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Jangipara Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T09:55:06Z

Barkatofficial:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jangipara
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jangipara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jangipara Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Prosenjit Bag
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency|Sreerampur]]
| constituency_no = 195
| established = 1957
| electors = 203,355
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Jangipara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 195 Jangipara Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Ainya, Haripur, Masat and Shiyakhala [[gram panchayat]]a of [[Chanditala I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of Indial}}</ref>

Jangipara Assembly constituency is part of No. 27 [[Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Biswanath Saha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Kanai Dey
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Biswanath Saha
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3"|Manindranath Jana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ganesh Hatui
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|Ganesh Chandra Hatui
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Dwipen Mukherjee
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Manindranath Jana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2"|Ibha Dey
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Sudarsan Ray Chaudhuri
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Snehasis Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Prosenjit Bag
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangipara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prosenjit Bag
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,02,409
|percentage = 44.09
|change = {{up}}4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Snehasish Chakraborty]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,01,547
|percentage = 43.72
|change = {{down}}4.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudipto Sarkar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 18,138
|percentage = 7.81
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,388
|percentage = 1.03
|change = {{down}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhashis Datta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,572
|percentage = 0.68
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 862
|percentage = 0.37
|change = {{down}}8.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangipara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Snehasis Chakraborty]]
|votes = 1,01,885
|percentage = 48.42
|change = {{decrease}}2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debjit Sarkar
|votes = 83,959
|percentage = 39.90
|change = {{increase}}32.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Sheikh Mainuddin
|votes = 17,756
|percentage = 8.44
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,040
|percentage = 1.44
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheikh Samsuddin
|votes = 1,685
|percentage = 0.80
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheikh Amjad Ali
|votes = 958
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tanusree Ghosh
|votes = 661
|percentage = 0.31
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samir Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 467
|percentage = 0.22
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,926
|percentage = 8.52
|change = {{decrease}}3.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,10,411
|percentage = 81.86
|change = {{decrease}}1.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangipara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Snehasis Chakraborty]]
|votes = 99,324
|percentage = 50.80
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pobitra Singha Roy
|votes = 75,719
|percentage = 38.73
|change = {{decrease}}4.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prosenjit Bag
|votes = 13,716
|percentage = 7.02
|change = {{increase}}3.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,826
|percentage = 1.45
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = IUC
|candidate = Kamaruzzaman Khandokar
|votes = 2,516
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kaushik Kishore Roy
|votes = 1,414
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,605
|percentage = 12.07
|change = {{increase}}4.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,515
|percentage = 83.43
|change = {{decrease}}1.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangipara<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=195|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Jangipara|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 1 May 2011|archive-date = 19 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164328/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=195|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Snehasis Chakraborty]]
|votes = 87,133
|percentage = 50.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sudarshan Ray Chaudhuri
|votes = 74,057
|percentage = 42.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prosenjit Bag
|votes = 5,663
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PDCI
|candidate = Pradip Ghosh
|votes = 2,143
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammad Kutubuddin
|votes = 1,427
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Bharati Kisku
|votes = 1,149
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Bank
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,076
|percentage = 7.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,72,409
|percentage = 84.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Sudarshan Raychaudhuri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Jangipara assembly seat defeating Ehsanul Haque Kazi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ibha Dey of CPI(M) defeated Shahbazin Khan Munshi of Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Dwipen Mukherjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Manindranath Jana of CPI(M) defeated Gayatri Roy of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Dwipen Mukherjee of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ganesh Chandra Hatui of Congress 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp177.htm |title =177 - Jangipara Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Ganesh Hatui of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Manindranath Jana of CPI(M) won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Biswanath Saha of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Biswanath Saha and Kanai Dey, both of Congress, won the Jangipara double seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Prior to that the Jangipara assembly seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Mathabhanga Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:48:31Z

Barkatofficial: Created new info

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mathabhanga
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Mathabhanga.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mathabhanga Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]
| constituency_no = 2
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 2,48,757
}}

'''Mathabhanga Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 2 Mathabhanga Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Mathabhanga]] municipality, [[Mathabhanga II (Community development block)|Mathabhanga II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Hazrahat I, Hazrahat II and Pachagarh [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Mathabhanga I (Community development block)|Mathabhanga I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 29 August 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher =Election Commission}}</ref>

Mathabhanga Assembly constituency is part of No. 1. [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|Sarada Prasad Pramanick
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mahendra Nath Dakua
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Dinesh Chandra Dakua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3"|Birendranath Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Dinesh Chandra Dakua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Ananta Roy
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Binay Krishna Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Sushil Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Nishith Pramanik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mathabhanga}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nisith Pramanik]]|party=BJP|votes= 143340|percentage= 59.27|change=+6.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sablu Barman|party=Trinamool Congress|votes= 86250|percentage= 35.66|change=-5.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khagen Barman|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes= 4030|percentage= 1.67|change=-1.93}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khitendra Nath Barman|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 1118|percentage= 0.46|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes= 913|percentage= 0.38|change=-0.29}}
{{Election box majority||votes=57090{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mathabhanga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sushil Barman]]|votes=1,13,249|percentage=52.87|change={{increase}}37.27}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Girindra Nath Barman|votes=87,115|percentage=40.67|change={{decrease}}7.43}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ashok Barman|votes=7,718|percentage=3.6|change={{decrease}}28.57}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,443|percentage=0.67|change={{decrease}}0.32}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,14,203
|percentage = 86.36
|change = {{decrease}}0.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Mathabhanga (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=2| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606021620/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=2| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 6 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Mathabhanga| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Binay Krishna Barman]]
|votes = 96,383
|percentage = 48.1
|change = {{increase}}1.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Khagen Chandra Barman
|votes = 64,465
|percentage = 32.17
|change = {{decrease}}11.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushil Barman]]
|votes = 31,258
|percentage = 15.6
|change = {{increase}}8.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= None of the above|candidate= None of the above|votes=1,980|percentage=0.99|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,918|percentage=15.93|change={{increase}}12.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,00,385|percentage=87.27|change={{increase}}0.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Binay Krishna Barman of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ananta Roy of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Mathabhanga (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=2| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606021620/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=2| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 6 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Mathabhanga| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Binay Krishna Barman]]
|votes = 78,249
|percentage = 46.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ananta Roy
|votes = 72,925
|percentage = 43.74
|change = {{decrease}}11.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushil Barman]]
|votes = 11,308
|percentage = 6.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mantu Barman
|votes = 2,919
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tilak Chand Barman
|votes = 1,954
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hare Krishan Sarkar
|votes = 1,079
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 166,710
|percentage = 85.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Trinamool Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Ananta Roy of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won the Mathabhanga seat defeating Hem Chandra Barman of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Dinesh Chandra Dakua of CPI(M) won the seat six times in a row from 1977 to 2001, and also in 1967. He defeated Binoy Krishna Barman of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Jatindranath Barman of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Prasenjit Barman of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Jatindranath Barman of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Hitendra Nath Pramanik of Congress on 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Pratap Singha in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp03.htm | title =3 - Mathabhanga (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Birendranath Roy of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Dinesh Chandra Dakua of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Mahendra Nath Dakua of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Sarada Prasad Pramanick of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathabhanga Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure

2026-05-04T17:28:46Z

Barkatofficial: Put Up A Location.

{{Short description|Collection of treasure discovered in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

The '''Padmanabhaswamy temple treasure''' is a collection of valuable objects including gold thrones, crowns, coins, statues and ornaments, diamonds and other precious stones. It was discovered in some of the subterranean vaults of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in the Indian state of Kerala, when five of its six (or possibly eight) vaults were opened on 27 June 2011. The vaults were opened on the orders of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which was hearing a private petition seeking transparency in the running of the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|last=R.|first=Krishnakumar|date=14 August 2020|title=Supreme Court upholds management rights of former royal family|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/kerala-erstwhile-travancore-royal-family-vested-with-rights-to-manage-sree-padmanabhaswamy-temple/article32080957.ece|access-date=|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|language=en}}</ref> The discovery of the treasure attracted widespread national and international media attention as it is considered to be the largest collection of items of gold and precious stones in the [[recorded history]] of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/gold-treasure-at-India-temple-could-be-the-largest-in-the-world-40475-3-40476.html|title=Gold treasure at India temple could be the largest in the world|work=COMMODITYONLINE}}</ref><ref name="bullionstreet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/india-to-evaluate-worlds-largest-gold-treasure-soon/1044|title=India to evaluate world's largest gold treasure soon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414100931/http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/india-to-evaluate-worlds-largest-gold-treasure-soon/1044|archive-date=2015-04-14}}</ref><ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG08Df02.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110711200755/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG08Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2011-07-11|title=Asia Times Online :: India's temple treasure prompts test of faith|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=Frontline>{{cite journal|last1=R. Krishnakumar|title=Treasures of history|journal=Frontline|date=16 July 2011|volume= 28|issue=15|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2815/stories/20110729281512500.htm|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> On the possibility of future appropriation of the wealth, for the need of a new management and proper inventorying of the articles in the vaults, a public interest [[petition]] was registered with the Supreme court of India. In 2020, the [[Travancore Royal Family]] won the rights to manage the temple, as well all its financial aspects. The Supreme Court of India overruled the Kerala High Court's legal jurisprudence based on regional facts and recognition of the nullified princely agreement based on "Ruler of Travancore."
[[File:Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple,.jpg|thumb|[[Gopuram]] of the temple]]

==Vaults==
The temple management authorities were aware of the existence of at least six vaults. They were situated underground, all around, and to the west of the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. For documentation purposes, these vaults have been designated as vaults A, B, C, D, E and F. Subsequently, two additional subterranean vaults have been discovered, and they have been designated as Vault G and Vault H.<ref name=FT/><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Jake Halpern |title=The secret of the temple |magazine=The New Yorker |date=30 April 2012 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple |access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

* Vault B has not been opened since at least the 1880s. The Supreme-Court-appointed committee-members, based on the 2014 [[amicus curiae]] and audit reports, cited instances of irregularities and mismanagement in the affairs of the temple. They opened the metal-grille door to Vault B and discovered a sturdy wooden door just behind it. They opened this door as well, and encountered a third door made of iron, which was jammed shut. The observers tried to force their way in but failed. So they decided to hire a professional locksmith to open or remove the door gently. Then in mid-July, before the locksmith came, the royal family got an injunction from the Supreme Court against opening vault B. Apparently, this was promulgated after a 4-day private decision-making process, based on astrology ([[Ashtamangala prasnam|Ashtamangala Devaprasnam]]) in 2011. Finally in July 2020, the Supreme Court refused to give permission to open the vault, as it was an issue involving religious sentiments.

* As of end of 2020, Vaults G and H (both of which are long-forgotten cellars that were found by the amicus curiae in 2014) remain closed, and have been so for centuries.

* Four of the vaults, namely those designated as C, D, E, and F, are in the custody of the temple priests. Over recent years, they have been opened at least eight times every year, and some of the contents stored in them are routinely taken out for use on special ceremonial occasions such as temple festivals, and are deposited back after use.

* Following the orders of the Supreme Court of India, a court-appointed committee opened the vaults on 30 June 2011 and entered vault A. They unlocked an iron grille and a heavy wooden door, then removed a granite slab from the floor. Beneath, a few steps led to a dark room which stored the treasure. The various items found scattered everywhere seemed to be not arranged systematically. There were also baskets, earthen pots and copper pots with all of them containing valuable objects.

==Inventory==
The Supreme Court of India had ordered an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' appointed by it to prepare an inventory of the treasure. Full details of the inventory have not been revealed. However newspaper reports gave an indication of some of the possible contents of the vaults.<ref name=Frontline/> About 40 groups of objects were retrieved from Vault E and Vault F. Another 1469 groups of objects found in Vault C and 617 in Vault D. Over 102000 groups of objects (referred to as articles collectively) were recovered from Vault A alone.

According to news reports some of the items found include:
* A {{convert|4|ft|adj=on}} high and {{convert|3|ft|adj=on}} wide solid pure-golden [[Murti|idol]] of [[Mahavishnu]] studded with [[diamond]]s and other fully precious stones<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/padmanabha-swamy-temples-wealth-beyond-imagination-vinod-rai-16983|title=Padmanabha Swamy temple's wealth beyond imagination: Vinod Rai|date=5 January 2015|publisher=The News Minute}}
</ref>

* A solid pure-golden throne, studded with hundreds of diamonds and precious stones, meant for the {{convert|18|ft|adj=on}} idol of the deity
* Ceremonial attire for adorning the deity in the form of 16-part gold ''anki'' weighing almost {{convert|30|kg}}
* An {{convert|18|ft|adj=on}} long pure-gold chain among thousands of pure-gold chains
* A pure-gold sheaf weighing {{convert|500|kg}}
* A {{convert|36|kg|adj=on}} golden veil
* 1200 'Sarappalli' pure-gold coin-chains encrusted with precious stones weighing between 3.5 kg and 10.5 kg
* Several sacks filled with golden artefacts, necklaces, diadems, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, gemstones, and objects made of other precious metals
* Gold coconut shells studded with rubies and emeralds
* Several 18th-century [[Napoleon]]<nowiki/>ic-era coins
* Hundreds of thousands of gold coins of the [[Roman Empire]]
* An {{convert|800|kg|adj=on}} hoard of gold coins dating to the medieval period<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

According to varying reports, at least three if not many more, solid gold crowns all studded with diamonds and other precious stones and pots of gold were found. While the above list is on the basis of news reports describing the July 2011 opening (and later) of Vaults A, C, D, E and F, a 1930s report from ''The Hindu'' mentions a granary-sized structure (within either Vault C or Vault D or Vault E or Vault F) almost filled with mostly gold and some silver coins.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=A. Srivathsan|title=When the vault was opened in 1931|journal=The Hindu|date=6 June 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-the-vault-was-opened-in-1931/article2201786.ece|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
 

==Source of wealth==
The valuables have been accumulated in the temple over several thousand years, having been donated to the Deity, and subsequently stored in the Temple, by various Dynasties, such as the [[Cheras]], the [[Pandyas]], the [[Travancore royal family]], the [[Mushika Kingdom|Kolathiris]], the [[Pallavas]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], and many other Kings of both South India and beyond.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/eclectic-architecture-exquisite-features/article2236138.ece|title=Eclectic architecture, exquisite features|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|date=18 July 2011|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-prof-mg-sashibhushan-on-padmanabhaswamy-temple%20treasure/20110712.htm|title=Treasure belongs to the temple and nobody else|date=11 July 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-build-world-class-museum-near-padmanabha-temple/20110718.htm|title=Build a world-class museum near Padmanabha Swamy temple|author=|date=|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panel-to-seek-national-geographic-societys-help-for-inventory-of-temple-treasure/article4611305.ece|title=Panel to seek National Geographic Society's help for inventory of temple treasure|first=A.|last=Srivathsan|date=13 April 2013|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tales-that-the-fabulous-collection-in-the-vaults-tell/article2233694.ece|title=Tales that the fabulous collection in the vaults tell|author=Beena Sarasa|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="frontline.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2815/stories/20110729281512500.htm|title=Treasures of history|publisher=Frontline|author=R. KRISHNAKUMAR|volume= 28 |issue =15 |date=July 2011}}</ref><ref name="commodityonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.commodityonline.com/news/temple-treasure-do-gods-need-gold-40506-3-40507.html|title=Temple Treasure: Do gods need gold?|work=commodityonline.com/}}</ref> Most scholars believe that this was accumulated over thousands of years, given the mention of the Deity and the Temple in several extant Hindu Texts, the Tamil Sangam literature (500 BC to 300 AD wherein it was referred to as the "Golden Temple" on account of its then unimaginable wealth), and the treasures consist of countless artifacts dating back to the Chera, Pandya, and Greek and Roman epochs. The ancient epic [[Silappatikaram]] (circa 100 AD to 300 AD) speaks of the then Chera King Cenkuttuvan receiving gifts of gold and precious stones from a certain 'Golden Temple' (Arituyil-Amardon) which is believed to be the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ5XAAAAMAAJ|title=Seran Vanji: Vanji, the Capital of the Cheras|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|date=1940-01-01|publisher=Superintendent, Cochin Government Press|page=29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k57RAAAAMAAJ|title=The Secret Chamber: A Historical, Anthropological & Philosophical Study of the Kodungallur Temple|last=Induchudan|first=V. T.|date=1969-01-01|publisher=Cochin Devaswom Board|page=47|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vns9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65|title=The golden tower: a historical study of the Tirukkulasekharapuram and other temples|last=Induchudan|first=V. T.|date=1971-01-01|publisher=Cochin Devaswom Board|page=65|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamoorthy1964">{{cite book|author=S. Krishnamoorthy|title=Silappadikaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STbMzFKaxcQC&pg=PA155|year=1964|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|page=155|id=GGKEY:TY1K6TGS39B}}</ref><ref name="Induchudan1971">{{cite book|author=V. T. Induchudan|title=The golden tower: a historical study of the Tirukkulasekharapuram and other temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vns9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73|year=1971|publisher=Cochin Devaswom Board|page=73}}</ref>

Gold had been mined as well as panned from rivers in Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur, Wayanad, Kollam, Palakkad and Malappuram districts for thousands of years. The Malabar region had several centers of trade and commerce since the Sumerian Period ranging from Vizhinjam in the South to Mangalore in the North. Also, at times like the invasion by [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], the other royal families like the Kolathiris (a branch of the Thiruvithamkur Royal Family - both originating in the Thiruvananthapuram area) in the then Kerala and the Far-South took refuge in Thiruvananthapuram, and stored their temple-wealth there for safekeeping in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name="rediff.com"/><ref name="frontline.in"/><ref name="commodityonline.com"/> Also, much of the treasures housed in the much larger and as-yet-unopened vaults, as well as in the much smaller cellars that have been opened, date back to long before the institution of the so-called Travancore Kingdom, e.g. the 800-kg hoard of gold coins from 200 B.C that was mentioned by [[Vinod Rai]]. Noted archaeologist and historian [[R. Nagaswamy]] has also stated that several records exist in Kerala, of offerings made to the Deity, from several parts of Kerala.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Further, during the reign of Maharani [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]], hundreds of temples were brought under the Government. The ornaments in these temples were also transferred to the Vaults of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. Instead the funds of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple were utilised for the daily upkeep of these temples. From 1766 until 1792, Travancore also provided refuge to around a dozen other Hindu rulers who had fled their own princely states along the [[Malabar Coast]], due to fears of possible military defeat by [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. They came with whatever valuables they had in their temples and donated them to Lord Padmanabha. These rulers, and their extended family members, also left their wealth with Lord Padmanabha, when they finally returned home, after Mysore's military defeat by the British forces in 1792.<ref name=Frontline/><ref name=FT>{{cite news|first=Amy|last=Kazmin|title=The battle for custodianship of the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple|url=https://www.ft.com/content/170f515a-382e-11e4-a687-00144feabdc0|access-date=26 November 2015|publisher=Financial Times|date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|title=The provenance of the temple treasure|journal=The Hindu|date=1 August 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-provenance-of-the-temple-treasure/article/2211509.ece|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

There are over 3000 surviving bundles of 'Cadjan' leaves (records) in Archaic Malayalam and Tamil, each bundle consisting of a hundred-thousand leaves, which relate to donations of gold and precious stones made exclusively to the temple over the millennia. Most of these are yet to have been studied and very few have even been glanced at yet. As these pertain exclusively to the donations made over millennia they would throw a lot of light on the story of the treasure. Lastly, it has to be remembered that in the period of the Travancore Kingdom, a distinction was always made between the Government (or State) Treasury (Karuvoolam) and the Royal Treasury (Chellam) and the Temple Treasury (Thiruvara Bhandaram or Sri Bhandaram).{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Report of Amicus Curiae dated 29 October 2012 submitted in the Supreme Court of India: [http://www.thehindu.com/migration_catalog/article12490880.ece/BINARY/Report%20of%20the%20amicus%20curiae%20to%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20the%20Sree%20Padmanabha%20Swamy%20Temple%20issue Report of Amicus Curiae]
* A report on the opening of one the smaller vaults (later denoted by either one of "C" or "D" or "E" or "F") in 1931: {{cite journal|last1=A. Srivathsan|title=When the vault was opened in 1931|journal=The Hindu|date=6 June 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-the-vault-was-opened-in-1931/article2201786.ece|access-date=27 November 2015}}
* {{cite journal|last1=K. N. Ganesh|title=To Whom Does Temple Wealth Belong? A Historical Essay on Landed Property in Travancore|journal=[[Review of Agrarian Studies]]|date=January 2013|volume=3|issue=1|url=http://ras.org.in/to_whom_does_temple_wealth_belong_a_historical_essay_on_landed_property_in_travancore|access-date=27 November 2015}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Treasure]]

Khwairakpam Bishwamittra

2026-04-27T21:42:40Z

Barkatofficial: data...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khwairakpam Bishwamittra
| image =
| caption = ''Bishwamittra in [[Taibang Keithel]] (2018)''
| birth_name = Khwairakpam Bishwamittra
| education =
| occupation = Director, Actor, Script Writer
| years active =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|02|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Harinath Road, Brahmapur Aribam Leikai, [[Imphal East]], [[Manipur]]
| parents = Khwairakpam Chittaranjan Singh Guruaribam Brajeshwori Devi
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}
'''Khwairakpam Bishwamittra''' is an Indian [[film director]], actor and script writer who works in theatre and [[cinema of Manipur|Manipuri films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/09/bishwamitra-felicitated/|title=Bishwamitra Felicitated|access-date=26 August 2022|website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref> He first appeared on silver screen in the 1996 hit film ''Kanaga Hinghouni'', where he co-directed with Chan Heisnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..180822.aug22|title=Kh Bishwamitra's short narrative 'Eewai (the ripple)' selected for 4th Nepal Cultural International Film Festival|author=The Sangai Express|access-date=26 August 2022|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Some of the famous films he directed include ''Kaorage'', ''Torei'' and ''Sur Da Ngaojabee''. He is also a renowned playwright of Manipuri Shumang Leelas and stage plays produced by AIR Imphal and Doordarshan DDK Imphal. As of 2022, his non-feature ''[[Eewai]]'' got official selection at the 4th Nepal Cultural International Film Festival 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/23484-biswamittra-s-eewai-in-international-competition-of-4th-nepal-cultural-international-film-festival-2022|title=BISHWAMITTRA'S EEWAI IN INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION OF 4TH NEPAL CULTURAL INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL 2022|author=Rinku Khumukcham|access-date=26 August 2022|newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://autonewsdetail.com/manipur-movie-chosen-for-nepal-cultural-worldwide-movie-pageant/|title=Manipur movie chosen for Nepal Cultural Worldwide Movie Pageant|access-date=26 August 2022|website=autonewsdetail.com|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823101233/https://autonewsdetail.com/manipur-movie-chosen-for-nepal-cultural-worldwide-movie-pageant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eewai was screened at the [[28th Kolkata International Film Festival]] in Short and Documentary Panorama section on 19 and 21 December 2022 at Nandan-III and Sichir Mancha, [[Kolkata]].

==Education==
Bishwamittra enrolled at Newport University to pursue a bachelor's degree in Telecommunication Engineering. He also earned a bachelor's degree from [[Manipur University]] in Political Science (Honors). He received double diploma in Theatre from National Theatre, Studies and Rupmahal Theatre; and diploma in Music from Kharagarh University.

==Career==
Bishwamittra became a renowned figure in the Manipuri film industry as a director and an actor with his debut film ''Kanaga Hinghouni'' (1996), where he co-directed with Chan Heisnam. Pairing with Ksh. Kishorekumar, he co-directed four movies, ''Iral Oirage'' (1997), ''Amambasu Anganbani'' (1998), ''Aroiba Natte'' (1999) and ''Thamoinadi Kouhouri'' (2001), produced by Chan Heisnam under the banner Bright Film Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-film-selected-for-nepal-cultural-international-film-festival/|title=Manipuri Film selected for Nepal Cultural International Film Festival|access-date=26 August 2022|website=easternmirrornagaland.com}}</ref> In 2001, he directed ''Shiroi Lily'' produced by S. Ibomcha Singh for SB Sons Film and ''Yaoshangi Meiri'' (2002) produced by Laishram Lokendra for EUM Imphal. So far, he has directed 54 Manipuri feature films, 19 short fictions and 4 documentaries. He wrote scripts and directed the ballets ''The Third Eye'' for Adult Education Department, [[Government of Manipur]] in 2007 and ''Wakollo'' for Lalit Kala Sangam Imphal in 2014. His short fictions ''Hang Hang'', ''The Boiling Blood'' and ''The Skiff'', where he worked as director and script writer, got official selections at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/10-manipur-films-to-be-screened-at-miff|title=ARCHIVE 10 Manipur films to be screened at MIFF|access-date=26 August 2022|newspaper=The Assam Tribune}}</ref> ''Hang Hang'' was selected in the 18th International Children Film Festival 2013, Hyderabad. In 2009, he produced and directed the movie ''Shak Henba Bhoot''.

Besides films, he is a Senior A Grade approved drama artiste of AIR Imphal and also a Senior Fellow in Dramatic Literature under Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]]. He is an approved announcer of Doordarshan Imphal and AIR Imphal. Bishwamittra is also an empanelled producer of PPC (NE) Doordarshan Guwahati, Doordarshan Imphal and Doordarshan Itanagar. He also worked as an actor and assistant director in the ''Mahabharat'' audio drama serial of 53 Episodes produced from 1999 to 2002. He was the Vice President of Film Forum Manipur, Imphal.

Bishwamittra's performance as Ahanjao in the 2018 film ''[[Taibang Keithel]]'' was recognized by ''Screen Echoes Manipur'' as one of the Best 8 Performances in Manipuri Cinema of the Last Decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manipur |first=Screen Echoes |date=21 June 2025 |title=Best 8 Performances In Manipuri Cinema In The Last Decade |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Best_8_Performances_in_Manipuri_Cinema_in_the_last_Decade |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=E-Pao}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Bishwamittra was honoured with different titles at several film and theatre awards and festivals.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Ref.
|-
| 29th All India Mutlilingual Drama Festival Allahabad 1996
| Best Script Writer & Best Actor
| ''Kaklabasu Ahingba Makok''
|
|-
| 3rd Manipur State Film Awards 1997
| Best Feature Film
| ''Kanaga Hinghouni''
|
|-
| 1st SSS MANIFA 2012
| Best Direction
| ''[[Tillaikhombee]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..240912.sep12|title=Raju Nong, Seema win Best Actors' awards|accessdate=27 August 2022|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
| 8th Manipur State Film Festival 2013
| Best Short Film
| ''Hang Hang''
|
|-
| 12th Manipur State Film Awards 2018
| Best Actor in a Leading Role - Male
| ''[[Taibang Keithel]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2019.Yengkhom_Roma_awarded_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_at_13th_Mami_Numit_20190411|title=Yengkhom Roma awarded Lifetime Achievement Award at 13th Mami Numit|work=The Sangai Express|via=e-pao.net|access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 47th All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2018-19
| Second Best Scriptwriter
| ''Thaja Machetki Thabal''
|
|-
|Global Independent Film Festival of India 2022
|3rd Best Director
|rowspan="2"|''[[Eewai]]''
|
|-
| 15th Manipur State Film Awards 2023
| Best Director (Non-Feature) & Best Short Film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/winners-of-15th-manipur-state-film-award-2023-award-declared|author=IPF Bureau|title=Winners of 15th Manipur State Film Award 2023 Award declared|access-date=4 May 2024|newspaper=Imphal Free Press|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221117/https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/winners-of-15th-manipur-state-film-award-2023-award-declared|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/11/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Nov-14-The-Manipur-State-Film-Development-Society-MSFDS-has-declared-the-wi.html#/google_vignette|title='Eigi Nupi Tamnalai' wins best feature film award, 'I Hanughaoga (Let me Return)' bags best dialect film MSFDS declares winners of 15th State Film Awards
|access-date=4 May 2024|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>
|-
| International Film Festival of Telangana 2025
| Best Screenplay
| ''Yahouthengba Khoimu''
|
|-
| Manipur State Kala Akademi Award 2024
| Theatre / Shumang Leela / Performing Arts
| ''His contributions to theatre''
|
|}

==Selected filmography==

* '''Feature Films'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Studio (Production House)
|-
|1996
|''Kanaga Hinghouni''
|Bright Films & Shankar Films
|-
|1997
|''Iral Oirage''
|Bright Films
|-
|1998
|''Amambasu Anganbani''
|Bright Films
|-
|1999
|''Aroiba Natte''
|Bright Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''Thamoinadi Kouhouri''
|Bright Films
|-
|''Shiroi Lily''
|SB Sons Film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
|''Yaoshanggi Meiri''
|EUM Imphal
|-
|''Ingengi Atiya (The Sky of Autumn)''
|Taurus Films
|-
|2004
|''Lallibadi Eini''
|Taurus Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''Sur Da Ngaojabee''
|Skyline Pictures
|-
|''Nongchuptei Thoklakpa Numit''
|Brajalala Film
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|''Athengbada Pharakpa Thabal''
|Taurus Films
|-
|''Kaorage''
|aar creations
|-
|''Lonna Lonna''
|Skyline Pictures
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|''Torei''
|Taurus Films
|-
|''Marupki Marup''
|Palem Panthou Films
|-
|rowspan="4"|2008
|''Chatlabra Waarouna?''
|Gabriel Movies
|-
|''Ningthem''
|DCC
|-
|''Nanaakta Asum Asum''
|Morsta Pictures
|-
|''Eigee Punshi Mangla Taibangla''
|Lakhshmi Narayan Films
|-
|rowspan="3"|2009
|''Paokhum''
|Western Media
|-
|''Paachaa''
|Sang-Gai Film Kangleipak
|-
|''Shak Henba Bhoot''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|-
|2010
|''[[Tillaikhombee]]''
|Ningshing Mami, Jiribam
|-
|2012
|''Taionare''
|Malem Ima
|-
|2015
|''[[Kum Kang Kum Kabi Chang]]''
|Prithi Theatre & Films
|-
|2019
|''Thawai Mirel''
|Bebeto Cine World
|}

* '''Non-feature films'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Studio (Production House)
|-
|2009
|''Boiling Blood''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|-
|2014
|''Hinao''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|-
|2015
|''Hang Hang''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|-
|2016
|''Khujinda Yotpi''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|-
|2022
|''[[Eewai]]''
|Nongdol Mamikol
|-
|2024
|''Akangba Pee''
|Millennium Force Manipur
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishwamittra, Khwairakpam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5) racism controversy

2026-04-20T00:10:44Z

Barkatofficial: Creating new data

{{Short description|Controversy in British TV series, 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Italic title|string=Celebrity Big Brother}}
The '''''Celebrity Big Brother 5'' racism controversy''' arose during the [[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 5|fifth series]] of [[Channel 4]]'s reality television programme [[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|''Celebrity Big Brother'']] in January 2007. It centred on the treatment of the Indian actor [[Shilpa Shetty]] by several fellow housemates, particularly [[Jade Goody]], [[Danielle Lloyd]], [[Jo O'Meara]], [[Jackiey Budden]] and [[Jack Tweed]]. Remarks broadcast during the series about Shetty's name, accent, nationality and cooking led to allegations of racism and prompted a backlash in both Britain and India.

Tensions in the house escalated over several days and culminated in a confrontation between Shetty and Goody, after which Big Brother issued a formal warning over racist behaviour or anything that could be seen as racist. Goody later apologised and was evicted by public vote, while Shetty went on to win the series.

The controversy quickly moved beyond entertainment coverage. Complaints to [[Ofcom]] rose to more than 44,500, then a record for a British television broadcast, and viewing figures increased sharply as the row intensified. The affair attracted extensive press attention, drew comment from politicians in the United Kingdom and India, and triggered a commercial backlash against both the programme and some of its participants. [[Carphone Warehouse]] suspended and later ended its sponsorship agreement with Channel 4, while the broadcaster initially defended its handling of the series before commissioning an internal review.

After the programme ended, [[Hertfordshire Constabulary]] investigated allegations of racist behaviour in the house but brought no charges. Ofcom later found that Channel 4 had breached the [[Broadcasting Code]] in its handling of several broadcasts and identified a serious breakdown in compliance and editorial control, directing the broadcaster to air summaries of its findings during the following series of ''[[Big Brother (British TV series) series 8|Big Brother]]''. The controversy also influenced the subsequent handling of the ''Big Brother'' franchise and later became a subject of academic discussion in work on race, celebrity culture and reality television.

== Background ==
''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 5|Celebrity Big Brother 5]]'' was the fifth celebrity series of Channel 4's reality television programme ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'', in which contestants lived together under constant camera surveillance and faced eviction by public vote. The series began on 3 January 2007 and ended on 28 January after 26 days.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 1.2–1.3}} Channel 4 broadcast a nightly highlights programme drawn from the previous 24 hours in the house, alongside live coverage and a morning repeat from which potentially objectionable material could be removed for pre-watershed transmission.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 2.6, 4.54}}

The series began with eleven housemates on 3 January, among them Indian actor [[Shilpa Shetty]], model [[Danielle Lloyd]] and singer [[Jo O'Meara]].<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Gibson
|first=Janine
|title=Celebrity Big Brother Live: Opening Night
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/jan/03/celebritybigbrotherliveope
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-03
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> [[Big Brother (British TV series) series 3|''Big Brother 3'']] finalist [[Jade Goody]] entered the house on 5 January with her mother [[Jackiey Budden]] and boyfriend [[Jack Tweed]].{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 6.1}} According to Channel 4, the idea of introducing Goody and her family had originally been considered for ''Big Brother 7'' but was deferred until ''Celebrity Big Brother 5''.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.19}}

== Broadcast incidents ==
[[File:Shilpa Shetty 2007.jpg|thumb|''Celebrity Big Brother 5'' winner [[Shilpa Shetty]]]]

Tensions involving Shilpa Shetty developed early in the series. Jackiey Budden said that she could not pronounce Shetty's first name and instead referred to her as "Princess" and, on one occasion, as "the Indian".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 4.20, 7.1}} During Budden's eviction interview on 10 January, presenter [[Davina McCall]] challenged her over not saying "Shilpa" correctly but did not address her use of the phrase "the Indian".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.24}} After Budden's eviction, Jack Tweed also made derogatory remarks about Shetty in a private conversation with Jade Goody, referring to her as a "cunt" in remarks that were bleeped in the broadcast.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 6.23, 6.28}}

The dispute escalated after Shetty cooked chicken for the housemates. Complaining that the food was undercooked, Jo O'Meara said that people in India were "all thin" because "they're sick all the time, because they're ill". Danielle Lloyd asked whether people in India ate with their hands. O'Meara also complained that Shetty touched food on other housemates' plates and mocked her accent, and Lloyd said that she did not know "where her fingers have been".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.36}}

Tensions between the housemates reached a peak on 16 January during an argument over Oxo cubes. Goody told Shetty that she was "no fucking princess here" and said that she needed "a day in the slums".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 6.58–6.59}} Shetty responded that Goody needed etiquette lessons and said that her "claim to fame was [''Big Brother'']".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.40}} Lloyd and O'Meara laughed during the exchange, and afterwards Lloyd said that Shetty should "fuck off home".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.45}}

In the aftermath of the row, Shetty asked other housemates whether they were "reacting to me like this because I'm Indian"{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.50}} and told fellow housemate [[Cleo Rocos]] that she believed racism was a factor,{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.51}} though she later told Big Brother that she did not regard Goody as racist.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 8.39}}

On the morning of 17 January, Goody referred to her as "Shilpa [[papadam|Poppadom]]".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 4.52}} In the Diary Room, Goody said that she had not intended the remark to be racist, and on 18 January Big Brother formally warned her that it would not tolerate "any racist behaviour or anything that could be seen as racist behaviour".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 8.35–8.36}} Later that day, Goody apologised to Shetty and the two discussed the dispute in an effort to reconcile.<ref>{{Cite news
|agency=Press Association
|title=Housemates apologise as careers crumble
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/housemates-apologise-as-careers-crumble-432801.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-01-19
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

Goody was evicted by public vote on 19 January. Shetty went on to win the series on 28 January.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 2.8}}

== Reactions and response ==

=== Public and press response ===
Public complaints rose sharply as the controversy escalated. On 15 January, [[Ofcom]] was reported to have received about 200 complaints alleging racism.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Holmwood
|first=Leigh
|title=Viewers jump to Shilpa's defence
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/15/broadcasting.bigbrother
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-15
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> After the broadcast of Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd's remarks about food and illness in India, the total rose to 3,500 complaints to Ofcom, with a further 1,000 made directly to Channel 4.<ref>{{Cite news
|last1=Holmwood
|first1=Leigh
|last2=Brook
|first2=Stephen
|title=Big Brother racism complaints soar
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/16/bigbrother.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-16
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> By 16 January, Ofcom had received 10,000 complaints,<ref name="holmwood-record-complaints">{{Cite news
|last=Holmwood
|first=Leigh
|title=Record complaints for Big Brother
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/16/raceintheuk.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-16
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> and two days later Ofcom chief executive [[Ed Richards (chief executive)|Ed Richards]] said that the total had reached 25,000, which he described as a British television record.<ref name="sweney-kangaroo-court">{{Cite news
|last=Sweney
|first=Mark
|title=Ofcom: 'no kangaroo court'
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/raceintheuk.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> By 20 January, complaints to Ofcom had reached 40,000,<ref>{{Cite news
|last1=McVeigh
|first1=Karen
|last2=Vasagar
|first2=Jeevan
|title=Jade evicted as poll reveals public anger with Channel 4
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/20/raceintheuk.bigbrother
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-20
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> and Ofcom later gave a final total of just over 44,500 complaints.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 1.4}} In 2022, Ofcom said that the 2007 ''Celebrity Big Brother'' case remained its most complained-about investigation to result in a breach finding.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Freedom of Information: Right to know request
|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/about-ofcom/foi/2022/november/the-most-successfully-complained-about-programme.pdf
|website=[[Ofcom]]
|date=2022-11-11
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

Viewing figures also rose during the controversy. The highlights programme broadcast on 16 January attracted 4.5 million viewers, a share of 18 per cent of the available audience.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Tryhorn
|first=Chris
|title=Race row boosts Big Brother ratings
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/17/raceintheuk
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-17
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> The following night's episode drew 5.2 million viewers,<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Plunkett
|first=John
|title=Row fuels Big Brother ratings rise
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/overnights.bigbrother
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> and Goody's eviction on 19 January averaged 7.8 million viewers and peaked at 8.8 million, the highest audience in the history of ''Celebrity Big Brother'' to that point.<ref name="bbc-jade-charity">{{Cite news
|title=Jade 'donating TV fee to charity'
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6282327.stm
|work=[[BBC News]]
|date=2007-01-21
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

The controversy also generated extensive press coverage in Britain and abroad. On 21 January, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that it had generated more than 300 newspaper articles in Britain, 1,200 in English-language newspapers worldwide and 3,900 foreign-language news articles, as well as 22,000 blog posts online.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Cowell
|first=Alan
|title=Racial Subplot on British 'Big Brother' Grabs Nation and Ratings
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/europe/21brother.html
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=2007-01-21
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Reuters reported that Indian editorial reaction was not limited to condemnation of the programme: editorials in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the ''[[Indian Express]]'' and ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' used the affair to reflect on colour prejudice and other forms of discrimination within India itself.<ref name="reuters-india-editorials">{{Cite news
|title=We're racist too,India papers say in Big Brother row
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/we-re-racist-too-india-papers-say-in-big-brother-row-idUSDEL276380/
|work=[[Reuters]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref> In Britain, coverage became increasingly critical of Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara as complaints mounted and Channel 4 came under growing scrutiny over its handling of the programme.<ref name="holmwood-record-complaints" /><ref>{{Cite news
|last=McVeigh
|first=Karen
|title=C4 board to question executives over Big Brother
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/22/bbc.bigbrother
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-22
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|last1=Gibson
|first1=Owen
|last2=Kirby
|first2=Terry
|title=Channel 4 board orders review into 'Celebrity Big Brother'
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/channel-4-board-orders-review-into-celebrity-big-brother-433313.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-01-23
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

Tabloid coverage was particularly hostile. The ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' ran a front-page editorial headlined "Beauty V Bigot" and described Goody as a "racist bully"; it later referred to her as a "vile racist".<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Methven
|first=Nicola
|title=BEAUTY v BIGOT; BIG BRO STORM Jade up against Shilpa for eviction Danielle: 'Shilpa should F-off home' 22,000 protests but C4 denies racism.
|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/BEAUTY+v+BIGOT%3b+BIG+BRO+STORM+Jade+up+against+Shilpa+for+eviction...-a0157802385
|work=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]]
|via=[[The Free Library]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=DANIELLE IS 'TWO-FACED AND RACIST'
|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/danielle-is-two-faced-and-racist-447874
|work=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]]
|date=2007-01-22
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' likewise ran a 19 January front page headed "Evict Face of Hate", urging readers to vote for Goody's eviction and printing the programme's premium-rate telephone number.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Dowling
|first=Tim
|title=Grim silence and emptiness. Ugly Betty then car crash TV
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/20/channel4.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-19
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

Some reports also misquoted or misdescribed specific incidents, including Goody's "day in the slums" remark and claims that Jack Tweed had used the word "[[Paki (slur)|paki]]" rather than "cunt".<ref>{{Cite news
|last=Brook
|first=Stephen
|title=Shilpa complains of racism
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/bigbrother.raceintheuk
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 6.59}}{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 6.24, 6.28, 6.30}}

=== Political and diplomatic reaction ===
The controversy quickly moved beyond entertainment coverage into British politics and prompted comment in India as well as the United Kingdom. On 16 January, Leicester East MP [[Keith Vaz]] tabled an [[early day motion]] in the House of Commons expressing concern about the comments made about Shilpa Shetty, arguing that ''Big Brother'' had a responsibility to prevent racist behaviour in the house, and calling on the programme to remind housemates that such behaviour was unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=ALLEGATIONS OF RACIST BEHAVIOUR ON BIG BROTHER
|url=https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/32315/allegations-of-racist-behaviour-on-big-brother
|website=[[UK Parliament]]
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref>

The row also coincided with a visit by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Gordon Brown]] to India. Asked about the programme in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], Brown said that he wanted Britain to be seen as "a country of fairness and tolerance" and condemned anything that detracted from that reputation.<ref name="ht-india-outrage">{{Cite news
|title=More insults, outrage in India,UK
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/more-insults-outrage-in-india-uk/story-KovkfAZ3UHvN9YtiSQW2BI-amp.html
|work=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref>

In India, government representatives said that the matter had been taken up with the United Kingdom through diplomatic channels. [[Reuters]] reported that the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] said India had raised the case with the British government through the British High Commission in New Delhi.<ref name="reuters-india-fans">{{Cite news
|title=Indian Fans Furious Over Treatment of Actress on 'Big Brother'
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2007/01/18/indian-fans-furious-over-treatment-of-actress-on-big-brother/18a4c5b9-54b7-4b0c-9405-6465ee1a86f3/
|work=[[The Washington Post]]
|agency=[[Reuters]]
|date=2007-01-17
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref> According to the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', minister of state for external affairs [[Anand Sharma]] said India would take "appropriate action" after receiving the full details, and foreign ministry spokesman [[Navtej Sarna]] said the matter had been taken up with the UK through the High Commission in London.<ref name="ht-india-outrage" />

Reports in India and abroad also described protests by Shetty's supporters, including the burning of effigies in Patna, and warnings from some Indian politicians that the affair risked becoming a diplomatic issue.<ref name="reuters-india-fans" /><ref>{{Cite news
|last1=Gibson
|first1=Owen
|last2=Dodd
|first2=Vikram
|last3=Ramesh
|first3=Randeep
|title=Racism, ratings and reality TV: now Big Brother creates a diplomatic incident
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/bigbrother.politics
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref>

=== Commercial backlash ===
The controversy triggered a swift commercial backlash against both the programme and some of the housemates. On 18 January, [[Carphone Warehouse]] suspended its sponsorship of ''Celebrity Big Brother'' with immediate effect, saying that the behaviour shown in the house was incompatible with the company's opposition to racism and bullying,<ref name="plunkett-carphone">{{Cite news
|last=Plunkett
|first=John
|title=Carphone axes Big Brother deal
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/business.marketingandpr
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> and in March it permanently ended its wider sponsorship agreement with Channel 4.<ref name="sweney-carphone-ends">{{Cite news
|last=Sweney
|first=Mark
|title=Carphone Warehouse axes Big Brother deal
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/08/media.advertising
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-03-08
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Former Channel 4 chairman [[Vanni Treves]] also called for the series to be cancelled.<ref name="hastings-harper-axe-big-brother">{{Cite news
|last1=Hastings
|first1=Chris
|last2=Harper
|first2=Tom
|title=Axe Big Brother, says ex-Channel 4 boss
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1540059/Axe-Big-Brother-says-ex-Channel-4-boss.html
|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]
|date=2007-01-21
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

The backlash also affected individual housemates' commercial ties. On 18 and 19 January, [[The Perfume Shop]] withdrew Jade Goody's perfume ''Shh...'' from sale and motorcycle insurer [[Bennetts]] ended its arrangement with Danielle Lloyd.<ref name="indy-backlash-contracts">{{Cite news
|author=Chief Reporter and Terry Kirby
|title=Big Brother backlash begins as sponsor pulls out and contestants lose contracts
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/big-brother-backlash-begins-as-sponsor-pulls-out-and-contestants-lose-contracts-432758.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-01-19
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref><ref name="pa-firm-axes-sponsorship">{{Cite news
|agency=Press Association
|title=Firm axes Big Brother sponsorship
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/firm-axes-big-brother-sponsorship-432674.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> On 25 January, [[HarperCollins]] cancelled the planned paperback release of Goody's autobiography ''Jade: My Autobiography''.<ref>{{Cite news
|title=Channel 4 scraps Big Brother vote
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6297273.stm
|work=[[BBC News]]
|date=2007-01-25
|access-date=2026-04-17
}}</ref>

=== Channel 4 response ===
Channel 4 initially defended its handling of the series. In a statement issued on 16 January, it said that bullying and racial abuse were taken "extremely seriously" by both Channel 4 and [[Banijay UK Productions|Endemol]], but added that Shilpa Shetty had not raised concerns about racist language and that housemates were encouraged to resolve conflicts among themselves.<ref name="c4-statement-bullying">{{Cite web
|title=Channel 4 statement regarding bullying in the Big Brother house
|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-statement-regarding-bullying-in-the-big-brother-house
|website=[[Channel 4]]
|date=2007-01-16
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> The following day, the broadcaster denied that there had been any "overt racial abuse or racist behaviour", though it acknowledged what it described as a cultural and class clash between Shetty and several of the British women in the house.<ref name="c4-statement-race">{{Cite web
|title=Latest Channel 4 Statement Regarding Race Allegations
|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/latest-channel-4-statement-regarding-race-allegations-17-january-2007
|website=[[Channel 4]]
|date=2007-01-17
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> On the day of Goody's eviction, Channel 4 cancelled the usual crowd and press conference outside the house and announced that profits from that week's eviction vote would be donated to charity.<ref name="deans-phone-vote-charity">{{Cite news
|last=Deans
|first=Jason
|title=Phone vote profits to go to charity
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/19/raceintheuk.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-19
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

On 22 January, Channel 4's board met to discuss the affair and commissioned a review of the editorial and compliance procedures supporting ''Big Brother''.<ref name="johnson-board-statement">{{Cite web
|last=Johnson
|first=Luke
|title=Statement from Channel 4 Chairman Luke Johnson
|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/statement-from-channel-4-chairman-luke-johnson
|website=[[Channel 4]]
|date=2007-01-22
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> In its subsequent internal review, the broadcaster concluded that serious offence had been caused by the broadcast of several comments made by housemates and accepted that its interventions had been too slow and insufficiently forceful. The review recommended changes to compliance procedures, additional editorial oversight and revisions to the programme's rules.{{sfn|C4 review|2007|pp=1–2}}

== Investigations and rulings ==
=== Police inquiry ===
After Shilpa Shetty told fellow housemates that she believed some of the hostility towards her might be because she was Indian, [[Hertfordshire Constabulary]] opened an inquiry into allegations of racist behaviour in the house.<ref name="dodd-racial-incident">{{Cite news
|last=Dodd
|first=Vikram
|title=Shilpa abuse a "racial incident"
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/raceintheuk.broadcasting1
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-18
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> On 18 January, the force said that it was reviewing programme footage and liaising with Ofcom and Endemol.<ref name="dodd-racial-incident" /> It later confirmed that it had contacted Jade Goody and Jackiey Budden and would seek to speak to other housemates after they had left the house.<ref name="bbc-police-contact-jade">{{Cite news
|title=Police contact Big Brother's Jade
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6302467.stm
|work=[[BBC News]]
|date=2007-01-26
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

After the series ended, police received further information in the form of an anonymous note alleging that unbroadcast footage showed housemates singing a song containing a racial slur.<ref name="conlan-paki-song">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=Big Brother denies 'Paki song' allegations
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/feb/01/channel4.raceintheuk
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-02-01
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Channel 4 said that police would need a court order to obtain unaired material from the programme.<ref name="holmwood-court-order">{{Cite news
|last=Holmwood
|first=Leigh
|title=Race row police need court order for unseen footage
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/feb/05/raceintheuk.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-02-05
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

On 9 March 2007, police announced that no charges would be brought. Following consultation with the [[Crown Prosecution Service]], they concluded that, although the behaviour under investigation had been offensive, it did not meet the threshold for criminal prosecution.<ref name="reuters-no-charges">{{Cite news
|title=Police rule out charges in Big Brother race row
|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-brother-racism/police-rule-out-charges-in-big-brother-race-row-idUKL0963937320070309
|work=[[Reuters]]
|date=2007-03-09
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Police also said that four housemates had been interviewed, while two others had declined to speak to them.<ref name="reuters-no-charges" />

=== Ofcom investigation and sanctions ===
Ofcom announced a formal investigation into the broadcasts while the series was still on air and continued its inquiry after the police investigation concluded.<ref name="sweney-kangaroo-court" /><ref name="tryhorn-probe-continues">{{Cite news
|last=Tryhorn
|first=Chris
|title=Ofcom's CBB probe continues
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/mar/12/broadcasting.channel4
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-03-12
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Channel 4 submitted its response in April, and Ofcom published its adjudication on 24 May 2007.<ref name="conlan-braced-ruling">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=Channel 4 braced for Ofcom ruling
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/apr/20/ofcom.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-04-20
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>{{sfn|Ofcom|2007}}

Ofcom found that Channel 4 had breached the [[Broadcasting Code]] in its handling of Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd's remarks about cooking in India, Lloyd's comment that Shilpa Shetty should "fuck off home", and Jade Goody's use of the phrase "Shilpa Poppadom".{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 1.11}} In relation to the last of these, Ofcom also found that the 19 January pre-watershed re-versioned repeat was in breach because it retained both the "Shilpa Poppadom" remark and the accompanying Diary Room sequence.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 8.33, 8.38–8.39}} It also described Jackiey Budden's use of the expression "the Indian" as "deeply offensive", but concluded that Channel 4's handling of that incident meant the matter was resolved without a separate finding of breach.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 7.10–7.12}}

During the investigation, Channel 4 supplied Ofcom with uncensored and untransmitted footage from the house confirming that Jack Tweed had used the word "cunt", not a racial slur, in one disputed exchange.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 6.28}} The material also revealed previously unaired conversations from 16 January in which housemates discussed whether Lloyd had used the racial slur "Paki" and improvised limericks around what they called "the 'P' word". In a later Diary Room warning, Big Brother said that the rhyming words used in the game were references to the racial insult "Paki", and O'Meara and Tweed were formally warned over the incident.<ref name="ofcom-untransmitted-transcript">{{Cite web
|title=CELEBRITY BIG BROTHER 5 – TRANSCRIPT OF UNTRANSMITTED MATERIAL REFERRED TO IN OFCOM'S ADJUDICATION ON THE SERIES
|url=https://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Media/documents/2007/05/24/CBBtranscript.pdf
|publisher=[[Ofcom]]
|via=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-05-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 8.43}}

Ofcom said that the existence of this footage, which a producer had logged as "racist" but not passed to Channel 4 at the time, demonstrated a serious breakdown in compliance and editorial control.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=paras. 1.17, 8.43}}<ref name="conlan-landmark-ruling">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=Ofcom makes landmark ruling over Big Brother
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/24/ofcom.channel4
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-05-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

As a sanction, Ofcom directed Channel 4 to broadcast a summary of its findings on three occasions during ''[[Big Brother (British TV series) series 8|Big Brother 8]]''.{{sfn|Ofcom|2007|loc=para. 9.11}} Contemporary coverage described the ruling as a landmark decision and noted that Channel 4 avoided a financial penalty.<ref name="conlan-landmark-ruling" /><ref name="conlan-forced-apologies">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=Channel 4 forced to air Big Brother apologies
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/24/bigbrother.channel4
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-05-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Channel 4 accepted the ruling on the day it was published, saying that it had failed to intervene with sufficient promptness or force.<ref name="c4-accepts-ruling">{{Cite web
|title=Channel 4 accepts Ofcom celebrity Big Brother ruling
|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-accepts-ofcom-celebrity-big-brother-ruling
|website=[[Channel 4]]
|date=2007-05-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

== Aftermath and legacy ==
=== Channel 4 and franchise legacy ===
The controversy had lasting consequences for the ''Big Brother'' franchise and prompted Channel 4 to tighten its handling of the programme. In the months that followed, the broadcaster adopted stricter compliance procedures and a more interventionist approach to potentially discriminatory language.{{sfn|C4 review|2007|pp=1–2}}<ref name="conlan-forced-apologies" /> Channel 4's internal review also recommended broader changes beyond ''Big Brother'', including an additional editorial perspective on Channel output, stronger audience-monitoring and escalation procedures, and greater public-accountability mechanisms, as well as research and expert advice to inform future commissioning on racism and xenophobia.{{sfn|C4 review|2007|pp=2–4}}

This more interventionist approach was evident nine days into the next non-celebrity series, ''Big Brother 8'', when contestant [[Emily Parr]] was removed after using the word "[[Nigger|nigger]]" toward fellow housemate [[Charley Uchea]].<ref name="conlan-new-race-row">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=New race row hits Big Brother
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jun/07/bigbrother.raceintheuk
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-06-07
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Contemporary reporting explicitly linked Channel 4's swift action to the scrutiny that had followed the ''Celebrity Big Brother 5'' controversy, and the broadcaster's response was praised by racial-equality campaigners and politicians.<ref name="conlan-new-race-row" /><ref name="conlan-c4-praised">{{Cite news
|last=Conlan
|first=Tara
|title=Channel 4 praised for Big Brother action
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jun/07/raceintheuk.broadcasting
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-06-07
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

In August 2007, Channel 4 announced that ''Celebrity Big Brother'' would be rested in 2008 as part of a wider programming overhaul. Although the broadcaster presented the move as part of a broader strategy of "creative renewal", Channel 4 executives acknowledged that the events of January 2007 had contributed to the decision.<ref name="conlan-tryhorn-rests-cbb">{{Cite news
|last1=Conlan
|first1=Tara
|last2=Tryhorn
|first2=Chris
|title=Channel 4 rests Celebrity Big Brother
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/24/channel4.bigbrother
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-08-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> The slot was filled instead by ''[[Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack]]'', and when ''Celebrity Big Brother'' returned in January 2009, Channel 4 and the programme's producers said contestants had been explicitly briefed on the 2007 race row and warned about language and behaviour that would not be tolerated.<ref name="plunkett-coached-race-row">{{Cite news
|last=Plunkett
|first=John
|title=Celebrity Big Brother contestants coached to avoid race row repeat
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/dec/31/celebrity-big-brother-race-coaching
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2008-12-31
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

=== Participant responses ===
[[File:Goody.jpg|thumb|[[Jade Goody]] in 2007]]
After the series ended, the principal participants responded publicly in different ways. Goody apologised for her behaviour on the programme, said that she understood why her comments had been perceived as racist, and confirmed that she would donate her fee from ''Celebrity Big Brother'' to charity.<ref name="bbc-jade-charity" /> She continued to deny that she was racist, but acknowledged that her conduct had caused offence.<ref name="deans-goody-channel-five">{{Cite news
|last=Deans
|first=Jason
|title=Goody to guest on Channel Five
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/22/bigbrother.raceintheuk
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-01-22
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

After winning the series, Shetty said that Goody had "not meant to be racist" and that she did not want to leave Britain "putting anyone in trouble".<ref name="hodgson-shetty-winner">{{Cite news
|last=Hodgson
|first=Martin
|title=Hollywood beckons for Shilpa after victory in Celebrity Big Brother
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/hollywood-beckons-for-shilpa-after-victory-in-celebrity-big-brother-434180.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-01-29
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> By early February, she said of Goody, Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara that "it's over and done with for me" and that they had "learnt their lesson".<ref name="brown-verkaik-shilpa-message">{{Cite news
|last1=Brown
|first1=Jonathan
|last2=Verkaik
|first2=Robert
|title=Shilpa tours the media with message of peace, love and self-promotion
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/shilpa-tours-the-media-with-message-of-peace-love-and-selfpromotion-434736.html
|work=[[The Independent]]
|date=2007-02-02
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

Jo O'Meara also apologised publicly, saying on 2 February that she was sorry for any hurt she had caused Shetty and that she was "totally shattered" and afraid to return home after receiving death threats.<ref>{{Cite news
|title=Police meet Lloyd over Celebrity Big Brother
|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2007/0202/409023-celebritybigbrother/
|work=[[RTÉ]]
|date=2007-02-02
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> Danielle Lloyd, by contrast, later argued that the programme had been unfairly edited, threatened legal action against Endemol, and considered making her own complaint to Ofcom.<ref name="dowell-lloyd-sue">{{Cite news
|last=Dowell
|first=Ben
|title=Lloyd threatens to sue Endemol
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/24/independentproductioncompanies.broadcasting2
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2007-05-24
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>

=== Academic and cultural legacy ===
Writing soon after the broadcasts, Shehina Fazal argued that the affair prompted wider debate about race, racism and multiculturalism in Britain, while Usha Zacharias and Jane Arthurs placed it in a transnational and postcolonial context that highlighted the politics of race, class, gender and stardom in a global media economy.{{sfn|Fazal|2007|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Zacharias|Arthurs|2007|pp=455–456}}

Later scholarship often focused on the controversy's entanglement with celebrity culture and public confession. Su Holmes argued that Goody's role in the row was shaped by the celebrity persona constructed around her after her first appearance on ''Big Brother'' in 2002, when tabloid coverage had already marked her out through attacks on her appearance, class and perceived lack of education.{{sfn|Holmes|2009|pp=2, 4–5}} Momin Rahman likewise examined the aftermath through the language of confession and apology, suggesting that arguments over whether Goody was "really" racist became bound up with questions of authenticity and celebrity rehabilitation.{{sfn|Rahman|2008|pp=133, 137}}

Other scholars focused more directly on how racism was framed in public discussion of the affair. Damien W. Riggs and Clemence Due argued that commentary on the controversy, particularly in Davina McCall's post-eviction interviews, often displaced racism into questions of individual intent, perception and bullying, treating the housemates as "individuals in conflict" rather than confronting racism more directly.{{sfn|Riggs|Due|2010|pp=258, 261–262, 267}} Lieve Gies framed the affair through questions of dignity, equality and respect,{{sfn|Gies|2009|pp=18–20}} while Riggs elsewhere described the language used towards Shetty as an example of "(neo)colonial racism" drawing on colonial stereotypes and cultural hierarchies that continued to shape relations between Britain and India.{{sfn|Riggs|2009|pp=211–212, 222}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite report
|ref={{harvid|Ofcom|2007}}
|title=Adjudication of Ofcom Content Sanctions Committee – Channel Four Television Corporation in respect of its service Channel 4
|date=2007-05-24
|publisher=[[Ofcom]]
|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/about-ofcom/bulletins/content-sanctions-and-adjudications/channel4_cbb.pdf
}}

* {{Cite report
|ref={{harvid|C4 review|2007}}
|title=Channel 4 review of ''Celebrity Big Brother'' January 2007: Findings and recommendations
|publisher=[[Channel 4]]
|date=2007-05-24
|url=https://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Media/documents/2007/05/24/CBBreview.pdf
|via=[[The Guardian]]
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last=Fazal
|first=Shehina
|title=Channel 4 and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' 2007: multiculturalist or segregationist?
|journal=Information, Society and Justice
|volume=1
|issue=1
|date=2007
|pages=33–42
|doi=10.3734/isj.2007.1104
|url=https://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/39/1/Channel%204.pdf
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last1=Zacharias
|first1=Usha
|last2=Arthurs
|first2=Jane
|title=Starring Race: Transnational cultural politics and the Shilpa-Jade episode
|journal=Feminist Media Studies
|volume=7
|issue=4
|date=2007
|pages=455–469
|doi=10.1080/14680770701631703
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last=Holmes
|first=Su
|title='Jade's Back, and This Time she's Famous': Narratives of Celebrity in the ''Celebrity Big Brother'' 'Race' Row
|journal=Entertainment and Sports Law Journal
|volume=7
|issue=1
|date=2009
|doi=10.16997/eslj.54
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last=Rahman
|first=Momin
|title=Jade's confession: racism and the dialectics of celebrity
|journal=Social Semiotics
|volume=18
|issue=2
|date=2008
|pages=133–148
|doi=10.1080/10350330802002143
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last=Gies
|first=Lieve
|title=''Celebrity Big Brother'', Human Rights and Popular Culture
|journal=Entertainment and Sports Law Journal
|volume=7
|issue=1
|date=2009
|doi=10.16997/eslj.49
}}

* {{Cite journal
|last1=Riggs
|first1=Damien W.
|last2=Due
|first2=Clemence
|title=The management of accusations of racism in ''Celebrity Big Brother''
|journal=Discourse & Society
|volume=21
|issue=3
|date=2010
|pages=257–271
|doi=10.1177/0957926509360652
}}

* {{Cite book
|last=Riggs
|first=Damien W.
|chapter=Poppadoms, princesses and privilege: Colonial relations in action in the ''Celebrity Big Brother'' household
|editor-last=Clarke
|editor-first=R.
|title=Celebrity Colonialism: Fame, Power and Representation in (Post)Colonial Cultures
|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing
|date=2009
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Big Brother UK}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy}}
[[Category:2007 controversies]]
[[Category:2007 scandals]]
[[Category:2007 in British television]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Big Brother (British TV series)]]
[[Category:Racism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in television]]
[[Category:Scandals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television controversies in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:January 2007 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]

Craspedocephalus gramineus

2026-04-19T10:32:24Z

Barkatofficial: Creating data.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Bamboo Pit Viper macrogiants.jpg
| caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author3=Deepak, V. |author4=Achyuthan, N.S. |author5=Das, A. |author6=Kulkarni, N.U. |date=2013 |title=''Trimeresurus gramineus'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T178245A1528655 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T178245A1528655.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Craspedocephalus gramineus
| authority = ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1802)
| range_map = Trimeresurus gramineus distribution.png
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=rdb/>
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Coluber graminaeus|Shaw, 1802
|Coluber viridis|Bechstein, 1802
|Vipera viridis|
|Trimeresurus elegans|
|Trimeresurus viridis|
|Lachesis graminaeus|
|Lachesis gramineus|
|Trimeresurus occidentalis|
|Trimeresurus (Craspedocephalus) gramineus|
|Craspedocephalus gramineus
|}}
}}
[[File:BambooPitViper macrogiants B.jpg|thumb|at [[Matheran]]]]
'''''Craspedocephalus gramineus''''', known as the '''bamboo pit viper''', '''Indian green pit viper''', or '''common green pit viper''',<ref name="indiansnakes.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiansnakes.org/content/bamboo-pit-viper-0|title=Our Mission is to conserve snakes in their natural habitat and reduce human mortality due to snake bites through research, education & outreach activities}}</ref> is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]] [[species]] found in the southern and north eastern parts of India. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.

==Description==
The [[rostral scale]] is as deep as broad or broader than deep. The upper head-scales are small, smooth, imbricate; [[supraocular scale]] narrow, rarely broken up. The [[internasals]] are contact or separated by one or two scales. There are 8 to 13 scales on a line between the [[supraoculars]]; usually one or two, rarely three, series of scales between the [[suboculars]] and the [[Labial scales|labials]]; 9 to 12 [[upper labials]], second usually forming the anterior border of the [[loreal pit]], third largest; [[temporal scales]] smooth. The dorsal scales are more or less distinctly keeled, in 21 (rarely 19 or 23) rows; [[ventrals]] 145–175; [[anal scale]] entire; [[subcaudals]] in two rows 53–76.

The upper parts are usually bright green, rarely yellowish, greyish, or purplish brown, with or without black, brown, or reddish spots; usually a light, white, yellow, or red streak along the outer row of scales; end of tail frequently yellow or red; lower parts green, yellow, or whitish.<ref name=Bou90/>

It grows to a total length of {{convert|3.25|ft|m}}. The tail is {{convert|5.5|in|cm}} in length.<ref name=Bou90>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]]. 1890. ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia''. Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xviii + 541 pp. (''Trimeresurus'', p. 425 & ''Trimeresurus gramineus'', pp. 429–430.)</ref>

{{Gallery |mode=packed
|Bamboo pit viper - head profile.jpg|Head
|Bamboo Pit.jpg|In Raajmachi, [[Lonavala]]
|Trimeresurus gramineus.jpg|In Satara, Maharashtra
}}

==Taxonomy and common names==
It was first described in 1802 as ''[[Coluber]] graminaeus''.<ref name=rdb/> No [[subspecies]] are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=634915|taxon=Trimeresurus gramineus |access-date=27 September 2006}}</ref><ref name=rdb/>

Common names include: bamboo pit viper,<ref name=Kha06>Khaire, N. 2006. ''A Guide to the Snakes of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka''. Indian Herpetological Society. Pune, India. (Photographic guide with 61 species.)</ref><ref name="Smi43">[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]]. 1943. ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. – Serpentes''. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xii + 583 pp., 166 figures. (''Trimeresurus gramineus'', pp. 515–517, Fig. 164.)</ref> Indian tree viper,<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM. 1987. ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref> bamboo snake, Indian green tree viper, green tree viper,<ref name=USN91>U.S. Navy. 1991. ''Poisonous Snakes of the World''. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}.</ref> bamboo viper,<ref name="P&G77">[[Hampton Wildman Parker|Parker HW]], Grandison AGC. 1977. ''Snakes – a natural history. Second Edition''. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. {{ISBN|0-8014-1095-9}} (cloth), {{ISBN|0-8014-9164-9}} (paper).</ref> bamboo pitviper,<ref name=Gum04>Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S. 2004. ''Asian Pitvipers''. GeitjeBooks Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> ''boodro pam'', grass-green snake,<ref>Shaw. 1802. p. 420.</ref> and green pit viper.<ref name=Das2002/>

==Geographic range==
The Bamboo Pit Viper is a widespread species throughout the peninsular India. It is also found albeit very scarcely in the eastern region of India spanning from Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is "[[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], India", which is based on [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Russell]] (1796).<ref name=McD99/>

==Habitat==
Despite its name, the species is not particularly associated to Bamboo thickets. It is an arboreal snake, usually found on low to medium high bushes and trees, and often near [[stream]]s.<ref name=Das2002>Das, Indraneil. 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India''. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Trimeresurus gramineus'', p. 65.)</ref> Being a nocturnal creature, it is found at lower heights as it sits in ambush at night. During daytime, these snakes ascend at greater heights.

==Behaviour==
''C. gramineus'' is [[arboreal]] and [[nocturnal]]. When threatened, it is aggressive and does not hesitate to bite.<ref name=Das2002/> The venom is hemotoxic and neurotoxic.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Diet==
It feeds on [[lizards]], [[rats]], and [[birds]].<ref name=Das2002/>

==Reproduction==
''C. gramineus'' is [[ovoviviparous]]. Adult females give birth to 6 to 11 young, which measure up to {{cvt|4.5|in}} in length.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=McD99>McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
<ref name=rdb>{{NRDB species|genus=Trimeresurus|species=gramineus|date=21 January|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*[[Theodore Edward Cantor|Cantor, T.E.]] 1839. ''Spicilegium serpentium indicorum'' [parts 1 and 2]. Proc. Zool. Soc. London '''7''': 31–34, 49–55.
*Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov, N.L.]]; [[Ashok Captain|Captain, A.]] & Ryabow, S. 2004. ''Asian Pit Vipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin. 368 pp.
*[[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Russell, P.]] 1796. ''An Account of Indian Serpents, Collected on the Coast of Coromandel; Containing Descriptions and Drawings of Each Species, Together with Experiments and Remarks on Their Several Poisons''. George Nicol. London. viii + 91 pp. + Plates I.- XLVI.
*[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw, G.]] 1802. ''General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History: Vol. III., Part II''. G. Kearsley. (Thomas Davison, Printer). London. iv + pp. 313–615 + Plates 87–140. (''"Coluber Gramineus"'', pp. 420–421.).
*[[Leonhard Hess Stejneger|Stejneger, L.]] 1927. The green pit viper, ''Trimeresurus gramineus'', in China. Proceedings of the United States National Museum '''72''' (19): 1–10.
{{refend}}

{{Trimeresurus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2717961}}

[[Category:Craspedocephalus|gramineus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1802]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]

Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Nauni

2026-04-19T01:36:06Z

Barkatofficial: Creating a page.

{{refimprove|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Chinmaya Vidyalaya Nauni
| seal_image =
| seal_size = 200px
| image_size = 100px
| caption =
| motto = ''Keep Smiling''
| established = 1983
| type = [[Private School]]
| affiliation = Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India
| enrollment = 500 (Approx.)
| campus_type = Boarding
| free_label2 = Houses
| free_text2 = Tagore, Gandhi, Vivekanand, Raman
| city = [[Nauni]]
| district = [[Solan]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.859|77.163|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.chinmayavidyalayanauni.com}}
}}

'''Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Nauni''' is an English Medium co-ed school in [[Solan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Established in 1983, the school teaches students from nursery to twelfth standard.

The school is affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] board and houses students from various [[ethnicities]], cultures and national backgrounds.

The school was established in 1983.

== Houses ==
The school has four houses named after philosophers and educational leaders. These are:
* [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] (Blue)
* [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] (Green)
* [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekanand]] (Yellow)
* [[C. V. Raman|Raman]] (Red)

The purpose of these houses is to facilitate competition between students. Throughout the year, there are numerous competitions such as [[Sport]]s, [[Quiz]], [[Debate]], [[Declamation]], [[Dance]] and so on. There is a set criterion to allot marks to the houses on the basis of their performance in the competitions. Students who are good academic achievers also add on a certain number of marks to their respective house. The marks are totaled towards the end of every month and house of the month is honored thereafter. At the end of the session house of the year is awarded a trophy.

== Sports ==
Students take part in tournaments on intra and inter school level.

== References ==

*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031023/himachal.htm#1 Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh at Chinmaya Vidyalaya Nauni] – ''Tribune India''

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.chinmayavidyalayanauni.com/}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Shimla]]
[[Category:Schools in Shimla district]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Chinmaya Mission]]

Basar Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:49Z

Barkatofficial: Starting a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basar
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image = Basar Assembly constituency map.svg
| district = [[Lepa Rada district|Lepa Rada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Gokar Basar]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)]]
| electors = 19,208

}}
'''Basar''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lepa Rada district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Tomo Riba || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=2 | Todak Basar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Tomo Riba || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Eken Riba]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=3 | [[Gojen Gadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || Gokar Basar<ref name="4 MLAs from Congress, NPP join the BJP in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=25 February 2024 |title=4 MLAs from Congress, NPP join the BJP in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4-mlas-from-congress-npp-join-the-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article67884762.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518110935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4-mlas-from-congress-npp-join-the-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article67884762.ece |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="2 Cong MLAs, equal number of NPP legislators join BJP in Arunachal">{{cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=2 Cong MLAs, equal number of NPP legislators join BJP in Arunachal |url=https://theprint.in/india/2-cong-mlas-equal-number-of-npp-legislators-join-bjp-in-arunachal/1978320/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518111228/https://theprint.in/india/2-cong-mlas-equal-number-of-npp-legislators-join-bjp-in-arunachal/1978320/ |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=ThePrint}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Nyabi Jini Dirchi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref name="Basar (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Basar (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/basar |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525155138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/basar |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basar">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0229.htm |access-date=25 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525155031/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0229.htm |archive-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nyabi Jini Dirchi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,174 |percentage=55.26% |change={{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokar Basar |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,383 |percentage=44.47% |change={{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=44 |percentage=0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,791 |percentage=10.79% |change= {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,601 |percentage=86.43% |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,208 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokar Basar |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,626 |percentage=49.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,386 |percentage=47.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marpin Basar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=205 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}54.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togo Basar |party=Independent politician |votes=90 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=43 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=240 |percentage=1.80% |change= {{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,350 |percentage=76.43% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,467 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,206 |percentage=56.45% |change={{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togo Basar |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=5,407 |percentage=42.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=153 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,799 |percentage=14.09% |change= {{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,766 |percentage=78.06% |change= {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,354 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,438 |percentage=60.86% |change={{increase}}25.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dakter Basar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=5,317 |percentage=38.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yomkar Riba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=109 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,121 |percentage=22.51% |change= {{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,864 |percentage=82.02% |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,904 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,755 |percentage=64.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eken Riba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,291 |percentage=35.62% |change={{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,464 |percentage=28.76% |change= {{increase}}24.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,046 |percentage=71.06% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,537 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Eken Riba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,760 |percentage=36.68% |change={{decrease}}8.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,372 |percentage=32.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jobom Basar |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,959 |percentage=19.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokar Lombi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,161 |percentage=11.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=388 |percentage=3.78% |change= {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,252 |percentage=74.41% |change= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}16.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tomo Riba |party=Independent politician |votes=5,138 |percentage=52.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gojen Gadi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,360 |percentage=44.74% |change={{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dotum Sora |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=247 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=778 |percentage=7.98% |change= {{decrease}}13.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,745 |percentage=82.71% |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,935 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Todak Basar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,969 |percentage=60.90% |change={{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tomo Riba |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,832 |percentage=39.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,137 |percentage=21.80% |change= {{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,801 |percentage=78.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,650 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Todak Basar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,701 |percentage=63.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tamar Karlo |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,211 |percentage=36.03% |change={{decrease}}15.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,490 |percentage=27.94% |change= {{increase}}22.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,912 |percentage=84.26% |change= {{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,956 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tomo Riba |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,913 |percentage=51.49% |change={{decrease}}8.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Todak Basar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,511 |percentage=46.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tahum Taipodia |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=176 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=402 |percentage=5.29% |change= {{decrease}}14.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,600 |percentage=86.30% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,001 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{decrease}}8.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Basar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tomo Riba |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=4,109 |percentage=59.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Basar |party=Janata Party |votes=2,747 |percentage=40.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,362 |percentage=19.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,856 |percentage=89.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,857 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Lepa Rada district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.98|94.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Lepa Rada district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Walter Slaje

2026-04-16T15:59:23Z

Barkatofficial: starting

{{Short description|Austrian Indologist and scholar}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|6|17|df=y}}
| occupation = Indologist
}}
'''Walter Slaje''' (born 17 June 1954 in Graz) is an Austrian [[Indology|Indologist]].

==Life==
From 1984 to 1995, Slaje was employed at the University Library of Graz as a subject specialist for Oriental Languages and Cultures and as head of the collection of scientific estates. He studied Indology, Tibetology and Buddhism at the [[University of Vienna]], where he was awarded a doctorate in 1983. After a stay as an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at the [[University of Hamburg]] (1989–1991), he completed his habilitation in Indology at the University of Vienna in 1993. In the same year he was awarded the Kardinal Innitzer Advancement Prize for the Humanities. From October 1995 until his retirement in September 2019, he taught as tenured full professor of Indology at the [[Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg]]. In 2000, he was elected to the Administrative Board of the Helmuth von Glasenapp Foundation (Mainz), which he has chaired since 2020. In 2002 he was elected Corresponding Member and in 2010 Full Member of the Academy of Sciences and Literature in Mainz. Until its closure (2020) he acted as Director of the Centre for Historiography and Intellectual Culture of Kashmir established by the Academy of Sciences and Literature (Mainz) at the University of Halle. He was elected chairman of the [[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]] (DMG) from 2012 to 2021. From 1998 to 2009, he was the editor of the Indology section of the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG).

== Works ==
* zus. mit N. Rastegar: ''Uto von Melzer (1881–1961); Werk und Nachlaß eines österreichischen Iranisten.'' Wien: Verl. d. Österr. Akad. d. Wiss. 1987 {{ISBN|3-7001-0804-4}}
* ''Katalog der Sanskrit-Handschriften der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek (Sammlungen Marcus Aurel Stein und Carl Alexander von Hügel).'' Wien: Verl. d. Österr. Akad. d. Wiss. 1990 {{ISBN|3-7001-1284-X}}
* ''Śāradā: deskriptiv-synchrone Schriftkunde zur Bearbeitung kaschmirischer Sanskrit-Manuskripte; auf der Grundlage von Kuśalas Ghaṭakharpara-Gūḍhadīpikā.'' Reinbek: Wezler 1993 {{ISBN|3-88587-016-9}}
* ''Vom Mokṣopāya-Śāstra zum Yogavāsiṣṭha-Mahārāmāyaṇa: philologische Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungs- und Überlieferungsgeschichte eines indischen Lehrwerks mit Anspruch auf Heilsrelevanz.'' Wien: Verl. der Österr. Akad. der Wiss. 1994 {{ISBN|3-7001-2133-4}}
* ''Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History.'' [The University of Texas at Austin, Madden Lecture 2003-4]. Austin 2004.
* ''Upanischaden; Arkanum des Veda.'' Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt und hrsg. Frankfurt/M: Verlag der Weltreligionen 2009.
* ''Néti néti; On the meaning of an Upaniṣadic citation of some renown in Hindu texts and Western minds.'' [AWL. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. 2010, 4.] Mainz 2010.
* ''Suum cuique; Zur ideengeschichtlichen Verankerung einiger indischer Gewaltphänomene.'' [AWL. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. 2012, 3.] Mainz 2012.
* ''Trimūrti; Zur Verwandlung eines inklusivistischen Dominanzbegriffs in eine monotheistische Trinitätslehre.'' [AWL. Abhandlungen der Geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. 2012, 4.] Mainz 2012.
* ''Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459); From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-‛Ābidīn.'' Critically Edited with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 7.] Halle 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-86977-088-8}}
* ''Bacchanal im Himmel und andere Proben aus Maṅkha.'' [AWL. Veröffentlichungen der Indologischen Kommission. 3.] Mainz 2015. {{ISBN|978-3-447-10456-2}}
* ''Wo unter schön belaubtem Baume Yama mit den Göttern zecht: Zweisprachige Proben vedischer Lyrik.'' [Indologica Marpurgensia. 9.] München 2019. {{ISBN | 978-3-87410-148-6}}
* ''Harṣa von Kaschmir. Ein politisches Sittengemälde aus dem indischen Mittelalter. Kalhaṇas Rājataraṅgiṇī (Buch 7) mit annotierter Übersetzung kritisch neu herausgegeben von Walter Slaje.'' [Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Außereuropäische Sprachen und Kulturen. 4.]. Wiesbaden 2019. {{ISBN | 978-3-447-11236-9}}
* ''Brahmā’s Curse. Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir.'' [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 13]. Halle 2019. {{ISBN | 978-3-86977-199-1}}
* ''Kaschmir unter den Šāhmīrīden. Śrīvaras Jaina- und Rājataraṅgiṇī, A.D. 1451 – 1486. Vier zeitgeschichtliche Herrscherviten eines indo-persischen Sultanats.'' [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 20]. Halle 2022. {{ISBN | 978-3-86977-252-3}}
* ''Vájra. Zur Schleuderwaffe im Rigveda.'' (Conundrums in Indology. III). [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. 21]. Halle 2022. {{ISBN | 978-3-86977-253-0}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://opac.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/DB=10/LNG=DU/SID=757fde56-1/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=1016&SRT=YOP&TRM=slaje|publisher=opac.bibliothek.uni-halle.de|title=Lokales Bibliothekssystem Halle-Merseburg – results/shortlist|accessdate=29 September 2016}}
* {{German National Library portal|103729615}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slaje, Walter}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Austrian Indologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta

2026-04-16T14:42:53Z

Barkatofficial: Put Up New Page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
| producer = Sachin Parekar
| story = [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]] [[Sachin Khedekar]] [[Pallavi Joshi]] [[Sunil Barve]] [[Suhas Joshi]] [[Mohan Agashe]] [[Ritika Shrotri]]
| music = [[Milind Ingle]] Surel Ingle
| cinematography = Amalendu Chaudhary
| screenplay = Manisha Korde
| distributor = Everest Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2013|4|19|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
}}

'''''Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta''''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: प्रेम म्हणजे प्रेम म्हणजे प्रेम असतं) (Translation: Love is love is love) is a Marathi drama film released on 19 April 2013. Produced by Sachin Parekar and directed by [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]. The film is Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni's directorial debut<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Mrinal's Prem Mhanje... awarded as the best gender sensitive film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinal-kulkarni-gauri-shinde-shimit-amin-nagesh-kukunoor-prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta/articleshow/30723865.cms |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>. The film stars are [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Sunil Barve]], [[Suhas Joshi]], [[Mohan Agashe]] and [[Smita Talwalkar]]. The film's music is by [[Milind Ingle]] and Surel Ingle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta-movie-cast-crew/44980 |title=Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta (2013) Cast and Crew |work=gomolo.com |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

The film is based on the connection between love and marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5402779795312146303&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Entertainment&NewsTitle=Prem%20Mhanje%20Prem%20Mhanje%20Prem%20Asta%20review:%20Matters%20of%20the%20heart |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091345/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5402779795312146303&SectionId=4724885822106096577&SectionName=Entertainment&NewsTitle=Prem%20Mhanje%20Prem%20Mhanje%20Prem%20Asta%20review:%20Matters%20of%20the%20heart |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 January 2017 |title=Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta review: Matters of the heart - Sakal Times |work=sakaaltimes.com |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Mrinal's Prem Mhanje... awarded as the best gender sensitive film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinal-kulkarni-gauri-shinde-shimit-amin-nagesh-kukunoor-prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta/articleshow/30723865.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie is a heart-warming story of two different individuals who at one point in their lives were married. A single mother along with her two daughters live with her mother-in-law. Her husband had abandoned them 4 years ago, but staying in the same city had never bothered to check on his family. The only thing he did in those 4 years was to send divorce papers, which his wife has not signed.

Other side of the story revolves around a doctor who is a father to two kids. His ex-wife had to choose between staying home with family or career in [[United States|USA]] and she chose career. But she never let the divorce hamper the relation she shares with her ex-husband. But this incident had definitely made her ex-husband depressed and alone.

One eventful day at their kids' school gets them together and a conversation begins, which blooms into something amazing. Until there is a twist in the tale.

== Awards ==
The film was awarded the Best Mainline Film Award for Gender Sensitivity at the fifth National Laadli Media and Advertising Awards held at [[Tata Theatre]], NCPA, [[Mumbai]] in January 2017<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Mrinal's Prem Mhanje... awarded as the best gender sensitive film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinal-kulkarni-gauri-shinde-shimit-amin-nagesh-kukunoor-prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta/articleshow/30723865.cms |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>.

==Cast==
* [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
* [[Sachin Khedekar]]
* [[Pallavi Joshi]]
* [[Sunil Barve]]
* [[Suhas Joshi]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]]
* [[Smita Talwalkar]]
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]]
* [[Ritika Shrotri]]

==Crew==
*''Director'' - [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
*''Story'' - [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
*''Producer'' - Sachin Parekar
*''Cinematographer'' - Amlendu Chaudhary
*''Art Director'' - Vinod Gunaji and Nitin Borkar
*''Music Director'' - [[Milind Ingle]] and Surel Ingle
*''Lyricist'' - [[Kishor Kadam|Kishore Kadam]]

==Soundtrack==
The music has been directed by [[Milind Ingle]] and Surel Ingle, while the lyrics have been provided by Kishore Kadam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://m.saavn.com/Prem+Mhanje+Prem+Mhanje+Prem+Asta-2013/marathi-songs_A-k1nEoaczsQk_.html?lang=marathi&carrier=airtel |title=Listen to full songs - latest Marathi release - Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta songs- 2013 - Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta 3gp songs |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174544/http://m.saavn.com/Prem+Mhanje+Prem+Mhanje+Prem+Asta-2013/marathi-songs_A-k1nEoaczsQk_.html?lang=marathi&carrier=airtel |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Stars at Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta song shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/stars-at-prem-mhanje-prem-mhanje-prem-asta-song-shoot/articleshow/17426246.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Prem Mhanaje Prem | length1 = 5:14
| title2 = Man Bavarate | length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Ya Rastyavar | length3 = 5:24
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Smita Talwalkar}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Sarojini Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:27Z

Barkatofficial: new.

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarojini Nagar
| mla = [[Rajeshwar Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| reservation = None
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 5,67,252
| map_image = 170-Sarojini Nagar.svg
| map_caption =
| constituency_no = 170
}}

'''Sarojini Nagar''' is one of the 403 assembly constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the area of Sarojini Nagar in the [[Lucknow district]]. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency]].

Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 170 amongst 403 constituencies.

In [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate [[Rajeshwar Singh]] won the elections defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Abhishek Mishra]] by the margin of 56,186 votes. He is an ex-ED Joint Director [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who has taken VRS from the service to contest the elections.<ref name="election2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Pandey|first=Munish Chandra |date=11 March 2022 |title=BJP MLA Rajeshwar Singh: How an ED officer made the leap from law enforcement to lawmaker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/rajeshwar-singh-wins-up-polls-from-ed-officer-to-bjp-mla-lucknow-1923980-2022-03-10 |magazine=India Today |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sarojini Nagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sarojini-nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Vijay Kumar Tripathi
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Vijay Kumar Tripathi
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chheda Singh Chauhan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vijay Kumar Tripathi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Sharda Pratap Shukla
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Vijay Kumar Tripathi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Shyam Kishore Yadav
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Mohammad Irshad Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Sharda Pratap Shukla
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rajeshwar Singh]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarojini Nagar<ref name="election2022"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajeshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:160626}}
|percentage = 49.07
|change = +11.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abhishek Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:104440}}
|percentage = 31.9
|change = +6.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Jaleesh Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:33356}}
|percentage = 10.19
|change = -14.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rudra Daman Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:19711}}
|percentage = 6.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1822}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:56186}}
|percentage = 17.17
|change = +5.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:327373}}
|percentage = 57.71
|change = -0.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sarojini Nagar<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swati Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:108506}}
|percentage = 37.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anurag Alias Anurag Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:74327}}
|percentage = 25.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Singh Alias Shankari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:71791}}
|percentage = 24.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rudra Daman Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:20607}}
|percentage = 7.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Sharda Pratap Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:4489}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3378}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1926}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34179}}
|percentage = 11.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:290847}}
|percentage = 58.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarojini Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sharda Pratap Shukla
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 67,601
|percentage = 28.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Singh (Shankari)
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 59,236
|percentage = 25.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rudra Daman Singh
|party = Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party
|votes = 41,386
|percentage = 17.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Tiwari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 29,510
|percentage = 12.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gaurav Choudhry
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22,003
|percentage = 9.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sher Bahadur Singh (Shera)
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 2,581
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 8,365
|percentage = 3.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,34,090
|percentage = 59.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj party (mayawati)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarojini Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Irshad Khan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 65,736
|percentage = 36.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shyam Kishore Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 60,312
|percentage = 33.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Tiwari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 21,364
|percentage = 12.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Tripathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,487
|percentage = 5.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Lalloo Yadav
|party = [[Jan Morcha|JM]]
|votes = 3,434
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bachan Singh Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party
|votes = 1,952
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,424
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,77,723
|percentage = 43.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.75|80.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bandi Saroj Kumar

2026-04-13T09:57:16Z

Barkatofficial: Starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|11|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor, director
}}

'''Bandi Saroj Kumar''' is an Indian actor and filmmaker who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Bandi-Saroj-Kumar |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Asthamanam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Apr/08/asthamanam-356489.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-08-21 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar’s ‘Parakramam’pre-teaser looks super-interesting |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramampre-teaser-looks-super-interesting-817165 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Bandi Saroj Kumar was born on 13 November 1989 in [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Bandi-Saroj-Kumar |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He started his career as a director in 2010 with ''[[Porkkalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-25 |title=Porkkalam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Jan/25/porkkalam-164072.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His other films include ''[[Asthamanam]]'' (2012) and ''Mangalyam'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Asthamanam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/Apr/08/asthamanam-356489.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="5" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Role
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
!Actor
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
!Music
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Porkkalam]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kishore-talks-about-porkkalam/articleshow/5488555.cms |title=Kishore talks about Porkkalam |date=2017-01-14 |accessdate=2024-06-02 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Asthamanam]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asthamanam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/asthamanam/movie-review/12567609.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Suryasthamayam''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|ACP Che-guevara/Apparao
| rowspan="6" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2020
|''Nirbhandam''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Ranjith
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=chaitanya |title=నిర్బంధం మూవీ ట్రైలర్ విడుదల |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/nirbandham-official-trailer-hq-uncensored-realese-qfcsux |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Nirbandham 2''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirbandham2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/suryasthamayam/movieshow/85655131.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Mangalyam''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Dorababu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar టాప్ ట్రెండింగ్‌లో ‘మాంగల్యం’ ట్రైలర్.. ఇయర్ ఫోన్స్ లేకుండా పైకి పెట్టారంటే ఫసక్కే |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/bandi-saroj-kumar-mangalyam-movie-trailer-in-to-the-trending-list/articleshow/92918964.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| 2024|| ''[[Parakramam (2024 Telugu film)|Parakramam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Satti Babu / Lovaraju
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2024-05-25 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar's Parakramam teaser out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-teaser-out-895707 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-08-14 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar's 'Parakramam' trailer gets a grand launch |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bandi-saroj-kumars-parakramam-trailer-gets-a-grand-launch-899592 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Christopher Nolan
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-31 |title=Bandi Saroj Kumar to play antagonist Nolan in Mowgli 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Mar/31/bandi-saroj-kumar-to-play-antagonist-nolan-in-mowgli-2025 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|name=Bandi Saroj Kumar|id=7019609}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

Anil Kumar Gupta (scientist)

2026-04-10T15:54:05Z

Barkatofficial: Starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian professor (born 1960)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1327119666|this]] (user has made many AI edits) and likely other "copyedits" recently}}
}}{{About|the geologist|the scholar of grassroot innovations|Anil Kumar Gupta}}

{{Infobox scientist
| image = 22GM 176.jpg
| alt = Portrait of Anil Kumar Gupta, an Indian scientist and researcher, professor at IIT Kharagpur.
| caption = Anil Kumar Gupta, professor at IIT Kharagpur.
| birth_date = 1960
| birth_place = [[Budaun district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| fields = Geology and Geophysics
| workplaces =
| education = [[B.Sc]], [[M.Sc]], [[Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| awards =
}}

'''Anil Kumar Gupta''' (born 1960) is an Indian [[geologist]] and academic. His research focuses on paleomonsoon dynamics, [[paleoclimatology]], and [[paleoceanography]], with an emphasis on reconstructing past variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon using micropaleontological and sedimentary proxies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anil Kumar |title=Fellow Profile: Anil Kumar Gupta |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2008011 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty profile: Anil K. Gupta |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/faculty/anilkg |website=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

Gupta served as a Director of the [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]] from 2010 to 2017 and was Head of the Department of Geology & Geophysics at [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] ([[IIT Kharagpur]]) from 2006 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Directors |url=https://www.wihg.res.in/formerdirectors.php |website=Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur — Departmental History |url=https://iitkgp.ac.in/dept/gg/history |website=IIT Kharagpur |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]] Prize in Earth Sciences in 2010 for his contributions to palaeoclimatology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TWAS Prize Winners: Anil K. Gupta |url=https://twas.org/recipients/gupta-anil-k |website=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

Gupta was born in the [[Budaun district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar]] Pradesh <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Gupta, Anil Kumar – TWAS Directory |url=https://twas.org/directory/gupta-anil-kumar |website=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref> in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Anil Kumar Gupta – Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2008011 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref> He obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1987 from [[Banaras Hindu University]], Varanasi and joined the Department of Geology and Geophysics at IIT Kharagpur as a lecturer the same year.<ref name="auto"/>

At I[[IIT Kharagpur|IT Kharagpur]], he served as Head of the Department of [[Geology]] and [[Geophysics]] from 2006 to 2009 and later as Head of the Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere, and Land Sciences (CORAL) from 2018 to 2021.<ref name="auto"/>

Gupta served as Director of the [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]] from 2010 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Directors – Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology |url=https://www.wihg.res.in/formerdirectors.php |website=Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology |access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref>

His career has included additional academic and research affiliations, including international fellowships and research associate positions.<ref name="auto"/>

== Awards ==
[[File:PGupta.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Anil Kumar Gupta receiving TWAS Prize 2010 from The World Academy of Sciences]]
Gupta received the Young Scientist award from the [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA)]] in 1990. He was awarded a fellowship from the [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science|Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)]] to conduct research at [[Shimane University|Shimane]] University.<ref name="irins">{{Cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur |url=https://iitkgp.irins.org/profile/1704 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Faculty Profiles |language=en}}</ref> In 2001, the [[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council (NRC)]] awarded him a Senior Research Fellowship Award to work at the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)]] Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Gupta received the [[TWAS Prize]] from the [[The World Academy of Sciences|World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)]] in 2010. He was granted the J.C. Bose National Fellowship by the Indian [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (DST).{{failed verification|date=December 2025}}{{better source needed|date=December 2025}}

His honors and achievements include being

* Elected as Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore (FASc), India, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru Fellows' portal |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2008011 |url-status=live |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* Awarded the UNESCO-TWAS Prize of The World Academy of Sciences, Italy, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TWAS Announces 2010 Prize Winners |url=https://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2010-prize-winners |url-status=live |website=twas.org- UNESCO The world academy of sciences}}</ref>

==Research==
[[File:22GM 101.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Gupta at the 22nd annual meeting of The World Academy of Sciences in Trieste, Italy]]
Gupta has contributed to the fields of [[micropaleontology]], [[paleoclimatology]], and [[paleoceanography]], with a focus on the Indian monsoon system. He assisted in the publication of the ''Inventory of Glacial Lakes of Uttarakhand.''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhamri |first1=Rakesh |title=Glacial Lake Inventory of Uttarakhand |last2=Mehta |first2=Manish |last3=Dobhal |first3=Dwarika P |last4=Gupta |first4=Anil |date=September 2015 |publisher=Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun 248001, India}}</ref>

Gupta's work focuses on decadal to millennial-scale changes in the South Asian and Indian monsoon systems and their teleconnections with climatic shifts in the North Atlantic. His research is based on proxy records from the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[Indian Himalayan Region|Indian Himalaya]], and the [[Ganges Basin]]. He and his team have studied [[foraminifera]] [[microfossil|microfossils]] from the Arabian Sea to identify both short- and long-term shifts in the South Asian and Indian monsoons during the [[Quaternary]].<ref name="Gupta 354–357">{{Cite journal |title=Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01340 |journal=Nature}}</ref><ref name="Anderson 596–599">{{Cite journal |last1= |first1= |title=Increase in the Asian Southwest Monsoon During the Past Four Centuries |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072881 |journal=Science |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Anil K. |last2=Thomas |first2=Ellen |date=2003 |title=Initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean Drilling Program Site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/31/1/47-50/192515 |journal=Geology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=47–50 |bibcode=2003Geo....31...47G |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0047:ionhga>2.0.co;2 |access-date=2022-09-19|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His work links Asian and Indian monsoon failures to societal collapses,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shweta |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Rawat |first3=Suman |last4=Bhaumik |first4=Ajoy K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Pankaj |last6=Rai |first6=Santosh K. |date=2022-08-20 |title=Paleomonsoonal shifts during ~13700 to 3100 yr BP in the central Ganga Basin, India with a severe arid phase at ~4.2 ka |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618221000380 |journal=Quaternary International |series=Understanding the Late Quaternary Paleomonsoon and Paleoenvironmental Shifts of Asia |language=en |volume=629 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.015 |issn=1040-6182 |s2cid=234065517|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kathayat |first1=Gayatri |last2=Cheng |first2=Hai |last3=Sinha |first3=Ashish |last4=Yi |first4=Liang |last5=Li |first5=Xianglei |last6=Zhang |first6=Haiwei |last7=Li |first7=Hangying |last8=Ning |first8=Youfeng |last9=Edwards |first9=R. Lawrence |date=December 2017 |title=The Indian monsoon variability and civilization changes in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=12 |article-number=e1701296 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1296K |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1701296 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5733109 |pmid=29255799}}</ref> [[Human migration|human migrations]], and changes in [[Agriculture|agricultural practices]] in South Asia during the [[Holocene|Holocene epoch]]. His recent studies from the Himalayan and [[Ganges Basin]] lakes have indicated a long arid phase between 4,350 and 2,900 years BP that led to the displacement of [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus]] settlements and a major change in agricultural practices, including land use patterns. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dutt |first1=Som |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Wünnemann |first3=Bernd |last4=Yan |first4=Dada |date=2018-07-20 |title=A long arid interlude in the Indian summer monsoon during ~4,350 to 3,450 cal. yr BP contemporaneous to displacement of the Indus valley civilization |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618217314040 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=482 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.005 |bibcode=2018QuInt.482...83D |issn=1040-6182 |s2cid=134976355|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

To understand the history of Indian monsoon variability, as well as changes in the Indian Ocean, Gupta has studied benthic and planktic foraminifera, as well as their stable isotopes from [[Ocean Drilling Program|Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)]] cores.<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail">{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P12-1575 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> His research includes the first identification of the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] in a paleoclimate record and the documentation of [[Bond event|Bond]] cycles<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Anil K. |last2=Das |first2=Moumita |last3=Anderson |first3=David M. |date=September 2005 |title=Solar influence on the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene: INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON-SOLAR LINK |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=32 |issue=17 |doi=10.1029/2005GL022685 |s2cid=18954963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> in the paleorecord of the Indian monsoon over the Holocene. To understand regional precipitation, Gupta studied lake deposits and cave carbonates (speleothems) across the Indian landmass. His work produced the longest speleothem record from India, which revealed major shifts in the intensity of the Indian monsoon.

==Books and publications==

* Anderson, D.M., Overpeck, J.T., and Gupta, A.K., 2002. Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries. ''Science'', ''297''(5581), pp. 596–599.<ref name="Anderson 596–599"></ref>
* Gupta, A.K., Anderson, D.M., and Overpeck, J.T., 2003. Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. ''Nature'', ''421''(6921), pp. 354–357.<ref name="Gupta 354–357"></ref>
* Gupta, A.K., 2008. Monsoons, Quaternary. In: Vivian Gronitz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 589–594.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |editor1-first=Vivien |editor1-last=Gornitz |isbn=978-1-4020-4411-3 |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |oclc=318545637}}</ref>
* De, S., Sarkar, S., and Gupta, A.K., 2010. Orbital and suborbital variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean as recorded in sediments of the Maldives Ridge (ODP Hole 716A) during the past 444 ka. In: Clift, P.D., Tada, R., and Zheng, H. (Eds.), Monsoon Evolution and Tectonics – Climate Linkage in Asia, Geological Society of London, Special Publications, v. 342, pp. 17–27.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De |first1=Soma |last2=Sarkar |first2=Sudipta |last3=Gupta |first3=Anil K. |date=January 2010 |title=Orbital and suborbital variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean as recorded in sediments of the Maldives Ridge (ODP Hole 716A) during the past 444 ka |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=342 |issue=1 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1144/sp342.3 |bibcode=2010GSLSP.342...17D |s2cid=129034965 |issn=0305-8719}}</ref>
* Singh, V. S., Pandey, D.N., Gupta, A.K., and Ravindranath, N.H., 2010. Climate change impacts, mitigation and adaptation: science for generating policy options in Rajasthan, India. RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 2/2010, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur, India, pp. 1–150.
* Bhambri, R., Mehta, M., Dobhal, D.P., and Gupta, A.K., 2015. Glacial Lake Inventory of Uttarakhand. [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], Dehradun, p. 78.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bhambri, Rakesh |title=Glacier lake inventory of Uttarakhand |oclc=1017963495}}</ref>
* Mehta, M., Dobhal, D.P., Shukla, T., and Gupta, A.K., 2016. Instability Processes triggered by heavy rain in the Garhwal region, Uttarakhand, India. Climate Change, Glacier Response, and Vegetation Dynamics in the Himalaya, Chapter 12, pp. 219–234.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mehta |first1=Manish |title=Instability Processes Triggered by Heavy Rain in the Garhwal Region, Uttarakhand, India |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-28977-9_12 |work=Climate Change, Glacier Response, and Vegetation Dynamics in the Himalaya |pages=219–234 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Rb |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28977-9_12 |isbn=978-3-319-28975-5 |access-date=2022-09-19 |last2=Dobhal |first2=D. P. |last3=Shukla |first3=Tanuj |last4=Gupta |first4=Anil K. |editor2-last=Schickhoff |editor2-first=Udo |editor3-last=Mal |editor3-first=Suraj|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Jayankondam Perumal, R., Thakur, V.C., Vivek, J., Rao, P.S., and Gupta, A.K. Active Tectonics of Kumaon and Garhwal Himalaya (Springer Natural Hazards). Springer, 1st ed. (April 16, 2018).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jayangondaperumal |first1=R. |title=Active tectonics of Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya |date=2018 |first2=V. C. |last2=Thakur |first3=V. |last3=Joevivek |first4=Priyanka |last4=Singh Rao |first5=Anil K. |last5=Gupta |isbn=978-981-10-8243-6 |location=Singapore |oclc=1029075205}}</ref>
* Mehta, M., Bhambri, R., Perumal, J., Srivastava, P., and Gupta, A.K., 2018. Uttarakhand Calamity: A Climate Revelation in the Bhagirathi River Valley Uttarakhand, India, Chapter 10. In: I. Pal and R. Shaw (Eds.), Disaster Risk Governance in India and Cross Cutting Issues, Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer Singapore.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mehta |first1=Manish |title=Uttarakhand Calamity: A Climate Revelation in the Bhagirathi River Valley Uttarakhand, India |date=2018 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-3310-0_10 |work=Disaster Risk Governance in India and Cross Cutting Issues |pages=193–207 |editor-last=Pal |editor-first=Indrajit |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-3310-0_10 |isbn=978-981-10-3309-4 |access-date=2022-09-19 |last2=Bhambri |first2=Rakesh |last3=Perumal |first3=J. |last4=Srivastava |first4=Pradeep |last5=Gupta |first5=Anil K. |series=Disaster Risk Reduction |editor2-last=Shaw |editor2-first=Rajib|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Cheng, H., Xu, Y., Dong, X., Zhao, J., Li, H., Baker, J., ... and Edwards, R.L. (2021). Onset and termination of Heinrich Stadial 4 and the underlying climate dynamics. ''Communications Earth & Environment'', ''2''(1), p. 230.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Hai |last2=Xu |first2=Yao |last3=Dong |first3=Xiyu |last4=Zhao |first4=Jingyao |last5=Li |first5=Hanying |last6=Baker |first6=Jonathan |last7=Sinha |first7=Ashish |last8=Spötl |first8=Christoph |last9=Zhang |first9=Haiwei |last10=Du |first10=Wenjing |last11=Zong |first11=Baoyun |last12=Jia |first12=Xue |last13=Kathayat |first13=Gayatri |last14=Liu |first14=Dianbing |last15=Cai |first15=Yanjun |date=2021-11-08 |title=Onset and termination of Heinrich Stadial 4 and the underlying climate dynamics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00304-6 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=230 |doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00304-6 |issn=2662-4435|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Dong, X., Kathayat, G., Rasmussen, S.O., Svensson, A., Severinghaus, J.P., Li, H., Sinha, A., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Shi, Z., and Cai, Y., 2022. Coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics during Heinrich Stadial 2. ''Nature Communications'', ''13''(1), pp. 1–14.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Xiyu |last2=Kathayat |first2=Gayatri |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Sune O. |last4=Svensson |first4=Anders |last5=Severinghaus |first5=Jeffrey P. |last6=Li |first6=Hanying |last7=Sinha |first7=Ashish |last8=Xu |first8=Yao |last9=Zhang |first9=Haiwei |last10=Shi |first10=Zhengguo |last11=Cai |first11=Yanjun |last12=Pérez-Mejías |first12=Carlos |last13=Baker |first13=Jonathan |last14=Zhao |first14=Jingyao |last15=Spötl |first15=Christoph |date=2022-10-04 |title=Coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics during Heinrich Stadial 2 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=5867 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-33583-4 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9532435 |pmid=36195764|bibcode=2022NatCo..13.5867D }}</ref>
* Gupta, A.K., 2022. Neogene Deep Water Benthic Foraminifera from the Indian Ocean – A Monograph. Nova Publishers, USA.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar Gupta |first=Anil |url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/neogene-deep-water-benthic-foraminifera-from-the-indian-ocean-a-monograph/ |title=Neogene Deep Water Benthic Foraminifera from the Indian Ocean – A Monograph |date=2022 |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |isbn=979-8-88697-385-3 |doi=10.52305/hppf1438}}</ref>
* Kaushik, A., Gupta, A.K., Clemens, S.C., Kumar, P., Sanyal, P., Gupta, P., Jaiswal, M.K., Maurya, A.S., Sengupta, S., Sharma, R., and Pawar, R., 2023. Paleoclimatic reconstruction of northwest Himalaya since CE 475 using lake sediments from Tadag Taal, Kumaun, India. ''Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology'', ''619'', p.111544.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Arun |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Clemens |first3=Steven C. |last4=Kumar |first4=Pankaj |last5=Sanyal |first5=Prasanta |last6=Gupta |first6=Priyantan |last7=Jaiswal |first7=Manoj Kumar |last8=Maurya |first8=Abhayanand S. |last9=Sengupta |first9=Sreya |last10=Sharma |first10=Rajveer |last11=Pawar |first11=Rahul |date=2023-06-01 |title=Paleoclimatic reconstruction of northwest Himalaya since CE 475 using lake sediments from Tadag Taal, Kumaun, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018223001621 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=619 |article-number=111544 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111544 |bibcode=2023PPP...61911544K |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Podder, R.S., Gupta, A.K., Clemens, S., Sanyal, P., and Panigrahi, M.K., 2024. Changes in the Indian Ocean surface hydrography driven by the seaway closure and monsoonal circulation since the late Oligocene. ''Global and Planetary Change'', ''232'', p. 104335.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Podder |first1=Raj S. I. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Clemens |first3=Steven |last4=Sanyal |first4=Prasanta |last5=Panigrahi |first5=M. K. |date=2024-01-01 |title=Changes in the Indian Ocean surface hydrography driven by the seaway closure and monsoonal circulation since the late Oligocene |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818123003090 |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=232 |article-number=104335 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104335 |bibcode=2024GPC...23204335P |issn=0921-8181|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Podder, R.S., Gupta, A.K., Sanyal, P., and Clemens, S., 2023. Changes in surface hydrography of the western equatorial Indian Ocean during the Pleistocene: Implications for East African climate variability. ''Global and Planetary Change'', ''231'', p.104322.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Podder |first1=Raj S. I. S. |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Sanyal |first3=Prasanta |last4=Clemens |first4=Steven |date=2023-12-01 |title=Changes in surface hydrography of the western equatorial Indian Ocean during the Pleistocene: Implications for East African climate variability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818123002965 |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=231 |article-number=104322 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104322 |bibcode=2023GPC...23104322P |issn=0921-8181|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Mohanty, R.N., Clemens, S. C., and Gupta, A.K. (2024). Dynamic shifts in the southern Benguela upwelling system since the latest Miocene. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'', ''637'', p.118729.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rudra Narayan |last2=Clemens |first2=Steven C. |last3=Gupta |first3=Anil K. |date=2024-07-01 |title=Dynamic shifts in the southern Benguela upwelling system since the latest Miocene |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X24001626 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=637 |article-number=118729 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118729 |bibcode=2024E&PSL.63718729M |issn=0012-821X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Gupta, A K., 2025. Shri Ram: The Most Virtuous Scion of Ikshvaku, Garuda Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., India, pp. 1–272.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Anil K. |title=Shri Ram: The Most Virtuous Scion of Ikshvaku |publisher=Garuda Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., India |year=2025 |isbn=979-8-88575-268-8 |location=India |publication-date=2025-08-10 |pages=1–272 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Anil}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Birendra Singh

2026-04-08T13:56:48Z

Barkatofficial: Creating a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|08|05}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
| parents = Yugeshwar Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Agriculturist
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = November 2020
| predecessor1 = Awadhesh Kumar Singh
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 = Himself (Constituency did not exist)
| successor2 = Awadhesh Kumar Singh
| constituency2 = [[Wazirganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wazirganj]]
}}

'''Birendra Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a two time [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Wazirganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wazirganj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Know your MLA |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- WAZIRGANJ(GAYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9969 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birendra Singh Election Result Wazirganj Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Birendra Singh Wazirganj Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/birendra-singh-wazirganj-candidate-s04a234c01/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=News18}}</ref> He won this seat in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] also.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIRENDRA SINGH(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Wazirganj(GAYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=2140 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Wazirganj">{{cite news|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Wazirganj|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04234.htm|accessdate=21 November 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121082618/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04234.htm|archivedate=21 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wazirganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|title=Wazirganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/wazirganj|accessdate=21 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121082651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/wazirganj|archivedate=21 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] he and his family suffered from [[COVID-19]], despite that he managed to secure his victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar-bjp-candidate-from-wazirganj-assembly-in-gaya-virender-singh-got-corona-bjp-candidate-has-been-infected-the-report-of-his-nine-month-old-grandson-also-came-positive |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/news/bihar-corona-updates-corona-in-bihar-bihar-bjp-candidate-from-wazirganj-assembly-in-gaya-virender-singh-got-corona-bjp-candidate-has-been-infected-the-report-of-his-nine-month-old-grandson-also-came-positive-127867647.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Birendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Bajjika

2026-03-27T06:08:50Z

Barkatofficial: adjusted details per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Bihari language of India and Nepal}}
{{infobox language
| name = Bajjika
| altname = बज्जिका
| region = [[Bihar]] of [[India]] and [[Terai]] ([[Madhesh Province]]) of [[Nepal]]
| speakers = c. 20 million
| date = 2013 estimate
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| script = *[[Kaithi]]
*[[Tirhuta]]
| nation =
| iso3 = vjk
| isoexception = dialect
| linglist =
| glotto = bajj1234
| glottoname =
| image = Bajjika.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Bajjika" written in Devanagari script
| imagescale =
| states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
}}

'''Bajjika''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language variety spoken in parts of Bihar, India and in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Jared |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=bajjika&pg=PA431 |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian |last3=Fritz |first3=Matthias |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-026128-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Territory and speakers ==
Bajjika language is spoken in the north-western part of Bihar, in a region popularly known as [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pradhuman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&dq=bajjika&pg=PT506 |title=Bihar General Knowledge Digest: Bestseller Book by Pradhuman Singh: Bihar General Knowledge Digest |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5266-769-7 |language=en}}</ref> It is mainly spoken in the [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]], [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]] and [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] districts of [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=1}} A 2013 estimate based on 2001 census data suggests that there were 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar.{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|pp=1-2}}

Bajjika is also spoken by a major population in [[Nepal]], where it has 1,133,764 speakers according to the country's 2021 census. It is the most spoken language in [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]], [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] and [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] district of [[Madhesh Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Abhishek Kashyap|2014|p=2}}

==Academy==
In a move aimed at protecting indigenous language and culture, the Bihar government has decided to set up two new academies to promote local dialects; Surjapuri and Bajjika, spoken in politically influential Seemanchal and Bajjikanchal regions of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar to get two new academies to promote Surjapuri and Bajjika dialects |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746/amp |website=Outlook |access-date=2025-08-31 |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222220845/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bihar-to-get-two-new-academies-to-promote-surjapuri-bajjika-dialects-news-225746/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Swadesh list ==
The [[Swadesh list]] for Bajjika, an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in Bihar, India, and parts of Nepal, is a standardized vocabulary set used for linguistic comparison. Bajjika, often considered a dialect of Maithili, lacks extensive public documentation, so its [[Swadesh list]] is typically constructed by approximation, drawing from related languages like Maithili and Hindi, with adjustments for Bajjika's unique phonological and lexical features.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!English
!Bajjika
!IPA
|-
|1
|I
|हम
|/ɦəm/
|-
|2
|You
|तू
|/t̪uː/
|-
|3
|we
|हमनी
|/ɦəməniː/
|-
|4
|This
|ई
|/iː/
|-
|6
|Who
|के
|/keː/
|-
|7
|What
|का
|/kɑː/
|-
|8
|No
|न
|/nə/
|-
|9
|All
|सब
|/səb/
|-
|10
|Many
|बहुत
|/bəɦʊt̪/
|-
|11
|One
|एक
|/eːk/
|-
|12
|Two
|दुइ
|/d̪ui/
|-
|13
|Big
|बड़ा
|/bəɽɑː/
|-
|14
|Long
|लम्मा
|/ləmmɑː/
|-
|15
|Small
|छोट
|/tʃʰoʈ/
|-
|16
|Women
|औरत
|/ɔːrət̪/
|-
|17
|Man
|मर्द
|/mərd̪/
|}

== Films in Bajjika ==
''Lakshmi Elthin Hammar Angna'' (2009) was the first formal feature film in Bajjika. ''Sajan Aiha Doli le ke'' subsequently followed.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bhojpuri-artist-to-make-first-Bajjika-film-/articleshow/4899362.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512144105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-17/patna/28156704_1_bhojpuri-film-industry-soumya-songs | url-status=live | archive-date=12 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Bhojpuri artist to make first Bajjika film | date=17 August 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bihari languages]]
*[[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Abhishek Kashyap |chapter=On the linguistic resources of Bajjika |editor=Vibha Chauhan |title=The People's Linguistic Survey of India |volume=6: The Languages of Bihar |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259569719 }}
* {{cite book |author=Abhishek Kumar Kashyap |chapter=The representation of gender in Bajjika grammar and discourse |editor1=Julie Abbou |editor2=Fabienne H. Baider |title=Gender, Language and the Periphery: Grammatical and social gender from the margins |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JOcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |year=2016 |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-90-272-6683-5 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Kathleen Kuiper |title=The Culture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA57 |year=2010 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Manish Kumar Thakur |title=The politics of minority languages: Some reflections on the Maithili language movement |journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=199–212 |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1461/J_Social_Econ_Develop_4_199.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2018-03-24 |access-date=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324103531/http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1461/J_Social_Econ_Develop_4_199.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Mithilesh Kumar Jha |title=Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India: Making of the Maithili Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-pIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT158 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press India |isbn=978-0-19-909172-0 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

*Kashyap, Abhishek Kumar. 2014. The Bajjika language and speech community. [[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] 227: 209–224.
*Kashyap, Abhishek Kumar. 2012. The pragmatic principles of agreement in Bajjika verb. [[Journal of Pragmatics]] 44: 1668–1687.

== External links ==
* http://www.bajjika.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102140727/http://www.bajjika.in/ |date=2020-11-02 }} Official Website of Bajjika Vikash Manch

{{Maithili language}}

{{Bihari languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Maithili dialects]]

Yogimatha rock painting

2026-03-25T17:14:58Z

Barkatofficial: enhance references

{{Infobox historic site
| name = Yogimatha
| native_name = ଯୋଗୀମଠ
| native_language = Odia
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| type = Hills
| etymology =
| location = [[Risipith]], [[Raigaon]], [[Khariar]], [[Nuapada]], [[Odisha]]
| nearest_city = [[Khariar]]
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| owner = Used as a dwelling place of prehistoric men
| website = https://nuapada.nic.in
}}
'''Yogimath''' ({{ipa|or|dʒoɡimɔʈʰɔ|lang}}) is situated in [[Nuapada district]] at a distance of about 9 km from Khariar western Odisha border area and 67 km from [[Bhawanipatna]] of Kalahandi District. This place is famous for its [[neolithic]] cave paintings. In '''Yogimath caves''' the paintings are drawn by red paint over rock surfaces. The most significant pictures are of a bull followed by cow, calf and a man indicating the [[Domestication of vertebrates|domestication of animal]] by man and [[agriculture]]. The past glory of this place is still unexplored. Near Yogimath, there is a mountain named Risipiti which is well known for producing clear echoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock Art Shelter of Jogimath |url=http://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/ornuapara001.pdf |publisher=INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE ARTS}}</ref>

==History==
On the basis of art style, colour composition of the motifs, the paintings can be dated to the [[Mesolithic]] or [[Chalcolithic]] periods. The paintings at [[Gudahandi]] of [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] may be placed about the 15th millennium B.C., but those at Yogimath are somewhat of later period and may be assigned to about the 10th millennium B.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=Districts Gazetteers(Kalahandi) |publisher=Government of Odisha |page=36 |url=http://www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/CHAPTER_2_12.pdf}}</ref> The paintings are largely disfigured by human vandalism and superimposition of ritualistic symbols such as the trident, swastika, and other Hindu symbols in a paste of [[Vermilion|vermillion]] and [[ghee]].

The rock art shelter exhibits both monochrome and bi-chrome paintings of early historic period. It is the only reported rock art site of [[Nuapada district]]. The shelter preserves paintings in monochrome of dark red. The subject matter includes stick-like human figures, cattle (with or without hump), concentric circles, curvilinear circles, and shapes resembling [[Damaru|dambaru]] (cattle drums).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prusty |first1=Subrat Kumar|title=BHASA O JATIYATA|date=2010 |publisher=with financial assistance by Dept. of Culture, Govt. of Odisha |location=Bidyadharpur, Jajpur|page=22|edition=1st}}</ref>

==Study==
[[File:B7 copy.jpg|thumb|upright|Yogimath Rock Art- Inscription, Odisha]]
The granite hillock Risipith preserves paintings from prehistoric times on an inclined surface of a boulder. The shelter was first reported by J.P Sing Deo in 1976. Dr. [[Subrat Kumar Prusty]] was the first person to read the [[Yogimatha rock painting]] of the Yogimatha<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prusty |first1=Subrat Kumar |title=Odia Bhasa Sahitya Parichaya |date=2007 |publisher=A.K. Mishra publishers |location=Cuttack |isbn=978-81-921347-1-0 |pages=7–8|edition=1st}}</ref> which was in an old Indian [[Writing system|script]]. The script ‘Ga’, and ‘o’ (tha) was discovered from the Yogimatha rock painting; this painting showed a person with four animals and with some alphabet.<ref>{{cite book|title=CLASSICL ODIA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE |date=2015|publisher=Odisha Sahitya Akademi |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|isbn=978-81-7586-198-5|page=34}}</ref> According to Prusty, that painting created a word like "Gaitha" (very popular Odia word at present ‘Gotha’ or ‘group’ in English). This art is closely related to this alphabet. This alphabet has similarity to [[Vikramkhol Cave Inscription]], [[Dhauli]] and [[Jaugada Inscription]]'s script of Ashok. He assumed that it was the ancient form of Indian script named [[Pre-Brahmi Script]] and it is the first glimpse of possible origin of the Odia language and script.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prusty|first1=Subrat Kumar |title=BHASA O JATIYATA|date=2010|publisher=with financial assistance by Dept. of Culture, Govt. of Odisha|location=Bidyadharpur, Jajpur|pages=51–52|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Debi Prasanna Pattanayak |author2=[[Subrat Kumar Prusty]] |section=Why not Odia? |title=CLASSICAL ODIA |date=2013 |publisher=KIIS Foundation, New Delhi |location=Maitri Vihar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha |isbn=978-81-925616-3-9 |pages=XXI, 33 |edition=1st}}</ref>

==External links==
*https://odishatour.in/yogimath-khariar-nuapada/

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Nuapada district]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Rock art]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Caves of India|Pictograms]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Painting by culture|I]]
[[Category:Indian art|Painting]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art]]
[[Category:Neolithic Asia]]

Udaya Comedy

2026-03-21T15:14:03Z

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#REDIRECT [[Sun Udaya#Udaya Comedy]]

[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Comedy television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]

United Nations Military Observer Group in Kashmir

2026-03-19T07:06:06Z

Barkatofficial: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute#United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:United Nations operations in Asia]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict and the United Nations]]
[[Category:United Nations Military Observers]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]

Mangar Bani

2026-03-17T13:36:37Z

Barkatofficial: Created new details

{{Short description|Hill forest in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
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'''Mangar Bani''' is a [[Paleolithic]] archaeological site and [[Sacred groves of India#Locations of sacred groves|sacred grove]] hill forest next to the '''Mangar''' village on Delhi-Haryana border. It lies in the [[Delhi Ridge#Southern Ridge|South Delhi Ridge]] of [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] mountain range in [[Faridabad]] [[tehsil]] of [[Faridabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/india/story/mangar-bani-weekend-getaway-travel-lifetr-1027108-2017-07-30 |title=Here's why Mangar Bani can be your ideal weekend getaway |author=Navneet Mendiratta |date=July 30, 2017 |magazine=India Today |publisher=[[India Today]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/saving-mangar-bani-why-returning-grove-to-original-custodians-may-be-only-solution/articleshow/66061056.cms |title=Saving Mangar Bani: Why returning grove to original custodians may be only solution - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/haryana-s-mangar-bani-forest-demarcated-at-last/story-OqTvqpQIMoffH85fpYNc7H.html |title=Haryana's Mangar Bani forest demarcated at last |date=2015-09-03 |website=hindustantimes.com/ |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref name=mang1>[https://villageinfo.in/haryana/faridabad/faridabad/mangar.html Mangar], Census of India 2011.</ref> It is to the immediate south of India's national capital [[Delhi]], within the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].

Mangar Bani is the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent's]] largest neolithic tool making site dating back to 100,000 years [[Before Present]] (BP). It is also the first ever site discovered in the [[Aravalli Range]] containing cave paintings, which date back to 20,000-40,000 BP. This makes it the oldest human habitation discovered in Haryana and Delhi NCR.<ref name=mangr1/>

Contiguous to [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]], Mangar Bani is an important [[biodiversity]] area within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi several wetlands, formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in and around the area and have significance for the [[migratory birds]], are [[Badkhal Lake]], 10th century ancient [[Surajkund]] reservoir and [[Anangpur Dam]], [[Damdama Lake]], [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] and [[Jahanpanah#Adilabad|Adilabad ruins]] (both in Delhi).<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi">[http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola ASOLA BHATTI WILD LIFE SANCTUARY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |date=16 August 2011 }}, Department of Forest, Delhi Government</ref>

There are concerns for its destruction due to littering, encroachment, and illegal construction in the nearby area. Activists have been demanding that government must implement a wide-ranging conservation plan, legally declare this area as the protected forest and protected archaeological site, and have it listed among the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India]].<ref name=mangr1/>

== Background ==

=== Location ===

Mangar Bani and other villages, such as [[Gwal Pahari]] and [[Bandhwari]], lie in the eco-sensitive area of at-risk forested hills of [[Delhi Ridge|Southern Delhi Ridge]] in the Aravali range. Mangar Bani, adjacent to Mangar village, is a much larger forested area. It is 19 km east of Gurugaon DLF Phase I, 24 km northeast of [[Damdama Lake]], 14 km west of [[Badkhal Lake]],<ref name=mang1/> 22 km from [[Old Faridabad metro station]] and 28 km southwest of [[Okhla]] Industrial Estate.

=== Etymology ===

Mangar Bani, is a [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi dialect]] term which means the ''"Mangar Vana"'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] or [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and ''"the Mangar Forest"'' in English.

===History===

Mangar Bani forest is a Neolithic site with stone tools and rock art dating back to 100,000 years [[Before Present]] (BP) and cave paintings dating back to 20,000-40,000 BP.<ref name=mangr1/>

Mangar is a 700 years old village nestled in the rocky hills covered with native trees unique to the Aravalli Range, the oldest Plateau mountains in India.<ref name=mangar3>[https://www.thelalit.com/the-lalit-mangar/city-attractions/ Best Places to Visit Mangar, Faridabad, Mangar Tourist Places]</ref>

== Village ==

=== Administration ===

Mangar is governed by the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] local governing body.<ref name=mang1/>

=== Demography ===

In 2011, it had a population of about 1965 persons living in 368 households.<ref name=mang1/>

===Tribal jewellery museum===
{{anchor | Tribal | Museum | Mangar Tribal jewellery museum | Tribal jewellery museum }}

'''Mangar Tribal Jewellery museum''', established by [[Satish Sharma#Personal life|Sterre Sharma]], the wife of former INC union minister [[Satish Sharma]], has jewellery from all over India including the tribes of [[northeast India]].<ref name="mang2" /> This jewellery is made from glass, bone, brass, white metal, silver and gold plate.<ref name="mangar3" />

== Ecology ==
{{Wildlife of India}}

=== Significance ===
[[File:Basks in the Morning Sun.jpg|thumb|Basks in the morning sun]]
Mangar Bani has been studied by the biologists who found it to be a [[High-Biodiversity Wilderness Area|High-Biodiversity Zone]]. It is one of the last remaining natural tropical forest in the Aravalli Range. It has more than 30 native tree species thriving along with the 100 native shrubs and herbs, all of which provide shelter to the wildlife, rare birds, and animals including [[leopards]]. It acts as an important source of ground water recharge.<ref name=mangar7/> It is an important [[biodiversity]] area, sacred grove, leopard and migratory birds habitat, and part of the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] with several wetlands.<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi"/>

=== Mangar Bani hills biodiversity area ===
{{anchor |Bani | Forest | Forests | Biodiversity | Mangar Bani forest | Mangar Bani hill forest | Mangar Bani hill}}

Mangar Bani along with neighbouring villages of [[Gwal Pahari]], [[Baliawas]] and [[Bandhwari]], which lies near the forested parts of [[Delhi Ridge|Southern Delhi Ridge]] of [[Aravalli Range]], is an ecologically sensitive under threat biodiversity area dotted with disused mining pits. The flora, fauna, and ecology has degraded which severely needs restoration by replacing the invasive ''Vilayati kikar'' weed with the 3-layer cover of native grass, shrubs and trees. This area lies in the habitat of [[leopard]]s. 95% of the forest is covered with the slow-growing ''dhau'' tree ([[anogeissus pendula]]).<ref name=risk4>[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/unhappy-bani-34433 Unhappy bani], downtoearth.org.in, 7 June 2015.</ref> Mangar Bani has native plant species such as Dhau and wild eagle can be seen here.<ref name=mang2>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/chitra-narayanan/mangar-a-hidden-jewel-near-delhi/article9865212.ece Mangar, a hidden jewel near Delhi], [[The Hindu]] BusinessLine, 19 Sep 2017.</ref>

=== Leopard habitat and wildlife corridor ===
{{see also | Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards| l1 = Leopards of Haryana }}

Mangar Bani is an important leopard habitat and it also lies within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi.<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi"/>

=== Sacred grove surrounding Gudariya Das Baba temple ===
{{anchor | Baba | Temple | Gudariya | Gudariya Das baba temple | Gudariya Das Baba temple | Gudariya Das Baba Temple | Gudariya das baba temple }}

Mangar bani is a sacred grove as it surrounds '''Gudariya Das Baba temple''', which is within Mangar Bani forest and lies is 2 km to the northwest of Mangar village. This ancient temple provides the status of [[Sacred groves of India|sacred grove]] to Mangar Bani.<ref name="mang2" /> According to the local [[oral tradition]], the baba (saint) Gudariya Das protects this ''bani'' (forest) and punishes anyone who damages this forest.<ref name="risk4" />

=== Wetlands: Lulu Lake ===
{{anchor | Lulu | Lulu Lake }}

'''Lulu Lake''' wetland is nestled on the hills of Mangar Bani, 6 km to the southwest of Mangar village and 4 km south of Gudariya Das Baba temple. Its near mount Gaga Lulu, a small hill.

== Prehistoric Stone Age sites ==
{{anchor| Cave | Paintings | Prehistoric | Paleolithic }}
{{Paleolithic}}
{{History of India}}
{{see also | History of Haryana#Paleo | l1= Paleolithic history of Haryana | Bhimbetka rock shelters | South Asian Stone Age | Peopling of India }}

=== Significance ===

Spread over 5000 ha, Mangar Bani is the largest discovered pre-historic site and Stone Age tool making factory in the [[Indian subcontinent]], and the first ever site discovered in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli range]] with cave paintings. Stone tools and rock art dating back to 100,000 years BP and cave paintings dating back to 20,000-40,000 BP have been found. This site is also the oldest human habitation discovered in Haryana and Delhi NCR. Findings from this site have pushed back the [[anthropogeny|anthropogenic]] history of Haryana and NCR by several thousand years.<ref name=mangr1>[https://theprint.in/india/stone-age-tools-cave-paintings-discovered-in-haryana-could-be-clues-to-prehistoric-factory/702204/ Stone Age tools, cave paintings discovered in Haryana could be clues to ‘prehistoric factory’], The Print, 2 July Sep 2017.</ref>

It is in the forest area where [[cave painting]]s and tools from the [[Paleolithic]] period were discovered. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] discovered cave paintings and stone tools in the Mangar Bani hill forest in May 2021; the tools found at the site are estimated to be 100,000 years old.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-14|title=Palaeolithic cave paintings found in corner of NCR could be among oldest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/palaeolithic-cave-paintings-found-in-corner-of-ncr-could-be-among-oldest-in-the-country-101626201354624.html|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It is likely the largest Paleolithic site in the Indian subcontinent. According to the [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|Haryana Archaeology and Museums Department]], "On the basis of this exploration, it can be said that this may be one of the biggest Palaeolithic sites in the Indian sub-continent, where stone age tools were recovered from different open-air sites as well as from rock shelters. Though tools from the Palaeolithic Age have been identified earlier in parts of the Aravallis, it is for the first time that cave paintings and rock art of a large magnitude have been found in Haryana."<ref name=archmg1>[https://sg.news.yahoo.com/palaeolithic-possibly-largest-indian-subcontinent-134041035.html Palaeolithic site, possibly largest in Indian subcontinent, spotted in Faridabad's Mangarbani hill forest], ANI, 18 July 2021.</ref>

The [[Aravalli Range]] contains numerous other archaeologically significant sites, including [[Tosham Hill range#Khanak|Khanak]], a copper mine and copper smelter belonging to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] (IVC) period in [[Tosham Hill range]].<ref name=law3>N Kochhar, R Kochhar, And D.K. Chakrabarti, 1999, "A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilisation", South Asian Studies, vol 15, pp 115-118.</ref><ref name=law4>D.K. Chakrabarti, 2014, "Distribution and Features of the Harappan Settlements, in History of India-Protohistoric Foundation", [[Vivekananda International Foundation]], New Delhi.</ref><ref name=law5>Randal Law, 2006, "Moving mountains: The Trade and Transport of RocNs and minerals with in the greater Indus Valley Region in Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology," (Eds.) E.C. Robertson, R.D. Seibert, D.C. Fernandez and M.V. Zender, [[University of Calgary]] Press, Alberta, Canada.</ref><ref name=law6>R.W. Law, 2008, "Inter-regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley: A Geologic Provenance Study of Harappa's Rock and Mineral Assemblage", [[University of Wisconsin]], pp 209-210.</ref><ref name=sciexp1>A.L. Vasiliev, M.V. Kovalchuk, and E. B. Yatsishina, 2015, [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063774516060183 "Electron Microscopy Methods in Studies of Cultural Heritage Sites"], Crystallography Reports, Pleiades Publishing, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 873–885, ISSN 1063-7745.</ref>

=== Number of scattered sites ===
{{ see also | Anangpur#Cave | l1= Anangpur Paleolithic sites | Surajkund#Cave | l2= Surajkund Paleolithic sites}}

Mangar Bani is spread across 5000 ha only and it is surrounded by several hundred times larger forested Aravali Range. In June 2021, a 3-day survey identified several scattered Neolithic sites within Mangar Bani alone. As of July 2021, Haryana Archaeological dept had plan to survey the entire Mangar Bani.<ref name=mangr1/>

Similar group of 43 Paleolithic sites with [[microliths]] tools and rock art was found on an axis from Ankhir (a village 17 km east of Mangar Bani) in south to north along Anangpur-Angnpur Dam-Surajkund-Tughlaqabad. These sites are on the '[[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughlaqabad]]-Surajkund Road' and south of 'Surajkund-[[Faridabad]] Road', on Anangpur hills, and on Ankhir hill, and on the road embracing the low ridge from Faridabad (Ankhir) to Surajkund.<ref name=Singh>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Delhi: Ancient History |work=Preliminary Report on the stone Age of the Union territory of Delhi and Haryana |pages=6–7 in 227 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=History+of+Suraj+Kund&pg=PA7 |publisher= Berghahn Books |year=2007 |isbn=9788187358299}}</ref> From a study of the prehistoric findings along the ridges of Surajkund reservoir, Anagpur Dam, and around Delhi and adjoining parts of Haryana, it has been inferred that the southern hilly area of Delhi and Haryana was environmentally suited for pre-historic man to settle here.<ref>Singh p.185</ref>

=== Findings ===
{{see also | Phase (archaeology) | l1= Phases in archaeology | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological chronology dating | Astronomical chronology | Geochronology | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent }}

==== Middle Paleolithic era: Stone tools factory ====
{{ see also | Middle Paleolithic | l1 = Middle Paleolithic (300,000 - 30,000 BP) }}

In the midst of the Mangar bani forest in the high hills area, the archeologists also discovered some tools that belong to the Paleolithic period. Stone Age tools are found in various outdoor locations and rock shelters.<ref name=":2" />

==== Middle Paleolithic era: Cave paintings ====
{{see also | Cave paintings in India }}

Cave painting is a type of [[rock art]] that includes [[petroglyphs]], or engravings, found on the wall or ceilings of [[cave]]s. Mangarbani hill forest is a Palaeolithic site with rock art as well as cave paintings. It is believed to be the largest in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and possibly the world's oldest.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Prehistoric Cave Paintings from One Lakh Years Ago Discovered in Faridabad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/prehistoric-cave-paintings-from-one-lakh-years-ago-discovered-in-faridabad-3973361.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Palaeolithic site, possibly largest in Indian subcontinent, spotted in Faridabad's Mangarbani hill forest|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/palaeolithic-site-possibly-largest-in-indian-subcontinent-spotted-in-faridabads-mangarbani-hill-forest20210718190535/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Palaeolithic site, possibly largest in Indian subcontinent, spotted in Faridabad's Mangarbani hill forest|url=https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/palaeolithic-possibly-largest-indian-subcontinent-134041035.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=ca.movies.yahoo.com|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Prehistoric stone age site in Faridabad's Mangar Bani could a lakh years old: Archaeologists|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mangerbani-cave-paintings-1-lakh-years-old-archaeologists-7407264/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Prehistoric Stone Age Site In Faridabad's Mangar Bani Could A Lakh Years Old: Archaeologists|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt7DRNos1cQ|language=en|access-date=2021-07-19}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=''On the basis of tool topology, it can be said that the date of prehistoric habitation at the site may be from about 1,00,000 to about 15,000 years ago. But we have also found evidence of later habitation, even up to 8th-9th century AD''|author=Banani Bhattacharyya, Deputy Director of Haryana Archaeology & Museums Department.|title=|source=}}

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title=Prehistoric stone age site in Faridabad’s Mangar Bani could a lakh years old: Archaeologists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mangerbani-cave-paintings-1-lakh-years-old-archaeologists-7407264/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== Upper Paleolithic rock art ====
{{see also|Upper Paleolithic|l1=Upper Paleolithic (30,000 - 12,000 BP)}}

Pattern of rock art drawing had evolved, some being older and simpler line drawings ''"when humans hadn't really figured out how to draw complex patterns"'', which later evolved into more refined patterns such as ''"different geometric shapes, foliage, animals and human figures"'' including cup marks like symbols presumably for some special purpose for the inhabitants of that era. Most paintings are [[ochre]] colored (see also [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] which is unrelated to the site and dates to much later era), but there white paintings which indicates that both belong to different historic eras. Study of these will help ascertain how ''"early humans developed their tool making skills"''.<ref name=mangr1/>

=== Conservation and further research ===
{{see also|Chronological dating|Absolute dating|Relative dating|Carbon dating|Elemental analysis|l5=Trace-elemental analysis|Thermoluminescence|l6=Thermoluminescence test|Uranium–uranium dating}}

This is the first time a discovery of the same kind has been made in the Aravali Range in Haryana. Though mining destroyed many of the associated caves and hills, the area is vast, and there is much to discover.<ref name=":2" /> As of July 2021, entire South Ride of Aravalli in Haryana will be mapped, further research and documentation will be carried out, including [[radiocarbon dating]] to precisely determine age of the findings which will help in ascertaining which aspects belong to the [[Upper Paleolithic]] (early Paleolithic) and which to the [[Lower Paleolithic]] (early Paleolithic) era.<ref name=mangr1/>

As of 31 July 2021, Head of HAD, [[Ashok Khemka]], informed that proposal to notify this area as protected archaeological site has been sent by Haryana Archaeological Dept (HAD) to Govt of Haryana (GoH), and HAD is awaiting [[The Gazette of India|gazette notification]] by the GoH after which this site will become legally protected. Meanwhile, district land and revenue administration of Faridabad was undertaking ground truthing exercise, to verify the data, to ascertain the landscape and confirm the type and ownership of the land, which will be sent to HAD to help with attainment of protected status and consequent conservation. Activists have demanded the protected status for the entire South Ridge and not just the Mangar Bani.<ref name=mangr2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rush-for-protected-tag-to-faridabad-site-where-stone-age-cave-art-found/articleshow/84875868.cms Rush for protected tag to Faridabad site where stone age cave art found], Times of India, 31 July 2021.</ref>

Khemka asserted that HAD will engage [[National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property]] (NRLC) Lucknow, [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (BSIP) Lucknow, [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL) Ahmedabad for conservation of rockart and paintings. Khemka asserted that the whole area will be extensively surveyed to find any additional sites, entire area of Delhi South Ridge of Aravali in Haryana between Gurugram and Faridabad will be mapped and each site will be GPS tagged. Large scale scientific excavations, scientific dating of paintings and excavated sediments will be undertaken. Earlier, in 1986, rock paintings were found at 43 sites in the area of historic [[Anangpur#Cave|Anangpur]] village (capital of [[Anangpal Tomar]] (Anangpal II) of [[Tomara dynasty]] c.736- 1052 CE who also built Delhi's [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]] before they were overthrown by [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], last king of Chahamanas or Chauhans was [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]), Mangar Bani site might be an extension of the ''Anangpur Group of Paleolithic Sites''.<ref name=mangr2/>

== Concerns and conservation ==

=== Threats ===
{{anchor|Endangered Mangar Bani}}

==== Encroachments, illegal logging and construction ====

Encroachment, illegal tree felling, illegal construction are major threats to the forest.<ref name="mangar6">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/over-500-trees-cut-in-mangar-bani-forest-land-levelled/story-odxfpftOhRpA77IyRffcUK.html Over 500 trees cut in Mangar Bani, forest land levelled], Hindustan Times, 7 Dec 2015.</ref> Nearby [[Bandhwari#Concerns: Waste-to-energy plant and landfill|Bandhwari Waste-to-energy plant and landfill]] is already causing an environmental threat to the sensitive ecology by leeching toxic pollutants in the forest and aquifers. In 2017, [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT) ordered the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) to the test the groundwater sample near Bandhwari plant.<ref name="risk3">[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ngt-asks-cpcb-to-test-groundwater-sample-near-bandhwari-plant-1008325-2017-08-01 NGT asks CPCB to test groundwater sample near Bandhwari plant], India Today, 1 Aug 2017.</ref><ref name="risk1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/only-30-from-5-villages-show-up-for-impact-study-on-bandhwari/articleshow/63405359.cms Only 30 villagers turn up for impact study], Times of India, 2018.</ref><ref name="mangar5">[https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-gurugram/20140304/281848641527054 Bandhwari shut, forest bears waste brunt], PressReader.</ref>

==== Littering and vandalism ====

As of July 2021, the site was unprotected both in terms of physical security as well as legal forests and archaeological status. Site is littered with trash, such as empty beer bottles, cola cans, cigarette butts, wrappers of snacks. As the more people visit this unsecured and vulnerable site, which is also exposed to the weather and erosion, will expedite the deterioration of site.<ref name=mangr1/>

=== Conservation ===
{{anchor | Mangar Bani forest restoration }}

==== Unprotected legal status ====

Mangar Bani, which was panchayat common land till 1970 was converted to private land in the 1980s, and in 2012 the union environment ministry put the Mangar Development plan on hold. Though as early as 2015, [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], had announced that Mangar Bani will be declared a protected forest with a 500-meter buffer zone,<ref name=mangar7>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-view/mangar-bani-forest-preserve-biodiversity-to-ensure-ecological-security/story-6a4KTKSlkHkI3qtiHpzmaO.html Mangar Bani forest: Preserve biodiversity to ensure ecological security], Hindustan Times, 18 June 2015.</ref> as of July 2021, with its at-risk ecology, yet to be protected under the [[Forests Department, Haryana|Forests Act]].<ref name=mangr1/>

==== Demand for protected forest and archaeological site status ====

As of July 2021, the site was unprotected both in terms of physical security as well as legal forests and archaeological status. Site is littered with trash, such as empty beer bottles, cola cans, cigarette butts, wrappers of snacks. As the more people visit this unsecured and vulnerable site, which is also exposed to the weather and erosion, will expedite the deterioration of site. Both, the officials of Haryana Archaeological Department and wildlife activists, agree that the forests of Mangar Bani and Gurgaon-Faridabad Aravalli must be legally declared a heritage-eco zone to ensure the area is protected from illegal mining and encroachment. Sunil Harsana, the wildlife activist who discovered the site underscores this by saying, ''"The site needs urgent protection. You never know who will visit the site and carve their name or ‘hearts’ alongside the prehistoric carvings, just for the fun of it."'' Director of Haryana Archaeological Department said ''"We don't even know how many of these sites must have been destroyed because of mining and exploitation of the Aravallis. They need urgent protection. As the oldest mountain range in the world, they carry important clues to help us understand our origins and have a lot of stories to tell about the Indian subcontinent."''<ref name=mangr1/>

====Future conservation plan, heritage and eco-tourism====

With a conservation plan, site can be developed for heritage and eco-tourism, providing economic and employment opportunities for the residents of the area. [[Ashok Khemka]], Principal Secretary to Haryana government, said in early July that the Haryana Archaeological Department will legally protected by ''"issuing orders to protect Mangar Bani under Section 4 of the Punjab Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964, and that experts in paleolithic cave paintings will be carrying out an extensive survey of the area."''<ref name=mangr1/>

There are demands by activists to prepare and implement a time-bound conservation plan, with the fixed accountability of the concerned officials, to have it declared as the [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

==See also==

{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Haryana}}

; Mesolithic archaeological sites
* [[Anangpur#Cave|Anangpur Caves]] ([[Faridabad]])
* [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] ([[Bhopal]])
* [[Pahargarh Caves]] ([[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]])

; Biodiversity and ecology
* [[Gurgaon district#Safari|Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari]]
* [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards|Leopards of Haryana]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana]]

; History and culture
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list of heritage sites|Potential UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India]]
* [[Surajkund#Surajkund International Crafts Mela|Surajkund International Crafts Mela]]
* [[Tourism in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://haryanaforest.gov.in/ Haryana Forest Department]
* [https://www.ghoomakard.com/camp-wild-dhauj-near-delhi/]

{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}
{{Protected areas of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Zoos of India}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Biodiversity Worldwide}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Rock art in India| ]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Haryana]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Ridges of India]]
[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]

Metropolis

2026-03-17T13:35:43Z

Barkatofficial: improve section further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Large city or conurbation}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[New York City|New York]] has garnered the [[List of nicknames of New York City|nickname]] ''[[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]]'' to describe the city in the daytime in popular culture, contrasting with ''[[Gotham City|Gotham]]'', sometimes used to describe New York at night.<ref name="NYCDailyNewsNicknames">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/gotham-metropolis-nyc-best-nicknames-article-1.2556511|title=From Gotham to Metropolis: A look at NYC's best nicknames|author=Keri Blakinger|author-link=Keri Blakinger|newspaper=Daily News|location=New York|date=March 8, 2016|access-date=August 6, 2017|archive-date=November 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105170635/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/gotham-metropolis-nyc-best-nicknames-article-1.2556511|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Jakarta Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Skyline of [[Jakarta]], the world's most populous metropolis]]
[[File:London Skyline (125508655).jpeg|thumb|upright=1.35|Skyline of [[London]], which was once the [[metropole]] of the [[British Empire]]]]
{{World city population tables}}

A '''metropolis'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|us|m|ə|ˈ|t|r|ɑː|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|m|ə|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author= |title=metropolis (English pronunciation) |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/metropolis |encyclopedia=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250627141145/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/metropolis |archive-date=2025-06-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|usalso|m|ᵻ|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|p|əl|ɪ|s|audio=En-us-metropolis.ogg}}<ref name="oxforddictionarymetropolis">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/metropolis?q=Metropolis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093630/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/metropolis?q=Metropolis |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |title=Definition of Metropolis |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=March 2, 2016}}</ref>}} is a large [[city]] or [[conurbation]] which is a significant economic, political, and cultural area for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.

A big city belonging to a larger [[urban area|urban agglomeration]], but which is not the core of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it. The plural of the word is ''metropolises'',<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/metropolis |title=Definition of metropolis |dictionary=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=October 23, 2012 |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203025906/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/metropolis? |url-status=live }}</ref> although the Latin plural is {{lang|la|metropoles}}, from the Greek {{lang|grc-latn|metropoleis}} ({{lang|grc|μητρoπόλεις}}).

For urban areas outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction on a smaller scale for their region, the concept of the [[regiopolis]] ("regio" for short) was introduced by urban and regional planning researchers in Germany in 2006.<ref>Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universität Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". December 11, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2009 (pdf).</ref>

==Etymology==
{{lang|grc-latn|Metropolis}} ({{lang|grc-Grek|μητρόπολις|italic=no}}) is a [[Greek language|Greek]] word, (plural: {{lang|grc-latn|metropoleis}}) coming from {{lang|grc-Grek|μήτηρ|italic=no}}, {{lang|grc-latn|mḗtēr}} meaning "mother" and {{lang|grc-Grek|πόλις|italic=no}}, {{lang|grc-latn|pólis}} meaning "city" or "town", which is how the [[Greek colonisation|Greek colonies]] of antiquity referred to their original cities, with whom they retained cultic and political-cultural connections. The word was used in post-classical Latin for the chief city of a province, the seat of the government and, in particular, [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|ecclesiastically for the seat or see]] of a [[metropolitan bishop]] to whom [[suffragan bishop]]s were responsible.<ref>Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): [http://www.iste.co.uk/book.php?id=1591 ''Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121141134/http://iste.co.uk/book.php?id=1591 |date=January 21, 2020 }}. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) {{ISBN|9781786304995}}.</ref> This usage equates the province with the [[diocese]] or [[episcopal see]].<ref>"metropolis, n." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, June 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/117704. Retrieved December 19, 2017; "polis, n.2." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, June 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/146859. Retrieved December 19, 2017.</ref>

In a colonial context, it is the "mother city" of a [[colony]], that is, the city which sent out settlers. The word has distant roots in the [[Greek colonisation|colonial past of Ancient Greece]] with first usage in [[Middle English]] around the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Definition of METROPOLIS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metropolis |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107224021/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metropolis |url-status=live }}</ref> This was later generalized to a city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or any large, important city in a nation.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Concept==
The concept of a "metropolis" as a "mother city" dates back to at least sixth-century [[Canterbury]], where the term was used in a religious context, but the term began to be used to describe a large secular city starting with 16th-century London.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Significance of the Metropolis|first=Richard|last=Rodger|date=2012|journal=Thick Space: Approaches to Metropolitanism|page=2}}</ref> London's cultural influence meant that until the 19th century, concepts of the "metropolis" were rarely used to describe other cities, though Edinburgh was also described as a "metropolis."<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Significance of the Metropolis|first=Richard|last=Rodger|date=2012|journal=Thick Space: Approaches to Metropolitanism|page=4}}</ref> While metropolis can often mean any large city, the metropolis is generally understood as a city which serves as a particular function as opposed to simply being large.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rykiel|first=Zbigniew|date=2012|page=24|title=Concepts of the metropolis as a form of the city and region: inspirations for sociology|journal=Przestrzeń Społeczna|volume=3}}</ref>

Modern ideas of a metropolis have changed as modern city growth has created "polycentric" urban regions, where one city does not necessarily dominate its surroundings but instead is central to an economic region. Instead of a single "metropolis" fulfilling an economic role, large urban areas such as the Tokyo–Osaka corridor or the southern California built up area have been considered as a modern "metropolis" even though the region encompasses multiple cities.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Regional urbanization and the end of the metropolis era|first=Edward W.|last=Soja|title=Cities in the 21st Century|page=686|year=2016|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

== Usage as a mainland area ==
In France, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands, the word ''metropolis'' (''métropole'' (French) / ''metrópole'' (Portuguese) / ''metrópoli'' (Spanish) / ''metropool'' (Dutch)) designates the mainland part of a country situated on or close to the European mainland; in the case of France, this means France without its [[overseas departments and regions of France|overseas departments]]. For Portugal and Spain during the [[Spanish Empire]] and [[Portuguese Empire]] period, the term was used to designate Portugal or Spain minus its colonies (the ''Ultramar''). In France ''métropole'' can also be used to refer to a large [[urban area|urban agglomeration]]; for example, "La Métropole de Lyon" (the [[Lyon Metropolis]]).

== By country ==
The following countries either have a specific legal definition of "metropolis" or have a history of usage of the term (or a similar term).

=== Americas ===
==== Brazil ====
The term used in [[Brazilian Portuguese]] for a metropolitan area is ''Região Metropolitana''. In Brazil, the [[Greater São Paulo]] is the principal metropolis with over 21 million inhabitants. In the larger cities, such as [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]] (population 12 million), [[favelas]] (slums) grew up over decades as people migrated from rural areas in order to find work. Other metropolises in Brazil with more than one million inhabitants include: [[Belém]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brasília]], [[Campinas]], [[Curitiba]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Goiânia]], [[Maceió]], [[Manaus]], [[Porto Alegre]], [[Recife]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] and [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]].

==== Canada ====
{{See also|List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada}}

[[Statistics Canada]] defines a [[census metropolitan area]] as one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core where the urban core has a population of at least 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/reference/dict/geo009.htm |title=census metropolitan area (cma) and census agglomeration (ca), 2001 census |publisher=2.statcan.ca |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930150918/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/reference/dict/geo009.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canada's six largest metropolises are [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], [[Ottawa]], [[Calgary]], and [[Edmonton]].

==== Mexico ====
{{See also|Metropolitan areas of Mexico}}

In Mexico, a metropolis is an urban area with a high concentration of population and activities, interacting with nearby municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/zonas_metropolitanas2000/completo.pdf|title=Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México|website=Consejo Nacional de Población|access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> The Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) last reviewed the criteria in 2018, and from that date, a metropolitan area in Mexico is defined as: a set of two or more municipalities where a city with a population of at least 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality, incorporating within its area of direct influence the predominantly urban neighboring municipalities, maintaining a high degree of socioeconomic integration. Also included are those municipalities that, due to their particular characteristics, are relevant to urban planning and policy for each metropolitan area.<ref name="conapo2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.gob.mx/conapo/documentos/delimitacion-de-las-zonas-metropolitanas-de-mexico-2015 |title=Delimitation of Mexico's Metropolitan Areas 2015 |publisher=CONAPO |language=es |access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> The six largest metropolitan areas are the [[Mexico City]], [[Monterrey]], [[Guadalajara]], [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]], [[Toluca]] and [[Tijuana]].

==== United States ====
{{See also|List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas}}
[[File:Top of Rock Cropped.jpg|thumb|[[New York City|New York]] is the largest city in the [[United States|U.S.]]]]

In the United States, an [[Incorporation (municipal government)|incorporated]] area or group of areas having a population more than 50,000 is required to have a [[metropolitan planning organization]] in order to facilitate major infrastructure projects and to ensure financial solvency. Thus, a population of 50,000 or greater has been used as a de facto standard to define a ''metropolis'' in the United States. A similar definition is used by the [[United States Census Bureau]]. The bureau defines a [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] as "at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more inhabitants." The six largest metropolitan areas in the United States are [[New York City|New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], with New York being the largest.

=== Asia ===
==== China ====
[[File:Shanghai skyline 2018(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Shanghai]], the most populous urban city in [[China]]]]
China has 60 megacities. The most populous megacities include [[Shenyang]], [[Dalian]], [[Changchun]] and [[Harbin]] in Northeast China; [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]] in North China; [[Xi'an]] in Northwest China; [[Chongqing]] and [[Chengdu]] in Southwest China; [[Wuhan]] in Central China, [[Shanghai]], [[Nanjing]], [[Suzhou]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Jinan]], [[Qingdao]] in East China, and [[Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Sanya]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] in Southern China. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing are municipalities directly under the central government.

==== India ====
{{See also|List of metropolitan areas in India}}
The 74th Amendment to the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] defines a [[metropolitan area]] as an area having a population of 10 Lakh (1 Million) or more, comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be a Metropolitan area. As of [[2011 Census of India]], [[India]] has [[List of cities in India by population|46 other cities]] with populations greater than one million.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals Urban Agglomerations and Cities|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf|website=Census of India 2011|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=April 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403173544/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi]], [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai]], [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Kolkata]], [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|Hyderabad]], [[Pune Metropolitan Region|Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kochi metropolitan area|Kochi]], are among the largest of [[List of metropolitan areas in India|23 metropolitan cities in India]].

==== Japan ====
[[File:Blue Hour over Tokyo (11753289395).jpg|thumb|[[Tokyo]], the capital and largest city of [[Japan]]]]

The Japanese legal term ''to'' (都) is by designation to be translated as "metropolis".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jlgc.org/en/pdf/localg2006.PDF
|title=Local Government in Japan
|access-date=October 16, 2007
|publisher=Council of Local Authorities for International Relations
|pages=41
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025030339/http://www.jlgc.org/en/pdf/localg2006.PDF
|archive-date=October 25, 2007
}}</ref> However, existing translations predate the designation.{{clarify|date=June 2024}} Structured like a [[prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] instead of a normal city, there is only one ''to'' in Japan, namely Tokyo. {{As of|2020}}, Japan has [[list of cities in Japan|12 other cities]] with populations greater than one million. The same [[Kanji]] character in Chinese, or in generic Japanese (traditional or non-specific), translates variously—city, municipality, special municipality—all qualify.

==== Philippines ====
[[File:Ortigas Tonight.jpg|thumb|[[Metro Manila]], the most populous metropolitan area in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Philippines has three metropolises as defined by the [[National Economic and Development Authority]]. They are [[Metro Manila|Manila]], [[Cebu City|Cebu]], and [[Davao City|Davao]].<ref name="neda">{{Cite web |url=http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf |title=Philippine Development Plan 2017–2022, Chapter 3: An overlay of economic growth, demographic trends and physical characteristics |year=2017 |website=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] |access-date=April 21, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725173756/http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Greater Manila Area]] is the contiguous urbanization region or Extended Metropolitan Manila surrounding Metro Manila. This built-up zone includes [[Metro Manila]] and the neighboring provinces of [[Bulacan]] to the north, [[Cavite]] and [[Laguna, Philippines|Laguna]] to the south, and [[Rizal, Philippines|Rizal]] to the east. Though sprawl continues to absorb new zones, some urban zones are independent clusters of settlements surrounded by non-urban areas.

==== South Korea ====
In the South Korea, there are seven special and metropolitan cities at autonomous administrative levels. These are the most populous metropolitan areas in the country. In decreasing order of the population of 2015 census, they are [[Seoul]], [[Busan]], [[Incheon]], [[Daegu]], [[Daejeon]], [[Gwangju]] and [[Ulsan]].

According to the census of 2015, cities of [[Changwon]] and [[Suwon]] also qualify for being elevated to the level of metropolitan cities (having population over 1 million), but any future plans to promote them into metropolitan city are unlikely to be accepted because of political concerns about the [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|structure of administrative divisions]]. There are also some county-level cities with increasing population near 1 million, namely [[Goyang]], [[Yongin]], and [[Seongnam]], but they are also unlikely to be promoted into metropolitan city because they are all [[Satellite town|satellite cities]] of [[Seoul]].

=== Europe ===
[[File:Eiffel Tower and La Défense from Tour Montparnasse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Skyline of [[Paris]], which is the [[List of urban areas in Europe|most populated urban area]] in the [[European Union]] and [[France]]]]
==== France ====
{{Main|Métropole}}

A 2014 law allowed any group of [[Communes of France|communes]] to cooperate in a larger administrative division called a ''[[métropole]]''. One métropole, [[Lyon Metropolis|Lyon]], also has status as a [[Departments of France|department]].

France's national statistics institute, [[Insee]], designates 12 of the country's [[Urban area (France)|urban areas]] as ''metropolitan areas''. [[Paris]], [[Lyon]] and [[Marseille]] are the biggest, the other nine being [[Toulouse]], [[Lille]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Nice]], [[Nantes]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Rennes]], [[Grenoble]] and [[Montpellier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1280952 |title=Un maillage du territoire français |trans-title=A network of French territory |language=fr |first=Chantal |last=Brutel |publisher={{Lang|fr|[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]]|italic=no}} |date=January 18, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424060312/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1280952 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Germany ====
{{Main|Metropolitan regions in Germany}}

The largest German city by administrative borders is [[Berlin]], while [[Rhine-Ruhr]] is the largest metropolitan area (with more than 10 million people). The importance of a city is measured with three groups of indicators, also called metropolitan functions: The decision making and control function, the innovation and competition function, and the gateway function. These functions are seen as key domains for metropolitan regions in developing their performance.

In spatial planning, a metropolis is usually observed within its regional context, thus the focus is mainly set on the metropolitan regions. These regions can be mono central or multi central. Eleven metropolitan regions have been defined due to these indicators: [[Berlin Metropolitan Region|Berlin-Brandenburg]], [[Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region|Bremen-Oldenburg]], [[Central German Metropolitan Region|Dresden-Halle-Leipzig]], [[Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region|Frankfurt-Rhine-Main]], [[Hamburg Metropolitan Region|Hamburg]], [[Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region|Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg]], [[Munich]], [[Nuremberg Metropolitan Region|Nuremberg]], [[Rhine-Neckar]], [[Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region|Rhine-Ruhr]] (with [[Cologne/Bonn Region|Cologne/Bonn]]), and [[Stuttgart Metropolitan Region|Stuttgart]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/ |title=Initiativkreise Europäische Metropolregion in Deutschland: IKM |publisher=Deutsche-metropolregionen.org |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517180006/http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Italy ====
{{Main|Metropolitan cities of Italy}}

As of January 1, 2015, there are 14 "metropolitan cities" in Italy. [[Rome]], [[Milan]], [[Naples]] and other big cores have taken in urban zones from their surrounding areas and merged them into the new entities, which have been home for one out of three Italians. The [[Italian Provinces|provinces]] remained in the parts of the country not belonging to any Metropolitan City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/politics/2014/12/how-italy-put-cities-in-charge/383719|title=How Italy puts cities in charge|date=August 2, 2023|access-date=December 16, 2014|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203135408/http://www.citylab.com/politics/2014/12/how-italy-put-cities-in-charge/383719/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
{{Main|Metropolitan areas in Poland}}

[[File:Warsaw skyline Świętokrzyski Bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Warsaw]], the capital and largest city of [[Poland]]]]

The ''Union of Polish metropolises'' ({{langx|pl|[[:pl:Unia Metropolii Polskich|Unia Metropolii Polskich]]}}), established in 1990, is an organization of the largest cities in the country. Currently twelve cities are members of the organization, of which 11 have more than a quarter-million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan area in Poland, if ranked solely by the number of inhabitants, is the [[Katowice metropolitan area]] with around 3 million inhabitants (5 million inhabitants in the [[Katowice–Ostrava metropolitan area]]). The [[Metropolis GZM]] is an initiative of recent years attempting to unite [[Katowice urban area|the conurbation]] into one official urban unit. It is followed by [[Warsaw]], with around 1.7 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.1 million in the [[Warsaw metropolitan area]]. Other Polish metropolises are [[Kraków metropolitan area|Kraków]], [[Łódź metropolitan area|Łódź]], [[Wrocław metropolitan area|Wrocław]], [[Poznań metropolitan area|Poznań]], [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]], [[Szczecin metropolitan area|Szczecin]] and [[Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area|Bydgoszcz–Toruń]].

==== Turkey ====
{{Main|Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey}}

[[File:Maslak kerembarut.jpg|thumb|[[Istanbul]] is the largest city in [[Turkey]]]]
In Turkey, the metropolitan cities are described as "büyükşehir". There are 30 metropolitan municipalities in Turkey now and metropolitan municipality borders would overlap with provincial borders. The largest by far is [[Istanbul]], followed by [[Ankara]], [[İzmir]] and [[Bursa]]. [[Istanbul]], the largest city in Europe in terms of population, has a population of over 15 million. The city has surpassed [[London]] and [[Dubai]] to become the [[List of cities by international visitors|most visited city]] in the world, with more than {{nowrap|20 million}} foreign visitors in 2023. This city, which played an important role in the spread of Christianity, is an important heritage for European culture.

==== United Kingdom ====
{{See also|List of urban areas in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:City of London skyline from London City Hall - Oct 2008.jpg|thumb|London is the largest city in the [[United Kingdom]]]]
In the United Kingdom, the term ''the Metropolis'' was historically used to exclusively refer to the cities of London and Westminster, at the heart of what later became the [[Greater London Built-up Area]]. The term is retained by the Greater London police force, the [[Metropolitan Police]] (the "Met"), formed in 1829. The chief officer of the Metropolitan Police is formally known as the [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis]].

The [[Metropolis Management Act 1855]] created the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]], covering an area now known as [[Inner London]], and in 1889 this became the elected [[London County Council]].

Since 1974, six [[conurbation]]s in England (outside London) have been known as [[metropolitan counties]], each divided into [[metropolitan districts]]. These counties are [[South Yorkshire]] (centred on the city of [[Sheffield]]), the [[West Midlands conurbation|West Midlands]] (including [[Birmingham]]), [[West Yorkshire]] (including [[Leeds]]), [[Merseyside]] (including [[Liverpool]]), [[Greater Manchester]] and [[Tyne & Wear]] (including [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]). [[Greater Glasgow]], [[South Hampshire]], [[Nottingham Urban Area]], [[Greater Bristol]], [[Belfast metropolitan area]], and [[Leicester urban area]] are also large conurbations with more than half a million citizens.

==== Sweden ====
{{See also|List of metropolitan areas in Sweden}}
In Sweden, the term ''metropolis'' has been used to exclusively refer to Stockholm or [[Greater Stockholm]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{See also|List of cities in Australia by population}}

The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] defines a metropolitan area as any statistical division or district with a population of more than 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=1217.0.55.001 – Glossary of Statistical Geography Terminology, 2003 |date=October 29, 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/32eb1b908521ad75ca2571220079feee!OpenDocument#M |access-date=June 24, 2012 |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310030745/https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/32eb1b908521ad75ca2571220079feee!OpenDocument#M |url-status=live }}</ref> According to this definition, there are currently 19 metropolitan areas in Australia, including every state capital. By population, the largest metropolitan area is [[Sydney]] (urban area population at 2020 Census of 5,367,206) and the smallest is [[Bendigo]] (urban area population at 2020 Census of 100,632). Rapid urban growth in Victoria has seen the 'Manhattanization' of [[Melbourne]], with high-rise clusters in South Yarra, Box Hill, Moonee Ponds and Footscray. The regional city of [[Geelong]] which is approximately 40 miles south west of Melbourne, has seen the emergence of high-rise office and apartment buildings in recent years. Geelong is the fastest growing regional city in Australia, and its growth will transform the Port Phillip region in a similar manner to San Francisco's Bay Area. (urban area population at 2020 Census of 160,991).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Media%20Release12016?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2016&num=&view=|title=Media Release – Ten years of growth: Australia's population hotspots (Media Release)|last=Statistics|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|website=abs.gov.au|access-date=January 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930073403/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Media%20Release12016?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2016&num=&view=|archive-date=September 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Megalopolis]]
* [[Metropole]]
* [[Metropolitan area]]

=== Other city types ===
* [[Global city]]
* [[Megacity]]

=== Lists ===
* [[List of largest cities]]

=== Planning theories ===
* [[New Urbanism]]
* [[Smart growth]]
* [[Transit-oriented development]]

=== Others ===
* [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
* [[Ekistics]]
* [[Settlement hierarchy]]
* [[Sustainable city]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Metropolis}}
* [https://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html Census.gov], [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], ''About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistics''
* [http://www.metroforum.com/ MetroForum.com], forum dedicated to discussions on metropolis
* [https://archive.today/20121210191822/http://www.blog.ar2com.de/megalopolis/ Blog.ar2com.de], a podcast with a worldwide analysis of megacities (focus Latin America)
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20091027184144/http%3A//www.e%2Dgeopolis.eu/ |title=E-geopolis.eu |date=October 27, 2009}}: research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France
* See [[Ronald Daus]]´s bibliography, researcher at the [[Free University of Berlin]]

{{Cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urban geography]]
[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Lists of cities]]
[[Category:Greek colonization]]
[[Category:Urban areas]]
[[Category:Settlement geography]]
[[Category:Types of cities]]

Faraar (1975 film)

2026-03-14T04:08:53Z

Barkatofficial: Creating page.

{{About||the 1955 film|Faraar (1955 film)|the 2015 film|Faraar (2015 film)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Faraar (1975)
| image = Faraar 1975 poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = फरार
| director = Shankar Mukherjee
| producer = Alankar Chitra
| writer = [[Gulzar]] Madhusudan Kalekar Khayaae [[Akhil Kumar]] Prtho Mukherjee
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = K.H. Kapadia
| editing = Babu Lavande
| studio = [[Filmistan Studio]] Filmways Studios K. Asif Studios
| distributor = Alankar Chitra Trimurti Films Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{film date|df=y|1975|11|21}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Faraar''''' ({{Translation|Absconding}}) is a 1975 [[Bollywood]] [[crime film]] drama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-24 |title=Faraar (1975) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/faraar-1975/article4340432.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=‘Amitabh Bachchan had less work than me’: Master Raju recalls when Big B would wait as he shot for Faraar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-less-work-than-master-raju-faraar-sets-big-b-scolded-10523901/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Alankar Chitra and directed by Shanker Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iconic film posters to rare photographs: Amitabh Bachchan memorabilia up for auction ahead of superstar's birthday |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/2023/09/30/amitabh-bachchan-shahenshah-indian-cinema-memorabilia-big-b-birthday-auction.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Iconic film posters to rare photographs: Amitabh Bachchan memorabilia up for auction ahead of superstar's birthday |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochna]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] and [[Bhagwan Dada]]. The music is by [[Kalyanji Anandji]]. The movie was remade in Malayalam by [[Priyadarshan]] as ''[[Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya]]''. The rights & IPR of this film are now owned by Ruchi Pictures.

==Plot==
Faraar is a taut emotional thriller that explores the tension between justice, vengeance, and moral duty. The story follows Rajesh, a modest, law-abiding man whose life is shattered when his beloved sister is brutally raped and murdered by a wealthy man named Kishanlal. Despite the overwhelming evidence of his guilt, Kishanlal escapes conviction through money and influence, exploiting a system that favors the rich. This injustice transforms Rajesh from a peace-loving citizen into a desperate man bent on revenge.

Unable to endure the mockery of justice, Rajesh takes the law into his own hands and kills Kishanlal. In that single act, he crosses the line from victim to outlaw. The same society that failed him now brands him a criminal. With the police on his trail, Rajesh becomes a fugitive — the “faraar” of the title — and flees from the city, seeking refuge in a quiet hill station. Fate, however, leads him to an unexpected and emotionally complex hiding place.

He breaks into a secluded bungalow, hoping to find temporary shelter, only to discover that it belongs to Inspector Sanjay, the very officer leading the manhunt for him. Even more shocking is the presence of Sanjay’s wife, Asha — who was once Rajesh’s sweetheart before circumstances tore them apart. Asha, now living a peaceful domestic life, is stunned to see Rajesh reappear as a wanted criminal. Rajesh, realizing the danger he faces, takes the couple’s young son hostage as protection, though he never harms or frightens the boy.

As days pass, the situation evolves from fear and tension to deep emotional conflict. Rajesh forms a tender bond with the child, seeing in him the innocence and love his own life has lost. Asha is torn between her duty as a wife and mother and her lingering compassion for the man she once loved. Meanwhile, Inspector Sanjay remains unaware that the fugitive he seeks is hiding under his own roof — until mounting clues slowly lead him to the truth.

The film builds toward a moral and emotional climax as the three central figures confront their intertwined fates. When Sanjay finally discovers Rajesh’s identity, a violent showdown seems inevitable. Yet, in the end, Faraar transcends its thriller structure to become a story about the human cost of justice denied. Rajesh, wounded and exhausted, chooses not to fight any longer. Mortally shot by the police, he dies in Sanjay’s arms, expressing neither hatred nor regret — only the sorrow of a man who found justice too late. His death serves as a tragic commentary on a society where law and morality often diverge.

The film concludes with Rajesh’s funeral pyre burning against a somber sky — a visual symbol of both redemption and futility. Faraar stands out as a powerful exploration of vengeance, love, and ethical conflict, elevated by fine performances and Salil Chowdhury’s haunting music.

==Cast==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Rajesh (Raj)
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Mala / Asha<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranwal |first=Rishika |title=Sridevi, Waheeda Rehman, Sharmila Tagore: 5 Bollywood actresses who played both mothers and lovers to the same actor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-sridevi-waheeda-rehman-sharmila-tagore-5-bollywood-actresses-who-played-both-lover-and-mother-to-same-actor-3134256 |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Inspector Sanjay
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Raj's Mother
*Rajan Haksar as Tarun Kumar
*[[Sapru (actor)|D.K. Sapru]] as Defence Lawyer
*[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] as the Constable
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as the Police Commissioner
*Irrfan khan as young Rajesh Kumar Srivastav

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Main Pyaasa Tum Sawan (Duet)"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Main Pyaasa Tum Sawan (Male)"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| 3
| "Main Pyaasi Tum Sawan (Female)"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4
| "Humra Yeh Dil Jaani" (version 1)
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 5
| "Yeh Zindagi Kya Hai"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 6
| "Humra Yeh Dil Jaani" (version 2)
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0072972|title=Faraar}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]

Matri Vav

2026-03-10T02:24:05Z

Barkatofficial: Created a info

{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Matri Vav
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location_town = Kankavati, Dhrangadhra Taluka, [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]]
|location_country = India
|architect = Local
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = Approximately early 17th century
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Indian architecture]]
| floor_count =
|designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] State Protected Monument No. S-GJ-218
|mapframe-zoom =14
|mapframe-marker=water
}}
'''Matri Vav''' is a [[stepwell]] in Kankavati village of Dhrangadhra Taluka of [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain-Neubauer |first=Jutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC&q=khodiyar+stepwell |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02284-3 |pages=24, 48 |language=en}}</ref> It was approximately built in early 17th century. The stepped corridor of the stepwell has five pavilion-towers and four intermediate frames. It has decorated niches and well shaft.

== History ==
The dating of the stepwell is difficult due to the lack of decorative or sculptural elements in the stepwell as well as due to simple and basic architectural layout of the stepwell.<ref name=":0" /> It was approximately built in early 17th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-10 |title=The subterranean beauty of the Matri vav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/the-subterranean-beauty-of-the-matri-vav/articleshow/67017601.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is told that it was built by Rana Bimsinhji.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Purnima Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWmiDAAAQBAJ&dq=Matri+stepwell&pg=PT34 |title=Her Space, Her Story: Exploring the Stepwells of Gujarat |date=2014-12-16 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-84757-08-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKAUAQAAMAAJ&q=Matri+stepwell |title=Census of India, 1991: Surendranagar |date=1992 |publisher=Government Photo Litho Press |language=en}}</ref> It is a state protected monument (S-GJ-218).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Protected Monuments List |url=http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193421/http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27 |access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The stepwell is built in an artificial lake and thus stays submerged in the water most of time. It was built in the lake because it can provide water during the drought when the lake dries up but the well would supply the water collected below the level of the lake.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It has the common features of the stepwells but the stepped corridor is built on the bed of the lake instead of under ground as in the other stepwells.<ref name=":0" /> The stone embankment of about one foot is visible from outside.<ref name=":1" /> It is built from [[Sandstone|red sandstone]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UawiUkaeJt8 |title=Matri Vav - Kankavati, Dhrangadhra - માત્રી વાવ - કંકાવટી, ધ્રાંગધ્રા |date=2021-06-20 |last=Zala |first=Asha |type=Video |language=gu |time=00:04 |time-caption=Notice Board, Archaeology Department, Government of Gujarat |access-date=2024-11-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

It is constructed in an east-west direction with the entrance in the east and the circular well in the west.<ref name=":0" /> The entrance is located under the tin-sheet roof.<ref name=":1" /> The stepped corridor has five pavilion-towers alternating with four intermediate frames having double bracing crossbars each.<ref name=":0" />

The structure of the stepwell results in an elongated rectangular platform with open spaces; formed by the gaps between the pavilion-towers and of the well, on the top. Thus this platform forms two half-metre wide parallel paths on the side walls of the stepwell which meets at the end in a circular path surrounding the well. These paths also meet each other by the platforms and crossbars of the pavilion-towers and intermediate frames. Some steps from the entrance leads to this platform level while the other steps lead to the stepped corridor going down the well.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The pavilion-towers have less decoration while the well shaft is profusely decorated.<ref name=":4" /> The circular well has two beams at the top; longer one in the middle supported by brackets which a shorter one supported by corbels. The longer beam has a decoration of small [[kirtimukha]], in middle, on its vertical side.<ref name=":0" />

There are large and beautifully carved niches with decorated crown pieces in both side walls of the each pavilion-towers landings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The first pavilion-tower is converted into a temple and its niches have a statue of [[Ganesha]] and a [[Trishula|trident]] carving respectively. The niches in the fourth pavilion-tower have Ganesha and [[Vishnu]] respectively.<ref name=":1" /> The stepwell is named after Matri, the mother-goddess, whose image is said to be present in the lower storeys of the stepwell.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The lower storeys are reached only by narrow ledges on the side walls.<ref name=":1" /> The decorative elements include erotic sculptures as well as geometric, natural and mythical motifs.<ref name=":4" /> There are shrines of Koteshwar and Matreshwar Mahadev.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 17th century]]

Saka – The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib

2026-03-08T02:54:18Z

Barkatofficial: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saka - The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib
| image = Promotional_poster_for_'Saka_–_The_Martyrs_of_Nankana_Sahib'_(2016_film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Jagmeet Singh Samundri
| producer = Sukhbir Sandhar Harvinder Singh Sandhar
| writer = Jagmeet Singh Samundri
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mukul Dev]] [[Aman Dhaliwal]] [[Oshin Brar]] Ramit Ghai
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Sukhbir Sandhar Films pvt. Ltd
| distributor = Sandhar Films And Music
| released = {{Film date|2016|04|08}}
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref name="British Board of Film Classification">{{cite web | title=SAKA - THE MARTYRS OF NANKANA SAHIB | website=British Board of Film Classification | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/saka-martyrs-nankana-sahib-2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508213637/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/saka-martyrs-nankana-sahib-2016 | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 May 2016 | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Saka – The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib''''' is an Indian [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi historical film]] about 1921 [[Nankana massacre|Nankana Sahib massacre]] directed and written by Jagmeet Singh Samundri, starring [[Mukul Dev]], [[Aman Dhaliwal]], and [[Oshin Brar]].<ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Martyrdom tale to come alive on silver screen | website=Tribune India| date=20 April 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/martyrdom-tale-to-come-alive-on-silver-screen/199962.html | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015">{{cite web | title=Sikh history inspires Jagmeet, director of upcoming film ‘Saka’ | website=hindustantimes.com | date=21 October 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sikh-history-inspires-jagmeet-director-of-upcoming-film-saka/story-Be0nCxOTlToOFcQhriHBbJ.html | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about a massacre ([[Saka]]) that happened during Sikh protests of 1920-21 in peaceful efforts to liberate [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]] at [[Nankana Sahib]].

==Cast==
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Lachhman Singh Dharowali
* [[Aman Dhaliwal]]
* [[Oshin Brar]]
* [[Dev Kharoud]] as Kehar Singh
* [[Hardeep Gill]]
* Stass Klassen as British governor of Lahore ([[Edward Douglas MacLagan]])
* Mahabir Bhullar as Mahant Narain Dass

==Production==
===Filming===
The set of [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Gurudwara Sahib]] was raised at cost of {{INRConvert|50|l}} spreading over 2.5 acres at village [[Ucha Pind]], [[Phagwara]] by a team from Mumbai. Shooting was completed within 45 days as it rained incessantly during April 2015.<ref name="India 2016">{{cite web | author=India | title=Efforts on to get Saka released in Pakistan, ‘A’ certificate from Indian Board unfair | website=The Indian Express | date=4 April 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/efforts-on-to-get-saka-released-in-pakistan-a-certificate-from-indian-board-unfair/ | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref>

==Release==
It was released worldwide on 8 April 2016. [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] and team of film were angered at [[Central Board of Film Certification]] of India for giving 'A' certification to the film and at British Censors for '15 rating' to the film.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2016">{{cite web | title=Makkar fumes at CBFC’s ‘A’ certification for ‘Saka Nankana Sahib’ | website=hindustantimes.com | date=4 April 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/makkar-fumes-at-cbfc-s-a-certification-for-saka-nanakana-sahib/story-gBaFMcxX8XnbWtkyThlhbO.html | accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Producer blames film board for biased attitude|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/producer-blames-film-board-for-biased-attitude/218421.html}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5649612}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saka - The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1921]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Punjab Province in fiction]]

Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)

2026-03-03T21:24:47Z

Barkatofficial: slightly fixed article as per guidelines and added references

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Happy Birthday
| image = Happy_Birthday_(2016_Indian_film).jpg
| caption =
| director = Kiran Kumaru
| producer = Dhanalakshmi Cheluvaraayaswam Bhagya Sukhadhare
| writer = Sai Prasad
| screenplay = Sai Prasad
| story = Sai Prasad
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sachin Cheluvaraya Swamy|Sachin]] [[Samskruthy Shenoy]]
| narrator =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Suresh Jayakrishna
| editing = Cheluva Murthy
| studio = Swarnambika Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2016|08|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Happy Birthday''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[romantic action film]] written, directed and co-produced by Mahesh Sukhadhare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/250816/in-conversation-mahesh-sukhadhare-speaks-about-his-upcoming-film-happy-birthday.html|title=PIn Conversation: Mahesh Sukhadhare speaks about his upcoming film Happy Birthday|date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> It stars [[Sachin Cheluvaraya Swamy|Sachin]], making his debut,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheluvarayaswamy's Son to Debut in Happy Birthday|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/1008-happy-birthday.html|publisher=Chitraloka|date=June 2015}}</ref> and [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] in the lead roles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/1008-happy-birthday.html|title=Happy Birthday Heroine Samskruti Shenoy |publisher=Chitraloka}}</ref> along with guest appearances by actors [[Ambareesh]] and [[Srinagar Kitty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/ambareesh-and-srinagara-kitty-in-special-appearances|title=Ambareesh and Srinagara Kitty in special appearances|publisher=YTalkies}}</ref> The music of the film is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] whilst the cinematography is by Suresh Jayakrishna.

Principal photography for the film began in June 2015 by Sai Prasad and the shooting was held around [[Mandya]] district.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12016-sachin-starrer-happy-birthday-launched.html|title= Sachin Starrer Happy Birthday Launched|publisher= Chitraloka|date= 13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-on-floor-kannada-news-135187.html|title=Happy Birthday on floor|work=Indiaglitz|date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Sachin
* [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Anjali
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Ravi Kale]]
* Ninasam Ashwath
* [[Prashanth Siddi]]
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* [[Aruna Balraj]]
* Ashwini
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* Sanjay
* Harish Jayakrishna
* B Shilpa
* Disha Gowda
* Neethushree
* [[Ambareesh]] in a guest appearance
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] in a guest appearance
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Happy Birthday
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 23 July 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13447-happy-birthday-audio-releasing-on-july-23rd.html|title=Happy Birthday Audio Releasing on July 23rd|publisher=Chitraloka|date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = D-Beats
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] has composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack. The audio was officially launched by actor [[Yash (actor)|Yash]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Yash Releases Happy Birthday Songs |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13500-yash-releases-happy-birthday-songs.html|publisher=Chitraloka|date= 25 July 2015}}</ref> The event was attended by many celebrities from the cinema industry and political parties. It was held on 23 July 2016 at Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah grounds in [[Mandya]].

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Hogume Hogume
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Prathi Mounavu
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kaagegyaak Kankappu
| lyrics3 = Krishne Gowda
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Neenagi Helalilla
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = [[Vani Harikrishna]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Yen Varase
| lyrics5 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra5 = Vani Harikrishna
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Shyam Prasad S of [[Bangalore Mirror]] scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "At least two songs are blockbuster material. Aerial shots stop being impressive after a point due to excessive use of drones. The phrase, Happy Birthday, has a completely different meaning in some parts of rural Karnataka. If you don’t know what it is and are curious, the film may well provide you with more than the entertainment you asked for."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-happy-birthday/articleshow/53878342.cms?|title=MOVIE REVIEW: HAPPY BIRTHDAY|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "One of the highlights of the film is the Hogume song, which lingers on even after you've left the cinema hall. This film will work for audience that love their masala fare, replete with action, unpalatable comedy, romance and a fair share of melodrama too."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/happy-birthday/movie-review/53895392.cms?from=mdr|title=HAPPY BIRTHDAY MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 August 2016}}</ref>[[The Hindu]] wrote "The dialogues are set in the dialect of the region. With a stiff body language, Sachin can barely act or emote. Samskruthi saves the film partially with her performance. Achyuth Kumar and Rajesh Nataranga do what they can within their roles."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Happy-Birthday-review-An-excuse-for-a-launch/article14593199.ece/|title='Happy Birthday' review: An excuse for a launch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 August 2016 |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6035292}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/NatarajaService Facebook page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Happy Birthday}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Jayamma Panchayathi

2026-03-03T09:16:24Z

Barkatofficial: adding...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jayamma Panchayathi
| image = Jayamma Panchayathi (2022 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vijay Kumar Kalivarapu
| producer = Balaga Prakash
| writer = Vijay Kumar Kalivarapu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Suma Kanakala]]
}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = Anush Kumar
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| studio = Vennela Creations
| released = {{Film date|2022|5|6|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Jayamma Panchayathi''''' ({{translation|Jayamma's council}}) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[drama film]] written and directed by debutant Vijay Kumar Kalivarapu. The film stars [[Suma Kanakala]]. It features music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

''Jayamma Panchayathi'' was theatrically released on 6 May 2022.

==Plot==
Jayamma is a hard-working righteous person. Everyone in the village respects her a lot. Jayamma and her family consider the entire village as their own and never back down whenever people needed financial support during any functions or events. People of the village hence respect them and obey Jayamma and her strict principles. In the same village, there is a priest who resides in the hillside [[Shiva]] temple. He is very lazy by nature and has habits like drinking and gambling due to which villagers do not go to his temple except Mondays. He falls in love with a temple priest's daughter and she also reciprocates his love.

In the same village, a boy named Yesu Babu likes Jayamma's elder daughter Pushpa and tries to woo her by gifting her silver anklets. Pushpa also likes Yesu and likes spending time with him. Things get complicated when Jayamma's husband gets heart pain and the doctor tells her that he needs heart surgery immediately and it will cost {{INR}}400,000 for the treatment. Jayamma expects the return gifts from all the villagers for the first event in her family, invites everyone in the village and relatives and expects to treat her husband with the gift money. However, tables turn down when she receives only {{INR}}77,000 from villagers which shocks her. Determined to get gift money from everyone she starts going to each everyone's house and starts collecting gift money. She reaches out to each one individually and also seeks the village council to get her justice and ensure everyone gives her the gift money. Days go by and finally, only a few villagers remain to give her money.

The first person rejects to give money to Jayamma who is the elder brother of her husband and due to family disputes, he keeps no tie with the Jayamma family and rejects to help Jayamma. The second person is the villager whose kid had fallen sick and the villagers believe it is the work of a black magic guy who is mute and uneducated and always roams in the forest learning black magic tricks. Since his kid is fallen sick and serious he refuses to gift money to Jayamma and asks the council to throw the black magic guy in the village. But later it is revealed that the black magic guy is an [[ayurvedic]] practitioner and the kid who fell sick is his best friend to make the kid well he is roaming in the forest to find the medicine. Due to his medicine, the kid gets well soon and the villagers apologise to Jayamma and give her money. The priest said he will give money to Jayamma once he is married but at that moment it is revealed that the girl he loves belongs to a lower caste and the village head throws the family out of the village. Later they realize their mistake and allow the priest to marry his lover.

The boy who roams around Pushpa is thrown out of the house as he used up the money buying anklets so Pushpa hides the boy in their attic. Later both of them are caught by Jayamma and run into the forest and are captured by [[naxals]]. Jayamma rescues them and warns the boy to stay away from her daughter. The father of the boy thanks her and helps her with money. Jayamma's brother-in-law passes away with the same disease as his brother, her sister-in-law ends the enmity between the families by helping Jayamma.

Thus, Jayamma saves her husband. Two years later Jayamama husband again falls sick due to a delay in operation and needs another surgery and villagers come to know that Jayamma is organizing functions for her younger daughter. The villagers run away in a nightmare.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Suma Kanakala]] as Jayamma
*Devi Prasad as Gauri Naidu
* Dinesh Kumar Kadambala
* Shalini Kondepudi
* Joy
* Nikitha
* Ganesh Yadav
* Bhuvan Saluru
* Gedela Trinadh
* Amma Ramakrishna
* Mayanandh Thakur
* Reddi Maheswara Rao
* D Hema
}}

== Production and release ==
''Jayamma Panchayathi'' features television presenter [[Suma Kanakala]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=3 May 2022 |title=Suma Kanakala on her new film 'Jayamma Panchayati' |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/suma-kanakala-on-playing-jayamma-in-jayamma-panchayati/article65375056.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film marks the directorial debut of Vijay Kumar Kalivarapu and is produced by Balaga Prakash of [[Vennela]] Creations. Music is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=24 November 2021 |title=Nani launches song from Suma Kanakala's 'Jayamma Panchayathi' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nani-launches-song-from-suma-kanakalas-jayamma-panchayathi |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> The film's title was unveiled in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=యాంకర్‌ సుమ కొత్త సినిమా టైటిల్‌ ఇదే.. ఫస్ట్‌లుక్‌ అదిరిందిగా! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/jayamma-panchayathi-ram-charan-launched-first-look-suma-kanakala-movie-1409736 |website=Sakshi}}</ref>

In April 2022, the film's release date was announced as 6 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suma Kanakala-starrer Jayamma Panchayathi release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/apr/16/suma-kanakala-starrer-jayamma-panchayathi-release-date-out-30919.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/golusu-kattu-gosalu-lyrical-video-song-out-jayamma-panchayathi-movie-1451408|title=హృదయాలను హత్తుకునేలా సుమ 'గొలుసు కట్టు గోసలు' పాట|date=25 April 2022|website=Sakshi}}</ref>

==Reception==
Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Y. Sunita Chowdhary wrote that "Debut director Dinesh Kalivarapu has his heart in the right place; his writing skills come to the fore in every scene and expression of the artistes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jayamma-panchayati-movie-review-an-emotional-roller-coaster-with-satire/article65388005.ece|title=Jayamma Panchayati movie review: Suma Kanakala's emotional roller coaster with satire|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic Thadhagath Pathi opined that "Films like ''Jayamma Panchayathi'' are rare in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] and it's on the audience to not let such stories bite the dust. If you're up for a feel good film, this one's for you".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/jayamma-panchayathi/movie-review/91373709.cms|title=Jayamma Panchayathi Movie Review: An impressive film with a soul|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> [[ABP News|ABP Desam]] gave a positive review for the film, with a particular praise to performances, direction and score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=6 May 2022 |title='జయమ్మ పంచాయితీ' రివ్యూ - సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-jayamma-panchayathi-movie-review-anchor-suma-kanakala-s-jayamma-panchayathi-rating-in-telugu-32344 |access-date= |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''[[Eenadu]]'' appreciated Kanakala's performance, the rural setting and humour while criticizing the lack of emotional depth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=jayamma panchayathi review: రివ్యూ: జయమ్మ పంచాయితీ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/suma-jayamma-panchayathi-movie-review/0203/122089738 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> In another critical review, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTT Play]]'' called it a directionless rural drama, saying Kanakala was the "only saving grace."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayamma Panchayathi review: Suma is the only saving grace of this rooted yet directionless rural drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jayamma-panchayathi-review-suma-is-the-only-saving-grace-of-this-rooted-yet-directionless-rural-drama/b4a6dfb4bc914 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]

Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa

2026-03-03T04:45:14Z

Barkatofficial: starting.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Rama Narayanan
| producer = N. Radha
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[S. Ve. Shekher]]|[[Vadivelu]]|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|[[Kovai Sarala]]}}
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan
| editing = Rajkeerthy
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|12|04}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Kovai Sarala]]. It was released on 4 December 1999. The film was Rama Narayanan's 100th film and was a hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruppadhi ezhumalai venkatesa ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thiruppadhi%20ezhumalai%20venkatesa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119040923/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thiruppadhi%20ezhumalai%20venkatesa |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=1 December 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=A. |title=Prabhu: The comeback story |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Interviews%20-%20Prabhu%20The%20comeback%20story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227202322/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Interviews%20-%20Prabhu%20The%20comeback%20story.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 |access-date=1 December 2012 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]'' (2000) with Roja and Sarala reprising their roles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2000 |title=Tirumala Tirupathi Venkatesa trigged off |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news31.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601053257/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news31.html |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> and twice in Kannada as ''Yaarige Beda Duddu'' (2001) & “Govinda Gopala” (2007). {{Cn|date=March 2024}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2023}}
Venkatesa, Ezhumalai and Thirupathi are poor friends who want to become rich at any cost. Nachiappan, a bungalow watchman, has three daughters: Ragini, Padmini and Lalitha. When the owner leaves the bungalow for a vacation, Nachiappan's daughters move into it. Afterwards, Nachiappan rents his owner's top portion bungalow to Thirupathi, Ezhumalai and Venkatesa who lied about their jobs. The three men eventually marry the three women. The rest of the story is how the three men will manage their wives.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Venkatesa
*[[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Ezhumalai
*[[Vadivelu]] as Thirupathi
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Ragini
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Padmini
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Lalitha
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Nachiappan
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Thirumalai/Sonachalam/Udayappa
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Alamelu
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in a guest appearance
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] in a guest appearance
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupathi Elumalai Venkatesa (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/album/T0001025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109053405/https://www.raaga.com/album/T0001025 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Aasai Aasai" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]]|| [[Rama Narayanan]] || 3:50
|-
| "Kadhalukku Thoothu Chollu" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], Supraja, P. M. Amruda || [[Vairamuthu]] || 4:13
|-
| "Nilavoda Thankatchi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Kalaikumar || 4:36
|-
| "Sarvam Sri Krishnarpanam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 6:33
|-
| "Tirupathi Elumalai Venkatesa" || Mano, [[S. N. Surendar]], [[Vadivelu]] || [[Palani Bharathi]] || 4:20
|}

== Reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "It is becoming common to see Kovai Sarala and Vadivelu belting each other to make the audience laugh. I prefer the subtle humour of S.V. Sekhar and his magnificent play on words". He added, "Roja, Urvasi and Kovai Sarala are dynamoes of energy and they match the heroes well".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=15 January 2000 |title=Fine social comedy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e1ZIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3357%2C927272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621134417/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e1ZIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3357%2C927272 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "This is director Rama Narayanan’s 100th film and he has stayed true to his form. One can never accuse him of inconsistency. He has been a very consistent director all along. Consistently giving films that are no great shakes in the story department, a narrative style that could have done with some finesse and a star cast that one would not swoon over. This film too falls into the same pattern".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirupati Ezhumalai Venkatesha |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov12.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010707032426/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov12.asp |archive-date=7 July 2001 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Mahendran won the Dinakaran Cinema Award for Best Child Artiste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nagaram Marupakkam

2026-03-03T02:58:49Z

Barkatofficial: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|2010 film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nagaram Marupakkam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| producer = [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] Sundar C
| writer = Sundar C T. Senthilkumaran (dialogues)
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Sundar C|[[Anuya Bhagvath]]|[[Vadivelu]]}}
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = Chelladurai
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|11|19}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nagaram Marupakkam''''' ({{translation|The other side of town}}) also known simply as '''''Nagaram''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Sundar C]], who plays the lead role and also co-wrote and co-produced the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K R |first=Manigandan |date=2010-11-05 |title='I've overcome the director's block' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Ive-overcome-the-directors-block/articleshow/6871543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123074404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Ive-overcome-the-directors-block/articleshow/6871543.cms |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=10 April 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Co-produced by his wife [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], the film also stars [[Anuya Bhagvath]] and [[Vadivelu]] in pivotal roles and features music by [[Thaman]]. Sundar's first directorial after four years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2010 |title=Sundar C is back with 'Nagaram' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Nov/11/sundar-c-is-back-with-nagaram-202136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250925003914/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Nov/11/sundar-c-is-back-with-nagaram-202136.html |archive-date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Nagaram'' released on 19 November 2010. It is based on the 1993 American film ''[[Carlito's Way]]''. The film is well known for comedy sequences and portrayal of the comic character "Style Pandi" by Vadivelu.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2025}}
Selvam, a criminal, decides to turn a new life after coming out of jail. He lands a job in [[Hyderabad]] and falls in love with a dancer named Bharathi. Eventually, his past catches up to him. How he gets out of the predicament forms the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Selvam
* [[Anuya Bhagvath]] as Bharathi
* [[Vadivelu]] as Style Pandi
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Sakkara Pandi
* [[George Vishnu]] as Dhamu
* [[Sulile Kumar]] as Kaasi
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as 'Thala Vetti' Thangarasu
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as 'Kudal Pudungi' Govindhan
* [[Besant Ravi]] as 'Kaal Vetti' Karuppiah
* Vittal Rao as Annachi
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Bharathi's mother and Annachi's second wife
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Annachi's first wife
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Seth
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Director
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Pandi's assistant
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Pandi's assistant
* [[Gowtham Sundararajan]] as Annachi's Son
* [[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
* Mano as Naidu
*[[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Kadhar Bhai
* Gowthami Vembunathan as House Owner (Maami)
* [[Bosskey]] as Inspector Venkatesh
* Vikas Rishi as Anwar
* Shobana
* Krishnamoorthy
* [[Muthukaalai]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Pandi's assistant
* Velmurugan as Karadi
* Sakthivel as Iyer
* [[Vengal Rao]] as Lorry driver
* [[Maryam Zakaria]] as [[item number]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music is composed by [[Thaman S]] and released via [[Think Music India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title=Nagaram |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nagaram/ah6FMTXifdE_ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321113119/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nagaram/ah6FMTXifdE_ |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaram Tamil Film Audio CD by SS Daman ( sealed pack) |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/nagaram-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ss-daman-sealed-pack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117020456/https://macsendisk.com/product/nagaram-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ss-daman-sealed-pack/ |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Macsendisk |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "Punchy, likeable commercial soundtrack from a super-confident Thaman!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=5 September 2010 |title=Nagaram (Music review), Tamil – Thaman S |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/09/05/nagaram-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206202507/https://milliblog.com/2010/09/05/nagaram-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |archive-date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 26:08
| all_writing = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title1 = Eraivaa
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], Naveen Madhav
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Kuthudhu
| extra2 = Naveen Madhav
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Puducha
| extra3 = Rahul Nambiar, Srivardhini
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Thiki Thiki
| extra4 = Ranjith, [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| length4 = 5:13
| title5 = En Peru Krishnaveni
| extra5 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Konjam Konjam
| extra6 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length6 = 3:24
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "It is engrossing and moves like a thriller, with rapid twists and turns leading to a stunning climax".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2010 |title=Nagaram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nagaram-review-tamil-pclxKyefgdabc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116203336/http://www.sify.com/movies/nagaram-review-tamil-pclxKyefgdabc.html |archive-date=16 January 2019 |access-date=17 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "The endless gang war sequences, filled with unruly men can get a bit tedious, while the screenplay takes its own sweet time to get to the end. The editing scissors could have been put to good use".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=19 November 2010 |title=Sundar C's different avatar in Nagaram |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-nagaram/20101119.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910000755/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-nagaram/20101119.htm |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s crime action films]]
[[Category:2010s gangster films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Robocon India

2026-03-02T14:12:39Z

Barkatofficial: Put Up Details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Short description|Asia-Pacific robotic competition}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}

The '''Robocon India''' is an [[India]]n robotic competition organized by [[Doordarshan]], the India's national public service broadcaster. It is contested every year and the winning team will represent India at the [[ABU Robocon|international competition]].

==History==
[[File:Into the field of dreams.jpg|thumb|Robocon India 2009]]
First Robocon India contest was held in 2002, in which only four teams from three colleges had participated at [[IIT Kanpur]]. Going from strength to strength, this number has reached 66 in Indian National Robocon 2012 and 107 in 2018 held at the Boxing Arena of [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], Balewadi, Pune.

[[Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai|Mumbai Doordarshan Kendra]] organised Robocon India from 2005 to 2018. The initiative was taken by Mr Mukesh Sharma, the Director of Doordarshan Kendra Mumbai.

==Format==
[[File:Robocon-2010.jpg|thumb|Robocon India 2010]]

Every year finals of Robocon India are held on First Saturday of March. The best engineering institutes across the country compete with each other for the honour of representing Indian National team at the International version of the competition for three gruelling days.

Elimination rounds are held on days preceding the First Saturday of March. This routine schedule been fixed in India through mutual consultations of participating colleges and Doordarshan of India. International Contests are held in August every year when the national contests of all the countries have been completed and their representatives selected. The host country has the privilege of fielding two teams. India hosted its first international contest in August 2008 in the MIT Sports grounds, Pune. In 2014 again, India hosted the international contest on 24 August. For the last four years the National Robotics Championship has been organized in the famous Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Mahalunge, Balewadi, Pune.
== ABU Robocon ==
{{main|ABU Robocon}}
The '''ABU Robocon''' ("Robocon" stand for ''Robotic Contest'') is organised by the [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] (ABU), a collection of over 20 countries of Asia Pacific Region. NHK, Japan had already been organising such contests at national level and also became the host of the first ABU Robocon in 2002. Since then, every year one of the member broadcasters hosts this international event.

The broadcasters of each participant country are responsible for conduct of their national contests to select the team which will represent their country in the International Contest. Teams from engineering and technological colleges are eligible for participation. Participating Teams are expected to design and fabricate their own robots and organize their teams including an Instructor, Team Leader, Manual Robot Operator and an Automatic Robot Operator.

== Recent competitions ==

=== Robocon India 2023 ===
[[Gujarat Technological University]] won the Robocon India 2023 and represented India in ABU Robocon 2023, which was organized by Cambodia on 27 August 2023.

{| class="wikitable"
|+DD Robocon 2023 Qualification Matches<ref>{{cite news |title=Robocon 2023 Quarterfinals Result |url=https://roboticsindia.live/dd-robocon-2023-match-live-score/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |publisher=Robotics India live}}</ref>
|-
! Match !! Team 1 !! Team 2 !! Score (Team 1) !! Score (Team 2)
|-
| 1 || [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|LD College of Engineering]] || Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari Khurd || 220 || 30
|-
| 2 || [[Gujarat Technological University]] || Parul Institute of Technology || 220 || 20
|-
| 3 ||[[MIT World Peace University]] || [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || 150 || 0
|-
| 4 || Parul Institute of Technology || [[U. V. Patel College of Engineering]] || 110 || 0
|-
| 5 || Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari Khurd || JSPM Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering and Research || 120 || 0
|-
| 6 || Institute of Technology, [[Nirma University]] || Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute || 120 || 70
|-
| 7 || [[College of Engineering, Pune]] || [[MIT World Peace University]] || 100 || 120
|-
| 8 || BRACT Vishwakarma Institute of Technology || Institute of Technology, [[Nirma University]] || 100 || 120
|}

=== Robocon India 2022 ===
[[File:DD Robocon 2022 winner nirma university.jpg|thumb|Nirma University, the 2022 winner of Robocon India]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Quarter Finals (National ROBOCON 2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=DD Robocon 2022 nationals Quarter final |url=https://roboticsindia.live/dd-robocon-2022-nationals-winners-list/ |website=Robotics India |publisher=Robotics India Live |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
!Team Code
!Institute Name
!Short Name
|-
|QF1
|MIT World Peace University, Pune
|MTT
|-
|QF2
|Government College of Engineering and Research Avasari Khurd, Pune
|ABHEDYA
|-
|QF3
|[[Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering]]
|Automatons
|-
|QF4
|Institute of Technology, Nirma University
|Nirma Robocon<ref>{{cite web |title=DD-Robocon National Award Winner Nirma University |url=https://roboticsindia.live/10th-time-national-champion-team-nirma-robocon/ |website=Robotics India |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|QF5
|Parul Institute of Technology, [[Parul University]]
|TEAM PU ROBOCON
|-
|QF6
|[[K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering]]
|KJSCE Robocon
|-
|QF7
|[[Pune Institute of Computer Technology]]
|PICT Robotics
|-
|QF8
|BRACT's [[Vishwakarma Institute of Technology]], Pune
|VIT PUNE
|}

{{Round8

||'''MTT'''|'''Q1'''|VIT PUNE|Q8
||'''NIRMA'''|Q4|PU|Q5
||'''ABHEDYA'''|'''Q2'''|KJSCE|Q7
||'''AUTOMATONS'''|'''Q3'''|PICT|Q6


||MTT|SF1|'''NIRMA'''|'''SF4'''
||AUTOMATONS|SF2|'''ABHEDYA'''|'''SF3'''

||'''NIRMA'''|'''F1'''|ABHEDYA|F2

|RD1=Quarter-finals|RD2=Semi-finals|RD3=Final|

|team-width=60|score-width=40
}}

=== Awards ===
'''DD-ROBOCON 2022 awards:'''
*''Winner:'' Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - as team INDIA A (Captain: Arya Kargathara)
*''Host Country Second Winner (1st runner-up)'': Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari Khurd - as team INDIA B (Captain: Sushant Phalke)
*''2nd runner-up'': [[Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering]], Pune

'''fusion Design awards:'''
*''fusion Design Award'': KJSCE Robocon ([[K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering]])
*''fusion Impact Award'': PU Robocon ([[Parul University]])

'''Special awards:'''
*''Visvesvaraya Award for the Best Design'': GTU Robotics Club from Gujarat Technical University.
*''PARAM Award for the Best Software'': BRACT's Vishwakarma Institute of Technology.
*''Ashoka Award for the Best Aesthetics'': Team Rudra from [[Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering]].
'''Other awards:'''
*''Best Report Award'': Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology, Bavdhan, Pune.
*''IHSC Award'': MIT World Peace University, Pune.
*''Best software fusion Design'': [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]].
*''Abdul Kalam Award for the Best New Team'': Panchjanya from [[Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya]].
References:<ref>{{cite web |title=DD Robocon 2022 Result |url=https://roboticsindia.live/dd-robocon-2022-result/ |website=Robotics India |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roboticsindia |date=2022-07-23 |title=Team Abhedya will represent India at the international ABU Robocon 2022 |url=https://roboticsindia.live/team-abhedya-will-represent-india-at-the-international-abu-robocon-2022/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Robotics India Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DD-Robocon National Award Winner Nirma University |url=https://roboticsindia.live/10th-time-national-champion-team-nirma-robocon/ |website=Robotics India |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Robocon India 2021 ===
With the 20th anniversary of the ABU Robocon, the theme challenges teams to play the ancient game by using the robots equipped with the modern technology. The game will be between two teams having two robots each.
*Winner: Nirma University (ITNU)
*Host Country Second Winner: Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari (ABHEDYA)

=== Robocon India 2020 ===
* Winner: [[MIT Tech Team (MTT) from MIT World Peace University]], [[Pune]]

===Robocon India 2019===

The National ABU Robocon 2019 was held in the Lecture Hall Complex of [[IIT Delhi]]. Final match was played between [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. Engineering College, Ahmedabad]] and Institute of Technology, [[Nirma University]], Ahmedabad on 16 June 2019. [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. Engineering College, Ahmedabad]] won the National level Robocon 2019 contest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-06-16|title=Robocon competition held in New Delhi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/robocon-competition-held-in-new-delhi-119061600787_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234658/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/robocon-competition-held-in-new-delhi-119061600787_1.html|archive-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=LD team to represent India in Mongolia - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ld-team-to-represent-india-in-mongolia/articleshow/69861234.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ld-team-to-represent-india-in-mongolia/articleshow/69861234.cms|archive-date=2020-06-16|access-date=2019-06-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Nirma University]] was first runners up and Gujarat Technological University was second runners up.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=9313008006 we are providing live webcast 9313008006|title=National DD-Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi, India June 16, 2019 (Sunday)|date=2019-06-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7ObJpSpAj8|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref> The ABU Robocon 2019 was held at [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia. The theme was "Sharing the knowledge".<ref>{{cite web|date=28 August 2019|title=18th ABU ROBOCON 2019 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia|url=https://www.abu.org.my/2019/08/28/hong-kong-china-takes-abu-robocon-contest/|website=[[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]]|access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref> It is related to the Urtuu system of Mongolian tradition. The winning team would represent India at Mongolia for International Robocon contest.

The host of Robocon India 2019 was [[IIT Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/ |title=DD-Robocon 2019 |archive-date=Feb 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208015412/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/ |website=ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref>
====Format====
The format of Robocon India 2019 was changed.<ref name=":1" /> It was consisted of three stages, however, teams opposed this format.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hashtag/saverobocon|title=#saverobocon hashtag on Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-21}}</ref> This new format was not allowing all teams to took part in Robocon 2019, only the qualifying teams after stage 1 and 2 were allowed to took part.

In the first stage, the evolution is based on the report and CAD Model submitted. The maximum points for a team was 100, allocated as follows:
* Solution ideas (20 points)
* Design detail Document (40 points)
* CAD modeling (40 points).

Total 86 teams participated in the first stage and 54 teams were qualified for the second stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Stage 1: Results for DD-Robocon 2020|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/2020/stage1results12mar20.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616235752/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/2020/stage1results12mar20.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-17|website=DD Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi}}</ref>

In the second stage, evolution is based on the video of actual robots performing different task as per rule-book of ABU Robocon 2019. The total points was 100 and was allocated as follows:
* Shagai placing and throwing (20 points)
* Gerege passing mechanism (20 points)
* Movement of manual robot (20 points)
* Movement of autonomous robot (40 points)

26 teams were qualified for the third stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=DD-Robocon 2019: Stage-2 Results|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/stage2results.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617000410/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/stage2results.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-17|website=DD Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi}}</ref> It was the actual competition held at Lecture Hall Complex of IIT Delhi on 16 June 2019. Eight teams were finalized for the quarterfinals based on their points in league matches.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Quarter Finals (National ROBOCON 2019)<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Result of Final of DD-Robocon 2019|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/qf2final.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616233340/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/qf2final.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-16|website=DD Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi}}</ref>
!Team Code
!Institute Name
!Short Name
|-
|QF1
|Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad
|ITNU
|-
|QF2
|[[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]
|IITR
|-
|QF3
|[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad]]
|LDCE
|-
|QF4
|Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
|GTU
|-
|QF5
|KJ Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai
|KJSCE
|-
|QF6
|[[Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Kotambi|Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Vadodara]]
|VIER
|-
|QF7
|Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari (Pune)
|GCOEARA
|-
|QF8
|[[Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad]]
|GECA
|}
[[File:Robocon 2019 Quarter Finals.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Robocon 2019 Quarter Finals]]
{{Round8

||'''ITNU'''|'''QF1'''|GECA|QF8
||'''GTU'''|'''QF4'''|KJSCE|QF5
||'''LDCE'''|'''QF3'''|VIER|QF6
||IITR|QF2|'''GCOEARA'''|'''QF7'''

||'''ITNU'''|'''SF1'''|GTU|SF4
||'''LDCE'''|'''SF2'''|GCOEARA|SF3

||ITNU|F1|'''LDCE'''|'''F2'''

|RD1=Quarter-finals|RD2=Semi-finals|RD3=Final|

|team-width=60|score-width=40
}}
====Awards====
* ''Judges Special Award 1'': [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]]
* ''Judges Special Award 2'': Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari
* ''Best Report Award: [[Sardar Patel College of Engineering|Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai]]''
* ''Springer 100 Euro Book Coupon Award'': All the Quarter Finalists
* ''MathWorks Modelling Award'':
**''1st winner'': [[Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad]]
**''2nd winner'': [[Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering]], Pune
**''3rd winner'': [[College of Engineering, Pune]]
* DD-ROBOCON 2019 Awards:
** ''Winner'': [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad]]
** ''1st runner-up'': Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad
** ''2nd runner-up'': Gujarat Technological University (GTU), Team A
** ''Prof. Balakrishna Memorial Award '' (for the Winner): L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
References:<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=DD-Robocon 2019 Awards IIT Delhi|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/awards.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616232635/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/awards.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-17|website=DD Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Result of Preliminary Games of DD-Robocon 2019|url=http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/prelims.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616233143/http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/prelims.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-16|access-date=2020-06-16|website=DD Robocon 2019 IIT Delhi}}</ref>
=== Robocon India 2018 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2018 was held in the Badminton Hall of the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune on the 1–3 March 2018. The theme for Robocon 2018 was announced by [[Vietnam]] as ''ném còn'' (throwing shuttlecock). The goal of the game is to throw the shuttlecocks through the ring at height. In Vietnamese culture, the game is about celebration and making friendship.
[[File:Robocon India 2018 held at Pune.jpg|alt=|thumb|Robocon India 2018]]
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad won the Robocon India 2018. MIT Tech Team from [[MIT World Peace University|Maharashtra Institute of Technology]], [[Pune]], was the first runner-up and K. J. Somaiya Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, Mumbai, was the second runner up. The team from L.D. Engineering College, Ahmedabad won the best idea award. [[IIT Roorkee]] won the best innovative design award. Neotech Institute of Technology, Vadodara won the Rookie award.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nirma University wins National Robocon 2018 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nirma-university-wins-national-robocon-2018/articleshow/63162395.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617095156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nirma-university-wins-national-robocon-2018/articleshow/63162395.cms|archive-date=2020-06-17|access-date=2020-06-17|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="roboconindia.com" />

=== Robocon India 2017 ===
[[File:Robocon India 2017 Arena View.jpg|thumb|Robocon India 2017]]
The Robocon India 2017 took place in the Shri Shiv Chhatrapati Krida Sankul, Pune on 2–4 March 2017. The contest theme has been declared as "Asobi: The Landing Disc”. College of Engineering, Pune won the competition. Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, was the first runner-up.<ref name="roboconindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/index.php/history|title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094908/http://www.roboconindia.com/index.php/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Robocon India 2016 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2016 took place in the Shri Shiv Chhatrapati Krida Sankul, Pune on 3–5 March 2016. The theme for Robocon 2016 has been declared as ''Chai-Yo: Clean Energy Recharging the World''. [[Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Kotambi|Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Vadodara]] won the National ABU Robocon 2016 Contest.<ref name="roboconindia.com"/> College of Engineering, Pune, was the first runner-up.

=== Robocon India 2015 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2015 took place in the Badminton Hall of the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune on 7 March 2015. The theme for Robocon 2015 has been declared by [[TVRI|Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI)]] as ''Robomintion: Badminton Robo-Game''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.roboconindia.com/index.php/theme-and-story | title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity }}</ref> [[Institute Of Technology, Nirma University|Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad]] won the National ABU Robocon 2015 Contest and were the first runners-up. [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]] (MJCET) stood third in the contest and was also awarded the ''Best Design and Aesthetics'' robot at the Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union Robotics Contest (ABU Robocon) 2015 held at Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune. [[U. V. Patel College of Engineering|U.V.Patel College of Engineering, Mehsana, Gujarat]] won the'' Best Idea Award''. Additionally, Team Rudra from Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Engineering, just in its first year of competition won the "Best Rookie Award".

=== Robocon India 2014 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2014 was held in the Badminton Hall of the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune from 6 March to 8 March 2014. The theme for Robocon 2014 declared by MITAOE was ''A Salute to Parenthood''. Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad won the National Contest while [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)]], Mumbai were the First Runner-up. Both these Institutes got the chance to represent India in the international contest. [[MIT Robocon Tech Team]] representing [[Maharashtra Institute of Technology]], Pune was the second runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NATIONAL ROBOCON 2014|first=QUARTER FINAL Matches - Scores|title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity |date=2016-08-17|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/result/QUATER%20FINAL%20MATCHES%20SCORES.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817054129/http://www.roboconindia.com/result/QUATER%20FINAL%20MATCHES%20SCORES.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-17|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=National ROBOCON 2014|first=League Matches - Scores|title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity |date=2016-07-29|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/result/League%20matches%20ALL%20SCORES.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729161744/http://www.roboconindia.com/result/League%20matches%20ALL%20SCORES.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-29|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ROBOCON India 2014|first=Super League Matches - Scores|title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity |date=2016-07-29|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/result/SL%20TEAMS%20WITH%20SCORES.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729161708/http://www.roboconindia.com/result/SL%20TEAMS%20WITH%20SCORES.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-29|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

The International ABU Robocon 2014 was held in India. [[Lạc Hồng University]], Vietnam won the International ABU Robocon 2014 held at Balewadi, Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ABU ROBOCON 2014, PUNE, INDIA|first=TOP RANKING TEAMS|title=R O B O C O N | NÉM CÒN : The Festival Wishing Happiness and Prosperity |date=2016-07-29|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/result2014/02%20TEAM%20RANKING%20AFTER%20PRELIMINARY%20ROUND.docx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729162042/http://www.roboconindia.com/result2014/02%20TEAM%20RANKING%20AFTER%20PRELIMINARY%20ROUND.docx|archive-date=2016-07-29|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

=== Robocon India 2013 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2013 was held in the Badminton Hall of the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune. MIT Tech Team from Maharashtra Institute of Technology won the contest and represented India in the international contest.

The International ABU Robocon 2013 was held in Danang, Vietnam. The Theme for Robocon 2013 declared by [[Vietnam Television|VTV]] was ''The Green Planet''. The International ABU Robocon 2013 was won by [[Kanazawa Institute of Technology]], Japan.

=== Robocon India 2012 ===
The National ABU Robocon 2012 was held in the Boxing Arena of The Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune. MIT Tech Team from Maharashtra Institute of Technology won the contest and represented India in the international contest and L. D. College of Engineering won the best innovative design award.

The theme for ABU Robocon 2012 was declared by Hong Kong as ''Peng On Dai Gat''. It was won by [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]].

=== Robocon India 2011 ===
[[File:Robocon India 2011.JPG|thumb|Robocon India 2011]]

The Theme for Robocon 2011 declared by Thailand was ''Krathong, Lighting Happiness with Friendship''. It was won by Institute of Technology, Nirma University and this institute got a chance to represent India at International Robocon 2011.
The winner of ABU Robocon 2011 was [[Dhurakij Pundit University]] from Thailand.

=== Robocon India 2010 ===
[[File:Robocon 2010 Winner.JPG|thumb|Robocon 2010 Winner: MIT, Pune]]
The theme for Robocon 2010 declared by Egypt was ''Robo-Pharaohs Build Pyramids''.

It was won by [[MIT Robocon Tech Team]] from MIT Pune.<ref name="robocon2010">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/host-mit-makes-the-cut-wins-robocon-prize/587762/ Host MIT makes the cut, wins Robocon prize]</ref>

=== Robocon India 2009 ===
The official theme was Kago, the traditional Japanese palanquin, carried by human beings replaced by robots.
It was won by [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]].

=== Robocon India 2008 ===
[[File:Robocon India 2008.JPG|thumb|Robocon India 2008]]
The theme for Robocon 2008 declared by India was ''Govinda'', a traditional Indian Deity who used to play earthly games by capturing butter/cheese from heads of Gopis.
It was won by Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad. Runner-up was [[MIT Robocon Tech Team]] from MIT Pune. Both teams represented India at ABU Robocon as the host country was allowed to send two teams.<ref name="robocon2008">[http://punetech.com/nit-mit-beat-vit-and-iit-in-robocon-india/ NIT & MIT beat VIT and IIT in Robocon India]</ref>

=== Robocon India 2007 ===
It was won by IIT Delhi.

=== Robocon India 2006 ===

=== Robocon India 2005 ===
Total 14 teams participated in the contest held on 24–25 June 2005 at MIT, Pune. The theme was ''Climb The Great Wall And Light The Holy Fire''.

It was won by [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wayback Machine|date=2007-02-21|title=Robocon India History|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/history.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221090619/http://www.roboconindia.com/history.htm|archive-date=21 February 2007|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

=== Robocon India 2004 ===
Total 12 teams participated in the contest held on 26–27 June 2004 at [[Nirma Institute of Technology|Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad]]. The theme was ''Reunion of Separated Lovers, Gyeonu and Jingnyeo''.

It was won by VESIT, Mumbai, while L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad was runner-up.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2005-03-18|title=Results for Doordarshan Robocon India 2004|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/results.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318203533/http://www.roboconindia.com/results.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-03-18|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

==== Awards ====
* Most Aesthetically Built Robot: [[Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology|Vivekanand Education Society's Institute Of Technology, Mumbai]]

* Most Functional Robot: [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. college of Engineering, Ahmedabad]]

* Most Innovative Design: [[Nirma Institute of Technology|Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad]]

* Consolation Prize for Simplest Design: [[U. V. Patel College of Engineering|U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Mehsana]]<ref name=":6" />

=== Robocon India 2003 ===
Total seven teams from five different universities participated in the contest held on 13–14 July 2003 at Nirma Institute, Ahmedabad. The theme was ''Takraw Space Conqueror''.

It was won by [[Nirma Institute of Technology|Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2005-03-18|title=Doordarshan Robocon India -- History|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/history.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318165012/http://www.roboconindia.com/history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2005|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

=== Robocon India 2002 ===
Four teams from three different universities participated in the contest held at [[IIT, Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] on July 20–21, 2002. The theme was ''Reach for the top of Mt. Fuji'' and the participating teams were [[Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology|VESIT, Mumbai]]; IIT Kanpur and Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad.

It was won by Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad.<ref name=":5" />

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Host city !! Host Broadcaster !! Theme !! Grand Prix !! National Winner<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Wayback Machine|date=2013-08-31|title=History of Robocon India|url=http://www.roboconindia.com/index.php/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831094908/http://www.roboconindia.com/index.php/history|archive-date=2013-08-31|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Wayback Machine|date=2017-04-24|title=History of Robocon India|url=http://roboconindia.com/index.php/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424201931/http://roboconindia.com/index.php/history|archive-date=2017-04-24|access-date=2020-06-17}}</ref>!! Indian Contest Co Organised by<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
| 2002
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
| [[NHK]]
| Reach for the Top of [[Mount Fuji]]
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Nirma Institute of Technology|Institute of Technology, Nirma University]]
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]
|-
| 2003
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| [[MCOT]]
| Takraw Space Conqueror
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} Sawangdandin Industrial and Community Education College
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
| [[Nirma University of Science and Technology|Nirma University, Ahmedabad]]
|-
| 2004
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
| [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]]
| Reunion of Separated Lovers, Gyeonu & Jingnyeo
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology|VESIT, Mumbai]]
| Nirma University, Ahmedabad
|-
| 2005
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
| [[China Central Television|CCTV]]
| Climb on the [[Great Wall]] Light the Holy Fire
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[University of Tokyo]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]
| [[MIT Pune|MIT, Kothrud Pune]]
|-
| 2006
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]]
| Building the World's Tallest [[Petronas Twin Towers|Twin Tower]]
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
| MIT, Kothrud Pune
|-
| 2007
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
| [[Vietnam Television|VTV]]
| [[Halong Bay]] Discovery
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an Jiaotong University]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT, Delhi]]
| MIT, Kothrud Pune
|-
| 2008
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune]], India
| [[Doordarshan]]
| Govinda
| {{flagicon|CHN}} Xi'an Jiaotong University
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University<ref name="robocon2008" />
| MIT, Kothrud Pune
|-
| 2009
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Tokyo, Japan
| NHK
| Travel Together for the Victory Drums
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Harbin Institute of Technology]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]]
| MITSOT, Pune & MITAOE
|-
| 2010
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], Egypt
| [[ERTU]]
| Robo-Pharaohs built pyramids
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[MIT Robocon Tech Team]]<ref name="robocon2010" />
| MITAOE
|-
| 2011
| {{flagicon|THA}} Bangkok, Thailand
| MCOT
| [[Loy Krathong]], Lightning Happiness with friendship
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Dhurakij Pundit University]]
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
| MITAOE
|-
| 2012
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]
| [[RTHK]]
| Peng On Dai Gat (In pursuit of peace and prosperity)
| {{flagicon|China}} University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| {{flagicon|India}} MIT Robocon Tech Team<ref name="robocon2012">[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_pune-institutes-team-wins-robocon-2012_1658237 Pune institute’s team wins Robocon 2012]</ref>
| MITAOE
|-
| ''2013''
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Đà Nẵng]], Vietnam
| VTV
| The Green Planet
| {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kanazawa Institute of Technology]]
| {{flagicon|India}} MIT Robocon Tech Team
| MITAOE
|-
| ''2014''
| {{flagicon|IND}} Pune, India
| Doordarshan
| A Salute for Parenthood
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Lac Hong University]]
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
| MITAOE
|-
| ''2015''
| {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia
| [[Indonesia]]
| Badminton
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hung Yen University of Technology and Education]]
| {{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
| MITAOE
|-
| ''2016''
| {{flagicon|THA}} Bangkok, Thailand
| [[Modernine TV/MCO]]
| Clean Energy Recharging the World
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Kotambi]] Vadodara
| MITAOE
|-
| ''2017''
| {{flagicon|JPN}}Tokyo, Japan
| NHK
| The Landing Disc<ref name="robocon 2017">[http://robu.in/abu-robocon-2017-tokyo-theme-rulebook-landing-disc/ ABU ROBOCON 2017 TOKYO THEME & RULEBOOK THE LANDING DISC]</ref>
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} Lac Hong University
| {{flagicon|India}} [[College of Engineering, Pune]]
| MITAOE
|-
|''2018''
|{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Ninh Bình]], Vietnam
|VTV
|The Flying Dragon
|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} Lac Hong University
|{{flagicon|India}} Institute of Technology, Nirma University
|MITAOE
|-
|2019
|{{Flagicon|Mongolia}}[[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aburobocon2019.mnb.mn/uploads/file/Robocon_2019_Mongolia_RULE.pdf|title=ABU ROBOCON 2019|website=aburobocon2019.mnb.mn/|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504140117/http://aburobocon2019.mnb.mn/uploads/file/Robocon_2019_Mongolia_RULE.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Mongolian National Broadcaster]]
|Great Urtuu
|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]]
|{{Flagicon|india}}[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering|L. D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad]]
|IIT Delhi
|-
|2020
|{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Suva]], Fiji
|
|ROBO RUGBY 7s
|
|MIT Pune
|IIT Dehli
|-
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Robocon arena.jpg|View of competition venue during Robocon India 2009
Robocon India 2010.jpg|Robocon India 2010
Team Robocon LDCE 2012.jpg|Best Innovative Design Award for Team Robocon LDCE in 2012
Nirma auto.jpg|Robocon India 2013
Team Robocon LDCE 2018-1.jpg|Best Idea Award 2018 for Team Robocon LDCE
Team Robocon LDCE 2019.jpg|India in ABU Robocon 2019
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.official-robocon.com/ Official site (International)]
* [http://ddrobocon.iitd.ac.in/ Robocon India 2019]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robocon India}}
[[Category:Robotics competitions]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2002]]

Jakkur inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-27T21:01:02Z

Barkatofficial: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.079973|N| 77.610181|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Jakkur (jakkūra) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.jpg|thumb|315x315px|Detail from the Jakkur 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription showing the engraved name 'Jakkūra']]
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Jakkūra' in the Jakkur 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.png|thumb|The name 'Jakkūra' shown highlighted in gold on the Jakkur 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation inscription stone]]
Jakkur, a suburb in Bengaluru, is a locality with a long history, spanning approximately 700 years. The name "Jakkur" is found in an inscription dated to 1342 CE,<ref name="Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology 1894" /> providing clear evidence of the locality's antiquity. This area is home to four inscriptions and several [[hero stone]]s (''Veeragallu''). The earliest inscriptions found in the area can be dated paleographically to the 9th - 10th century CE.<ref name=":0" /> These inscriptions also suggest that [[Jakkur Lake]], considered one of the largest lakes in Bangalore, existed at least seven centuries ago.<ref name=":2" /> Two hero stones have also been discovered in Jakkur: one is a Atmabalidana (self-sacrifice) memorial stone from the 10th century,<ref name=":1" /> and the other is a Maha-Sati stone from the 16th-17th centuries.<ref name=":2" /> Recent efforts have focused on the conservation of these historical markers.[[File:Jakkur_lake.JPG|thumb|442x442px|Jakkur Lake, Bangalore. Several inscriptions discussed in the article were found nearby.]]
== Jakkur 1432 CE God Allalanatha inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Allalanatha inscription
| image = File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 1432CE Allalanatha Devara kamba Kannada Inscription 06.png
| image_caption = Artificially colored image of the 1432 CE Allalanatha inscription.
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|62|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| created = {{start date and age|1432|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 2021
| discovered_place = Jakkur, [[Bengaluru]]
| location = {{coord|30.07925000|77.60761111}}
| language = Kannada
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115075
| image_size = 450
}}

This [[Kannada]] inscription documents the donation of a [[Garuda]] pillar to an Allalanatha temple in 1432 CE. Due to the worn condition of the letters, the full inscription cannot be completely deciphered.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು |date=December 2021}}</ref>

=== Discovery and dating ===
The inscription was discovered near a roadside in December 2021 by K R Narasimhan and Dhanpal [[Manchenahalli]] and was later relocated nearby. Based on the date mentioned in the inscription, "''jayābhyudaya varuṣa 1354 paridāvi saṃ cayitra su 10''", it can be precisely dated to 10 April 1432 CE ([[Julian calendar]]).

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The inscription consists of nine lines. Digital images of each character, the inscription itself, a summary, and other information are available through the[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115075 Akshara Bhandara software]. The transliterated text in Kannada and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] is<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|[ಜ]ಯಾಭ್ಯುದ
|[ja]yābhyuda
|-
|2
|[ಯ ವ] ರುಷ ೧೩೫
|[ya va] ruṣa 135
|-
|3
|(೪) [ಪ] ರಿದಾವಿ ಸಂ
|(4) [pa] ridāvi saṃ
|-
|4
|[ಚ] ಯಿತ್ರ ಸು ೧೦
|[ca] yitra su 10
|-
|5
|ಅಲ್ಲಾಳನಾತ
|allāl̤anāta
|-
|6
|. ಕ . ಸಮುದ್ರ
|. ka . samudra
|-
|7
|೦ಮಿಸಿತ್ತ
|ṃmisitta
|-
|8
|. . ಸೇವೆ
|. . sevĕ
|-
|9
|. . . ಕಂಬ
|. . . kaṃba
|}

== Jakkur 1000 CE Kalnadu inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Jakkur Kalnad inscription
| image = [[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 10th century Kalnadu Kannada Inscription 05.png|200px]]
| image_caption = Artificially colored image of the 10th-century Kalnadu inscription.
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|75|cm|abbr=in}}
| width = {{convert|75|cm|abbr=in}}
| location = {{coord|13.0799726|77.6101814}}
| writing = [[Kannada script]]
| created = 10th century CE
| discovered_date = 2017
| discovered_place = [[Jakkur]]
| image_size = 350
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1041000
| language = Kannada
}}

This [[Kannada script|Kannada]] inscription, paleographically dated to the 10th century CE, records the donation of a village to Sanjayappa. Villages donated to the families of martyrs who died protecting the village or kingdom were called "''kalnad/kalnatu''". The inscription contains the word "''Jakkiyu''," potentially an older name for Jakkur or a reference to "[[Yakshini|Yakshi]]". This inscription was discovered in 2017 by researchers K. R. Narasimhan and P. L. Udaya Kumar.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Digital Image of a place name 'Jakkiyu' (Jakkur) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 1000 CE Kalnadu Inscription.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Detail showing the name "''Jakkiyu''" on the 1000 CE Kalnadu inscription.]]

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The inscription has six lines. Digital images and related information are available through [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1041000 Akshara Bhandara software]. The transliterated text in Kannada and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] is<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು |date=December 2021 |publisher=The Mythic Society |isbn=978-81-954980-8-6 |location=Bengaluru, India |pages= |language=Kannada |trans-title=Jakkur 10th Century Kalnadu Inscription}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|. . . . . ಮ್ಮಕಲಿಗ ಸ
|. . . . . mmakaliga sa
|-
|2
|. . . . . ಣ್ನನಾಡ ಜಕ್ಕಿಯೂ
|. . . . . ṇnanāḍa jakkiyū
|-
|3
|. . .. . .. ಸಲಗುವ ಸಂಜಪಯ್ಯನುಂ
|. . .. . .. salaguva saṃjapayyanuṃ
|-
|4
|. . . . . ಮೞಿದವಂ ಕವಿಲೆ ಬಾರ
|. . . . . maḻidavaṃ kavilĕ bāra
|-
|5
|. . . . .ೞಿದ೦ ಇ ಕಲ್ನಾಡು ಗುದುರಾ
|. . . . .ḻida0 i kalnāḍu gudurā
|-
|6
|. . . .. . . . ನೆನ್ದಕಮಾಲೆಗೊಟ್ಟ
|. . . .. . . . nĕndakamālĕgŏṭṭa
|}

=== Translation ===
The inscription states that Kalnadu was given to Sanjapayya of Sunnadu (small country) [[Jakkur]]. It also records a curse upon anyone who destroys the grant, stating that such a person would incur the sin equivalent to killing ''Kavile'' (interpreted as a sacred cow) in [[Varanasi]].

== Jakkur 10th Century CE Prashasti inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Jakkur Prashasthi inscription
| image = [[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 10th century Prashasti Kannada Inscription 08.png|250px]]
| image_caption = Digitally colored image of the 10th-century Prashasti inscription.
| image_size = 550
| height = {{convert|72|cm|abbr=in}}
| width = {{convert|108|cm|abbr=in}}
| writing = [[Kannada script]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| material = Stone
| created = 10th century CE
| discovered = [[Jakkur]]
| location = {{coord|13.0789983|77.607214}}
| discovered_date = 2018
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115150
}}

This [[Kannada]] inscription, paleographically dated to the 10th century CE, is a significant epigraphic record found in Jakkur village. It documents a conflict between Ballavathirayanna, the ruler of Navalakka, and Birudasedeva of Gubetta. The inscription also indicates that [[Jakkur|Jakkuru]] village belonged to 'Gangavadithombattarusavira', an administrative division dating back to the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] period.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Narasimhan |first=K. R. |date=2018 |title=Bengalurina haagu Nagavarada Aprakatitha Shasanagalu |trans-title=Unpublished Self-Sacrifice Sculptures and Other New Finds |url=https://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanav0000drde_u3h1/page/n88/mode/1up |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |page= |language=Kannada}}</ref>

=== Discovery and dating ===
Discovered partially buried in a field by KR Narasimhan and Dhanapal Manchenahalli, the inscription was moved to KV Bhairegowda Kalamandir with the help of local residents.<ref name=":1" /> The inscription is dated paleographically to the 10th century CE.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The inscription has five lines. Digital images and related information are available through [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115150 Akshara Bhandara software]. The transliterated text in Kannada and IAST is provided in a table format is:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಮ ದ ಗಾಳಂಗವಾಡಿ ತೊಂಭತ್ತುಸಾಯಿ
|. . ma . da gāl̤gaṃgavāḍi tŏṃbhattaṟusāyi
|-
|2
|ರಮನೇಕ ಛತ್ರಚ್ಛಾಯೆಯೊಳರಸುಗೆಯ್ಯು
|ramaneka chatracchāyĕyŏl̤arasugĕyyu
|-
|3
|ತಿರೆ ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಸಮಸ್ತ ಪ್ರಸಸ್ತಿ ಸಹಿತ ಶ್ರೀ ಮತ್
|ttirĕ svasti samasta prasasti sahita śrīmat
|-
|4
|ನವಲಕ್ಕದಹಳಾಧಿಪತಿಯಪ್ಪ ಬಲ್ಲವ
|navalakkadahal̤ādhipatiyappa ballava
|-
|5
|ತಿರಾಯಂ ಗೊಬೆಟ್ಟದ ಬಿರುದಸೆದೇವನ ಕಾಳೆಗ
|tirāyaṃ gŏbĕṭṭada birudasĕdevana kāl̤ĕga
|}

== Jakkur 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription ==
{{Infobox
| name = Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription
| title = Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription
| image = [[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 1342CE Honnamaraya nayka Kannada Inscription 01.png|170px|alt=Digitally colored image of the front side of the 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.]]
| caption = Digitally colored image of the front side of the 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.
| image2 = [[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Jakkur 1342CE Honnamaraya nayka Kannada Inscription 02.png|170px|alt=Digitally colored image of the back side of the 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.]]
| caption2 = Digitally colored image of the back side of the 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka Donation Inscription.
| datastyle = Infobox album
| label1 = Language
| data1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| label2 = Height
| data2 = {{convert|143|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| label3 = Width
| data3 = {{convert|72|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| label4 = Discovered place
| data4 = Jakkur, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| label5 = Discovered
| data5 = 1905
| label6 = Present location
| data6 = {{coord|13.07891667|77.60725000}}
| label7 = Symbols
| data7 = Sun, Moon
| data8 = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011342
}}

This [[Kannada]] inscription is crucial for understanding the history of Jakkur. It records the donation of tax-exempt irrigated, rain-fed, pastoral, and waste lands of Jakkur, belonging to the dominion of Honnamaranayaka, a local feudal lord, to the "''nāḍa senabhova''" (Kannada: ನಾಡ ಸೇನಭೋವ) Allala. "''nāḍa senabhova''" were tax officers responsible for collecting village taxes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=Dineschandra |url=http://archive.org/details/indianepigraphic00sircuoft |title=Indian epigraphical glossary |date=1966 |publisher=Delhi Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> During this time, the area was ruled by the Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Veeraballala III]] from his capital, 'Unnamalepattana', the historical name of [[Tiruvannamalai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು |date=December 2021}}</ref> The inscription features symbols of the sun and moon, signifying the eternity of the donation, a common motif in historical [[Indian art]]. It also mentions unique administrative ranks of the time, such as "''mahāpasāyita''" (Kannada: ಮಹಾಪಸಾಯಿತ), an officer close to the king managing palace affairs, and "''yakkaṭiga''" (Kannada: ಯಕ್ಕಟಿಗ), special bodyguards to the king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು |date=December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology 1894">{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

=== Discovery and dating ===
The inscription was first documented by B.L. Rice in Volume 9 of ''Epigraphia Carnatica'' and was rediscovered by historians in 2017. Based on the corresponding date in the [[Hindu calendar]], the inscription can be precisely dated to 5 October 1342 CE ([[Julian calendar]]).

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011342 Akshara Bhandara software]

The inscription's text is available through [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011342 Akshara Bhandara software]. The text is provided in a table format below, showing the Kannada and IAST transliteration for both the front and back sides of the inscription stone.<ref name="Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology 1894" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
!
!(ಮುಂಭಾಗ)
!(Front Side)
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಶಕಾಬ್ದ ೧೨೬೫ ನೆಯ
|svasti śrī śakābda 1265 nĕya
|-
|2
|<nowiki>ಚಿತ್ರಭಾನು ಸಂ| ಆಶ್ವೀಜ ಶು೫</nowiki>
|<nowiki>citrabhānu saṃ| āśvīja śu5</nowiki>
|-
|3
|<nowiki>ಬ್ರ | ಶ್ರೀಮತು ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚ್ಚಕ್ರವ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>bra | śrīmatu pratāpa ccakrava</nowiki>
|-
|4
|ರ್ತ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವೀರಬಲ್ಲಾಳ
|rtti śrī hŏysal̤a vīraballāl̤a
|-
|5
|ದೇವರಸರು ಉಣ್ಣಾಮಲೆ ಪಟ್ಟಣ
|devarasaru uṇṇāmalĕ paṭṭaṇa
|-
|6
|ದಂ ಪೃಥ್ವಿರಾಜ್ಯಂಗೆ ಯ್ವುತ್ತಿರ
|daṃ pṛthvirājyaṃgĕ yvuttira
|-
|7
|ಲು ಶ್ರೀ ಮನುಮಹಾ ಎಲಹ್ಕನಾಡ
|lu śrī manumahā ĕlahkanāḍa
|-
|8
|ಸಮಸ್ತ ಪ್ರಜೆಗವುಂಡುಗಳೂ
|samasta prajĕgavuṃḍugal̤ū
|-
|9
|ಮನುಮಹಾ ಸಾವಂತಾಧಿಪ
|manumahā sāvaṃtādhipa
|-
|10
|ತಿ ಮೀಸೆಯರ ಗಂಡ ಚಿಕ್ಕಬಯಿ
|ti mīsĕyara gaṃḍa cikkabayi
|-
|11
|ರಯನಾಯ್ಕನ ಮಗ ಹೊಂನಮಾರಯ
|rayanāykana maga hŏṃnamāraya
|-
|12
|ನಾಯ್ಕನೂ ನಾಡಸೇನಬೊವ ಅಲ್ಲಾಳರಿಗೆ
|nāykanū nāḍasenabŏva allāl̤arigĕ
|-
|13
|ಶಿಲಾಶಾಸನವ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕ್ರಮ
|śilāśāsanava māḍikŏṭṭa krama
|-
|14
|ವೆಂತೆಂದಡೆ ಯಿ ನಾಡೊಳಗಣ
|vĕṃtĕṃdaḍĕ yi nāḍŏl̤agaṇa
|-
!
!(ಹಿಂಭಾಗ)
!(Back Side)
|-
|15
|ಜಕ್ಕೂರ ಗದ್ದೆ ಬೆದ್ದಲು . .
|jakkūra gaddĕ bĕddalu . .
|-
|16
|ಪಗೆಮಾಳ ವೊಳಗಾದ ಚ
|pagĕmāl̤a vŏl̤agāda ca
|-
|17
|ತು ಸೀಮೆ ಏನುಳ್ಳದನೂ ಸ
|tu sīmĕ enul̤l̤adanū sa
|-
|18
|'''ರ್ವಮಾನ್ಯದ ಕೊಡಗಿಯಾ'''
|rvamānyada kŏḍagiyā
|-
|19
|ಗಿ ಚಂದ್ರಾದಿತ್ಯರುಳ್ಳಂನ
|gi caṃdrādityarul̤l̤aṃna
|-
|20
|ಬರ ಸಲುವಂತಾಗಿ ಶಿಲಾ
|bara saluvaṃtāgi śilā
|-
|21
|ಶಾಸನವ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟರು
|śāsanava māḍikŏṭṭaru
|-
|22
|ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಶ್ರೀ
|maṃgal̤a mahaśrī
|}

== Herostones (''Veeragallu'') and Memorial Sculptures ==
The areas of Jakkur and neighboring localities, including Allalasandra, Agrahara, and Dasarahalli, contain significant historical markers such as herostones (''Veeragallu'') and other memorial sculptures. These stone monuments offer insights into the history, traditions, beliefs, and acts of bravery from their respective periods.

=== Purpose and Types ===
Herostones were generally erected to commemorate individuals who displayed valor and sacrificed their lives. Some stones specifically honor individuals who performed voluntary self-sacrifice (''Atmabalidana Veeragallu''), potentially for societal welfare, to ensure victory, or in the belief of attaining liberation (''moksha''). In certain instances, a hero's spouse might also undertake self-sacrifice following the hero's death.

=== Notable Finds ===
Source:<ref name=":2" />
* A 10th-century couple's memorial sculpture, identified as an ''Atmabalidana Veeragallu'', was discovered in Jakkur, partially buried alongside a 1342 CE inscription. Following guidance from citizen historians K.R. Narasimhan and Dhanapal Manchenahalli, this sculpture is now conserved at the K.V. Bhaire Gowda Kala Mandira complex in Jakkur.
* Remains of a destroyed Shaiva temple in Jakkur include Shaiva ''Dvarapalaka'' (doorkeeper) sculptures and broken pillars, found with a fragmented inscription. Plans exist to relocate these for conservation at the K.V. Bhaire Gowda Kala Mandira complex.
* A skirmish herostone has been discovered at Agrahara. Herostones in Dasarahalli have been identified and conserved by local residents.
* A herostone in Yelahanka, near Allalasandra, commemorated a dog named Chamundi that died fighting a pig, erected by its master. This stone reportedly disappeared during lake renovation.
* A ''Maha-Sati'' herostone has been discovered in a residence at Telecom Layout, Jakkur.

== Conservation Efforts ==
Many inscriptions, herostones and sculptures in the Jakkur area were initially neglected, with local residents reportedly unaware of their historical significance. Citizen historians K.R. Narasimhan, Dhanapal Manchenahalli and P L Udaya Kumar guided villagers in conservation efforts. The 10th-century Atmabalidana Veeragallu from Jakkur is now conserved at the K.V. Bhaire Gowda Kala Mandira complex. In Allalasandra, a resident named Somasekhar relocated an inscription to safety after attending an awareness program. Expert assistance was provided for conservation work, including rejoining a broken inscription in Agrahara.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=Inscriptions and Herostones of Jakkur
|width=170 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Jakkur inscription.jpg
|The 10th-century ''Atmabalidana'' (self-sacrifice) memorial stone found in Jakkur.

|File:Jakkur 16th century Sati stone.jpg
|The 16th-century ''Maha-Sati'' stone found in Jakkur.

|File:Jakkur 1342CE Honnamaraya nayka Kannada Inscription 02.jpg
|The 1342 CE Honnamarayanayaka inscription from Jakkur.
|File:Jakkur 10th century Prashasti Kannada Inscription.jpg
|The 10th-century CE Prashasti inscription from Jakkur.
|File:Ruins of the destroyed Shaiva temple at Jakkur.jpg
|Ruins of the Shaiva temple discovered in Jakkur.
|File:3D scanning of the Jakkur 1432CE Allalanatha pillar Inscription.jpg
|The 1432 CE Allalanatha pillar inscription from Jakkur.
|File:Jakkur 10th century Kalnadu Kannada Inscription 03.jpg
|The 10th-century CE Kalnadu inscription from Jakkur.
|File:Jakkur 10th century memorial stone of the couple.jpg
|The 10th-century ''Atmabalidana'' (self-sacrifice) memorial stone found in Jakkur.
|18=Jakkur 1342CE Kannada Inscription|19=File:Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Jakkur 16th century Sati stone.png|20=Digitally colored image of the 16th-century ''Maha-Sati'' stone from Jakkur.|21=File:Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Jakkur 10th century memorial stone.png|22=Digitally colored image of the 10th-century ''Atmabalidana'' memorial stone from Jakkur.}}

== See also ==

* [[Early Indian epigraphy|Indian inscription]]
* [[Kannada inscriptions|Kannada inscription]]
* [[History of Bangalore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Karnataka]]
[[Category:10th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Ashok Gehlot

2026-02-25T11:43:38Z

Barkatofficial: brief adjust information also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Gehlot
| image = PM and Gehlot inaugurate various projects at Nathdwara 2023.jpg
| caption = Gehlot in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|3 May 1951|df=y}}<ref name=bio/><ref>{{cite news |title=अशोक गहलोत के जन्मदिन पर समर्थकों ने किया शक्ति प्रदर्शन |url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-ashok-gehlot-birthday-demonstrates-power-performance-17910792.html |access-date=2 May 2019 |work=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=4 May 2018 |language=hi |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502111132/https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-ashok-gehlot-birthday-demonstrates-power-performance-17910792.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<ref name=bio/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office11 =
| office = 12th [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] | deputy = [[Sachin Pilot]] (until 14 July 2020)
| termstart = 17 December 2018
| termend = 15 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| successor = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|df=y|2008|12|13}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|df=y|2013|12|12}}
| predecessor2 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| successor2 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|df=y|1998|12|1}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|df=y|2003|12|8}} | deputy3 =[[Banwari Lal Bairwa]] , [[Kamla Beniwal]] (from 25 January 2003)
| predecessor3 = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| successor3 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| office4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1 December 1998
| predecessor4 = Man Singh Deora
| constituency4 = [[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]]||
| office5 = General Secretary (Organisation) of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]
| term_start5 = December 2017
| term_end5 = January 2019
| successor5 = [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| office6 = [[Union Minister]] of State for [[Minister of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Minister of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
| primeminister6 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| term_start6 = 31 December 1984
| term_end6 = 26 September 1985
| office7 = Deputy [[Union Minister]] for [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Sports]]
| term_start7 = 7 February 1984
| term_end7 = 31 October 1984
| primeminister7 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office8 = [[Union Minister]] of State (Independent Charge) for [[Minister of Textiles (India)|Textiles]]
| primeminister8 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start8 = 21 June 1991
| term_end8 = 18 January 1993
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 1991
| term_end9 = 1998
| constituency9 = [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
| term_start10 = 1980
| term_end10 = 1989
| constituency10 = [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]|
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Sunita Gehlot
| children = 2
| nationality =
| occupation = Politician
| residence = 13, Sawai Pratapsingh Rd, Madrampur, Civil Lines, [[Jaipur]]
| nickname = Jaadugar<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Ishadrita |date=1 October 2022 |title=Ashok Gehlot: 'Jaadugar' who worked magic for Congress over decades now faces uncertain road |url=https://theprint.in/politics/ashok-gehlot-jaadugar-who-worked-magic-for-congress-over-decades-now-faces-uncertain-road/1149054/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
| governor3 = [[Navrang Lal Tibrewal]] [[Anshuman Singh (politician)]] [[Nirmal Chandra Jain]] | governor2 = [[Shilendra Kumar Singh]] [[Prabha Rau]] [[Shivraj Patil]] [[Margaret Alva]] | governor = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Kalraj Mishra]]}}

'''Ashok Gehlot''' (born 3 May 1951) is an Indian politician who served as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] from 1998 to December 2003, then again from 2008 to December 2013, and later from 2018 to December 2023.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajassembly.nic.in/AshokGehlot.htm|title=Chief Minister, Rajasthan|website=Rajassembly.nic.in|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010401/https://rajassembly.nic.in/AshokGehlot.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He represents [[Sardarpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sardarpura]] constituency of Jodhpur as [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Rajasthan]] since 1998. He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Jodhpur]] from 1991 to 1998 and from 1980 to 1989 and [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Union Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] for [[Minister of Textiles|Textile]] from 1991 to 1993, [[Minister of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Minister of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] from 1984 to 1984 and Deputy [[Union minister]] for [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Sports]] from 1984 to 1984. He was also a national General secretary of [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], in-charge of organisations and training from March 2018 to 23 January 2019. He was also made in-charge of Gujarat state in [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashok Gehlot Appointed Congress General Secretary In-Charge For Gujarat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-made-congress-general-secretary-in-charge-for-gujarat-1686262 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171535/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-made-congress-general-secretary-in-charge-for-gujarat-1686262 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=India Today|date=13 July 2020|title=Sachin Pilot vs Ashok Gehlot: Your guide to Rajasthan political crisis in 10 points|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-joining-bjp-ashok-gehlot-congress-1699920-2020-07-13|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713044632/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-joining-bjp-ashok-gehlot-congress-1699920-2020-07-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ashok Gehlot is the son of Laxman Singh Gehlot, a magician who used to travel around the country to show his magic tricks.<ref name="Kidwai">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-magician-in-rajasthan-congress|title=Ashok Gehlot: The Magician in Rajasthan Congress|website=thewire|first=Rashid|last=Kidwai|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220354/https://thewire.in/politics/the-magician-in-rajasthan-congress|url-status=live}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Mali caste]].<ref name="Jaffrelot">{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Religion, Caste and Politics In India |year=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-04-7 |page=xviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PR18 |quote=In Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot, a Mali, was made chief minister after the 1998 and 2008 state elections.}}</ref><ref name="SelfId">{{cite magazine |date=27 December 2022 |title=No One Is Made CM On Basis Of Caste: Ashok Gehlot |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-one-is-made-cm-on-basis-of-caste-ashok-gehlot-news-248502 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227024936/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-one-is-made-cm-on-basis-of-caste-ashok-gehlot-news-248502 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |quote= ... Gehlot said he is the only MLA from the Mali community in the Rajasthan Assembly and still people have made him the chief minister thrice.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/ashok-gehlot-congress-president-sonia-gandhi-rahul-sachin-pilot-rajasthan|title=What Makes Ashok Gehlot Congress' Top Choice as Party President After Gandhis?|website=the quint|date=25 August 2022 |accessdate=22 September 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829033339/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/ashok-gehlot-congress-president-sonia-gandhi-rahul-sachin-pilot-rajasthan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/5-reasons-why-rahul-gandhi-picked-ashok-gehlot-over-sachin-pilot/163938/|title=5 reasons why Rahul Gandhi picked Ashok Gehlot over Sachin Pilot|website=The Print|date=14 December 2018 |accessdate=22 September 2022|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820053425/https://theprint.in/politics/5-reasons-why-rahul-gandhi-picked-ashok-gehlot-over-sachin-pilot/163938/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parihar |first=Rohit |date=28 December 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-is-ashok-gehlot-s-secret-to-survival-1891438-2021-12-23 |title=What is Ashok Gehlot's secret to survival? |magazine=India Today |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320181638/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-is-ashok-gehlot-s-secret-to-survival-1891438-2021-12-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gehlot's father served as the president of the Jodhpur Municipal Corporation for two terms, as the vice-president for one term and was a mining contractor.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ashok Gehlot Interview: Sachin Pilot, Vasundhara, Gajendra Shekhawat पर खुलासा{{!}} Saurabh Dwivedi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAlB7m7tec4 |website=YouTube |publisher=The Lallantop |language=hi |date=7 June 2023 |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref> He is a science and law graduate, he also holds an MA degree in economics. He is married to Sunita Gehlot and has a son and a daughter.<ref name=bio/> His son Vaibhav Gehlot is a politician who contested the [[Lok Sabha]] elections of 2019 from [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/moochh-ki-ladai-gehlots-son-in-prestige-fight/cid/1689596|title=moochh-ki-ladai-gehlots-son-in-prestige-fight|first=Imran Ahmed|last=Siddiqui|quote=The biggest factor, however, remains the caste arithmetic. The BJP is banking on the support of the Rajputs, the dominant caste in Jodhpur, Brahmins and Jats. Gehlot is eyeing the OBC votes, especially the Mali community to which he belongs, as well as Muslims and SC/STs.|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718192805/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/moochh-ki-ladai-gehlots-son-in-prestige-fight/cid/1689596|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party. He was influenced by the teachings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at a very young age and was actively engaged in social political work even as a student. During the [[East Bengali refugees]] crisis in 1971, he served in the refugee camps in the eastern states of India. It is there when former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] first identified his organizational skills during one of her visits to the refugee camps. Gehlot was later appointed the first State President of [[National Students' Union of India]] and successfully organised Congress's Student Wing in the state.<ref name="other posts"/> Gehlot is a staunch [[Gandhism|Gandhiite]] and he lived in [[Wardha]] to adapt his lifestyle as a Gandhiite. He eats before sunset and is a pure [[vegetarian]] and enjoys Satvik Meals, thereby making him a [[Teetotalism|teetotaler]].<ref name="Kidwai"/>

==Political career==
[[File:The Chairperson, National Advisory Council, Smt. Sonia Gandhi launching the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), at Banswara, Rajasthan. The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shri Ashok Gehlot.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sonia Gandhi]] and Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot, launching the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), at Banswara, Rajasthan]]
He contested his first election for [[Rajasthan]] Legislative assembly in 1977 for [[Sardarpura Assembly constituency|Sardarpura]] constituency and lost by a margin of 4426 votes to his closest opponent Madhav Singh of the Janata Party. Gehlot had to sell his motorcycle to contest his first election.
In 1980 he contested [[Lok Sabha]] election from [[Jodhpur]] and won by a margin of 52,519 votes. In 1984 he was appointed the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]]. In 1989 he lost the election from [[Jodhpur]].<ref name="career">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ashok-gehlot.html|title=Ashok gehlot :political career|website=Election.in|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629055840/https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ashok-gehlot.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shri Ashok Gehlot meeting the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Shri Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia, in New Delhi on January 08, 2013.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot meeting the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], in New Delhi on 8 January 2013]]
When the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party returned to power in 1991 he was appointed Union Minister again by then [[Prime Minister]] [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]]. He was discharged from his duty in 1993 and headed towards his home state Rajasthan to manage Congress political affairs. In 1998, Congress won a landslide victory by winning 153 out of 200 seats. Ashok Gehlot was appointed the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] for the first time.<ref name="career"/>{{Efn|He was non-elected member of Assembly, that time so Man Singh Deora vacated his seat Sadarpura.}}

In 2003, Congress lost Rajasthan and won merely 56 seats. In [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] Congress was short of a majority by 4 seats and Gehlot who was a well-known troubleshooter in Congress was appointed the Chief Minister to prevent instability and thus he was sworn in for the second time as Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/iQRykeSte2yOspMhwCxtAI/Congress-comes-up-tops-in-Rajasthan-with-96-seats.html |title=Congress comes up tops in Rajasthan with 96 seats |work=Mint |date=8 December 2008 |first=Ruhi |last=Tewari |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506115727/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/iQRykeSte2yOspMhwCxtAI/Congress-comes-up-tops-in-Rajasthan-with-96-seats.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar with the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shri Ashok Gehlot at the Chief Ministers’ Conference on Internal Security, in New Delhi on April 16, 2012.jpg|thumb|The [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Nitish Kumar]] with the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot at the Chief Ministers' Conference on Internal Security, in New Delhi on 16 April 2012]]

In 2013, Congress suffered its worst-ever defeat by only winning 21 seats in 200 member assembly. Gehlot was then appointed [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] [[General Secretary]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=8 December 2013|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-election-bjp-win-biggest-ever-congress-loss-biggest-ever-220101-2013-12-08|title=Rajasthan: BJP's win is the biggest ever for any party, Congress's loss is the worst|website=Indiatoday|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718185410/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-election-bjp-win-biggest-ever-congress-loss-biggest-ever-220101-2013-12-08|url-status=live}}</ref> He remained at the position till 2018 and after [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], when Congress returned to power he was appointed the Chief Minister for the third time despite the strong candidacy of [[Sachin Pilot]] due to his role in the revival of Congress after its worst-ever defeat in Legislative Elections. [[Sachin Pilot]] was appointed [[Deputy Chief Minister]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Gehlot sworn in as Rajasthan chief minister, Sachin Pilot as deputy CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ashok-gehlot-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-chief-minister-sachin-pilot-as-deputy-cm/articleshow/67123915.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211113013422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ashok-gehlot-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-chief-minister-sachin-pilot-as-deputy-cm/articleshow/67123915.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, it was reported that [[Sonia Gandhi]] supports Gehlot leading Congress in the [[next Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Darpan |date=24 August 2022 |title=How Ashok Gehlot, not Rahul Gandhi, could be better off leading Congress into 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/ashok-gehlot-rahul-gandhi-congress-president-2024-lok-sabha-elections-1992062-2022-08-24 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913074412/https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/ashok-gehlot-rahul-gandhi-congress-president-2024-lok-sabha-elections-1992062-2022-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gehlot recently announced that he is in favour of conducting a caste census. He announced that a six per cent additional reservation for the most backward castes within the Other Backward Class (OBC) category in the state will be provided. Varta Broadcasting (Tariq M. Kidwai) helps him to interact with public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/gehlot-clicks-caste-census-tab-for-a-repeat-ahead-of-polls|title=Gehlot clicks caste census tab for a repeat ahead of polls|website=The Buck Stopper|date=10 August 2023 |accessdate=10 August 2023}}</ref>

In [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he once again won from the [[Sardarpura Assembly constituency|Sardarpura constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=3 December 2023 |title=Sardarpura, Rajasthan Election Result Highlights: Ashok Gehlot wins for 6th time |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/sardarpura-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-news-updates-ashok-gehlot-bjp-congress-11701534711946.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Administrative policies==
===Right to Health bill===
In 2023, Ashok Gehlot's government brought the "Right to Health" bill, which was aimed at providing free medical facilities to all the residents of Rajasthan in every medical establishment in the state. The bill provided that every health establishment, whether public or private, located in Rajasthan will have to provide health facilities in emergency situation free of cost to patient, who is a resident of Rajasthan. Though hailed as a positive step by many, the bill's provisions were condemned by [[Indian Medical Association]] and the private doctors of the state. Many of them took to street against the bill and several concerns were raised upon viability of the scheme. The critics of the bill argued that it will bring the private establishment under tight control of bureaucracy, which will impede their proper functioning. The private medical facilities also protested on the fact that the bill hasn't described that how the private medical facilities will be reimbursed after providing free medical facilities to patients in emergency situation. The bill was also criticised for not defining the term "emergency situation". However, after the talks with the stakeholders, Gehlot's government was able to implement the provisions of bill with certain changes. It was informed by government authorities that the hospitals with less than fifty beds were excluded from enforcement of the provisions and only those private hospitals built with the government's help or subsidies will have to implement the provisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/fit/right-to-health-protesting-doctors-rajasthan-government-reach-consensus|title=Right to Health: Protesting Doctors, Ashok Gehlot Govt Reach 'Consensus|website=The Wire|date=4 April 2023 |accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/right-to-health-act-ashok-gehlot-healthcare-rajasthan-8516622/|title=With Right to Health Act, Ashok Gehlot seeks to build on his healthcare legacy, eyes a fresh term|website=Indian express|date=25 March 2023 |editor=Hamza Khan|accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-doctors-call-off-stir-against-right-to-health-bill-after-pact-with-government/article66698870.ece|title=Rajasthan doctors call off stir against Right to Health Bill after pact with government|website=The Hindu|date=4 April 2023 |accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref> With the bringing of universal right to health through this bill, Rajasthan became the first state in India to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amid-protests-rajasthan-becomes-first-state-to-pass-right-to-health-bill/article66646594.ece|title=Amid protests, Rajasthan becomes first State to pass Right to Health Bill|website=The Hindu|date=21 March 2023 |accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/conflicting-views-emerge-before-passage-of-right-to-health-bill-in-rajasthan/article66432569.ece|title=Conflicting views emerge before passage of Right to Health Bill in Rajasthan|website=The Hindu|date=27 January 2023 |accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref>

===Jaipur Metro Project===
[[File:Manmohan Singh being presented a memento by the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shri Ashok Gehlot, at the foundation stone laying ceremony of Phase-1B of Jaipur Metro, at Jaipur, Rajasthan on September 21, 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Manmohan Singh]] being presented a memento by the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot, at the foundation stone laying ceremony of Phase-1B of Jaipur Metro, at Jaipur, Rajasthan on 21 September 2013.]]
In 2013, Gehlot also inaugurated the [[Jaipur metro|Jaipur Metro Project]] for bringing efficient transport infrastructure in the state of Rajasthan. The phase I-A of the project was laid down from Mansarovar to [[Chandpole metro station|Chandpole]], while the phase I-B was laid between Chandpole to Badi Chaupar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/gehlot-reviews-work-of-jaipur-metro-project-stresses-on-safety/articleshow/20916657.cms|title=Gehlot reviews work of Jaipur metro project stresses on safety|website=Economic Times|date=4 July 2013 |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

===Kamdhenu Pashu Bima Yojna===
On 12 April 2023, Gehlot launched Kamdhenu Pashu Bima Yojna, an insurance scheme for the dairy animals for the resident cattle owners of Rajasthan. Under this scheme, a farmer needs to have at least two dairy animal and his annual income shouldn't exceed eight [[lakh]] per annum for becoming a beneficiary. The government of Rajasthan also made this scheme available to the farmers having more than eight lacs as annual income, but in that case, they had to pay an annual premium of [[₹]]200. The eligible beneficiaries were required to register for the scheme at their nearest ''Mehngai Rahat Camp'' (Inflation relief camps). Gehlot also organised the video conferences to connect directly with the people in order to make them aware of the scheme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ashok-gehlot-tries-out-his-welfare-card/article66943667.ece|title=Ashok Gehlot tries out his welfare card|website=The Hindu|date=7 June 2023 |accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref> As per provision of this scheme, on the death of milch animal a compensation of [[₹]]40,000 was announced to be provided per animal to the cattle owner as insurance claim. The scheme was made available to two animals per family, taking total benefits to ₹ 80,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-big-gift-to-cattle-herders-before-cm-ashok-gehlot-birthday-government-will-provide-free-insurance-for-two-milk-buffaloes-6074309.html|title=Rajasthan: सीएम गहलोत के जन्मदिन से पहले पशुपालकों को बड़ा तोहफा, दो दुधारू भैंसों का मुफ्त बीमा करेगी सरकार|website=News18|date=3 May 2023 |language=Hindi|accessdate=28 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/over-rs-2-313-cr-given-to-cow-shelters-in-rajasthan-in-last-4-years-cm-gehlot-news-288569|title=Over Rs 2,313 Cr Given To Cow Shelters In Rajasthan In Last 4 Years: CM Gehlot|website=Outlook India|date=22 May 2023 |accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref> This scheme, like many others were distributed at the instance of Gehlot through 2,500 Inflation relief camps running across the state, aiming to deliver ten flagship scheme of Gehlot's government to people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/cm-post-welfare-gehlot-mehangai-rahat-camp-labharthis-elections-rajasthan-8573533/|title=Eyeing another term as CM, Ashok Gehlot pitches 'inflation relief' camps|website=Indian express|date=24 April 2023 |accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref>

===Law and order related reforms===
In 2019, Gehlot chaired a meeting of Rajasthan's home department. The questions that were discussed in this meeting included turning down of the registration of new [[First Information Report]]s by the [[Station House Officer]]s in many instances to keep the crime figure in the state low, apparently. Gehlot announced that in such cases, where a police official in charge has not registered an FIR on the complaint, the complainant can lodge his grievance against the official on a special portal of the government launched for keeping the police officials accountable. The SHO or the officer in charge will have to mandatorily register FIR for all the congnisable offences and if they fail to do so, required action will be taken against them. Gehlot also announced the roadmap to recruit more manpower in the police department and immediate promotion of the constables and other staff that was due for the time. This was done to enhance the pace of investigation and inquiry in the cases which were about to come after the enforcement of mandatory registration of FIR.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot makes registration of FIRs mandatory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot-makes-registration-of-firs-mandatory-1471115-2019-03-05 |magazine=India Today |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

During his tenure, Gehlot also prioritised checking of crime against women. In 2023, the Government of Rajasthan brought a policy to debar those committing crimes against women from the government jobs by issuing a character certificate mentioning the type of crime they committed and keeping a record of hooligans by the police department of the state, to be shared with the Staff Selection Commission and State Public Service Commission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harsha Kumari |date=8 August 2023 |title="No Government Jobs": Ashok Gehlot's Big Move On Crimes Against Women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ashok-gehlots-big-move-on-crimes-against-women-no-government-jobs-4280635 |work=NDTV |access-date=5 October 2024 }}</ref>

==Leadership==
Gehlot is known for his political acumen and most often, he is referred to as magician (jadugar) by his party colleagues. In 2022, Gehlot was reported to have ensured victory of three Indian National Congress candidates in [[Rajya Sabha]] polls, which were being conducted on four seats in the state. While ensuring that horse trading couldn't happen, he also cornered votes of some of the independent electors, who didn't share affiliation with any political party, to vote in favour of Congress candidates. [[Pramod Tiwari]], the Rajya Sabha member from Rajasthan, credited Gehlot for his political acumen after his victory in 2022 polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/rajya-sabha-results-ajay-maken-ashok-gehlot-congress|title=Rajya Sabha Poll: Gehlot Scripts Congress' Rajasthan Win But Haryana Slips Away|website=The Quint|date=11 June 2022 |accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> In 2023, prior to Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections, Gehlot claimed in a public address at [[Dholpur]], that three Bharatiya Janata Party MLAs, which included former Chief Minister of Rajasthan, [[Vasundhara Raje]] and Dholpur MLA, [[Shobha Rani Kushwaha]], helped him save his government from being toppled down in 2020, by some rebel leaders of his own party. However, Raje responded to Gehlot's claim by accusing him of plotting conspiracy against her to create distrust between herself and BJP leadership of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/did-bjp-help-ashok-gehlot-save-rajasthan-s-congress-government-in-2020-vasundhara-raje-says-this-11683508278077.html|title=Did BJP help Ashok Gehlot save Rajasthan's Congress government in 2020? Vasundhara Raje says this|website=livemint|date=8 May 2023 |accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref> Gehlot's first stint as Chief Minister was witnessed in 1998, the year, which also saw rise of [[Sonia Gandhi]] to the presidency of Indian National Congress. In the election held that year, [[Jat]] community is reported to have thrown its weight behind Indian National Congress, as the face of party was veteran leader [[Parasram Maderna]], a member of Jat community. Maderna was also one of the contender for the post of Chief Minister then and Jat community had supported Congress, in a bid to get a Chief Minister from their own community. However, Gehlot was able to sideline Maderna, to create a space for him for the premiership of state. Decades later, Gehlot faced similar situation in his political career, when next generation Congress leader, [[Sachin Pilot]] opposed him and tried to assume leadership, like Gehlot did to Maderna. However, according to senior journalist and political analyst, Rajendra Bora: " It was Gehlot's political manoeuvre, which helped him save his position, and he refused to give way to next generation leaders to rise up in state politics." It is opined by political analysts that post his rise in Rajasthan as face of Indian National Congress, Gehlot never allowed alternative leadership to develop in the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ashok-gehlot-genial-mass-leader-who-played-his-cards-right-5494657/|title=Ashok Gehlot: Genial mass leader who played his cards right|website=Indian express|date=15 December 2018 |accessdate=28 August 2023}}</ref>

Veteran journalist and political analyst, [[Narayan Bareth]] believes that Gehlot is considered as their biggest political adversary by the Jat leadership of the state of Rajasthan. Ever since his appointment as Chief Minister of State, the political future of two biggest Jat families, which had considerable say in the state's politics, was foredoomed. The Mirdha and Maderna political families, which belonged to Jat community were reduced to insignificant position in the politics of state. While the Mirdhas over the time became non important political entity, Maderna family's political clout was destroyed due to [[Mahipal Maderna]]'s sex scandal, after which he was sacked from ministry by Gehlot. Gehlot however claims that he has no role in political future of Jat leadership of state. It is also admitted by some political analysts that Gehlot, besides playing political manoeuvre, is apt at handing the crisis situation through deliberations. During Gurjar agitation in state, when Gurjar leader [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]] came to meet him, Gehlot gave him a portrait of [[Martin Luther King]] and persuaded him that the law and order situation shouldn't be distributed during the agitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-the-low-profile-leader-emerges-front-runner/story-tgEpu6RV9G8RbfVDOaANjO.html|title=Ashok Gehlot: The low-profile leader who plays political magic|website=Hindustan Times|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=28 August 2023|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718194214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-the-low-profile-leader-emerges-front-runner/story-tgEpu6RV9G8RbfVDOaANjO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also alleged that in the [[Bhanwari Devi murder case]], despite knowing that she was blackmailing the Water Resource minister of state, Mahipal Maderna, Gehlot didn't take any step, which resulted in murder of Devi and Maderna along with other convicts were sacked; his conviction, further led to fall in his political graph. Gehlot's political opponent, Vasundhara Raje have also exploited the anguish of Jats against him, as Raje herself is married into Dholpur royal family, which belonged to Jats. It is opined that Congress failed to repeat the electoral victory like 1998 as the support of Jat community to it ceased to exist like earlier, due to Gehlot becoming the Chief Minister in 1998, after sidelining Parasram Maderna.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mishra |first=Sudhansu |date=6 June 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/sudhanshu-mishra/story/ashok-gehlot-jat-community-rajasthan-165741-2013-06-05#google_vignette |title=Ashok Gehlot fears Jat backlash |magazine=India Today |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

Gehlot was also able to save his government from being toppled down by rebellion of some of the Congress [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]], who were considered as loyal to Sachin Pilot, when Pilot claimed in 2020 that Gehlot's government was in minority. In what is called as [[2020 Rajasthan political crisis|Rajasthan Political Crisis of 2020]], Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan, and a colleague of Ashok Gehlot, Sachin Pilot rushed to Delhi, claiming to have support of thirty MLAs. The MLAs of Pilot faction of Congress claimed that Gehlot wanted to oust Pilot from all significant positions, he is holding in Congress party. The Congress leadership, in response to Pilot's activities issued whip and called a meeting of Congress Legislature Party in [[Jaipur]]. Pilot, however, refused to attend the meeting, showing complete distrust in Gehlot's leadership. It was later revealed that only twelve MLAs were present in Pilot's camp in Delhi and soon after latter's claim of having support of thirty MLAs, Congress claimed that 109 MLAs have submitted their written consent in favour of Gehlot.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-joining-bjp-ashok-gehlot-congress-1699920-2020-07-13 |title=Sachin Pilot vs Ashok Gehlot: Your guide to Rajasthan political crisis in 10 points |magazine=India Today |date=13 July 2020 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713044632/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-political-crisis-sachin-pilot-joining-bjp-ashok-gehlot-congress-1699920-2020-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Asnani |first=Rajesh |date=10 August 2020 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/10/rajastahan-crisis-as-pilot-succumbs-gehlot-seals-a-huge-victory-2181636.html|title=Rajastahan crisis: As Pilot succumbs, Gehlot seals a huge victory |work=New Indian Express |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

Despite opposition in several corners of the state by several influential communities, Gehlot himself believes that he served as the chief minister for three terms because of the support of all the communities of Rajasthan. Speaking to a gathering in 2022, in Bharatpur district, he said:
{{quote|If all the communities do not love me, do not bless me, then how can I be made the chief minister 3 times… and the biggest thing is that my caste is called Saini, it is called Kushwaha, it is called Mali.” “There is only one MLA of my caste in the assembly, and that is myself… Sometimes, I think that what a lucky person I am, I am so fortunate that the people of Rajasthan have made me chief minister thrice.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/india/no-one-is-made-cm-on-basis-of-caste-ashok-gehlot/1283696/|title=No one is made CM on the basis of caste|website=The Print|date=26 December 2022 |accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=PTI |date=27 December 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-one-is-made-cm-on-basis-of-caste-ashok-gehlot-news-248502 |title=No one is made CM on the basis of caste |magazine=Outlook |access-date=3 October 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227024936/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-one-is-made-cm-on-basis-of-caste-ashok-gehlot-news-248502 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position

|-
| 1980–84 || Elected to the [[7th Lok Sabha]]
* Member – [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] {{small|1980–82}}
* Deputy Minister for Tourism {{small|1982–84}}
* Deputy Minister for Civil Aviation {{small|1982–83}}
* Deputy Minister for Sports {{small|1984–84}}
|-
| 1984–89 || Elected to the [[8th Lok Sabha]]
* Union Minister of State for Tourism {{small|1984–85}}
* Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation {{small|1984–85}}
|-
| 1991–96 || Elected to the [[10th Lok Sabha]]
* Minister of State {{small|''(Independent Charge)''}} for Textiles {{small|1991–93}}
* Member – Consultative Committee on Communication {{small|1991–96}}
* Member – Standing Committee on Railway {{small|1991–96}}
|-
| 1996–98 || Elected to the [[11th Lok Sabha]]
* Member – Standing Committee on Railway {{small|1996–98}}
* Member – Consultative Committee on Communication {{small|1996–98}}
|-
| 1998–99 || Elected to the [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 1999–2003 || Member, 11th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (Elected in by-election)
* [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2003–08 || Member, 12th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2008–13 || Member, [[13th Rajasthan Assembly|13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2013–18 || Member, [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 2018–2023 || Member, [[15th Rajasthan Assembly|15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
|-
|2023–Cont.
|Member, [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="2" align="bottom" style="background-color:#EAECF0; text-align:center" |'''Sources:'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2734.htm|title=Biographical Sketch : Ashok Gehlot|work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830040845/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2734.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/ashok-gehlot-19098.html|title=Ashok Gehlot Biography|work=OneIndia|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830040844/https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/ashok-gehlot-19098.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Goswami|first=Rakesh|date=14 December 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-the-low-profile-leader-emerges-front-runner/story-tgEpu6RV9G8RbfVDOaANjO.html|title=Ashok Gehlot: The low-profile leader who plays political magic|work=HindustanTimes|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718194214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-the-low-profile-leader-emerges-front-runner/story-tgEpu6RV9G8RbfVDOaANjO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Other positions held ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position
|-
| 1974–79 || President, Rajasthan [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|-
| 1979–82 || President, City District Congress Committee, Jodhpur
|-
| 1982 || General Secretary, [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]
|-
| 1985–89
| rowspan="3" | President, [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]
|-
| 1994–97
|-
| 1997–99
|-
| 2004–08 || General Secretary, [[All India Congress Committee]]
|-
| 2017–2019
|General Secretary, [[All India Congress Committee]]
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan="2" align="bottom" style="background-color:#EAECF0; text-align:center" |'''Sources:'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ashok-gehlot.html|title=Ashok Gehlot Biography|work=elections.in|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807120928/https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ashok-gehlot.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="other posts">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Ashok Gehlot-the man who rose from the ashes |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/11ashok-gehlot-is-new-cm-of-rajasthan.htm |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=Rediff |date=11 December 2008 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720020201/https://m.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/11ashok-gehlot-is-new-cm-of-rajasthan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
*[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
*[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
*[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
*[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/30gehlot.htm Interview to rediff.com in 1999]
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[R D Gattani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] |years=1980–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jaswant Singh]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] |years=1991–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]|years=1 December 1998 – 8 December 2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]|years=12 December 2008 – 13 December 2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] }}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]|years=17 December 2018 – 15 December 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Rajasthan}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Indian National Congress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gehlot, Ashok}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Presidents of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T23:54:12Z

Barkatofficial: new

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt = Location of Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka
| map_caption = Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary (in Karnataka)
| label = Kappatagudda WS
| mark = Green pog.svg
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Gadag district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Gadag]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4050|75.5710|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/17/kappatagudda-forest-is-now-a-wildlife--sanctuary-1978408.html |title=Kappatagudda forest is now a wildlife sanctuary |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| area = {{convert|244.15|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/karnataka |title=Karnataka Protected Areas Database |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| established = 16 May 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/17/kappatagudda-forest-is-now-a-wildlife--sanctuary-1978408.html |title=Kappatagudda forest is now a wildlife sanctuary |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| governing_body = Department of Forest, Ecology & Environment, Government of Karnataka
}}

'''Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Gadag district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It was formed in 2019 and it spans {{convert|244.15|km2|abbr=on}} over dry deciduous hills across Gadag, Mundargi, and Shirahatti taluks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/17/kappatagudda-forest-is-now-a-wildlife--sanctuary-1978408.html |title=Kappatagudda forest is now a wildlife sanctuary |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384252788_De-notified_and_notified_protected_area_Kappathagudda_Wildlife_Sanctuary_and_its_importance_for_the_conservation_of_mammals_in_the_Deccan_Plateau_of_Karnataka_India |title=De-notified and notified protected area: Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary and its importance for the conservation of mammals ... |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
===Flora===
The sanctuary features dry deciduous vegetation dominated by [[teak]], ''[[Butea monosperma]]'', [[Acacia|acacia scrub]], and native grasses like ''[[Cymbopogon]]'' spp. Riparian patches exist alongside seasonal streams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murthy |first1=Y. S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=A. R. |title=Vegetation analysis of Kappatagudda forests |journal=Journal of Dryland Biodiversity |year=2021 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=45–53}}</ref>

A SACON–WII study confirmed the presence of 18 mammal species, including [[Wolf|wolves]], [[Striped hyena|striped hyenas]], jungle and [[Rusty-spotted cat|rusty-spotted cats]], small and large antelopes ([[blackbuck]], [[chinkara]], [[Four-horned antelope|four‑horned antelope]]), and [[wild boar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/nov/15/kappatagudda-now-home-to-18-mammals |title=Kappatagudda now home to 18 mammals |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 Nov 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

Over 180 bird species have been documented. Notable species include [[Indian peafowl]], [[plum-headed parakeet]], [[crested serpent eagle]], and [[Lark|larks]] and [[Pipit|pipits]] typical of arid habitats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L1234567 |title=Bird list – Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary |website=eBird |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

In February 2025, the rare [[White-naped tit|White‑Naped Tit]] (''Parus nuchalis'') was observed, highlighting the sanctuary's scrub‑thorn habitat importance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://greenminute.in/2025/02/08/rare-white-naped-tit-spotted-in-kappatagudda-sanctuary/ |title=Rare White‑Naped Tit spotted in Kappatagudda Sanctuary |publisher=Green Minute |date=8 Feb 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Conservation and threats==
In October 2024, the Karnataka Wildlife Board deferred 28 mining licence applications within 10 km of the sanctuary, following objections and environmentalist concerns over buffer-zone violations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/wildlife-board-defers-grant-of-permission-for-new-mining-licences-around-protected-forest-areas/article68729973.ece |title=Wildlife Board defers new mining licences around protected forest areas |work=The Hindu |date=8 Oct 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/oct/09/kappatagudda-no-nod-for-mining-now-greens-rejoice-2024... |title=Kappatagudda: No nod for mining now, greens rejoice |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 Oct 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

Local activists rallied in November 2024 against buffer-zone reduction proposals, citing violations of the Wildlife Protection Act and lack of public consultation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/outcry-over-mining-proposal-threatening-kappatagudda-conservation/articleshow/115816554.cms |title=Citizens rally against proposal to shrink buffer zone for mining |work=The Times of India |date=29 Nov 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

In early 2025, forest officials launched phase‑2 of a survey using camera‑traps and grid-based monitoring, successfully confirming presence of wolves, leopards, porcupines, and various carnivores—also helping deter illegal activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/phase-2-of-wild-animal-study-afoot-in-kappatagudda/articleshow/106006797.cms |title=Phase‑2 of wild animal study afoot in Kappatagudda |work=The Times of India |date=15 Dec 2023 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Tourism==
In December 2023, forest authorities released an annual wildlife-themed calendar featuring local species—an initiative to boost awareness and tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/2024-calendar-wild-animals-of-kappatagudda-forest/articleshow/106306810.cms |title=Forest dept brings out 2024 calendar featuring wild animals of Kappatagudda |work=The Times of India |date=27 Dec 2023 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

Plans for jungle lodges and safari facilities by mid-2024 aim to replicate models from Bandipur and Dandeli, though infrastructure development is being paced to minimize ecological impact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/kappatagudda-to-have-jungle-lodges-soon-to-attract-tourists/105980360 |title=Kappatagudda to have jungle lodges soon to attract tourists |work=ET TravelWorld |date=14 Dec 2023 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Gadag district]]

Ahmed Hossain

2026-02-21T18:35:43Z

Barkatofficial: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician (1896–1961)}}
{{similar names|Ahmed Hussein (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ahmed Hossain
| honorific_suffix = [[Mian (title)|Mian]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ahmed Hossain.jpg 
| image_size = 220px
| alt = Ahmed Hossain
| caption = Ahmed Hossain
| office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1937
| term_end1 = 1947
| constituency1 = [[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha South]]
| birth_date = 7 March 1896
| birth_place = [[Mahimaganj|Jalaltair]], [[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1961|5|19|1896|3|7}}
| death_place = [[East Pakistan]]
| death_cause =
| party =
| education = Sonatala High School
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
}}
'''Ahmed Hossain''' (7 March 1896 – 19 May 1961), minister for agriculture, forest and fisheries department in [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]'s cabinet 1946/47, chairman of Rangpur District Board (Undivided Bengal),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahim |first1=Enayetur |last2=Rahim |first2=Joyce L |year=2000 |title=Bengal Politics: Documents of the Raj |volume=III |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |pages=142–143 |isbn=984-05-1500-4 |quote=The Ministry as at present constituted includes ... The remaining two Members, Khan Bahadur Abdul Ghofran and Ahmed Hossain are somewhat unknown quantities: ... the latter has been Chairman of the Rangpur District Board.}}</ref> minister for agriculture in East Pakistan in Abu Hossain Sarkar's cabinet 1955–56. Represented his Shagata and Fulchari constituency, of [[Gaibandha District]] as MLA and MP from 1937 to 1958.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Early life==
Ahmed Hossain was born in Jalaltair village, [[Mahimaganj]], [[Rangpur district]] on 7 March 1896. Hossain passed his matriculation examination from Sonatola High School and obtained a law degree from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="autogenerated291">Sufi, Motahar Hussain (2007). "Rangopurer Barannyo Baktittyo" (Renowned Personalities of Greater Rangopur), p.291, Rangopur Research Institute (Bengali edition)</ref>
[[File:Mohamimaganj High School built in 1945.jpg|thumb| [[Mahimaganj]] High School built in 1946]]

== Independence movement ==
Hossain joined the All India [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and was fully committed to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] (1920), canvassing support for the Congress Agenda all over north Bengal, particularly in the Rangpur district. When the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] was formed, he joined it and contested the 1937 general election as a Muslim League candidate and became an elected member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref>Majid, Shah Abdul (2009) "Colourful District of Rangpur", p89, {{ISBN|9789843304315}} (Bengali edition)</ref>
[[File:Mohimaganj Madrasa.jpg|thumb| [[Mahimaganj]] Alia Kamil Madrasha built by Hossain in 1939]] He ran in the Indian general election of 1946 as a Muslim League candidate and was re-elected as a member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.11657/page/n139/mode/2up|title=The Indian Year Book|editor=[[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Reed, Sir Stanley]]|year=1947}}</ref> He was given the ministerial post for the Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries department under the Chief Minister-ship of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. In 1947 Bengal was partitioned in the [[partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] along religious lines. The Muslim majority East Bengal joined with Pakistan. [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and [[Nurul Amin]] formed a Muslim government in Dhaka, East Pakistan. Hossain remained a Muslim League MLA.<ref name="autogenerated291"/>

During the 1952 [[Bengali Language Movement|language movement]] Hossain resigned from the Muslim League and joined the newly formed United Front Party led by Fazlul Huq, Maulana Bhashani and Hueyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. In 1954, Hossain was elected to the East Pakistan national assembly as a United Front Member.<ref name="autogenerated292">Sufi, Motahar Hussain (2007). "Rangopurer Barannyo Baktittyo" (Renowned Personalities of Greater Rangopur), p.292, Rangopur Research Institute (Bengali edition)</ref>

[[File:Mohimaganj Mosque.jpg|thumb| [[Mahimaganj]] Madrasha Mosque in 1945]]
Hossain was a philanthropist and interested in promoting Muslim education in Rangpur. He established an Alia Madrasa at [[Mahimaganj]] in 1939, which was particularly significant as at the time there were only three other Alia madras in the whole of undivided Bengal. A newly built student hall, the "Ahmed Hossain Student Hall" has been dedicated in his honour. Hossain was also responsible for building a high school and a mosque in Mahimaganj in 1939 and 1945 respectively. In 1950 Hossain introduced laws against catching fish eggs, small and spawning fish to provide for the conservation and development of propagation of fish stock.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Hossain continued to represent his constituency as an MP until Ayub Khan declared Martial Law in Pakistan in 1958.<ref name="autogenerated292"/>

==Death==
Hossain died at the age of 65 on Friday 19 May 1961.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Ahmed}}
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:People from Gaibandha District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]

Aakash Aath

2026-02-18T07:00:14Z

Barkatofficial: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian Bengali-language television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Aakash Aath
| logo =
| logo_caption = Logo used from 2013 to now
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = 2000
| owner =
| country = India
| headquarters = Kolkata, [[West Bengal]], India
| sister_channels =
| website = {{URL|https://aakashaath.com/}} {{URL|https://platform8.tv}}
| online_serv_1 = Platform8
| online_chan_1 = India
| picture_format = [[SDTV]] [[576i]]
| sat_serv_1 =
| sat_chan_1 =
| sat_serv_2 =
| sat_chan_2 =
| image =
| language = Bengali
| area = India
| former_names = Akash Bangla (2000-2013)
}}
'''Aakash Aath''' is an India [[Bengali-language]] television channel based in Kolkata, established in 2000 by G Entertainment as Akash Bangla. In October 2013, a new logo was unveiled and the channel was rebranded to Akash Aath. The founder of this TV channel is Ashok Surana and the directors are Rahuul Surana, Priyanka Surana and Rishab Surana. Dive into Bengali literature based fictions, enjoy soulful musical programmes , master culinary arts with our cookery show, get thrilled by gripping crime shows, stay updated with the latest news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050312/asp/weekend/story_4465069.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327174956/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050312/asp/weekend/story_4465069.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2005 |title=The Telegraph |work=The Telegraph|location=India |date=2005-03-12 |accessdate=2012-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakash Aath introduces Anurodher Aakash in Good Morning Aakash|url=http://www.uniindia.com/aakash-aath-introduces-anurodher-aakash-in-good-morning-aakash/east/news/2118505.html|website=Uni India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakash Aath launches Jai Ma Santoshi|url=https://www.uniindia.com/aakash-aath-launches-jai-ma-santoshi/east/news/2216870.html|website=Uni India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakash Aath brings home best family movie week|url=http://www.uniindia.com/aakash-aath-brings-home-best-family-movie-week/east/news/1960407.html|website=Uni India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakash Aath reintroduced ever popular teleserials|url=http://www.uniindia.com/aakash-aath-reintroduced-ever-popular-teleserials/east/news/1938418.html|website=Uni India}}</ref>

== Currently broadcast ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Time
! Day
|-
|''Good Morning Aakash Live''
|7.00 am
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Radhuni''
|1.30 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Aakashe Superstar''
|2.00 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Aakash Barta Live''
|3.00 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Matinee Movie''
|3.05 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Radhuni (Repeat)''
|5.30 pm
|Mon – Sat
|-
|''Aakash Barta Live''
|6.00 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Seth Patharer Thala''
|6.30 pm
|Mon – Sat
|-
|''Adi Sakti Adyapith''
|7.00 pm
|Mon – Sat
|-
|''Khonar Kahini''
|7.30 pm
|Mon – Sat
|-
|''[[Police Files|Police Filez]]''
|8.00 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Aakashe Superstar''
|9.30 pm (Repeat)
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Aakash Barta Live''
|10.30 pm
|Mon – Sun
|-
|''Police Filez''
|11.00 pm (Repeat)
|Mon – Sun
|}

==Formerly broadcast==
*''Aakashe Superstar''
*''Aakasher Telefilm''
*''Aakash Kusum''
*''Ak Maser Sahitya''
*''Anandamoyee Maa''
*''Anya Ami''
*''Bridhashram 1,2''
*''Charge Sheet''
*''Choye Maser Mega''
*''Crime Bengal''
*''Dipabalir Saat Kahon''
*''Eka Noy Ekkaborti''
*''Gaan Fight''
*''Gaan points''
*''Gandaria 1,2,3''
*''Garamagaram''
*''Gopal Bhar''
*''Ghente Gha''
*''Hridmajhaye 1,2,3''
*''Janani''
*''Jheel Danger Kanya''
*''Kanchi (TV series)''
*''Khonj Khabar''
*''Lakkhi Chana''
*''Madhur Hawa''
*''Mahalaya''
*''Matinee Talkies''
*''Meyder Brata Katha''
*''Meye No. 1''
*''Misthu''
*''Nati Binodini''
*''Om Sai Ram''
*''Padyaradi Para Bawali Gaan''
*''Police Filez (Season 1)''
*''Sadharan Asadharan''
*''Sahityer Shera Samay''
*''Sakaler Aakash''
*''Section 302''
*''Sidhel Chor''
*''Som Theke Shukra''
*''Som Theke Shoni''
*''Shreyoshi (TV series)''
*''Tatka Golpe Atka Maas''
*''Teen Bhubaner Paare''
*''The Legend 1,2,3''
*''Tomaay Hrid Majhare Rakhbo''
*''Umar Sansar''
*''Yuganayak Swami Vivekananda''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Bengali-language television channels in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Bengali-language television channels|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Department of Sports and Youth Affairs (Kerala)

2026-02-06T15:10:27Z

Barkatofficial: Creating new entry.

{{Short description|Kerala government department}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Sports and Youth Affairs
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = {{flag|India}} Kerala
| headquarters = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
| minister1_name = [[V. Abdurahiman]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Sports
| minister2_name = [[Saji Cherian]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Saji Cherian set to return to Pinarayi Cabinet in Kerala | work=The Hindu | date=31 December 2022 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/saji-cherian-set-to-return-to-pinarayi-cabinet-in-kerala/article66323931.ece }}</ref>
| minister2_pfo = Minister for Youth Affairs
| chief1_name = Mohammed Hanish APM, IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government
| chief2_name = Vishnuraj P, IAS
| chief2_position = Director of Sports and Youth Affairs
| website = [https://dsya.kerala.gov.in/contact dsya.kerala.gov.in]
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
}}

The '''Department of Sports and Youth Affairs''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The department is responsible for development and administration of sports infrastructure, development of sportspersons and administration of youth welfare projects.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|title=Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala: Part II – First Schedule (See Rule 4)
|url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf
|website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala
|publisher=Government of Kerala
|access-date=14 November 2025
}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Sports and Youth Affairs Department is headed by [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Ministers]] of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The incumbent Minister for Sports is [[V. Abdurahiman]] and Minister for Youth Affairs is [[Saji Cherian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Kerala govt spent INR 13 lakh to invite Lionel Messi, Sports Minister travelled to Spain using public money: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/kerala-govt-spent-inr-13-lakh-to-invite-lionel-messi-sports-minister-travelled-to-spain-using-public-money-report-101754571328396.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Messi mission: Minister's 'no cost' claim falls flat as RTI reveals Kerala govt spent nearly ₹13 lakh |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/kerala-messi-trip-rti-13-lakh-spent-from-state-treasury-expose-a409lhr7 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Our Team – KSYWB |url=https://ksywb.kerala.gov.in/en/our-team/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915115441/https://ksywb.kerala.gov.in/en/our-team/ |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=ksywb.kerala.gov.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-30 |title=Sports Minister withdraws from PPP model stadium on CU campus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sports-minister-withdraws-from-ppp-model-stadium-on-cu-campus/article69993689.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-05-10 |title=Chief Minister Pinarayi to interact with the youth in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chief-minister-pinarayi-to-interact-with-the-youth-in-kozhikode/article69558122.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The department is administratively headed by a Secretary to Government, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer.<ref name=":0" />

==Line departments==
* Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Sports Kerala - Official Website of Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala {{!}} Sports Kerala |url=https://dsya.kerala.gov.in/sportskerala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709132329/https://dsya.kerala.gov.in/sportskerala |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=dsya.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Autonomous Organizations==

* Kerala State Youth Commission<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-02-27 |title=Audit stress levels among youth in workplaces: Kerala State Youth Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/audit-stress-levels-among-youth-in-workplaces-commission/article69271567.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Kerala State Sports Council<ref>{{cite web | title=About Us | url=https://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/about-us }}</ref>
* Kerala State Youth Welfare Board<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]

Jiwajirao Scindia

2026-01-28T05:32:19Z

Barkatofficial: formatting fix

{{short description|Maharaja of Gwalior from 1925 to 1948}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sir George Jiwajirao Scindia
| image = Jiwajirao Scindia of Gwalior.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = 7th and the last ruling Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, {{circa|1940}}
| succession = [[Maharaja of Gwalior]]
| reign = 5 June 1925 – 28 May 1948
| predecessor = Madho Rao Scindia I
| successor = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| succession1 = Recipient [[privy purse in India|privy purse]], benefits, and title "Maharaja of Gwalior"<ref name=ramusack-pol-integration/>
| reign1 = 28 May 1948 – 16 July 1961
| reign-type1 =
| successor1 = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| spouse = [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
| issue = Padma Raje Usha Raje [[Madhavrao Scindia]] [[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Riddhi |title=Scion of the cursed dynasty |url=https://www.thisday.app/story/scion-of-the-cursed-dynasty-1735 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=thisday.app}}</ref>
| full name =
| house = [[Scindia]]
| father = [[Madho Rao Scindia]]
| mother = Gajrabai Raje Sahib Scindia
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|06|26}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|07|16|1916|06|26}}
| death_place = Samudra Mahal, [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| title = [[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]
}}

'''Sir George Jiwajirao Scindia'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaja of Gwalior |first=Sir George Jiwajirao Scindia |date=29 October 2024 |title=Last ruling Maharaja of Gwalior |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2915356/yuvraj-george-jivajirao-scindia-later-maharaja-of-gwalior-1916ndash1961 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Royal Archives}}</ref> [[KStJ]] (26 June 1916 – 16 July 1961) was the monarch of the Gwalior state during the [[British Raj]] and later the Rajpramukh (Governor) of the Indian state of Madhya Bharat.
Jiwajirao was the [[Maharaja]], of the [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]] in central [[India]] from 1925 until 1947. After the state was [[political integration of India|absorbed]] into independent India, he was granted a [[privy purse]], certain privileges, and the use of the title ''Maharaja of Gwalior'' by the [[Government of India]],<ref name=ramusack-pol-integration>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|authorlink=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA273|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=273|quote=The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over the defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli).}}</ref> which he retained until his death in 1961. He also served as the [[rajpramukh]] (governor) of the state of [[Madhya Bharat]] until 1956.

==Early life==
[[File:The Maharaja of Gwalior.jpg|thumb|Jiwajirao Scindia as a child; Hand-coloured photograph, {{circa|1930}}]]
Jiwajirao was a scion of the [[Scindia]] family, descended from the [[Maratha]] general [[Ranojirao Scindia]]. Ranojirao was the head of the Maratha armies in [[Malwa]] during the first part of the 18th century, as the [[Maratha Empire]] was expanding rapidly at the expense of the [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Daulatrao Scindia]] shifted the capital from [[Ujjain]] to the new city of Lashkar, near the historic fortress-city of [[Gwalior]]. The Scindias signed the peace treaty of Salbai with [[British India|British]] in 1818 at the conclusion of their benefits from them after they lost the 3rd War [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. At 68,291 km2, Gwalior was the largest state in the [[Central India Agency]], and among the five largest [[princely state]]s in all of [[British Raj|India]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Kamala Raja and her Brother Maharaja Scindia.jpg|thumb|Scindia with his sister Kamala Raja Scindia]]
Jiwajirao became Maharaja on 5 June 1925, succeeding his father [[Madho Rao Scindia]] upon his death. He also had a sister, Kamala Raja Scindia.
On 21 February 1941, he married Lekha Divyeshwari Devi, afterwards known as [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]], who was descended from the powerful [[Rana dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]. They were the parents of five children, four daughters and a son, including:
* Padma Raje, was married to [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|HH Maharaja Kirit Bikram Manikya Debbarman]] of Tripura. Died in Calcutta, circa 1965.
* Usha Raje, is married to Nepalese Minister [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] of the [[Rana Dynasty]], who is the grandson of Shree Teen Maharaja Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.
* [[Madhavrao Scindia]] (10 March 1945 – 30 September 2001), the former union cabinet minister in India, Member of Parliament and King of Gwalior.
* [[Vasundhara Raje]], Former chief minister of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. and former union [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries]],
* [[Yashodhara Raje]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader and MLA of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Career==
[[File:Half anna coin of princely state of Gwalior depicting Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia, 1942.jpg|thumb|left|Jivajirao on a 1942 half anna coin.]]
Jiwajirao ruled Gwalior state as an absolute monarch and a British vassal until shortly after India's independence on 15 August 1947. The rulers of Indian [[princely state]]s were required to accede to either of the two dominions (India and [[Pakistan]]) created by the India Independence Act 1947. Jivajirao signed a covenant with the rulers of the adjoining princely states that united their several states to form a new state within the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] known as [[Madhya Bharat]]. This new covenanted state was to be governed by a council headed by a ruler to be known as the ''[[Rajpramukh]]''. [[Madhya Bharat]] signed a fresh [[Instrument of Accession]] with the Government of India effective 15 June 1948. Jivajirao Scindia became the first rajpramukh, or appointed governor, of the state on 28 May 1948. He served as Rajpramukh until 31 October 1956, when the state was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Family==
After his death in 1961, Jiwajirao's family remained involved in politics. In 1962, his widow, [[Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia]], was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], beginning the family's career in electoral politics. She was initially a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, parted ways in 1967, joined the [[Jana Sangh]], and later became an influential member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Their son, [[Madhavrao Scindia]], was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971, representing the Jana Sangh. He later joined the Congress in 1980 served until his death in 2001. Madhavrao's son, [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]], was also a member of the Congress Party, was elected in 2002 to the seat formerly held by his father. On 10-March-2020 Jyotiraditya Scindia quit Indian National Congress and was elected to the Rajya Sabha in June 2020 as BJP member. Jivajirao's daughter [[Vasundhara Raje]] is an eminent politician associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She was the first woman Chief Minister of [[Rajasthan]] and also was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] for five consecutive terms since 1989. Vasundhara Raje's son, Dushyant Singh of Dholpur is a BJP MP. His youngest daughter, Yashodhara Raje has served as a State Minister in the Madhya Pradesh government.

==Full name and titles==
Jivajirao was also known with his full name: ''[[Lieutenant-General]] [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, [[Maharajadhiraj]] Maharaja Shrimant Jivaji Rao Scindia [[Baghatur|Bahadur]], Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, [[Maharaja]] [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]]''.

During his life he acquired several titles and honorific names:

*'''1916 – 1925''': [[Yuvaraja]] [[Maharaj]] Shrimant Jivaji Rao [[Scindia]] [[Baghatur|Bahadur]]
*'''1925 – 1937''': [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, [[Maharajadhiraj]] Maharaja Shrimant Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, [[Maharaja]] [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]]
*'''1937 – 1941''': [[Highness|His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[KStJ]]
*'''1941 – 1943''': [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[GCIE]], [[KStJ]]
*'''1943 – 1945''': [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[GCIE]], [[KStJ]]
*'''1945 – 1946''': [[Major-General]] [[His Highness]] Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[GCIE]], [[KStJ]]
*'''1946 – 1961''': [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, [[GCSI]], [[GCIE]], [[KStJ]]

==Honours==

<div class="center">
(ribbon bar, as it would look today)

[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|100px]]

[[Image:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|100px]]
[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:India Service Medal BAR.svg|100px]]

[[Image:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[Image:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|100px]]

</div>

*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]], ''1935''
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]], ''1937''
*[[Knight of the Order of St John]] (KStJ), ''1937''
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE), ''1941''
*[[1939-1945 Star]], ''1945''
*[[British War Medal]], ''1945''
*[[India Service Medal]], ''1945''
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI), ''1946''
*[[Indian Independence Medal]], ''1947''
*[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]], ''1953''

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Shreenath Madhavji : Mahayoddha Mahadji Ki Shourya Gatha |last=Neelesh Ishwarchandra Karkare |publisher=Neelesh Ishwarchandra ( Gwalior) |year=2014 |isbn=9789352670925}}
* {{cite book |title=Tawaareekh-E-ShindeShahi |last=Neelesh Ishwarchandra Karkare |publisher=Neelesh Ishwarchandra ( Gwalior) |year=2017 |isbn=9789352672417}}
* {{cite book |title=Gwalior Gaurav |last=Dr. Ishwarchandra Ramchandra Karkare |publisher= Gwalior Sahitya Academy ( Gwalior) |year=2008}}
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Scindia|Scindia Dynasty]]||26 June 1916||16 July 1961}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Madho Rao Scindia|Madhavrao II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]|years=1925–1948}}
{{S-aft|after=[[India|Monarchy abolished (Merge within the Republic of India)]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Madhya Bharat|Rajpramukh of Madhya Bharat]]|before=Post created 15 June 1948|after=Post abolished by the Government of India 31 October 1956; succeeded by that of [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]|years=1948–1956}}
{{S-pre|}}
{{S-bef|before=None; monarchy abolished in 1948}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Gwalior State|Maharaja of Gwalior]]|years=1948–1961|reason=[[Republic of India|Monarchy abolished in 1948]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Madhavrao Scindia|Madhavrao III]]}}
{{End}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, George Jiyajirao}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty|Jiyajirao]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Madhya Bharat politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Gwalior]]

Women in aviation

2026-01-22T01:27:32Z

Barkatofficial: basic enhanced citations also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Role of women aviators in history}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot 080317-F-XX000-064.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Shawna Kimbrell]], the [[United States Air Force]]'s first African American female [[fighter pilot]]|alt=The United States Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot, Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell.]]
Women have been involved in aviation from the [[Timeline of women in aviation|beginnings]] of both lighter-than air travel and as [[airplane]]s, [[helicopter]]s and space travel were developed. Women pilots were also formerly called "aviatrices" (singular "aviatrix"). Women have been flying powered aircraft since 1908; prior to 1970, however, most were restricted to working privately or in support roles in the [[aviation]] industry.{{sfn|Smithsonian Air and Space Museum|2013}} Aviation also allowed women to "travel alone on unprecedented journeys".{{sfn|Dall'Acqua|1986|p=1}} Women who have been successful in various aviation fields have served as [[Mentorship|mentors]] to younger women, helping them along in their careers.{{sfn|Olsen|2016}}

Within the first two decades of powered flight, female pilots were breaking speed, endurance and altitude records. They were competing and winning against the men in air races, and women on every continent except Antarctica had begun to fly, perform in aerial shows, parachute, and even transport passengers. During World War II, women from every continent helped with war efforts, though mostly restricted from military flight, many flew in auxiliary services. In the 1950s and 1960s, women were primarily restricted to serving in support fields such as flight simulation training, air traffic control, and as flight attendants. Since the 1970s, women have been allowed to participate in military service in most countries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Women's participation in the field of aviation has increased over the years. In 1909, [[Marie Surcouf]] founded the world's first female pilot organization, the [[Aéroclub féminin la Stella]]. Following the 1929 women-only National Air Races held in the United States, 99 of the 117 women holding U.S. pilot licenses founded the first American female pilot organization, the [[Ninety-Nines]], named for the number of founding members. By 1930, there were around 200 women pilots in the U.S., but within five years there were more than 700.{{sfn|Gant|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Women of Aviation Worldwide Week]] has reported that after 1980, the increase in gender parity among pilots in the [[United States]] has been stagnant.{{sfn|Goyer|2012}} The global percentage of women airline pilots is 3%. While the overall number of female pilots in aviation has increased, the percentage remains the same.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:Aida-1903.jpg|thumb|[[Aida de Acosta]], 1903 flying Alberto Santos-Dumont's airship N° 9]]
The first woman known to fly was [[Élisabeth Thible]], who was a passenger in an untethered [[hot air balloon]], which flew above Lyon, France in 1784.{{sfn|Jessen|2002|p=xi}}

Four years later, [[Jeanne Labrosse]] became the first woman to fly solo in a balloon and would become the first woman to parachute, as well.{{sfn|Sinclair|2012|p=179}}{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} [[Sophie Blanchard]] took her first balloon flight in 1804, was performing as a professional [[Balloon (aeronautics)|aeronaut]] by 1810 and was made [[Napoleon]]'s chief of air service in 1811.{{sfn|Holmes|2013|pp=4–6}} Blanchard died in 1819, when her balloon caught fire. Although she was able to extinguish the blaze, the basket tilted and she fell to her death.{{sfn|Walsh|1913|p=12}}

In June 1903, [[Aida de Acosta]], an American woman vacationing in Paris, convinced [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], pioneer of [[dirigible]]s, to allow her to pilot his airship, becoming probably the first woman to pilot a motorized aircraft.{{sfn|Ruiz|Korrol|2006|p=188}}

Starting 1906, another inventor of aircraft, [[E. Lilian Todd|Emma Lilian Todd]] began designing her own airplanes.{{sfn|Remington|2006}} Todd first started studying [[Airship|dirigibles]] before she moved onto designing airplanes.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1909}} Todd's first plane flew in 1910 and was piloted by [[Didier Masson]].{{sfn|Remington|2006}} Early [[parachutist]], [[Tiny Broadwick|Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick]] started working with barnstormer, [[Charles Broadwick]] at age 15 in 1908.{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}}{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}} She made her first jump in 1908, and in 1913, became the first woman to jump from an aircraft.{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}}{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}} In 1914, Broadwick gave the very first demonstrations of parachute jumping to the United States government.{{sfn|Parachute History|2001}} When she retired in 1922, she had completed 1,100 jumps.{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=110–111}}

The first woman passenger in an airplane was Mlle P. Van Pottelsberghe de la Poterie who flew with [[Henri Farman]] on several short flights at an airshow in [[Ghent, Belgium]] between May and June 1908. Soon after, in July 1908, French sculptor [[Thérèse Peltier]] was taken up as a passenger by [[Léon Delagrange]]{{sfn|Berghaus|2009|p=9}} and within a few months she was reported as making a solo flight in [[Turin]], Italy, flying around 200 meters in a straight line about two and a half meters off the ground. Edith Berg, an American, who flew as a passenger with [[Wilbur Wright]] in Paris in October 1908, was the inspiration of the [[hobble skirt]] designed by [[Paul Poiret]].{{sfn|Aldrich|2015}}{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2014|p=3}}[[File:Katharine Wright's First Time Flying.jpg|thumb|left|Wilbur and [[Katharine Wright]] seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with [[Wright brothers|Orville Wright]] standing nearby in 1909. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.|alt=Wilbur and Katharine Wright seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with Orville Wright standing nearby. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.]]

The first machine-powered flight was accomplished by the [[Wright brothers|Wright Brothers]] on December 17, 1903. Both brothers recognized the contributions of their sister [[Katharine Wright|Katherine Wright]] to their work.{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}} She found teachers who could help with the Wright's flying experiments.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} Katherine first flew with her brothers in 1909{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}} and knew "everything about the working of their machines".{{sfn|''The World Magazine''|1909}} Katherine supported them financially, giving them her savings and also supported them emotionally.{{sfn|''The Oregon Daily Journal''|1909|p=34}} When Orville Wright was injured in 1908, Katherine moved close to the hospital to take care of him.{{sfn|''Harrisburg Daily Independent''|1908|p=1}} After the Wright brothers patented their aircraft in 1906, she worked as their executive secretary.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} In 1909, she traveled to Europe to become the social manager for her brothers.{{sfn|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2013}} Her brothers were very [[Extraversion and introversion|introverted]] and relied on Katherine to help promote their work.{{sfn|Gabrielli|2003}} The French government awarded her the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques|Officier de l’Instruction Publique]], one of France's highest distinctions, when her brothers received the [[Legion of Honour|Légion d’Honneur]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART 6: AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES, 1909-1947 {{!}} Wright State University |url=https://wright.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/221009 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=wright.libraryhost.com}}</ref> Katherine was considered the "silent partner" of the Wright Brothers by ''[[The World (NY magazine)|The World Magazine]]''.{{sfn|''The World Magazine''|1909}} The ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch|Saint Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' called her the "inspiration of her brothers in their experiments". This did not prevent Orville Wright from ostracising her when she got married. He thought of this as a betrayal. She died of illness less than a year later, and he did not reach her side until after her death. {{sfn|''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''|1909|p=6}}

===1910s===
[[File:Hélène Dutrieu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hélène Dutrieu]], 1911|alt=Hélène Dutrieu, 1911]]
Early pioneers include French [[Raymonde de Laroche]] who was the first woman in the world to successfully pass a flight test and earn a pilot licence on March 8, 1910. In 1909, a pilot licence had become required to fly commercially and participate in air shows.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} Seven other French women followed her, earning pilot's licenses within the next year.{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=120}} One of these, [[Marie Marvingt]], 3rd Frenchwoman licensed for airplanes,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=277}} but first French woman balloonist licensed in 1901,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=70}} became the first woman to fly in combat, completing bombing raids over Germany.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=78}}{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|2013}} Marvingt tried to get the government to outfit air ambulances prior to the war and became the world first certified [[Flight nurse|Flight Nurse]].{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|2013}}

[[Hélène Dutrieu]] became the first woman pilot in Belgium, obtaining the 27th license issued in her country in 1910 and the second female licensed in Europe.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Feuillen|2005}}{{sfn|Cochrane|Ramirez|2016}} Later that same year, she became the first woman to fly with a passenger.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} In 1910, even before she earned her pilot's license, [[Lilian Bland]] a British woman living in Northern Ireland, designed and flew a glider in Belfast.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=204–205}}

[[Blanche Scott]] always claimed to be the first American woman to fly an airplane, but as she was seated when a gust of wind took her up on her brief flight in September 1910, the "accidental" flight went unrecognized.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=215, 219}} Within two years, she had established herself as a daredevil pilot and was known as the "Tomboy of the Air",{{sfn|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912|p=8}} competing in air shows and exhibitions, as well as [[flying circus]]es.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|pp=220–225}}{{sfn|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912|p=8}} On October 13, 1910, [[Bessica Raiche]] received a gold medal from the Aeronautical Society of New York, recognizing her as the first American woman to make a solo flight.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=226}} In 1910 the [[Femina Cup|Femina Cup (''Coupe Femina'')]] an award of 2000 French [[franc]]s was established by [[Pierre Lafitte (journalist)|Pierre Lafitte]], publisher of [[France|French]] women's magazine [[Femina (French magazine)|''Femina'']], to honour the female pilot who, by sunset on December 31 each year, had made the longest [[flight]], in time and distance, without landing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frank Moore Colby |url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ |title=New international yearbook; a compendium of the world's progress |date=1907 |publisher=New York |others=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 1, 1912 |title=Woman Sets Aero Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star/7764896/ |access-date=June 29, 2024 |work=The Indianapolis Star |pages=2}}</ref>

[[Harriet Quimby]] became the USA's first licensed female pilot on August 1, 1911, and the first woman to cross the English Channel by airplane the following year.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2016}} Thirteen days after Quimby,{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=233}} her friend [[Matilde E. Moisant]] an American of French Canadian descent{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=164}} was licensed and began flying in air shows.{{sfn|Cochrane|Ramirez|2014}} [[File:Tiny Broadwick.jpg|thumb|[[Tiny Broadwick|Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick]], early parachutist, 1913|alt=Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick, early parachutist, 1913]]

Within a fortnight, [[Lydia Zvereva]] had obtained the first female Russian license{{sfn|Gribanov|2013|p=435}} and by 1914 she performed the first aerobatic loop made by a woman.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=91}} [[Hilda Hewlett]] became the first British woman to earn a pilot's license on August 29, 1911, and taught her son to fly that same year.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} [[Cheridah de Beauvoir Stocks]] became the second [[United Kingdom|British]] woman to gain a [[Royal Aero Club]] [[aviator's licence]], on November 7, 1911.<ref>''Flight'' November 11, 1911</ref>

In September 1910, [[Melli Beese]] became Germany's first woman pilot and{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=69}} the following year began designing her first airplane which was produced in 1913.{{sfn|Lebow|2002|p=77}} On October 10, 1911, [[Božena Laglerová]] a Czech native of Prague, obtained the first Austrian license for a woman and nine days later secured the second German license for a woman.{{sfn|Lam|2004}} On December 7, 1910, [[Jane Herveu]], who had previously been involved in [[automobile racing]] was licensed in France and began participating in the [[Femina Cup (Aviation)|Femina Cup]].{{sfn|Hartmann|2015|pp=4–5}} [[Lilly Steinschneider]] became the first female pilot in the Austro-Hungarian Empire on August 15, 1912.

[[Rosina Ferrario]], first female pilot of Italy, earned her license on January 3, 1913, and was as unsuccessful as Marvingt had been to get her government or the Red Cross to allow women to transport wounded soldiers during World War I.{{sfn|Lanza|2013|pp=110–115}} [[Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu]], Romania's first woman pilot got the same response from her government about flying for the war effort and turned to journalism.{{sfn|Marcu|2009}} On December 1, 1913, [[Lyubov Golanchikova]] signed a contract to become the first female test pilot. She agreed to test "Farman-22" aircraft manufactured in the Chervonskaya airplane workshop of {{ill|Fedor Fedorovich Tereshchenko|ru|Терещенко, Фёдор Фёдорович}}{{sfn|Zakharov|1988|pp=37–49}} The first woman on the [[African Continent]] to earn a pilot's license was [[Ann Maria Bocciarelli]] of [[Kimberley, South Africa]].{{sfn|South African Power Flying Association|2010}}

In 1916, [[Zhang Xiahun]] ({{lang-zh|張俠魂}}) became China's first female pilot when she attended an airshow of the Nanyuan Aviation School and insisted that she be allowed to fly. After circling the field, tossing flowers, she crashed, becoming a national heroine when she survived.{{sfn|Judge|2015|p=141}}{{sfn|Judge|2012|pp=163–164, 168}} [[Katherine Stinson]] became the first woman air mail pilot, when the [[United States Postal Service]] contracted her to fly mail from Chicago to New York City in 1918.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004b}} The following year, [[Ruth Law]] flew the first official U.S. air mail to the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004a}}

Women were also involved in teaching others how to fly. [[Hilda Hewlett]] and [[Gustav Blondeau|Gustave Blondeau]] teamed up in 1910 to start the first flying school in England, the [[Hewlett-Blondeau School]].{{sfn|''Winged Victory''|2006|p=1910s}} The school had only one plane with which to instruct students and was open for two years.{{sfn|Grant|2009}} [[Charlotte Möhring]], the second German woman to earn a pilot's license, worked as a manager of a flying school in 1913.{{Sfn|Lebow|2002|p=86}}

===1920 - 1925===
[[File:Miss Prim with aeroplane at the flight school Aero Material in Stockholm, Sweden.jpg|thumb|Miss Prim with airplane at the flight school Aero Material in [[Stockholm, Sweden]], circa 1920|left|216x216px]]
Men and women after [[World War I]] were able to purchase "surplus and decommissioned planes".{{Sfn|Branson|2010|p=108}} Wanting to fly, but with little demand after the war, pilots purchased the planes and went from town to town offering rides. Creating attractions to bring in crowds, these daredevils performed stunts, loops and began wing walking to attract more customers. The [[aerialist]]s and pilots formed flying circuses sending promoters ahead of them to hang posters promoting their [[barnstorming]] feats.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}}
[[File:Bessie_Coleman_in_1923.jpg|thumb|202x202px|Bessie Coleman in 1923]]
In 1920, [[Phoebe Omlie|Phoebe Fairgrave]], later Omlie, at the age of eighteen determined to make her aviation career as a [[stuntwoman]].{{sfn|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921|p=1}}{{sfn|Welshimer|1930|p=8}} By 1921, she had set a world women's parachute drop record of 15,200 feet{{sfn|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921|p=1}}{{sfn|Wampler|1932}} and worked as a [[wing walker]] for the Fox Moving Picture Company's ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|The Perils of Pauline]]'' series. By 1927, Omlie earned the first transport pilots license and airplane mechanics license issued to a woman.{{sfn|Sherman|2008}} Another stuntwoman, [[Ethel Dare]] had perfected walking from one plane to another by 1920,{{sfn|''The Detroit Free Press''|1920|p=5}} the first woman to perform the feat.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}}

===1926 - 1929===
[[File:Altman New Yorker 07-27-1929 p1.jpg|thumb|[[New York City]] clothing store [[B. Altman and Company|B. Altman]] markets to women aviators in 1929.]]

In 1928 [http://canadian99s.com/eileen-vollick-2/ Eileen Vollick] was the first women in Canada to obtain a Pilots License and Japan's first woman pilot [[Tadashi Hyōdō]] earned her license the same year.{{sfn|Nakamura|2000}} [[Karolina Borchardt]] from Poland would also earn her pilot's license in 1928.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Karolina Iwaszkiewicz. Mistrzyni z lotniska Rakowice |url=https://i.pl/karolina-iwaszkiewicz-mistrzyni-z-lotniska-rakowice/ar/c15-15311051 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |work=Portal i.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> [[Kwon Ki-ok]] of Korea became the first female licensee of that country in 1925 and after World War II, became instrumental in helping establish the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]].{{sfn|Jang Jin Young|2005}}{{sfn|Yang|Wu|2006}} German [[Marga von Etzdorf]] was the first woman to fly for an airline when she began co-piloting for [[Lufthansa]] in 1927{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Etzdorf|2015}} and piloting solo on commercial Junkers F13 on February 1, 1928.{{sfn|Lufthansa|2013}}[[File:Aboukaia-Driancourt ombord på monoplanet Demoiselle Santos-Dumont.jpg|thumb|Aboukaia-Driancourt aboard the [[monoplane]] "Demoiselle Santos-Dumont", circa 1920]]

In the late 1920s, women continued to compete in cross-country air races and contests related to flying.{{Sfn|Bednarek| Bednarek|2003|p=48–49}} In 1929, [[Pancho Barnes]] moved to Hollywood to work as the first woman stunt pilot. Besides working on such films as Howard Hughes' ''[[Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]'' (1930),{{sfn|Gibson|2013|pp=136–137}} she also founded the Associated Motion Pictures Pilots Union in 1931.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Barnes|2015}}

The first [[Women's Air Derby]] or Powder Puff Derby, an official women-only race from [[Santa Monica, California]] to [[Cleveland, Ohio]], was held as part of the 1929 [[National Air Races]] and was won by [[Louise Thaden]].{{sfn|Jessen|1999}} [[Marie Marvingt]] of France, who had first proposed the idea of using airplanes as [[ambulance]]s in 1912 continued to promote her idea successfully in the 1920s.{{sfn|Air Ambulance International|n.d.}} During the [[French colonial wars]], Marvingt evacuated injured military personnel with ''Aviation Sanitaire'', a flying ambulance service.{{Sfn|Lebow|2002|p=42–43}} Canadian [[Eileen Vollick]] became the first licensed female pilot in 1928 at age 19, and [[Elsie MacGill]] became the first woman to earn a master's degree in [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] in 1929.{{sfn|Sissons|2007}}

[[Janet Hendry]] became the first woman pilot in Scotland, earning her "A" licence on December 3, 1928.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The new biographical dictionary of Scottish women |date=2018 |editor-first=Elizabeth |editor-last=Ewan |isbn=978-1-4744-3629-8 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |oclc=1057237368}}</ref>

On November 2, 1929, at [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Curtiss Field]] in [[Valley Stream, New York]], 26 women pilots gathered and formed an international organization to provide mutual support for advancing women pilots and named themselves the [[Ninety-Nines]], after the number of charter members.{{sfn|Hollander|Jessen|West|1996|pp=11–12}}

===1930s===
[[File:Aviator with Junkers Juinor sports plane.jpg|thumb|Aviator with Junkers Junior sports plane, circa 1935|left]]
The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]] and ensuing [[Great Depression|depression]], coupled with more stringent safety regulations, caused many of the flying circuses and barnstorming circuits to fold.{{sfn|Folstad|2012}} During the decade, options for women pilots in the [[United States]] were limited mainly to sales, marketing, racing and [[barnstorming]] and being an instructor pilot.{{Sfn|Bednarek|Bednarek|2003|p=80}} In 1930, [[Ellen Church]], a pilot who was unable to secure work flying, proposed to airline executives that women be allowed to act as hostesses on planes. She was hired on a three-month trial basis by [[History of United Airlines|Boeing Air Transport]] and selected as one of the first seven [[flight attendant]]s for airlines. These first flight attendants were required to be under 115 pounds, nurses and unmarried.{{sfn|Latson|2015}}{{sfn|Molotsky|1985}}[[File:Women pilots 1930.jpg|thumb|Women pilots who escorted the landing of [[Amy Johnson]] in [[Sydney]] on June 4, 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the [[National Library of Australia]] by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).|alt=Women pilots who escorted the landing of Amy Johnson in Sydney on June 4, 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the National Library of Australia by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).]]

Various "firsts" were achieved by women in the 1930s. In 1930, English aviator [[Amy Johnson]], made the first England to Australia flight by a woman.{{sfn|''BBC''|2015}} The same year, inspired to learn to fly by Johnson's flight, [[Mrs Victor Bruce]] became the first person to fly from England to Japan, the first to fly across the Yellow Sea, and the first woman to fly around the world alone (crossing the oceans by ship) in her [[Blackburn Bluebird IV|Bluebird]] plane.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Bruce [née Petre], Mildred Mary (1895–1990), motorist and aviator |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-63962 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/63962|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |last1=Pottle |first1=Mark }}</ref>

[[Antonie Strassmann]], a German emigre to the US, became the first woman to successfully cross the Atlantic aboard an aircraft, traveling in May 1932 with a team on a [[Dornier Do X]] flying boat.{{sfn|Strassmann|2008|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} In the fall of the same year, Strassmann piloted a [[Zeppelin]] from Germany to [[Pernambuco]] in Brazil.

On September 19, 1931, the first all women's flying meeting in the UK was organised by [[Molly Olney]] and [[Mrs Harold Brown]] through the Northamptonshire Aero Club, at [[Sywell Aerodrome|Sywell]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sywell Aerodrome History|url=https://www.sywellaerodrome.co.uk/about-us/aerodrome-history/|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=Sywell Aerodrome}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8W4PAAAAIAAJ&q=MOLLY+OLNEY|title=Flight International|date=July 1931|publisher=IPC Transport Press Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1932|title=Aerodrome Activities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3UfAQAAMAAJ&q=MOLLY+OLNEY|journal=The Aeroplane|volume=43}}</ref>

In May 1932, American [[Amelia Earhart]] became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.{{sfn|Women in Aviation International|2003}}{{sfn|Crellin|2014}}{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=282}} She urged the public to encourage and enable young women to become airplane pilots and in 1936 and 1937, she taught students at [[Purdue University]], which was "one of the few U.S. colleges to offer aviation classes to women".{{sfn|Alden|1932|p=17}}{{sfn|Dall'Acqua|1986|p=2}}

In 1933, [[Lotfia ElNadi]] became the first [[Egypt]]ian woman and first [[Arab people|Arab]] woman to earn a pilot's license.{{sfn|Habib|2014}} That same year, [[Marina Raskova]] became the first Russian woman [[navigator]] for the [[Soviet Air Forces]].{{sfn|Markwick|Cardona|2012|p=37}} The following year she began teaching as the first female [[Flight instructor|instructor]] at the [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy|Zhukovsky Air Force Academy]]{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots: Raskova|2015}} and then in 1935 received her certification as a [[flight instruments]] trainer.{{sfn|Strebe|2007|p=16}}
[[File:WASP_Hazel_Ying_Lee_(cropped).JPG|thumb|WASP Hazel Ying Lee |left|126x126px]]
[[Hazel Ying Lee]], a dual American-Chinese citizen, earned her pilot's license in 1932 in the United States. She went to China to volunteer to serve in the Chinese Army after the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], but was rejected due to her sex.{{sfn|Merry|2010|pp=176–177}} In 1934, Chinese actress [[Lee Ya-Ching]] obtained a pilot's license in Switzerland; the following year, she obtained the first license for a woman from the American [[Boeing School of Aeronautics]]; and, in 1936, she became the first woman licensed by China as a pilot. She went on to found a civilian flying school in Shanghai that same year.{{sfn|Ferraro|2008}}{{sfn|Ying|2012}}

In 1935, [[Nancy Bird Walton]] obtained the first Australian license allowing a woman to carry passengers so that she could fly an ambulance service for the [[Royal Far West Children's Health Scheme]]. She later founded the Australian Women Pilots' Association.{{sfn|Monash University|2009}}

That same year, [[Phyllis Dunning|Phyllis Doreen Hooper]] earned the first women pilot's license in [[South Africa]]. The following year, she became the first female licensed as a commercial pilot and within 2 years had become the first South African woman flight instructor.{{sfn|Lehmkuhl|2008}}

In France, [[Suzanne Melk]], was the first known women in her country to fly and the first women in [[Europe]] to receive a pilot's license in 1935.{{sfn|Monash University|2002}}

[[Sarla Thakral]] was first Indian woman to fly, earning her aviation pilot license in 1936 in a Gypsy Moth solo. She later completed over 1000 hours of flight time.{{sfn|Kulkarni|2009}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2006}}

In 1936, [[Hanna Reitsch]] of Germany became one of the first persons to fly a fully controllable [[helicopter]]{{sfn|''The AOPA Pilot''|1962|p=70|ps=. "Hanna Reitsch of Frankfurt, Germany, who was the world's first helicopter pilot—man or woman ..."}}{{sfn|Tucker|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1396 1396]}} and within two years, she earned the first woman helicopter pilot's license.{{sfn|Sofroniou|2013|p=198}}{{sfn|Kirkland|2013|p=85}}[[File:Sabiha gokcen2.jpg|alt=A photo of Sabiha Gökçen from the 1930s|thumb|Sabiha Gökçen 1930s|121x121px]]Women had been barred from prestigious [[Bendix Trophy|Bendix Race]] following the death of [[Florence Klingensmith]], but were allowed to compete from 1935.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bendix Trophy|url=http://www.air-racing-history.com/Between_the_wars_2_.html|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=Air Racing History}}</ref> In 1936, women not only took first place, but also second and fifth.{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308–309}} The winners were [[Louise Thaden]] and [[Blanche Noyes]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2, 2014|title=First Women to win Bendix Transcontinental Speed Race 1936|url=https://firstflight.org/first-women-to-win-bendix-transcontinental-speed-race-1936/|access-date=March 10, 2021|website=First Flight Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Laura Ingalls (aviator)|Laura Ingalls]] came second and Earhart was fifth. In 1938, the race was won by [[Jacqueline Cochran]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Sabiha Gokcen with cap.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sabiha Gökçen]], world's first female combat pilot]]In 1936, [[Sabiha Gökçen]] of Turkey became the first trained woman combat pilot, participating in search operations and bombing flights during the [[Dersim rebellion|Dersim Rebellion]]. While Gökçen was not the first to have participated in military operations, she was the first woman to have been trained as a military pilot, graduating from the Aircraft School (Tayyare Mektebi) in [[Eskişehir]].{{sfn|Altınay|2001}} She flew around 8,000 hours and participated in 32 different military operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First female combat pilot |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-female-combat-pilot |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

In 1939, the [[South African Women's Aviation Association]] (SAWAA) was formed with 110 women members. Colloquially known as the Women's Civil Air Guard, within the year, membership had swelled to between 3000 and 4000 members. With the outbreak of war, the organisation changed focus to become the Women's Auxiliary of the [[South African Air Force]].{{sfn|Bird|Botes|1982}}

===1940s===
[[File:Stamp of Russia 2012 No 1567 Marina Raskova.jpg|thumb|Stamp of Russia 2012 No 1567 [[Marina Raskova]] who flew in WWII]]
As [[World War II]] began, women became involved in combat. In the United States, prior to the war, pilots typically flew only in good weather, so that they could judge ground position. Flying in combat required pilots to fly in varying conditions, and a push for instrument training began. By 1944, around 6,000 women had been trained as [[Link Trainer]] operators and were teaching male pilots how to read instruments. [[WAVES]] like [[Patricia W. Malone]] transitioned after the war to commercial [[flight simulation]] instruction, where women dominated the industry of flight training operators.{{sfn|Best|n.d.|p=49}}

In 1939, [[Jacqueline Cochran]] wrote to the first lady, [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], about using women pilots in the military.{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} Later, [[Nancy Harkness Love]] also made a similar request to the US Army, however both women's ideas were put on hold until 1942. Love was then put in command of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron [WAFS], which developed a reputation for quiet efficiency and became a well-respected unit.{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} General [[Henry H. Arnold|Henry Arnold]] on September 14, 1942, put Cochran in charge of a new program called the Army Air Forces [[Women's Flying Training Detachment]] (WFTD).{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} By August 5, 1943, the WFTD was merged with the WAFS to form the [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASP).{{sfn|Texas Women's University|2013}} The WASPs supported the military in various ways, flying new planes from [[Factory|factories]] to Army Air Force bases, worked as test pilots, worked as flying [[chauffeur]]s and helped tow targets for [[Anti-aircraft warfare|antiaircraft]] gunnery practice.{{sfn|Martin|1993}} The WASPs never gained full military benefits, the organization was disbanded in December 1944. WASPs finally earned veteran status retroactively in 1979.{{sfn|Martin|1993}}

Besides working as women pilots, American women also started working as [[air traffic controller]]s during WWII.{{sfn|Federal Aviation Administration|n.d.}} Commander [[Frances Biadosz]] was the only WAVE to wear wings for air-navigation during World War II.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=135}} Women in the United States were also hired by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) to work as scientists and engineers, as well as analysts, reviewing data from [[Wind tunnel|windtunnels]] on airplane [[prototype]]s.{{sfn|Shetterly|2016|pp=7, 11–12}}

In 1940, Major [[Phyllis Dunning]] (née Phyllis Doreen Hooper) became the first South African woman to enter full-time military service as the Commander of the South African Women's Auxiliary Air Force (SAWAAF).{{sfn|Coetzee|2015}} In 1941, the [[Southern Rhodesia Women's Auxiliary Air Service]] was commissioned. Within a few months over 100 women recruits were providing clerical services, sewing skills, parachute packing, and serving as drivers, equipment assistants and mechanics.{{sfn|Salt|2015|p=108}}

[[File:Margot Duhalde ATA.png|thumb|upright|alt=Black and white photo of Margot Duhalde with her insignia of the Air Force|[[Margot Duhalde]], the first woman pilot of the [[French Air Force]]]]
[[File:Pauline Gower, Commandant of the Air Transport Auxiliary Women's Section, waving from the cockpit of a de Havilland Tiger Moth at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, prior to a delivery flight, 10 January 1940. C380.jpg|thumb|Pauline Gower, Commandant of the Air Transport Auxiliary Women's Section]]
The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), a British civilian operation during World War II, had 166 women pilots, (one in eight of all ATA pilots) under the command of [[Pauline Gower]].{{sfn|Cipalla|1987}} The first eight women pilots, [[Joan Hughes]], [[Margaret Cunnison]], [[Mona Friedlander]], [[Rosemary Rees]], [[Marion Wilberforce]], [[Margaret Fairweather]], [[Gabrielle Patterson]], and [[Winifred Crossley Fair]] were accepted into service on January 1, 1940. Fifteen of these women pilots lost their lives in the air, including British recordbreaking aviator [[Amy Johnson]] and Canadian born [[Elsie Joy Davison|Joy Davison]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATA Personnel|url=https://archive.atamuseum.org/personnel.php|access-date=February 27, 2021|website=archive.atamuseum.org}}</ref> [[Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten]] was the only Dutch woman in the ATA, having escaped the occupied Netherlands as an [[Engelandvaarder]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ida Veldhuyzen van Zanten - 08 - de Vliegende Hollander|url=https://magazines.defensie.nl/vliegendehollander/2015/05/ida-veldhuyzen-van-zanten|access-date=October 22, 2021|website=magazines.defensie.nl|language=nl-NL}}</ref> [[Margot Duhalde]], a [[Chile]]an woman, flew transport missions for the ATA during World War II and after the war became the first woman pilot of the [[French Air Force]], flying transports to [[Morocco]]. For her services, Duhalde was made a Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]] in 1946.{{sfn|Beton Delègue|2011}} [[Valérie André]], a neurosurgeon and member of the French army, became the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat, while serving in [[Indochina]] (1945). The [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] created a [[Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division|Women's Division]] in 1942, offering women 2/3 the pay of their male counterparts. Though barred from combat and flying, women performed aircraft maintenance and served in air traffic control, in addition to other duties. By the end of the war, over 17,000 Canadian women had served in the Women's Division either at home or abroad.{{sfn|March|2016}}

Korean {{ill|Lee Jeong-hee|ko|이정희 (비행사)}}, who had earned her pilot's license in 1927, joined the [[Republic of Korea Air Force]] in 1948 and was appointed first lieutenant. She was the founding commander of the Women's Air Force Corps in 1949, but was captured and taken to North Korea when the Korean War broke out.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=233}}{{sfn|오마이뉴스|2004}}

[[File:Female mechanics work on R-1830 of PBY at NAS Corpus Christi 1942.jpg|thumb|Female mechanics working on [[R-1830]] of PBY at NAS [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] 1942|alt=Female mechanics work on R-1830 of PBY at NAS Corpus Christi 1942|left]]

Unlike other countries fighting in WWII, the [[Soviet Union]] created an all-woman combat flight unit, the 588th Night-Bomber Air-Regiment or the [[Night Witches]]. This group of the [[Soviet Air Forces]], flew harassment bombing and [[precision bombing]] missions from 1942 to the end of the World War II.{{sfn|Garber|2013}} The organization was first formed by [[Joseph Stalin]] on October 8, 1941, and all of the women were volunteers.{{sfn|Martin|2013}} The Night Witches flew 30,000 missions and "dumped 23,000 tons of bombs on the German invaders": the unit was granted both 'Guards' status and a battle-honour: 'Taman-sky' (for their work during the Battle of Taman), and was therefore re-numbered to finish the war as the 46th 'Tamansky' Guards Night-Bomber Air-Regiment. {{sfn|Martin|2013}} The Soviets also had the only women to be considered [[flying ace]]s. [[Lydia Litvyak]] was credited with different numbers of kills from various sources, but in 1990, the tally was given as 12 solo kills and 3 shared kills.{{sfn|All About Military|2010}}{{sfn|Noggle|2001|pp=157–158}} [[Yekaterina Budanova]] fought combat missions over [[Saratov]] and [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] and was credited with 11 kills.{{sfn|All About Military|2010}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=57}}

In 1948, [[Ada Rogato]], Brazil's first licensed woman pilot, became the first female agricultural pilot when she was hired by the government to crop dust coffee fields and eliminate the [[Ptinidae|borer beetle]] that was plaguing the crop.{{sfn|Reis|2013}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|de Lima|2009|p=2}} The following year, Rogato became the first woman to fly solo over the Andes and in 1951, flew from [[Tierra del Fuego]] to [[Alaska]], a solo flight which would take her across South America, Central America and North America.{{sfn|Reis|2013}}{{sfn|''The Ottawa Journal''|1951|p=3}} In 1948, [[Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral]], who became Isabella de Freitas the following year, became the first woman pilot of Trinidad and Tobago.{{sfn|Pidduck|2006}} It would be another forty years, in 1988, before the first Trinidadian woman, [[Wendy Yawching]] became a captain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wendy Yawching |website=Caribbean Icons in Science, Technology & Innovation|publisher=National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology |url=http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/women-in-science/wendy-yawching.html |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160429142404/http://niherst.gov.tt/icons/women-in-science/wendy-yawching.html |archive-date=April 29, 2016|location=St Augustine, Trinidad}}</ref>{{sfn|Wallace|2015}}

===1950s===
[[File:IM--1337---The-Women-Marines'-Third-Warsm.jpg|thumb|The [[Korean War]] offered new opportunities in critical roles for women marines, like these control tower [[air traffic controllers]].]]
In 1951, the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF) of China enrolled 55 women trainees. When they graduated, the following year, the women represented 6 [[Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System|communication operators]], 5 navigators, 30 [[Aircraft maintenance technician|on-board aircraft mechanics]] and 14 pilots. A second class of 160 trainees entered PLAAF in 1956, but only 44 of them completed their training.{{sfn|Allen|Kelly|2012}}

In late 1952, with the [[Korean War]] in full swing, the North Korean Air Force was the only one in the world with female jet fighter pilots. One of them, [[Tha Sen Hi]], flew MiG-15s in combat and eventually rose to squadron leader. She was honoured with the title of Hero of the Korean People's Democratic Republic.{{sfn|Gordon|2001|p=66}}

In 1952, [[Earsley Barnett]], American wife of Major Carl Barnett, founder of Wings Jamaica, earned the first pilot license granted to a woman in Jamaica. She later became the first Jamaican flight instructor, as well as a commercial pilot.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}}

[[Jacqueline Cochran]] became the first woman to break the sound barrier in 1953. She had to use a Canadian Canadair Sabre 3 as the U.S. military refuse her access to American aircraft. By June 1953, she was the holder of "all but one of the principal world airplane speed records for straightaway and closed-course flight" for women.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=131}} On June 14, 1963, [[Jacqueline Auriol]] became the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound with a [[Dassault Mirage IIIR]].

During the [[Korean War]], former WASPs were asked to join active duty in the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]].{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=133}} Thirteen percent of the WAVES recruits by 1952 were selected for air training, which included positions as air control personnel, [[aerographer's mate]]s, electronics technicians and as other support personnel. In 1953, the WAVES lifted a ban on women serving as mechanics.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=135}} {{ill|Kim Kyung-Oh|ko|김경오}} was the only South Korean woman to serve as a pilot in the ROK Air Force during the Korean War.{{sfn|Hwang|2013}}{{sfn|Gollob|2005}}

[[File:Australian Women Pilots' Association Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953 (16289750475).jpg|thumb|[[Australian Women Pilots' Association]] Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953|alt=Australian Women Pilots' Association Air Reliability Trial entrants Meg Cornwell (left) and Margaret Sincotts in the cockpit of an Auster J-4 Archer monoplane on the tarmac at an airfield, 1953 (16289750475)|left]]

Organisations were formed, such as the [[Australian Women Pilots' Association|Australia Women Pilots' Association]] (AWPA).{{Sfn|Bridges|Neal-Smith|2014|p=168}} Another organization was the [[Whirly-Girls]], started by [[Jean Ross Howard Phelan]] in 1955 for women helicopter pilots. She started the group as an informal interest group, but formalized it in order to better help the members network and support each other in the male-dominated field.{{sfn|Weitekamp|2005|pp=55–56}}

[[Pakistan]] modeled its air force on the [[Royal Air Force|British Royal Air Force]] during the late 1950s. This allowed for more women to become involved in the military in Pakistan.{{sfn|Shah|2015}} In 1958 [[Dorothy Rungeling]] of Canada became her country's first woman to solo pilot a helicopter.{{sfn|Brock University|2006}}

In the 1950s and 1960s, air travel was expensive and few people of color could afford to fly. U.S. segregation laws were slowly being overturned to lift barriers for not only travel, but for employment opportunities.{{sfn|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2007}}{{sfn|Brownlee|2013}} Coupled with the influx of workers from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, and the independence movements in Africa and the Caribbean, British need for labor in the post-war period made recruiting of 'coloured labour' in the same period a necessity.{{sfn|Brown|1995}} The following decades would increasingly see more women from former colonies enter aviation.{{sfn|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}}{{sfn|République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|2013}}{{sfn|''The Jamaica Observer''|2010}}{{sfn|Somali Aviation Resource Center|2013}}{{sfn|McKenzie|2013}}{{sfn|''The National Mirror''|2014}}{{sfn|
Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|2015}}

===1960s===
[[File:United Airlines Stewardesses 1968.jpg|thumb|[[Flight attendant|Stewardesses]] from 1968 working for [[United Airlines]]|alt=Stewardesses from 1968 working for United Airlines.]]
In the 1960s, stewardesses, as female flight attendants were known, were considered glamorous and exotic adventurers. Frank Sinatra's song ''[[Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)|Come Fly with Me]]'' gave birth to the jet set.{{sfn|Handy|2014}} Adding to the allure, Bernard Glemser's novel, ''Girl on a Wing'', and the British movie based on it, ''[[Come Fly with Me (film)|Come Fly with Me]]'' (1963), depicted stewardesses as stylish seekers of romance.{{sfn|''Variety''|1962}} Wearing custom-fitted uniforms, attendants were career women, whose looks, marital status and childlessness were guarded by industry executives, much as Hollywood starlets had been. On the one hand, they were to project an ideal of womanhood, but on the other, they were used to sell airline travel through their sexuality. The double standard that they faced as well as the glamorous lifestyle they lived, shot to the best-seller's list with the publication in 1967 of the book, ''[[Coffee, Tea or Me?]]''{{sfn|Handy|2014}} In 1963, stewardesses who held a press conference on airlines' policy of retiring stewardesses at 32, caught the attention of the country. The press conference focused attention on the airlines narrow standard of "feminine allure".{{sfn|Barry|2006}}

In 1960, [[Olga Tarling]] became the first woman [[air traffic controller]] in Australia{{sfn|Bridges|Neal-Smith|2014|pp=168–169}} and [[Yvonne Sintes|Yvonne Pope Sintes]] and [[Frankie O'Kane]] become the first female British air traffic controllers.{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} That same year, [[Alia Menchari]] became the first woman [[Tunisia]]n pilot.{{sfn|République Tunisienne Ministère du Transport|2013}} In 1961, [[Lucille Golas]] attained the first pilot license for a woman in [[Guyana]] to assist her husband in his mining business.{{sfn|''Guyana Chronicle''|2014}} Asegedech Assefa became the first Ethiopian woman to earn a pilot's license in 1962.{{sfn|''Tadias Magazine''|2010}} That same year, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to fly a jet across the Atlantic Ocean.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} She was also the first woman to break the sound barrier. Throughout the decade, she and [[Jacqueline Auriol]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auriol, Jacqueline (1917—) | Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/auriol-jacqueline-1917|access-date=February 26, 2022|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> of France traded women's speed and distance records what would be known as the "battle of the Jackies". [[Jacqueline Auriol]] was the first woman to fly at twice the speed of sound in 1963.

[[File:Rus_Stamp_GSS-Tereshkova_Russia.jpg|alt=Valentina Tereshkova on Russian stamp|left|thumb|[[Valentina Tereshkova]], the [[Vostok 6|first woman in space]] and the first to orbit the Earth, on a Russian stamp]]

A privately funded project, of [[William Randolph Lovelace II|William Lovelace]], the [[Mercury 13|Woman in Space Program]] recruited women pilots in the U.S. to test them for suitability for the space program. Thirteen of the recruits passed [[NASA]]'s physical requirements. Scheduled for additional testing, the [[United States Navy]] canceled use of their facilities as there were no NASA officials involved. Public hearings were held by a special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics in 1962. Because NASA required all astronauts to attain an engineering degree and be graduates of military jet piloting test programs, none of the women could meet the entry prerequisites. The subcommittee took no action after the hearing. The following year, [[Valentina Tereshkova]],{{sfn|Weitekamp|2004a}} an amateur Russian parachute jumper, became the first woman in space.{{sfn|Sharp|2013}}

In 1963, [[Betty Miller (pilot)|Betty Miller]] became the first woman to fly solo across the [[Pacific Ocean]]{{sfn|Knox|2013}} and [[Anne Spoerry]], a French doctor living in [[Kenya]] became the first female member of the [[Amref Health Africa|African Medical and Research Foundation]]'s "Flying Doctors", operating her plane through the bush to provide needed medical assistance in remote areas.{{sfn|Deedes|2001}}
[[File:Spirit of Columbus in Udvar-Hazy Center, February 2015.JPG|thumb|[[Jerrie Mock]]'s ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]'', which she piloted in 1964 as the first woman to fly solo around the world, at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]]]]
In 1964, [[Jerrie Mock|Geraldine Mock]] became the first woman to [[Circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the globe.{{sfn|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}} Mock, flying solo, flew her plane, ''[[Spirit of Columbus]]'' around the world in 29 1/2 days. In 1966, Soviet pilot [[Galina Gavrilovna Korchuganova]] competed at the [[World Aerobatic Championship]] in Moscow and won gold in the women's individual competition, becoming the first women's world [[aerobatics]] champion.{{sfn|Bouraia|2002}}

Because of the unpopularity of the [[Vietnam War]] in the United States, men were not volunteering at high enough rates; however, many women were being turned away because of limits on women's work in the military. In 1967, a law was passed allowing more women into the military and to be promoted to high ranks.{{sfn|McLean|2001}} In 1969, [[Kucki Low|Kucki von Gerlach]] obtained the first pilot's license issued to a woman in [[South West Africa]], now [[Namibia]].{{sfn|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}} That same year, [[Turi Widerøe]] of [[Norway]] became the first female pilot for [[Scandinavian Airlines]].{{sfn|''Scandinavian Traveler''|2016}} Turi Widerøe had for years been a pilot for her father's company [[Widerøe]], which today is the largest regional airline in the Scandinavian countries. Turi Widerøe is still today recognized as the western world's first woman commercial pilot for a major airlines after she joined Scandinavian Airlines in 1967.

===1970s===
[[File:UPT_Class_77-08.jpg|thumb|USAF Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Class 77-08]]

Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying{{sfn|Getline|2005}} and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting.{{sfn|Turner|2011|p=55}} The US military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993.{{sfn|Skogen|2014|p=16}} Women eventually began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, [[American Airlines]]. American also promoted the first female captain of a major U.S. airline in 1986 and the following year had the first all-woman flight crew.{{sfn|Anderson|2002}} In other countries, women were starting to fly as pilots, such as [[Turi Widerøe]], who was hired in late 1968, for [[Scandinavian Airlines|Scandinavian Airlines System]] and [[Aeroflot]] had already hired women pilots.{{sfn|Charlton|1973}}

In the 1970s, women were again, for the first time since WWII, permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976.{{sfn|Ganson|2015}} By the mid-1970s, women were predicting that there would be a large increase in female pilots because of the [[Feminist movement|women's liberation]] movement.{{sfn|''The Index-Journal''|1974|p=15}} [[Louise Sacchi]] was the first international woman ferry pilot who flew planes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}} In 1971, she set a women's speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes, a record that still stands today.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}}{{sfn|Parrack|2006}} Sacchi was the first woman to win the [[Godfrey L. Cabot Award]] for distinguished service to aviation.{{sfn|The Ninety Nines|n.d.}}{{sfn|Aero Club of New England|2011}} The first graduating class of ten female Air Force officers earned their Silver Wings on September 2, 1977. These ten women were part of Class 77-08 and graduated at [[Williams Air Force Base]].{{sfn|Swopes|2015}} In 1978, a group of former WASPs formed the [[Women's Military Pilots Association]] (WMPA).{{sfn|Garwood|2014}}

In 1975, [[Yola Cain]] became the first Jamaican-born commercial pilot and flight instructor.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}} The following year, Cain became the first female pilot with the [[Jamaica Defence Force]] and in the 1980s would become the first woman pilot for [[Air Jamaica Express|TransJamaica Ltd.]] Four years later, in 1979, Jamaican [[Maria Ziadie-Haddad]] became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired as the first woman pilot of [[Air Jamaica]], as a [[Boeing 727]] second officer.{{sfn|''The Jamaica Observer''|2010}} Another Jamaican, [[Michele Yap]], became the first female airline captain in the Caribbean flying the [[LIAT|Leeward Islands Air Transport]]'s [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|Twin Otter]] in 1988. The following year, Captain Yap was the first to pilot an all-female crew in the Anglo-Caribbean.{{sfn|Smalling|1990|p=50}}

On September 9, 1976, [[Asli Hassan Abade]] soloed her first flight as the only female pilot in the [[Somali Air Force]].{{sfn|Somali Aviation Resource Center|2013}}{{sfn|''BBC''|2004}} In 1977, [[Cheryl Pickering-Moore]] and [[Beverley Drake]] of [[Guyana]] became the first two women pilots of the [[Guyana Defence Force]].{{sfn|Grainger|2013}} Drake was transferred a few months later as the first female pilot of the [[Guyana Airways Corporation]], she would go on in the 1990s to become the first woman and African-American senior inspection analyst working for the U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]].{{sfn|McKenzie|2013}} [[Jill Brown-Hiltz]] joined [[Texas International Airlines]] as a pilot in 1978, becoming the first African American woman to fly for a commercial airline in the United States.{{sfn|Roberts|2015}} That same year, [[Chinyere Kalu]], at the time Chinyere Onyenucheya became, [[Nigeria|Nigeria's]] first female pilot.{{sfn|''The National Mirror''|2014}} In 1979, [[Koh Chai Hong]] became the first woman pilot in the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF). Continuing her military career, Koh became one of the first two female Lieutenant-Colonels in 1999.{{sfn|
Singapore Council of Women's Organisations|2015}} [[Bahamas|Bahamian]] [[Patrice Washington|Patrice Clarke]], later Washington, entered [[Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach]] in 1979. Three years later she would become the school's first black woman to graduate with a BS in [[aeronautical science]] and her commercial pilot's certification.{{sfn|San Diego Air & Space Museum|n.d.}} She would go on to become the first woman pilot hired by [[Bahamasair]]{{sfn|''Tribune 242''|2012}} and later the first black female to command airplanes in the U.S. for a major carrier service when she was promoted to captain by [[United Parcel Service]] (UPS) in 1994.{{sfn|Ho|1995}}{{sfn|Horton|2000|p=14}}

In 1977, [[Barbara Ann Christie]] was recorded as the first woman police pilot in the United States by the American Business Reference Inc. while working for Horsham Township Police Department in Pennsylvania. She contributed in excess of 1,000 hours of personal time to the Air Ambulance and Helicopter Unit without remuneration of any kind.<ref>American Business Reference Inc. (1977){{full citation needed|date=January 2021}}</ref>

===Close of the twentieth century===
[[File:Petty_officer_3rd_class_burton.jpg|left|thumb|Petty Officer 3rd Class Rosalee Burton, operates a training device designed to simulate in-flight pressure changes on aviators. As a Navy training device trainer, Burton operated, maintained, and taught about Navy training equipment at the Naval Aerospace Medicine Institute. Circa 1982.]]
At the close of the century, legal efforts to eliminate barriers of race and sexism in the aviation sector resulted in industry modifications in hiring practices. In the United States, in the late 1970s the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] found violations of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which the court monitored over the next decades and decreed in 1995 had been sufficiently addressed.{{sfn|Hansen|Oster, Jr.|1997|pp=117–119}} In Africa, lack of a strong national carrier resulted in many tourism routes being overtaken by European airlines, but growth in the sector during the 1980s and 1990s saw that 26% of the market share on intercontinental flights were run by Africans.{{sfn|Otieno|2013}} In [[Latin America]] and the Caribbean, growth in the tourism sector through the 1990s, led to dramatic expansion of the civil aviation sector, with many countries seeing airport expansions.{{sfn|West|2001|pp=307, 401, 419, 526, 699}} In military services, women's roles increased during the period in North America, Europe and Asia.{{sfn|Becraft|1990}}

In 1980, [[Lynn Rippelmeyer]] of the U.S. became the first woman to fly a [[Boeing 747]] and four years later became the first woman to serve as captain on the craft.{{sfn|Saathoff|2013}}{{sfn|Gibson|2013|p=145}} That same year, [[Olive Ann Beech]] was awarded the [[Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy]] from the U.S. [[National Aeronautic Association]], for aircraft manufacturing.{{sfn|Farney|2010|pp=172–174}} In 1981, [[Mary Crawford (pilot)|Mary Crawford]] became the first women's flight officer in the [[United States Navy]]{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}} and that same year [[Yichida Ndlovu]] would earn the first civilian female pilot's license in [[Zambia]].{{sfn|''GlObserver''|2013}} Unable to join the British [[Royal Air Force]] or local cadet forces, [[Elizabeth Jennings Clark]] of [[St. Lucia]] found a private scholarship program to offset the high-cost of training. She became the first female pilot for [[LIAT]] when she finished her training in 1983.{{sfn|Aimable|2014}} That same year, [[Charlotte Larson]] and [[Deanne Schulman]] made history when Larson became the first woman to captain a [[Smokejumper|smoke jumper]] aircraft and Schulman became the first woman qualified as a smoke jumper.{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}} In 1987 [[Shirley Tyus]] became the first African-American female pilot to fly for United Airlines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019-2020 Bill 4056: Shirley Tyus - South Carolina Legislature Online |url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess123_2019-2020/bills/4056.htm |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.scstatehouse.gov}}</ref>

In Canada the Air Force started a trial program for women pilots in 1979. [http://canadian99s.com/dee-brasseur_canadian-aviatrix/ Dee Brasseur] was one of the four selected and in 1988 became one of the two first women in the world to fly the F-18 jet fighter. [[Khatool Mohammadzai]] became the first [[Afghans|Afghan]] woman [[paratrooper]] in 1984,{{sfn|''BBC News Magazine''|2013}} the same year that [[Beverly Burns]] first served as captain on a Boeing 747 for a cross-country trip.{{sfn|Gant|2001|p=12}} In 1986, [[Rebecca Mpagi]] joined [[Uganda]]'s [[National Resistance Army]] as its first woman pilot. She would continue to rise in the ranks until by 2008, Mpagi was a Lieutenant Colonel, serving as the head of women affairs for the [[Uganda People's Defence Force]].{{sfn|Okwera|2012}} In 1987, [[British Airways]] hired their first woman pilot, [[Lynn Barton|Lynne Barton]].{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} and that same year [[Erma Johnson]] became the first black and first woman chair of the [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]'s Board of Directors.{{sfn|Smith|Bracks|Wynn|2015|p=473}} [[Sakhile Nyoni]], a [[Zimbabwe]]an woman, became the first woman pilot in [[Botswana]] in 1988.{{sfn|''Bulawayo 24''|2011}} The following year the [[Afghan Air Force]] admitted [[Latifa Nabizada]] and her sister, Laliuma, as the first women to train at the military flight school.{{sfn|Sara|2013}} The sisters would graduate from helicopter school in 1991 becoming the first women Afghani pilots.{{sfn|Moreau|Yousafzai|2013}} Canadians [[Dee Brasseur|Deanne Brasseur]] and [[Jane Foster (Canadian pilot)|Jane Foster]] were the first women to fly military aircraft in Canada in 1989.{{sfn|Monroe|2004}}

[[File:Ensign_Matice_Wright_first_USN_afroam_flight_officer_1993.jpg|thumb|Ensign Matice Wright, first US Navy African American flight officer 1993]]

Although five women officers had qualified as [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilots in the 1950s, the RAF did not allow women to pursue a career in flying until Julie Ann Gibson and Sally Cox become the RAF's first career pilots in 1990.{{sfn|Gough-Cooper|2013}} On July 31, 1991, the [[United States Senate]] lifted the ban on military women flying in combat.{{sfn|Schmitt|1991}} By 1998, US military women were flying combat missions from [[aircraft carrier]]s.{{sfn|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|2008}} In 1992, the first female helicopter pilot to fly in [[Antarctica]] was a military officer, [[Judy Chesser Coffman]], of the [[United States Navy]].{{sfn|Navy Personnel Command|2015}} That same year, Lt. [[Kelly J. Franke]] of the [[United States Navy]] was the first woman pilot to be awarded the Naval Helicopter Association Pilot of the Year Award.{{sfn|Bogino|1992}} Lt. Franke flew 105 support missions with [[HSC-2]]'s [[Desert Ducks]] detachment in [[Bahrain]] and was cited for extraordinary aviation achievements for 664.2 hours of accident free flight hours.{{sfn|''Flying''|1992|p=34}} While there were many African American women in the US military, it was 1993 before [[Matice Wright]] became the first black woman flight officer in the United States Navy.{{Sfn|Douglas|2004|p=251}} That same year, [[Nina Tapula]] became the first woman military pilot of [[Zambia]].{{sfn|''GlObserver''|2013}}{{sfn|''MiCampus Magazine''|2016}} [[Harita Kaur Deol]] became the first female solo pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]], in September 1994, flying an [[Avro HS-748]] at the age of 22.{{sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|1998|p=686}}{{sfn|''The Indian Express''|2008}} [[Chipo Matimba]] became the first woman to complete the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]]'s pilot training course in 1996.{{sfn|Girls High School|2015}} On December 17, 1998 [[Kendra Williams]] was credited as the first woman pilot to launch missiles in combat during [[Bombing of Iraq (1998)|Operation Desert Fox]].{{sfn|Navy Personnel Command|2015}} In 1999, [[Caroline Aigle]] received the French Air Force's fighter pilot wings and was assigned to fly the [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5]].{{sfn|''Catholic News Agency''|2007}}

In the civilian sector, [[Veronica Foy]] became the first woman pilot of [[Malawi]] in 1992 and by the close of the decade would become Malawi's first woman captain.{{sfn|Twea|2016}} Also in 1992, [[Silva McLeod]] became the first woman from Tonga to earn a pilot's license. The first black female Mawalian pilot, [[Felistas Magengo-Mkandawire]] began flying as first officer for [[Air Malawi]] in 1995.{{sfn|''Nyasa Times''|2016}} In 1993, [[Aurora Carandang]] became the first woman captain for [[Philippine Airlines]].{{sfn|Philippine Airlines|2015}} [[Asnath Mahapa]], the first black [[South Africa]]n woman, became a pilot in 1998,{{sfn|Humayan|Sealy|Parke|2016}} the same year that [[Nicole Chang Leng]] became the first woman pilot of the [[Seychelles]].{{sfn|''Kreol Magazine''|2011}} In November 1998, [[M'Lis Ward]] became the first African American woman to captain for a major U.S. commercial airline, [[United Airlines]].{{sfn|Hughes|2000|pp=120–124}}{{sfn|Horton|2000|p=14}} Also in 1998, [[Barbara Cassani]] became CEO of the British airline [[Go Fly|Go]], becoming the first female CEO of a commercial airline.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Barbara Cassani '82 |magazine =Vista |volume=4 |number=3 |date=Spring 2000 |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/vista/0002/cassani.shtml |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> The same year, [[Aysha Alhameli]] of the United Arab Emirates became the first Emirati female pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.icao.int/Meetings/iwaf2018/Documents/Biographies/Capt.%20Aysha%20Alhameli%20%20Biography.pdf |title=Aysha Alhameli |publisher=Delegation of the United Arab Emirates at ICAO}}</ref>

More organizations to support women in aviation careers were formed. The [[Ninety-Nines]] (the 99s) established the Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund<ref>[https://www.ninety-nines.org/scholarships.htm Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund]</ref> in 1940 to honor her memory and perpetuate her ideals and love of flying. From a single scholarship of $125 in 1941, the annual Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarship Fund has provided over $12 million in scholarships to women from around the world to advance and succeed in aviation and aerospace. [[Women in Aviation, International|Women in Aviation International]] (WAI) formed in 1990 and formalized the organization in 1994.{{sfn|''Flying''|1996|p=44}}{{sfn|''Flying''|1997|p=35}} WAI went on to establish the Pioneer Hall of Fame to honor women in aviation who had made special contributions to the field.{{sfn|''Flying''|2000|p=44}} In 1995, the [[Federation of European Women Pilots]] (FEWP) was founded in [[Rome]].{{sfn|''British Women Pilots' Association Newsletter''|2011|p=19}} and two years later the [[Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance]] (AWAM) was formed.{{sfn|Florida Department of Transportation|1996}}

== Notable influential profiles and figures in the aviation industry ==
Over the years since the beginning of the twentieth century, there have been many remarkable moments by women in the aviation industry. However, few were pioneers, and their influence and impact were huge, paving the way for more women to be involved in the different aspects of the aviation industry.

'''[[Harriet Quimby]] – 1875 to 1912'''

A celebrated pioneer in the United States, Quimby was adventurous and encouraged more women to join the aviation industry. Through her weekly articles in various magazines, she challenged women, and through her visions of airlines to ferry people and scheduled air routes, she made a huge contribution towards the growth and the development of the aviation industry.{{sfn|Kerr|2016|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} She warned those who flew aircraft on the dangers of being overconfident and emphasized on the importance of observing safety while piloting. Taught how to fly by John Moisant, Quimby was the first woman to fly across the English Channel.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} As a contributing journalist in magazines, she shared her experiences and the lessons she learned while piloting. In her article "Aviation as a Feminine Sport", Quimby noted that there was no reason as to why women would not be as confident as their male counterparts.{{sfn|McLoone|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} She added that as long as a person observed maximum care, they would not cause any accidents. Quimby had strong belief in the aviation industry of the United States and encouraged more women to take on the air.

'''[[Nancy Harkness Love]] – 1914 to 1976'''

Born in February 1914, Love played an instrumental role in the acceptance of women, both as career and military pilots. At the age of 16 years, with only 15 hours of solo time, she flew a plane from Boston to Poughkeepsie, New York, where the weather changed.{{sfn|Douglas|2010}} She did not know how to read the compass, and with the gauge broken, had to land the plane. She safely landed the plane, an event that would mark her 40-year career in the aviation industry. After earning Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) instrument rating and a seaplane rating in 1940, Love, alongside other 32 pilots, were tasked with flying American airplanes to Canada, from where they would be shipped to France.{{sfn|Weatherford|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} At the age of 28, she was appointed as the Director of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, WAFS, an organization of women who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots on how to fly aircraft.{{sfn|Rickman|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} This WAFS organization played a pivotal role in the integration of women pilots to the military. Under her command, women flew every type of military aircraft. In addition, through her firm belief that women could still co-exist with men and take on non-traditional roles, more doors were opened for more women in the aviation industry.

'''[[Jerrie Cobb|Geraldine (Jerrie) Cobb]] – 1931 to 2019'''

Born to a commercial pilot in 1931, Cobb was the first woman to qualify to go into space. Through the help of her father and football coach, who was a flight instructor and owned a plane, she learned how to fly, and by the time of her birthday at 17, she got a private pilot's license.{{sfn|Ackmann|2003|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} Through her savings, which she made while playing softball at semi-professional level, she bought her aircraft, a war surplus Fairchild PT-23. She would later receive her commercial pilot license at the age of 18, permitting her to fly professionally. She later joined the Lovelace Foundation, where she passed all 75 Mercury astronaut tests.{{sfn|Brady|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} After further tests, Cobb, along with the 11 other astronaut candidates, were chosen for Project Mercury. Even though she would later be dropped based on lacking jet piloting experience, her contribution to the aviation industry inspired many other women to join the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the aviation industry in general.{{sfn|Weitekamp|2004|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}

== Current trends in the aviation industry regarding women ==
[[File:US Navy 080727-N-9493W-004 Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System.jpg|alt=Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General Walter Natynczyk, Canadian chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6)|thumb|[[Air traffic controller|Air Traffic Controller]] 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General [[Walter Natynczyk]], [[Canadians|Canadian]] chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship {{USS|Bonhomme Richard|LHD-6|6}}.]]

Today women's participation in the aviation sector remains low. As of December 2019, just 5.4% (25,485 out of 466,900) of all certified civilian pilots (private and commercial) in the United States were women. In December 1980, there were 26,896 female certified civilian pilots in the United States.<ref name="iwoaw.org">{{Cite web|date=November 18, 2017|title=Closing the gender gap in the air and space industry | Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide (iWOAW)|url=https://www.iwoaw.org/|access-date=February 26, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2020, the percentage of female civilian pilots (private and commercial in Canada is 8.15%.<ref name="iwoaw.org"/> Canada has seen an increase to 18% of women in [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] jobs.{{sfn|Parker|2016|pp=24–27}} The global average was 3%.{{sfn|Sinha|2014}}

Overall, in 2008, there were only 16% of women working in the manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft.{{sfn|Poole|2008}} Women who work as [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineers]] made up only 25% in the field in 2014.{{sfn|Marcus|2014}} Women make up less than 6% of senior executive level positions in airline companies, as of 2015.{{sfn|Centre for Aviation|2015}} Pakistani pilot [[Ayesha Farooq]] was the first female fighter pilot for the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. At least 19 women became pilots in the air force in the decade from 2003.{{sfn|''Ynetnews''|2013}} [[India]] has been very successful at recruiting women to pilot commercial airliners. In 2014, women made up 11.6% of pilots. Women credit the extended family support systems that exist which help them balance family and career.{{sfn|Sinha|2014}} By 2012, China's PLAAF had trained more than 300 female pilots and over 200 auxiliary air personnel.{{sfn|Allen|Kelly|2012}} Large numbers have been trained to fly China's most advanced combat jets, including the [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]].{{sfn|ChinaFemale|2012}} In 2016, [[Wang Zheng (pilot)|Wang Zheng]] (Julie Wang), now a Silver Airways captain, became the first Asian woman to fly a global circumnavigation and the first Chinese person to pilot an aircraft solo around the world, marking the emergence of women in China's general aviation sector.{{sfn|Sina Travel|2016}}{{sfn|''Yahoo! News''|2016}}

[[File:Wingwalker airshow 2016.jpg|thumb|A wingwalker at an airshow in 2016|left]]

In Japan, the first female captain for commercial passenger flights was [[Ari Fuji]], who began flying as captain for [[JAL Express]] in July 2010.{{sfn|Wang|2010}} In terms of tourism-driven growth in the aviation sector, throughout the [[Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific region]], there is a shortage of pilots, which is driving gender biases to be pushed aside for women to be hired. [[Vietnam Airlines]], a major carrier in one of fastest-growing aviation markets, has created flight-schedules that allow flexibility to deal with personal demands. [[EasyJet]] provides scholarships for women pilots to help offset the high cost of training and [[EVA Air]] has actively recruited candidates from university programs.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}}
[[File:Female aviators spread wings in past, present, future 150319-M-XW721-011.jpg|thumb|U.S. female pilots with Afghan Capt. [[Niloofar Rahmani]], the first female fixed-wing pilot in the [[Afghan Air Force]]]]
In Africa, many of the trained pilots migrate to the [[Middle East]] or Asia where opportunities for career advancement and more sophisticated facilities exist. [[Women Aviators in Africa]] was founded in 2008 in an attempt to mentor and inspire young women to train in the aviation industry, as estimates for women in the field fall considerably below 6%. Though there is a high level of need across Africa for rural aviation, there is insufficient infrastructure to support expansion. Grass-roots efforts have seen success with training for bush pilots in transport, medical assistance and policing. Efforts are on-going to increase the numbers of women because women are less likely to move to other areas if they as able to find sufficient employment and opportunities in their own communities.{{sfn|Grant|2011}} As of 2016, seven of the top ten markets in terms of growth-speed of aviation were in Africa.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}} In 2022, [[Zara Rutherford]] became the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenage pilot Zara Rutherford completes solo round-world record |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59899980 |access-date=January 20, 2022 |work=BBC News |date=January 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120130258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59899980 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sexism ==
Women often had to work hard to prove themselves as capable as men in the field. [[Clare Boothe Luce|Clare Booth Luce]] wrote, "Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, 'She doesn't have what it takes.' They will say, 'Women don't have what it takes.'"{{Sfn|Gibson|2013|p=2}} Pioneer aviator, [[Claude Grahame-White]] felt that women were "not 'temperamentally suited' to handle the controls of an airplane".{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308}}

During the first National [[Women's Air Derby]] in 1929, women flying the race faced "threats of sabotage and headlines that read, 'Race Should Be Stopped.'"{{sfn|Gant|2001|pp=11–12}} Because flying was considered dangerous, many [[Aerospace manufacturer|aircraft manufacturers]] in the late 1920s hired women as sales representatives and flight demonstrators. "The reasoning was that if a woman could fly an airplane, it really could not be that difficult or dangerous."{{Sfn|Bednarek|Bednarek|2003|p=49}}{{Sfn|Crouch|2003|p=308–309}}

In 1986, a spokesperson for the [[Air Line Pilots Association, International|Airline Pilot's Association]] said that the reason there were only two women [[Boeing 747]] captains at the time was "because women in aviation are a relatively recent phenomenon and everything in the airlines industry is done by seniority".{{sfn|Dean|1986|pp=1–4}} In 1927, [[Marga von Etzdorf]] became the world's first woman to fly for an airline, [[Lufthansa]]. In 1934, however, [[Helen Richey]] became the first woman to fly a commercial airliner in the United States, but quit that job in ten months because the all-male pilot's union would not admit her, and she rarely got to fly.{{sfn|Holden|2001}} Airlines continue to discriminate against women until it became illegal thanks to the [[Civil Rights]] movement. In 1969, [[Jacqueline Dubut]] was hired by [[Air Inter]] and became the first female airline pilot post [[Civil Rights]] movement.

Biases toward women's traditional roles with men in the cockpit and women serving beverages and blankets have become ingrained, forcing women who want to fly to struggle with the attitudes of both co-workers and society.{{sfn|Boudreau|Nguyen|2016}}

A survey conducted by Mitchell, Krstivics & Vermeulen in 2005 found that many women pilots were either unaware of sexism directed towards them or had not experienced any sexism directly. However, many women believe that more women are experiencing prejudice than are admitting it.{{sfn|Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia|2015}}

=== Diversity in the classroom ===
Even though in history, women faced exclusion from education, the end of the Civil War signified a new era where women were then allowed to attend classes side by side with the men. More recently, the rates of women attending classes and going through education systems have improved significantly. In 1970, 42.3 percent of the undergraduate students were women, a figure which has grown up to 56.1 percent in 2007.{{sfn|Williams|2019}} This improvement is key, as it signifies that women have the access to education and training programs than ever before.{{sfn|Parvazian|Gill|Chiera|2017}} Contextually, women can access the needed aviation training just like their male counterparts. Therefore, it eliminates the basis of women being incapable of handling particular job profiles and not being capable of working in certain capacities. Thus, women ought to have the same opportunities as men, given the abundance of skills and expertise.{{sfn|Ison|2010}}

=== Wage inequalities and career advancement ===
Wage inequality between men and women has not only been a talking point in the aviation industry but also in other industries where women are paid significantly less than men.{{sfn|Morris|2016}} Despite possessing the same skills, expertise, and experience, women are not paid the same in the industry. In addition to the skewed wage structure, the organization culture in the industry has continually favored men regarding career advancement up the ladder.{{sfn|Chapman|Benis|2017}} Few women advance their careers in the aviation industry as many top positions are held by men. Women have faced a tough time, climbing from the bottom of the ladder up, while men have seamlessly and without a struggle, spend less time at the lower tiers of the career ladder before assuming top positions.{{sfn|Härkönen|Manzoni|Bihagen|2016}} In recent attempts to lessen the barrier between men and women in the aviation field programs to help even the playing field have become more abundant. Programs such as A-WING, a program run by over 60 volunteers aims to teach more young women about the aviation job opportunities. The organization is funded through donations which are used to produce educational materials, create speaking and networking opportunities and enable attendance at job fairs and get more women into the aerospace field. Their goal is to increase women in the aerospace job field by 25% by 2025, a goal they call "25 by 25". Programs like these are becoming more prominent in modern society to help with the inequalities in career advancement for women in aviation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2022 |title=An Aviation Executive is Trying to Level The Playing Field |url=https://www.flyingmag.com/an-aviation-executive-is-trying-to-level-the-playing-field/ |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=FLYING Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Solutions to gender ==

=== Affirmative action ===
Previous studies demonstrate that affirmative action has compelled women to develop their careers as pilots. It has motivated women to take up the challenges and enter the male-dominated occupation.{{sfn|Ryan|Branscombe|2013}} Following the success of this initiative thus far, albeit unsatisfactorily, it is important that it is continuously implemented to make it easy for women to enter in the aviation industry and progress up the career ladder up to the top management positions. A positive attitude and a change of culture in the aviation industry are needed if men will change their perspective regarding the involvement of women in the aviation industry.{{sfn|Tinoco|Rivera|2017}}

=== Funding initiatives ===
Even though the tuition fees for tertiary institutions is not analyzed in this study, receiving the required training and knowledge requires a substantial financial investment. An extensive research found that these tuition and training fees are paid by either parent, the students, or through loans.{{sfn|OECD|2015}} Given the level of high fees paid during the training, and considering the low incomes paid to women at the start of their careers, it is important that they incentivized in their studies and training.{{sfn|Klugman|Hanmer|Twigg|Hasan|2014}} Given the high costs of qualifications, the costly nature of the relevant licenses, and the time consumed, many aviation students end up discontinuing their studies. An increasing number of women scholarships since the 1980s had no impact on the number of women in the industry.

=== Cultural evolution ===
Attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices are embedded in culture and have played a significant role in inequality in the aviation industry. It, therefore, important that men are educated on the impact of these attitudes and prejudices against women. They have to be educated on how their behavior affects pilots and why it is important to evolve the culture in the aviation industry.{{sfn|Heilman|2001}} Having an understanding of the impacts of these attitudes helps in forging great relationships and interactions amongst the diverse flight crews. Women also need to be encouraged to take up these careers to address the underlying problem where women have previously been discouraged from pursuing a professional career in aviation.{{sfn|Neal-Smith|Cockburn|2009}}

==See also==
*[[Timeline of women in aviation]]
*[[List of women aviators]]
*[[Women of Aviation Worldwide Week]]
*[[Women in Aviation, International]]
*[[Ninety-Nines]]

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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Air Ambulance International|n.d.}}|author=|title=Marie Marvingt: Air Ambulance Pioneer|url=http://www.airambulanceservice.com/marvingt|access-date=December 3, 2016|publisher=Air Ambulance International|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205231236/http://www.airambulanceservice.com/marvingt|archive-date=December 5, 2016|location=Houston, Texas}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centennial of Women Pilots: Raskova|2015}}|author=|title=Marina Mikhailovna Raskova—Russia|url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marina-mikhailovna-raskova-russia/|date=July 25, 2015|website=Centennial of Women Pilots|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide|access-date=December 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214045314/http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/marina-mikhailovna-raskova-russia/|archive-date=December 14, 2016|location=Vancouver, Canada}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Ynetnews''|2013}}|author=|title=Meet Pakistan's first female fighter pilot|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4394649,00.html|access-date=December 26, 2016|agency=Reuters|work=[[Ynetnews]]|date=June 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051115/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4394649,00.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|location=Tel Aviv, Israel}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Brainerd Daily Dispatch''|1921}}|author=|title=Miss Phoebe Fairgrave|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7679369/miss_phoebe_fairgrave_the_brainerd/|date=September 7, 1921|publisher=[[Brainerd Dispatch|The Brainerd Daily Dispatch]]|access-date=December 1, 2016|location=Brainard, Minnesota|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Gazette''|1921}}|author=|title=Mrs. A. Langstaff Had Captain H. D. Wilshire as Her Passenger|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette|The Gazette]]|date=December 26, 1921|page=3|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36351666/mrs_a_langstaff_had_captain_h_d/|access-date=September 25, 2019|location=Montreal, Quebec, Canada|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Monash University|2009}}|author=|title=Nancy Bird-Walton, O.B.E (1915–2009)|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/nancy_bird_walton_bio.html#nbw_01|work=Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology|publisher=[[Monash University]] (CTIE)|access-date=December 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803020226/http://ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/nancy_bird_walton_bio.html|archive-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=dead|date=May 26, 2009}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|1992}}|author=|title=Navy Honors|department=Logbook|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=April 1992|volume=119|issue=4|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOEIdgY_F20C&pg=PA34|access-date=January 24, 2021|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|2016}}|author=|title=On This Day: First U.S. Female to Earn Pilot's License|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/day-first-female-earn-pilot%E2%80%99s-license|website=Air and Space Smithsonian Institution|date=August 1, 2016|publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130215146/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/day-first-female-earn-pilot%E2%80%99s-license|archive-date=November 30, 2016|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004a}} |author= |title=Pilot Stories: Ruth Law |url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_law.html |website=Postal Museum |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721201609/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_law.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016 |location=Washington, DC |date=2004a }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Smithsonian National Postal Museum|2004b}} |author= |title=Pilot Stories: The Stinsons |url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_stinsons.html |website=Postal Museum |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721201619/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/pilot/pilot_female/pilot_female_stinsons.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016 |location=Washington, DC |date=2004b }}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Girls High School|2015}}|author=|title=Profile for Captain Chipo M. Matimba|url=http://www.ghs.ac.zw/profile.html|website=Girls High School|access-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223082520/http://www.ghs.ac.zw/profile.html|archive-date=December 23, 2015|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|publisher=[[Girls High School, Harare]]|date=2015}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Variety''|1962}}|author=|title=Review: 'Come Fly with Me'|url=https://variety.com/1962/film/reviews/come-fly-with-me-1200420427/|access-date=December 6, 2016|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 31, 1962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610164953/http://variety.com/1962/film/reviews/come-fly-with-me-1200420427/|archive-date=June 10, 2016|location=Los Angeles, California}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|2012}}|author=|title=SAWIA Profiles & Celebrates Pioneering Women in Aviation & Aerospace from the African Continent|url=https://issuu.com/sawia/docs/sawia_womens-month_2012_profiles_1-august|publisher=Southern African Women in Aviation and Aerospace|access-date=December 19, 2016|location=Pretoria, South Africa|page=5|date=July 30, 2012}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''St. Louis Post-Dispatch''|1909}}|author=|title=Sister Who Glories in Wrights' Air Triumphs|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7652021//|date=March 22, 1909|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|access-date=November 29, 2016|location=St. Louis, Missouri|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Monash University|2002}} |author= |title=Suzanne Melk (1908–1951) |date=August 4, 2002 |url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/melk.html |access-date=February 7, 2020 |work=Aviation Pioneers: An Anthology |publisher=[[Monash University]] (CTIE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108094026/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/melk.html |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|''The AOPA Pilot''|1962}}|author=|title=Those Whirly-Girls |journal=The AOPA Pilot|date=1962|volume=5|pages=70–72|publisher=[[Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]] |location=Frederick, Maryland}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation|2008}}|author=|title=Time Line: Women in the U.S. Military|date=2008|publisher=[[Colonial Williamsburg|Colonial Williamsburg Foundation]]|url=http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/images/nov/women_military_timeline.pdf|website=History.org|access-date=December 10, 2016|location=Williamsburg, Virginia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084454/http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/images/nov/women_military_timeline.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2016}}
*{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|Parachute History|2001}} |author= |title=Tiny Broadwick |date=2001 |url=http://www.parachutehistory.com/women/broadwickt.html |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916052753/http://www.parachutehistory.com/women/broadwickt.html |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |website=Parachute History }}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''Harrisburg Daily Independent''|1908}}|author=|title=To Be Near Brother Katherine Wright is Making Home Near Hospital|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7651977//|date=September 19, 1908|work=Harrisburg Daily Independent|access-date=November 29, 2016|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|via=Newspapers.com}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Tribune 242''|2012}}|author=|title=Trio Of Female Captains Make History|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/may/23/trio-of-female-captains-make-history/|access-date=December 23, 2016|publisher=Tribune 242|date=May 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912073806/http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/may/23/trio-of-female-captains-make-history/|archive-date=September 12, 2012|location=Nassau, The Bahamas}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Nyasa Times''|2016}}|author=|title=Two Malawi female pilots: Steady take-off|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/two-malawi-female-pilots-steady-take-off/|access-date=December 21, 2016|publisher=[[Nyasa Times]]|date=March 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719233005/http://www.nyasatimes.com/two-malawi-female-pilots-steady-take-off/|archive-date=July 19, 2016|location=San Francisco, California}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|2000}}|author=|title=WAI Seeks Nominees for Hall of Fame|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=September 2000|volume=127|issue=9|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHJzEYdWN5cC&pg=PA44|access-date=December 29, 2016|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|2014}}|author=|title=Wake up Call: The Decade After: Nov 1905 to Oct 1909|website=Wright Brothers Organization|url=http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Decade_After/Wake_Up_Call/Wake_Up_Call_3.htm|date=2014|publisher=Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company|access-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118232919/http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Decade_After/Wake_Up_Call/Wake_Up_Call_3.htm|archive-date=November 18, 2016|location=West Milton, Ohio}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centre for Aviation|2015}}|author=|title=Why don't women run airlines? Part 1: 94% of airlines are led by men|url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/why-dont-women-run-airlines-part-1-94-of-airlines-are-led-by-men-217930|date=April 10, 2015|website=Centre for Aviation|location=Sydney, Australia|publisher=Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA)|access-date=December 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101039/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/why-dont-women-run-airlines-part-1-94-of-airlines-are-led-by-men-217930|archive-date=December 29, 2016}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Pittsburg Daily Headlight''|1912}}|author=|title=Woman Aviator Known as "Tomboy of the Air"|date=October 19, 1912|newspaper=[[The Morning Sun (Pittsburg)|The Pittsburg Daily Headlight]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7680725/the_pittsburg_daily_headlight/|access-date=December 1, 2016|location=Pittsburg, Kansas|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''The Indian Express''|2008}}|author=|title=Woman IAF flying cadet killed in trainer crash|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/woman-iaf-flying-cadet-killed-in-trainer-crash/308622/|date=May 13, 2008|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=December 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194314/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/woman-iaf-flying-cadet-killed-in-trainer-crash/308622/|archive-date=February 22, 2014|location=Noida, India}}
*{{Cite news|ref={{harvid|''The New York Times''|1909}}|author=|title=A Woman Inventor Who Plans – And Expects – To Fly|date=November 28, 1909|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/11/28/106723872.pdf|access-date=December 1, 2016}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Texas Women's University|2013}}|author=|title=Women Airforce Service Pilots Digital Archive|url=http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p214coll2|date=2013|website=Gateway to Women's History|publisher=Texas Women's University|access-date=December 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001523/http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/p214coll2|archive-date=November 4, 2016|location=Denton, Texas}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|San Diego Air & Space Museum|n.d.}}|author=|title=Women at the Forefront|url=http://sandiegoairandspace.org/exhibits/online-exhibit-page/women-at-the-forefront|website=San Diego Air & Space Museum|access-date=December 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624102011/http://sandiegoairandspace.org/exhibits/online-exhibit-page/women-at-the-forefront|archive-date=June 24, 2016|location=San Diego, California|date=n.d.}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Smithsonian Air and Space Museum|2013}}|author=|title=Women in Aviation and Space History|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/women-in-aviation/|date=2013|website=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=December 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230824/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/women-in-aviation/|archive-date=October 11, 2016|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|1997}}|author=|title=Women in Aviation Annual Meeting|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=June 1997|volume=124|issue=6|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNHz-kt9n0C&pg=PA35|access-date=December 29, 2016|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{cite magazine|ref={{harvid|''Flying''|1996}}|author=|title=Women in Aviation Conference Sets Attendance Records|magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]]|date=June 1996|volume=123|issue=6|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DslE-y_wLr0C&pg=PA44|access-date=December 29, 2016|issn=0015-4806}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Navy Personnel Command|2015}}|author=|title=Women in the Navy Timeline|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/organization/bupers/WomensPolicy/Pages/HistoryFirsts.aspx|date=October 13, 2015|website=Public Navy|publisher=Navy Personnel Command|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520111650/http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/organization/bupers/WomensPolicy/Pages/HistoryFirsts.aspx|archive-date=May 20, 2016|access-date=December 28, 2016|location=Millington, Tennessee}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia|2015}}|author=|title=Women's Work|url=http://www.flightsafetyaustralia.com/2015/03/womens-work/|date=March 13, 2015|website=Flight Safety Australia|publisher=[[Civil Aviation Safety Authority]]|access-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319030406/http://www.flightsafetyaustralia.com/2015/03/womens-work/|archive-date=March 19, 2016|location=Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|Centennial of Women Pilots|2009}}|author=|title=Women World's Firsts|url=http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/history-women-world-firsts-in-aviation/|date=2009|website=Centennial of Women Pilots|publisher=Institute for Women Of Aviation Worldwide|access-date=November 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017190946/http://centennialofwomenpilots.com/history-women-world-firsts-in-aviation/|archive-date=October 17, 2016|location=Vancouver, Canada}}
*{{Cite web|ref={{harvid|All About Military|2010}}|author=|title=The World's Only Female Aces|url=http://all-about-military.blogspot.com/2010/01/worlds-only-female-aces.html|date=January 6, 2010|website=All About Military|access-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109044140/http://all-about-military.blogspot.com/2010/01/worlds-only-female-aces.html|archive-date=November 9, 2013}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''GlObserver''|2013}}|author=|title=Zambia's First Female Non-Military Pilot|url=http://globserver.cn/en/southern-africa/yichida-ndlovu|website=GlObserver|access-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625044203/http://globserver.cn/en/southern-africa/yichida-ndlovu|archive-date=June 25, 2016|location=Beijing, China|date=January 14, 2013}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''Bulawayo 24''|2011}}|author=|title=Zimbabwean woman, Sakhile Nyoni, appointed Air Botswana head|url=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-9963.html|access-date=December 21, 2016|publisher=Bulawayo 24|date=December 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507232305/http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-9963.html|archive-date=May 7, 2015|location=Bulawayo, Zimbabwe}}

==Further reading==
*Douglas, Deborah G. ''United States Women in Aviation, 1940–1985''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-16-004587-8}}
*Marck, Bernard. ''Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space''. Paris: Flammarion, 2009. {{ISBN|978-2-08-030108-6}}
*{{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Keith |title=Fly Girls: How Five Daring Women Defied All Odds and Made Aviation History |isbn=978-1328876645 |year=2018 |publisher=Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt}}
*Oakes, Claudia M. ''United States Women in Aviation Through World War I''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. {{OCLC|3608805}}
*Pennington, Reina, and John Erickson. ''Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat''. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7006-1145-2}}
*Strebe, Amy Goodpaster. ''Flying for Her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II''. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-59797-266-6}}

[[Category:Women in history]]
[[Category:Women aviators| ]]
[[Category:History of aviation]]

Chakand railway station

2026-01-20T19:08:45Z

Barkatofficial:

{{short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chakand
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 83 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 83]], Gangapur, [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.890142|N|84.995494|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| line =
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|106|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1900
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CKH
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Gaya Junction|right=Ore Halt|type=[[Patna–Gaya line]]}}}}

'''Chakand railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Patna–Gaya line]] under [[Danapur railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. The station is situated beside [[National Highway 83 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 83]], Gangapur in [[Gaya district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=CKH / Chakand Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Chakand|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/CKH/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Rahul Kr|title=Chakand Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/chakand-ckh/4390|access-date=2020-10-28|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
{{Patna–Gaya line|collapse=yes}}

==History==
[[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]] was connected to [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]] in 1900 by [[East Indian Railway Company]] by Patna–Gaya line.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II (1870-1899)| publisher= | accessdate = 27 October 2020}}</ref> The Gaya to Jahanabad was electrified in 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref> Electrification of the Patna–Gaya line was completed in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Patna-Gaya_Rail_Electrification/Project/pid3375.htm |title =Patna–Gaya rail electrification project| publisher=Process Register | accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gaya district]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Kokum butter

2026-01-08T07:57:57Z

Barkatofficial: stub

{{Short description|Oil from the seeds of the kokum tree}}
{{reliable sources|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Kokumfruitsdried.jpg|thumb|right|Dried fruit]]
[[File:Kokum Butter.jpg|thumb|right|Kokum butter as sold traditionally in the form of oblong ball]]
'''Kokum butter''' or '''kokum oil''' is a [[Vegetable oil|fat]] derived from the [[seed]]s of the [[kokum]] tree (''[[Garcinia indica]]''; also known as wild mangosteen or red mangosteen). Kokum butter is edible, but can also be used for things other than cooking.

Kokum [[fruit]]s are collected for seeds from April to May.<ref name="sea">{{cite book | title = SEA HandBook | date = 2009 | publisher = The Solvent Extractors' Association Of India}}</ref> A tree yields 10–15 kilograms seeds, on average. The fruit contains 5 to 8 large seeds, compressed and embedded in an [[acid]]ic pulp. The seeds account for 20–23% of the fruit's weight. The kernel accounts for 60% of the fruit's weight and 61% of the seed's weight. The oil content of the seeds is 23–26%. The oil content of the kernel is about 44% of the seed's weight. A kernel contains 41–42% oil and upto 17% [[protein]].

==Collection of seeds==
Fruits are collected manually by handpicking. The tree branches are shaken with long sticks and fallen fruits are collected. The fruits are broken by sticks to separate the seeds, which are picked up by hand. Then the separated seeds are dried to reduce their moisture content.

==Properties of oil==
Kokum oil or kokum butter is light gray or yellowish in color. After refining, the kokum fat is equivalent to vanaspati ghee.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Property''' ||'''Value'''<ref name="herbal">{{cite web |url=http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/kokum-fat.html |title=Kokum Fat – Garcinia indica Fat, kokum fruit, cambogia garcinia, garcinia extract |publisher=Pioneerherbal.com |access-date=2013-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005419/http://www.pioneerherbal.com/food-additives/kokum-fat.html |archive-date=2014-02-20 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}
|-
|Appearance||Light pinkish white color
|-
|Odor||Characteristic kokum odor
|-
|Taste||Typical taste of kokum fat
|-
|[[Specific gravity]]||.898-0.914 g/cm3
|-
|[[Slip melting point]] ||34–40 °C
|-
|[[Iodine value]]||34–40
|-
|[[Saponification value]]||187–193
|-
|Unsaponifiable matter||1.2%
|-
|Moisture||0.25
|-
|[[Peroxide value]]||4.0 max
|}
Kokum oil contains up to 60–65% [[saturated fatty acid]], making it solid at room temperature, so this oil is known as kokum butter or kokum fat. Its triglyceride composition is uniform and consists of up to 80% of stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) triglycerides. Because its slip melting point is close to human body temperature (37 °C), it tends to melt on skin contact.

'''Fatty acid composition of fat'''<ref name="sea"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}<ref name="herbal"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:blue; color:white; text-align:center;"
|Fatty acid ||Percentage
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]] (C16:0)||2.0–8.0
|-
|[[Stearic acid]] (C18:0)||55–65
|-
|[[Oleic acid]] (C18:1)||30–44
|-
|[[Linoleic acid]] (C18:2)||0–8
|}

==Uses ==
Kokum butter is non-greasy and gets absorbed into the skin once it is applied. It is often used as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]] due to its [[triglyceride]] composition. Kokum butter has emollient properties and good oxidative stability, which can assist emulsion integrity. With its relatively higher melt point, it melts slightly at skin temperatures, making it ideal for lipsticks and balms. It is also added in the making of bar soaps and skin lotions.<ref name="soap" >{{cite web|url=http://www.soapgoods.com/Kokum-Butter-p-1258.html |title=Kokum Butter |publisher=Soapgoods.com |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Non-timber forest products|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Horticulture in India]]

1990 Pazipora massacre

2026-01-06T13:10:34Z

Barkatofficial: Starting a details

{{Short description|1990 killing of civilians in Pazipora, Kupwara, Kashmir}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Pazipora massacre
| location = Pazipora, [[Kupwara district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date and age|1990|8|8}}
| target = [[Civilians]]
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 26 killed
| injuries = 60+ wounded
| perpetrator = [[Indian Army]]
}}

The '''Pazipora massacre''' refers to the massacre of at least 26 [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] civilians by the [[Indian Army]] on 8 August 1990 in Pazipora, Kupwara district, [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Over sixty people were wounded, three women were raped and around ten houses were set on fire.<ref name="KL">{{Cite web |title=Summer Slaughter |url=https://kashmirlife.net/summer-slaughter-issue-19-vol-10-182849/ |date=8 August 2018 |work=Kashmir Life |access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Kazi
| first = Seema
| title = Law, Governance and Gender in Indian-Administered Kashmir
| series = Working Paper Series, Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University
| date = November 2012
| pages = 25
| format = PDF
| url = https://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~sj6/Law_Gender_and_Governance_in_Indian-admi.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1993-05-01 |title=Rape in Kashmir |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/1993/05/01/rape-kashmir/crime-war |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}

The Pazipora massacre took place in the early phase of the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], which began in 1989 after widespread political unrest, electoral malpractice allegations, and rising support for separatist groups. By mid-1990, the region was under the direct control of the Indian Army and paramilitary forces, empowered through the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] (AFSPA).<ref name="KL" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-01 |title=AFSPA: Licence to kill |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/afspa-licence-to-kill/article23592020.ece |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

== The incident ==
On the morning of August 8, 1990, villagers were working in paddy fields when an army convoy arrived in Pazipora around 11 am. Local people reported a group of soldiers (with weapons, military equipment, helmets and camouflage) exited the convoy, arrived in the area, and then opened fire "indiscriminately". As civilians were hiding in the tall grass, they were shot as they attempted to flee. The end of violence left 26 dead, over 60 wounded, three women allegedly raped, and ten homes burned. One survivor, Ghulam Nabi Tantray who would become Sarpanch of the village, described being shot in both thighs and being put on and dragged into a military truck. He remembered the scenes of villagers "crying in pain and screaming for help," many of whom died from their injuries waiting for medical assistance.<ref name="KL" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-05-09 |title=Outlook India - India's Best Magazine{{!}} Find Latest News, Top Headlines, Live Updates |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/invisible-grief-news-211566 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaul, Nitasha and Zia, Ather |date=1 December 2018 |title=Knowing in Our Own Ways: Women and Kashmir |journal=Review of Women's Studies, *Economic & Political Weekly* |volume=53 |issue=47 |pages=33–35}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Despite the severity of the killings, survivors reported that no official investigation or prosecution followed. The massacre has remained largely absent from official records but continues to persist in local memory as part of Kashmir’s oral history. It is remembered as one of the early mass killings of civilians during the insurgency.<ref name="KL" />

== In political discourse ==
The massacre was raised in the [[Lok Sabha]] by Prof. Saifuddin Soz and other members, who called for investigations into atrocities in Kashmir during 1990.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
| title = Lok Sabha Debates, Ninth Lok Sabha, Fourth Session, 1990
| url = https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/1334/1/lsd_09_04_07-11-1990.pdf
| publisher = Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi
| date = 7 November 1990
| pages = 23
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AFSPA: Licence to Kill |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/afspa-licence-to-kill/article23592020.ece |work=Frontline |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=2025-09-07}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gawkadal massacre]]
* [[Bijbehara massacre]]
* [[Kupwara massacre]]
* [[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre]]
* [[Hawal massacre]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1990]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]

Rajesh Vyas Miskin

2025-12-31T07:59:42Z

Barkatofficial: Put Up New Entry.

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet (Born: 1955)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
|name = Rajesh Vyas Miskin
|image = Rajesh Vyas Miskeen.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Miskin at his residence in Ahmedabad, 2007
|pseudonym = Miskin
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1955|10|16}}
|birth_name = Rajesh Jatashankar Vyas
|language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|birth_place = Ahmedabad, Gujarat
|occupation = Poet, editor
|nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
* [[Gujarat University]]
* [[Gujarat Vidyapith]]
|signature =Rajesh Vyas Autograph.svg
|years_active = Since 1970
| notableworks =
* ''Tutelo Samay'' (1983)
* ''Chhodine Aav Tu'' (2005)
* ''Gazal Vimarsh'' (2007)
|awards =
* Harindra Dave memorial award (2005)
* [[Kalapi Award]] (2009)
* [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (2010)
* [[Vali Gujarati Award]] (2014)
* [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (2021)
| module =
{{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = [[Chandrakant Topiwala]]
| thesis_title = Gujarati ghazal and its varied perspectives
| thesis_url =http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47710
}}
}}
'''Rajesh Jatashankar Vyas''' (born 16 October 1955), better known by his pen name '''Miskin''', is an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet from [[Gujarat]], India. Born and brought up in [[Ahmedabad]], he completed his doctorate in [[Gujarati literature]]. He writes [[ghazal]] poetry and columns in various publications.

== Early life ==
Rajesh Vyas was born on 16 October 1955 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], to Jatashankar and Vijayaben. He completed his primary education from [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya]], Ahmedabad. He completed his [[matriculation]] from Sharadagram, [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]]. He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Psychology in 1978, a B.A. in Gujarati literature in 1981, and an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in Gujarati literature in 1983 from [[Gujarat University]]. He completed his [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] in Gujarati literature in 1985 from [[Gujarat Vidyapith]]. He completed his PhD in 1989 from Gujarat University, under [[Chandrakant Topiwala]]. ''Gujarati Gazal Tena Vividh Pariprekshya Ma'' (Gujarati [[ghazal]] in its various perspectives) was the subject of his thesis.

== Career ==
[[File:Poet Rajesh Vyas Miskin.jpg|thumb|Miskin at [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] on 20 August 2016]]
He started writing in 1960. In 1973, he published his first poem in ''[[Kavilok]]''. He later published his poems in numerous magazines including ''Parab'', ''[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]]'', ''Kavilok'', ''Navneet Samarpan'', Kavita, ''[[Shabdasrishti]]'' and ''Tadarthya''. He writes weekly columns in various publications such as ''Shabda Soorne Mele'' in ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', ''Anhad Na Ajawala'' in '' Jankalyan''. He formerly wrote a column for ''Navneet Samarpan''. He was an editor of the Gujarati poetry journal ''[[Gazalvishwa]]''.

== Works ==
His pen name "Miskin" means a poor person. He has researched Gujarati ghazals and their science of prosody.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=36&id=2519|archive-url = https://archive.today/20160401023019/http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=36&id=2519|url-status = dead|archive-date = April 1, 2016|title = Rajesh Vyas 'Miskin'|date = January 27, 2016|access-date = 27 January 2016|website = museindia.com|publisher = Muse India|last = Jhaveri|first = Dileep}}</ref>

His ghazal anthologies are ''Tutelo Samay'' (1983), ''Chhodine Aav Tu'' (2005), ''Koi Taru Nathi'' (2007), ''Ae Pan Sachu Aa Pan Sachu'' (2008), ''Paheli Najar'' (2008), ''Badli Jo Disha'' (2009), ''Ae Orado Judo Che'' (2013), ''Paniyara Kya Gaya?'' (2015), ''Baa No Saadalo'' (2015). His selected ghazals have been compiled as ''Best of Miskin'' by [[Harsh Brahmbhatt]]. ''Gazal Vimarsh'' (2007) is a collection of research papers on Gujarati ghazal while ''Gazal Sandarbh'' (2010) is a collection of critical essays on Gujarati ghazals. His other work of ghazals is ''Energy'' (2010). ''Lalitasahastranaam'' (2011) is a work on metaphysics. ''Gazal Praveshika'' (2012) is about the metres of ghazal and its mechanics.

He edited several compilations of ghazals including ''Amar Gazalo'', selected works of Gujarati ghazal poets; ''Samagra Mareez'' (2009), the complete works of [[Mareez]]; ''Mareez Ni Shreshth Gazalo'' (2010), selected works of Mareez; ''Ramesh Parekhni Shreshth Gazalo'' (2011), selected works of [[Ramesh Parekh]]; and ''Arooz Shear'' (2012), selected works of Shoonya Palanpuri.

== Recognition ==
He received the [[Harindra Dave]] memorial award in 2005, the Shoonya Palanpuri award in 2009, the [[Kalapi Award]] in 2009, and [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2010. [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] awarded him in 2005 for his ghazal anthology ''Chhodi Ne Aav Tu'' and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] awarded him the Dilip Mehta award for the same book in 2005. His book ''Lalitasahashtrinaam'' was awarded by Sanskrit Sahitya Akademi in 2011 and he received the [[Sri Aurobindo|Shri Arvind]] Gold Medal in 2012. He received the [[Vali Gujarati Award]] in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Gujarati Sahityakar Kosh|last = Shukla|first = Kirit|publisher = Gujarati Sahitya Akadami|year = 2013|isbn = 9789383317028|location = Gandhinagar|pages = 380}}</ref> He received the 2021 [[Narsinh Mehta Award]].<ref name="Gujarati Mid-Day 2023">{{cite news |title=ચાર કવિને અપાશે નરસિંહ મહેતા અવૉર્ડ|trans-title=Narsinh Mehta Award will be given to these four poets from Gujarat|newspaper=Gujarati Mid-Day|date=12 September 2023|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/gujarat-news/article/narsingh-mehta-award-will-be-given-to-these-four-poets-from-gujarat-202799| access-date=9 November 2023|language=gu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miskin, Rajesh Vyas}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Kaliram Medhi

2025-12-11T16:46:48Z

Barkatofficial:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|Indian linguist (1880–1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kaliram Medhi
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|10|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Ramdia village, [[Kamrup district]], Assam
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|1|24|1880|10|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = Guwahati, Assam
| resting_place =
| occupation = Administrative officer, writer, essayist
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education = MA in physics
| alma_mater = Calcutta University
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Kaliram Medhi''' (18 October 1880 – 24 January 1954) was a prominent linguist, writer and essayist from [[Assam]] who wrote in both the Assamese and English languages in the early part of modern [[Assamese literature]]. He was the third president of the [[Asom Sahitya Sabha]] in 1919 held at [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]].<ref>{{cite web |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct2209/City3 |title=Birth anniversary of Pandit Kaliram Medhi observed |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=2009-10-22 |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212746/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct2209%2FCity3 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |title=Assam Sahitya Sabha is the foremost and the most popular organization of Assam |publisher=Vedanti.com |access-date=2013-04-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926194342/http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> He was honoured with the Rai Bahadur title in 1946. Versatile Assamese short story writer and Professor of Physics and later a lifetime associate at [[Assam Engineering College]] Surendra Nath Medhi better known by his pen name [[Saurav Kumar Chaliha]] was his son and noted Mathematician, [[Emeritus Professor]] of statistics at [[Gauhati University]] and [[Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology]] [[Jyotiprasad Medhi]] was his grandson as he was the son of his daughter Kadambari Medhi and her husband Binandi Chandra Medhi.{{CN|date=October 2021}}

==Early life==
Medhi was born on 18 October 1880 at Ramdia village near [[Hajo]] of [[Kamrup district]] to Bhukali Medhi and Sontara Medhi. After primary education at his village he did his higher education at [[Guwahati]] and City College of Calcutta.<ref name="assamtribune1">{{cite web |author=Dr. G. C. Sharma Thakur |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan2409/edit3 |title=Remembering Pundit Kaliram Medhi |publisher=Assamtribune.com |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204340/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan2409%2Fedit3 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
He died in [[Panbazar]], Guwahati on 24 January 1954.<ref name="assamtribune1"/> His son Surendra Nath Medhi (1930-2011) became a famous Assamese writer under the pseudonym [[Saurabh Kumar Chaliha]] and was awarded [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese|Sahitya Academy Award in Assamese]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|title=AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2023)|access-date=21 May 2024|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Literary works==
; In Assamese
# Asomiya Bhasar Mul (অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ মূল) (1918),
# Asomiya Byakoron aru Bhasatatta (অসমীয়া ব্যকৰণ আৰু ভাষাতত্ত্ব) (1936),
# Mahapurush Sankardevar Bani (1949)
# Ankawali (Part-I) (অঙ্কাৱলী) (১ম ভাগ) (1950),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d-jHAAACAAJ |title=Aṅkāwalī - Kaliram Medhi - Google Books |date=2006-01-01 |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>
# Prahlad charitra (প্ৰহ্লাদ চৰিত্ৰ) (1913) and more.

; In English
# The Kalitas,
# Brajavali Literature of Assam,
# Philosophic Aspects of the Assamese Brajavali Literature,
# Origin of Assamese Drama,
# Studies in the Vaishnav Literature and Culture of Assam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeB83Pc8hCAC |title=Studies in the Vaiṣṇava Literature & Culture of Assam - Kaliram Medhi - Google Books |date=1995-01-01 |access-date=2013-05-05|last1=Medhi |first1=Kaliram }}</ref>
# Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assam.org/node/2331 |title=A Selected Bibliography on Assamese Language and Literature | Assam Portal |publisher=Assam.org |date= |access-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619110931/http://www.assam.org/node/2331 |archive-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Assamese literature]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=AsgvAAAAIAAJ Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language], (1988) a book by Kaliram Medhi.
* [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/60179731 A statue of Kaliram Medhi] at Ambari, Guwahati, Assam.
* [https://openlibrary.org/search?sort=new&author_key=OL875492A Books by Kaliram Medhi] at Open Library website.
* [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-60028 Books] at Worldcat.org.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medhi, Kaliram}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Assam|Medhi, Kaliram]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup district]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Essayists from British India]]

SPI Cinemas

2025-12-05T09:45:23Z

Barkatofficial:

{{Short description|Indian multiplex cinema chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Coord|13.056355|N|80.259151|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SPI Cinemas
| logo =
| type =
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[PVR INOX Limited]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1974|04}}
| location_city = [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 6
| homepage = {{URL|www.pvrcinemas.com}}
}}
'''SPI Cinemas''' was an Indian [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] chain originally owned by the SPI Group, headquartered in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The company was often lauded for its premium quality and inexpensive pricing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2014 |title=Palazzo inaugurated |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/palazzo-inaugurated/article7935004.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112259/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/palazzo-inaugurated/article7935004.ece }}</ref> Its theatres, primarily PVR Sathyam Cinemas at Royapettah are often used by filmmakers for film premieres and audio launch events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Lata |date=1 November 2012 |title=Ang Lee praises Sathyam Cinemas |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Ang-Lee-praises-Sathyam-Cinemas/articleshow/17044020.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327052142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Ang-Lee-praises-Sathyam-Cinemas/articleshow/17044020.cms |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> Popcorn served at SPI Cinemas had received considerable praise from film goers and the media.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=14 May 2015 |title=Chennai's corny tradition |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/chennais-corny-tradition/article7206244.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427101556/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/chennais-corny-tradition/article7206244.ece |archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> In August 2018, PVR Cinemas completed the acquisition of SPI Cinemas.

The group was notable for being the first multiplex operator in India to equip its screens with the [[Dolby Atmos]] and [[Auro 11.1]] sound systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Aaron |date=5 December 2012 |title=Dolby launches its Dolby Atmos audio platform in India |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/dolby-launches-its-dolby-atmos-audio-platformindia_790953.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183838/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/dolby-launches-its-dolby-atmos-audio-platformindia_790953.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=23 March 2013 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Bill |date=25 November 2013 |title=Technology in review: Asia embraces digital, 3D and immersive sound |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/technology/e3ic47fe60809de59b805f8be4b00e9284e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102435/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/technology/e3ic47fe60809de59b805f8be4b00e9284e |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=[[Film Journal International]]}}</ref>

== History ==

Sathyam Cinemas was originally named the "Royal Theatre Complex" and was built by Raja from [[Venkatagiri]] in April 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=N. |date=27 December 2013 |title=Chennai has a big role to play |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/chennai-has-a-big-role-to-play/article5508782.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145924/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/chennai-has-a-big-role-to-play/article5508782.ece |archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2007 |title=Sathyam Cinemas Selects Qube for All Screens of Its Flagship Multiplex at Chennai, India |work=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070627006306/en/Sathyam-Cinemas-Selects-Qube-Screens-Flagship-Multiplex#.U0VgvKiSxmw |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143852/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070627006306/en/Sathyam-Cinemas-Selects-Qube-Screens-Flagship-Multiplex#.U0VgvKiSxmw |archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> With a capacity of 1,255 seats, it was the largest multiplex built in Chennai at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Nitya |date=27 November 2013 |title=The changing scene |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-changing-scene/article5397171.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414175637/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-changing-scene/article5397171.ece |archive-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>

Kiran Reddy, the former CEO of SPI Group, revealed in a 2012 interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' that the Sathyam theatre complex was acquired by his family "from someone" in the 1980s. It was acquired for real estate purposes with no intention of continuing the theatre business. He claimed, "The intent was to demolish the theatre complex. The theatre wasn't a viable business if you looked at the value of the land." However, when he got involved in the business, the family had made several improvements to the theatre.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muthalaly|first=Shonali|date=23 February 2012|title=Reddy Made In Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reddy-made-in-chennai/article1567894.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145954/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/reddy-made-in-chennai/article1567894.ece|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Reddy had taken over the business in 1999 and continued developing the theatre, adding three more screens and refurbishing the existing three.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 December 2006 |title=And now, the multiplex mania |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/15/stories/2006121500730100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217042859/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/15/stories/2006121500730100.htm |archive-date=17 December 2006}}</ref>

== Acquisition by PVR Cinemas ==
After the on-and-off negotiations for years, the cinema chain was finally acquired by PVR Cinemas in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2018 |title=PVR completes acquisition of 71.6% stake of SPI Cinemas |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pvr-completes-acquisition-of-71-6-stake-of-spi-cinemas/articleshow/65443395.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421060700/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pvr-completes-acquisition-of-71-6-stake-of-spi-cinemas/articleshow/65443395.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> In August 2019, the [[National Company Law Tribunal|National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)]] New Delhi-branch approved the amalgamation of SPI Cinemas into PVR Cinemas with effect from the appointed date of 17 August 2018, PVR said in the exchange filing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 August 2019|title=SPI cinemas amalgamated with PVR effective 17 August 2018|work=[[PVR Cinemas]]|url=https://static1.pvrcinemas.com/pvrcms/pvrspimerger/Scheme_of_Amalgamtion_Final_Certified_Order_23_08_2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105210424/https://static1.pvrcinemas.com/pvrcms/pvrspimerger/Scheme_of_Amalgamtion_Final_Certified_Order_23_08_2019.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2019 |title=SPI Cinemas Amalgamation |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/pvr-q2-profit-jumps-35-to-rs-4767-crore-revenue-surges-37/story/385237.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105210419/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/pvr-q2-profit-jumps-35-to-rs-4767-crore-revenue-surges-37/story/385237.html |archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> With the acquisition, PVR became the largest multiplex operator in Tamil Nadu with 14 properties (including [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) (as of 2018) and more in the pipeline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=23 January 2020 |title=PVR to open five screens at Chennai airport |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pvr-to-open-five-screens-at-chennai-airport/article30619677.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pvr-to-open-five-screens-at-chennai-airport/article30619677.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2019 |title=Market of India: New landmark in North Chennai at a cost of Rs 5,500 crore |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jan/30/market-of-india-new-landmark-in-north-chennai-at-a-cost-of-rs-5500-crore-1931754.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jan/30/market-of-india-new-landmark-in-north-chennai-at-a-cost-of-rs-5500-crore-1931754.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=SPR City raises capital from LIC Housing for residential project |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/spr-city-raises-capital-from-lic-housing-for-residential-project/article32698675.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112259/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/spr-city-raises-capital-from-lic-housing-for-residential-project/article32698675.ece }}</ref> In 2021, PVR Cinemas mentioned that is looking to expand further in South by opening more screens in South Indian cities like Bengaluru, Mysore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Coimbatore and Vizag.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=25 January 2021 |title=Multiplexes on track to expand footprint in South India |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/multiplexes-on-track-to-expand-footprint-in-south-india-11611556357496.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112320/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/multiplexes-on-track-to-expand-footprint-in-south-india-11611556357496.html }}</ref> In January 2021, PVR started the integration and rebranding of all the acquired properties in a phased manner. They also mentioned that all the future projects will be branded as PVR including the upcoming properties in the state of Tamil Nadu as well.<ref>{{Cite news|title=PVR Le Reve Cinemas, Globus Mall, Bandra, Mumbai, Maharashtra|work=[[PVR Cinemas]]|url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/cinemasessions/Mumbai/PVR-Le-Reve-Bandra-Mumbai/190|url-status=live|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105210420/https://www.pvrcinemas.com/cinemasessions/Mumbai/PVR-Le-Reve-Bandra-Mumbai/190|archive-date=5 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=PVR Haseen Cinemas, Bhiwandi, Mumbai, Maharashtra|work=[[PVR Cinemas]]|url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/cinemasessions/Mumbai/PVR%20S2%20Haseen%20Bhiwandi%20Mumbai/194|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421060655/https://www.pvrcinemas.com/cinemasessions/Mumbai/PVR%20S2%20Haseen%20Bhiwandi%20Mumbai/194|archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> PVR has also launched its private movie screening experience<ref>{{Cite news|title=PVR Private Screening|work=spicinemas.in|url=https://www.spicinemas.in/private-screening|url-status=dead|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219112306/https://www.spicinemas.in/private-screening|archive-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> and its loyalty program 'PVR Privilege' across all the acquired properties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PVR Privilege Loyalty Program|work=[[PVR Cinemas]]|url=https://www.pvrcinemas.com/loyalty|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217212755/https://www.pvrcinemas.com/loyalty|archive-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

In February 2023, PVR merged with its rival [[INOX Leisure]] to create largest multiplex chain in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PVR merges with Inox to create India's biggest multiplex chain|work=PVR Cinemas|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/pvrinox-merger-record-date-for-share-allotment-to-inox-shareholders-announced-11675757168173.html|access-date=9 May 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125323/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/pvrinox-merger-record-date-for-share-allotment-to-inox-shareholders-announced-11675757168173.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All the new properties opened after the merger with Inox will be branded as 'PVR Inox'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PVR becomes PVR INOX as name change takes effect|work=PVR Cinemas|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-pvr-inox-name-change-merger-ratio-details-date-impact-latest-news-231624|access-date=9 May 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125323/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-pvr-inox-name-change-merger-ratio-details-date-impact-latest-news-231624|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing properties will continue to carry 'PVR' and 'Inox' branding respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PVR-Inox merger approved by Mumbai NCLT|work=[[PVR Cinemas]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html|access-date=9 May 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509125322/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/pvrinox-merger-approved-by-mumbai-nclt-11673519127223.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the Inox merger came into effect, PVR effectively rebranded all SPI properties except Sathyam, Escape and Palazzo as PVR Cinemas thereby getting rid of other acquired brands. Sathyam, Escape and Palazzo Cinemas were rebranded as 'PVR Sathyam', 'PVR Escape' and 'PVR Palazzo' respectively. PVR currently is in process of creating a unified rewards system in place of PVR Privilege and Inox Rewards that will be used across both PVR and Inox properties. A unified booking portal and app will also be launched soon in place of PVR and Inox websites and apps. Post the merger with Inox, with effect from 1 September 2023, the SPI iOS/Android app and website will no longer be available for booking and the customers will be redirected to {{URL|www.pvrcinemas.com}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2023 |title=SPI Cinemas website and app phased out from 1st Sept 2023 |work=SPI Cinemas Social Media |url=https://www.facebook.com/spicinemasindia/posts/pfbid02bJuAmhQo26nRymvh1xQF8mZhhiQgJHzVHQw6GfCJ83e3kRXW75zZ9zQ92egU5jiMl?locale=en_GB }}</ref>

== Locations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! State/Territory !! City !! Theatre Name !! Theatre Locality !! Number of Screens !! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Tamil Nadu]] || rowspan="5" | [[Chennai]] || PVR Sathyam Cinemas || [[Royapettah]] || 6 ||
|-
| PVR Escape Cinemas || [[Express Avenue | Express Avenue Mall]], [[Royapettah]] || 8 ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frederick |first=Prince |date=18 June 2013 |title=Let the show begin |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/let-the-show-begin/article586249.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114033635/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/let-the-show-begin/article586249.ece |archive-date=14 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| PVR Cinemas Perambur || [[Spectrum Mall (Chennai)|Spectrum Mall]], [[Perambur]] || 5 ||
|-
| PVR Cinemas Theyagaraja || Old Theyagaraja Talkies, [[Thiruvanmiyur]] || 2 ||
|-
| PVR Palazzo Cinemas || [[The Forum Vijaya | The Forum Vijaya Mall]], [[Vadapalani]] || 9 (including one [[IMAX]]) ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=3 November 2014 |title=The long wait for IMAX |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-long-wait-for-imax/article6558289.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603214112/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-long-wait-for-imax/article6558289.ece |archive-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Coimbatore]] || PVR Cinemas Brookefields || [[Brookefields Mall]], Krishnaswamy Road || 6 ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palaniappan |first=V. S. |date=6 December 2011 |title=The Cinema @ Brookefields opens tomorrow |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2690761.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726083253/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2690761.ece |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|http://www.pvrcinemas.com/}}

{{Cinema Chains in India}}

[[Category:Entertainment in India]]
[[Category:Cinema chains in India]]

Indra Bhattaraka

2025-12-05T08:34:18Z

Barkatofficial: refine section per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Eastern Chalukya Emperor in 673}}
{{No footnotes|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| succession = [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya Emperor]]
| reign = 673
| predecessor = [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]]
| successor = [[Vishnuvardhana II]]
| death_date = 673
| house = [[Chalukya]]
| issue = [[Vishnuvardhana II]]
}}
{{Chalukyas|Vengi}}
'''Indra Bhattaraka''' (reigned 673) succeeded his brother [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] as the king of [[Eastern Chalukyas]].{{fact|date=November 2022}} He had a very short reign of a week.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

His son [[Vishnuvardhana II]] succeeded him.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

{{Start box}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Eastern Chalukyas]]|before=[[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] |after=[[Vishnuvardhana II]] |years= 673}}
{{end box}}

== References ==
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur (1988)
* {{cite web | title=Indian Inscriptions | url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/ | publisher=whatisindia.com | accessdate=28 June 2019 }}
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattaraka, Indra}}
[[Category:Eastern Chalukya kings]]
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
{{India-royal-stub}}

National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage

2025-12-01T18:42:54Z

Barkatofficial: Created info

{{Orphan|date=August 2020}}

The '''National List of [[Intangible cultural heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage]]''' (ICH) of [[India]] is an attempt to recognize the diversity of Indian culture embedded in its intangible heritage. It aims to raise awareness about the various intangible cultural heritage elements from different states of India at national and international level and ensure their protection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)|url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825170927/http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/national-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich|archive-date=2020-08-25|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)|url=https://blog.parivarthanias.com/national-list-for-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich/|last=|first=|date=11 May 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624094333/https://blog.parivarthanias.com/national-list-for-intangible-cultural-heritage-ich/|archive-date=24 June 2021|access-date=}}</ref>

== National List for Indian Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) ==

=== Andhra Pradesh ===

# [[Kalamkari]] Paintings
# Oggukatha: Traditional Folk Theatre
# Tolu Bommalatta -Shadow Puppet Theatre Traditions of India

=== Arunachal Pradesh ===

# Traditions associated with funerals of Idu Mishimi Tribe
# Songs of Shaman In Arunachal Pradesh among different tribes, Shaman is mostly seen as a diviner, communicator, negotiator, healer, ritual specialist, and religious expert but neither as a magician nor a mystic. S/he is the middleman between human and spirits who can communicate with the spirits on their behalf.
# Sowa-Rigpa (Knowledge of Healing or Science of Healing)
# Lores and Rituals of Nocte : The Noctes are one of the major tribes of Arunachal Pradesh.
# Deere Yameng : The Adi Tribe of Arunachal had a grand traditional socio-cultural institution called ‘DEE:RE’, which used to be the epicentre of day to day village activities like festival, social Taboo, rituals, cultivation and religious ceremony.

=== Assam ===

# [[Sattriya]] Music, Dance and Theatre
# Khol instrument
# Jun Beel Mela : The Jun Beel Mela is a centuries-old traditional fair and the striking feature of this historic fair is that it has been keeping alive the age-old barter system as a means procuring goods.
# Ankiya Nat : The tradition of Vaishnava theatre popularly known as Ankiya Nat was introduced by Sankaradeva as a medium to propagate Bhakti .
# Pachoti Pachoti : is a traditional folk festival celebrated in the month of Bhada It is celebrated on the fifth day of the birth of a baby, especially a baby boy since the tradition relates to the birth of Krishna.
# Deepor Beel Folklore: Deepor Beel is a wetland situated in Assam inhabited mostly by tribal people along with their distinct folklore and practices. Various customs and rituals such as Johong puja and various other musical lore of the people always help in recollecting the beauty and importance of the environment including the wetland.

=== Bihar ===

# The Festival of Salhesh: Salhesh is the chief deity of the socially marginalized and downtrodden Dusadh dalit community. The festival of Salhesh provides identity, social cohesion and self respect to the community. The knowledge and skills involved in the entire festival are transferred from one generation to another through oral tradition.

=== Chhattisgarh ===

* Nacha Folk Theatre
* Rawat Nach Mahotsav : Each year after Diwali, the Yadavas celebrate their folk dance festival.

=== Delhi ===

# Kinnar kanthgeet: For transgenders, singing and dancing is a respectable mode of livelihood.
# Compositions of Ameer Khusro in Hindustani music
# [[Parsi theatre|Parsi Theatre]]: Currently, the Parsi Theatre is mainly seen on the two festival days of the Parsi calendar

=== Goa ===

# Ranmāle : Ranmale is a ritualistic and folk theatre form based on mythological stories from the popular Indian epics of Ramayan and Mahabharat.
# Dashavatar: Traditional folk theatre form, Maharashtra and Goa: is a popular traditional theatre form with a history of eight hundred years. The term Dashavatar refers to the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Hindu God of preservation.

=== Gujarat ===

# Patola: Double Ikat Silk Textiles of Patan: Patola silk textiles are produced by resist dyeing of warp and weft threads before weaving, a complex process known as double ikat. Patola of Patan (Gujarat) is unique in its geometric floral and figurative patterns executed with precision of design planning, and meticulously accurate weaving alignment which results in precise outline of the patterns.
# Rathwa ni Gher: Tribal Dance of Rathwas: The Rathwas, who dwell in Rath-Vistar, the hilly area of the southeastern part of Gujarat state, perform the Rathwa ni Gher dance on the occasion of Holi
# Sankheda Nu Lakh Kam: Lacquered turned wood furniture of Sankheda

=== Haryana ===

# Jangam Gāyan: Jangam Gāyan is a narrative sung by the Jangam community. It is performed in the temple courtyards of Shiva temples to huge gatherings.
# Alibakshi khayal Alibux, a born saint cum-poet and dramatist, who chose the pursuit of the art as a form of devotion. Practice of Bhakti through bhajan, kirtan, dancing and singing. His first khyal production was “Krishnaleela”, the first of its kind in khyal technique.
# Panduan ka Kada is very specific and highly crucial art form for the Meo community of Mewat region, as it carries the cultural identification of the community.

=== Himachal Pradesh ===

# Kariyala Kariyala is a form of folk theatre dedicated to the local deity of solan Shimla and Sirmour, known as Bijeshwar, which is performed when agricultural prosperity is achieved in the region or personal wishes are fulfilled.
# Luddi Dance Luddi is a traditional folk dance of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Luddi is a victory dance or a dance of celebration where people do special movements of their hands.

=== Jammu & Kashmir ===

# Kalam Bhat and Qalambaft Gharana of Sufiana Mausiqui Like Indian classical music, the concept of Gharana also exists in Sufiana Mausiqi. In the past there were a number of Gharanas of Sufiana Mausiqi.
# Haran Haran is a traditional folk theatre form performed during Lohri festival.

=== Jharkhand ===

# [[Chhau dance]]

=== Karnataka ===

# Muharram Songs
# Togalu Gombeyatta -Shadow Puppet Theatre Traditions of India
# Moodalapaya Yakshagana The Moodalapaya Yakshagana is folk theatre of Karnataka. It uses songs, music, acting, dancing, costume and facial masks for its performance. While the form that is found in the coastal regions is called as the Paduvalapaya Yakshagana, the Yakshagana that is performed in the plains is called as Moodalapaya Yakshagana.

=== Kerala ===

# Chettikulangara Kumbha Bharani Kettukazhcha is a post-harvest float festival, is a spectacular confluence of art, culture, architecture and the dedicated human endeavour of approximately Over half-a-million people.
# Kalaripayuttu Kalarippayattu is the martial art originated and popularly practiced in Kerala.
# Tolpava Kuthu – Shadow Puppet Theatre Traditions of India
# [[Mudiyett]]u: Ritual Theatre and Dance Drama
# [[Koodiyattam|Kutiyattam]], Sanskrit theatre Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre, which is practised in the province of Kerala, is one of India's oldest living theatrical traditions.

=== Ladakh ===

# [[Buddhist chant]]ing of Ladakh: Recitation of Sacred Buddhist Texts in the TransHimalayan Ladakh Region

=== Madhya Pradesh ===

# [[Chaar Bayt]]: A Muslim tradition in lyrical oral poetry. Chaar Bayt are a four line sequence of verses sung to the beat of the “duff” It is performed in States of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. It is believed that Chaar Bayt originated from an Arab poetic form called Rajeez and its origin can be traced back to the 7th century.
# [[Kumbh Mela]]
# Bhagoriya Dance is a well known dance of the Bhils, a large tribe of Jhabua district in Madhya Pradesh.
# [[Narmada Parikrama]] is the circumambulation around [[holy river]] [[Narmada]] undertaken by its pilgrims.
# Rai Nritya/Bedni Dance is a popular folk dance of Madhya Pradesh. It is performed by women of Bediya tribe.

=== Maharashtra ===

# Zadipatti Zadipatti is practised in the rice cultivating region of Maharashtra during the harvest season and derives its name from the local name zadi for rice. The theatre art of this region is known as Zadipatti Rangbhumi.
# Dashavatar: Traditional folk theatre form
# Chamadyacha Bahulya -Shadow Puppet Theatre Traditions of India
# Kumbh Mela

=== Manipur ===

# Mao Oral Tradition The unique Charasü Marabu (sacred banyan tree) is the harbinger of the tales that are associated with the oral tradition of the Mao community.
# Khor (Rice beer of Tankhul) Rice beer, among the Tangkhul community of Northeast, is an alcoholic beverage that is made from fermentation of a particular type of rice called {{Transliteration|mni|makrei}}.
# Pena Pena is a single stringed musical instrument. Pena is an indispensable part of Meitei society .
# [[Manipuri Sankirtana|Sankirtan]], is the artistic manifestation of Manipuri worship. To the Manipuris Sankirtana is the visible form of God.
# Applique Applique art is a technique by which the decorative effect is obtained by superposing patches of coloured fabrics on a basic fabric, the edges of the patches being sewn in some form of stitchery.
# Thok Lila Thok Leela is a popular satire, wit and comedy folk theatre of Manipur, satirizing the social conditions, the courtier and king.
# Death rites of Phayeng Chapka Phayeng people of Manipur have a unique tradition which is associated with interment. These are the Shikaplon, a style of requiem and a funeral march with martial movement known as Khousaba.

=== Meghalaya ===

# Rongkhli Rongkhli or ‘Tiger Festival’ is a religious festival celebrated by the people of Nongtalang village in the War-Jaintia region of Meghalaya. Rong means festival and Khli means tiger, in the local dialect, hence Rongkhli means Tiger Festival.
# Traditional Drums of Garo Community Garos are a tribal group from Meghalaya, predominantly residing in the Garo Hills region. various music (songs/incantations/ballads/prayers etc.) forms a part and parcel of their livelihood.

=== Nagaland ===

# Chokri Naga folk songs The community cherishes the folk song culture as their proud heritage, which forms as part of every walk of life-work, celebration, dances, folk media, war cry, solo, duet, trio and many such possibilities.
# Nazhu festival

=== Odisha ===

# [[Manabasa Gurubara]] is a ritual performed on each Thursday of Margashirsha (November–December) in honour of Goddess Lakshmi.
# [[Chhau dance]]
# [[Ravana chhaya]] – Shadow Puppet Theatre Traditions of India

=== Punjab ===

# [[Thathera]]s of [[Jandiala Guru]]: Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making

=== Rajasthan ===

# Hingan: Votive Terracotta Painted Plaque of Molela Votive terracotta painted plaques produced by the terracotta artisans of Molela is a hand modelled hollow relief of Hindu deities, especially of the neo-Vaishnava deity, Dev Narayan. Dev Narayan is accompanied by his characteristic snake symbol in the plaque.
# [[Kalbelia]]: Folk Songs and Dances
# Practice of turban tying in Rajasthan The practice of turban tying, (safa wearing in local parlance), consists of tying a long, generally unstitched cloth, in a set manner of wrapping in folds, which is tied on the head of men. The cloth could have a plain texture or be printed in various designs.
# Phad: Scroll Paintings and Their Narration Phad is an approximately 30 feet long and 5 feet broad painted scroll, which depicts stories of epic dimensions about local deities and legendary heroes.
# Chaar Bayt: A Muslim tradition in lyrical oral poetry

=== Sikkim ===

# Lama Dances of Sikkim: Buddhist Monastic Dances Lama dances are masked dances performed by the Buddhist monks of Sikkim as part of their religious practices. The practices are codified in the religious texts of Sikkim in accordance with the teachings of Guru Padmashambhava, the legendary saint of the Mahayana school of Buddhism.

=== Tamil Nadu ===

# Alu Kurumbas The Alu Kurumbas of Tribal Nilgiris, apart from decorating the walls of their dwelling huts with their indigenous paintings, are observed to draw caricature sketches of human beings over the rock outcrops in and around their indigenous habitats in order to bring magical effects on the people depicted therein.
# Pinal Kolattam Kolattam is an ancient folk dance performed by women in a group during the harvesting season.
# Nattu Adi Murai ‘Nattu Adi Murai’ (Country fighting method) or ‘Nattu Vilaiyattu’ (country martial games) is one among the traditional martial art forms of Tamil Nadu.
# Kolam: Ritualistic Threshold Drawings and Designs of Tamil Nadu Kolam is a ritualistic design drawn at the threshold of households and temples. It is drawn every day at dawn and dusk by women in South India who inherit this tradition from their elders.
# Tolu Bommalattam – [https://blog.parivarthanias.com/shadow-puppet-theatre-traditions-of-india/ Shadow Puppet Theatre]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shadow Puppet theatre traditions of India|url=https://blog.parivarthanias.com/shadow-puppet-theatre-traditions-of-india/|last=|first=|date=11 May 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619132053/https://blog.parivarthanias.com/shadow-puppet-theatre-traditions-of-india/|archive-date=19 June 2021|access-date=}}</ref> Traditions of India

=== Tripura ===

# Lebang Boomani
# Mosak Sumani This is a popular and beautiful dance form of Tribes of Tripura related to hunting of wild animals.
# Garia Dance Garia Dance is performed by the Tripuri youths specially during Garia Puja. Often the song is in chorus and erotic in character.
# Meladom Dance In the month of Karthik when harvesting is over men and women of Keipeng community participate in the Meladan dance.
# Wicker Baskets
# Rignai and Risa The very colourful attires of Tribal women are Rignai and Risa. The women wear Rignai at the lower portion of their body while the Risa is used for covering the upper part of the body. Rignai and Risa are generally weaved by the Tribal women in their handlooms.

=== Uttar Pradesh ===

# Nautanki Nautanki, a folk operatic theatre form, has emerged from many traditions such as Bhagat, Swaang etc. It implies acting with and through singing.
# Chaar Bayt: A Muslim tradition in lyrical oral poetry
# [[Ramlila]], the traditional performance of the Ramayana
# [[Kumbh Mela]], mass Hindu pilgrimage held at Haridwar (in Uttarakhand), Nashik (in Maharashtra), Prayagraj (in Uttar Pradesh) and Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh).

=== Uttarakhand ===

# Hill Jatra The meaning of the word Hill Jatra is – Jatra or group dance that is performed in the mud.
# [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]]: Religious Festival and Ritual Theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas
# [[Kumbh Mela]]
# [[Aipan art]] – the traditional folk art form for exterior and interior decoration in Kumaoni household of Uttarakhand have characteristic symbol representations related to religious Pooja ceremonies or Sanskar ceremonies connected with birth, birthdays, Upnayan (Yagyopaveet), wedding etc.

=== West Bengal ===

# Manosa Gaan Manosa Gaan are songs sung in praise of Goddess Manosa in West Bengal. They are a part of the various ‘Mangal Kavyas’ (songs of benevolence) which are based on the life of gods and goddesses and other mythological tales.
# Deowal Chitra and Alpana Deowal Chitra (Drawing on wall) and Alapana (Drawing on floor) are part of visual folk art of Santhals and reflect simplicity, honesty and a quiet vigour.
# Kushan Gaan The kusan involves, singing, recitation of dialogue, acting, dancing, and musical accompaniment.
# Durga Puja in West Bengal Durga Puja is the most important socio-cultural and religious event in the Bengali festival calendar, celebrated in autumn.
# [[Chhau dance]], a classical dance form of [[Odisha]] and West Bengal
# Gaudiya Nritya Gaudiya Nritya is a classical dance form of Bengal as well as of other Eastern parts of the country like Assam, Odisha and Manipur. It has its origins in the Natyashastra.
# Bonobibir Pala In southern Bengal, men of the villages set out for jungle before the arrival of monsoon. If they manage to return from jungle, it is believed that it has happened by the grace and generosity of ‘Maa Bonobibi’.

=== Elements Common Across India ===

# [[Qawwali]] : Traditionally Qawwali is a devotional music. It belongs to a tradition of Islamic mysticism and contains the compositions of the Sufi saints. The salient feature of Qawwali is an elaborate verbal code sung to the beat of the Dholak. The singers are supported by musical instruments such as the Harmonium, Sarangi, Sitar, Tabla and Dholak. The knowledge and style of singing is transmitted orally, from generation to generation, and that is how the tradition has been kept alive.
# [[Veena]] and its Music : The oldest musical instrument of India, the Veena, symbolizes the Indian ethos throughout the country and has sociological and cultural connotations.
# [[Nowruz|Nowrouz]], celebrations for Persian/[[Parsi]] New Year
# [[Yoga]], ancient Indian physical, mental and spiritual practices.
# Tradition of [[Vedic chant]]ing.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]

Vizhinjam Port

2025-11-18T16:18:49Z

Barkatofficial: new

{{Distinguish|Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Vizhinjam Port''' (Location Code: IN VZJ) is a minor port located within the Vizhinjam harbour near [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].
Administered by the [[Kerala Maritime Board]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/ports/vizhinjam-port | title=Kerala Maritime Board }}</ref> it functions as a fishing harbour and facilitates coastal shipping operations. This port is distinct from the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]] (Location Code: IN TRV), which is a deep-water transshipment port.

==Berth details==
===Seaward wharf===
Length of 83 metres with a draft of 4.0 metres.
 The seaward wharf complies with International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Level 1 standards.
===Leeward wharf===
Length of 81 metres with a draft of 5.0 metres.
 It is used for coastal shipping and fishing vessel operations. The wharf provides berthing facilities for small cargo vessels.
=== Coast Guard berth===
A dedicated berth for the [[Indian Coast Guard]] is under construction at Vizhinjam harbour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/coast-guards-berth-at-vizhinjam-by-march-end/articleshow/117959382.cms | title=Coast Guard's berth at Vizhinjam by March-end | work=The Times of India | date=6 February 2025 }}</ref> This berth is designed to be 76.7 metres long and 8 metres wide, with an estimated cost of ₹25 crore. The construction is nearing completion and is expected to be commissioned by the end of March 2025. Once operational, it will accommodate two medium-sized vessels of approximately 30 metres in length.

==Vizhinjam port and Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram==
Vizhinjam port <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/ports/vizhinjam-port | title=Kerala Maritime Board }}</ref> and [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://vizhinjamport.in/|title=Home - Vizhinjam International Seaport}}</ref> are two separate port facilities located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Vizhinjam Seaport ([[UN/LOCODE]]: IN VZJ) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/ports/INVZJ001|title=Port of Vizhinjam (India) - Arrivals, Departures, Expected vessels - VesselFinder|website=www.vesselfinder.com}}</ref> falls under the jurisdiction of the Kerala Maritime Board and primarily supports fishing and coastal shipping operations. It is situated within the Vizhinjam harbour and includes two berths: the sea ward and leeward wharves.<ref>The port features two berths, namely seaward and leeward</ref>

[[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram ]] (UN/LOCODE: IN TRV) is managed by Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (VISL) <ref name="auto3"/> and is developed to accommodate large container vessels and facilitate global trade. This naming convention aligns with the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE), where "TRV" represents Trivandrum and "1" signifies the port.Based on the port's official location code, it is also known as Trivandrum Port.<ref>{{cite video
| date = 2024-07-12
| title = Adani Group's Trivandrum Port: India Maritime Story Welcomes First Mothership At Vizhinjam Port
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6on9go9MNVM
| medium = YouTube
| publisher = ET Now
| access-date = 2025-02-25
| time = N/A}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://motherportnews.in/in-a-historic-first-an-indian-port-takes-centre-stage-in-global-trade-2/ | title=In a historic first, an Indian port takes centre stage in global trade! | date=24 December 2024 }}</ref>

Although these ports are geographically close, they serve distinct purposes and are managed by different authorities under the Government of Kerala.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Economy of Thiruvananthapuram]]

Anurag Mhamal

2025-10-25T20:42:32Z

Barkatofficial: Starting new data

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image = MhamalAnurag2017.jpg
|caption = Mhamal in 2017
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|4|28}}
| birth_place = [[Panaji]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2017)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main225653.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2504 (March 2019)
| FideID = 5024366
}}

'''Anurag Mhamal''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
Mhamal learned chess from his father Arvind Mhamal and trained under Akash Thakur.<ref name="im"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/anurag-mhamal-the-unlikely-grandmaster/articleshow/59720996.cms|title=Anurag Mhamal : The unlikely grandmaster|date=23 July 2017|first=Paresh|last=Mokani}}</ref>

In 2012, Mhamal became the first IM from the state of Goa after achieving his final IM norm at the International Open at Albena in Bulgaria.<ref name="im">{{cite web|url=https://aicf.in/anurag-mhamal-becomes-goas-first-im/|title=Anurag Mhamal becomes Goa's first IM}}</ref>

Mhamal won gold at the 2013 Asian Junior Blitz Chess Championship in Sharjah, UAE.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In October 2014, Mhamal defeated grandmaster [[Robin van Kampen]] in an upset in the [[World Junior Chess Championship]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/chess-mhamal-shocks-van-kampen|title=Anurag Mhamal upsets Robin van Kampen in World Junior Chess championship|date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

In July 2016, Mhamal got his final GM norm at Czech Open 2016 Pardubice.<ref name="FIDEGM"/>

In July 2017, Mhamal crossed the 2500 rating mark after defeating Romeo-Sorin Milu in the fifth round of the XXXVII Benasque International Open in Spain, becoming the first GM from the state of Goa and India's 48th Grandmaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/48th-gm-from-india-anurag-mhamal/|title=Breaking news: Anurag Mhamal is India's 48th grandmaster|date=11 July 2017|first=Sagar|last=Shah}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhamal, Anurag}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Panaji]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

MTV Nishedh

2025-10-17T14:41:59Z

Barkatofficial: Created a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MTV Nishedh.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]}}
| screenplay =
| director = Victor Mukherjee
| writer =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 17
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga]]''}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Chirrantan Bhatt]]
| opentheme = "Khul Ke Bol"
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Chris Wilson
| cinematography = Hanoz Kerawala
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23 minutes
| channel = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
| company = Victor Tango Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|01|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|22|df=yes}}
}}
'''''MTV Nishedh''''' ({{translation|''Prohibition''/''Taboo''}}) is an Indian television series that aired on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/5-reasons-why-mtv-s-newest-show-mtv-nishedh-has-made-it-to-our-must-watch-list/|title=5 Reasons Why MTV's Newest Show 'MTV Nishedh' Has Made It To Our Must-Watch List|date=5 March 2020|website=ScoopWhoop}}</ref> from 25 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mtv-nishedh-to-tackle-sexual-health-diseases/article30580296.ece|title=MTV Nishedh to tackle sexual health, diseases|first=Ankur|last=Biplav|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Nishedh is a remake of the African television series ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mtv-nishedh-african-series-on-safe-sex-and-family-planning-to-be-remade-for-indian-audience-3804433.html|title=MTV Nishedh: African series on safe sex and family planning to be remade for Indian audience|date=12 July 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The show's core lies in highlighting the importance of dealing with taboos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bhumi-pednekar-impact-of-mtv-nishedh-will-be-hard-hitting-2462865.html|title=Bhumi Pednekar: Impact of MTV Nishedh Will be Hard-hitting|date=18 January 2020|website=News18}}</ref> A second season premiered on 19 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2020/nov/12/tennisstar-sania-mirza-set-for-digital-debut-with-mtv-nishedh-alone-together-29520.html|title=Tennis star Sania Mirza set to make digital debut with MTV Nishedh Alone Together|website=www.indulgexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-schools-reporter-for-asking-question-on-intimacy-and-multiple-partners-before-marriage-8274280/|title=Arjun Kapoor schools reporter for asking question on intimacy and multiple partners before marriage|date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Season 1===
* Malhaar Rathod as Astha
* Rajat Verma as Gaurav
* Priya Chauhan as Megha
* Deependra Kumawat as Pankaj
* Chitransh Raj as Mehul
* Ashish Bhatia as Dr. Agarwal
* Sachin Vidrohi as Ajay
* Aanchal Goswami as Prerna
* Asheema Vardaan as Inaaya
* Madhvendra Jha as Papa ji
* Himika Bose as Laxmi
* Diksha Juneja as Jyoti
* [[Gautam Vig]] as Raghav
* Ashwin Mushran as Kumar Sukumar
* Shivam Patil as Manav
* Purvesh Pimple as Rohit
* Syed Raza as Vicky
* Akshay Nalawade as Bunty
* Anubha Arora as Riddhi
* Riya Jha as Guddi

===Season 2===
* Asheema Vardaan as Inaaya
* Aaryan Tandon as Pankaj
* Anusubdha Bhagat as Hina
* Rrama Sharma as Sushmita
* Sachin Vidrohi as Ajay
* Aanchal Goswami as Prerna
* Chitransh Raj as Mehul

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| '''1'''
| 13
| 25 January 2020
| 7 March 2020
|-
| '''2'''
| 10
| 19 November 2022
| TBA
|-
|}

==Production==
===Development===
The series was announced in January 2020, consisting of thirteen episodes premiered on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] on 25 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/viacom18-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-collaborate-to-roll-out-mtv-nishedh/articleshow/73299842.cms|title=Viacom18, MTV Staying Alive Foundation collaborate to roll out MTV Nishedh|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=16 January 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The second season was announced in November 2022, consisting of ten episodes premiered on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] on 19 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/speak-up-452141|title=MTV Nishedh Season 2 on it way|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

==Episodes==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Episode
!Title
!Release date
!Ref(s)
|-
|1
|1
|Challenging the Taboo!
|25 January 2020
|
|-
|1
|2
|Turning tides with controversial conversations
|26 January 2020
|
|-
|1
|3
|Fate opens a new gate for Aastha!
|1 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|4
|Aastha's new approach to life!
|2 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|5
|Jyoti confides in Lakshmi
|8 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|6
|Jyoti feels helpless
|9 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|7
|Aastha confronts Manav!
|15 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|8
|Aastha gets a call!
|16 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|9
|Megha takes charge!
|22 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|10
|Riddhi is pregnant!
|23 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|11
|A new roadblock for Manav!
|29 February 2020
|
|-
|1
|12
|Megha supports Venture No.5!
|1 March 2020
|
|-
|1
|13
|Aastha confides in her father!
|7 March 2020
|
|-
|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Episode
!Title
!Release date
!Ref(s)
|-
|2
|1
|Pehla Din
|19 November 2022
|
|-
|2
|2
|Gandi Baat
|20 November 2022
|
|-
|2
|3
|Pizza Waala
|26 November 2022
|
|-
|2
|4
|TBA
|27 November 2022
|
|-
|2
|5
|TBA
|3 December 2022
|
|-
|2
|6
|TBA
|4 December 2022
|
|-
|2
|7
|TBA
|10 December 2022
|
|-
|2
|8
|TBA
|11 December 2022
|
|-
|2
|9
|TBA
|17 December 2022
|
|-
|2
|10
|TBA
|18 December 2022
|
|-
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = MTV Nishedh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Chirrantan Bhatt]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 1:50
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Voot]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media | video1 ={{YouTube|6TdG6I36-yc|"Khul Ke Bol"}}}}
}}
'''MTV Nishedh''' soundtrack is composed by [[Chirrantan Bhatt]]. The title song is "Khul Ke Bol" sung by [[Neeti Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/neeti-mohan-opens-about-challenges-relationship-498913|title=Neeti Mohan opens up about the challenges of a relationship|date=10 January 2020|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/music-has-power-to-connect-with-people-niti-mohan-796149.html|title=Music has power to connect with people: Niti Mohan|date=19 January 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklisting
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Khul Ke Bol
| note1 = Female
| length1 = 1:50
| extra1 = [[Neeti Mohan]]
| total_length = 1:50
}}

== See also ==
[[List of programmes broadcast by MTV (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|11611050}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/mtv-nishedh/151645 ''MTV Nishedh''] on [[Voot]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about sexuality]]

Ramnagar Fort, Udhampur

2025-10-05T08:05:34Z

Barkatofficial: Put Up A Details

{{Short description|Fort in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Ramnagar Fort
|partof = [[Forts in India]]
|location = [[Ramnagar, Udhampur|Ramnagar]], [[Udhampur district]], India
|image = Ancient Fort attributed to Raja Suchet Singh.jpg
|caption = Ancient fort attributed to Raja Suchet Singh
|map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = [[Ramnagar, Udhampur|Ramnagar]], [[Udhampur district]], India
|type = [[Fort]]
|coordinates = {{coord|32.8051|75.3181|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder = Raja Suchet Singh
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby =
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

''' Ramnagar Fort '''is a fort at the town of [[Ramnagar, Udhampur|Ramnagar]] in the [[Udhampur district]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udhampur.nic.in/tourist-place/ramnagar-fort/|title=Ramnagar Fort|work=udhampur.nic.in|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ramnagar-a-historic-gem-in-jammu/|title=Ramnagar: A Historic Gem in Jammu
|work=Daily Excelsior|date=23 March 2025|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> It is believed to have been built by Rajput Raja Suchet Singh, who died in 1844. His wife performed sati nearby. There is a Samadhi of Maharani at the site where the sati was performed. The fort was renovated and undertaken by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1972. It is a protected monument of the Archaeological department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/historical-town-of-ramnagar/|title=Historical Town of Ramnagar|work=Daily Excelsior|date=27 June 2021|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

==Architectural design ==
The ancient fort is square with polygonal bastions to support its four corners. The fortifications wall and the bastions rise to three storeys and are crowned with battlements and merinos. Around the central courtyard inside Ramnagar Fort, there are cells and vaulted chambers where cannonballs are stored. There are images of Ganesa, Durga, and Hanuman in the gateway. The fort is surrounded by a moat and access to it is gained through a narrow bridge on the southeastern side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu/ramnagar-fort|title=Ramnagar Fort|work=incredibleindia.gov.in|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://keylr.com/sheesh-mahal-palace-ramnagar/ |title=Sheesh Mahal Ramnagar -Popular Palace of J & K |website=keylr.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044029/http://keylr.com/sheesh-mahal-palace-ramnagar/ |archive-date=2015-12-08}} </ref>
[[File:Suchetsingh.jpg|thumb|Raja Suchet Singh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ramnagar Fort, Udhampur}}

{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Forts in India]]

Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-30T15:07:43Z

Barkatofficial:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bijapur South
| map_image =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1967
| reservation = None
}}
'''Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Karnataka]] ([[Bombay State]] from 1952 to 1956). This seat came into existence in 1951. Before [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]], it ceased to exist.

==Assembly segments==
Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following seven Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf|title=Statistical Report on Bombay elections, 1951 to the 1st Assembly|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=9–10|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
#Jamkhandi
#Tikota Bilgi
#Mudhol
#Bagalkot
#Badami
#Guledgud Kamatgi
#Hungund

After [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] of erstwhile [[Bombay State]] got merged with [[Mysore State]] in 1956, this seat became a part of [[Mysore State]] and before [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]], it ceased to exist and was replaced by [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Parliament ==
Bombay State:
*1951: [[Bidari Ramappa Balappa]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="First">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=92}}</ref>

Mysore State:
*1957: [[Bidari Ramappa Balappa]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1962: [[Sanganagouda Basanagouda Patil]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967 onwards:
'''[[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]]'''

==See also==
* [[Bijapur North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]
* [[Bagalkot district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.79|75.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Nilagiri

2025-09-22T04:07:48Z

Barkatofficial: quick update

{{Distinguish|Nilgiris}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nilagiri
| other_name = Nilgiri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.46|N|86.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14745
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = OD-01
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nilagiri''' is a town and a [[Notified Area Council]] in [[Balasore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].

==History==
{{see also|Nilgiri State}}
Nilgiri is a very small town but replete with rich history and heritage. Its history can be traced back to the Palaeolithic age. {{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Its modern history is known for the growing consciousness of democracy and self-rule. At the dawn of the 20th century, peasants began to rise against the despotic king but such uprisings were crushed with brutal methods. However, those uprisings gained momentum with able leadership and led to the first peasant movement in India.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Odisha freedom fighters like [[Balaram Raj]], [[Shyamsundar Parida]], [[Kailashchandra Mohanty]], [[Banamali Das]], [[Baishnab Patnaik]], [[Kashinath Mohapatra]], [[Brundaban Chandra Sarangi]], [[Satish Chandra Das]] and [[Nanda Kishore Patnaik]] violently fought against the local prince and forced him to surrender to newly formed Indian National Government. This was the beginning of the process of 576 princely states joining the Republic of India and thus the making of modern political India. In Odisha, people of Nilagiri celebrate this as "The Victorious Uprising of Nilagiri".{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== Tourist attraction ==
[[Panchalingeshwar]] is located approximately 10 km from Nilagiri and 30 km from [[Balasore district|Baleswar.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa-tourism.com/bsore.html |title=:: Orissa-Tourism.com :: DESTINATIONS :: BALASORE |access-date=2011-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726211824/http://www.orissa-tourism.com/bsore.html |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> The temple has the five Lingams of "Lord [[Shiva]]" and a waterfall on a hillside. Tourists and spiritual people visit the site to the touch the Shiva Linga located in a pit under the waterfall.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

There is a state tourism shelter Pantha Nivas in Panchalingeswara for the tourists coming from outside. Panchalingeswara is surrounded by thick greenery and hillocks. Branches of the natural spring flow through the hill range which add more attraction to this place.

There is a famous Jagannatha Temple in Nilagiri<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://baleswar.nic.in/history_culture.htm |title=Balasore Official Website |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165338/http://baleswar.nic.in/history_culture.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is one of the prominent Jagannnath temples of [[Odisha]]. Lord [[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]] are worshipped here. Every year [[Ratha Yatra]] is observed with all the cults of the gods.<gallery>
File:K.C. Highschool.JPG|K.C. Highschool
</gallery>

Ajodhya is located 15 km from Nilgiri. It has 8th to 9th-century temple ruins, [[Buddhist]] and [[Jainism]] relics, and articles which are shown in the museum established by [[Government of Odisha]] at Ajodhya and [[Maa Marichee Temple]].

== Education ==
There are two high schools, K.C. High School<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kchighschool.in/ |title=Kailash Chandra High School, Nilgiri |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024145048/http://kchighschool.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and R.T. High School in the heart of Nilagiri. Saraswati Shishu Mandir, RKRS, and Nilagiri English Medium schools are some of the best private schools. Nilagiri College, Women's College and Baba Panchalingeswar College are three colleges that impart higher education in the area.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

"Santaragadia" mostly known as a place-based education, sometimes called pedagogy of place, place-based learning, experiential education, community-based education, education for sustainability, environmental education or more rarely, service learning, is an educational philosophy developed initially by The Oriya Society. {{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Geography==
Nilagiri is located at {{Coord|21.46|N|86.77|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Nilgiri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nilagiri]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|23|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
The area mainly comprises hills and plateaus with Laterite being the main soil type. Nilagiri receives rain from the Monsoon; while summer is humid, winter is very dry.

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
|1991|12800
|2001|14757
|2011|17264
|source=Census of India
}}
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801831-nilagiri-orissa.html |title=Nilagiri Notified Area Committee City Population Census 2011 in Orissa state|access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Population Census Data }}</ref> Nilagiri had a population of 17,264 of which 8825 are males constituting 51% of the population and 8439 are females constituting 49% of the total population. Nilagiri has an average literacy rate of 77.46%, higher than the national average of 72.87%: male literacy is 83.21%, and female literacy is 71.47%. In Nilagiri, 12.12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

[[File:Jagannatha Temple Nilagiri.JPG|thumb|200px|Jagannatha Temple Nilagiri]]

==Politics==
Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency]] is [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi|Sukanta Kumar Nayak]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], who won the seat in State elections in 2014. He is from village [[Gopinathpur, Balasore, Odisha|Sangrampur]]. Previous MLAs from this seat were Pratap Chandra Sarangi (BJP) 2004, Pradipta Panda of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2000, Akshaya Kumar Acharya representing [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1995 and Samarendra Narayan Das [[Indian National Congress|INC]] representing INC(I) in 1980, Chittaranjan Sarangi as independent candidate in 1990, Sukumar Nayak of INC in 1985, Rajendra Chandra Mardaraj of JNP in 1977.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp17.htm
|title = State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 17-Nilgiri Constituency of Odisha
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 2008-09-15
}}</ref>

Nilgiri is part of [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-15
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=4 March 2009
}}</ref>

[[File:Pancalingeswara Temple Nilagiri.JPG|750px|center|Panchalingeswara Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Balasore district]]