|20
|Aminabad Urf Baragoan
|Mawana
|2,347
|-
|21
|Amroli Urf Baragoan
|Mawana
|4,597
|-
|22
|Asfabad
|Mawana
|1,674
|-
|23
|Asilpur
|Mawana
|5,179
|-
|24
|Askaripur
|Mawana
|288
|-
|25
|Assa
|Mawana
|3,396
|-
|26
|Atalpur
|Mawana
|1,608
|-
|27
|Atmadpur
|Mawana
|2,358
|-
|28
|Attaura
|Mawana
|2,445
|-
|29
|Badhwa
|Mawana
|184
|-
|30
|Badhwi
|Mawana
|100
|-
|31
|Baghpur
|Mawana
|84
|-
|32
|Bahadurpur
|Mawana
|2,777
|-
|33
|Bahorpur
|Mawana
|2,962
|-
|34
|Bajampur
|Mawana
|1,632
|-
|35
|Bali
|Mawana
|2,922
|-
|36
|Bamnaula
|Mawana
|3
|-
|37
|Bamnauli
|Mawana
|466
|-
|38
|Bana
|Mawana
|3,324
|-
|39
|Barauda
|Mawana
|245
|-
|40
|Basiviran
|Mawana
|7
|-
|41
|Bastora Norang
|Mawana
|2,107
|-
|42
|Batawli
|Mawana
|2,429
|-
|43
|Batnor
|Mawana
|5,477
|-
|44
|Behbalpur
|Mawana
|13
|-
|45
|Behjadka
|Mawana
|1,452
|-
|46
|Behlolpur
|Mawana
|2,137
|-
|47
|Behrora
|Mawana
|5,279
|-
|48
|Behsuma
|Mawana
|50
|-
|49
|Bhagawanpur
|Mawana
|2,301
|-
|50
|Bhagupur
|Mawana
|282
|-
|51
|Bhagwanpur Bangar
|Mawana
|1,233
|-
|52
|Bhagwanpur Khadar
|Mawana
|161
|-
|53
|Bhainsa
|Mawana
|7,391
|-
|54
|Bharolli
|Mawana
|1,833
|-
|55
|Bhattipura
|Mawana
|6,626
|-
|56
|Bhirwara
|Mawana
|1,436
|-
|57
|Bhndora
|Mawana
|1,103
|-
|58
|Bisola
|Mawana
|4,909
|-
|59
|Bondra
|Mawana
|2,727
|-
|60
|Chamraud
|Mawana
|651
|-
|61
|Chandlawar Urf Mahalwala
|Mawana
|4,645
|-
|62
|Chhuchai
|Mawana
|3,159
|-
|63
|Chitwana Sherpur
|Mawana
|2,959
|-
|64
|Dabkheri
|Mawana
|419
|-
|65
|Dabthla
|Mawana
|2,546
|-
|66
|Dariapur
|Mawana
|1,253
|-
|67
|Daulatpur Urf Mamipur
|Mawana
|1,042
|-
|68
|Dayalpur
|Mawana
|924
|-
|69
|Dayalpur
|Mawana
|1,768
|-
|70
|Dedupur
|Mawana
|1,161
|-
|71
|Dhanpura
|Mawana
|2,365
|-
|72
|Dhanpura
|Mawana
|1,468
|-
|73
|Dhuma Nagli
|Mawana
|703
|-
|74
|Dudheli Bangar
|Mawana
|447
|-
|75
|Dudhli Khadar
|Mawana
|778
|-
|76
|Duperi Chaw
|Mawana
|71
|-
|77
|Durveshpur
|Mawana
|3,527
|-
|78
|Fajilpur
|Mawana
|370
|-
|79
|Fatehpur Narain
|Mawana
|3,442
|-
|80
|Fatehpur Prem
|Mawana
|221
|-
|81
|Firozpur
|Mawana
|42
|-
|82
|Ftahpur Hansapur
|Mawana
|547
|-
|83
|Gagsona
|Mawana
|2,406
|-
|84
|Gajraula
|Mawana
|1,754
|-
|85
|Gajrauli
|Mawana
|657
|-
|86
|Gajupura
|Mawana
|150
|-
|87
|Ganeshpur
|Mawana
|4,820
|-
|88
|Garina
|Mawana
|4,068
|-
|89
|Gayanagla Urf Nagla Katar
|Mawana
|1,046
|-
|90
|Gazipur
|Mawana
|1,984
|-
|91
|Gesupur Januvi
|Mawana
|2,118
|-
|92
|Gesupur Shumali
|Mawana
|2,165
|-
|93
|Gokulpur
|Mawana
|5
|-
|94
|Govindpur Sakarpur
|Mawana
|2,971
|-
|95
|Govindpuri
|Mawana
|2,556
|-
|96
|Guramb
|Mawana
|623
|-
|97
|Gurha
|Mawana
|2,179
|-
|98
|Hadipur Gaori
|Mawana
|139
|-
|99
|Haripur
|Mawana
|219
|-
|100
|Hasanpur Kalan
|Mawana
|4,591
|-
|101
|Hastinapur Kaurwan
|Mawana
|35
|-
|102
|Hastinapur Pandwan
|Mawana
|726
|-
|103
|Hatoopura
|Mawana
|639
|-
|104
|Himaupur
|Mawana
|1,519
|-
|105
|Ikwara
|Mawana
|1,951
|-
|106
|Issapur
|Mawana
|677
|-
|107
|Jai
|Mawana
|7,375
|-
|108
|Jaisinghpur
|Mawana
|2,226
|-
|109
|Jalalpur Jora
|Mawana
|480
|-
|110
|Jalalpur Maqbulpur
|Mawana
|620
|-
|111
|Jalalpur Raunakali
|Mawana
|5
|-
|112
|Jandheri
|Mawana
|2,616
|-
|113
|Jarauda
|Mawana
|4,299
|-
|114
|Jataula
|Mawana
|1,643
|-
|115
|Jharaka
|Mawana
|733
|-
|116
|Jhijharpur
|Mawana
|1,584
|-
|117
|Jhunjhunee
|Mawana
|2,717
|-
|118
|Kailirampur
|Mawana
|2,351
|-
|119
|Kanker Khera
|Mawana
|1,356
|-
|120
|Kareempur
|Mawana
|1,608
|-
|121
|Kasimpur
|Mawana
|2,839
|-
|122
|Katra
|Mawana
|10
|-
|123
|Kayasth Barha
|Mawana
|9,358
|-
|124
|Khaikhera
|Mawana
|1,448
|-
|125
|Khalidpur
|Mawana
|1,707
|-
|126
|Khand Awli
|Mawana
|2,699
|-
|127
|Khanpur Banger
|Mawana
|3,623
|-
|128
|Khanpur Garhi
|Mawana
|996
|-
|129
|Kharkhali
|Mawana
|252
|-
|130
|Khata
|Mawana
|3,020
|-
|131
|Khatki
|Mawana
|3,722
|-
|132
|Khejuri Alyarpur
|Mawana
|7,427
|-
|133
|Kheri Kalan
|Mawana
|706
|-
|134
|Kheri Manihar
|Mawana
|3,245
|-
|135
|Kherki Jadid
|Mawana
|1,687
|-
|136
|Khorrai
|Mawana
|1,335
|-
|137
|Kishanpur
|Mawana
|184
|-
|138
|Kishanpur Birana
|Mawana
|2,480
|-
|139
|Kishorpur
|Mawana
|1,005
|-
|140
|Kithor Rural
|Mawana
|2,928
|-
|141
|Kohla
|Mawana
|1,513
|-
|142
|Kol
|Mawana
|2,465
|-
|143
|Kunda
|Mawana
|1,295
|-
|144
|Kunehra
|Mawana
|1,352
|-
|145
|Kuri Kamalpur
|Mawana
|1,577
|-
|146
|Kutubpur
|Mawana
|8
|-
|147
|Laliyana
|Mawana
|11,372
|-
|148
|Lalpur
|Mawana
|1,083
|-
|149
|Latifpur
|Mawana
|2,478
|-
|150
|Lutfullapur Baksar
|Mawana
|1,608
|-
|151
|Machhra
|Mawana
|3,394
|-
|152
|Mahamudpur Shikhera
|Mawana
|1,849
|-
|153
|Mahmudabad
|Mawana
|217
|-
|154
|Mahmudpur Garvi
|Mawana
|851
|-
|155
|Mahmudpur Sherki
|Mawana
|1,118
|-
|156
|Makhannagar
|Mawana
|2,804
|-
|157
|Mamipur
|Mawana
|879
|-
|158
|Mandwari
|Mawana
|1,944
|-
|159
|Manpur
|Mawana
|534
|-
|160
|Manpur
|Mawana
|2,408
|-
|161
|Matora
|Mawana
|2,989
|-
|162
|Mavi
|Mawana
|1,313
|-
|163
|Mawana Kalan
|Mawana
|57
|-
|164
|Mawana Khurd
|Mawana
|6,399
|-
|165
|Meerpur
|Mawana
|708
|-
|166
|Meerpur Sadhunagal
|Mawana
|378
|-
|167
|Meghrajpur
|Mawana
|2,190
|-
|168
|Mewa
|Mawana
|5,002
|-
|169
|Mirzapur
|Mawana
|490
|-
|170
|Mishipur
|Mawana
|689
|-
|171
|Mohammadpur Kheri
|Mawana
|124
|-
|172
|Mohammadpur Shakist
|Mawana
|1,717
|-
|173
|Mor Kalan
|Mawana
|1,522
|-
|174
|Morkhurd
|Mawana
|3,847
|-
|175
|Mubarikpur
|Mawana
|2,261
|-
|176
|Mubarikpur
|Mawana
|2,920
|-
|177
|Murad Gaon Urf Kuwan Khera
|Mawana
|595
|-
|178
|Muradpur Urf Sholda
|Mawana
|3,422
|-
|179
|Muzaffarpur Khunti
|Mawana
|389
|-
|180
|Nagla Azdi
|Mawana
|1,120
|-
|181
|Nagla Chand
|Mawana
|1,209
|-
|182
|Nagla Gusai
|Mawana
|3,155
|-
|183
|Nagla Hareroo
|Mawana
|3,763
|-
|184
|Nagla Salempur
|Mawana
|607
|-
|185
|Nagla Shahu
|Mawana
|6,436
|-
|186
|Nagli Abdulla
|Mawana
|1,241
|-
|187
|Nagli Issa
|Mawana
|1,517
|-
|188
|Nagli Khadar
|Mawana
|742
|-
|189
|Nagli Kithaur
|Mawana
|3,262
|-
|190
|Nagori
|Mawana
|1,664
|-
|191
|Nai Putha
|Mawana
|112
|-
|192
|Naidru
|Mawana
|2,926
|-
|193
|Narangpur
|Mawana
|4,255
|-
|194
|Nasarpur
|Mawana
|2,154
|-
|195
|Navipur Amanatnagar
|Mawana
|1,222
|-
|196
|Nawal Surajpur
|Mawana
|2,060
|-
|197
|Neemka
|Mawana
|1,868
|-
|198
|Niloha
|Mawana
|5,602
|-
|199
|Nirawali
|Mawana
|1,589
|-
|200
|Nityanandpur
|Mawana
|2,436
|-
|201
|Paharpur
|Mawana
|1,685
|-
|202
|Paharpur Kutub
|Mawana
|23
|-
|203
|Pali
|Mawana
|2,115
|-
|204
|Palra
|Mawana
|2,334
|-
|205
|Paricchatgarh
|Mawana
|3,296
|-
|206
|Partapur Hansapur
|Mawana
|160
|-
|207
|Paswara
|Mawana
|3,544
|-
|208
|Penai
|Mawana
|354
|-
|209
|Phalawda Rural
|Mawana
|328
|-
|210
|Phitkari
|Mawana
|4,343
|-
|211
|Pilona
|Mawana
|2,040
|-
|212
|Poothi
|Mawana
|7,188
|-
|213
|Rachhoti
|Mawana
|7,662
|-
|214
|Radhna Inayatpur
|Mawana
|10,835
|-
|215
|Rafan
|Mawana
|1,355
|-
|216
|Rahawati
|Mawana
|2,802
|-
|217
|Rahmapur
|Mawana
|2,367
|-
|218
|Rampur Ghoria
|Mawana
|1,074
|-
|219
|Rampur Sadhu Nagli
|Mawana
|902
|-
|220
|Rasulpur Goari
|Mawana
|2,150
|-
|221
|Rasulpur Ikla
|Mawana
|4,401
|-
|222
|Rathaura Khurd
|Mawana
|1,192
|-
|223
|Rathora Kalan
|Mawana
|513
|-
|224
|Rehadra
|Mawana
|1,737
|-
|225
|Roopra
|Mawana
|4
|-
|226
|Rustampur Bhikund
|Mawana
|459
|-
|227
|Sadarpur
|Mawana
|1,905
|-
|228
|Sadullapur
|Mawana
|107
|-
|229
|Sadullapur
|Mawana
|1,249
|-
|230
|Saidipur Sadipur Urf Ramnagar
|Mawana
|2,353
|-
|231
|Saidipur Seth
|Mawana
|852
|-
|232
|Saifpur Firojpur
|Mawana
|13,828
|-
|233
|Saifpur Karamchandpur
|Mawana
|4,038
|-
|234
|Sakoti
|Mawana
|2,318
|-
|235
|Salah Rasulpur Panah
|Mawana
|883
|-
|236
|Sandhan
|Mawana
|2,815
|-
|237
|Sanota
|Mawana
|4,016
|-
|238
|Sarai Khadar
|Mawana
|876
|-
|239
|Sarangpur
|Mawana
|1,406
|-
|240
|Sathla
|Mawana
|7,555
|-
|241
|Seena
|Mawana
|3,426
|-
|242
|Shah Kulipur
|Mawana
|1,486
|-
|243
|Shahabad Garhi
|Mawana
|26
|-
|244
|Shahajhapur
|Mawana
|17,066
|-
|245
|Shahapur
|Mawana
|2,957
|-
|246
|Shahipur
|Mawana
|402
|-
|247
|Shahpur Sultanpur
|Mawana
|195
|-
|248
|Shahzadpur
|Mawana
|943
|-
|249
|Shamashpur
|Mawana
|1,949
|-
|250
|Shamaspur
|Mawana
|1,409
|-
|251
|Sherpur
|Mawana
|11
|-
|252
|Shikhera
|Mawana
|2,202
|-
|253
|Shirjepur
|Mawana
|473
|-
|254
|Shivpuri
|Mawana
|1,082
|-
|255
|Shodatt
|Mawana
|7,453
|-
|256
|Sikandarpur
|Mawana
|641
|-
|257
|Singhpur
|Mawana
|1,078
|-
|258
|Sona
|Mawana
|1,929
|-
|259
|Sujatpur
|Mawana
|296
|-
|260
|Sultanpur Dabal
|Mawana
|153
|-
|261
|Tajpura
|Mawana
|1,284
|-
|262
|Takhawali
|Mawana
|1,632
|-
|263
|Tarapur
|Mawana
|2,118
|-
|264
|Tarbiyatpur Janubi
|Mawana
|1,627
|-
|265
|Tarbiyatpur Shumali
|Mawana
|409
|-
|266
|Tatina
|Mawana
|2,159
|-
|267
|Tigri
|Mawana
|2,397
|-
|268
|Tofapur
|Mawana
|3,739
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Meerut district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Meerut district]]

Narpat Singh Rajpurohit

2025-09-10T12:32:00Z

BarneyMoh54: new new bio...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian environmentalist}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narpat Singh Rajpurohit
| image = Narpat_Singh_Rajpurohit.jpg
| birth_place = [[Barmer, Rajasthan]], India
| nationality =
| occupation = Social worker and [[environmentalist]]
}}
'''Narpat Singh Rajpurohit''', also known as '''Greenman''',<ref>{{cite news |title=Narpat Singh Rajpurohit Feature Photo Narpat Singh Rajp... |url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/feature/Narpat-Singh-Rajpurohit/695773 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Times Of India]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Greenman Narpat Singh Rajpurohit, popularly known as Greenman reached... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/greenman-narpat-singh-rajpurohit-popularly-known-as-news-photo/1234766423 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Getty Images]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> is an Indian social worker, cyclist and environmentalist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rangarajan |first1=A. D. |title=Rajasthan's ace cyclist 'Greenman' Narpat Singh leaves Tirupati with 'fruitful' memories! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rajasthans-ace-cyclist-greenman-narpat-singh-leaves-tirupati-with-fruitful-memories/article37413878.ece |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was born in [[Barmer district]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Greenman' to cycle his way into T hinterland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/greenman-to-cycle-his-way-into-t-hinterland/articleshow/88575756.cms |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

He started his cycle journey from [[Jammu Airport]] on 27 January 2019 and completed the journey in [[Jaipur]] on 20 April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guinness World Record for India: Rajasthan man cycled 30,000 km from Jammu to… |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/barmer-man-sets-guinness-world-record-for-longest-bicycle-journey-101678706194888.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On April 20, 2022, he registered his name in the [[Guinness World Records]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Longest journey by bicycle in a single country (individual) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-journey-by-bicycle-in-a-single-country |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref> by completing the longest journey of 30,121.64 kilometers<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Green activist on a mission aims to cover 35,000 kms |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2022/Jan/14/green-activist-on-a-mission-aims-to-cover-35000-kms-2407007.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> by cycle in a single country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greenman reaches Udaipur, bats for conservation efforts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/greenman-reaches-udaipur-bats-for-conservation-efforts/articleshow/85226744.cms |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajpurohit, Narpat Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Desert greening conservationists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients

2025-09-07T21:03:12Z

BarneyMoh54:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Indian revolt of 1857 states map.svg|thumb|200px|right|Map showing the [[List of Indian Princely States|Indian Princely states]] during the rebellion of 1857]]
The [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) was introduced in Great Britain on 29 January 1856 by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] to reward acts of valour during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>Ashcroft, M; 2006; preface; XI–XIII</ref> For the [[Indian Mutiny]] (also known as [[India's First War of Independence (term)|India's First War of Independence]], Revolt of 1857, or the Sepoy Mutiny) the VC was awarded to 182 members of the [[British Armed Forces]], the [[East India Company|Honourable East Indies Company]] (HEIC) and civilians under its command. The VC is the highest British honour and is awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy". Created in 1856 for the British Army and Royal Navy, eligibility was extended in 1857 to members of the HEIC and in 1858 to non-military personnel bearing arms as volunteers.<ref>The National Archives, Victoria Cross Register Vol 1, pages 58-60 and 146-150; M J Crook, The Evolution of the Victoria Cross, 1975, ISBN 0 85936 041 5, Chapters 11 and 12.</ref>

Queen Victoria created the tradition of the [[British monarchy|British monarch]] presenting the VC to the recipient, personally presenting 74 of the 111 awards for the Crimean War. Many VCs for the Indian Mutiny were sent to India for presentation and while there is documentation for 42 presentations, the information on 51 presentations which were likely presented in India is vague and it not known if the medal was personally presented or received by post. There were 18 Indian Mutiny VCs sent to next of kin where the award was posthumous, or the recipient died before presentation. The Queen personally presented 63 Indian Mutiny awards after the recipients returned to the UK.<ref>''Victoria Cross presentations and locations'' by Dennis Pillinger and Anthony Staunton, published in 2000, ISBN 0 646 39741 9</ref>

The Indian Mutiny began as a mutiny of [[sepoy]]s of British [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]]'s army on 10 May 1857, in the town of [[Meerut]]. It soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|upper Gangetic plain]] and [[central India]], with the major hostilities confined to present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and the [[Delhi]] region.<ref name="intro-refs">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar; 2004; pp.169–172 Bose, Jalal; 2003; pp.88–103; Quote: "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|northern Indian Gangetic Plain]] and central India."</ref> The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region,<ref>Bayly, C.A.; 1990; p.170; Quote: "What distinguished the events of 1857 was their scale and the fact that for a short time they posed a military threat to British dominance in the Ganges Plain."</ref> and it was contained only with the fall of [[Gwalior]] on 20 June 1858.<ref name="intro-refs" /> The rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian history; it led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganise the army, the financial system, and the administration in India.<ref>Bayly, C.A.; 1990; pp.194–197</ref> India was thereafter governed directly from London—by the British government [[India Office]] and a cabinet level [[Secretary of State for India]]—in the new [[British Raj]], a system of governance that lasted until 1947.

Indian troops were not originally eligible for the VC, because since 1837 they had been eligible for the [[Indian Order of Merit]]—the oldest British gallantry award for general issue. When the VC was created, Indian troops were still controlled by the [[Honourable East India Company]], and did not come under Crown control until 1860. European officers and men serving with the Honourable East India Company were not eligible for the [[Indian Order of Merit]]; the VC was extended to cover them in October 1857. The first citations of the VC varied in the details of each action; some specify one date, some date ranges, some the name of the battle and others have both sets of information. The Indian Mutiny holds the record for the most VCs won in a single day; 24 on 16 November 1857, of which 23 were at the [[Siege of Lucknow|Second Relief of Lucknow]] and one was for an action south of Delhi.<ref>Arthur, Max; p. XIV</ref>

The original royal warrant did not address the question of posthumous awards, and a policy to avoid posthumous awards was adopted. Between the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857 and the beginning of the [[Second Boer War]], the names of nine officers and men were published in the ''London Gazette'' with a memorandum stating they would have been awarded the Victoria Cross had they survived. A further three notices were published in the ''London Gazette'' in September 1900 and April 1901 for the Second Boer War. On 8 August 1902, as an exception to policy for the Second Boer War, a notice was published stating the Victoria Crosses were to be sent to next of kin of the three mentioned in the notices in 1900 and 1901. In the same notice the first official posthumous awards were announced. Five years later in 1907, the posthumous policy was reversed for earlier wars, and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six of nine officers and men whose names were mentioned in notices in the ''Gazette'' dating back to the Indian Mutiny. Prior to the reversal of policy It had been discovered that the crosses of three of the five Indian Mutiny memoranda names had been sent to next of kin shortly after the memoranda was gazetted. The Victoria Cross warrant was explicitly amended to allow posthumous awards in 1920, but one quarter of all awards for World War I were posthumous..<ref>Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68–90</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 31946
| date = 18 June 1920
| page = 6702
}}</ref>

== Recipients ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Portrait!!Name!!Unit!!Date of action!!Place of action
|-
|[[File:Henry Addison VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Henry|Addison|dab=VC}}||043[[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot|43rd Regiment of Foot]]||1859-01-022 January 1859||[[Karariya|Kurrereah]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Frederick Robertson Aikman VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Frederick|Aikman|Frederick Robertson Aikman}}||004[[4th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-03-011 March 1858||[[Amethi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Robert Aitken VC IWM Q 80463.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Robert|Aitken|Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken}}||013[[13th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-06-3030 June 1857 to 22 November 1857<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7499437&queryType=1&resultcount=1 |title=Robert Aitken details |publisher=National Archives |access-date=20 August 2008 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607045053/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7499437&queryType=1&resultcount=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Charles|Anderson|dab=VC}}||002[[2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)|2nd Dragoon Guards]]||1858-10-088 October 1858||[[Sundeela Oudh]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Augustus Anson VC IWM Q 80462.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Augustus|Anson}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857, 16 November 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]] [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Charles Baker VC IWM Q 80469.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Charles|Baker|Charles George Baker}}||[[45th Rattray's Sikhs|Bengal Military Police Battalion]]||1858-09-2727 September 1858||[[Piro, Bhojpur|Suhejnee, Near Peroo]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Valentine|Bambrick}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1858-05-066 May 1858||[[Bareilly]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William George Hawtry Bankes VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Bankes|William George Hawtry Bankes}}||007[[7th Queen's Own Hussars]]||1858-03-1919 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:James Blair VC IWM Q 80473.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|James|Blair|dab=VC}}||002[[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers|2nd Bombay Light Cavalry]]||1857-08-1212 August 1857, 23 October 1857||[[Neemuch]], [[India]] [[Jiran|Jeerum]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Robert|Blair|dab=VC}}||002[[2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)|2nd Dragoon Guards]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Andrew|Bogle|Andrew Cathcart Bogle}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-2929 July 1857||[[Oonao]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Abraham Boulger VC IWM Q 80475.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Abraham|Boulger}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-1212 July 1857 to 25 September 1857<ref name=22154,2957 />||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Bradshaw|dab=VC}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Joseph Brennan VC IWM Q 80482.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Joseph|Brennan|Joseph Charles Brennan}}||[[Royal Regiment of Artillery]]||1858-04-033 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Francis|Brown|Francis David Millet Brown}}||001[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Narnoul]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:SamBrowneLarge.jpeg|100px]]||{{sortname|Sam|Browne}}||046[[46th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-08-3131 August 1858||[[Sherpura|Seerporah]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Buckley|dab=soldier}}||[[Bengal Army|Commissariat Department]]||1857-05-1111 May 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Thomas Butler VC IWM Q 80483.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Thomas|Butler|Thomas Adair Butler}}||001[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1858-03-099 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:James Byrne VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|James|Byrne|dab=VC}}||086[[Royal Ulster Rifles|86th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-033 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Thomas Cadell VC NAM.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Thomas|Cadell|dab=VC}}||002[[104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)|2nd Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1857-06-1212 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Martin Cafe VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Cafe|William Martin Cafe}}||056[[56th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Aylmer Cameron VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Aylmer|Cameron}}||072[[72nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-03-3030 March 1858||[[Kotah]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Patrick Carlin VC IWM Q 80488.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Patrick|Carlin}}||013[[Somerset Light Infantry|13th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-066 April 1858||[[Azumgurh]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Champion}}||008[[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]]||1858-09-088 September 1858||[[Bijapur, Karnataka|Beejapore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Chicken|George Bell Chicken}}||Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade]]||1858-09-2727 September 1858||[[Piro, Bhojpur|Suhejnee, Near Peroo]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Herbert Mackworth Clogstoun VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Herbert|Clogstoun|Herbert Mackworth Clogstoun}}||019[[19th Madras Native Infantry]]||1859-01-1515 January 1859||[[Chichumbah]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Hugh Stewart Cochrane VC IWM Q 80494.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Hugh|Cochrane|Hugh Stewart Cochrane}}||086[[86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot|86th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-011 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Connolly|dab=VC}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-07-077 July 1857||[[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Walter|Cook|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1859-01-1515 January 1859||[[Maylah Ghat]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Cornelius Coughlan VC IWM Q 80493.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Cornelius|Coughlan}}||075[[Gordon Highlanders|75th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-06-088 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Joseph Crowe, VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Joseph|Crowe|Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-08-1212 August 1857||[[Boursekee Chowkee]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Cubitt|William George Cubitt}}||013[[13th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-06-3030 June 1857||[[Lucknow|Chinhut]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Daunt|John Charles Campbell Daunt}}||011[[11th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-10-022 October 1857||[[Ghota Behar]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Davis|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Denis|Dempsey}}||010[[10th (North Lincoln) Regiment of Foot|10th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-08-1212 August 1857, 14 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Bernard|Diamond|dab=VC}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Divane}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-09-1010 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Patrick|Donohoe}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Dowling|dab=VC}}||032[[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-044 July 1857, 27 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Thomas|Duffy|dab=fusilier}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||1857-09-0626 September 1857||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Dunlay}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Denis|Dynon}}||053[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-10-022 October 1857||[[Ghota Behar]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Francis|Farquharson}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-03-099 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Alfred|Ffrench|Alfred Kirke Ffrench}}||053[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Richard|Fitzgerald|dab=VC}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCThomasFlinn.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Thomas|Flinn}}||064[[64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot|64th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-2828 November 1857||[[Cawnpore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Forrest|dab=VC}}||[[Bengal Veterans Establishment]]||1857-05-1111 May 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Charles Craufurd Fraser, Vanity Fair, 1879-09-06.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Charles|Fraser|Charles Craufurd Fraser}}||007[[7th Queen's Own Hussars]]||1858-12-3131 December 1858||[[River Raptee]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Freeman|dab=VC}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-10-1010 October 1857||[[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Gardner|dab=Victoria Cross recipient}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-05-055 May 1858||[[Bareilly]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCStephenGarvin.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Stephen|Garvin}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-06-2323 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Peter|Gill|dab=VC}}||[[15th Ludhiana Sikhs|Loodiana Regiment]]||1857-06-044 June 1857||[[Benares]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Goate VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Goat}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1858-03-066 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCCharlesAugustusGoodfellow.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Charles|Goodfellow|Charles Augustus Goodfellow}}||[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Bombay Engineers]]||1859-10-066 October 1859||[[Kathiawar]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Henry|Gore-Browne|Henry George Gore-Browne}}||032[[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-08-2121 August 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Charles John Stanley Gough circa 1879.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Charles|Gough|Charles John Stanley Gough}}||005[[5th Bengal European Cavalry]]||1857-08-1515 August 1857, 18 August 1857, 27 January 1858, 3 February 1858<ref name=22318,3792>{{London Gazette |issue=22318 |date=21 November 1859 |page=3792 }}</ref>||[[Kharkhoda (Haryana)|Khurkowdah]], [[India]] Not known [[Shamsabad, Farrukhabad|Shumshabad]], [[India]] [[Miyanganj|Meangunge]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Hugh Gough.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Hugh|Gough|Hugh Henry Gough}}||001[[19th Royal Hussars|1st Bengal European Light Cavalry]]||1857-11-1212 November 1857, 25 February 1858||[[Alumbagh]], [[India]] [[Jellalabad]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Patrick|Graham|dab=soldier}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1717 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Peter|Grant|dab=VC}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Robert|Grant|dab=soldier}}||005[[5th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2424 September 1857||[[Alumbagh]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Patrick-green-vc.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Patrick|Green|dab=VC}}||075[[Gordon Highlanders|75th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-1111 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Victoria Cross Winners of the Indian Mutiny 1857 - 1858 Q80527.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|John|Guise|John Christopher Guise}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Thomas|Hackett|Thomas Bernard Hackett}}||023[[Royal Welch Fusiliers|23rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1818 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Hall VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Hall|dab=VC}}||Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Thomas|Hancock|dab=VC}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-06-1919 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Hastings|Harington|Hastings Edward Harington}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857 to 22 November 1857||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Harrison|dab=VC 1857}}||Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Henry|Hartigan}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-06-088 June 1857 10 October 1857<ref name=22396,2316>{{London Gazette |issue=22396 |date=19 June 1860 |page=2316 }}</ref>||[[Delhi]], [[India]] [[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Sir Henry Havelock-Allan.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Henry|Havelock-Allan|Henry Marshman Havelock-Allan}}||010[[10th (North Lincoln) Regiment of Foot|10th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-1616 July 1857||[[Cawnpore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|David|Hawkes|dab=VC}}||Rifle[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]||1858-03-1111 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCRobertHawthorne.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Robert|Hawthorne}}||052[[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Alfred Spencer Heathcote VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Alfred|Heathcote|Alfred Spencer Heathcote}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-06-00June to September 1857<ref name=22347,178>{{London Gazette |issue=22347 |date=20 January 1860 |page=178 }}</ref>||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Clement|Heneage|Clement Walker Heneage}}||008[[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]]||1858-06-1717 June 1858||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Samuel|Hill|dab=VC}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Hills-Johnes.JPG|100px]]||{{sortname|James|Hills}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-07-099 July 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Hollis|dab=VC}}||008[[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]]||1858-06-1717 June 1858||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:James Hollowell VC.gif|100px]]||{{sortname|James|Hollowell}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-1626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Joel|Holmes}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Anthony|Home|Anthony Dickson Home}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCDuncanCharlesHome.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Duncan|Home|Duncan Charles Home}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCJamesJohnMcLeodInnes.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|James|Innes|James John McLeod Innes}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||1858-02-2323 February 1858||[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpore]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCCharlesIrwin.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Charles|Irwin}}||053[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Hanson|Jarrett|Hanson Chambers Taylor Jarrett}}||026[[26th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-10-1414 October 1858||[[Baroun]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Joseph|Jee}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Edward Jennings VC.png|100px]]||{{sortname|Edward|Jennings|dab=VC}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857 to 22 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Henry|Jerome|Henry Edward Jerome}}||086[[Royal Ulster Rifles|86th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-033 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Alfred-stowell-jones-162452401.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Alfred|Jones|Alfred Stowell Jones}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-06-088 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Felice Beato (British, born Italy - (H. Kavanagh, Esquire, V.C.) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Thomas|Kavanagh|Thomas Henry Kavanagh}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||1857-11-099 November 1857||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Richard|Keatinge|Richard Harte Keatinge}}||Bombay Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bombay Artillery]]||1858-03-1717 March 1858||[[Chundairee]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Robert|Kells}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Kenny|dab=VC}}||053[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Alexander Kerr.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Kerr|William Alexander Kerr}}||024[[24th Bombay Native Infantry]]||1857-07-1010 July 1857||[[Kolapore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Kirk|dab=soldier}}||010[[10th (North Lincoln) Regiment of Foot|10th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-06-044 June 1857||[[Benares]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Lambert|dab=VC}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-2929 June 1857, 16 August 1857, 25 September 1857<ref name=22154,2957>{{London Gazette |issue=22154 |date=18 June 1858 |page=2957 }}</ref>||[[Oonao]], [[India]] [[Bithoor]], [[India]] [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Thomas|Laughnan}}||Bengal Horse Artillery[[Royal Regiment of Artillery|Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857 to 22 November 1857||[[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Samuel|Lawrence|Samuel Hill Lawrence}}||032[[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-077 July 1857, 26 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Leith|dab=VC}}||014[[14th King's Hussars|14th Light Dragoons]]||1858-04-011 April 1858||[[Betwa]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Lieutenant General Harry Hammon Lyster VC, CB in about 1900.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Harry|Lyster|Harry Hammon Lyster}}||072[[72nd Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-05-2323 May 1858||[[Calpee]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|David|MacKay|dab=soldier}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Herbert Taylor MacPherson.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Herbert|Macpherson|Herbert Macpherson}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Patrick|Mahoney}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||1857-09-2121 September 1857||[[Mangalwar|Mungulwar]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Ross|Mangles|Ross Lowis Mangles}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||1857-07-3030 July 1857||[[Arrah]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Francis|Maude|Francis Cornwallis Maude}}||[[Royal Regiment of Artillery]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Arthur|Mayo|dab=naval officer}}||Naval Brigade[[Naval Brigade]]||1857-11-2222 November 1857||[[Dacca]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William McBean VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|McBean}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-03-1111 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Fraser McDonell VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|McDonell|William Fraser McDonell}}||[[Bengal Civil Service]]||1857-07-3030 July 1857||[[Arrah]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|McGovern|dab=soldier}}||001[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1857-06-2323 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|McGuire|dab=VC}}||001[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCPatrickMcHale.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Patrick|McHale}}||005[[5th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-10-022 October 1857, 22 December 1857<ref name=22396,2316 />||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Hugh|McInnes}}||[[Bengal Artillery]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857 to 22 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Peter|McManus}}||005[[5th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Valentine Munbee McMaster.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Valentine|McMaster}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Stewart|McPherson|dab=VC}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Bernard|McQuirt}}||095[[95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot|95th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-01-066 January 1858||[[Rowa]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Duncan|Millar|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1859-01-1515 January 1859||[[Maylah Ghat]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Miller|dab=VC 1857}}||[[Bengal Ordnance Depot]]||1857-10-2828 October 1857||[[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Thomas|Monaghan|dab=VC}}||002[[2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)|2nd Dragoon Guards]]||1858-10-088 October 1858||Jamo, [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Monger}}||023[[Royal Welch Fusiliers|23rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1818 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Samuel|Morley|dab=VC}}||Military Train[[Royal Army Service Corps|Military Train]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Azumgurh]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Munro|dab=soldier}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Michael Murphy VC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Michael|Murphy|dab=VC}}||Military Train[[Royal Army Service Corps|Military Train]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Azumgurh]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Patrick|Mylott}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-1212 July 1857 to 25 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Napier.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Napier|dab=sergeant}}||013[[Somerset Light Infantry|13th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-066 April 1858||[[Azumgurh]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCWilliamNash.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Nash|dab=VC}}||Rifle Brigade[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]||1858-03-1111 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Robert|Newell|dab=VC}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1858-03-1919 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:William Olpherts (1822–1902).png|100px]]||{{sortname|William|Olpherts}}||[[Bengal Artillery]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Oxenham}}||032[[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-06-3030 June 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Park|dab=VC}}||[[Bengal Artillery]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857 to 22 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Paton|dab=VC}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Pearson|dab=soldier}}||086[[86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot|86th Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-033 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Pearson|dab=VC}}||008[[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]]||1858-06-1717 June 1858||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Everard|Phillipps|Everard Aloysius Lisle Phillipps}}||011[[11th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-05-3030 May 1857 to 18 September 1857<ref name=27986,325>{{London Gazette |issue=27986 |date=15 January 1907 |page=325 }}</ref>||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:VCHarryNorthDalrymplePrendergast.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Harry|Prendergast}}||[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Madras Engineers]]||1857-11-2121 November 1857||[[Mandsaur|Mundisore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Dighton|Probyn}}||002[[12th Cavalry (Frontier Force)|2nd Punjab Cavalry]]||185-00-001857 to 1858<ref>Probyn was awarded his VC for numerous gallant acts throughout the period of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. {{London Gazette |issue=22154 |date=18 June 1858 |page=2960 }}</ref>||[[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Purcell|dab=VC}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-06-1919 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Charles|Pye}}||053[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot|53rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1717 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Raynor}}||[[Bengal Veterans Establishment]]||1857-05-1111 May 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Herbert|Reade|Herbert Taylor Reade}}||061[[61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot|61st Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Rennie|dab=Victoria Cross}}||090[[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|90th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2121 September 1857, 25 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Renny|George Alexander Renny}}||[[Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-09-1616 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:George Richardson VC, 11-9-21 LOC npcc.05385 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|George|Richardson|dab=VC}}||034[[34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot|34th Regiment of Foot]]||1859-04-2727 April 1859||[[Kewane Trans-Gogra]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:General Lord Roberts AKA "Bobs" (25136980491).jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Frederick|Roberts|Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts}}||[[Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1858-01-022 January 1858||[[Khudaganj|Khodagunge]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Roberts|James Reynolds Roberts}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1857-09-2828 September 1857||[[Bolandshahr]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Edward|Robinson|dab=VC}}||[[Naval Brigade]]||1858-03-1313 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Patrick Roddy V.C..png|100px]]||{{sortname|Patrick|Roddy}}||[[Bengal Army]]||1858-09-2727 September 1858||[[Kuthirga]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Rodgers|dab=VC}}||071[[71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot|71st Regiment of Foot]]||1858-06-1616 June 1858||[[Marar, Ramgarh|Marar]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Matthew|Rosamund}}||037[[37th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-06-044 June 1857||[[Benares]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|David|Rushe}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1858-03-1919 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Ryan|dab=VC 1857}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||1857-09-2626 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Miles|Ryan}}||001[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Philip|Salkeld}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Nowell Salmon VC.JPG|100px]]||{{sortname|Nowell|Salmon}}||[[Naval Brigade]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Same|Shaw|Same (John) Shaw}}||[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]||1858-06-1313 June 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Robert Haydon Shebbeare.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Robert|Shebbeare|Robert Haydon Shebbeare}}||060[[Bengal Native Infantry|60th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Simpson|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Sinnott|dab=VC}}||084[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-10-066 October 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Michael|Sleavon}}||Corps of[[Royal Engineers|Corps of Royal Engineers]]||1858-04-033 April 1858||[[Jhansi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Henry|Smith|dab=VC}}||052[[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Smith|dab=private}}||001[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|1st Madras European Fusiliers]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|John|Smith|dab=sergeant}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:DavidSpenceVC.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|David|Spence|dab=VC}}||009[[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]]||1858-01-1717 January 1858||[[Shamsabad, Farrukhabad|Shumsabad]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Edward|Spence|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858<ref name=27986,325 />||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Stewart|dab=VC}}||093[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Sutton|dab=VC}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-08-022 August 1857 to 13 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Edward|Thackeray|Edward Talbot Thackeray}}||[[Bengal Sappers and Miners]]||1857-09-1616 September 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Jacob|Thomas|dab=VC}}||[[Bengal Artillery]]||1857-09-2727 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Alexander|Thompson|dab=VC}}||042[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]||1858-04-1515 April 1858||[[Fort Ruhya]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Thompson|William James Thompson}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-07-099 July 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>The 'siege' mentioned in the citation is not identified and is often wrongly assumed to be Lucknow. He served at Delhi where he was badly wounded in September 1857.</ref>
|-
|[[File:Major General Henry Tombs.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Henry|Tombs}}||[[Bengal Horse Artillery]]||1857-07-099 July 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|James|Travers}}||002[[2nd Bengal Native Infantry]]||1857-07-00July 1857<ref name=22485,1007>{{London Gazette |issue=22485 |date=1 March 1861 |page=1007 }}</ref>||[[Indore]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Samuel|Turner|dab=VC}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-06-1919 June 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Brigadier General John Adam Tytler.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|John|Tytler|John Adam Tytler}}||066[[1 Gorkha Rifles|66th Bengal Native Infantry]]||1858-02-1010 February 1858||[[Choorpoorah]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Colonel Richard Wadeson, VC.png|100px]]||{{sortname|Richard|Wadeson}}||075[[Gordon Highlanders|75th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-07-1717 July 1857||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|George|Waller|dab=VC}}||060[[King's Royal Rifle Corps|60th Rifles]]||1857-09-1414 September 1857, 18 September 1857<ref name=22347,178 />||[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|William|Waller|William Francis Frederick Waller}}||025[[125th Napier's Rifles|25th Bombay Light Infantry]]||1858-06-2020 June 1858||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Henry|Ward|dab=soldier}}||078[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Regiment of Foot]]||1857-09-2525 September 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Joseph|Ward|dab=VC}}||008[[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]]||1858-06-1717 June 1858||[[Gwalior]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:General Sir J. Watson V.C., K.C.B..JPG|100px]]||{{sortname|John|Watson|dab=VC}}||001[[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|1st Punjab Cavalry]]||1857-11-1414 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|||{{sortname|Frederick|Whirlpool}}||003[[109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry)|3rd Bombay European Regiment]]||1858-04-033 April 1858, 2 May 1858<ref name=22318,3793>{{London Gazette |issue=22318 |date=21 October 1859 |page=3793 }}</ref>||[[Jhansi]], [[India]] Lohari,<ref>Leek, Alan; (2018): "Frederick Whirlpool VC"; Big Sky Pub; pp. 140.</ref> [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Henry Wilmot 5th.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Henry|Wilmot|Sir Henry Wilmot, 5th Baronet}}||[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]||1858-03-1111 March 1858||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Sir Evelyn Wood.jpg|100px]]||{{sortname|Evelyn|Wood|dab=British Army officer}}||017[[17th Lancers]]||1858-10-1919 October 1858||[[Sinwaho]], [[India]]
|-
|[[File:Lieut. Thomas James Young, VC, Siege of Lucknow.png|100px]]||{{sortname|Thomas|Young|Thomas James Young}}||[[Naval Brigade]]||1857-11-1616 November 1857||[[Lucknow]], [[India]]
|}

== References ==
;General
*{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp |title=Victoria Cross Registers |publisher=National Archives (UK) |access-date=11 April 2008 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185903/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/victoriacross.asp |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccinarvc.htm |title=Honourable East India Company and Indian Army holders of the Victoria Cross |publisher=VictoriaCross.org |access-date=11 April 2008 |archive-date=7 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907225516/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccinarvc.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Ashcroft |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Ashcroft |title=Victoria Cross Heroes |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-7553-1632-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/victoriacrossher0000ashc }}
*{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sekhar |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. |isbn=81-250-2596-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=Christopher Alan Bayly |year=1990 |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire ([[The New Cambridge History of India]]) |publisher=Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-38650-0}}
*{{cite book |author1=Bose, Sugata |author-link=Sugata Bose |author2=Jalal, Ayesha |author2-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=2003 |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |publisher=London and New York: Routledge |isbn=0-415-30787-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose }}
*{{cite book |last=Crook |first=M.J. |title=The Evolution of the Victoria Cross |publisher=Midas books |year=1975 |isbn=0-85936-041-5}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

{{Victoria Cross recipients}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of recipients of the Victoria Cross by conflict|Indian Mutiny]]

Omega II, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:31:46Z

BarneyMoh54: new stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Omega II
| subdivision_name3 = Greater Noida
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhood]]
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|27|48|N|77|30|43|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type3 = City
| official_name =
| unit_pref =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201310
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| native_name = ओमेगा 2
| other_name = NRI City
}}
'''Omega II''' or '''Omega 2''' ({{Langx|hi|ओमेगा 2}}), is a sector in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-05|title=Greater Noida authority begins process to recover ₹203.44 crore from Omaxe|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/greater-noida-authority-begins-process-to-recover-203-44-crore-from-omaxe/story-7XphNoVaytIQ4AlEFuNWtO.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/greater-noida-authority-begins-process-to-recover-203-44-crore-from-omaxe/story-7XphNoVaytIQ4AlEFuNWtO.html |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> primarily known for serving the NRI City. Bordered by [[Omega I, Greater Noida|Omega I]] to the south, PSI-I to the west and [[Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park I]] to the north, it shares close proximity with the [[Yamuna Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=NILANJANA BHADURI JHA|date=20 Jan 2004|title=NRI City in Bulundshahr {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nri-city-in-bulundshahr/articleshow/433925.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is named after the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[Omega]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]

{{GautamBuddhNagar-geo-stub}}

Lelhar

2025-07-07T03:53:11Z

BarneyMoh54: new a article...

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lelhar
| native_name_lang = ur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.9552|74.9530|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1383
| population_total = 3799
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |access-date=3 August 2022|url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128235613/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf|archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192304
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = JK-13
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|http://pulwama.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| area_total_ha = 549.6
}}
'''Lelhar''' is a census village in [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Correspondent |first=HT |title=9th century sculpture of Lord Vishnu recovered from Jhelum River in Pulwama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/9th-century-sculpture-of-lord-vishnu-recovered-from-jhelum-river-in-pulwama-101648759439594.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Ishfaq Hussain |last2=Hashmi |first2=S. Najmul Islam |date=1 June 2021 |title=The Great Flood and its Aftermath in Kashmir Valley: Impact, Consequences and Vulnerability Assessment |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-021-1742-y |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=661–669 |doi=10.1007/s12594-021-1742-y |s2cid=235429300 |issn=0974-6889 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Lelhar village has a total population of 3,799 including 1,964 males and 1,835 females and has a literacy rate of 50.12%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Jammu & Kashmir - Series 02 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Pulwama |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/506/download/1672/DH_2011_0112_PART_A_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802230752/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/506/download/1672/DH_2011_0112_PART_A_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

The people of the Lelhar village's livelihood are based on cultivation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nisar |first1=Malik |last2=Hameed |first2=Sajad |title=Surviving climate change in Kashmir |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/surviving-climate-change-in-kashmir/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |publisher=FairPlanet |date=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pulwama district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

List of villages in Nautanwa tehsil

2025-06-19T15:05:08Z

BarneyMoh54: new a place

{{short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
[[Nautanwa]] is a [[Tehsil]]/Block in the [[Maharajganj district|Mahrajganj]] District of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Departures from Nautanwa NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/nautanwa-ntv/5138 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Nautanwa, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Nautanwa.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Nautanwa Tehsil of Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/944-nautanwa-maharajganj-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> According to Census 2011 information the sub-district code of Nautanwa block is '''00944'''.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref> There are about 259 villages in Nautanwa block.{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

# Achal Garh
# Achalgarh
# Ahirauli
# Amahva
# Amava
# Araji Gayadatt Urf Subedarpur
# Araji Mahuva
# Araji Sarkar
# Araji Sarkar Urf Bairihawa
# Araji Sarkar Urf Jot Pharenda
# Araji Suvain
# Asuraina
# Aurahva Kala
# Aurahva Khurd
# Babhni
# Bagha
# Bahorpur
# Baijnathpur Urf Charka
# Baikunthpur
# Bairva Bankatva
# Bairva Bhatpurva
# Bairva Chandanpur
# Bairva Jungal
# Bakeniya Harraiya
# Banrasiya Kala
# Banrasiya Khurd
# Banvatari
# Barahara
# Barahra Bishwambharpur
# Barahra Shivnath
# Baranhava
# Barawa Bhoj
# Bargadava
# Bargadva Ayodhya
# Bargadva Bishunpur
# Bargadva Madhubani
# Bargadwa Urf Ganwaria
# Bariya
# Barva Kala
# Barwa Khurd
# Basantpur
# Bataediha
# Belahiy
# Belaspur
# Belauha Darra
# Belauha Ghat
# Belbhar
# Belva Buzurg
# Belva Khurd
# Bhagat Purva
# Bhagvanpur
# Bhairi Pipri
# Bhaisahiya
# Bharvaliy
# Bhotaha
# Bhurkurva
# Bishkhop
# Bishunpur Kurthiya
# Bishunpur Phulvariya
# Bishunpura
# Bokava
# Brahmpur
# Chainpur
# Chakdah
# Chakrar
# Chamaini Urf Bhehri
# Chamainiya
# Chandi Than
# Chandpur
# Charlaha
# Chautarva
# Chhapwa
# Chhitrapar
# Dashrath Pur
# Deoghatti
# Devipur
# Devipur Kala
# Devpur
# Dhaurahra
# Dhotihva
# Dhuswakala
# Dogahara
# Durgapur
# Ekma
# Eksarva
# Farenda
# Gajaraha
# Gajpati
# Gajrahi
# Ganeshpur
# Gangapur
# Gangvaliya
# Gauharpur
# Ghorahava
# Gujroliya Shanker
# Hanuman Garhiya
# Harakhpura
# Hardi Dali
# Harlalgarh
# Harmandir Kala
# Harpur
# Harraiya Khurd
# Harraiya Raghubir
# Hathiya Garh
# Hathiyahwa
# Jagannath Pur
# Jamuhani
# Jamuhra Kala
# Jara
# Jhigati
# Jigina
# Jignihava
# Jogiabari
# Jugauli
# Jungal Gulahariya
# Jungle Hathiyagarh
# Jungle Sonval
# Kaithvaliya Pathak
# Kaithwalia Urf Bargadahi
# Kajari
# Kandhpur
# Kandhpur Van Tangia
# Karaila Ajgarha
# Karailiya
# Karimdadpur
# Karmahava Khurd
#Karmahva
# Karmahva Basantpur
# Kashipur
# Kataikot Urf Bhadrahana
# Kavlahi
# Khairati
# Khairhava Jungal
# Khairhva Dube
# Khalik Garh
# Khanua
# Kharag Barva
# Kodaipur Urf Gidaha
# Kohargaddi
# Koharwal
# Koluha Urf Sihorva
# Kot Kamhariya
# Kunserwa
# Kurahava Bujurg
# Kurahava Khurd
# Lalpur Kalyanpur
# Laxhmipur Kaithvaliya
# Laxmi Nagar
# Luhasi
# Luthhahva
# Madrahava Kaktahi
# Mahari
# Mahdeiya
# Mahdeva Basdeela
# Mahdeva Kashiram
# Maheshpur Mahdiya
# Mahuari
# Mahuawa Adda
# Mahuva
# Mahuwa
# Majhauli
# Manglapur
# Manik Talab
# Manikapur
# Marjadpur
# Mathiyaidu
# Moglaha
# Mohnapur
# Murali
# Murehra
# Murila
# Naikot
# Narayanpur
# Narkataha
# Nauniya
# Navabi Ghat
# Navadih Urf Deopur
# Nipaniya
# Paisiya Babu
# Paisiya Lalaien
# Paisiya Urf Konghusari
# Pakardiha
# Parauli
# Pariya Tal
# Parmesrapur
# Parsa
# Parsa Dayaram
# Parsa Malik
# Parsa Pandey
# Parsa Somali
# Parsauni Kala
# Parsoni
# Phulvariya
# Piparhava
# Pipra
# Pipra Sohat
# Piprahiya
# Pipriya
# Pokhar Bhinda
# Pokharbhinda Urf Bangahva
# Purainiya
# Purandrapur Sonbarsa
# Purushottampur
# Raghunath Pur
# Rajabari
# Rajapur
# Rajdhani
# Rajmandir Khurd
# Rajpur Khurd
# Ram Nagar
# Ramgarhva
# Ramnagar
# Rampur Jhalua
# Ranipur
# Ratanpur
# Rehra
# Rudauli Urf Karaila
# Rudrapur Shivnath
# Rudrapur Urf Bangai
# Sagarhava
# Sakasi
# [[Samardhira]]
# Sampatiha
# Sarangapur
# Sekhuani
# Semarhava
# Semrahna
# Semrahva Urf Jammu Haniya
# Sevatari
# Shishgarh
# Shishvariya Urf Shismahal
# Shivpuri
# Shyamkat
# Sihabhar
# Singhpur Kala
# Sinhorva
# Sinhpur Tharauli
# Sirsiya Khas
# Sirsiya Masharki
# Sisvaniya Bishun
# Siswa Taufir
# Siswa Urf Khoriya
# Sonbarsa Kahraiya
# Sondhi
# Sonpipri
# Sonval
# Sukrauli
# Sukrauli Urf Argha
# Sukrauli Urf Suryapura
# Sundi
# Surpar
# Suryapura
# Tal Ainjer
# Taraini
# Tenduhi
# Terhi
# Tharauli Buzurg
# Tinkonia
# Trilokpur
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Maharajganj district]]

Sikkim State Commission For Women

2025-05-05T04:25:57Z

BarneyMoh54: created the details basic info

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Sikkim State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 15 October 2004
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Sikkim]]
| headquarters = Sikkim State Commission for Women, Sikkim State Commission for women, Old secretariat Below Super Market Govt. of Sikkim, Gangtok - 737101.<ref name="sw ref1">{{cite web |title=Sikkim State Commission For Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Sikkim |website=Sikkim State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="sw ref2">{{cite web |title=Sikkim State Commission For Women |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/social-justice-empowerment-and-welfare-department/women-and-child-development-division |website=Sikkim State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Ms. CHUNGKIPU LEPCHA
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =[https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/social-justice-empowerment-and-welfare-department/women-and-child-development-division Official Website]
{{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Sikkim}}
| footnotes =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| native_name_a =
| region_code =
| coordinates =
| keydocument1 =
| keydocument2 =
| keydocument3 =
}}

'''Sikkim State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Sikkim]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Sikkim|Sikkim Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Sikkim State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.<ref name="sw ref6">{{cite news |title=Sikkim: Three days workshop on sexual harresment of women at workplace concludes |url=https://www.thesikkimchronicle.com/sikkim-three-days-workshop-on-sexual-harresment-of-women-at-workplace-concludes-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018034205/https://www.thesikkimchronicle.com/sikkim-three-days-workshop-on-sexual-harresment-of-women-at-workplace-concludes-2/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 18, 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=thesikkimchronicle.com |date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Sikkim State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Ms. CHUNGKIPU LEPCHA is the Chairperson of the Sikkim State Commission for Women.<ref name="sw ref3">{{cite news |title=CHUNGKIPU LEPCHA TAKES CHARGE AS STATE WOMEN COMMISSION CHAIRPERSON |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/chungkipu-lepcha-takes-charge-as-state-women-commission-chairperson |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=sikkimexpress.com |date=29 December 2020}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Sikkim State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under Constitution of India and women related legislations.<ref name="sw ref8">{{cite web |title=Sikkim State Commission For Women |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/sikkim-state-laws/sikkim-state-commission-women-act-2001-2 |website=Sikkim State Commission For Women |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.<ref name="sw ref4">{{cite news |title=Understanding sexual harassment at work, State Women Commission holds seminar |url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/understanding-sexual-harassment-at-work-state-women-commission-holds-seminar/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=voiceofsikkim.com}}</ref>
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.<ref name="sw ref5">{{cite news |title=Sikkim: Zero tolerance towards sexual harassment or any form of violence on women |url=https://www.insidene.com/new-sikkim-zero-tolerance-towards-sexual-harassment-or-any-form-of-violence-on-women/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=insidene.com |date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/social-justice-empowerment-and-welfare-department/women-and-child-development-division Official Website]
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Sikkim}}

[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]