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Shree Charani

2026-05-02T21:33:03Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Put Up Data

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shree Charani
| female = true
| image = Shree Charani in 2025.jpeg
| caption = Shree Charani in 2025
| fullname = Nallapureddy Shree Charani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|8|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan =2025–present
| odidebutdate = 27 April
| odidebutyear = 2025
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 154
| lastodidate = 21 February
| lastodiyear = 2026
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 40

| T20Idebutdate = 28 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2025
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 87
| lastT20Idate = 1 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = Australia
| T20Ishirt = 40

| club1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| year2 = 2025–present

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 21
| runs1 = 22
| bat avg1 = 3.66
| 100s/50s1 = -/-
| top score1 = 11
| deliveries1 = 1088
| wickets1 = 27
| bowl avg1 = 38.18
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/41
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches2 = 13
| runs2 = –
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = –
| top score2 = –
| deliveries2 = 281
| wickets2 = 20
| bowl avg2 = 18.15
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/12
| catches/stumpings2 = 5/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 3
| runs3 = 62
| bat avg3 = 15.50
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 29
| deliveries3 = 572
| wickets3 = 9
| bowl avg3 = 23.66
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/79
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 22
| runs4 = 135
| bat avg4 = 12.27
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 38
| deliveries4 = 1,074
| wickets4 = 23
| bowl avg4 = 30.78
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/13
| catches/stumpings4 = 4/–

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/shree-charani-1464461 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 19 May
| year = 2025
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025 India]]}}
}}

'''Nallapureddy Shree Charani''' (born 4 August 2004) is an [[India women's national cricket team|Indian]] international [[Cricket|cricketer]]. She represents [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] in domestic cricket and [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wplt20.com/players/n-charani-wpl-profile-89194 |title=N. Charani |work=Women's Premier League |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> Charani was part of the Indian team that won the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]].

==Early and personal life==
Charani was born into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking family from Yeramala Palli Village in
Veerapunayunipalle mandal of [[Kadapa]] district, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/from-kadapa-to-the-world-cup-extraordinary-journey-of-sri-charani-1914665|title=From Kadapa To The World Cup Extraordinary Journey Of Sri Charani|first=Nagabhushanam|last=Hoskote|date=4 November 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-womens-world-cup-2025/from-backyard-dreams-to-world-cup-glory-sree-charanis-incredible-rise/articleshow/124570637.cms|title=From backyard dreams to World Cup glory: Sree Charani’s incredible rise|date=15 October 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/98534/sree-charanis-journey-from-kadapa-village-to-indian-cricket-team |title=Sree Charani's Journey from Kadapa Village to Indian Cricket Team |work=AP7AM |date=9 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> She became the first woman from the [[YSR Kadapa district]] in Andhra Pradesh to be selected for the Indian cricket team at the age of 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/98517/kadapas-sree-charani-selected-for-indian-womens-cricket-team |title=Kadapa's Sree Charani Selected for Indian Women's Cricket Team |work=AP7AM |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> Her father pushed her into badminton, when she was in class six. Her father, Chandrasekhar Reddy, works in a minor position at the Rayalaseema Thermal Power Project. She also played kho-kho before entering into cricket. Her uncle, Kishore Kumar Reddy, supported her in training and taking to sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/shree-charani-india-tri-nation-series-sri-lanka-delhi-capitals-wpl/article69436264.ece |title=Shree Charani looking forward to playing with the legends on the Indian team |work=The Hindu |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |last1=Velamuri |first1=Anirudh }}</ref> Her biggest inspiration was [[Smriti Mandhana]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]]. She was handed debut WPL cap by [[Jess Jonassen]] and her first WPL wicket was [[Ellyse Perry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revsportz.in/my-biggest-inspirations-are-yuvraj-singh-and-smriti-mandhana-dcs-shree-charani-ahead-of-gg-clash/ |title="My biggest inspirations are Yuvraj Singh and Smriti Mandhana": DC's Shree Charani ahead of GG clash |work=Revsportz |date=7 March 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In the third [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] auction in December 2024, Charani was purchased by the Delhi Capitals franchise for ₹ 55 lakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/91840/telugu-girl-sri-charani-selected-for-wpl-here-are-her-details |title=Telugu Girl Sree Charani Selected for WPL |work=AP7AM |date=18 December 2024 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> In March 2025, she took a maiden [[five-wicket haul]] in first-class cricket against India B in Senior Women’s Multi-day Challenger Trophy at the Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in Dehradun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/64733-day-2-henrietta-pereiras-67-and-shree-charanis-6-fer-puts-the-game-hanging-in-the-balance.html |title=Henrietta Pereira's 67 and Shree Charani's 6-fer puts the game hanging in the balance |work=Female Cricket |date=26 March 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> Charani plays domestic cricket for [[Andhra women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://andhracricket.org/NallapureddySriCharani.php |title=Hearty congratulations to Nallapureddy Sri Charani |work=Andhra Cricket Association |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In April 2025, she earned maiden call-up for national team for the [[2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series|ODI Tri-Series]] against Sri Lanka and South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/n-sree-charani-becomes-first-woman-from-ysr-kadapa-to-make-it-to-indian-cricket-team |title=N Sree Charani becomes first woman from YSR-Kadapa to make it to Indian cricket team |work=Telangana Today |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/65421-who-is-n-shree-charani-wpl-sensation-fast-tracked-to-the-national-setup.html |title=Who is N Shree Charani, WPL sensation fast-tracked to the national setup |work=Female Cricket |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-womens-squad-sri-lanka-odi-tour-maiden-call-up-kashvee-charani-shuchi-9932319/lite/ |title=The new trio of women's cricket: A fiery seamer from Chandigarh, an all-rounder from Kadapa, a left-arm spinner from Jabalpur |work=The Indian Express |date=9 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> She made her ODI debut in following tournament against Sri Lanka, on 27 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/shree-charani-inteview-india-debut-sri-lanka-tri-series-2025-womens-premier-league-2025-delhi-capitals/article69504450.ece |title=Cricket constantly on my mind... dream is to play in a World Cup, rising star Shree Charani says after making India debut |work=Sportstar |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-1476972/sri-lanka-women-vs-india-women-1st-match-1476980/match-report |title=Spinners, Rawal seal big win for India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, she was named in ODI and T20I squad for the [[India women's cricket team in England in 2025|series against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/5Sm84xWz |title=Team India (Senior Women) squads for the England tour announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-unveil-power-packed-squads-for-england-tour |title=India unveil power-packed squads for England tour |work=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |date=15 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> She made her T20I debut in same series and took four wickets on 28 June 2025. She became the second Indian women cricketers to take four wickets on T20I debut after [[Sravanthi Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/134819/mandhanas-ton-charanis-four-fer-headline-indias-thumping-win |title=Mandhana's ton, Charani's four-fer headline India's thumping win |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-england-2025-1448388/england-women-vs-india-women-1st-t20i-1448397/match-report |title=Mandhana, Shree Charani hand England their heaviest T20I defeat |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>.She played a key role in Women’s odi world cup winning squad of 2025

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1464461}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2495718}}

{{Delhi Capitals WPL squad}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#FF8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2026 Women's T20 World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charani, Shree}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra women cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]

Jolaibari Assembly constituency

2026-05-01T16:02:52Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started some data more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jolaibari
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Jolaibari Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 38
| mla = [[Sukla Charan Noatia]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:49025}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Jolaibari''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[South Tripura district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jolaibari Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/jolaibari.html |website=www.elections.in |accessdate=7 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jolaibari Election Result 2018 Live: Jolaibari Assembly Elections Result Live Update, Vidhan Sabha Election Result & Live News |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/tripura/jolaibari-election-result/ |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Brajamohan Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kashi Ram Reang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Brajamohan Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Brajendra Mog Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || [[Gitamohan Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=4 | [[Jashabir Tripura]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Sukla Charan Noatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukla Charan Noatia]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=17,621 |percentage=38.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debendra Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,246 |percentage=37.72 |change= {{down}}11.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurab Mog Chowdhury |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=8,833 |percentage=19.32 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangjari Mog |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,131 |percentage=2.47 |change={{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=888 |percentage=1.94 |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=375 |percentage=0.82 |change= {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,719 |percentage=93.36 |change= {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,025 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jashabir Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,160 |percentage=49.59% |change={{decrease}}12.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ankya Mog Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,592 |percentage=45.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=479 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Sudan Tripura |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=435 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajamohan Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=349 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}37.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyan Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,568 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}20.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,667 |percentage=94.32% |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}12.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jashabir Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=24,295 |percentage=61.90% |change={{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Mog Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,952 |percentage=38.10% |change={{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,343 |percentage=23.81% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,247 |percentage=95.31% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,227 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jashabir Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,864 |percentage=59.44% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Mog Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,356 |percentage=35.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Chandra Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Sudan Tripura |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=396 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kejari Mog Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,508 |percentage=23.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,326 |percentage=93.49% |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,111 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jashabir Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,324 |percentage=59.52% |change={{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mever Kumar Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=6,820 |percentage=35.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Labre Mog |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=488 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parikshit Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=394 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,504 |percentage=23.67% |change= {{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,026 |percentage=81.21% |change= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,457 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gitamohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,554 |percentage=64.36% |change={{increase}}18.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Mog Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,494 |percentage=30.61% |change={{decrease}}21.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaisafru Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=903 |percentage=5.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,060 |percentage=33.76% |change= {{increase}}28.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,951 |percentage=84.43% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,698 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Mog Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,385 |percentage=51.90% |change={{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gitamohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,357 |percentage=46.21% |change={{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mantulal Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramani Debbarma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=120 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,028 |percentage=5.68% |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,084 |percentage=82.45% |change= {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,282 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brajamohan Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,800 |percentage=49.75% |change={{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajamohan Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,682 |percentage=49.00% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Chandra Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lanchangfru Mog. |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=118 |percentage=0.75% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,677 |percentage=87.08% |change= {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,217 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashi Ram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,718 |percentage=51.90% |change={{increase}}20.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brajamohan Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,227 |percentage=48.10% |change={{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=491 |percentage=3.79% |change= {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,945 |percentage=83.61% |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,776 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Jolaibari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brajamohan Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,603 |percentage=36.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashi Ram Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,071 |percentage=31.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Achaichhi Mog]] |party=Janata Party |votes=1,335 |percentage=13.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kyajasai Mog |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=1,165 |percentage=11.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hlura Aung Mog]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=418 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Afrucni Mog Chowdhury |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=259 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=532 |percentage=5.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,851 |percentage=76.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,125 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Tripura district]]
* [[Manu Assembly constituency]]
* [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.22|91.61|display=title}}

[[Category:South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]

Baghmundi (community development block)

2026-05-01T00:22:55Z

BarbaraMajeski6: put up initial post needs work - done

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Baghmundi
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = Baghmundi in Purulia (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 =[[Baghmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmundi]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]],
[[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 427.95
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 135,579
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|12|00|N|86|03|00|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 700
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 723152 (Baghmundi)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
|area_code = 03254
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 57.17%
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Baghmundi''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Jhalda subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
[[File:Baghmundi_town.jpg|thumb|Baghmundi town]]

==History==

===Background===
Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, the Manbhum district was carved out of the [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, the Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html | title = Historical background | access-date = 19 October 2016 | publisher = Purulia District |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html  |archive-date = 2008-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}</ref>

===Red corridor===
106 districts spanning 10 states across India, described as being part of the [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]] activities, constitutes the [[Red corridor]]. In West Bengal the districts of Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum are part of the Red corridor. However, as of July 2016, there had been no reported incidents of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] related activities from these districts for the previous 4 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-corridor-to-be-redrawn/article8894304.ece |title = Red Corridor to be redrawn |last = Singh|first= Vijayita | publisher= The Hindu, 25 July 2016|access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

The CPI (Maoist) extremism affected CD blocks in the Purulia district were: Jhalda I, Jhalda II, Arsha, Baghmundi, Balarampur, Barabazar, Manbazar II and Bandwan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=118 | title = IAP improving lives in Maoist-affected areas | publisher = Ideas for India | access-date = 26 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161002064338/http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=118 | archive-date = 2 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Certain reports also included the Manbazar I and Joypur CD blocks and some times indicted the whole of Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/20/maoists-observe-24-hr-bandh-in-five-states-1174448190.html |title = Maoists observe 24 hr bandh in five states | publisher= UNI, One India | access-date = 26 September 2016}}</ref>

The [[Operation Lalgarh|Lalgarh movement]], which started attracting attention after the failed assassination attempt on [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], then chief minister of West Bengal, in the Salboni area of the Paschim Medinipur district, on 2 November 2008 and the police action that followed, had also spread over to these areas.<ref name=lalgarh>{{Cite news| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2614/stories/20090717261412900.htm | title = Lalgarh Battle |magazine = Frontline|date= 17 July 2009 |access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref> The movement was not just a political struggle but an armed struggle that concurrently took the look of a social struggle. A large number of CPI (M) activists were killed. Although the epi-centre of the movement was Lalgarh, it was spread across 19 police stations in three adjoining districts – Paschim Medinipur, Bankura and Purulia, all thickly forested and near the border with Jharkhand. The deployment of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and other forces started on 11 June 2009. The movement came to an end after the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 state assembly elections]] and change of government in West Bengal. The death of [[Kishenji]], the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] commander, on 24 November 2011, was the last major landmark.<ref name=lalgarh/><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kishenjis-death-a-serious-blow-to-maoist-movement/article2657105.ece| title = Kishenji’s death a serious blow to Maoist movement |newspaper = The Hindu|date= 25 November 2011|access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]
Baghmundi is located at {{coord|23.20|N|86.05|E|format=dms|}}.

The Baghmundi CD block is located in the southern part of the district. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] forms the interstate boundary between West Bengal and Jharkhand in the Jhalda I CD block and a small portion of Bahgmundi CD block. The Bagmundi-Bandwan uplands is an area that has descended from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]]. In the Baghmundi and Balarampur areas, the [[Ajodhya Hills]] form the main highlands, forming the [[drainage divide]] between the basins of the [[Subarnarekha River|Subrnarekha]] and the [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]]. The elevation ranges from 475 to 700 m.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Puruliya |work = pages 11,12 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 6 December 2016}}</ref>

Thousands of tourists come to visit Baghmundi to visit the [[Ajodhya Hills]] and Bagmundi dams like Murguma.

Baghmundi CD block is bounded by the [[Jhalda I]], [[Jhalda II]] and [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] CD blocks on the north, the [[Balarampur, Purulia (community development block)|Balarampur]] CD block on the east, the Kukru CD block, in the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of Jharkhand, on the south, and the [[Jhalda I]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/blocks/blocks.html |title = Purulia district |work = Blocks in Purulia district | publisher= Purulia district administration | access-date = 14 September 2016}}</ref>

The Baghmundi CD block has an area of 427.95 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 92 gram sansads (village councils), 142 [[mouza]]s and 138 inhabited villages. [[Baghmundi#Police station|Baghmundi]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Patardi]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of the Baghmundi CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Ajodhya, Baghmundi, Birgram, Burda-Kalimati, Matha, Serengdih, Sindri and Tunturi-Suisa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia- Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Baghmundi CD block had a total population of 135,579, all of which were rural. There were 69,520 (51%) males and 66,059 (49%) females. There were 21,992 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 14,042 (10.36%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 34,038 (25.11%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, the Baghmundi CD block had a total population of 112,388, out of which 57,650 were males and 54,738 were females. The Baghmundi block registered a population growth of 13.64 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Baghmundi CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Baghmundi]] (4,039), Burda (5,159) and Sindri (4,138).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Baghmundi CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Ajodhya (1,468), [[Patardi]] (1,609), Birgram (3,722), Kalimati (1,961), Serengdi (305), Tunturi (2,037), [[Suisa]] (2,649) and Matha (624).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Baghmundi CD block was 64,939 (57.17% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 42,019 (72.14% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 22,920 (41.42%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 30.72%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Baghmundi CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.29}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|11.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|2.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.56}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 115,630 and formed 85.29% of the population in the Baghmundi CD block. Muslims numbered 3,882 and formed 2.86% of the population. Christians numbered 766 and formed 0.56% of the population. Others numbered 15,301 and formed 11.29% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 92.56%, Muslims 2.95%, Christians 0.43% and tribal religions 4.02% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Baghmundi CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 86.06 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 9.95 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value3 = 2.90 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.09 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 86.06% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.95% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 2.90% [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 11 January 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Baghmundi CD block'''
|value1 = 27.45
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 47.93
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.12
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 22.50
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Baghmundi CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 17,359 and formed 27.45%, agricultural labourers numbered 30,308 and formed 47.93%, household industry workers numbered 1,340 and formed 2.12% and other workers numbered 14,228 and formed 22.50%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 63,235 and formed 46.64% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 72,344 and formed 53.36% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 138 inhabited villages in the Baghmundi CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011, 136 villages (98.55%) have power supply. 135 villages (97.83%) have drinking water supply. 34 villages (24.64%) have post offices. 95 villages (68.84%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 34 villages (24.64%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 50 villages (36.23%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (2.90%) have agricultural credit societies and 4 villages (2.90%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Purulia Pumped Storage Project===
Purulia Pumped Storage Project with an installed capacity of 900 MW (4 X 225 MW) is being set up in the Ajodhya hills under Bagmundi police station with the loan assistance of [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ppsp-wbsedcl.com/detailactivity.htm
|title=Purulia Pumped Storage Project
|access-date=2008-03-02
|publisher=West Bengal State Electricity Board
}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Baghmundi CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 0.17%, patta (document) holders 10.24%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.40%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 38.42% and agricultural labourers 61.05%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Baghmundi CD block was 7,791.67 hectares, out of which 5,627.00 hectares was by canal irrigation, 1,366.75 hectares by tank water, 47.92 hectares by river lift irrigation, 103.80 hectares by open dug wells and 646.20 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the Baghmundi CD block produced 88,370 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 35,241 hectares, 170 tonnes of wheat from 72 hectares and 583 tonnes of maize from 268 hectares. It also produced maskalai, [[Lathyrus sativus|khesari]] and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, the Baghmundi CD block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:State Highway 4, Purulia West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Manbazar to Baghmundi State highway, Purulia]]
In 2013-14, the Baghmundi CD block had 3 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station, [[Barabhum railway station]] at [[Balarampur, Purulia (community development block)|Balarampur]] town, was 20 km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|State Highway 4]] running from Jhalda (in the Purulia district) to Junput (in the Purba Medinipur district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 3 October 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, the Baghmundi CD block had 139 primary schools with 12,774 students, 25 middle schools with 873 students, 1 high school with 854 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 11,273 students. Baghmundi CD Block had 1 general college with 862 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 50 students and 193 institutions with 7,262 students for special and non-formal education.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Baghmundi CD block, amongst the 138 inhabited villages, 16 villages did not have a school, 40 villages had two or more primary schools, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref>

Netaji Subhas Ashram Mahavidyalaya was established in 1985 at [[Suisa]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://nsamsuisa.org.in/index.aspx|title = Netaji Subhas Ashram Mahavidyalaya |publisher= NSAM | access-date = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Culture==

===Chhau dance mask===
{{main|Chhau Mask}}
[[File:Mask Purulia.jpg|thumb|The mask prepared at Charida village in Bagmundi in Purulia district.]]
[[Chhau dance]] is popular in the area. All the characters in the dance are required to wear [[Chhau Mask|masks]] and as such cannot express the moods with facial expressions. Such moods are expressed with body and head (with the mask) movements. While mask movements show anger, shoulder and chest movements portray joy, melancholy, courage etc. The masks used in Chhau dance are made in [[Charida]] village in the Baghmundi area by sutradharas (artisans), who have been engaged in such work for generations. The artisans, who are familiar with the details of the Indian epics, that form the base of Chhau dance themes, produce masks that bear testimony to their artistic skills.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indialine.com/travel/westbengal/chhau.html| title = West Bengal Chhau| access-date = 2008-03-02| publisher = India Line Expeditions| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228190648/http://www.indialine.com/travel/westbengal/chhau.html| archive-date = 28 February 2008| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Radha Govinda temple===
There is a [[Radha]] [[Krishna|Govinda]] temple within Baghmundi Rajbari, dating back to 1733. It is an ''[[At-chala|atchala]]'' (eight-eaves) temple with floral and geometrical terracotta designs but no figures. The {{transliteration|bn|rasmancha}} (stage) of a comparatively new temple has terracotta figures - enthroned [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] with entourage, [[Krishna]] in {{transliteration|bn|rasmandala}} with the ''[[gopi]]s'', episodes like the holding up of [[Govardhan hill|Giri Gobardhan]], or the killing of Bakasur, and many secular figures and animals-all crudely modelled.

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Baghmundi CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres, with total 62 beds and 7 doctors. 7,756 patients were treated indoor and 161,919 patients were treated outdoor in the health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pathardihi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Patardi|Pathardihi]], is the major government medical facility in the Baghmundi CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Korang (with 6 beds), Tunturi (with 10 beds) and Ajodhya Hill (PO Ajodhya) (with 12 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]

Nizam Lohar

2026-04-30T05:10:13Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Made Initial Entry And Citations!

{{Short description|Punjabi Muslim activist (1835–1877)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nizam Lohar
| honorific_suffix = Rehzaan-e-Jhankaar Badshah-e-Darakht
| birth_date = 1835
| birth_place = [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = 1877 (aged 41—42)
| death_place = [[Kasur]], [[Lahore District|Lahore District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause = [[Shootout|Gun firings]]
| resting_place = [[Kasur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|31|07|35|N|74|27|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| occupation = [[Blacksmith]]
| years_active = 1869—77
| known_for = Resistance against [[British Raj]]
| movement = Quit Punjab movement (1873—77)
}}
'''Nizam Lohar''' ({{langx|pnb|{{nq|نظام لوہار}}}}; 1835 – 1877) was a [[Revolutionary|revolutionary]] who rebelled against the [[British Raj|colonial government]] that led to bloodshed which sent shockwaves throughout [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]. In [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], he and others defied repressive laws of the government, looted [[Indian Civil Service|government officers]] and [[Indian feudalism|rich people]] and fought against the oppression of the authorities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dais Mera Je Daran Da|last=Kalrvi|first=Iftekhar Waraich|publisher=Rozan Publishers|year=2007|location=Gujrat, Pakistan}}</ref> They were nationalist freedom fighters struggling for the cause of freedom. However, the colonial government labelled them as [[Dacoity|dacoits]].

== Early life ==
Nizam Lohar was born on 1835 at [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] to a poor [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature|last=Mirza|first=Shafqat Tanveer|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|year=1992|location=Lahore, Pakistan}}</ref> He was born during the reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in the [[Sikh Empire]]. In 1849, when he was 13 or 14, the Sikh Empire was annexed by the [[Company rule in India|Company's government]]. By profession, he was a [[blacksmith]] who used to make weapons for the government and lived with his mother and a sister. From an early age, he opposed British rule in India. His family and friends were not very happy about this and advised him to stay away from such kind of ideology.

== Rebellion ==
[[Territorial evolution of the British Empire|British imperial expansion]] in the 1860s caused hatred and opposition among many natives, including Nizam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandhu|first=Akhtar Hussain|year=2009|title=Reality of 'Divide and Rule' in British India|url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/latest_english_journal/reality_of_divide_rule.pdf|journal=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research}}</ref> During this period, momentum of freedom fighters and their plans of waging a unified struggle against the British rule were gaining considerable grounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Punjab de Soormein|last=Kachelvi|first=Mehr|publisher=Asar Ansari|location=Faizpur, India}}</ref> It is believed that once in 1868, Nizam got into an argument with a British official who insulted Punjab and as a result, the quarrel heated up and Nizam ended up killing him after which he joined Jeet Singh and Malkeet Singh, both prominent proponents of the Babbar Akali movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/807278/malangi-and-nizam-lohar-the-robin-hoods-who-ruled-the-forests-of-pakistan-punjab|title=Malangi and Nizam Lohar, the Robin Hoods who ruled the forests of Pakistan Punjab|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|date=Apr 29, 2016}}</ref> He supported the movement by producing and providing required [[weapon]]s and also started attacking government officials and distributing their money and valuables to the [[Working poor|local poor people]], just like the [[Robin Hood]], who was a heroic outlaw in the [[English folklore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1255424|title=Malangi and Nizam Lohar, the Robin Hoods who ruled the forests of Punjab|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|date=30 April 2016|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a result, his strict surveillance was started by the [[Indian Imperial Police|British police]] on the denouncement of his activities of meeting and supporting rebels of 'Tehreek-e-Jang-e-Azadi' or the [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Independence movement]], which led him to stay outside of his home most of the times and sometimes evaded the authorities through the use of the [[Changa Manga|Changa-Manga forest]] (based on the names of the two dacoits, Changa and Manga, who escaped [[Punjab Prisons (Pakistan)|British prison]] and disappeared in the forest, looting travellers) jungle as a safe haven.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Punjab de Lajpal Puttar|last=Asad|first=Iqbal|publisher=Punjabi Adabi Board|location=Lahore, Pakistan}}</ref>

One day in 1872, in his absence, several weapons were taken into possession from the [[arsenal|cellar]] in his home by the police. It is also suggested that the [[Police captain|Police Captain]] Coll had raped his sister, which led her mother to death and Nizam to murder Captain Coll next night at the police station along with the murder of [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Ronald and other officers after few days. Soon he became a local hero and received support from the community. Later he freed Jabru (who belonged to [[Kasur]]) and Sooja Singh from British captivity who became his friends. Next year, they started a movement together called 'Punjab Chhado (Quit Punjab movement)', which attracted many [[Outlaw|outlaws]] and [[Rebellion|rebels]], and planned for a bloody revolution against the 'servants' of the British targeting large sum of officers in [[Melā|fairs]] and gatherings across Punjab.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Khabardar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4YK3AzyIsM|access-date=10 January 2017|series=Khabardar|last=Iqbal|first=Aftab|station=Express News|date=6 January 2017}}</ref>

In 1877, when Nizam went to see Sooja's ill mother, he learnt of Sooja's affair with a prostitute which was affecting Sooja's attention towards his mother and the movement. Nizam confronted him with anger and had a row over his passions affecting the movement and his own personal life. The prostitute started provoking Sooja against Nizam which lead Sooja to denounce Nizam's whereabouts and intentions at a police station.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Hasb-e-Haal|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3EHju0Atis|access-date=10 January 2017|series=Hasb-e-Haal|last=Iqbal|first=Aftab|station=Dunya News|date=15 January 2010}}</ref>

== Martyrdom ==
Acting upon Sooja's [[Intelligence (information)|piece of information]], the police surrounded Nizam's place. There was a [[Shootout|crossfire]] between police and Nizam that lasted an hour in which Nizam died. Furious over the betrayal of his son, Sooja's mother murdered him in front of Jabru and told him to remain a [[witness]] of this murder and the motive behind it. Due to a huge number of people willing to attend, it is believed that British authorities set a fee of 2 rupees per attendee on Nizam's funeral and gathered a revenue of 35,000 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] at that time, as 17,500 people attended the funeral.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/mazamine/19-Jun-2015/393664|title=Dastaq|last=Faisal|first=Rubina}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

The story of Nizam Lohar has appeared many times, in many different variations, in popular modern works throughout Pakistan’s history. The following are some of the notable depictions in film and television:

=== Films ===

* ''Nizam Lohar'': starring [[Neelo]], [[Yasmeen Ismail|Yasmeen]] & [[Allauddin (Pakistani actor)|Allaudin]]; directed by Jamil Akhter (1966)
* ''Nizam Daku'': starring [[Yousuf Khan (actor)|Yousaf Khan]], [[Sultan Rahi]] & [[Salma Mumtaz]]; directed by Waheed Dar (1979)
* ''Nizam'': starring Naghma, [[Sudhir (Pakistani actor)|Sudhir]] & [[Sultan Rahi]]; directed by Sudhir.
* ''Nizam Lohar'' (2001) starting Saud, Sana and Noor; directed by Hasnain

=== Television ===

* ''Nizam Lohar'': starring [[Firdous Jamal]]; directed by Rashid Dar; written by [[Amjad Islam Amjad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohar, Nizam}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Kasur District]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi warriors]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]

Rubaru Mister India

2026-04-26T03:56:34Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Made The Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian national men's beauty pageant}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rubaru Mr. India
| image =
| caption =
| map =
| formation = 2004
| founder =
| type = Beauty Pageant
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| location = [[India]]
| num_members = [[Mister International]] [[Mister Global]] [[Manhunt International]] Mister Model Worldwide Mister Tourism World Mister National Universe Mister Friendship International Caballero Universal Mister Model International Mister Pacific Universe Mister Heritage International Mister Glam International Mister Planet Universe
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English Language|English]]
| leader_title = National director
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Managing Director
| leader_name2 = Pankaj Kharbanda
| leader_title3 = President
| leader_name3 = Sandeep Kumar
| key_people =
| parent_organisation = Rubaru Talent Promoting Group
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://rubarugroup.in/rubaru-group-mr-india-audition}}
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| num_staff =
| President =
| Vice President =
}}

'''Mr India''' or '''Rubaru Mr. India''' is a national [[beauty pageant]] for men in [[India]]. The pageant was created by Rubaru Group in the year 2004. It is responsible for sending India's representatives to international pageants – Caballero Universal, [[Mister Global]], Mister Model International, Mister Model Worldwide, Mister Grand International, Mister Tourism World, [[Mister International]], Mister National Universe, Mister Friendship International, Mister Pacific Universe and Mister Fashion Model.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gagan|title=How Rubaru Mr. India became the nation's most celebrated pageant for men|url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/how-rubaru-mr-india-became-the-nations-most-celebrated-pageant-for-men/|access-date=8 July 2021|website=www.newsfrenzy.org|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184327/http://www.newsfrenzy.org/how-rubaru-mr-india-became-the-nations-most-celebrated-pageant-for-men/|archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> The pageant is India's longest-running national male competition and presently holds the title for the largest national male pageant globally. It was founded by the president of Rubaru Group, Sandeep Kumar in the Indian state of Haryana, and Pankaj Kharbanda is the vice president of the pageant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Achiever with an Unusual Story – Pankaj Kharbanda|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/achiever-unusual-story-pankaj-kharbanda-053526720.html|access-date=8 July 2021|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==
Rubaru Mr. India pageant was created in 2004, however it started sending India's representatives to international pageants from 2014. Pratik Virk became the first Rubaru Mr. India winner to go to an international pageant. He represented India at Mister Model International 2014 competition held in [[Dominican Republic]] and was adjudged fourth runner-up. The following years, Rubaru Mr. India pageant acquired franchise rights of other international pageants in India. In 2016, [[Prateek Baid]] represented India at [[Mister Global]] 2016 contest held in [[Thailand]] and won Best Model award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's biggest men's pageant – Rubaru Mr. India returns with an all-new season|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-biggest-mens-pageant-rubaru-mr-india-returns-with-an-all-new-season20210402132946/|access-date=8 July 2021|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

== International victories and achievements ==
The Rubaru Mr. India organization has produced 4 international pageant winners and several runners-up. In 2016, Mohit Singh became the first Rubaru Mr. India titleholder to win an international competition. He won the title of Mister United Continents 2016 in the [[Philippines]]. The following year, in 2017, Dr. Pankaj Ahlawat became the first candidate to the win the Mister National Universe title in [[Thailand]]. In 2019, Ashwani Neeraj travelled to [[Brazil]] as India's representative to the Mister Grand International competition. He later became the first Asian candidate to win the Mister Grand International title.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2019|title=10 photos that prove Ashwani Neeraj is one of the sexiest Mr. India winners of all time|url=http://www.misterology.com/2019/05/13/10-photos-that-prove-ashwani-neeraj-is-one-of-the-sexiest-mr-india-winners-of-all-time/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Misterology|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, Rubaru Mr. India winner, Neil Aryan Thakur from Bihar created history by becoming the first Asian candidate to the Mister Pacific Universe title in [[Peru]]. In the same year, Jason Dylan Bretfelean secured the title of Mister Global 2023 in [[Thailand]], making history as the first Indian to achieve this prestigious honor. In addition to this, Rubaru Mr. India has produced multiple international runners-up.

== Rubaru Mister India titleholders ==
;Color keys
{{plainlist|
* {{color box|gold|border=silver}} A year wherein the India earned a crown(s)
* {{color box|#FFFF00|border=silver}} A year wherein the India placed as a runner-up(s)
* {{color box|#FFFF99|border=silver}} A year wherein the India placed in the top 5, top 10, top 15, or as a semifinalist(s)
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:17px; width:90%;"
|-
! width:07%;" scope="col" | Year
! width:30%;" scope="col" | Winners
! width:20%;" scope="col" | Runners-Up
! width:03%;" scope="col" | Ref.
|-
!2025
|'''Rubaru Mr. India International''' Madhuram Daga

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Rakesh Bhosekar

'''Rubaru Mr. India Manhunt International''' Nipun Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Caballero Universal''' Anantha Krishna R

'''Rubaru Mr. India Friendship International''' Sonish Hinduja

'''Rubaru Mr. India Glam International''' Manjoy Bhattacharya

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Abhinav Anil Ballary

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Gokul Sahu
|'''Rubaru Mr. India Brand Ambassador''' Madhuram Daga
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the winners of the 21st @RubaruMr.India Championship 🏆 |url=https://www.instagram.com/globalpageantbuzz/p/DKj864uTgbY/?img_index=1 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
! 2024
| '''Rubaru Mr. India International''' Vishnu Chaudhary

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Gemin Darin

'''Rubaru Mr. India''' '''Manhunt International''' Jomin D'souza

'''Rubaru Mr. India Caballero Universal''' Adithya Subramanian

'''Rubaru Mr. India Friendship International''' Gaurish Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Abhishek Yadav

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Mushthaqh Mohammad

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Sagar Shah

'''Rubaru Mr. India Heritage International''' Harsh Rathod

'''Rubaru Mr. India Glam International''' Viraj Babbar
| '''Rubaru Mr. India Brand Ambassador''' Manoj Kumar

'''Rubaru Mr. India North''' Dhanesh Gupta

'''Rubaru Mr. India East''' Rahul Mandal

'''Rubaru Mr. India West''' Saurabh Prabhudessai

'''Rubaru Mr. India South''' Yokesh Arul
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to Rubaru Mr India 2024 Winners |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-ZXdoNvKTi/?img_index=1 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
! 2023
| '''Rubaru Mr. India International''' Shashwat Dwivedi.

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' [[Jason Bretfelean|Jason Dylan Bretfelean]]

'''Rubaru Mr. India Caballero Universal''' Anish Jain

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Mukesh Ravi

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Tachang Phassang

'''Rubaru Mr. India Heritage International''' Sukhbir Ashat

'''Rubaru Mr. India Grand International''' Tushar Kapoor

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universe International''' Badal Bist

'''Rubaru Mr. India Glam International''' Vyasan A.

'''Rubaru Mr. India Friendship International''' Daksh Chaudhary

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Reshab Chetri

'''Rubaru Mr. India Asia-Pacific''' Abhishek Mane
| '''Rubaru Mr. India Brand Ambassador''' Lummi Shangchiri

'''Rubaru Mr. India North''' Rupendra Swarnkar

'''Rubaru Mr. India East''' Aryman Raj

'''Rubaru Mr. India West''' Chetan Jajani

'''Rubaru Mr. India South''' Siddhartha Gunti

'''Rubaru Mr. India North East''' Revan Pradhan
|
|-
! 2022
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Chena Ram Choudhary

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Gokul Ganesan

'''Rubaru Mr. India Grand International''' Kunzang Topgay Bhutia

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universal''' [[Kramik Yadav]]

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Mithun Debbarma

'''Rubaru Mr. India Worldwide''' Neil Aryan

'''Rubaru Mr. India Intercontinental''' M Sai Sri Harsha

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Biswajit Roy

'''Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific''' Shubham Kotharkar

'''Rubaru Mr. India Youth Icon''' Banner Lanamai James
| '''Rubaru Mr. India Brand Ambassador''' Tinkesh Kaushik Vineet Sharma

'''Rubaru Mr. India North''' 𝖦undeep 𝖲ingh

'''Rubaru Mr. India East''' Bimersh Rasaily

'''Rubaru Mr. India West''' Nehal Patil

'''Rubaru Mr. India South''' Loganand

'''Rubaru Mr. India North East''' Minjom Padu
|
|-
! 2020–21
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Tseteej Shiwakoty

'''Rubaru Mr. India Intercontinental''' Bharat Bhushan

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Shouryaditya Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Worldwide''' Ankit Sharma

'''Rubaru Mr. India Grand International''' Paras Arora

'''Rubaru Mr. India United Continents''' Songashim Rungsung

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Armaan Hakim

'''Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific''' [[Gopinath Ravi]]

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universal''' Sangarsh Shet Verenka
| '''Rubaru Mr. India Brand Ambassador''' Tumken Sora Gulfam Ahmed
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |date=17 May 2021 |title=Bharat Bhushan is Rubaru Mr. India Intercontinental 2020–21 |url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/bharat-bhushan-is-rubaru-mr-india-intercontinental-2020-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712190125/http://www.newsfrenzy.org/bharat-bhushan-is-rubaru-mr-india-intercontinental-2020-21/ |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=C. C. N. |date=11 April 2021 |title=Rubaru Mr. India Asia Pacific 2020–2021 Title Won By Gopinath Ravi from TamilNadu |url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/business/rubaru-mr-india-asia-pacific-2020-2021-title-won-by-gopinath-ravi-from-tamilnadu/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Chennai City News |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |date=9 June 2021 |title=Shouryaditya Singh to represent India at Mister Tourism World 2021 championship |url=https://www.grehindia.com/shouryaditya-singh-to-represent-india-at-mister-tourism-world-2021-championship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628114119/https://www.grehindia.com/shouryaditya-singh-to-represent-india-at-mister-tourism-world-2021-championship/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=GrehIndia |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhungel |first=Pankaj |date=10 April 2021 |title=Sikkim youth Tseteej Shiwakoty is new Mr India |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/04/10/sikkim-youth-tseteej-shiwakoty-is-new-mr-india/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |date=17 May 2021 |title=Paras Arora is Rubaru Mr. India Grand International 2020–21 |url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/paras-arora-is-rubaru-mr-india-grand-international-2020-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712191239/http://www.newsfrenzy.org/paras-arora-is-rubaru-mr-india-grand-international-2020-21/ |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=13 April 2021 |title=Manipur's Songashim Rungsung Wins Rubaru Mr India United Continents |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/04/13/manipurs-songashim-rungsung-wins-rubaru-mr-india-united-continents/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |date=19 July 2019 |title=Know more about the current winners of Rubaru Mr India contest |url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/known-more-about-the-current-winners-of-rubaru-mr-india-contest/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191424/https://www.newsfrenzy.org/known-more-about-the-current-winners-of-rubaru-mr-india-contest/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| '''Rubaru Mr India Global''' Rishabh Chaudhary

'''Rubaru Mr. Indian Model Worldwide''' Yogesh Sharma

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Sahil Arora

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Lakshya Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Star Universe''' Sagar Amale
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |date=5 October 2020 |title=Rishabh Chaudhary, Mr. Delhi 2017 and Rubaru Mr. India 2019 |url=https://www.grehindia.com/rishabh-chaudhary-mr-delhi-2017-and-rubaru-mr-india-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412042048/https://www.grehindia.com/rishabh-chaudhary-mr-delhi-2017-and-rubaru-mr-india-2019/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=GrehIndia |language=en-US}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=26 May 2018 |title='Mr International' Balaji Murugadoss debuts in Tamil films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260518/mr-international-balaji-murugadoss-debuts-in-tamil-films.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagan |title=Rubaru Mr. India, Sahil Arora to represent India at Mister National Universe 2019 pageant |url=https://www.newsfrenzy.org/rubaru-mr-india-sahil-arora-to-represent-india-at-mister-national-universe-2019-pageant/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184524/https://www.newsfrenzy.org/rubaru-mr-india-sahil-arora-to-represent-india-at-mister-national-universe-2019-pageant/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=www.newsfrenzy.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! 2018
| '''Rubaru Mr. India International''' Balaji Murugadoss

'''Rubaru Mr. India''' '''Mister Eco International''' Ashwani Neeraj

'''Rubaru Mr. India''' '''Mister Model International''' Dalton D'Souza

'''Rubaru Mr. India''' '''Mister National Universe''' Farhan Qureshi

'''Rubaru Mr. India''' '''Mister United Continents''' Pradeep Kharera

'''Rubaru Mr. India Mister Tourism World''' Zulfi Aziz SK
| '''1st runner-up''' Dilip Patel

'''2nd runner-up''' Kamlesh Solanki

'''3rd runner-up''' Gaurav Sharma
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Presenting Rubaru Mister India 2018 winners! |url=https://www.facebook.com/MissoMalePageants/posts/pfbid0roTWAPfcRWEgSKZ1bEgN1Z9STjs8QNqHsQXT4U2VRPHvpHP9h5s11HNkhoTqWJC7l |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2017
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India International''' [[Darasing Khurana]]

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Srikant Dwivedi

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universal Ambassador''' Rohit Jakhar

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Mohit Sharma

'''Rubaru Mister United Continent India''' Mitendra Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Tourism World''' Kunal Arora

'''Rubaru Mr. India National Universe''' Dr. Pankaj Ahalwat

'''Rubaru Mr. India Grand International''' Debojit Bhattacharya

'''Rubaru Mr. India Top International Model''' Rohit Choudhary

|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Rubaru Mr India 2017, Srikant Dwivedi to represent India at Mister Global 2017 contest in Thailand |url=http://www.misterology.com/2017/04/30/rubaru-mr-india-2017-srikant-dwivedi-to-represent-india-at-mister-global-2017-contest-in-thailand/ |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Misterology |language=en-GB}}</ref> 
 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simeon |date=13 March 2017 |title=Assam boy, Debojit Bhattacharya wins Rubaru Mister India Grand International 2017! |url=https://indianandworldpageant.com/2017/03/13/assam-boy-debojit-bhattacharya-wins-rubaru-mister-india-grand-international-2017/ |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Indian and World Pageant |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2016
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India International''' Mudit Malhotra

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' [[Prateek Baid]]

'''Rubaru Mr. India United Continents''' Mohit Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Anurag Fageriya

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universal Ambassador''' Parmeet Wahi

'''Rubaru Mr India Tourism World''' Sanju Ray

'''Rubaru Mr India Man of the year''' Abhishek Shah
|
|
|-
! 2015
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India Model International''' Phany Padaraju

'''Rubaru Mr. India Global''' Sandeep Sehrawat

'''Rubaru Mr. India Worldwide''' Sandeep Chhikara

'''Rubaru Mr. India Universal Ambassador''' Jagjeet Singh

'''Rubaru Mr. India United Continents''' Dheeraj Sharma

'''Rubaru Mr. India Pancontinental''' Ashish Malhan
|
|
|-
! 2014
|
'''Rubaru Mr. India''' Pratik Virk
|
|
|}

== Representatives to major beauty pageants ==
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up
* {{Color box|khaki|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists or Semi-finalists
* {{Color box|lavender|border=darkgray}} Ended as special awards winner
}}

=== Mister International ===
* Rubaru Mr. India organization acquired the franchise rights of Mister International in 2016. From 2006 to 2010 independent candidates represented India at the Mister International competition. From 2012 to 2015, Alempokba Imsong from Nagaland held the franchise. In 2022, Mega Mister Northeast sent India's delegate to Mister International.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-Style=" background-COLOR:#FFFACD;"
|[[Mister International 2025|2025]]
|Madhuram Daga
| [[West Bengal]]
| Top 20
|
|-
| [[Mister International 2024 (Thailand)|2024]]
| Vishnu Choudhary
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|- style="background-color:#FFF83B;"
| [[Mister International 2023|2023]]
| Shashwat Dwivedi
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Top 5
|
* Smart Guy
|- style="background:#FFFF33;"
| [[Mister International 2022|2022]]
| [[Lukanand Kshetrimayum]]
| [[Manipur]]
| 1st Runner-up
|
|-
| 2018
| Balaji Murugadoss
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| unplaced
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Darasing Khurana]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2016
| Mudit Malhotra
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 9
|
|-style="background-color:#FADADD
| 2015
| Halley Laithangbam
| [[Manipur]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 10 – Best National Costume}}
|-
| [[Mister International 2014|2014]]
| Parmeet Wahi
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2013
| Hukapa Chakhesang
| [[Nagaland]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2012
| Opangtongdang Jamir
| [[Nagaland]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2010
| Akash Charan
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2009
| Imran Khan
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2008
| Vikas Mehandroo
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 15
|
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD"
| 2007
| Nikhil Dharwan
| [[New Delhi]]
| Top 10
|
|-
| 2006
| Sudhir Tewari
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

=== Mister Global ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Award
|-
|2025
|Rakesh Bhosekar
|[[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister Global 2024|2024]]
| Gemin Darin
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Top 20
|
|- style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| [[Mister Global 2023|2023]]
| [[Jason Bretfelean|Jason Dylan Bretfelean]]
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Mister Global 2023]]
|
* Mister Body Perfect
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| [[Mister Global 2022|2022]]
| Chena Ram Choudhary
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 15
|
* Highest Scorer in Preliminary Segment
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2021
| Tseteej Shiwakoty<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's biggest men's pageant – Rubaru Mr. India culminates in Goa|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-biggest-mens-pageant-rubaru-mr-india-culminates-in-goa20210417161054/|access-date=13 July 2021|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Release|first=ANI Press|title=India's biggest men's pageant – Rubaru Mr. India culminates in Goa|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/india-s-biggest-men-s-pageant-rubaru-mr-india-culminates-in-goa-121041700651_1.html|access-date=13 July 2021|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>
| [[Sikkim]]
| Top 17
|
* Most Inspirational Person – Wi
|-
| 2019
| Rishabh Chaudhary
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background-COLOR:#FFFACD;"
| 2017
| Srikant Dwivedi
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Top 10
|
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2016
| [[Prateek Baid]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 15
|
* Best Model
|-
| 2015
| Sandeep Sehrawat
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

=== Manhunt International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
|2026
|Nipun Singh
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| colspan=2{{n/a|TBA}}
|
|-
| 2025
| Jomin D'Souza
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

=== Caballero Universal ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
|2025
|Anantha Krishna
|[[Kerala]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Mister Interactive
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2024
| Adithya Subramanian
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2023
| Badal Bist
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 15
|
* Mister Congeniality
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2022
| Kramik Yadav
| [[Gujarat]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Mister Elegance
|}

=== Mister Friendship International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
| rowspan=2 |2025
| Biswajit Roy (Assumed)
| [[West Bengal]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|TBA}}
|
|-
|Sonish Hinduja (Resigned)
| [[New Delhi]]
| colspan=2 |Did not compete due to unknown reason
|
|-
| rowspan=2 |2024
| Saurabh Pradbhudessai (Assumed)
| [[Goa]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| Gaurish Singh (Resigned)
| [[Assam]]
| colspan=2 | Did not compete due to leg injury
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2023
| Daksh Chaudhary
| [[New Delhi]]
| 3rd Runner-up
|
* Mister Popular
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2022
| Songashim Rungsung
| [[Manipur]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Best Personality
|}

* In 2024, Gaurish Singh from Assam was supposed to compete at Mister Friendship International, however he had to withdraw due to leg injury. He was replaced by Rubaru Mr. West India 2024, Saurabh Prabhudessai from [[Goa]].

=== Mister Model International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="50" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
| 2025
| Abhishek Yadav
| [[Maharashtra]]
| colspan= 2 {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
| 2024
| Reshab Chetri
| [[Manipur]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not compete}}
|-
| 2023
| colspan=4 {{n/a|No pageant in 2023}}
|-
| 2022
| [[Gokul Ganesan]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|No pageant held in 2022}}
|-
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2021
| Armaan Hakim
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 3rd Runner-up
|
* Best Internet Model – Winner
* Best Headshot – Top 3
|-
| 2019
| Aditya Bhadoria
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background-color:#FADADD;
| 2018
| Mohit Sharma
| [[Karnataka]]
| Unplaced
|
* Best Model Asia Pacific
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2016
| Anurag Fageriya
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Top 16
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2015
| Phany Padaraju
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 1st Runner-up
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2014
| Pratik Virk
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 4th Runner-up
|
|}

=== Mister Tourism World ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
|2026
|Abhinav Anil Ballary
|[[Telangana]]
| colspan= 2{{n/a|TBA}}
|
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| rowspan="2" |2025
| Sriloganand Kumar (Assumed)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Top 10
|
* Best in Fashion & Style
* Best Runway Model (1st runner-up)
|-
| Mushthaqh M (Resigned)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan=2 | Did not compete due to health issues
|-
| 2024
| colspan=4 {{n/a|No Mister Tourism World pageant held in 2024}}
|-
| 2023
| Mukesh Ravi
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not compete}}
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2022
| Mithun Debbarma
| [[Tripura]]
| Top 17
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2021
| Shouryaditya Singh
| [[Jharkhand]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Mister Popularity – Winner
* Best Speaker – Runner-up
|-
| 2020
| Lakshya Singh
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2019
| colspan=4 {{n/a|No Mister Tourism World pageant held in 2019}}
|-
| 2018
| Zulfi Shaikh
| [[Assam]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not compete}}
|-
| 2017
| Kunal Arora
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|-
| 2016
| Sanju Ray
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|}
* In 2025, Mushthaqh M was supposed to represent India at Mister Tourism World competition, however he had to withdraw due to poor health. He was replaced by the former Rubaru Mr. South India 2022 titleholder, Sriloganand Kumar.

=== Mister National Universe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-style="background:#FFFF33;"
| 2025
| Gokul Sahu
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5th Runner-Up
|
* Mister National Universe Global Ambassador
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| 2024
| Tachang Phassang
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Unplaced
|
* Mister Flawless Skin
|-
| 2023
| Biswajit Roy
| [[West Bengal]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2022
| Bharat Bhushan
| [[New Delhi]]
| 3rd Runner-Up
| Mister National Earth
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2019
| Vikash Usham
| [[Manipur]]
| Mister National Universe 2019
|
|-
| 2019
| Sahil Arora
| [[Gujarat]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2018
| Farhan Qureshi
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Top 5
|
|- style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2017
| Pankaj Ahalwat
| [[New Delhi]]
| Mister National Universe 2017
|
* People's Choice Award
* So Cool Guy
|}
{{Small|Note - 2 editions of Mister National universe were held in 2019}}

=== Mister Pacific Universe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2024
| Vineet Sharma
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1st Runner-up (Mister Model Pacific Universe 2024)
|
* Mister Top Model
|- style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2023
| Neil Aryan Thakur
| [[Bihar]]
| Mister Pacific Universe 2023
|
* Mister Fitness
|}

=== Mister Heritage International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2024
| Sukhbir Ashat
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Mister Heritage International 2024
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2023
| Banner Lanamai James
| [[Manipur]]
| 1st Runner-up
|
* Best in Runway
* Best in Resort Wear
* Best in Formal Wear
* Mister Elegance
|}

=== Mister Glam International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFFACD;"
|2025
| Manjoy Bhattacharya
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Top-10
|
* Best in Camera Presence
* Mister Glam Tourism
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2024
| Viraj Babbar
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1st Runner-up
|
* Mister Popular
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2023
| Vyasan A Nair
| [[Kerala]]
| 3rd Runner-up
|
* Mister Popular
* Mister Super Model
* Pageantry King
|}

=== Mister Planet Universe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2023
| Abhishek Mane
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Mister Planet Asia 2023
* Best Typical Costume
* Mister Planet Copper World
|}

=== Mister Grand International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
| 2023
| Tushar Kapoor
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not compete}}
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD;"
| 2022
| Nehal Patil
| [[Goa]]
| Top 18
|
|- style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2019
| Ashwani Neeraj
| [[New Delhi]]
| Mister Grand International 2019
|
* Best National Costume
|-
| 2017
| Debojit Bhattacharya
| [[Assam]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

=== Mister Landscapes International ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|-
| 2019
| Dilip Patel
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Unplaced
|
|}

=== Mister Model Worldwide ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background-color:#FADADD;
| 2019
| Yogesh Sharma
| [[Rajasthan]]
| Unplaced
|
* Mister Model Worldwide Asia
* Best Runway Model
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2018
| Suraj Dahiya
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Mister Perfect Body – Winner
* Best National Costume – 2nd Runner-up
|}

=== The Mister ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background-color:#FFFADD;"
| 2019
| Mohit Sharma
| [[Karnataka]]
| Top 10
|
|}

=== Mister United Continents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background-color:#FADADD;
| 2018
| Pardeep Kharera
| [[Haryana]]
| Unplaced
|
* Best in Swimwear – Finalist
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2017
| Mitendra Singh
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1st Runner-up
|
* Mister Photogenic
* Mister Online Popularity
|- style="background:gold; font-weight: bold"
| 2016
| Mohit Singh
| [[Haryana]]
| Mister United Continents 2016
|
* Mister Online Popularity
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2015
| Dheeraj Sharma
| [[Haryana]]
| 4th Runner-up
|
* Best in Barong
|}

=== Mister Universal Ambassador ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2017
| Rohit Jakhar
| [[Haryana]]
| 4th Runner-up
|
* Top Model
* People's Choice Award
* World Speech Competition
* Mister Universal Ambassador Asia and Oceania
|-
| 2016
| Parmeet Wahi
| [[New Delhi]]
| Unplaced
|
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2015
| Jagjeet Singh
| [[Punjab, India]]
| 3rd Runner-up
|
* Best in Swimwear
|}

=== Top International Model of the World ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2017
| Rohit Choudhary
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
* Best Catwalk Model
|}

=== Man of the Year ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background-color:#FFFADD;"
| 2016
| Abhishek Shah
| [[New Delhi]]
| Finalist
|
* Mister Manl
|}

=== Mister Worldwide ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2015
| Sandeep Chhikara
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
|}

=== Mister Pancontinental ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center"
! width="70" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Year
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Delegate
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |State / Territory
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Placement
! width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" |Special Awards
|- style="background:#FFF83B;"
| 2015
| Ashish Malhan
| [[New Delhi]]
| 2nd Runner-up
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Prateek Baid]]
* [[Gopinath Ravi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/rubarumr.india/ Rubar Mister India] on [[Instagram]]
{{Beauty pageants in India}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageants|India]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Mister Global by country|India]]
[[Category:Mister Global|India]]

Sreeya Remesh

2026-04-24T07:15:57Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Put Up Article

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreeya Remesh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Haripad]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2000–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sreeya Remesh''', also known as '''Sreekutty Ramesh''', is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]] and television shows.

== Early life and education==

Sreeya was born to Ramachandran Pillai and Ratnamma Ramachandran. She married Remesh Nair and has two children Adraja Remesh and Adrith Remesh. She completed her secondary education from Our Own English High School – Sharjah. After that, she went to [[Sanatana Dharma College]] – [[Alapuzha]] for further studies.

After her B.com there she was married and settled in [[Bahrain]] with her husband, there she had done many dramas, add films, comparing, anchoring and [[short films]]. From there she started her acting career in [[Serial film|serials]] started with [[Kumkumapoovu]], Sathyameva Jayathey [[Mayamohini]] and [[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} She has acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] films and [[Television show|TV serials]].

==Career==

Sreeya made her film debut with the family drama ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]'' in [[Malayalam cinema]]. According to Sreeya, her role of "Dr. Usha" in the film was a turning point in her life. Her next films were ''[[Vettah]]'', ''Aneezia'', ''[[Oppam]]'', ''[[Daffedar]]'', etc.<ref name=release>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vettah-release-date-shifted/articleshow/50625422.cms |title=Vettah release date shifted|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2016}}<ref name=release/>{{failed verification|date=November 2016}}.

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Language !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Meera || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| 2014 || ''Sathyameva Jayathey'' || [[Malayalam]] || Padmaja || [[Surya TV]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Ezhu Rathrikal'' || [[Malayalam]] || Gauri || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Malayalam || ACP Jancy Thomas IPS || [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| 2019 || ''Ayyappa Saranam'' || Malayalam || Leela/Mahishi || [[Amrita TV]]
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''Attarintiki Daredi'' ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Sambhavi || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2022- 2024||''[[Intinti Gruhalakshmi]]''||Telugu||Rajya Lakshmi||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2025- present ||''Chamanthi''|| Telugu||Remadevi||[[Zee Telugu]]
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Director
|-
|2015 || ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Manju-Warrier-and-Mohanlal-in-a-film-again/articleshow/54831249.cms |title=Manju Warrier and Mohanlal in a film again?|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> || Dr.Usha || [[Malayalam]] || [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|-
|2015 || ''Aneesya'' || Aneesya || [[Malayalam]] || Arjun Binu
|-
|2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || HM Jeena Babu || [[Malayalam]] || [[Rajesh Pillai]]
|-
|2016 || ''[[Oppam]]'' || Amina || [[Malayalam]] || [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
|2016 || ''[[Daffedar]]'' || Archana || [[Malayalam]] || Johnson Esthappan
|-
|2018 || ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Sethu's sister || [[Malayalam]] || Sajid Yahiya
|-
|2018 || ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Leela || [[Malayalam]] || [[Boban Samuel]]
|-
|2018 || ''[[Krishnam]]'' || Principal || [[Malayalam]] || Dinesh Baboo
|-
|2018 || ''[[Mazhayathu]]'' || Suma || [[Malayalam]] || Suveeran
|-
|2018 || ''[[Odiyan]]'' || Ravunni's sister || [[Malayalam]] || Shrikumar Menon
|-
|2018 || ''Paviyettante Madhura Chooral'' || Sethulakshmi || [[Malayalam]] || Sreekrishnan
|-
|2019 || ''Theerumanam'' || Deepa ||
[[Malayalam]] || Sajin
|-
|2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || TV actress || Malayalam || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
|-
|2019 || ''[[Krishnam]]'' || Principal || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Dinesh Baboo
|-
| 2022|| ''Thattukadayil Ninnu Cemetery Vare'' ||Mary || Malayalam || Siraj Fantasy
|-
|2022
|''[[Kaapa]]''
|Gynecologist
|Malayalam
|[[Shaji Kailas]]
|-
|2022 || ''Kasthuri Mahal'' || Parvathi || [[Kannada]] ||Dinesh Baboo
|-
|2023|| ''Laika'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2023|| ''Kondottipooram'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
|2024|| ''Jamalinte Punchiri'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
|2024|| ''Thankamany'' || Human Rights official || Malayalam ||
|-
|{{TBA}}|| ''Un Kadhal Irundhal'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Hashim Marikar
|-
|{{TBA}} || ''Untitled project with Nassar'' || - || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|{{TBA}}|| ''Ghost Rider'' || || Malayalam ||
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8535684}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Remesh, Sreeya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Manuel C. Rodrigues

2026-04-19T19:45:33Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created some page needs work - done

{{short description|Goan poet and writer (1908–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Manuel C. Rodrigues''' (1908 – 1991) was an early [[Goans|Goan]] poet and writer, who expressed himself in the English language. He was also an artist, as well as a trained singer and conductor.<ref name="GoaStreets">{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Amy|title=The Rodrigues House|url=http://goastreets.com/rodrigues-house/|website=goastreets.com|publisher=Goa Streets|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He is also known as Manoel C. Rodrigues.

==Selected works==

===Verse===
* '''Selected Poems''', Bombay 1978. Rs 10.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Noronha|first1=Frederick|title=Fiction and literature from Goa… a 1996 article|url=https://goabooks.wordpress.com/1996/08/12/a-selection-of-fictional-books-and-literature-on-goa/|website=goabooks.wordpress.com|date=12 August 1996 |publisher=GoaBooks|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
* '''Homeward''', G. V. Bhave, 1939.

===Short stories===
* '''Still-life and other stories''', ''Coastal Observer'', 1984.

===Essays, etc===

* 'Armando Menezes: The Lyrist, A fundamentally religious poet'. ''The Goan World'', Bombay, Jan. 1939, 31.
* 'Mar-Jakin', ''Goa Today'', August 1976.

==References to work==

Critic and Professor at the Department of English, University of Iowa, Peter Nazareth<ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Nazareth, professor|url=https://english.uiowa.edu/people/peter-nazareth|website=english.uiowa.edu|publisher=University of Iowa|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> list his work in the context of his (Nazareth's) experiences while creating an early (1983) anthology of Goan literature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nazareth |first1=Peter |title=Alienation, Nostalgia, and Homecoming: Editing an Anthology of Goan Literature |jstor=40140844 |journal=World Literature Today |volume=59 |issue=3 |date=Summer 1985 |pages=374–382|doi=10.2307/40140844 }}</ref>

In his essay on nostalgia, the lament of the "Goan exile" and the "search of a Goan self", the late Professor Emeritus of English Literature at Washington DC, Eusebio C. Rodrigues has referred to his work, saying he (Manuel C. Rodrigues) "has two collections of poems with significant titles: ''Songs in Exile'' and ''Homeward''."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Eusebio L.|title=Nostalgia and a Lament of a Goan Exile or in Search of Goan Self|url=http://www.goanvoice.ca/2014/issue17/ref/WGD2014.pdf|website=goanvoice.ca|publisher=Originally: South Asian Studies Papers, No. 9, University of Toronto, 1995|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

Writing in an essay titled 'Saudades and the Goan Poetic Temper: Globalising Goan Cultural History', in the book ''Goa and Portugal: History and Development'',''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Borges |display-authors=etal |first1=Charles J.|title=Goa and Portugal: History and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC&q=manuel++rodrigues+poet+goa&pg=PA319|publisher=Concept, New Delhi|access-date=2 March 2017|page=322|format=Print|isbn=9788170228677|year=2000}}</ref>'' Victor Anand Coelho,<ref>{{cite web|title=Victor Coelho: Academic Profile|url=http://people.bu.edu/blues/academic.html|website=bu.edu|publisher=Boston University|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Professor of Music and Chairman of the Department of Musicology and Ethnomusicology at Boston University, writes: "...[[George C. Coelho]] probed other things within this rich corpus of poetry such as nostalgia which manifests in [Goan] Christian poets like [[Armando Menezes]] (1902–83), Manoel C. Rodrigues (1908–91) and [[Joseph Furtado]] (1872–1947) and the theme of exile which carries with it the theme of longing for homeland and voyage, but also takes on a political function."

==Personal life==

His two-centuries old family home is located in the coastal village turned tourist-destination of [[Calangute]] just off the [[Baga, Goa|Baga]]-[[Calangute]] Road near the Our Lady of Piety Chapel.<ref name="GoaStreets" />

His brother, the much-awarded [[Olimpio Coleto Rodrigues]], who was born in 1915, is also considered to be a world renowned Goan artist and avid collector of antique furniture and objects who "Indianised" Christian Art. According to media reports, in 1950 he was awarded the opportunity to paint a fresco just 200 yards from the [[Sistine Chapel]] within the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref name="GoaStreets" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Manuel, C.}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]

Thillu Mullu (2013 film)

2026-04-18T19:39:45Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Badri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thillu Mullu 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Badri (director)|Badri]]
| producer = S. Madhan
| writer = [[Lollu Sabha Balaji]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| screenplay = Badri
| based_on = ''[[Thillu Mullu]]''
| starring = [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] [[Isha Talwar]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]] [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|14}}
| cinematography = [[Laxman Kumar]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| distributor =
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
}}

'''''Thillu Mullu''''' (stylised as '''''Thillu Mullu II''''') is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed and co-written by [[Badri (director)|Badri]]. It is a remake of the 1981 Tamil film [[Thillu Mullu|of the same name]] which was a remake of the 1979 Hindi film ''[[Gol Maal]]''. The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Isha Talwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-21 |title=Malayalam actress for Shiva |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/news-interviews/33301985_1_malayalam-actress-prakash-raj-music-lovers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528085743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/news-interviews/33301985_1_malayalam-actress-prakash-raj-music-lovers |archive-date=28 May 2013 |access-date=21 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]], [[Ilavarasu]] and [[Manobala]] played supporting roles. The music was jointly scored by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] who for the first time worked together. While the film's ''muhurat'' took place on 24 August, the shooting commenced in September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: Tunes afresh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3799279.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822205136/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3799279.ece |archive-date=22 August 2012 |access-date=21 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was released on 14 June 2013.

==Plot==
Pasupathy is a carefree man who is unemployed. He lives with his younger sister Kavitha and house maid Senthamarai who is a part-time black market liquor seller. Kavitha is in love with Pasupathy's close friend Mano which Pasupathy is not aware of. Mano indirectly tries to convey that to him to which he does not understand. Pasupathy's maternal uncle is a lawyer and their caretaker since their parents died. Pasupathy loses his house to a bank on a surety crisis which involved his father. Hence he is compelled to settle in a job. Pasupathy's uncle applies for an opening in his friend's [[mineral water]] company for marketing head post. He gives many instructions about the owner Sivagurunathan who is an ardent devotee of [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] and who is against recommendations. Pasupathy manages to get the job by dressing in a simple [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] manner, posing as a Murugan devotee and tells he follows very valuable principles written in the book of Sivagurunathan himself which attracts Sivagurunathan.

Pasupathy one day lies to his boss that his mother got injured and leaves to watch a [[cricket]] match. There he engages in revelry with his friends, which is seen by Sivagurunathan as he was present on his friend's invite for a business purpose. Sivagurunathan captures Pasupathy's activities on mobile camera. The next day he issues termination order to Pasupathy. To secure his job, Pasupathy lies that Sivagurunathan has actually seen his identical twin brother Ganguly Kandhan, a [[karate]] master who has blue eyes unlike his. Sivagurunathan believes him half-heartedly and yet gives him his job again.

Sivagurunathan has a daughter Janani who learns everything half baked. Her interest turns to learning self-defense skills and tells her father to appoint a master to teach karate. Sivagurunathan calls Pasupathy to send his brother for karate coaching. Pasupathy wears blue [[contact lens]] and visits his home and manages to make Sivagurunathan believe he is Ganguly. Pasupathy and Janani had already met when Pasupathy rushed to save Janani from a fire, but Janani ended up saving him. Pasupathy is attracted to Janani and he impresses both Janani and her maternal grandmother. Sivagurunathan meets a bank officer who actually took Pasupathy's house. She tells him that Pasupathy is actually a fraud and she has not met anyone like Ganguly which confuses Sivagurunathan. He appoints a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officer to follow Pasupathy and find out if he has a brother Ganguly. Pasupathy manages to cheat the officer and make him believe that there are two brothers. But he innocently behaves and submits his and Ganguly's resignation letter to him telling that his mother did not want them to work for a boss who doubts their loyalty. Sivagurunathan says that he would apologise for his doubtful behavior to his mother which creates further trouble for Pasupathy. He rushes home and disguises Senthamarai to act as his mother. Sivagurunathan believes that setup and apologises to Pasupathy's "mother".

Janani falls for Ganguly and she wants him to find if he loves her and she keeps him a test. She wants him to wish for her birthday on the following Tuesday and she will not tell him that she is going to Dubai. Pasupathy tries to get information from Janani's grandmother. He goes to Sivagurunthan and tells Ganguly has gone to Dubai which angers Sivagurunathan as he doubts that Ganguly has gone to impress his daughter. Pasupathy pretends to say that he will go to Dubai and stop his brother and bring back his daughter to which Sivagurunathan accepts. Sivagurunathan plans to marry off his daughter to Pasupathy against Janani's wishes. Pasupathy goes to Dubai and both propose their love. Mano blackmails Pasupathy into letting him marry Kavitha otherwise he would reveal his double act to Sivagurunathan. Pasupathy, with no other option, arranges for their marriage.

Janani leaves her home as she does not want to marry Pasupathy but Ganguly. But upon realising Pasupathy's fraud she angrily beats him. He convinces her by saying all he did is for her sake which cools her. Sivagurunathan misunderstands that Janani is going to marry Ganguly and rushes to stop it but finds that Ganguly is Pasupathy himself. He furiously chases him and Pasupathy runs. In the temple, he bumps into a man who is being forced to marry a girl against his wishes. They concoct a plan to foll Sivagurunathan. After several chases and runs Pasupathy manages to get the chance to marry Janani, but declines as he does not want to marry Janani against his boss' wishes. Sivagurunathan changes his mind and lets them marry.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Pasupathy/Ganguly Kandhan
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Janani
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Sivagurunathan
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Senthamarai
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Mano
* Monisha as Kavitha
* [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] as Sathyan/Action King
* [[Manobala]] as Sounderrajan
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Pasupathy's Uncle
* [[Sachu]] as Janani's Grandmother
* [[Devadarshini]] as Bank Manager
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Janani No. 2's Father
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
* [[Swaminathan]] as Employee
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Shiva's friend
*[[George Maryan]] as Detective
* Shyam as Sounderrajan's nephew
* Suhashini as Janani's Friend
* Krishnamoorthy as Santhanam's father
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]] as Mano's father
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as American groom (special Appearance)
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] as himself (special Appearance)
* [[Sakthi Saravanan]] as himself (special Appearance)
* [[Bosskey]] (special appearance)
* [[Blaaze]] as Senthilkumaran (special Appearance)
* Valerie Nobbe (special Appearance)
* [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] Himself (special Appearance)
*[[K. Sivasankar (choreographer)|K. Sivasankar]] as Choreographer (special Appearance)
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]] (special Appearance in song "Thillu Mullu")
* [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (special Appearance in song "Thillu Mullu")
{{colend}}

==Production==
In July 2012, [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] confirmed that was he going to do the remake ''Thillu Mullu'' that was likely to be produced by KB's daughter Pushpa Kandasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-21 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Thillu Mullu' to be remade with Shiva! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanths-thillu-mullu-to-be-remade-with-shiva-news-tamil-mhvkK6fhbec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722122431/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanths-thillu-mullu-to-be-remade-with-shiva-news-tamil-mhvkK6fhbec.html |archive-date=2012-07-22 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shiva and Vendhar Movies approached Badri to direct the film.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Raghavan|first=Nikhil|date=2013-06-01|title=Classic gets a new twist|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/classic-gets-a-new-twist/article4772131.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103103006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/classic-gets-a-new-twist/article4772131.ece|archive-date=3 November 2016|access-date=2013-06-17|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Badri said that he ventured into ''Thillu Mullu'' with an open mind. "I wanted to make the storyline contemporary. Retaining the characters from the original, I wrote the script to suit today’s generation".<ref name="thehindu1" /> The film was launched on 24 August 2012 with a puja at the Image Auditorium at MRC Nagar in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-25 |title=Grand pooja for Thillu Mullu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/grand-pooja-for-thillu-mullu-news-tamil-mizj4daijff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828003051/http://www.sify.com/movies/grand-pooja-for-thillu-mullu-news-tamil-mizj4daijff.html |archive-date=2012-08-28 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team after shooting in Chennai and [[Hyderabad]] headed to [[Dubai]] and [[Abu Dhabi]] to can a few songs and scenes. The song Ragaangal Pathinaru was also shot in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=2012-11-28 |title=Shiva's Thillu Mullu heads to Dubai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shivas-Thillu-Mullu-heads-to-Dubai/articleshow/17386769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620044148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/news-interviews/35386875_1_thillu-mullu-dubai-abu-dhabi |archive-date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The shooting was completed in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-30 |title='Thillu Mullu' remake shooting over |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-remake-shooting-over-news-national-nd4nOghbjdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141824/http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-remake-shooting-over-news-national-nd4nOghbjdh.html |archive-date=2013-06-16 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After wrapping up the shoot, Badri decided to shoot a music video of the 'Thillu Mullu' remix and convinced the M. S. Viswanathan to appear alongside Yuvan Shankar Raja in the iconic song.<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2013-04-20|title=Old meets new|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-meets-new/article4636656.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103103059/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-meets-new/article4636656.ece|archive-date=3 November 2016|access-date=2013-06-17|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Isha Talwar]] was roped in to do [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]’s role from the original in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-21 |title=Shiva gets Isha Talwar as heroine! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shiva-gets-isha-talwar-as-heroine-news-tamil-mivk5Djcacj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822215303/http://www.sify.com/movies/Shiva-gets-Isha-Talwar-as-heroine-news-tamil-mivk5Djcacj.html |archive-date=2012-08-22 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> making her Tamil debut. A non-Tamil speaker, she attempted to learn the language for her role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mollywood-gives-me-space-to-experiment-Isha/articleshow/17706243.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-22/news-and-interviews/35953871_1_isha-talwar-mollywood-m-wood-debut|url-status=live|archive-date=16 June 2013|title=Mollywood gives me space to experiment: Isha|date=22 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] reprised the character played by [[Thengai Srinivasan]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2012 |title=Prakash Raj to reprise Thengai |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/prakash-raj-reprise-thengai-382 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801142203/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/prakash-raj-reprise-thengai-382 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=21 August 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Badri stated "the challenge was to cast someone in Thengai Srinivasan’s role. I couldn’t think of anyone other than Prakash Raj".<ref name="thehindu1" /> [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] reprised the special guest appearance by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-25 |title=Santhanam to reprise Kamal Haasan's role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Santhanam-to-reprise-Kamal-Haasans-role/articleshow/20259327.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620044205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520933_1_thillu-mullu-kamal-haasan-audio-launch |archive-date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Bosskey informed that he appeared in the opening sequence "as a fake godman who tries to transform a vertically-challenged person into a normal one".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=2013-06-10 |title=Shot cuts: Rare coincidence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-rare-coincidence/article4800293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618215907/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shot-cuts-rare-coincidence/article4800293.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=2013-06-17 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Thillu Mullu (soundtrack)}}
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[M. S. Viswanathan]], the composer of the original ''Thillu Mullu'' joined handled the music for the remake together. Two songs from the original — "Thillu Mullu" and "Ragangal Pathinaaru" — were remixed, and two original songs were composed. About the remix, Yuvan said, "I just wanted to give the original theme music a contemporary sound. I have not touched the song 'Ragangal Pathinaaru', which has been sung by singer Karthik."<ref name="thehindu2" /> While Viswanathan composed the tunes, Yuvan Shankar Raja orchestrated and recorded them.<ref name="thehindu1" /> The audio launch was held on 1 June at the [[Victoria Hall (Geneva)|Victoria Hall]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] along with the audios of ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]'' and ''[[Sutta Kadhai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-01 |title=3 audio launches and a success meet in Switzerland today! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/3-audio-launches-and-a-success-meet-in-switzerland-today-news-tamil-ngblMjiiebg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616142127/http://www.sify.com/movies/3-audio-launches-and-a-success-meet-in-switzerland-today-news-tamil-ngblMjiiebg.html |archive-date=2013-06-16 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''Thillu Mullu'' released on 14 June 2013 alongside another comedy film ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-14 |title=Friday Fury – June 14 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-14-news-tamil-ngokaoaajff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012110007/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-14-news-tamil-ngokaoaajff.html |archive-date=2013-10-12 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It released on 500+ screens worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thimmayya |first=Daniel |date=15 June 2013 |title=Superman takes on super-remake |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Superman-takes-on-super-remake/2013/06/15/article1634954.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045246/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Superman-takes-on-super-remake/2013/06/15/article1634954.ece1 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 and said, "Much of the credit for this (film) should go to director Badri, whose script clearly suggests that some amount of thought has gone into reworking a cult classic for present-day audiences. Instead of going for a scene by scene remake, he manages to spin newer situations that make it very much a film of our times."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2013-06-14 |title=Thillu Mullu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/thillu-mullu/movie-review/20594265.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130012913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/thillu-mullu/movie-review/20594265.cms |archive-date=30 January 2014 |access-date=2013-06-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[In.com]]'' said, "Thillu Mullu is good fun while it lasts and enjoyable for Shiva’s antics. Any remake’s success is when it makes us forget the original and this new Thillu Mullu does that well with different situations and a decent cast".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-15 |title=Tamil movie review: Thillu Mullu is good fun |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-thillu-mullu-is-good-fun-50227180-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020016/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-thillu-mullu-is-good-fun-50227180-in-1.html |archive-date=2013-06-19 |access-date=2013-06-16 |publisher=In.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "Thillu Mullu on the whole is a laugh riot, go have your fun. The film, in the end, is a broad entertainer that plays to the gallery. Keep your expectations in check, and you are sure to come out with a smile."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Thillu Mullu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-review-tamil-15031617.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615040435/http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-review-tamil-15031617.html |archive-date=2013-06-15 |access-date=2013-06-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Breezy and fun-filled, Thillu Mullu keeps one entertained for the most part".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 June 2013 |title=Thillu Mullu (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thillu-Mullu-Tamil/2013/06/15/article1636036.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133904/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thillu-Mullu-Tamil/2013/06/15/article1636036.ece |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=2013-06-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On the other hand, S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com]] wrote that the film "fails to evoke spontaneous laughter and lacks the brilliance and rib-tickling humour of the original."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=2013-06-17 |title=Review: Thillu Mullu fails to deliver |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-thillu-mullu-fails-to-deliver/20130617.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824064715/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-thillu-mullu-fails-to-deliver/20130617.htm |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] too was critical of the film, "One of the glaring differences between the two versions is the treatment of comedy. While in the original it was sensible and funny, it is loud and commercial in the remake. Despite a few rib-tickling moments between Shiva and Prakash Raj, 'Thillu Mullu' suffers due to extended running time and skewed screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-14 |title='Thillu Mullu' review: Half-hearted tribute to the original |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/thillu-mullu-review-half-hearted-tribute-to-the-original_136758.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121173836/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/thillu-mullu-review-half-hearted-tribute-to-the-original_136758.htm |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=Zee News |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The film, in its earlier avatar, was aided immensely by the eye-rolling eccentricities of 'Thengai' Srinivasan, which is exactly what's needed when the hero is playing it straight. Prakash Raj, here, isn't allowed that kind of leeway – he's given nothing to work with. And things are made worse by a screenplay that moves in fits and starts, never building up steam. Isn't there more to comedy than one-liners?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 June 2013 |title=Titter-verse |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/titterverse/article4817394.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213500/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/titterverse/article4817394.ece |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Box office===
{{more citations needed section|reason=References are poor all around.|date=March 2019}}
The film clashed with ''Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru'' but still performed well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVSK or Thillu Mullu – Who tops the box office? |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20135915045947/TVSK-or-Thillu-Mullu--Who-tops-the-box-office.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229020904/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20135915045947/TVSK-or-Thillu-Mullu--Who-tops-the-box-office.col |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Prior to release, [[Visu]], screenwriter of the original ''Thillu Mullu'', filed a civil suit against Vendhar Movies, restraining them from releasing the remake. According to him, the remake had the same screenplay and dialogues as the original version, and the producers did not seek permission to remake his film. However, the court dismissed the case, concluding that the remake did not have the same screenplay as the original version, allowing it to release on 14 June.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-13 |title=Visu files case against 'Thillu Mullu' remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/visu-files-case-against-thillu-mullu-remake/articleshow/20568797.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/KLcqt |archive-date=3 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-14 |title=HC nod for release of Thillu Mullu-2 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/HC-nod-for-release-of-Thillu-Mullu-2/2013/06/14/article1633861.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133857/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/HC-nod-for-release-of-Thillu-Mullu-2/2013/06/14/article1633861.ece |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=2013-06-16 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Badri (director)}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Badri (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhakeshwari Mata Temple, Kumortuli

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Tahir Hussain (politician)

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{{Short description|Indian politician and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tahir Hussain
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|8|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| other_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| image = Tahir Hussain.jpg
}}

'''Tahir Hussain''' (born 8 May 1969) is an Indian politician known for his alleged role in the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]. He is a former councillor of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], who was elected from Ward 59 in Nehru Vihar, [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-09-04 |title=Tahir Hussain gets bail in another north-east Delhi riots case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/tahir-hussain-gets-bail-in-another-north-east-delhi-riots-case/article67270958.ece |access-date=2024-05-08 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Court frames charges against ex-AAP councillor Tahir Hussain, 9 others in 2020 NE Delhi riots case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/court-charges-against-tahir-hussain-others-2020-riots-case-8882324/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Former AAP councillor Tahir Hussain granted bail in Delhi riots case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/high-courts/story/former-aap-councillor-tahir-hussain-granted-bail-five-cases-delhi-riots-case-2405320-2023-07-12 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PA394 |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |date=2023-04-11 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24790-8 |language=en}}</ref> He was a candidate of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), which he joined in December 2024 from [[Mustafabad Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली चुनाव से पहले बाहर आएंगे ताहिर हुसैन? जमानत याचिका पर दिल्ली HC ने पुलिस को दिया नोटिस |trans-title=Will Tahir Hussain come out before Delhi elections Delhi High Court gives notice to police on bail petition |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-will-tahir-hussain-come-out-before-delhi-elections-delhi-high-court-gives-notice-to-police-on-bail-petition-23855122.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-10 |title=Tahir Hussain, former AAP councillor and Delhi riots accused, joins AIMIM; to be fielded from Mustafabad seat in Delhi elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/tahir-hussain-former-aap-councillor-and-delhi-riots-accused-joins-aimim-to-be-fielded-from-mustafabad-seat-in-delhi-elections/articleshow/116169006.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was born in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6AFEAAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PR6 |title=DELHI RIOTS: Conspiracy Unravelled (Prabhat Prakashan): DELHI RIOTS: Conspiracy Unravelled: Examining the Unfortunate Events by Aditya Bhardwaj / Ashish Kumar Anshu |last2=Anshu |first2=Ashish Kumar |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-947789-3-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Magazines |first=Delhi Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auvaDwAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PA73 |title=The Caravan April 2020 |date=2020-04-04 |publisher=Delhi Press Magazines |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and had served as a councillor in Nehru Vihar.<ref name=":0" />

He joined AIMIM in December 2024. [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] posted on [[Twitter]], announcing him as a candidate from Mustafabad Assembly constituency and stating that his family and supporters had joined the party led by Owaisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=दिल्ली दंगों के आरोपी ताहिर हुसैन को असदुद्दीन ओवैसी की AIMIM ने बनाया उम्मीदवार, इस सीट से दिया टिकट |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/delhi-riots-accused-tahir-hussain-mustafabad-asaduddin-owaisi-aimim-candidate-in-delhi-assembly-election-2025/3724472/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

He secured 33,474 votes and finished third.

== Delhi riots case ==
Hussain gained widespread attention for his alleged role in the [[2020 Delhi riots|2020 Northeast Delhi communal violence]]. The riots, which resulted in significant loss of life and property, led to accusations of Hussain being a central figure in instigating violence.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-03-23 |title=Court frames murder, rioting charges against Tahir Hussain, 10 others in Delhi riots case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/court-frames-murder-rioting-charges-against-tahir-hussain-10-others-in-delhi-riots-case/article66654668.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Delhi riots case: Court frames murder charges against AAP's Tahir Hussain, others |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/delhi-riots-case-court-frames-murder-charges-against-aaps-tahir-hussain-others-2350610-2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5BTEAAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PT284 |title=The Midway Battle: Modi's Rollercoaster Second Term |date=2021-11-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-5435-369-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Hussain is also accused of involvement in the murder of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] officer Ankit Sharma, whose body was discovered in a nearby drain. Witnesses alleged that Sharma was dragged into Hussain's property during the riots and killed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-03 |title=Deep rooted conspiracy behind killing of IB officer during Delhi riots, police tells court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/deep-rooted-conspiracy-behind-killing-of-ib-officer-during-delhi-riots-police-tells-court/articleshow/76177800.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A Delhi court later stated that Hussain was not only a conspirator but also an "active rioter."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-24 |title=IB staffer's murder: Ex-AAP neta Tahir Hussain charged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ib-staffers-murder-ex-aap-neta-tahir-hussain-charged/articleshow/98951637.cms#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI:%20A%20Delhi%20court,killed%20because%20he%20was%20Hindu%E2%80%9D. |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=HC ने ताहिर हुसैन को दी राहत, 5 केस में जमानत के बाद भी क्यों जेल में रहेगा AAP का पूर्व पार्षद |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-delhi-riots-high-court-grants-bail-to-former-aap-councillor-tahir-hussain-in-5-cases-8427178.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

Hussain faces multiple charges related to the riots, including [[murder]], [[rioting]], [[arson]], and [[conspiracy]]. In addition, he is under trial for a [[money laundering]] case, with allegations of using illicit funds to finance the violence.<ref name=":2" /> While the [[Delhi High Court]] granted him bail in five out of eleven cases, he remains in custody for the remaining charges, including the primary conspiracy case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली दंगा 2020: कोर्ट ने AAP के पूर्व पार्षद ताहिर हुसैन को दी जमानत, जानिए फिर भी जेल में क्यों रहेंगे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/crime/delhi-riots-2020-court-grants-bail-to-former-aap-councilor-tahir-hussain/articleshow/103368698.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdul |first=Rafay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIkEAAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PA10 |title=Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Global Financial Systems |date=2021-04-16 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-8760-7 |language=en}}</ref> His bail plea in the latter was denied after the court found the allegations to be prima facie true.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-30 |title=2020 Delhi riots: Delhi Court rejects AAP councillor Tahir Hussain's bail |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/2020-delhi-riots-delhi-court-rejects-aap-councillor-tahir-hussains-bail/articleshow/108903160.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Gorky |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SCcEAAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PT208 |title=Citizenship in Contemporary Times: The Indian Context |date=2022-12-23 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-80772-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Hari Pada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXv3DwAAQBAJ&dq=tahir+hussain+aap&pg=PT39 |title=New India after unknown Virus & Known Gandhi: Non-violence Vs Tiger Force |date=2020-08-14 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64899-888-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Tahir}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]

Dhaula Kuan

2026-04-16T06:23:02Z

BarbaraMajeski6: new...

{{Short description|Neighbourhood of Delhi, India}}
{{moresources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaula Kuan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.593|N|77.163|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Corporation Of Delhi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110021
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation Of Delhi|MCD]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Dhaula Kuan,Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[Bus]] [[bus station|terminal]] at Dhaula Kuan, 2008.]]

'''Dhaula Kuan''' ({{langx|hi|धौला कुआँ}}) is a major intersection of roads in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The name also now refers to the neighbourhood surrounding the intersection.

==Intersection==
[[File:Dhaula Kuan fly-overs.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dhaula Kuan fly-overs]]

Five major thoroughfares in Delhi meet at Dhaula Kuan. Passing through the intersection are the [[Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]] and the starting point of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]], which feed traffic around Delhi and from [[Central Delhi]] to [[Gurgaon]], and points south and southwest, respectively. National Highway 48 is also the primary route of traffic from Delhi to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]]. A major infrastructure project during the 1990s and early 2000s led to the construction of a figure-eight [[interchange (road)|interchange]] that eliminated stop lights and improved [[traffic flow]]. In addition to being a major road hub, Dhaula Kuan is also a primary stop on the [[Delhi Ring Railway]] and is the location of a [[Delhi Metro]] stop on the Connaught Place - Airport line. Currently, Dhaula Kuan serves as a primary exchange point for [[Intermodal passenger transport|multimodal travellers]], and its importance is expected to grow as the Delhi Metro and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport#Terminal 3|Terminal 3]] at Delhi Airport is constructed.

==History==
The name ''Dhaula Kuan'', means ''white well'' when translated to [[English language|English]] from [[Hindi]],<ref name="thehindu2007akq">{{Citation | title=From Dhaula Kuan to Delhi Gate | date=2007-01-15 | access-date=2009-11-17 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/01/15/stories/2007011500720200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308185235/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/01/15/stories/2007011500720200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2010-03-08 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | quote=''... passing by Dhaula Kuan roundabout ... a well nearby which lends its name to this landmark of Delhi ... the road going to Palam airport ... the sand that comes with the well water is white ... is the reason why the well is called "Dhaula" ...''}}</ref> (just as ''[[Dhaulagiri]]'' means ''white mountain''), and refers to an ancient [[water well]] in the area that has white-colored sand.

It has been speculated that the well was constructed by [[Shah Alam II]], the nominal [[Mughal emperor]] of India in the 1761-1806 CE period, whose actual area of control spanned a small territory in the environs of Delhi. Shah Alam II is said to have been fond of excursions across his limited domain, from the [[Red Fort]] to the [[Palam]] area, leading to the sarcastic verse, ''Sultanat-e-Shah-e-Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam'' (''The dominion of Emperor Shah Alam, begins from Delhi and ends at Palam'').<ref name="sharp1921">{{Citation | title=Delhi: Its story and buildings | author=Henry Sharp | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1921 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNhKAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Az Delhi ta Palam, Badshah-i-Shah Alam. Palam is a village ten miles out of Delhi ...''}}</ref> Dhaula Kuan (the well) is located along this route in the Jheel Park complex (near Metro Station), and its masonry has been dated to the Shah Alam period.<ref name="thehindu2007akq" />

==Neighbourhood==
Dhaula Kuan sits between [[Chanakyapuri]] and the [[Delhi Cantonment]]; the former is an affluent neighbourhood that is home to a number of [[Embassy|embassies]] and the latter houses a number of [[Armed Forces of India|military personnel]] and their families.

Major institutions and points of interest in the neighbourhood include:
*The South Campus of the [[University of Delhi]], including the [[Sri Venkateswara College]] and the [[Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College]].
*The Air Force School.
*Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute
*Manekshaw Centre
*The [[Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi|Army Public School]] Dhaula Kuan.
*The [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] Auditorium.
*The [[Indian Army|Army]] [[Golf Course]].
*[[Springdales School]]
*DSOI Delhi Cantt (Defence Services Officers Institute)
*28 The Mall

==Delhi Metro==
[[Dhaula Kuan (Delhi Metro)|Dhaula Kuan Metro Station]] is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line (Orange Line) of the Delhi Metro. This station is the only elevated one along the Airport Express Line and features check-in facilities. This station was opened to the public on 15 August 2011. This station also connects the Airport Express Line with the [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]] metro station of [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of Delhi Metro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/foot-overbridge-linking-pink-line-and-airport-line-now-open-to-public-1991059|title = Foot-Overbridge Linking Pink Line and Airport Line Now Open to Public}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]

Sarkaghat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:28Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Put Up New Data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarkaghat
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 35
| map_image = 35-Sarkaghat constituency.svg
| mla = [[Dilip Thakur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:92207}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Sarkaghat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Sarkaghat]] is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sarkaghat Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sarkaghat.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ram Rakha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | Vijay Kumar Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Kashmiri Lal Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Vijay Kumar Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Jai Krishan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Mukesh Agnihotri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | Inder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Dalip Thakur]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dilip Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,346 |percentage=42.89% |change={{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,539 |percentage=40.05% |change={{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munish Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=9,860 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=342 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chand |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=262 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhameshwar Ram |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=210 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=202 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,807 |percentage=2.83% |change= {{decrease}}13.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,761 |percentage=69.15% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,207 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,705 |percentage=52.33% |change={{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,403 |percentage=36.48% |change={{decrease}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munish Sharma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,653 |percentage=6.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=403 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,302 |percentage=15.85% |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,677 |percentage=70.90% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,756 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,722 |percentage=49.39% |change={{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangila Ram Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,518 |percentage=45.32% |change={{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishor Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,155 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=358 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=352 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,204 |percentage=4.07% |change= {{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,105 |percentage=70.50% |change= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,750 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Agnihotri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,267 |percentage=52.72% |change={{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagroop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,643 |percentage=41.55% |change={{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,414 |percentage=4.07% |change={{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=555 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Lekh Raj Khanna |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=373 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,624 |percentage=11.17% |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,311 |percentage=74.55% |change= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,554 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Agnihotri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,360 |percentage=32.91% |change={{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagroop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,336 |percentage=22.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Krishan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,634 |percentage=21.39% |change={{decrease}}10.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=5,102 |percentage=10.26% |change={{decrease}}5.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh Mankotia |party=Independent politician |votes=2,588 |percentage=5.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Col. Surindra Singh Rana |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,138 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Lekh Raj Khanna |party=Independent politician |votes=1,035 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Parmod Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=990 |percentage=1.99% |change={{decrease}}17.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Bhatia |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=529 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,024 |percentage=10.11% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,712 |percentage=70.51% |change= {{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,531 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Krishan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,136 |percentage=31.75% |change={{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,825 |percentage=26.17% |change={{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Bharwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,992 |percentage=19.32% |change={{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=6,497 |percentage=15.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Joshi |party=All India Rashtriya Janata Party |votes=1,734 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=710 |percentage=1.72% |change={{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Dutta |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=477 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,311 |percentage=5.59% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,371 |percentage=68.49% |change= {{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,984 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,292 |percentage=33.88% |change={{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Joshi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,061 |percentage=25.65% |change={{decrease}}26.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Vahati |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,036 |percentage=23.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakumat Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=5,281 |percentage=13.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Joshi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,278 |percentage=3.26% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=243 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,231 |percentage=8.24% |change= {{decrease}}13.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,231 |percentage=63.43% |change= {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,419 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Joshi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,240 |percentage=52.37% |change={{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,451 |percentage=30.70% |change={{decrease}}17.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mool Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,178 |percentage=7.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjan Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,296 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,064 |percentage=2.62% |change={{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=663 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Rani |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=311 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,789 |percentage=21.67% |change= {{increase}}20.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,555 |percentage=67.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,862 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,591 |percentage=48.56% |change={{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,062 |percentage=46.92% |change={{increase}}27.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,451 |percentage=4.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=529 |percentage=1.65% |change= {{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,104 |percentage=69.38% |change= {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,819 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,589 |percentage=36.16% |change={{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=9,371 |percentage=32.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,657 |percentage=19.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wattan Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,437 |percentage=4.91% |change={{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=558 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=267 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}55.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,218 |percentage=4.16% |change= {{decrease}}23.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,283 |percentage=67.39% |change= {{increase}}10.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,145 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Joshi |party=Janata Party |votes=14,058 |percentage=56.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Lal Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,111 |percentage=28.39% |change={{decrease}}24.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wattan Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,877 |percentage=11.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=418 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzari Ram Bhatti |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,947 |percentage=27.73% |change= {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,049 |percentage=56.56% |change= {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,901 |ref = |change= {{increase}}72.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rakha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,584 |percentage=53.23% |change={{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=7,542 |percentage=46.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,042 |percentage=6.46% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,126 |percentage=62.98% |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,098 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkaghat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sagar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,437 |percentage=46.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,695 |percentage=42.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sarup |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,067 |percentage=11.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=742 |percentage=4.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,199 |percentage=61.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,547 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sarkaghat]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mandi district}}

{{coord|31.7|76.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

D. S. Amalorpavadass

2026-04-14T23:40:14Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Catholic South-Indian theologian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = [[The Reverend#Roman Catholic|Rev. Fr.]] D. S. Amalorpavadass
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|6|15|mf= y}}
| birth_place = Kallery, Villupuram district, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1990|5|25|1932|6|15|mf= y}}
| death_place =[[Mysore]], Karnataka
| occupation = [[Theologian]]
| ordained =12 April 1959
| writings = ''Destiny of the Church in India today''
| congregations =[[Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| offices_held =Pastor in Viriyur
| title = Reverend Doctor
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| footnotes =
}}
[[The Reverend#Roman Catholic|Rev. Fr.]] '''Duraiswami Simon Amalorpavadass''' (15 June 1932 – 25 May 1990) was a [[Catholicism|Catholic]] South-Indian theologian who played a vital role in the renewal of life and mission of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[India]], particularly after [[Vatican II]]. He was fluent in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], French and English. He was the younger brother of [[Cardinal Lourdusamy]].

Rev. [[Stephen B. Bevans|Stephen Bevans]], [[Society of the Divine Word|S.V.D.]], in a paper presented to celebrate 30 years of ''[[Evangelii nuntiandi]]'', writes that Amalorpavadass, one of the two special secretaries on the 1974 [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synod of Bishops]] ("Evangelization in the Modern World"), convened by [[Pope Paul VI]], "attempted to propose an interpretation that took into account many of the important movements in Asia and other parts of the Third World. His ideas revolved around a greater role for the local church and the emergence of the theology of liberation".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adelaide.catholic.org.au/__files/f/8188/Witness%20to%20the%20Gospel%20in%20Australia%20Fr%20Steven%20Bevans.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419114326/http://www.adelaide.catholic.org.au/__files/f/8188/Witness%20to%20the%20Gospel%20in%20Australia%20Fr%20Steven%20Bevans.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Amalorpavadass was a member of the [[Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians]] (EATWOT).<ref name="Michael">Michael Amaladoss in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, Anderson, Gerald H. (Ed.), William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8028-4680-7}}, pp.15–16 [https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=kallery+tamil+nadu&pg=PA15]</ref>

==Early years==
Amalorpavadass was born in [[Kallery]], a village in the [[Viluppuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], on 15 June 1932.<ref name="Michael"/><ref name="Amalorananda">Amalorananda, Swamy, Atma Purna Anubhava (within Ashram Anubhava – Experience of Indian Christian Spirituality), Anjali Ashram, Mysore, 2000. Introduction to the author.</ref>

He had been a student of St Anne's High School, [[Tindivanam]] and [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Cuddalore]].<ref name="Amalorananda"/>

==Seminary studies and ordination==
Amalorpavadass studied at the St Agnes Minor Seminary in [[Cuddalore]] and later graduated from [[St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]<ref name="Amalorananda"/>

In 1953 Amalorpavadass joined [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]] in Malleswaram, Bangalore.

After his completion of theological studies in Bangalore he was ordained on 12 April 1959<ref name="Amalorananda"/> as a priest of the Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore.<ref>Archdiocese of Pondicherry & Cuddalore. Internet, accessed 28 May 2008 {{cite web |url=http://www.pondyarchdiocese.org.in/ |title=Official website of archdiocese of Pondicherry & Cuddalore |accessdate=2008-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220034147/http://www.pondyarchdiocese.org.in/ |archivedate=20 December 2007 }}</ref>

He served in the parishes of the Archdiocese before being appointed to The Regional Catechetical Centre of the archdiocese to animate and coordinate the work of the centre for the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Amalorananda"/>

==Post-graduate studies and research==
In 1962 Fr. Amalorpavadass was sent by his bishop to Paris, France to the [[Catholic University of Paris]] ''([[Institut Catholique de Paris]])'' to pursue a degree in catechetics.<ref name="Amalorananda"/> In addition to completing his master's degree, he also became very proficient in French.

Continuing his stay in Paris he enrolled as a candidate at the same institute to pursue a [[Doctorate of Theology]] degree. His doctoral dissertation was entitled ''Destiny of the Church in India today''.<ref name="Amalorananda"/>

After completing his master's degree and doctorate studies he returned to India, in 1966, and was assigned a parish role in Viriyur<ref name="Amalorananda"/> in order to gain pastoral experience.

===National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre===
Fr. Amalorpavadass founded the [[National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre]] (NBCLC),<ref name="Amalorananda"/> Hutchins Road, Bangalore on
6 February 1967 at the invitation of the CBCI.<ref>{{usurped|1=[[National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre]]}}</ref> He was the Director from its inception in 1967 till 1982. He worked to renew the Church in India and implement all that was envisioned by Vatican II. This was often done through his training of bishops, priests, sisters, laity all over India and through his writing.

He initiated scholarly discussions and invited the learned scholars of India including [[Victor Premasagar]] and K. David the then members of faculty of the [[ecumenism|ecumenical]] [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in [[Hyderabad]].

====Word and Worship====
The [[Liturgy|liturgical]] journal "Word and Worship" was started during the period of Father Amalalorpavadass.

====Initiatives at the University of Mysore====

=====Chair of Christianity=====
The [[University of Mysore]], the first university in Karnataka ''(established in 1916 by the Maharaja of Mysore, N. Krishna Wodeyar)'' instituted a chair in Christianity with substantial endowment from the Catholic Diocese of Mysore in 1979.<ref name="Thomas">Thomas, Joy, Mission in the Context of Universities, a tabled paper sent to the International Association for Mission Studies (IAMS) Conference in 2004 held in Port Dickson, Malaysia.{{cite web |url=http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Joy_Thomas_Full_Paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-04-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127050944/http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Joy_Thomas_Full_Paper.pdf |archivedate=27 January 2006 }}</ref> Amalorpavadass was visiting professor in the chair.<ref>The chair in Christianity had been vacant since the death of Amalorpavadass in 1990. The chair has since been revived ''vide'' circular of 2002 issued by the Diocese of Mysore. The University of Mysore selected Joy Thomas to the chair.</ref>

=====Department of Christianity=====
Later, in 1981, a Department of Christian Studies ''(the first of its kind in India)'' was established by Amalorpavadass for promoting advanced studies and research in Christianity in the secular, multi-religious, interdisciplinary and pluralistic context of India in order to promote Christianity as an academic and scientific discipline<ref name=autogenerated1>Thomas, Joy, Mission in the Context of Universities, a tabled paper sent to the International Association for Mission Studies (IAMS) Conference in 2004 held in Port Dickson, Malaysia.{{cite web |url=http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Joy_Thomas_Full_Paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-04-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127050944/http://www.missionstudies.org/conference/1papers/fp/Joy_Thomas_Full_Paper.pdf |archivedate=27 January 2006 }}. There are also similar chairs in the universities of Madras, Calicut, Mangalore, and Madurai. The University of Pondicherry also has a Chair in Christianity headed by P. A. Sampath Kumar, the past President of the Society for Biblical Studies in India.</ref> Amalorpavadass headed the department for a while.

====Anjali Ashram====
While Fr. Amalorpavadass was in Mysore, he founded a [[Christian ashram]] and named it "[[Anjali Ashram, Mysore|Anjali Ashram]]"<ref>Official site of Anjali Ashram, Chamundi Hill Road, Mysore 570 011, Karnataka [http://anjaliashram.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416192837/http://anjaliashram.org/ |date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> and served as an Acharya-Guru for thousands of seekers from all walks of life, including bishops, priests, nuns, lay people from India and abroad, till his death in 1990.<ref name="autogenerated2">[[Michael Amaladoss]] in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, Anderson, Gerald H. (Ed.), William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8028-4680-7}}, pp.15–16 [https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=kallery+tamil+nadu&pg=PA15]</ref>

The name "Anjali" was adopted to illustrate the hospitality and love with which everyone was received in the ashram.<ref name="Cornile">Cornille, Catherine, The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity of Inculturation?, Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs, Peeters Press, Louvain, 1990, pp. 144–144 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vpGr1OkD9xMC&dq=anjali+ashram+amalorpavadass&pg=PA144]</ref>

In the first week or according to the need of every month, the ashram offers ''Atma Purna Anubhava'' (APA);– introduction to Indian Christian spirituality, and the second deeper experience 'Brahma Sakshatkara Anubhava' (BSA) for those who have participated in the first experience and keep practising their sadhana as and when required. Guruji Amalor had initiated 60 APA's and 6 BSA's during his time and now Swami Gnanajyothi(Fr.A. Louis) the present Guru continues his mission. It is now 233 APA's so far from 1984 and 7 BSA's.

Anjali ashram has a unique architectural design. The entrance to the ashram is marked by wide open entrance without a gate(openness to all) which leads to Viswagopuram and an outer mandapa without walls meant for yoga, upadesa and dialogue meetings. On both sides of this mandapa, there are two footpaths in a curved fashion taking you to the inner area directly. If you walk directly through the mandapa, you pass through Swagata Nilaya – welcome abode and reach another structure(Atma Purna Nivas) used for meditations and prayer meetings. Then comes the residences for inmates like Dasavatara cottages, Star shaped Buildings, pyramidal buildings, Om Building, Yin Yang and the 24 hermitages. There are trees Peepal tree( morning samdhya) Fig tree (Noon samdhya) and Banyan trees (for upadesas). Then comes the sanctum. The last building is the sanctum sanctorum containing the Satcitananda Mandir within which the samadhi of the Founder is found.. The small cottages for the inmates are built on either sides of the sanctum sanctorum. There is a footpath that takes you directly to the other gate from the sanctum sanctorum. Beyond it is found Ashtabhagya gopuram inviting everyone either to sing kirtana (praises) or be in mauna(silence). Still beyond is the Navagrahavana forest of nine planets.

==Criticism==
There was some resistance towards inculturation of Catholicism into the Indian context. Matthew N. Schmalz points out that some Indian Catholics resisted inculturation.<ref name="Schmalz">Schmalz, Matthew N. in the Indian Church: Catholicism and Indian Nationhood in Paul Christopher Manuel, Lawrence C. Reardon (Eds.), The Catholic Church and the Nation-State: Comparative Perspectives, Georgetown University Press, Washington, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-58901-115-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-8gqfwcbTaAC&dq=church+in+india+institution+or+movement+amalorpavadass&pg=PA209]</ref> A few South Indian Catholics took Amalorpavadass to court in vain, since they believed that these adaptations threatened their own distinctive identity.

==Writings==
Fr. D.S. Amalorpavadass had written and edited numerous volumes. A few of them are:

* Approach, Meaning, and Horizon of Evangelization, NBCLC, Bangalore, 1973<ref>[https://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/ar/libros/dussel/artics/ebbs.pdf 403 Forbidden]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Gospel and Culture: Evangelisation and Inculturation, NBCLC, Bangalore, 1978<ref>[http://eapi.admu.edu.ph/bodega/fabc.htm FABC Papers No] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421214942/http://eapi.admu.edu.ph/bodega/fabc.htm |date=21 April 2008 }}</ref>
* NBCLC Campus: Milieu of God-Experience. An Artistic Synthesis of Spirituality, NBCLC, Bangalore, 1982<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0WjB4EQ8TeEC&q=amalorpavadass+NBCLC+Campus,+Milieu+of+God-Experience+&pg=PA37 | title = Chaos 44 | publisher = Museum Tusculanum Press | isbn = 978-87-635-0449-2}}</ref>
* Poverty of the Religious and the Religious as Poor, NBCLC, Bangalore, 1984
* Integration and Interiorization (1990)

In 1990, Gerwin van Leeuwen brought out a book entitled:
* Fully Indian – authentically Christian: A study of the first fifteen years of the NBCLC (1967–1982), Bangalore, 1990.<ref>A full biography of Amalorpavadass and his renewal movement can be found in Fully Indian – authentically Christian by Gerwin van Leeuwen.[https://www.amazon.com/dp/9024249066]</ref>

In 1994, Cyril de Souza sdb brought out his research entitled:"Catechesis for India Today: An Appraisal of the Catechetical Proposal of D.S. Amalorpavadass", Kristu Jyoti Publications, Bangalore.

* Two memorial volumes came out in 1991:
** J. Russel Chandran (ed.), Third World Theologies in Dialogue: Essays in Memory of D. S. Amalorpavadass, EATWOT, Bangalore, 1991.<ref>[http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/DRayan2.htm Quoted in Kirsteen cKim's article in Henry Martyn Centre, Cambridge] {{webarchive
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331032406/http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/DRayan2.htm |date=31 March 2008 }}</ref>
** Paul Puthanangady ed., Church in India: Institution or Movement ? (1991)
Anjali Ashram has brought out the experience of Atma Purna Anubhava(APA) in 2000
his two doctoral thesis 'India Seeking God' and 'The destiny of the Church in India' in 2004 and Brahma Sakshatkara Anubhava (BSA) in 2004.
'An India Christian Guru' the Biography in 2011 and 2015 on the occasion of his 25th anniversary of mahasamdhi all his mission theology series have been compiled as one volume 'Mission Theology' and other writings as 'In search of Identity'. All his writings on Liturgy, Catechetics and Bible as three separate volumes Biblical Renewal, Liturgical Renewal and Catechetical Renewal. There are four books in Tamil.

==Memberships==
Fr. Amalorpavadass was constantly in demand and was much sought after. He was very active in many international organizations, including

* Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (EATWOT),
* International Commission for English in the liturgy,
* World Catholic Federation for the Biblical Apostolate,
* International Association for Mission Studies (IAMS)
* Secretary, Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Commissions of the Catholic Bishop's Conference of India (CBCI).

He was appointed by Pope Paul VI as one of the two special secretaries for the Synod of Bishops on evangelisation in 1974, in the Vatican. The outstanding contributions he made were well recognized as acknowledged above.

==Death==
Fr. Amalorpavadass (Amalor) died in an automobile accident on his way to Bangalore from Mysore. He is buried at Anjali Ashram. His final services were officiated by his older brother Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy who was then the Prefect of the Congregation for Eastern Rite Churches.

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Further reading
* {{cite book
| author=Anderson, Gerald H. (Ed.)
| title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, United Kingdom
| year=1998
| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&q=kallery+tamil+nadu&pg=PA15
| isbn=978-0-8028-4680-8
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Catherine Cornille and Valeer Neckebrouck
| title=A Universal Faith ? Peoples, Cultures, Religions, and the Christ, Louvain Theological and Pastoral Monographs, Vol. 9, Peeters Press, Louvain, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| year=1992
| url =https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books&field-author=Catherine%20Cornille&page=1
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Christopher Manuel, Lawrence C. Reardon (Eds.)
| title=The Catholic Church and the Nation-State: Comparative Perspectives, Georgetown University Press, Washington
| year=2006
| publisher=Georgetown University Press
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-8gqfwcbTaAC&q=church+in+india+institution+or+movement+amalorpavadass&pg=PA217
| isbn=978-1-58901-115-1
}}
* {{cite journal
|author=Cheriyan Menacherry
|title=The Meaning and the Effects of the II Vatican Council for the Inter-religious relations of the Catholic Church in India in Journal of Religious Culture, Edited by von Edmund Weber, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, ISSN 1434-5935
|year=1999
|volume=26
|url=https://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/relkultur26.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203005646/http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/relkultur26.pdf
|archivedate=3 December 2008
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Judith M. Brown, Robert Eric Frykenberg (Ed.)
| title=Christians, Cultural Interactions, and India's Religious Traditions, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-7007-1601-7
| year=2002
| publisher=W.B. Eerdmans
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SjabD0C9M3UC&q=diocese+of+medak&pg=PA191
| isbn=978-0-8028-3955-8
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Robert Eric Frykenberg | title=Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural communication since 1500, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Michigan, 2003, ISBN 0-8028-3956-8
| year=2003
| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wB2hU35Ob0gC&q=diocese+of+medak
| isbn=978-0-8028-3956-5
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Paul M. Collins
| title=Christian inculturation in India, Ashgate Publishing Limited
| year=2007
| publisher=Ashgate Publishing
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XdmxDDMsRSIC&q=mani+chacko
| isbn=978-0-7546-6076-7
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amalorpavadass, Ds}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Catholic University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]

Power (2014 Telugu film)

2026-04-10T20:56:23Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Power
| image = Power Telugu movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Bobby Kolli]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| screenplay = Bobby Kolli K. Chakravarthy Reddy Mohana Krishna
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Bobby Kolli [[Kona Venkat]]
}}
| story = Bobby Kolli
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Hansika]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Rockline Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|12}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = ₹26 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2014 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2014/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Power''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by debutante [[Bobby Kolli]] (credited as K. S. Ravindra) and produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]] under the banner Rockline Entertainments, both marking their debut in Telugu cinema. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]], [[Hansika Motwani]] and [[Regina Cassandra]]. [[S. Thaman]] composed the music.

The film revolves around two similar looking people, Baldev Sahay - a corrupt ACP in Kolkata and Tirupathi - a person aspiring to become a police officer in Hyderabad. The home minister of Bengal recruits Tirupathi to play Baldev to catch a gangster rescued by Baldev. Rest of the story is all about why Baldev became corrupt and how Tirupathi executed the unfinished mission of Baldev.

Production began on 11 December 2013. The film's talkie part was shot in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]] and [[Bangkok]] while two songs were shot in [[Bulgaria]] marking it the first Telugu film to be shot there. The film emerged as a success at the [[box-office]]. Principal photography ended on 14 August 2014. The film was released on 12 September 2014. This film was remade into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with [[Power (2016 film)|the same title]] in 2016.

==Plot==
Baldev Sahay, a corrupt yet valiant [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] in [[Kolkata]], who attempt to save a dreaded gangster named Ganguly Bhai, but he loses his life and Ganguly is kidnapped by Baldev's allies Kundan and Rajeev. The [[Home Minister]] Jayavardhan is concerned about Ganguly being apprehended. Upon hearing the news of Baldev's death, his mother loses consciousness and is admitted to the hospital. Jayavardhan promises to the people that he will apprehend Ganguly Bhai and offer his resignation if he is not successfully doing the same.

In [[Hyderabad]], Tirupathi, a doppelganger of Baldev Sahay, is a happy-go-lucky guy, whose sole aim in life is to become a cop, but doesn't achieve success. He lives with his brother-in-law Animutyam, who is a [[Circle Inspector|CI]]. To change his fortunes, Tirupathi approaches Nirupama who claims to be a trader in [[gemstone]]s relating to [[astrology]], which can change a person's fortune, but in reality she is just a con artist. She gives a ring to Tirupathi, which actually has no powers.

Tirupathi ends up helping his brother-in-law to apprehend a dangerous convict. However, Animutyam takes all the credit at the press meet which Tirupathi also attends. Animutyam later reveals that he had rejected Tirupathi's application to the police academy. However, Jayavardhan notices Tirupathi on the news, and tells him to pretend as Baldev and put Ganguly in prison. Tirupathi accepts and visits Kolkata, where he is posted to [[Kalighat]] and impersonates as Baldev, and frees Ganguly from Kundan and Rajeev. Tirupathi takes Ganguly to Jayavardhan, but Jayavardhan stabs him and reveals that Ganguly is his actual brother and not Baldev as he had made him believe earlier, and leaves. Kundan and Rajeev tracks down Tirupathi and admit him to the hospital. When Thirupathi recovers, they narrate Baldev's past.

'''Past''': Kundan and Rajeev are appointed as Baldev's assistants by the [[police commissioner]] of Anti-Corruption Bureau A. K. Mishra to acquire proofs of Baldev's corruption. Baldev is always accompanied by Venkat, a corrupt cop along with Kundan and Rajeev everywhere. He meets Ganguly and makes a deal with him for a huge ransom to hand over Tiwari, the only witness in the murder case of ACP Gautham and his family, who were killed by Ganguly and his brother Chotu on the former's order.

Meanwhile, Baldev falls in love with Vaishnavi, a [[philanthropist]] who also reciprocates his feelings. To get the proof of Baldev's corruption, Kundan and Rajeev conduct a raid on his house where Vaishnavi is also present, who is livid on Baldev for maligning the goodwill of "Aasha Foundation" managed by her. Kundan and Rajeev also find a flash drive with a list of many cops whom they suspect of being involved with Baldev in his corruption scam. However, they are surprised that even they are on the same list.

Baldev's uncle reveals that Baldev's mother wanted to see him as a cop, and is admitted in a hospital for an important surgery. Baldev pays {{Indian Rupee}}10 lakh as fees for the surgery but at the selection, he is asked to pay a bribe of {{Indian Rupee}}10 lakh which is most common for all candidates according to the seniors. Baldev returned dejected, but lied to his mother that he was selected to make her happy. The next morning, Baldev received posting orders and rushed to the hospital to show the same to his mother and uncle, but his mother died as she wished to forego the surgery to make Baldev a cop. Baldev then vowed to turn as a corrupt cop to pay the money on behalf of the honest candidates, who are about to join the police force without their knowledge. After this incident, Baldev and Vaishnavi get engaged.

Meanwhile, Baldev kills Chotu and arrests Ganguly for killing ACP Gautham, with Tiwari serving as the chief witness. When Baldev is about to present Ganguly and Tiwari in the high court, Venkat sells the evidence documents for a huge bribe along with the information regarding Tiwari and Baldev. Acting upon this information, Ganguly's goons kill Baldev's uncle and then proceed to attack Baldev and Tiwari at the court. However, Vaishnavi and Tiwari are killed in the hit while Baldev escapes. Baldev retaliates and kidnaps Ganguly from Venkat's custody with the help of Kundan and Rajeev. In the process, he meets with a car accident in a hilly area and his car, which explodes, thus killing him.

'''Present''': Now realizing the truth, Thirupathi decides to set things right. Jayavardhan provides falsified evidence against the incumbent [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] by claiming him to be the one, who was backing Ganguly Bhai the whole time. After this incident, the Chief Minister is forced to step down and subsequently is arrested. Later, Jayavardhan gives his nomination for the post. Ganguly Bhai, despite being imprisoned, starts operating his crime regime from within.

Tirupathi rejoins the force and heads to Jayavardhan's house and makes a deal with him so as to keep his post provided that he, Tirupathi, turns a blind eye to all the activities of Ganguly Bhai. Tirupathi then becomes close to Jayavardhan's PA, Raja. who becomes agitated after Jayavardhan insulted him. Tirupathi introduces him to Nirupama and gets her to give him a ring to change his fortunes. However, the rings are actually cameras embedded inside the fake gemstone with a microchip to capture audio. With the help of this ring, Tirupathi exposes Jayavardhan's corruption to the media. Jayavardhan gets cornered and runs away "underground" along with his brother. In the process, he kidnaps Nirupama, Rajeev, Kundan, and Animutyam's Family.

Meanwhile, A.K. Mishra, who has been following up this case with close interest reveals to Jayavardhan and Ganguly that Tirupathi is none other than Baldev. Right before the car explosion, Baldev is thrown off the car and falls onto a freight carrier, rendering him unconscious. The truck carries him to Hyderabad and is taken to the hospital, where Animutyam is provided with the case. Animutyam's wife had lost her brother named Tirupathi, long back in her childhood and has been searching for him ever since. Realizing that Baldev is suffering from amnesia, Animutyam decides to pass him off as Tirupathi to keep her happy, but mainly to satisfy his wife's long search without spending much.

Mishra warns Jayavardhan and Ganguly that if Tirupathi discovers the truth, the consequences will be even deadlier. Tirupathi crashes into the stronghold of Ganguly Bhai, where he arrests Jayavardhan and Ganguly is shot by a remorseful Venkat. Kundan, Rajeev and everyone decides not to reveal the truth to Tirupathi/Baldev and thus spare him the anguish over his uncle's and fiancé's death. Tirupathi later marries Nirupama and lives happily ever after in Kolkata while still posing as Baldev Sahay.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ravi Teja]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Baldev Sahay / Tirupathi, who is shown to be corrupt but later is known as an honest person, and after he loses his memory, Animutyam acts to his wife that he is her younger brother Tirupathi.
*[[Hansika Motwani]] as Nirupama, who fools everybody that her rings have lucky powers and Tirupathi's love interest.
*[[Regina Cassandra]] as Vaishnavi, Baldev's love interest and his fiancée, who tries to kill him but slowly starts to fall for him but gets killed while coming to propose him in police station.
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Animutyam, who eventually fools his wife that Baldev is her younger brother Tirupathi.
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Aaravindh Kumar “A. K.” Mishra, who first starts to hate Baldev but slowly started to become his fan.
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Home Minister Jayavardhan
*[[Vinaya Prasad]] as Baldev's mother
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Baldev's uncle
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Raja
*[[Sampath Raj]] as Ganguly Bhai
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Kundan
*[[Penmatsa Subbaraju|Subbaraju]] as Rajeev
*[[Adithya (actor)|Aditya Menon]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Gautham
*[[Harish Uthaman]] as Kishore Vardhan / Chotu
*[[Brahmaji]] as Venkat
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Jayavardhan's wife
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumitra]] as Jayavardhan's mother
*Surekha Vani as Padma
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Belahari
*[[Uttej]] as Tiwari
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]] as Rajesh's father
*[[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhvi Raj]] as Cabinet Minister
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Jayavardhan's aide
*[[Viva Harsha]] as Nirupama's fan
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Viswanath]] as Nirupama's father
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dr. Nijoy
*[[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Doctor
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Feroz Bhai
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Raghu
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]] as Doctor
*[[Chitram Srinu]] as the producer of ''Attarintiki Daredi''
*Jogi Brothers as Constables
*Meena as Geetha
}}

==Production==

===Development===
Before release of the [[Gopichand Malineni]]'s directorial ''[[Balupu]]'', [[Ravi Teja]] listened to the script narrated by [[K. S. Ravindra]], one of the writers of ''Balupu'' and finalized the film as his next project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/balupu-writer-set-direct-ravi-teja-his-next-film-118897.html |title=Balupu Writer Set To Direct Ravi Teja In His Next Film |date=3 September 2013 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]] |access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Director cum producer [[Y.V.S. Chowdary]], who produced Ravi Teja's ''[[Nippu]]'' in the past was announced as the producer of the film. The film was launched on 1 September 2013 at Y.V.S. Chowdary's office in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ravi-Teja-YVS-Chowdary-film-launched/articleshow/22226615.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906151153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-02/news-interviews/41687930_1_formal-pooja-ceremony-ravi-teja-starrer-balupu-film |url-status=live |archive-date=6 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ravi Teja-YVS Chowdary film launched |access-date=2 September 2013}}</ref> But because of his financial problems due to the commercial debacle of ''Nippu'', Y.V.S. Chowdary walked out of the project. Later prominent Kannada producer [[Rockline Venkatesh]] agreed to produce the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-looking-for-a-producer.html |title=Ravi Teja looking for a producer! |date=26 October 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> The film had a second opening ceremony on 11 December 2013 at Filmnagar in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-new-film-ceremony-tomorrow.html |title=Ravi Teja's new film ceremony tomorrow |date=10 December 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> [[Kona Venkat]], [[S. Thaman]], [[Allan Amin]] and Gautham Raju were roped in as the dialogue writer, music director, fights choreographer and editor of the film respectively and coincidentally they all were a part of Ravi Teja's ''Balupu''. Apart from them, [[Jayanan Vincent]], Brahma Kadali and A. Kumar Varma were roped in as the cinematographer, art director and production executive of the film respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/17973/ravi-teja-hansika-film-cast-technicians-details.aspx |title=Ravi Teja-Hansika film cast & technicians details |date=11 December 2013 |publisher=raagalahari.com |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> The film's launch made headlines on 11 December 2013 (i.e. 11/12/13), a special calendar date that comes once in every 100 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/photos-ravi-teja-launches-new-film-with-bobby-11-12-13-126948.html |title=Photos: Ravi Teja Launches His New Film With Bobby On 11/12/13 |date=11 December 2013 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> The film's title ''Power'' was declared on 24 January 2014. Incidentally, it was the title for Ravi Teja's film under Meher Ramesh's direction which never took off.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-hansikas-film-title-confirmed.html |title=Ravi Teja, Hansika's film title confirmed |date=23 January 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
After Ravi Teja was signed to play the lead role, [[Hansika Motwani]] was roped in to play the female lead opposite Ravi Teja marking her first collaboration with him. She confirmed the news in her Twitter. She added "I can't reveal much about the character as it's premature to comment on it. But all I can say is that my role would be very unique and something that the audience have not seen so far. All this while, I've been playing bubbly and chirpy roles. But this time, my role is a performance-oriented one and I'm looking forward to it."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Hansika-Motwani-to-romance-Ravi-Teja/articleshow/22763369.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924021720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42216832_1_hansika-motwani-balupu-ravi-teja |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Hansika Motwani to romance Ravi Teja |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> Apart from them, [[Prakash Raj]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Penmatsa Subbaraju|Subbaraju]], [[Saptagiri (Actor)|Sapthagiri]], Surekha Vani and Jogi Brothers were said to be the other vital cast in the film during the press meet held on the second opening ceremony of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-raviteja-bobby.html |title=Ravi Teja - Bobby movie launch |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> It was also reported that Ravi Teja would play the role of a police officer in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-to-be-seen-as-a-cop.html |title=Ravi Teja to be seen as a cop? |date=11 December 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Soon after the launch of the film, reports emerged that the team is searching for an actress for the role of the second heroine and few actresses names were shortlisted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/who-will-join-ravi-teja-and-hansika-as-second-heroine.html |title=Who will join Ravi Teja and Hansika as second heroine? |date=12 December 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> It was also reported that the makers recruited popular Hindi Television actress [[Ragini Khanna]] as the second heroine which marks her South Indian debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-12-12/Ravi-Teja-gets-Ragini--79207 |title=Ravi Teja gets Ragini |date=12 December 2013 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

But [[Regina Cassandra]] was selected as the second heroine which she confirmed later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/none-like-regina/article5765127.ece |title=None like Regina |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> In an interview to [[The Times of India]] in early March 2014, Regina, about her role in the film, spoke "It's a big project for me and I'm quite excited about it. I like experimenting with my looks in films and I got a chance to do something radically different in terms of my appearance in Power. Besides, I have a strong characterization in the film. I hope I can pull off the role and get the audience in tune with the emotion in the film. It's going to be a challenging task for sure".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Regina-Cassandra-gets-busy/articleshow/31849120.cms |title=Regina Cassandra gets busy |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> After watching [[Suseenthiran]]'s ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'', [[Harish Uthaman]] was selected for a negative role in the film by K. S. Ravindra. About his role, Harish said to the IANS that he would be playing the role of Sampath Raj's brother in this film. This marked his debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Harish-Uthaman-excited-about-Ravi-Tejas-Power/articleshow/39111664.cms |title=Harish Uthaman excited about Ravi Teja's Power |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> It was revealed later that Ravi Teja's character is named ACP Bal Dev while Regina's character is named Vaishnavi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Power-teaser-Ravi-Teja-as-ACP-Baldev/articleshow/39817380.cms |title=Power teaser: Ravi Teja as ACP Baldev |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-teja-worked-like-an-assistant-director--bobby-telugu-news-111792 |title=Ravi Teja worked like an assistant director : Bobby |website=IndiaGlitz |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
The principal photography was planned for a start from 5 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/17605/ravi-tejas-new-film-to-begin-shooting-on-nov-5th.aspx |title=Ravi Teja's new film to begin shooting on Nov 5th |date=18 October 2013 |publisher=raagalahari.com |access-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> However it couldn't start then for unknown reasons. It was said during the film's opening ceremony that the film would be extensively shot in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]] from 11 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/100516.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092957/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/100516.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Ravi Teja's New Movie With New Director From 11th Dec |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> After much silent shoot, it was reported that a song was shot on Ravi Teja and Hansika at [[Orion Mall]], Rajajinagar at Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Hansika-Motwani-Ravi-Tejas-song-and-dance-date-in-Bangalore/articleshow/28729154.cms |title=Hansika Motwani-Ravi Teja's song and dance date in Bangalore |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The song was said to be a mix of Telugu and Hindi words in which the main phrase is ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara''. It was choreographed by Vishnu Deva and the song was shot for five days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131226/entertainment-tollywood/article/mix-telugu-and-hindi-ravi-teja |title=A mix of Telugu and Hindi for Ravi Teja |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 December 2013 |access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> Later the film's shoot continued in Kolkata and Nagpur for a month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-tejas-power-to-shoot-in-kolkata-in-february-telugu-news-102694 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' To Shoot In Kolkata In February |date=27 January 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> After shooting for a couple of weeks in Hyderabad and Bangalore, it was reported that the unit would proceed to Bangkok to shoot some action sequences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-power-to-be-shot-in-bangkok.html |title=Ravi Teja's Power to be shot in Bangkok |date=23 February 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, the film's shoot continued in Hyderabad till Mid March and the next schedule started in Chennai from 17 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/ravi-teja-s-power-next-schedule-in-chennai.html |title=Ravi Teja's Power next schedule in chennai |publisher=Timesofap.com |access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> After the team returned from Chennai, Regina joined the sets of the film on 25 March in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Regina-joins-Powers-team-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/32675938.cms |title=Regina joins Power's team in Hyderabad |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> After completing shoot in locales of Hyderabad, the unit proceeded to Kolkata to start its next schedule of shoot from 6 April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-starrer-powers-next-schedule-in-kolkata.html |title=Ravi Teja starrer Power's next schedule in Kolkata |date=April 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref> It continued later at a house set in [[Annapurna Studios]] where ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' was shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Ravi-Tejas-Power-shooting-at-Manam-house-telugu-news-106465 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' shooting at 'Manam' house |website=IndiaGlitz |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> In the end of April, it was reported that the film's shoot would proceed later to Bangkok in the first week of May to shoot a fight sequence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Ravi-Tejas-Power-to-be-shot-in-Bangkok/articleshow/34202003.cms |title=Ravi Teja's Power to be shot in Bangkok |work=The Times of India |date=25 April 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> There, a heavy chase sequence was planned to be shot in the supervision of [[Allan Amin]] which was said to have costed around {{INR}}2 crores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Ravi-Tejas-car-chase-sequence-cost-2-crore/articleshow/34335777.cms |title=Ravi Teja's car chase sequence cost 2 crore? |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>

In the second week of May, the shooting continued at a police station set in Ramoji Film City where some crucial scenes were shot. Ravi Teja, Brahmaji, Ajay and Kota Srinivasa Rao along with few other fighters were involved in that shoot which lasted for 3 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/18515/ravi-tejas-powerful-action-at-rfc.aspx |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power'ful action at RFC |publisher=raagalahari.com |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Days later, some of the crucial scenes of the film was shot at Tagore House in Ramoji Film City on the lead pair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-shoots-in-tagore-house.html |title=Ravi Teja shoots in Tagore house |publisher=123telugu.com |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> By that time, it was said that the film is in its final stages of principal photography and may end soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-tejas-power-coasts-along.html |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' coasts along |publisher=123telugu.com |date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> In the fourth week of May, some key drama and sentimental sequences were shot at Hyderabad in which the lead star cast took part.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/power-drama-scenes-being-shot.html |title=Power drama scenes being shot |publisher=123telugu.com |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> The next schedule started on 23 June at Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/powers-new-schedule-from-june-23rd.html |title=Power's new schedule from June 23rd |publisher=123telugu.com |date=22 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> After a silent shoot at Hyderabad, the song ''Nuvvu Nenu Janta'' was shot on Ravi Teja and Hansika at Bulgaria in the second week of July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Ravi-Teja-And-Hansika-In-Bulgaria-telugu-news-110159 |title=Ravi Teja and Hansika in Bulgaria |website=IndiaGlitz |date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> The pre-planned Bangkok chase schedule started on 22 July 2014 and lasted for 10 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Ravi-Tejas-Power-shoot-in-Bangkok/articleshow/38857280.cms |title=Ravi Teja's Power shoot in Bangkok |work=The Times of India |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-shoots-heavy-action-sequences-for-power.html |title=Ravi Teja shoots heavy action sequences for Power |publisher=123telugu.com |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ravi-teja-in-massive-chase-sequence.html |title=Ravi Teja in massive chase sequence |publisher=123telugu.com |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> On 28 July 2014 a car blast happened in the film's sets while shooting an action sequence at a forest area situated 100 kilometers away from [[Pattaya]]. Luckily, none were injured and the shooting schedule completed on that day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140728/entertainment-tollywood/article/car-blast-set-power |title=Car accidentally blows up on the sets of Ravi Teja starrer 'Power' |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mishap-on-the-sets-of-Ravi-Tejas-Power/articleshow/39241573.cms |title=Mishap on the sets of Ravi Teja's Power |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Hansika cut short her vacation to join the film's sets for commencement of new schedule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Hansika-cut-shorts-her-Holiday-for-Ravi-Tejas-film/articleshow/39478946.cms |title=Hansika cut shorts her Holiday for Ravi Teja's film |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/power-team-waiting-for-hansika.html |title=Power team waiting for Hansika |publisher=123telugu.com |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> A song shoot was planned on Ravi Teja and Hansika at Ramoji Film City from 6 August to 10 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Ravi-Teja-on-song-with-Hansika/articleshow/39745674.cms |title=Ravi Teja on song with Hansika |work=The Times of India |date=6 August 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> The song Notanki Notanki was shot there which completed on 14 August with which the principal photography came to an end.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com//newssingle_telugu/It%E2%80%99s-a-wrap-for-Ravi-Teja%E2%80%99s-Power--4-569094.html |title=It's a wrap for Ravi Teja's Power |publisher=way2movies.com |date=14 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{main|Power (2014 Telugu film soundtrack)}}
[[S. Thaman]] was roped in to compose the music and background score for this film. The compositions were recorded from 25 November 2013 to 20 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaman starts working on Ravi Teja film |date=25 November 2013 |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/thaman-starts-working-on-ravi-teja-film.html |access-date=25 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2014 |title=Thaman scores tunes for Power |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Thaman-scores-tunes-for-Power/articleshow/35387030.cms |access-date=2 June 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The songs featured lyrics written by [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]], [[Varikuppala Yadagiri Goud]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]. The soundtrack was released at a promotional event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]] on 8 August 2014,<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Ravi Teja's Power music launch on 8 August, film on 29 August |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/poweraudio-10august.html |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=VV Vinayak launched Power audio |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/VV-Vinayak-launched-Power-audio/articleshow/40042074.cms |access-date=9 August 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and was distributed by [[Times Music|Junglee Music]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title='Power' audio rights for Junglee Music |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Power-audio-rights-for-shreyas-music-telugu-news-111566 |access-date=4 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Release==
In the end of March 2014, it was reported that the film would release worldwide in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com//newssingle_telugu/Ravi-Teja%E2%80%99s-Power-film-release-in-June--4-498584.html |title=Ravi Teja's Power film release in June |publisher=way2movies.com |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref> Though the makers planned to release the film on 28 June 2014 which marks the completion of one year of Ravi Teja's comeback film ''[[Balupu]]'', the film's release was postponed to August 2014 because of delay in shooting schedules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-teja-s-power-to-release-in-august-news-telugu-ogyjPSffadhhe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625064449/http://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-teja-s-power-to-release-in-august-news-telugu-ogyjPSffadhhe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2014 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' to release in August? |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 June 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> CineGalaxy, Inc. & Asian Movies together acquired overseas distribution rights of this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/power.html |title="POWER" in overseas by CineGalaxy & Asian Movies |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> In late July 2014, it was reported that the makers planned to release the film in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ravi-tejas-power-to-be-released-in-october-telugu-news-110977 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' to be released in October |website=IndiaGlitz |date=26 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> In August 2014, it was confirmed that the film would release worldwide on 29 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Power-to-release-on-August-29/articleshow/39691226.cms |title=Ravi Teja's Power to release on August 29 |work=The Times of India |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Ravi-tejas-power-release-date-confirmed-telugu-news-111479 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' release date confirmed |website=IndiaGlitz |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> However, it was postponed to 5 September 2014 to enjoy a solo release thus avoiding clash with ''[[Rabhasa]]'' which was scheduled for a release on 29 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-averts-clash-rabhasa-film-release-5-september-606591 |title='Power' Averts Clash with 'Rabhasa'; Film to Release on 5 September |publisher=International Business Times India |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Tejas-Power-to-release-on-Sept-5/articleshow/40104602.cms |title=Ravi Teja's Power to release on Sept 5 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> The film released in around 900 screens worldwide with the expected screen count being around 750 from India, 100 from United States and Canada and more than 25 from other overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ravi-tejas-power-release-12-september-advance-bookings-commence-608551 |title=Ravi Teja's 'Power' to Release on 12 September; Advance Bookings Commence |publisher=International Business Times India |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

The film was dubbed in Hindi as ''Power Unlimited'', in Bhojpuri as ''Dumdaar Inspector'', and in Tamil as ''Malayappa''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

It was named as ''Touch Chesi Chudu'' in 26 September 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was renamed to ''Power'' on 7th March 2014, But in 14 March, [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Suriya]] were selected as Supporting roles in the movie<ref>{{Cite web |title=US News: US News, Top News in India, US election news, Business news, Sports & International News {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "There is nothing novel about the movie. We have seen each scene before. It is a concoction of several movies. Power doesn’t come with the expected punch. Ravi Teja and some comedy scenes are plus points. The second half of the film is a let down. Overall, a regular commercial potboiler."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/power-review-telugu-15058267.html |title=Movie Review : Power |website=[[Sify]] |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213070306/http://www.sify.com/movies/power-review-telugu-15058267.html |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Directed by K S Ravindra, the film gives ample scope to Ravi Teja to flex his muscles, besides bring the roof down with his gags. For most part of the film, the seriousness with which he approaches both his characters keeps the proceedings going. And truth be told, it's a treat to watch him play the role of a serious cop, just like he did in Vikramarkudu" and added "It would seem that Ravi Teja cannot go wrong when he's in great form and his exuberance more than makes up for all that might have gone for a toss in the film. However, when it comes to his latest film, Power, there's a catch. The film is a fine example to show what happens when an immovable object meets an unstoppable force. And the immovable object in this context is quite clearly the story, which is bogged down by the burden of multiple subplots it tries to carry".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Power/movie-review/42369865.cms |title=Power movie review |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914203047/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Power/movie-review/42369865.cms |archive-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "He chooses a script which is an old formula, but he comes up with loads of entertainment. Though some of the scenes are typical film kind of, like wearing somebody’s khakhi uniform and solving cases like a police, but in the end it’s all entertainment. There are a few loopholes, but finally, ‘Power’ is a mass masala film with action, entertainment and glamour. It's a typical Ravi Teja film."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140912/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98power%E2%80%99-it-typical-ravi-teja-film |title=Movie Review 'Power': It is a typical Ravi Teja film |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213070839/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140912/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98power%E2%80%99-it-typical-ravi-teja-film |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Shekhar of ''[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and stated "Power is a powerful entertainer made to impress the fans of Ravi Teja. The film lacks freshness in story, but Bobby's amazing screenplay keeps you engrossed in the film. Apart from Mass Maharaja, Brahmanandam and Saptagiri will also rock the viewers. It is a paisa vasool entertainer for Ravi Teja fans."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/power-movie-review-159120.html |title=Power - Movie Review: Paisa Vasool Entertainer |author=Shekhar |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213072305/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/power-movie-review-159120.html |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and summarized "A promising film that has borrowed ideas from here and there. But the Kona effect and Ravi Teja's powerhouse act deliver the film. Comparisons with other films can harm the movie's prospects a bit, though one is sure to like it more than any of RT's movies in recent times".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/power-review-telugu-movie-review-18377 |title=Power Review - Powered by borrowed ideas, style |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213072517/http://www.indiaglitz.com/power-review-telugu-movie-review-18377 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

In contrast, Sridhar Vivan of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "To sum up; logically, the movie looks 'powerless', while comedy-wise, it is definitely 'powerful'. So, for those planning to watch a movie without any logic and purely for entertainment, then this may just be the right choice."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Power/articleshow/42397681.cms |title=Movie review: Power |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213071121/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Power/articleshow/42397681.cms |archive-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "It takes a special kind of nonchalance to package a film with a string of sequences, one illogical than the other, and lull the audience into believing that they are being entertained. Power tries hard to amuse and has a hangover of Kick and Vikramarkudu. Ravi Teja does his part well but the film itself offers nothing new" and remarked "Absurd fun, repackaged. ‘Power’ is only in the title."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/power-film-review/article6404750.ece |title=Power: Irrational mayhem |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |work=The Hindu |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213071505/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/power-film-review/article6404750.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film 1.75 out of 5 and stated "Astute editing, lustrous cinematography and Ravi's screen presence come as a relief to an easily predictable story with a slow screenplay. Brahmanandham's gimmicks, Ravi Teja's cute expressions and a relatively long story to narrate with a pacifying twist towards the end do grab our attention, but, it's too late."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/power/power-review.html |title=Power Movie Review |website=Behindwoods |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213071836/http://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/power/power-review.html |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Filmyflavour rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote "Power movie is a routine Telugu commercial film which has all the entertaining elements that you can try for this weekend" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmyflavour.com/ravi-teja-power-telugu-movie-review/ |title=Ravi teja Power telugu movie review - Filmy Flavour |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081642/http://www.filmyflavour.com/ravi-teja-power-telugu-movie-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected a share of {{Indian Rupee}}3.86 crore on its second day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-power-gets-highest-ever-opening-ravi-teja-609071 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Power' Gets Highest Ever Opening for Ravi Teja |last=Seshadri |first=Sangeetha |publisher=International Business Times India |date=14 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213144304/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-power-gets-highest-ever-opening-ravi-teja-609071 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> The film earned a share of {{Indian Rupee}}15 crore by the end of its first weekend at the worldwide Box office out of which {{Indian Rupee}}12 crore was earned at AP/Nizam Box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-box-office-collection-ravi-teja-starrer-fails-beat-rabhasa-1st-weekend-figures-609136 |title='Power' Box Office Collection: Ravi Teja Starrer Fails to Beat 'Rabhasa' 1st Weekend Figures |last=Seshadri |first=Sangeetha |publisher=International Business Times India |date=15 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213144727/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-box-office-collection-ravi-teja-starrer-fails-beat-rabhasa-1st-weekend-figures-609136 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Power 1st Weekend Total Worldwide Collections{{!}} AndhraBoxOffice.com |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=636&cid=6&fid=820 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=andhraboxoffice.com}}</ref> The film's trade was affected on 19 September 2014 due to the release of ''[[Aagadu]]'' but it picked up from the next day. The film collected {{Indian Rupee}}16.3 crore at AP/Nizam Box office, {{Indian Rupee}}4 crore from other areas including Karnataka, the rest of India and the overseas markets taking its global first week total to {{Indian Rupee}}20.3 crore .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-box-office-collection-ravi-teja-starrer-continues-perform-well-609760 |title='Power' Box Office Collection: Ravi Teja Starrer Continues to Perform Well |last=Seshadri |first=Sangeetha |publisher=International Business Times India |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213145029/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-box-office-collection-ravi-teja-starrer-continues-perform-well-609760 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3949638}}

{{K. S. Ravindra}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]

Maaman

2026-04-01T23:22:45Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created new post more to come - done

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Prasanth Pandiyaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maaman Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prasanth Pandiyaraj
| screenplay = Prasanth Pandiyaraj
| story = [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
| producer = K. Kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Soori
* [[Rajkiran]]
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
* [[Swasika]]
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Purushothaman
| editing = Ganesh Siva
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = Lark Studios
| distributor = Sri Kumaran Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|5|16}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=''Maaman'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maaman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmwmta2 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}40 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=சூரியின் 'மாமன்' படம்... ஓ.டி.டி.யில் வெளியாவது எப்போது? |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/ott/when-will-sooris-maaman-be-released-on-ott-1160695 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618115130/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/ott/when-will-sooris-maaman-be-released-on-ott-1160695 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Maaman''''' ({{translation|Uncle}}){{efn|also meant for Husband.}} is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Prasanth Pandiyaraj, from a story written by [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], and produced by K. Kumar under Lark Studios. The film stars Soori, alongside [[Rajkiran]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Swasika]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Baba Bhaskar]], [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], Nikhila Sankar and [[Geetha Kailasam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=Jan 17, 2025 |title=Maaman first look OUT: Soori's film to have a release window in summer 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maaman-first-look-sooris-film-to-have-a-release-window-in-summer-2025/35c454d66f685 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210222258/https://www.ottplay.com/news/maaman-first-look-sooris-film-to-have-a-release-window-in-summer-2025/35c454d66f685 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Maaman'' released worldwide on 16 May 2025 in theaters to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
In [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], Girija, Inba's sister, faces verbal taunts and abuse from her mother-in-law for being childless after over 10 years of marriage, despite seeking medical treatment and visiting temples. However, her life takes a turn when she confirms her pregnancy at a baby shower function and later gives birth to a baby boy, Nilan "Laddu". During this time, Inba's caring nature towards his sister catches the attention of Girija's doctor, Rekha, who develops feelings for him. As Inba and Rekha grow closer, they fall in love. Despite initial hesitation from Rekha's parents, they eventually approve of their marriage. As Inba and Rekha prepare to tie the knot, Laddu becomes a precocious and adamant presence in their lives, often inserting himself between the couple. During the wedding ceremony and even on their first night, Laddu insists on staying between Inba and Rekha. The couple tries to adjust to having Laddu by their side, but they struggle to find private moments amidst the chaos of family gatherings. In an attempt to find some intimacy, Inba takes Rekha to his grandfather's room, but their plans are foiled when the old cot breaks, embarrassing them in front of their relatives.

The family plans a honeymoon trip for the newlyweds, but Laddu's antics lead to its cancellation. An argument ensues between Inba and Rekha, with Rekha feeling that Inba prioritizes Laddu over her. In a heated moment, Inba swears to never meet Rekha again, but he along with his family later apologizes and convinces her to reconcile. The tension between Inba and Rekha escalates as Inba continues to prioritize Laddu, making Rekha express her desire for private time with Inba, but feels it's impossible with Laddu's constant presence. The situation worsens as Rekha distances herself from Girija. A misunderstanding leads Girija to believe that Rekha called Laddu "mental," causing a heated argument between Girija and her mother. Rekha explains that she said Laddu is hyperactive and needs counseling only, but Girija refuses to accept her explanation. The conflict peaks at Laddu's ear-piercing ceremony, where Girija accuses Rekha of insulting her son, with Girija chasing Inba and Rekha out of the ceremony and hitting her own son. Meanwhile, Rekha receives a transfer order to [[Madurai]]. Inba's father-in-law meets him, highlighting the importance of Ravi, Laddu's father, being involved in his son's life. Inba realizes the importance of balance and decides to move to Madurai with Rekha.

Meanwhile, Laddu becomes troubled and weepy, missing Inba. As Inba and Rekha settle into their new life, they grow closer, and Rekha becomes pregnant. However, Rekha discovers that Girija had told Laddu that Inba had died and the child had been mourning him. Rekha is furious, and a confrontation ensues. Inba and his mother, who knew this already are speechless. Girija pleads with her mother that she didn't do it intentionally, but just to control her son as he got fits due to Girija's beatings. The situation is further complicated when Ravi, Girija, and Laddu are involved in a road accident, and Laddu is severely injured. Inba rushes to the hospital, despite promising Rekha that he wouldn't. Rekha shouts at him stating, that he had skipped the promise that he made to his baby, meaning, that he doesn't care about Rekha or his child, but only his sister, and her family. Inba then slaps a pregnant Rekha. Feeling betrayed, Rekha throws away her [[Mangalasutra|thali]], and applies for a divorce, while Inba lets her go, still hurt after knowing that she had intentionally got a transfer to Madurai, to separate him from his family.

Around the same time, Inba's aunt, Singarayar's wife, Pavunu, passes away and Singarayar follows her in death, leaving a deep impact on Inba and Rekha. Upon hearing Rekha's delivery, Inba visits the hospital, but Rekha's relatives bar him and his family from seeing the child. Girija apologizes to Rekha's family and Inba, acknowledging her role in their estrangement. Meanwhile, Laddu visits Rekha in the maternity ward and is delighted to see the twin babies. Laddu affectionately talks to the babies, assuming the role of their Paternal uncle. Moved by Laddu's innocence and love, Rekha begins to understand the bond between Inba and his nephew. Laddu apologizes to Rekha for being the reason for her separation from Inba. Inba also apologizes to Rekha for not finding a balance between his love for her and his family. Moved by each other's apologies, Inba and Rekha decide to put their differences aside, reunite, and resolve to live a loving life together, just like the elderly couple, Singam and Pavunu who loved each other till death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Inba
* [[Rajkiran]] as Singarayar "Singam", Inba's relative grandfather
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Rekha, Inba's wife ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Ashmini Balakrishnan)
* [[Swasika]] as Girija, Inba's elder sister, Ravi's wife and Laddu's mother
* [[Saratha]] as Baba Bhaskar's Mother
* Master Prageeth Sivan as Nilan "Laddu"
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] as Ravi, Girija's Husband and Laddu's father
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Selvam, Inba's friend
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Rekha's father
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Pavunu, Singam's wife
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Inba's and Girija's mother
* Kalaivani Bhaskar
* Melvin as Rekha's brother
* Nikhila Sankar as Anitha
* Tamilselvi as Rekha's aunt
* [[Vemal|Vimal]] as a magician, Inba's friend (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==

On 19 August 2024, before the theatrical release of [[The Adamant Girl|''Kottukkaali'']] (2024),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Soori announces a new film with Prasanth Pandiyaraj ahead of 'Kottukkaali' release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-announces-a-new-film-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-ahead-of-kottukkaali-release/articleshow/112629637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220021709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-announces-a-new-film-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-ahead-of-kottukkaali-release/articleshow/112629637.cms |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] announced his next project in the lead role with [[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|''Bruce Lee'']] (2017) and [[Vilangu (TV series)|''Vilangu'']] (2022) fame Prasanth Pandiyaraj.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Soori's next to be helmed by Prashanth Pandiyaraj of 'Vilangu' fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sooris-next-to-be-helmed-by-prashanth-pandiyaraj-of-vilangu-fame/article68542295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113072207/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sooris-next-to-be-helmed-by-prashanth-pandiyaraj-of-vilangu-fame/article68542295.ece |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film marks the consecutive collaboration of K. Kumar's Lark Studios, with Soori after [[Garudan (2024 film)|''Garudan'']] (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=After Garudan, Soori signs next with Vilangu director Prasanth Pandiyaraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/after-garudan-soori-signs-next-with-vilangu-director-prasanth-pandiyaraj-9522178/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225104204/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/after-garudan-soori-signs-next-with-vilangu-director-prasanth-pandiyaraj-9522178/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 December 2024, the title of the film ''Maaman'' was revealed after an inaugural pooja ceremony<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-12-16 |title=Soori's next with Prasanth Pandiyaraj titled Maaman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/16/sooris-next-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-titled-maaman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217203608/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/16/sooris-next-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-titled-maaman |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] following which the production began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-16 |title=Soori and Aishwarya Lekshmi team up for Prashanth Pandiraj's directorial 'Maaman' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-team-up-for-prashanth-pandirajs-directorial-maaman/articleshow/116364419.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108195808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-team-up-for-prashanth-pandirajs-directorial-maaman/articleshow/116364419.cms |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] was cast as the female lead<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-16 |title='Maaman': Aishwarya Lekshmi joins the cast of Soori's film with 'Vilangu' fame Prashanth Pandiyaraj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaman-aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-the-cast-of-sooris-film-with-vilangu-fame-prashanth-pandiyaraj/article68991421.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230054216/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaman-aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-the-cast-of-sooris-film-with-vilangu-fame-prashanth-pandiyaraj/article68991421.ece |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> while [[Rajkiran]] was chosen for an important role<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Soori, Aishwarya Lekshmi join hands for Maman |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/soori-aishwarya-lekshmi-join-hands-for-maman-815515 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Lubber Pandhu]]'' (2024) fame [[Swasika]] as Soori's sister<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-18 |title=Swaswika to play Soori's sister in Prasanth Pandiyaraj's family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swaswika-to-play-sooris-sister-in-prasanth-pandiyarajs-family-drama/articleshow/116418422.cms |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502020532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/swaswika-to-play-sooris-sister-in-prasanth-pandiyarajs-family-drama/articleshow/116418422.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> alongside [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Baba Bhaskar]], [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], Nikhila Sankar, Geetha Kailasam and others in supporting roles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film has cinematography handled by Dinesh Purushothaman, editing done by Ganesh Siva and music composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-12-16 |title=Soori's next with Prasanth Pandiyaraj titled Maaman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/16/sooris-next-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-titled-maaman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217203608/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/16/sooris-next-with-prasanth-pandiyaraj-titled-maaman |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A few days before the release date announcement, [[Sivakarthikeyan]] made a surprise visit to the film's sets, sharing an emotional moment with Soori, with whom he had previously collaborated in ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), [[Rajinimurugan|''Rajini Murugan'']] (2016), and [[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-12 |title=Sivakarthikeyan surprises Soori on the sets of 'Maaman'; Fans celebrate their brotherly bond |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-surprises-soori-on-the-sets-of-maaman-fans-celebrate-their-brotherly-bond/articleshow/120227659.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415014909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-surprises-soori-on-the-sets-of-maaman-fans-celebrate-their-brotherly-bond/articleshow/120227659.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maaman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| prev_title = [[Manamey]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_title = The Girlfriend
| next_year = TBA
| chronology = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Maaman
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Kallaliye Kallaliye
|single1date = 11 May 2025
|single2 = Vizhuthe Thalavizhuthe
|single2date = 14 May 2025
}}
}}
The soundtrack and background is composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] in his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Soori and Aishwarya Lekshmi to headline a new Tamil film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/17/soori-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-to-headline-a-new-tamil-film |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117205938/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/17/soori-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-to-headline-a-new-tamil-film |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Think Music]] acquired the audio rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Soori's Film With Prasanth Pandiyaraj Titled Maaman, Aishwarya Lekshmi Joins The Team |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/sooris-next-film-titled-maaman-article-116363231 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226135903/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/sooris-next-film-titled-maaman-article-116363231 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> After the pre-release event, the audio album containing 6 songs was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-05-10 |title=சூரி நடித்த "மாமன்" படத்தின் பாடல் ஆல்பம் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-song-album-of-sooris-film-maaman-has-been-released-1157128 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511133533/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-song-album-of-sooris-film-maaman-has-been-released-1157128 |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song of the first single "Kallaliye Kallaliye" was released on 11 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-12 |title='Kallaliye Kallaliye' song from Soori's Maaman is yet another ode to the brother-sister bond |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/kallaliye-kallaliye-song-from-sooris-maaman-is-yet-another-ode-to-the-brother-sister-bond#google_vignette |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514215120/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/kallaliye-kallaliye-song-from-sooris-maaman-is-yet-another-ode-to-the-brother-sister-bond#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrical video of the second single "Vizhuthe Thalavizhuthe" released on 14 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=மனதை வருடும் சூரியின் மாமன் படத்தின் அடுத்த பாடல்! |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/soori-starring-maaman-movie-songs-vizhuthe-thalavizhuthe-is-out-soori-aishwarya-lakshmi-swasika-maaman-release-date-video-151642565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516112648/https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/soori-starring-maaman-movie-songs-vizhuthe-thalavizhuthe-is-out-soori-aishwarya-lakshmi-swasika-maaman-release-date-video-151642565 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Kannale Pesuma" is based on "Pottu Thotta Pournami" from ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 275 – May 25, 2025 |url=https://milliblog.com/2025/05/25/milliblog-weeklies-week-275-may-25-2025/ |website=Milliblog |access-date=31 May 2025 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530015050/https://milliblog.com/2025/05/25/milliblog-weeklies-week-275-may-25-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kallaliye Kallaliye
| length1 = 5:08
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], Eknath
| extra1 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[Sharanya Srinivas]]
| title2 = Azhage Agarame
| length2 = 3:43
| lyrics2 = Vivek
| extra2 = Ravi G
| title3 = Dheivamagane Dheivamagane
| length3 = 3:22
| lyrics3 = Vivek
| extra3 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
| title4 = Kannale Pesuma
| length4 = 2:59
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| extra4 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| title5 = Vizhuthe Thalavizhuthe
| length5 = 3:05
| lyrics5 = Manikandan
| extra5 = [[Sean Roldan]], Sanjana Kalmanje
| title6 = Vaanam Kizhiyuthu
| length6 = 2:48
| lyrics6 = Vivek
| extra6 = [[Job Kurian]]
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Maaman'' was released theatrically on 16 May 2025 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Soori's 'Maaman' to release on May 16 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sooris-maaman-to-release-on-may-16-830039 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414130348/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sooris-maaman-to-release-on-may-16-830039 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights were acquired by Rasi Chidambaram's Sri Kumaran Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=#Maaman TamilNadu Theatrical Release acquired by our SRI KUMARAN FILMS @Aascarmultiplex |url=https://x.com/Aascarmultiplex/status/1889674588897853715 |website=[[Twitter]] |access-date=19 April 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516130354/https://x.com/Aascarmultiplex/status/1889674588897853715 |url-status=live }}</ref> AV Media Consultancy acquired the distribution rights of the film for [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1899001945299485174 |user=venkatavmedia |title=#Maaman An unforgettable Rural Entertainer hitting theatres this Summer ☀️ An AV Media Consultancy Release in Karnataka thru @JayannaFilms |author=Venkatesh |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[ZEE5]] and the satellite rights of the film were bought by [[Zee Tamil]] and [[Zee Thirai]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Reception ==
''Maaman'' received mixed reviews from critics. Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated with 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The strain of integrating into a close-knit family, the subtle power dynamics, even a child's need for boundaries. But it rarely commits to exploring them with any real depth. Instead, it often defaults to another scene of the nephew being, well, a lot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=16 May 2025 |title=Maaman Movie Review: Soori leads an earnest but flawed family tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maaman/movie-review/121207015.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516095933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maaman/movie-review/121207015.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Maaman worked as long as it was just about the primary conflict. However, in an attempt to make an overarching commentary on marriages and masculinity, the film misses out on delivering a more complete film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-05-16 |title=Maaman Movie Review: Aishwarya Lekshmi shines bright in this Soori-fronted melodrama that needed fewer detours |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/16/maaman-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-shines-bright-in-this-soori-fronted-melodrama-that-needed-fewer-detours |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516063057/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/16/maaman-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-shines-bright-in-this-soori-fronted-melodrama-that-needed-fewer-detours |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of [[Network18 Group|''News 18'']] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Maaman will strike many such chords throughout. If it doesn’t—and you squirm at the melodrama—the film will feel like a bundle of clichés. [...] The film is quietly skewed in Inba’s favour, even while pretending otherwise. Crucially, it never addresses how the family will resolve the Inba–Nilan dynamic. It’s implied that Reka will simply accept it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaman Review: Soori's Film Is A Celebration Of Traditionalism As Virtue |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/maaman-review-sooris-film-is-a-celebration-of-traditionalism-as-virtue-9340519.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517131001/https://www.news18.com/movies/maaman-review-sooris-film-is-a-celebration-of-traditionalism-as-virtue-9340519.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote "While the film sets up nice conflicts, it often gets subverted due to skewed ideas about family."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=16 May 2025 |title=Maaman Review: Promising ideas meet patriarchy in Soori's family drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maaman-review-soori-family-drama-promising-ideas-outdated-values-2725613-2025-05-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516050456/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maaman-review-soori-family-drama-promising-ideas-outdated-values-2725613-2025-05-16 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote "Soori's family drama suffers from misdirected emotions and overstretched familial bonds".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=16 May 2025 |title=Maaman movie review: Soori's family drama suffers from misdirected emotions and overstretched familial bonds |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maaman-movie-review-sooris-family-drama-suffers-from-misdirected-emotions-and-overstretched-familial-bonds/29413c94b8369 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517073034/https://www.ottplay.com/review/maaman-movie-review-sooris-family-drama-suffers-from-misdirected-emotions-and-overstretched-familial-bonds/29413c94b8369 |url-status=live }}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated with 2/5 stars and wrote "this Soori Tamil drama is underwhelming and overly reliant on family sentiment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=16 May 2025 |title=Maaman movie review: Soori-starrer is underwhelming and overdependent on family sentiment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maaman-movie-review-soori-starrer-is-underwhelming-and-overdependent-on-family-sentiment-101747393885652.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516114323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/maaman-movie-review-soori-starrer-is-underwhelming-and-overdependent-on-family-sentiment-101747393885652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Maaman, in fact, shows that the makers missed a golden opportunity to create a full-fledged romantic film with the two."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=16 May 2025 |title=Maaman movie review: It's 2025, but family dramas continue to slap women back into 'place' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maaman-movie-review-its-2025-but-family-dramas-continue-to-slap-women-back-into-place-10011290/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517213203/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maaman-movie-review-its-2025-but-family-dramas-continue-to-slap-women-back-into-place-10011290/ |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Prasanth Pandiyaraj’s film fails to build on its intriguing central conflict, and the many regressive undertones only take away from its good intentions.[...] Maaman, at the end of the day, makes a case for this sub-genre of family dramas centring around a joint family set in southern Tamil Nadu. After all, a family is a microcosm of a society."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-05-16 |title='Maaman' movie review: Soori, Aishwarya Lekshmi shoulder a flawed melodrama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaman-movie-review-soori-aishwarya-lekshmi-shoulder-a-flawed-melodrama/article69583085.ece |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517132155/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaman-movie-review-soori-aishwarya-lekshmi-shoulder-a-flawed-melodrama/article69583085.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33240591}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about parenting]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about uncle–nephew relationships]]
[[Category:Films about weddings]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Teej

2026-03-29T09:14:08Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Special festivals of Hindu women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{cleanup|reason=issues with sourcing, and readability in sizeable parts of the article; specifics have been tagged inline |talksection=Potentially_massive_cut|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = {{Plainlist|
*Tīja
}}
| type = Hindu
| image = teej.jpg
| caption = Women celebrating Teej in [[Nepal]]
| official_name =
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Hindu]] women
| begins =
| ends =
| date = July–September
| date2018 =
| celebrations = '''Day 1''' : enjoying a grand feast, 
'''Day 2:''' observing a day-long fasting, with praying, dancing and visiting Shiva temples '''Day 3:''' Taking a holy bath and performing [[Rishi Panchami]]
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| litcolor = Red
| significance = Signifies the penance made by goddess [[Parvati]] to receive [[Shiva]] as her husband
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| frequency = Annual
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'''Tīja''', {{langx|sa|'''तीज'''}}, literally meaning "third"—denoting the third day after the [[new moon]] when the [[monsoon]] begins per the [[Hindu calendar]]—is a collective term for three [[Hindu]] [[List of Hindu festivals|festivals]] primarily dedicated to the mother goddess [[Pārvatī]] and her consort [[Śiva]]. It is mainly celebrated by married women and unmarried girls, especially in [[Nepal]] and [[North India]], to pray for the long life of their husband or future husband and to welcome the arrival of the monsoon through singing, swinging, dancing, joyous celebration, [[pūjā]], and often [[vrata|fasting]].

Tīja collectively refers to three festivals: Haryālī Tīja, Kajari Tīja, and Hartālikā Tīja. Haryālī Tīja (literally, "green Tīja"), also known as Sindhārā Tīja, Chhoṭī Tīja, Śrāvaṇa Tīja, or Sāvana Tīja, falls on the third day after the new moon in the month of [[Shravana (month)|Śrāvaṇa]]. It marks the day when Śiva consented to Pārvatī’s wish to marry him. Women visit their parental homes, prepare swings, and celebrate with song and dance.

Kajari Tīja (literally, "dark Tīja"), also known as Baṛī Tīja, is celebrated 15 days after Haryālī Tīja during the dark (waning) phase of the moon.

Hartālikā Tīja (from ''Harat'' meaning "abduction" and ''Ālikā'' meaning "female friend") falls one lunar month after Haryālī Tīja on the third day after the new moon in the month of [[Bhadrapada|Bhādrapada]]. It commemorates the occasion when Pārvatī encouraged her friends to abduct her to avoid marriage with [[Viṣṇu]], which her father [[Himālaya]] had arranged. Married women observe ''nirjala vrata'' (a fast without water) on this day for the well-being of their husbands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&dq=teej+festival&pg=PA847 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes] |date=2011-09-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |pages=847 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1986 |title=[MITCH EPSTEIN] |journal=Aperture |issue=105 |pages=52–57 |jstor=24472056}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Red Velvet Mite (Trombidium) spotted at Kambalakonda 01.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Trombidium|Red velvet mite (''Trombidium'')]], also called {{lang|hi-Latn|Teej}}, appears during the monsoon season.<ref name=jmp125>{{cite book|author=J Mohapatra|title=Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals|date=December 2013|isbn=978-1-4828-1690-7|page=125 |publisher=Partridge }}</ref>]]

{{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} refers to the third day that falls every month after the new moon ({{lang|sa-Latn|[[amavasya]]}}), and the third day after the full moon night of every lunar month.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Mahershi |first1=Narendra |title=Folk music of North Gujarat - a critical evaluation [especially in the reference of ethnomusicology] |date=2007 |id={{ProQuest|1752400726}} |hdl=10603/58705 }}</ref> According to Kumar (1988), {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}} and {{lang|ne-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} fall in [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781400886999-012 |chapter=The Artisans' World of Music |title=The Artisans of Banaras |year=2017 |pages=125–164 |isbn=978-1-4008-8699-9 }}</ref>

The festivals celebrate the bounty of nature, arrival of clouds and rain, greenery and birds with social activity, rituals, and customs.<ref name=mb63/> The festivals for women, include dancing, singing, getting together with friends and telling stories, dressing up with ''henna''-coloured hands and feet, wearing red, green or orange clothes, sharing festive foods,<ref name=mb63/> and playing under trees on swings on {{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=B. K. |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Seema |last3=Rahmani |first3=Asad R. |title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-0800-0 |page=28 }}</ref> The monsoon festival in Rajasthan is dedicated to Parvati.<ref name="mb63">{{cite journal|author=Bhatnagar|first=Manju|year=1988|title=The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|volume=47|pages=63–72|doi=10.2307/1178252|jstor=1178252|number=1}}</ref>

=={{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}}==
{{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}} (lit. Green ''Teej'') is celebrated on the third day after the new moon in the month of [[Shraavana|''Shraavana''/''Sawan'']] (of the [[Hindu calendar]]).<ref name="autogenerated1">Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa: Harkesh Singh KehalUnistar Books PVT Ltd {{ISBN|81-7142-869-X}}</ref> As Shraavana falls during the monsoon or rainy season when the surroundings become green, the {{lang|hi-Latn|Shraavana Teej}} is also called {{lang|ne-Latn|Hariyali Teej}}.

The {{lang|ne-Latn|Hariyali Teej}} festival is also celebrated to remember the day when Shiva accepted Parvati as his wife. Parvati fasted and was austere for many years and was accepted by Shiva as his wife in her 108th birth. Parvati is also known as {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej mata}} (lit. ''Teej ''mother).<ref>Art Culture and Heritage of Rajasthan Study Material With MCQ: Useful for RPSC RAS Prelims and Other Exams. (n.d.). (n.p.): New Era Publication.</ref>

==={{lang|ne-Latn|Sindhara}}===

On {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} married daughters receive the gifts by her mother such clothes, bangles, [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]], [[mehndi|''mehandi'']], etc. {{lang|ne-Latn|[[Ghevar]]}}, a special sweet, are given to them on this day. These gifts are known as {{lang|ne-Latn|Sindhara}}. According to Bhatnager (1988), {{lang|ne-Latn|Sindhara}} is derived from the Sanskrit word ''sringar'' which means "decoration of women and their charming beauty".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Manju |title=The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |date=1988 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.2307/1178252 |jstor=1178252 }}</ref>

===Observance of {{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}}===
{{Anchor|Observance}}

Haryali Teej is celebrated in [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Western UP]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Nepal]] .<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munjal |first1=Parul G |title=The potential of a participatory approach in sustaining the fairs and festivals of small towns: The case of Sohna, Haryana |journal=Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes |date=10 August 2015 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=347–366 |doi=10.1108/WHATT-03-2015-0008 }}</ref> The festival is also celebrated in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Manya |last2=Sachdeva |first2=Palak |title=Teej celebrations begin in Chandigarh |id={{ProQuest|1916831873}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/teej-celebrations-begin-in-chandigarh/articleshow/59487833.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=7 July 2017 }}</ref>

==== Chandigarh ====
[[Chandigarh administration]] makes special arrangements for {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} celebration in the Rock Garden in the city. School children present plays and other cultural programs on this day. The female members of the family, especially daughters, are given gifts and dresses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Poonam|date=13 August 2010|title=Traditional Teej at Rock Garden|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Traditional-Teej-at-Rock-Garden/articleshow/6302063.cms|access-date=2020-08-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Haryali Teej Performance.jpg|thumb|Haryali Teej Performance]]

==== Haryana ====
{{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}} is one of the famous festivals of [[Haryana]], and is celebrated as an official holiday. Many functions are organised by the [[Government of Haryana]] to celebrate this festival, which welcomes the rainy season. Boys traditionally flew kites from morning to evening, though this tradition is losing its charm in big cities due to high rise buildings and lack of terrace space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teej being observed across the country amid fanfare |url=http://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2022/08/30/teej-being-observed-across-the-country-amid-fanfare |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

Swings are set up in open courtyards, under trees for the season. Girls apply [[henna]] to their hands and feet and are excused from household chores on this day. On {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}}, girls often receive new clothes from their parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teej festival being celebrated with gusto (In pics) |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/30/270135/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>

On {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}}, just as on [[Karva Chauth]], the mother sends a {{lang|ne-Latn|baya}} or gift. The puja is performed in the morning. The {{lang|ne-Latn|baya}}, which consists of a variety of foodstuffs, is placed on a {{lang|ne-Latn|[[thaali]]}} at a place of worship where a {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Courtyard|chowk]]}} (square) has been decorated, and an idol or picture of Parvati has been installed. The evenings are set aside for [[music of Haryana|folk singing and dancing]], including the women's prayers for their husbands' longevity and their families.<ref name="mb63" />

==== Punjab ====
{{Main|Teeyan}}
[[File:Giddha dance Teeyan Punjab Teej India 2.jpg|thumb|A dance during [[Teeyan]].|alt=]]
{{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} is known as ''Teeyan'' in [[Punjab]] and is seen as a seasonal festival which is dedicated to the onset of the monsoon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_lvAAAAMAAJ&q=onset+|title=Good Earth Punjab Travel Guide|date=2006|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited|isbn=978-81-87780-34-2|pages=188|language=en}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/> The festival is celebrated by women of all faiths, and lasts from the third day of the bright half of the lunar month of Sawan as per the [[Bikrami calendar]] ([[Punjabi calendar]]) to the full moon of Sawan (about 13 days). Teeyan involves women getting together and performing [[Gidda]], married women visiting their families and receiving gifts. It is also traditional for women to ride on swings.

Fairs are organised in schools and colleges where dance competitions are held.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Tribune News Service|date=26 July 2014|title=Mohali school celebrates Teej|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140727/cth1.htm}}</ref><ref>Women in punjab celebrate 'teej'. (2010, Aug 1). Asian News International {{ProQuest|734560315}}</ref>

{{lang|ne-Latn|Teeyan}} is a festival when girls play on swings that are set up under trees or open courtyards. During {{lang|hi-Latn|Teeyan}}, family members give gifts, typically new clothes and accessories, to girls and women. Sweets are prepared especially [[Ghevar]] in some parts of Punjab.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

====Rajasthan====
{{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} welcomes the monsoon and observed in the month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] (July/August). The monsoon rains fall on the parched land and the pleasing scent of the wet soil rises into the air. Swings are hung from trees and women dressed in green clothes sing songs in celebration of the advent of the monsoon.<ref name=mb63/>

This festival is dedicated to [[Parvati]], commemorating her union with Shiva.<ref name=mb63/> Parvati is worshipped by seekers of conjugal bliss and happiness. An elaborate procession is taken out in [[Jaipur]] for two continuous days on the festive occasion which is watched by people in large numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Sawan 2023 festivals full calendar: Hariyali Teej, Raksha Bandhan to Janmashtami; dates of 12 major fasts and festivals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/sawan-2023-festivals-full-calendar-hariyali-teej-raksha-bandhan-to-janmashtami-dates-of-12-major-fasts-and-festivals-101688985659656.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} idol is covered with a canopy whereas the [[Gangaur]] idol is open. The traditional [[Ghevar]] sweet is also associated with the festival.

During {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}}, Parvati is worshiped. The day before {{lang|ne-Latn|Haryali Teej}}, is celebrated as ''Sinjara'', wherein women put [[mehndi]] on their hands and feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Hariyali Teej 2023: Best Wishes, Messages, Quotes |url=https://newsd.in/hariyali-teej-2023-best-wishes-messages-quotes/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Newsd.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Teej in Nepal ===
Teej is one of the major Hindu festivals celebrated across Nepal, especially by women. It falls in the month of Bhadra (August/September) according to the Nepali lunar calendar and marks the arrival of the monsoon season. The festival is dedicated to Goddess Parvati and commemorates her union with Lord Shiva, symbolizing marital bliss and devotion.

In Nepal, Teej is observed with great enthusiasm and devotion. Women dress in red saris or traditional attire, fast for the well‑being and longevity of their husbands, and gather to sing traditional Teej songs and perform cultural dances. The puja is usually conducted at temples dedicated to Shiva and Parvati, and large crowds also visit sacred sites such as Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu for special prayers.

Swings are hung from trees in courtyards and community spaces, and women enjoy riding them while singing folk songs. In some regions, women prepare and share festive foods such as marriage rice (bhat), sel roti, and seasonal sweets. The festival serves both as a religious observance and a social occasion, offering women an opportunity to meet with friends and family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://highrouteadventure.com/shrawan-month-haritalika-teej-2025/ |title=Shrawan Month & Haritalika Teej 2025 |publisher=High Route Adventure |website=High Route Adventure |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=={{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}}==
[[File:Shiva meditating Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Shiva]] in [[Rishikesh]].|alt=|left]]
{{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}} is celebrated in the Bikrami lunar month of Bhadrapada: the third day of the dark fortnight of Bhadrapada.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2014|title=What is Kajari Teej?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/what-is-kajari-teej/articleshow/68207134.cms|access-date=2020-08-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}} is also called {{lang|hi-Latn|Boorhi Teej}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m0LAAAAIAAJ|title=Folk-lore|date=1973|publisher=Indian Publications|others=Volume 14|pages=253|language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} In [[Rajasthan]], {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}} is called {{lang|hi-Latn|Badi Teej}} (lit. Bigger ''Teej'')<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSluAAAAMAAJ|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner|date=1972|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=117|language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} as it follows {{lang|hi-Latn|Haryali Teej}}, which is known as {{lang|hi-Latn|Chhoti Teej}} (lit. Smaller ''Teej'').

Women in [[Bhojpuri region]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] pray to [[Shiva]] on {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54sbAAAAIAAJ|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Kanpur|date=1989|publisher=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|pages=61|language=en}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} It is also customary to sing folk songs known as {{lang|ne-Latn|kajris}}. The focus of the lyrics is usually on separation expressing the pining of a woman for her beloved in her parents' home, where she has been sent to celebrate {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}},<ref name=":1" />{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} or waiting in anticipation to be collected by brothers to celebrate {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} The Kajari is a folk song composed and sung in the Bhojpuri region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and the Terai region of Nepal.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WudjAAAAMAAJ&q=kajari+teej+songs Jain, Jasbir (2006) Narrative of the village: centre of the periphery]</ref>

Women who observe the {{lang|hi-Latn|Kajari Teej}} fast go without food and water.<ref name=":2" /> {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}} is associated closely with {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajali Teej}}, which also involves praying to the moon. The fast is broken by eating [[sattu]].<ref name=":3" />{{Self-published inline|date=August 2020}} The other focus of the day is to pray to the [[Azadirachta indica|neem tree]]. A fair named [[Kajali Teej Mela]] is held in Bundi in [[Rajasthan]] to celebrate {{lang|ne-Latn|Kajari Teej}}.<ref name=":4" />{{Page needed|date=August 2020}}{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=={{lang|ne-Latn|Hartalika Teej}}==
[[File:WLA vanda The Marriage of Shiva and Parvati.jpg|thumb|The wedding of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. Collection of the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].]]
{{lang|ne-Latn|Hartalika}} is a combination of the [[Sanskrit]] words {{lang|hi-Latn|harit}} and {{lang|hi-Latn|aalika}} which means "abduction" and "female friend" respectively. According to the legend of {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}}, Parvati, incarnated as [[Shailaputri]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=O. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5rsAgAAQBAJ&q=shailputri+parvati&pg=PT14|title=Goddess Durga: Gods And Goddesses in India|date=2014-02-26|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5083-441-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahal |first1=Kamala |title=Celebrating Teej as a Festival of (Re) union and Enjoyment |journal=Molung Educational Frontier |date=25 December 2020 |pages=29–41 |doi=10.3126/mef.v10i1.34027 |s2cid=234410894 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On the third day of the bright half of Bhadrapada, Parvati made a {{lang|sa-Latn|[[lingam|shiva lingam]]}} out of [[sand]] and [[silt]] of [[Ganga]] and prayed. Shiva was so impressed that he gave his word to marry Parvati. Eventually, Parvati was united with Shiva and was married to him with her father's blessing. Since then, the day is referred to as {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} as Parvati's female ({{lang|hi-Latn|aalika}}) friend had to abduct ({{lang|hi-Latn|harit}}) her in order for the goddess to achieve her goal of marrying Shiva.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Accordingly, {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} is seen as a major festival and is celebrated on the third day of the bright half of the Indian/North Nepali Lunar month of Bhadrapada. The festival women feasting during the evening of {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}}, praying to Parvati and Shiva, remembering their wedding and staying up all night listening to prayers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmacandrana |first=Śivānī |title=Bhāratīya jayantiyām̐ evaṃ tyohāra |date=2014 |publisher=Śrīkr̥shṇā Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra |isbn=978-81-88514-44-1 |location=Dillī |oclc=851268802 }}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} The fast (also called nishivasar nirjala vrat) commences during the evening of {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} and is broken the next day after a full day's observance which involves women not even drinking water.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} The focus is on praying to Parvati<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1EbAAAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Buldhana|date=1976|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2020}} whom Shiva desired should be worshipped under the name Hartalika.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} <ref>Pimputkar, S. (2017, Aug 23). Hartalika teej 2017: Significance, legend, rituals, tithi. Free Press Journal {{ProQuest|2290557959}}</ref> The main areas of celebration are [[Bihar]], [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Nepal]]. In [[Rajasthan]], an idol of Parvati is taken out in procession in the streets accompanied by singing, and music. {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} has also spread to parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] .{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In Maharashtra Hartalika teej also known as Hartalika tritiya vrat, which is celebrated in similar manner like northern India. It is observed by married women for the welfare, health, and long life of their husbands and for a happy married life and unmarried girls for being blessed with a good husband. It is Nirjala Vrat, they fast for one and half day.
Women do Sola shrungar, apply mehndi, wear new red or green sari, observe fast, make idol of Shiva, Gauri, Sakhi and Ganesha with clay or river sand, read katha.
They do bhajan sangeet pooja in night as well and open vrat on the second day.
It is very auspicious vrat for women in India to worship goddess Parvati in the form of Gauri along with Shiva parivar.

In [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]], married women keep Nirjala Upvas for the whole day of Teej, & deck up with Shringaars like [[Alta (dye)|Aalta]], Mehndi, e.t.c.. In the evening, the women get decked up in heavy sarees, gold jewellery,their wedding Chunris, & don the traditional orange Sindoor from the tip of their nose. In many homes, it is a tradition to wear their wedding Banarasi Saree, on the eve of Teej. They make & worship small clay idols of Shiva, Gauri, Ganesh & Kartikeya. They offer flowers, garlands, Fruits, sweets & items of 16 Shringaar to Maa parvati. Then they recite & listen to the Hartālikā Teej Katha,& offer reverence to the deities. Very early in the next morning,before sunrise, the women get ready & worship the idols again & finally conclude their fasts. The idols are later immersed in a holy water body. In [[Bhojpuri region]], traditional delicacies such as Thekua, Pidukia, e.t.c. are prepared for offering. Traditional folk songs are sung, & women adorn Sindoor from their wedding Sinhora.

==Elsewhere in India==

==={{lang|hi-Latn|Akha Teej}}===
{{Main|Akshaya Tritiya}}
{{lang|hi-Latn|Akha Teej}} (also called Akshaya Tritiya) falls on the third day after full moon in the month of [[Vaisakha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Madan|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|title=India Through the Ages|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/65 65]|oclc=1157118397}}</ref> It is an auspicious day of the birthday of [[Parasurama|Parashurama]], the sixth incarnation of [[Vishnu]]. On this day, [[Vyasa]] and [[Ganesha]] began to write the [[Mahabharata]]. Jains celebrate this day to commemorate [[Tirthankara]] [[Rishabha]]'s ending of his fast by consuming sugarcane juice poured into his cupped hands. According to Gagne (2013), {{lang|hi-Latn|Akha Teej}} is an important festival in the Hindu calendar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gagné |first1=Karine |title=Gone with the Trees: Deciphering the Thar Desert's Recurring Droughts |journal=Current Anthropology |date=August 2013 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=497–509 |doi=10.1086/671074 |s2cid=143967758 }}</ref>

==={{lang|hi-Latn|Awra Teej}} of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh===
{{lang|hi-Latn|Awra Teej}} is celebrated in the month of {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Vaisakh]]}} in parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. This festival of {{lang|hi-Latn|Teej}} falls in Spring. The month of {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Vaisakh]]}} occurs during spring.<ref>Gold, D. (2015). Provincial Hinduism: Religion and Community in Gwalior City. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.</ref>

==={{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Utsav}}===
{{Main|Jhulan Purnima}}
[[File:Indischer Maler um 1755 002.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] on a swing (''jhula''), ca. 1755. Collection of the [[British Museum]].]]
{{lang|hi-Latn|Haryali Teej}} coihojpudi regiones with the swing festival of {{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Leela}} also known us {{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Utsav}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Hindola]] Utsav}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|date=2015-08-16|title=Vrindaban gears up for colorful Hindola festival|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vrindaban-gears-up-for-colorful-hindola-festival-115081600557_1.html|access-date=2020-08-29}}</ref> which is associated with [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]], and is celebrated at [[Banke Bihari Temple]] and other temples in the [[Vrindavan]] area of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The festival lasts until [[Krishna Janmashtami]] for 13 days.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

On the day of {{lang|hi-Latn|Teej}}, idols of Krishna and Radha are placed on swings in the temples and the focus of {{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Leela}} is religious. The green theme, popular in neighbouring [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]] on {{lang|hi-Latn|Haryali Teej}}, can also be seen in the {{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Utsav}}. Idols of Krishna and Radha are dressed in green clothes.

{{lang|hi-Latn|Haryali Teej}} and {{lang|hi-Latn|Jhulan Utsav}} fall on the same day, but the {{lang|hi-Latn|Teej}} is a monsoon festival dedicated to Parvati whereas, Jhulan Utsav is dedicated to Krishna and Radha.

==={{lang|lmn-Latn|Kajal Teej}} of Telangana===
{{lang|lmn-Latn|Teej}} in [[Telangana]] forms part of a wider celebration which is a forerunner to other festivals being celebrated and is known as {{lang|lmn-Latn|Kajal Teej}}. {{lang|hi-Latn|Kajal Teej}} is one of the [[Banjara]] tribe's biggest festivals.<ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |last2=Deogaonkar |first2=Shailaja Shashishekhar |title=The Banjara |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-433-4 |page=40 }}</ref>

==={{lang|gu-Latn|Kevada Teej}} of Gujarat===
{{lang|gu-Latn|Kevada Teej}}, also known as {{lang|gu-Latn|Kevda Trij}}, is a festival observed mainly in [[Gujarat]]. The festival is celebrated on the third day of the Shukla Paksha (waxing of the moon) of {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]]}} in Gujarat. This observance is similar to the {{lang|hi-Latn|Hartalika Teej}} fast ({{lang|hi-Latn|vrat}}). Married and unmarried women observe a fast on the day and offer the {{lang|gu-Latn|[[Pandanus|kevada]]}} flower (pine screw) to Parvati and Shiva.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Haritalika Teej observance in Nepal==
{{Redirect|Tij|other uses|TIJ (disambiguation)}}
{{Anchor|Observance in Nepal}}Dedicated to Parvati, commemorating her union with Shiva, the festival is celebrated for well-being of spouse and children and purification of one's body and soul. The festival is a three-day-long celebration that combines sumptuous feasts as well as rigid fasting. {{lang|ne-Latn|Teej}} (also romanised {{lang|ne-Latn|Tij}}) is celebrated by women, for the long life of her husband and long and firm relationship between them in this life and all the lives to come. It is particularly celebrated by women from various ethnicities and castes of Nepalese society, particularly the [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuriyas]], [[Maithils]] (Native [[Madhesi people|Madheshis]]), [[Bahun]], Chettri, Newairs and Kiratis, on the third day after the new moon of the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] (mid-August to mid-September).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skinner|first1=Debra|last2=Holland|first2=Dorothy|last3=Adhikari|first3=G. B.|date=1994|title=The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|volume=53|issue=2|pages=259|doi=10.2307/1178647|jstor=1178647}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2020}}<ref name="mesocosm">{{Cite book|last1=Levy|first1=Robert Isaac|url=https://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6k4007rd/|title=Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal|last2=Rājopādhyāya|first2=Kedar Rāj|date=1990|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-585-13103-1|location=Berkeley, California|oclc=43476658}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2020}}{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

===First day===
[[File:Queue at Pashupatinath01.JPG|thumb|Women line up to making offerings to Parvati and Shiva at [[Pashupatinath Temple]]|248x248px]]

The first day of Teej is called {{lang|ne-Latn|Dar Khane Din}}. On this day the women assemble at one place in their finest attire and start dancing and singing devotional songs. Amidst all this, the grand feast takes place. The feast is hosted by men as usual. Women, who work hard throughout the year, do not have to do anything that day. That is the day for them to embellish themselves in {{lang|ne-Latn|sorha singaar}} — dressing up and using make up to the full extent, indulge in good food, and dance. Oftentimes, because women are invited by multiple brothers for the feast, they try to dance off some food before they are ready to eat more. The food served is supposed to be rich and abundant.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

This is probably the only day in a year that allows women full freedom of expression. Consequently, women have traditionally used this occasion to express their pains and pang in the songs they sing while dancing. With the advancement of communication and awareness, women these days use this occasion to voice their concerns about social issues and discrimination against women. The jollity often goes on until midnight, after which the 24-hour fast starts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teej special 2022 to be held in Qatar |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/22/268921/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>

===Second day===
The second day is the day of fasting. Some women don't eat or drink food and water while others drink liquids and eat fruit. The fasting is observed by married and unmarried women. Married women abstain strictly from food and drinks with a belief that their devotion to the gods will be blessed with longevity, peace and prosperity of their husband and family. Unmarried women observe the fast with a hope of being blessed with a good husband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majupuria |first=Trilok Chandra |title=Nepal, The Land of Festivals: Religious, Cultural, Social and Historical Festivals) |publisher=S. Chand |year=1981 |isbn=9780940500839 |pages=92–93 |oclc=310635107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Diwas |first=Dhakal |title=Nepalese Culture, Society, and Tourism |date=2000 |publisher=M. Dhakal |pages=191 |language=en |oclc=604735909}}</ref>

They dress gaily and visit a nearby Shiva temple singing and dancing on the way. The [[Pashupatinath Temple]] gets the highest number of devotees. At the temple, women circumambulate the {{lang|sa-Latn|[[shiva lingam]]}}, which symbolizes Shiva. The main pooja (religious ceremony) takes place with offerings of flowers, fruits, etc., made to Shiva and his wife Parvati, beseeching them to grant their blessing upon the husband and family. The important part of the puja is the oil lamp which should be alight throughout the night. It is believed that by the light of an oil lamp all night will bring peace and prosperity to the husband and family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hugh |first=Finlay |title=Nepal |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2001 |pages=98 |oclc=320635037}}</ref>

===Third day===
The third day of the festival is [[Rishi Panchami]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gurung |first=Bishnu Prasad |title=Festival & Fetes in Nepal |date=2008 |publisher=Monterosa Treks and Expedition |isbn=978-99933-877-0-1 |pages=49 |oclc=457045938}}</ref> After the completion of the previous day's puja, women pay homage to seven saints or sages, offer prayers to deities, and bathe with red mud found on the roots of the sacred datiwan bush, along with its leaves. The Rishi Panchami revolves around the purity of women. During this festival, which occurs two days after the Teej, the women participate in [[Ritual purification|ritual baths]] and [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship). One of the defining characteristics of the Teej Festival is the songs the women sing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bimala |first=Shrestha |title=Social life in Nepal, 1885-1950 |publisher=Vani Prakashan Co-operative Limited |year=1997 |pages=126–127 |oclc=1126012625}}</ref> Traditionally, these songs emphasized the subservient role of women in Nepalese society in addition to reinforcing traditional Hindu ideology of gender relations. Within the past few decades, as Nepal and the surrounding area experiences rapid development and modernization, the Teej songs have become more of a critical commentary on gender relations from women's perspectives. These songs "extend the women's thoughts and experiences of hardships from an intimate conversation to a public setting".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Debra |last2=Pach |first2=Alfred |last3=Holland |first3=Dorothy |last4=Holland |first4=Dorothy C. |title=Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal |date=1998 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8599-8 |page=98 }}</ref> The Teej songs allow women to effect change in their respective societies by giving them a public voice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skinner |first1=Debra |last2=Holland |first2=Dorothy |last3=Adhikari |first3=G. B. |date=1994 |title=The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178647 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=259–305 |doi=10.2307/1178647 |jstor=1178647 |issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Commons category|Teej}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Bhatnagar|first=Manju|date=1988|title=The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|volume=47|issue=1|pages=63–72|doi=10.2307/1178252|jstor=1178252}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Levy|first1=Robert Isaac|url=https://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6k4007rd/|title=Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal|last2=Rājopādhyāya|first2=Kedar Rāj|date=1990|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-585-13103-1|location=Berkeley, California|oclc=43476658}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Skinner|first1=Debra|last2=Holland|first2=Dorothy|last3=Adhikari|first3=G. B.|date=1994|title=The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|volume=53|issue=2|pages=259–305|doi=10.2307/1178647|jstor=1178647}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu festivals}}

[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Khas culture]]

Lavasa

2026-03-28T06:21:34Z

BarbaraMajeski6: minor enhanced formatting and corrected details

{{Update|date=January 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lavasa
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Planned city Hill city
| image_skyline = Lavasahills.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Lavasa hills
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.40528|N|73.50627|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 100
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 630
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 412107
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|www.lavasa.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lavasa''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: लवासा, lavāsā) is a [[private town|private]],<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12223024|title=India rules hill city 'illegal'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2011-01-19}}</ref> [[planned city]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]] built near [[Pune]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lavasa: India’s Dream City That Collapsed Under Its Own Ambition |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/newsviews/lavasa-indias-dream-city-that-collapsed-under-its-own-ambition-122577.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Realty Plus Magazine |language=en}}</ref> It is stylistically based on the Italian town [[Portofino]], with a street and several buildings bearing the name of that town.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/19/inside-lavasa-indian-city-built-private-corporation|first1=Matt|last1=Kennard|first2=Claire|last2=Provost|title=Inside Lavasa, India's first entirely private city built from scratch|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2015-11-19}}</ref>

A {{convert|100|km2|adj=on}}<ref name=bbc/> or {{convert|32|km2|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/architecture-imitates-life|title=Biomimicry: Architecture That Imitates Life|publisher=harvardmagazine.com|date=September–October 2009}}</ref> project being developed by [[Hindustan Construction Company|HCC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/Canada/casestudies/Case_Study_Detail.aspx?casestudyid=4000007468|title=Lavasa Corporation Ltd: India's First Planned Hill City Deploys Portal Solution to Empower Employees; Increases Collaboration and Efficiency|publisher=microsoft.com|date=31 May 2010}}</ref> this as-yet-incomplete city has been controversial for multiple reasons including procurement of land,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/lavasa-versus-tribals#:~:text=Land%20Conflict%20Summary,land%20and%20violating%20environmental%20norms.|title= Lavasa Project in Maharashtra's Pune Abandoned, Adivasis Lose Agricultural Land|publisher=landconflictwatch.org|date=19 September 2016}}</ref> harm to the environment,<ref name=bbc/> and loans acquired through political corruption.<ref name=loans4bribes>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE6AO03620101125|title=Suzlon, Lavasa among named in India bribery scam-reports|work=Reuters| date=25 November 2010}}</ref>

In late 2010, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Indian Environment and Forests Ministry]] ordered that construction cease because the project violated environmental laws.<ref name=stopc/> In 2011, this order has been rescinded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Environment Ministry gives nod to Lavasa hill city project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/environment-ministry-gives-nod-to-lavasa-hill-city-project/article2612039.ece# |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> The project's scale may have been reduced, however, and an [[initial public offering]] may not occur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lavasa Corporation gets Sebi nod to raise Rs 750 crore via IPO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/lavasa-corporation-gets-sebi-nod-to-raise-rs-750-crore-via-ipo/articleshow/45099026.cms?from=mdr|publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> In 2023, a resolution plan has been approved by the [[National Company Law Tribunal]], with Darwin Platform Infrastructure Ltd being declared as the successful bidder responsible for the city's construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=How the dream of an idyllic private hill city took shape — and then crashed into reality|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-an-unlikely-private-hill-city-bloomed-and-then-went-downhill/articleshow/102099927.cms?from=mdr|publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref> As of late 2025 - 2026, The project has been abandoned due to debt, environmental issues, and poor planning.<ref name=":0" />
==History==
[[File:Lavasa Fortune Hotel courtyard, Lavasa, Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|Fortune Hotel, Lavasa]]
Billed as India's first [[hill station]] since [[Indian independence movement|independence]],<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web |title=Inside Lavasa, India's first entirely private city built from scratch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/19/inside-lavasa-indian-city-built-private-corporation |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> the plans for this private grand township were unveiled by Ajit Gulabchand in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=How HCC chief Ajit Gulabchand is tackling the challenges |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/hindustan-construction-company-hcc-lavasa-woes-33839-2012-08-06 |publisher=Business Today |access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> The architectural team responsible for the design of the town wanted it be an imitation of an Italian hill-side town.<ref name="The Guardian"/>
===Land===
The area demarcated for Lavasa is located near [[Pune]] in the Mulshi valley<ref name=water2/> of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name=forbes>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/timferguson/2010/12/20/a-stop-in-indias-lavasa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223042543/http://blogs.forbes.com/timferguson/2010/12/20/a-stop-in-indias-lavasa/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2010|title=A Stop in India's Lavasa|work=Forbes|date=20 December 2010|first=Tim|last=Ferguson}}</ref>
===Current progress===
Construction of two out of the five planned towns is ongoing, and a number of residences have been completed as of 2013.<ref name=ipo2013>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/everything-is-backtable-including-lavasa-ipo-hcc_877396.html Everything is back on table including Lavasa IPO: HCC] moneycontrol.com, 29 May 2013</ref> By 2011 four hotels and a city centre were completed.<ref name=nepo/> A primary, middle, and high school, Le Mont High, were constructed as well.<ref name=lemont>[http://www.le-mont-high.org/about-message-head-of-school.htm From the Head of School's Desk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819222158/http://le-mont-high.org/about-message-head-of-school.htm |date=19 August 2011 }} Le Mont High official site. Retrieved 31 August 2011</ref> The town also boasts a hospitality management college, École hôtelière Lavasa.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090329082318/http://www.ecolehotelierelavasa.com/ Ecole Hoteliere Lavasa]}} ecolehotelierelavasa.com</ref>

===Administration===
Scot Wrighton was the administrator of the city as of 2011 and held the office until 2019.<ref name=Atlanticist>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/07/india-invents-a-city/308549/ | title=India Invents a City | publisher=Atlantic Media | work=The Atlantic | date=7 June 2011 | access-date=20 July 2013 | author=Kahn, Jeremy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Althoff |first=Kim |date=2019-01-09 |title=Scot Wrighton to be Named City Manager |url=https://decaturil.gov/scot-wrighton-to-be-named-city-manager/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=City of Decatur, IL |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Surrounding village===
Smaller, pre-existing communities sometimes interact with Lavasa and its residents. Some have been the focus of [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]] efforts,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lavasa.com/lavasaadmin/pdfs/Lavasa%20Provides%20school%20uniforms%20to%20Under-Privledged%20students%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf | title=Lavasa Corporation provides school uniforms to underprivileged students from the local community | publisher=HCC | work=Lavasa Corporation | date=25 January 2012 | access-date=14 September 2013}}
*{{cite web | url=http://www.lavasa.com/lavasaadmin/pdfs/Counseling%20Press%20Release%20September%2027%202012%20-%20Final.pdf | title=Lavasa organizes counselling sessions for Local youths | publisher=HCC | work=Lavasa Corporation | date=27 September 2012 | access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> and villagers provide construction labour to the project.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1511426/report-villagers-from-14-hamlets-supporting-lavasa-stage-protest | title=Villagers from 14 hamlets supporting Lavasa stage protest | publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd | work=DNA | date=22 February 2011 | access-date=14 September 2013 | author=Dinghe, S}}</ref>

==Future plans==
Lavasa has established a pattern of promoting planned partnerships with prestigious, overseas institutions that do not ultimately see fruition. Oxford University had at one point associated itself with the project, but other, name-brand plans including future sports facilities have yet to be officially cancelled.

The city has a better track record when it comes to construction; some sections are complete today. It is thought that Lavasa will not be finished before 2030, however.<ref name="bs">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/the-hillsalivethe-soundcontroversy/407277/|title=The hills are alive with the sound of controversy|work=Business Standard|date=7 September 2010 |last1=Kamath|first1=Raghavendra}}</ref> When fully built, its total population may be 200,000,<ref>{{cite web|last=Thekaekara|first=Tarsh|title=The great urban juggernaut|url=http://www.newint.org/columns/currents/2010/05/01/lavasa-indias-first-private-city/|work=New Internationalist|date=May 2010|access-date=9 February 2011}}</ref> and it will consist of four or five towns built on seven hills.<ref>For four towns, see [http://www.lavasa.com/high/master_plan.aspx Discover Lavasa: Master Plan; A vision becomes reality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124182317/http://lavasa.com/high/master_plan.aspx |date=24 November 2010 }} Lavasa Official Site
*For five towns, see [http://www.lavasa.com/high/files/Lavasa_EBrochure.pdf Lavasa: Life in Full] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216191410/http://lavasa.com/high/files/Lavasa_EBrochure.pdf |date=16 December 2010 }} Lavasa Official Site ('''Page 4''')
*For seven hills, see [http://www.lavasa.com/high/files/Lavasa_EBrochure.pdf Lavasa: Life in Full.] yes Lavasa Official Site ('''page 2''')</ref> The first of these, Dasve, was initially slated to be complete by 2010<ref name=hills>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iK6NTbE21WwVHWmJI-4JwBO3LUsg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118072435/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iK6NTbE21WwVHWmJI-4JwBO3LUsg|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2010|title=India's newest hill station builds for the future|date=15 September 2009}}</ref> although some residences there were still under construction as of 2013.<ref name=ipo2013/> Mugaon, the second town, may be finished in 2013,<ref name=bs/> and as of May, 2013, construction continues.<ref name=ipo2013/> Work on this town began in mid-2012.<ref name=help4locals>{{cite news | title =Medha Patkar will hold the torch at Lavasa camp | newspaper =Pune Mirror | date =11 May 2012 | url =http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120511201205110317458592daa7b13/Medha-Patkar-will-hold-the-torch-at-Lavasa-camp.html | access-date =2012-05-14 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120528235338/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120511201205110317458592daa7b13/Medha-Patkar-will-hold-the-torch-at-Lavasa-camp.html | archive-date =28 May 2012 }}</ref> In 2013, the chairman of the construction company building the project confirmed that Lavasa will include four large towns.<ref name=ipo2013/>

==Insolvency==

On August 30, 2018, the NCLT Mumbai Bench admitted an insolvency petition against Lavasa Corp. Ltd. (subsidiary of Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd) filed by one of its creditors, Raj Infrastructure Development (India) Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Insolvency plea against Lavasa Corp admitted by NCLT |url=https://ssrana.in/articles/india-insolvency-plea-against-lavasa-corp-admitted-by-nclt/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=S.S. Rana & Co. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Our |date=2018-08-30 |title=NCLT admits insolvency plea against Lavasa |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nclt-admits-insolvency-plea-against-lavasa/article24823461.ece |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2023, the city's acquisition was approved by the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] to Darwin Platform Infrastructure Limited (DPIL) for ₹1,814 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Lavasa, India's First Private Hill Station Sold To Darwin Platform For Rs 1,814 Crore |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/business/lavasa-indias-first-private-hill-station-sold-to-darwin-platform-for-rs-1814-crore-10089455 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, the NCLT scrapped the DPIL resolution plan and directed a fresh insolvency proceeding, taking the situation of development of Lavasa to the same as in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lavasa project in Maharashtra's Pune abandoned, Adivasis lose agricultural land {{!}} Pune,Maharashtra |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/lavasa-versus-tribals |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.landconflictwatch.org}}</ref>

== Education ==
The [[Christ_University|CHRIST (Deemed to be University)]] Pune Lavasa (Residential) campus is an off campus Institution of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore, which was established in Lavasa in 2014 is the only active educational institution in Lavasa.

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Lavasa Nightscape.jpg|thumb|Architecture at Lavasa]]
Lavasa has won several awards for its plans and designs. In 2005, Dasve village in Lavasa won awards from the [[Congress for the New Urbanism]] and the [[American Society of Landscape Architects]].<ref>For Congress for the New Urbanism award, see [http://www.cnu.org/awards/winners Charter Awards: Past Winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731123053/http://www.cnu.org/awards/winners |date=31 July 2008 }} Congress for the New Urbanism Official Website
*For American Society of Landscape Architects award, see [http://www.asla.org/newsreleasedetails.aspx?id=7770&terms=Lavasa ASLA Announces 2005 Professional Awards] American Society of Landscape Architects Official Website, 7/11/2005</ref> In 2009, the St. Louis chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects recognised the Lavasa landscape master plan with a merit award.<ref>[http://www.stlouisasla.org/2009-award-winners/ The 2009 St. Louis Chapter of ASLA Award Winners] stlouisasla.org</ref>

==Controversies==

===Environmental damage===
An Indian [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] team investigating Lavasa concluded that the city has caused [[environmental degradation|environmental damage]],<ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/maharashtra-govt-gets-moef-order-for-action-against-lavasa/438696/|title=Maharashtra govt gets MoEF order for action against Lavasa|date=11 June 2011|work=Business Standard}}</ref> since Lavasa is built "in the scenic hills of the Western Ghats, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] known for its evergreen tropical forests that shelter 325 species of vulnerable or endangered animals, birds and fauna."<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/how-the-unfinished-city-of-lavasa-became-a-nightmare-for-indian-banks-118061900095_1.html How the unfinished city of Lavasa became a nightmare for Indian banks]</ref>
Post reviewing the project, this ministry provided clearance on 9 November 2011 to Lavasa with specific conditions, such as a cessation of hill cutting activities, building of a sewage treatment plant, and anti-poverty CSR measures aimed at the local population.<ref>[http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Lavasa_order_Ph_1.pdf Indian Ministry of Environment and Forest Website]</ref>

====Quarrying====
While Lavasa has stone crushing permits, its operations have been described as "hill cutting" and "quarrying" by the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests, and the environmental impact of these activities was investigated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021852450500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126001823/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/18/stories/2011021852450500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Lavasa under scanner for quarrying|first=Amruta|last=Byatnal|date=18 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
In 2014, Mrs. Jayanti Natarajan, in her open letter to Congress president, stated that she had got a specific input from Rahul Gandhi's office to stall the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-text-of-jayanthi-natarajans-letter-to-sonia-gandhi/article6835522.ece|title = The Hindu Exclusive: Jayanthi Natarajan's letter to Sonia Gandhi|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 January 2015}}</ref>

===Land acquisition===
Both government and individual land owners have taken issue with Lavasa's land acquisition approach.

A report by the [[Maharashtra]] environment department claims {{convert|600|ha|acre}} of land bought by Lavasa Corporation was purchased from farmers who had been granted it by the Indian State. Because of the way in which the farmers obtained the land, three fourths of the purchase price should have been paid to the State. The report states Lavasa Corporation only paid 2%. It also alleges that {{convert|141|ha|acre}} of Lavasa were leased for far less than its actual value by the Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation and that Lavasa bought {{convert|98|ha|acre}} of land without license.<ref name=ET-Nov27>{{cite news|title=SHOWCAUSE NOTICE: JAIRAM ORDERS WORK TO STOP – Lavasa lands in trouble for flouting green laws|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2010%2F11%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826042207/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETD%2F2010%2F11%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2012|access-date=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

Some also say that Lavasa is being built on what was obtained through coercion.<ref name=water2>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/4987|title=Howl of the hills|publisher=downtoearth.org.in|author=Jamwal, Nidhi|date=15 September 2008}}</ref> However, Lavasa Corporation denies this.<ref name=nepo>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article859868.ece|title=Symbolic of luxury, Lavasa is built on irregularities|first=Amruta|last=Byatnal|date=31 October 2010|access-date=21 February 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Use of water resources===
Lavasa will use the same water resources that currently supply [[Pune]], and it is claimed that this move is likely to cause a supply shortage.<ref name=water1>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/water-being-diverted-to-lavasa-alleges-patkar/486570/ Water being diverted to Lavasa, alleges Patkar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011195454/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/water-being-diverted-to-lavasa-alleges-patkar/486570/ |date=11 October 2012 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 8 July 2009</ref> However, a 2011 report by the Expert Appraisal Committee of the Union Environment Ministry concluded that there will be no impact on Pune's water supply.<ref>[http://rtn.asia/451_lavasa-showed-higher-fsi-jairam-rameshs-moef Lavasa showed higher FSI : Jairam Ramesh's MoEF Committee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415175122/http://rtn.asia/451_lavasa-showed-higher-fsi-jairam-rameshs-moef |date=15 April 2013 }} rtn.asia, 24 May 2011</ref>

===Orders to halt construction===
For a one-year period from late 2010 to late 2011, construction of Lavasa was halted due to orders issued by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]].<ref name=ipo2011>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160428012930/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-60497120111113 HCC to revamp Lavasa finances, decide on IPO] reuters.com, 13 November 2011</ref> In late 2010, it ordered Lavasa Corporation to halt further construction for not having gathered proper clearances.<ref name=stopc>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/construction/Environment-Ministry-asks-Lavasa-to-halt-project/articleshow/6994372.cms|title=Environment Ministry asks Lavasa to halt project|work=The Economic Times | date=26 November 2010}}</ref> In November 2011, this ministry relented, and construction is no longer impeded by law.<ref name=ipo2011/> While grant of an environmental clearance was recommended in May, 2011, Lavasa was only alerted to the fact that clearance was granted on 9 November 2011.<ref>{{cite conference | first = Paryavaran | last = Bhawan | title = Environmental Clearance for the Development of Hill Station Township at Village Mulshi and Velhe Talukas, District Pune, Maharashtra my M/s. Lavasa Corporation Ltd. —regarding. | publisher = Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forests | date = 9 November 2011 | location = New Delhi | url = http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Lavasa_order_Ph_1.pdf | access-date = 2011-01-18}}</ref>

===Accusations of nepotism===
[[Sharad Pawar]], an Indian politician born in the state of Maharashtra, is alleged to have demanded compensation for allowing Lavasa to be constructed. When Lavasa Corporation was receiving necessary clearances from the government of Maharashtra, relatives of Pawar had part-ownership of the company developing the project.<ref name=nepotism1>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/special_lavasa-trail-reinforces-the-sharad-pawar-connection-and-ipl-link_1486204|title=Lavasa trail reinforces the Sharad Pawar connection & IPL link
|first=Abhay|last=Vaidya|publisher=DNA|date=26 December 2010|place=Pune|access-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> Pawar's daughter and son-in-law had more than 20% ownership between 2002 and 2004, and they later sold their stakes.<ref name=nepo/> A nephew of his was the chairman of Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation when it signed off on lease agreements for Lavasa and allowed Lavasa to store water and build dams.<ref name=nepotism1/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Aamby Valley City]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Planned communities in India]]
[[Category:Private cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:New Urbanism communities]]
[[Category:Resorts in India]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Environmental controversies]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]

Bhakti movement

2026-03-27T03:56:54Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Medieval Hindu religious movement}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Meerabai (crop).jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] has been a major part of the Bhakti movement. One of the key devotees was [[Meera]] (pictured).<ref name="smpandey">{{cite journal|author= SM Pandey |date= 1965 |title= Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement |journal= History of Religions |volume= 5 |number= 1 |pages= 54–73|jstor= 1061803 |doi= 10.1086/462514 |s2cid= 162398500 }}</ref>]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism in India}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

The '''Bhakti movement''' was a significant religious movement in medieval [[Hinduism]]{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=1}} that sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of [[Bhakti|devotion]] to achieve salvation.<ref name="cbseindiatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/-crashcourse-cbse-class-12-history-bhakti-movement-s-emergence-and-influence-1438286-2019-01-24|title=CBSE Class 12 History #CrashCourse: Bhakti movement's emergence and influence|last1=India Today Web Desk New|date=January 24, 2019|website=India Today}}</ref> Originating in [[Tamilakam]] during the 6th century CE,{{sfn|Hawley|2015|p=87}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=bhakti+movement+tamilakam&pg=RA1-PA37 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |language=en}}</ref> it gained prominence through the poems and teachings of the Vaishnava [[Alvars]] and Shaiva [[Nayanars]] in [[Middle kingdoms of India#The Deccan plateau and South|early medieval South India]], before spreading northwards.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=1}} It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-2}}

The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different [[God in Hinduism|Hindu gods and goddesses]], and some sub-sects were [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Vishnu]]), [[Shaivism]] ([[Shiva]]), [[Shaktism]] ([[Shakti]] goddesses), and [[Smartism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Lance |last=Nelson |year=2007 |title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies |editor1-first=Orlando O. |editor1-last=Espín |editor2-first=James B. |editor2-last=Nickoloff |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0814658567 |pages=562–563}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=S. S. |last=Kumar |year=2010 |title=Bhakti – the Yoga of Love |publisher=LIT |location=Münster |isbn=978-3643501301 |pages=35–36}}</ref><ref name="donigerbrit">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Wendy |last=Doniger |year=2009 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti |title=Bhakti |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Surinder 1999">{{cite book|last1=Johar|first1=Surinder|title=Guru Gobind Singh: A Multi-faceted Personality|date=1999|publisher=MD Publications|isbn=978-8-175-33093-1|page=89}}</ref> The Bhakti movement preached using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from [[theistic dualism]] of [[Dvaita]] to absolute [[monism]] of [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2}}<ref name=novetzke>{{cite journal|author= Christian Novetzke |date= 2007 |title= Bhakti and Its Public |journal= International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume= 11 |number= 3 |pages= 255–272|jstor= 25691067 |doi= 10.1007/s11407-008-9049-9 |s2cid= 144065168 }}</ref>

The movement has traditionally been considered an influential social reformation in Hinduism, as it provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality, regardless of one's birth or gender.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1–2}} Contemporary scholars question whether the Bhakti movement was ever a reform or rebellion of any kind.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 10-16}} They suggest that the Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking, and recontextualisation of ancient [[Vedic]] traditions.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 15-16}}

== Terminology ==
The Sanskrit word ''bhakti'' is derived from the root {{transliteration|sa|bhaj}}, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to".<ref name="Prentiss">{{cite book|last=Pechilis Prentiss|first=Karen|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=US|year=1999|page=24|isbn=978-0-19-512813-0}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book|last=Werner|first=Karel|title=Love Divine: studies in bhakti and devotional mysticism|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|page=168|isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0}}</ref> The word also means "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<ref name=monier>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary'', Motilal Banarsidass, page 743</ref><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=bhakti&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 bhakti] Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany</ref>

Bhakti, in contrast, is spiritual, a love for and devotion towards religious concepts or principles, that engages both emotion and intellect.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 19-21}} The connotation of love in this context is not one of uncritical emotion but committed engagement.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 19-21}} The Bhakti movement in Hinduism refers to ideas and engagement that emerged in the medieval era on love and devotion to religious concepts built around one or more gods and goddesses. The Bhakti movement preached against the caste system and used local languages and so the message reached the masses. One who practices ''bhakti'' is called a ''bhakta''.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|page=3}}

== Textual roots ==
[[File:Nammazhwar.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Vaishnava|Vaishnavite Saint]] [[Nammalvar]]. He is one of the most prominent of the 12 [[Alvars]] of the [[Vaishnavism]] Bhakti movement.]]
Ancient Indian texts, dated to the 1st millennium BCE, such as the ''Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad'', the ''[[Katha Upanishad|Kaṭha Upaniṣad]]'', and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' mention Bhakti.<ref name=madeleine />

=== ''Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad'' ===
[[File: Shiva poet-saint devotee (2).jpg|thumb|A copper alloy sculpture of a Shiva Bhakti practitioner from [[Tamil Nadu]] (11th Century or later).]]
The last of three epilogue verses of the ''[[Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad]]'', 6.23, uses the word [[Bhakti]] as follows,

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
यस्य देवे परा भक्तिः यथा देवे तथा गुरौ <nowiki>।
तस्यैते कथिता ह्यर्थाः प्रकाशन्ते महात्मनः ॥ २३ ॥</nowiki><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद् Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23] Wikisource</ref>

Who has highest Bhakti (love, devotion)<ref name=paulcarus>Paul Carus, {{Google books|96sLAAAAIAAJ|The Monist|PA514}}, pages 514-515</ref> of ''Deva'' (God),
just like his ''Deva'', so for his ''Guru'' (teacher),
To him who is high-minded,
these teachings will be illuminating.<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 326</ref><ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up ''Shvetashvatara Upanishad''], The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</ref>
</poem>
}}

This verse is notable for the use of the word ''Bhakti'', and has been widely cited as among the earliest mentions of "the love of God".<ref name=paulcarus /><ref>WN Brown (1970), ''Man in the Universe: Some Continuities in Indian Thought'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520017498}}, pages 38-39</ref> Scholars have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "God" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the medieval and modern era Bhakti traditions found in India.<ref name="maxmullerinto">Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up ''The Shvetashvatara Upanishad''], Oxford University Press, pages xxxii – xlii</ref><ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 301-304</ref> [[Max Muller]] states that the word ''Bhakti'' appears in only one verse of the epilogue at its end, may have been a later insertion and may not be theistic as the word was later used in much ''Sandilya Sutras''.<ref name=maxmullerbhakti>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up ''The Shvetashvatara Upanishad''], Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii</ref>

Grierson, as well as Carus, note that the first epilogue verse 6.21 is also notable for its use of the word ''Deva Prasada'' (देवप्रसाद, grace or gift of God), but add that ''Deva'' in the epilogue of the ''Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad'' refers to "pantheistic Brahman" and the closing credit to sage ''Śvetāśvatara'' in verse 6.21 can mean "gift or grace of his Soul".<ref name="paulcarus" />

Doris Srinivasan states that the Upanishad is a treatise on theism, but it creatively embeds a variety of divine images, an inclusive language that allows "three Vedic definitions for a personal deity".<ref name="srinivasan">D Srinivasan (1997), ''Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes'', Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004107588}}, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9</ref> The Upanishad includes verses wherein God can be identified with the Supreme (Brahman-Atman, Self, Soul) in Vedanta monistic theosophy, verses that support the dualistic view of Samkhya doctrines, as well as the synthetic novelty of triple Brahman where a triune exists as the divine soul (Isvara, theistic God), individual soul (self) and nature (Prakrti, matter).<ref name="srinivasan" /><ref>{{cite journal|author= Lee Siegel |title= Commentary: Theism in Indian Thought |journal= Philosophy East and West |volume= 28 |number= 4 |date= October 1978 |pages= 419–423|jstor= 1398646 |doi= 10.2307/1398646 }}</ref>

Tsuchida writes that the Upanishad syncretically combines monistic ideas of the [[Upanishads]] and the self-development ideas of [[Yoga]] with personification of the deity [[Rudra]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= R Tsuchida |date= 1985 |title= Some Remarks on the Text of the Svetasvatara-Upanisad |journal= Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究) |volume= 34 |number= 1 |pages= 460–468 |quote="The Svetasvatara-Upanisad occupies a highly unique position among Vedic Upanisads as a testimony of the meditative and monistic Rudra-cult combined with Samkhya-Yoga doctrines."}}</ref> Hiriyanna interprets the text to be introducing "personal theism" in the form of Shiva Bhakti, with a shift to [[monotheism]] but in the henotheistic context where the individual is encouraged to discover his own definition and sense of God.<ref>M. Hiriyanna (2000), ''The Essentials of Indian Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813304}}, pages 32-36</ref>

=== ''Bhagavad Gita'' ===
{{Main|Bhagavad Gita}}
The ''Bhagavad Gita'', a post-Vedic scripture composed in 5th to 2nd century BCE,{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|loc= see Foreword}} introduces ''bhakti marga'' (the path of faith/devotion) as one of three ways to spiritual freedom and release, the other two being ''[[karma yoga|karma marga]]'' (the path of works) and ''[[jnana yoga|jnana marga]]'' (the path of knowledge).<ref name="Minor">{{cite book|last=Minor|first=Robert Neil|title=Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1986|page=3|isbn=978-0-88706-297-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku2DGm20WWUC&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Glucklich|first=Ariel|title=The Strides of Vishnu|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|page=104|isbn=978-0-19-531405-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA104}}</ref>

In verses 6.31 through 6.47 of the ''Bhagavad Gita'', [[Krishna]] describes bhakti yoga and loving devotion as one of the several paths to the highest spiritual attainments.<ref name="Jacobsen">{{cite book |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. | year = 2005 | title = Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson | page=351 | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| isbn=90-04-14757-8}}</ref><ref name="chapple">Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), ''The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, pages 302-303, 318</ref>

=== ''Devi Mahatmya'' ===
{{Main|Devi Mahatmya}}The ''Devi Mahatmya'' embodies bhakti through three stories about the goddess Devi. In these narratives, devotion is vividly portrayed as the gods turn to Devi in times of crisis, emphasizing bhakti's central role in seeking divine aid and protection. The text prescribes rituals like recitation and worship to honor Devi, emphasizing that her ''Mahatmya'' should be recited "with bhakti" on specific days of each lunar fortnight and especially during the annual "great offering" (maha-puja) held in autumn, known today as [[Durga Puja|Durga puja]] (''Devi Mahatmya'' 12.4, 12.12).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da0FnwEACAAJ |title=The Hindu World |last2=Thursby |first2=Gene R. |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21527-5 |pages=190–192 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
===Initial development in Tamil lands===
[[file:Kalamegaperumal1 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Nammalvar]] (c. 798 CE), one of the Tamil [[Alvars]] and author of the ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' and the ''[[Tiruviruttam]]'']]

[[File:Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple, Tiruppathur Tamil Nadu - 04.jpg|thumb|Nayanars gallery at the Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple, Tiruppathur, a [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] temple. One important foundation of the Shaiva Siddhantha tradition is the Shaiva bhakti of the Nayanars.]]
[[File:Andal-painting.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Andal]], a major poet of the Bhakti movement of [[Vaishnavism]]]]

The Bhakti movement originated in [[Tamilakam]] during the seventh to eighth century CE, and remained influential in [[South India]] for some time. In the second millennium, a second wave of bhakti spread northwards through [[Karnataka]] (c. 12th century) and gained wide acceptance in fifteenth-century [[Assam]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Early History of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1980}}</ref> [[Bengal]] and [[North India|northern India]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=1}}<ref name=":0">Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity'', p. 130. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

According to Brockington, the initial [[Tamils|Tamil]] Bhakti movement was characterized by "a personal relationship between the deity and the devotee", and "fervent emotional experience in response to divine grace".<ref name=":0" /> The Bhakti movement in [[Tamil Nadu]] was composed of two main parallel groups: [[Shaivism|Shaivas]] (who also worshipped local deities like [[Shiva]] or his son [[Kartikeya|Murugan/Kartikeya]]) and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] (who also worshipped local deities like [[Perumal (deity)|Tirumāl]]). The [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Alvars]] and Shaiva [[Nayanars]] lived between 5th and 9th century CE.<ref name="Embree">{{cite book |last=Embree |first=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition |author2=Stephen N. Hay |author3=William Theodore De Bary |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-231-06651-8 |page=342 |author-link=Ainslie Embree}}</ref> They promoted love of a personal God first and foremost which is also expressed by love of one's fellow human beings. They also wrote and sang hymns of praise to their God, and came from numerous social classes, even [[shudra]]s.<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity'', pp. 130-33. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> These poet saints became the backbone of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] and [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] traditions.<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity'', pp. 139-140. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

The Alvars, which literally means "those immersed in God", were Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they traveled from one place to another.<ref name=olson /> They established temple sites such as [[Srirangam]], and spread ideas about [[Vaishnavism]]. Various poems were compiled as Alvar Arulicheyalgal or [[Divya Prabhandham|Divya Prabandham]], developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'''s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on ''bhakti'', have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins though some scholars question whether that evidence excludes the possibility that Bhakti movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sheridan| first=Daniel| title= The Advaitic Theism of the Bhagavata Purana |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia, Mo |year=1986 |isbn=81-208-0179-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=J. A. B. |last=van Buitenen | author-link=J. A. B. van Buitenen | chapter=The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |title=Encyclopedia Indica | year = 1996| editor=S.S. Shashi | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | pages=28–45 }}</ref>

Like the Alvars, the Shaiva Nayanars were Bhakti poet saints. The ''[[Tirumurai]]'', a compilation of hymns on Shiva by sixty-three Nayanar poet-saints, developed into an influential scripture in Shaivism. The poets' itinerant lifestyle helped create temple and pilgrimage sites and spread spiritual ideas built around Shiva.<ref name=olson>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|page=231|isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9}}</ref> Early Tamil-Shiva Bhakti poets influenced Hindu texts that came to be revered all over India.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages=17-18}}

=== Spread throughout India in the 2nd millennium ===
[[file:Basava cropped.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Basava]] (1131–1196), founder of [[Lingayatism]]]]

[[file:Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg|thumb|Chaitanya Mahaprabhu leading the Vaishnavas in 'Nagar kirtan', devotional chanting and dancing, in the streets of [[Nabadwip]], [[Bengal]].]]
The influence of the Tamil bhakti saints and those of later northern Bhakti leaders ultimately helped spread ''bhakti'' poetry and ideas throughout all the Indian subcontinent by the 18th century CE.<ref name="Embree" /><ref name="Flood">{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/131 131] |url-access=registration}}</ref> However, outside of the Tamil speaking regions, the Bhakti movement arrived much later, mostly in the second millennium.

For example, in [[Kannada]]-speaking regions (roughly modern [[Karnataka]]), the Bhakti movement arrived in the 12th century, with the emergence of [[Basava]] and his Shaivite [[Lingayatism]], which were known for their total rejection of [[Caste system in India|caste distinctions]] and the authority of the [[Vedas]], their promotion of the religious equality of women, and their focus on worshipping a small [[lingam]], which they always carried around their necks, as opposed to images in temples run by elite priesthoods.<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. pp. 145–147. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> Another important Kannada figure in the Bhakti movement was [[Madhvacharya]] (c. 12–13th centuries), a great and prolific scholar of [[Vedanta]], who promoted the theology of dualism ([[Dvaita Vedanta]]).<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. p. 148. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

Similarly, the Bhakti movement in [[Odisha]] (known as Jñanamisrita bhakti or Dadhya Bhakti) also began in the 12th century. It included various scholars including [[Jayadeva]] (the 12th-century author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]''), and it had become a mass movement by the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2018 |title=Pancha Sakhas of Medieval Odisha |url=https://www.historyofodisha.in/pancha-sakhas-of-medieval-odisha/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=History of Odisha}}</ref> Figures like [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Achyutananda]], [[Jasobanta Dasa]], [[Ananta Dasa]] and [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] preached Bhakti through public [[Kirtan|sankirtans]] across Odisha. [[Jagannath]] was and remains the center of the Odisha Bhakti movement.

The Bhakti movements also spread to the north later, particularly during the flowering of northern [[Bhakti yoga]] of the 15th and the 16th centuries. Perhaps the earliest of the northern bhakti figures was [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimbārkāchārya]] (c. 12th century), a Brahmin from [[Andhra Pradesh]] who moved to [[Vrindavan]]. He defended a similar theology to [[Ramanuja]], which he called [[Bhedabheda|Bhedābheda]] (difference and non-difference).<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. p. 151. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> Other important northern bhaktas include [[Namdev|Nāmdev]] (c. 1270–1350), [[Ramananda|Rāmānanda]], and [[Eknath]] (c. 1533–1599).<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. p. 152. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

Another important development was the rise of the [[Sant Mat]] movement, which drew from [[Nath]] tradition and Vaishnavism. Kabir was a saint known for Hindi poetry that expressed a rejection of external religion in favor of inner experience. After his death, his followers founded the [[Kabir panth]].<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. p. 157. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> A similar movement sharing the same Sant Mat Bhakti background that drew on both Hinduism and Islam, was founded by the [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nānak]] (1469–1539), the first Guru of [[Sikhism]].<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. p. 158. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

In [[Bengal]], the most famous composer of Vaishnava devotional songs was [[Chandidas|Candīdās]] (1339–1399).<ref name=":2">Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. pp. 162–165. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> He was celebrated in the popular Bengali [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]] movement. One the most influential of the northern Hindu Bhakti traditions was the [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1534) in Bengal. Chaitanya eventually came to be seen by the Bengali Vaishnavas as an [[avatar]]a of [[Krishna]] himself.<ref name=":2" /> Another important leader of northern Vaishnava Bhakti was [[Vallabha|Vallabhacharya Mahaprabhu]] (1479–1531 CE) who founded the [[Pushtimarg]] tradition in [[Braj|Braj (Vraja)]].<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity''. pp. 165–166. Edinburgh University Press.</ref>

Some scholars state that the Bhakti movement's rapid spread in India in the 2nd millennium was in part a response to the arrival of [[Islam]]<ref>The earliest arrival dates are contested by scholars. They range from the 7th to 9th century, with Muslim traders settling in coastal regions of the Indian subcontinent, to Muslims seeking asylum in Tamil Nadu, to Muslim raids in northwestern India by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. See:
* {{cite book |first=Annemarie |last=Schimmel |year=1997 |title=Islam in the Indian subcontinent |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9004061170 |pages=3–7}}
* {{cite book |first=Andre |last=Wink |year=2004 |title=Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-09249-8}}</ref> and subsequent Islamic rule in India and Hindu-Muslim conflicts.<ref name="donigerbrit" /><ref name="Surinder 1999"/><ref name=karen>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Karen |last=Pechelis |year=2011 |title=Bhakti Traditions |encyclopedia=The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies |editor1-first=Jessica |editor1-last=Frazier |editor2-first=Gavin |editor2-last=Flood |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0826499660 |pages=107–121}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=39–61}} That view is contested by some scholars,{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=39–61}} with [[Rekha Pande]] stating that singing ecstatic Bhakti hymns in local language had been a tradition in [[South India]] before [[Muhammad]] was born.<ref name=rekhapande /> According to Pande, the psychological impact of Muslim conquests may have initially contributed to community-style Bhakti by Hindus.<ref name=rekhapande>{{cite book |first=Rekha |last=Pande |year=2014 |title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1443825252 |page=25}}</ref> However, other scholars state that Muslim invasions, the conquests of Hindu Bhakti temples in South India and the seizure and the melting of musical instruments such as [[cymbals]] from local people were part responsible for the later relocation or demise of singing Bhakti traditions in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=Vasudha |last=Narayanan |year=1994 |title=The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-0872499652 |page=84}}</ref>

According to [[Wendy Doniger]], the nature of the Bhakti movement may have been affected by the daily practices to "surrender to God" of Islam when it arrived in India.<ref name="donigerbrit" /><ref name="Surinder 1999"/> In turn, that influenced devotional practices in Islam such as [[Sufism]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Gavin|last=Flood|author-link=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2003|page=185|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6}}</ref> and other religions in India from the 15th century onwards, such as [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]],<ref name="Neill 2002 412">{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Neill |year=2002 |title=A history of Christianity in India, 1707–1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89332-9 |page=412}}</ref> and [[Jainism]].<ref name="Kelting 2001 87">{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Kelting |year=2001 |title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ singing, and the negotiations of Jain devotion |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=87 |isbn=978-0-19-514011-8}}</ref>

Klaus Witz, in contrast, traces the history and nature of the Bhakti movement to the [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] and the Vedanta foundations of Hinduism. He writes that in virtually every Bhakti movement poet, "the Upanishadic teachings form an all-pervasive substratum, if not a basis. We have here a state of affairs that has no parallel in the West. Supreme Wisdom, which can be taken as basically non-theistic and as an independent wisdom tradition (not dependent on the Vedas), appears fused with the highest level of [[bhakti]] and with the highest level of God-realization."<ref>{{cite book |first=Klaus G. |last=Witz |year=1998 |title=The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120815735 |page=10}}</ref>

=== Key figures ===
The Bhakti movement witnessed a surge in Hindu literature in regional languages, particularly in the form of devotional poems and music.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages=26-32, 217-218}}<ref>Guy Beck (2011), ''Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition'', The University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-1611170375}}, Chapters 3 and 4</ref><ref>David Kinsley (1979), ''The Divine Player: A Study of Kṛṣṇa Līlā'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-0896840195}}, pages 190-204</ref> This literature includes the writings of the [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]], poems of [[Andal]],<ref name=richardgeorge /> [[Basava]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Bhagat Pipa]],{{sfnp|Lorenzen|1995|pages=182-199}} [[Allama Prabhu]], [[Akka Mahadevi]], [[Vallabhacharya]], [[Vitthalanatha]]/[[Gusainji]], [[Kabir]], [[Guru Nanak]] (founder of [[Sikhism]]),{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Tulsidas]], [[Nabha Dass]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Indian literature |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |publisher=Orient Longman|year=1998 |isbn=81-250-1453-5 |location=Hyderabad |oclc=42718918}}</ref>, Ghananand,<ref name=richardgeorge /> [[Ramananda]] (founder of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]]), Ravidass, [[Sripadaraja]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Kanakadasa]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana|Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]],<ref>Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520200616}}, pages 2–3, 53-81</ref> [[Raskhan]],<ref>Rupert Snell (1991), ''The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0728601758}}, pages 39-40</ref> [[Ravidas]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Jayadeva Goswami]],<ref name="richardgeorge" /> [[Namdev]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Eknath]], [[Tukaram]], [[Mirabai]],<ref name=smpandey /> [[Ramprasad Sen]],<ref>Rachel McDermott (2001), ''Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kālī and Umā from Bengal'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195134346}}, pages 8-9</ref> [[Sankardev]],<ref>Maheswar Neog (1995), ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and his times'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800076}}, pages 1-4</ref>,{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Narsinh Mehta]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Learning History Civis Standard Seven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZxdatjyWkEC&pg=PA29|publisher=Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd|page=30|id=GGKEY:CYCRSZJDF4J}}</ref> [[Gangasati]]<ref name="Pande2010">{{cite book|author=Rekha Pande|title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYEnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|date=13 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2525-2|pages=162–163}}</ref> and the teachings of saints like [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987}}

The writings of [[Sankardev|Sankaradeva]] in [[Assam]], however, included an emphasis on the regional language and also led to the development of an artificial literary language called ''[[Brajavali dialect|Brajavali]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Tridib K.|last2=Ashique|first2=Elahi|date=2019|title=Ankiya-bhaona of Sankaradeva and Madhavadeva performed in the Sattra Institutions of Assam: A study.|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6061ae46e2c3a2db33ba5fa8796cf138/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2035015|journal=Deliberative Research|volume=42|issue=1|pages=21–24}}</ref> ''Brajavali'' is, to an extent, a combination of medieval [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>'The Brajabuli idiom developed in Orissa and Bengal also. But as Dr Sukumar Sen has pointed out "Assamese Brajabuli seems to have developed through direct connection with Mithila" (''A History of Brajabuli Literature'', Calcutta, 1931 p1). This artificial dialect had Maithili as its basis to which Assamese was added.' {{harv|Neog|1980|p=257f}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Neog|1980|p=246}}</ref> The language was easily understood by the local populace, in line with the Bhakti movement's call for inclusion, but also retained its literary style. A similar language, called ''[[Brajabuli]]'' was popularised by [[Vidyapati]],<ref name="Majumdar1960">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=515 |quote="During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the ''Brajabulī'' dialect ... ''Brajabulī'' is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali".}}</ref><ref name="Banglapedia-Brajabuli">{{cite book |last=Morshed |first=Abul Kalam Manjoor |year=2012 |chapter=Brajabuli |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brajabuli |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> which was adopted by several writers in [[Odisha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mansinha |first1=Mayadhar |title=History of Oriya literature |date=1962 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |page=133 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/19WBHukqcz8XuXyGvjimYqt6sU1y5HEtZ/view}}</ref><ref name="Paniker1997">{{cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker |date=1997 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |volume=One: Surveys and selections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA287 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=287 |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> in the medieval times, and in [[Bengal]] during its [[Bengali Renaissance|renaissance]].<ref name="Banglapedia-Vidyapati">{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Basanti |year=2012 |chapter=Vidyapati |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vidyapati |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="Paniker1997"/>

The earliest writers from the 7th to 10th centuries, who are known to have influenced the movements driven by poet-saints, include [[Sambandar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Nammalvar]], [[Adi Shankara]], [[Manikkavacakar]] and [[Araiyar Sevai|Nathamuni]].<ref name="axelmichaels" /> Several 11th- and 12th-century writers developed different philosophies within the Vedanta school of Hinduism that were influential to the Bhakti tradition in [[medieval India]], and they include [[Ramanuja]], [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]], [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabha]] and [[Nimbarka]].<ref name="richardgeorge">Richard Kieckhefer and George Bond (1990), ''Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions,'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520071896}}, pages 116-122</ref><ref name="axelmichaels">Axel Michaels (2003), ''Hinduism: Past and Present'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691089539}}, pages 62-65</ref> These writers championed a spectrum of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism, qualified [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] and absolute [[monism]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2}}<ref name="novetzke" />

The Bhakti movement also witnessed several works getting translated into various Indian languages. ''[[Saundarya Lahari]]'' was written in Sanskrit by [[Adi Shankara]] and was translated into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the 12th century by [[Virai Kaviraja Pandithar]], who titled the book ''Abhirami Paadal''.<ref name="Nagaswamy_Vol19">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
| title = Saundarya Lahari in Tamil (Volume 19)
| last = Nagaswamy
| first = R.
| date =
| website =
| publisher = Tamil Arts Academy
| access-date = 26 September 2020
| quote =
| archive-date = 10 February 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203812/http://tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Similarly, the first translation of the Ramayana into an [[Indo-Aryan language]] was by [[Madhava Kandali]], who translated it into [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the [[Saptakanda Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kandali|first1=Aditya Bihar|last2=Routray|first2=Aurobinda|last3=Basu|first3=Tapan Kumar|title=TENCON 2008 - 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference |chapter=Emotion recognition from Assamese speeches using MFCC features and GMM classifier|date=November 2008|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/tencon.2008.4766487|isbn=9781424424085|s2cid=39558655}}</ref>

[[Shandilya]] and [[Narada]] are credited with two Bhakti texts, ''Shandilya Bhakti Sutra'' and ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'', but both have been dated to the 12th century by modern scholars.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Bary |first=William Theodore |title=Sources of Indian Tradition |author2=Stephen N Hay |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0467-8 |page=330 |chapter=Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqzFZNF2RxgC&pg=PA330}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Swami Vivekananda |title=The indispensable Vivekananda |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |editor=Amiya P Sen |page=212 |chapter=Bhakti Yoga |author-link=Swami Vivekananda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C&pg=PA212}}</ref>

== Theology ==
The Bhakti movement of Hinduism saw two ways of imaging the nature of the divine ([[Brahman]]): ''Nirguna'' and ''Saguna''.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|page=21}} ''Nirguna'' Brahman was the concept of the ultimate reality as formless and without attributes or quality.{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= xxvii-xxxiv}} ''Saguna'' Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality.{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= xxvii-xxxiv}}

Both views had parallels in the ancient pantheistic formless and theistic traditions, respectively, and are traceable to a dialogue in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|page=21}}{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= 207-211}} These two may be considered to be the same Brahman, as viewed from two perspectives: a formless mode focused on wisdom (''jñana'') and a form mode, focused on love.{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= 207-211}} ''Nirguna'' Bhakti poetry is more focused on ''jñana'', and ''Saguna'' bhakti poetry focuses on love (''prema'').{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|page=21}} In Bhakti, the emphasis is reciprocal love and devotion in which the devotee loves God, and God loves the devotee.{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= 207-211}}

The concepts of ''Nirguna'' and ''Saguna Brahman'', which is at the root of Bhakti theology, underwent more profound developments with the ideas of the [[Vedanta]] schools, particularly those of [[Adi Shankara]]'s 8th-century ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'' (absolute [[nondualism]] / [[monism]]), [[Ramanuja]]'s 12th-century [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedanta (a qualified nondualism that posits unity and diversity), and [[Madhvacharya]]'s (c. 12th-13th century) [[Dvaita Vedanta]] (which posits a true dualism between God and the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]).{{sfnp|Fowler|2012|pages= xxvii-xxxiv}}

According to David Lorenzen, the idea of bhakti for a ''Nirguna'' Brahman has been a baffling one to scholars since it offers "heart-felt devotion to a God without attributes, without even any definable personality".<ref name="davidlorenzenns" /> However, given the "mountains of ''Nirguni'' bhakti literature", Bhakti for ''Nirguna Brahman'' has been a part of the reality of the Hindu tradition along with the Bhakti for ''Saguna Brahman''.<ref name="davidlorenzenns">David Lorenzen (1996), ''Praises to a Formless God: Nirguni Texts from North India'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791428054}}, page 2</ref> Thus, these were two alternate ways of imagining God even in the Bhakti movement.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|page=21}}

The Nirguna and Saguna forms of Bhakti may be found in two 12th-century treatises on bhakti: the ''Sandilya Bhakti Sutra'' and ''Narada Bhakti Sutra''. ''Sandilya'' leans towards Nirguna Bhakti, and ''Narada'' leans towards Saguna Bhakti.<ref name=":1">Jessica Frazier and Gavin Flood (2011), ''The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies'', Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-0826499660}}, pages 113-115</ref>

=== Salvation ===
According to J. L. Brockington, the Sri Vaishnavas had split into two subsects in the 14th century:<blockquote>the dispute was over the question of human effort versus divine grace in achieving salvation, a controversy often and not unreasonably compared to the Arminian and Calvinist standpoints within Protestantism. The Northern school held that the worshipper had to make some effort to win the grace of the Lord and emphasised the performance of karma, a position commonly summed up as being ‘on the analogy of the monkey and its young’, for as the monkey carries her young which cling to her body so Visnu saves the worship per who himself makes an effort. The Southern school held that the Lord’s grace itself conferred salvation, a position ‘on the analogy of the cat and its kittens’, for just as the cat picks up her kittens in her mouth and carries them off willy-nilly, so Visnu saves whom he wills, without effort on their part.<ref>Brockington, J. L. (1996). ''The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in Its Continuity and Diversity'', p. 139. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> </blockquote>

== Social Impact ==
[[File:Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dhekiakhowa Bornamghar]] at [[Jorhat]]. [[Namghar]]s are places of congregational worship and centres of local self-governance in [[Assam]], introduced by Bhakti saints such as [[Sankardev|Sankaradeva]], [[Madhavdev|Madhavadeva]] and [[Damodardev|Damodaradeva]]]]

The Bhakti movement led to devotional transformation of medieval Hindu society, and Vedic rituals or alternatively [[sannyasa|ascetic]] monk-like lifestyle for [[moksha]] gave way to individualistic loving relationship with a personally defined god.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-2}} Salvation, which had been considered attainable only by men of the [[Brahmin]], [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya]] castes, became available to everyone.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-2}} Most scholars state that Bhakti movement provided women and members of the [[Shudra]] and [[untouchability|untouchable]] communities an inclusive path to spiritual salvation.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|pp=184-185|ps=}} Some scholars disagree that the Bhakti movement was premised on such social inequalities.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Peter van der Veer |date= 1987 |title= Taming the Ascetic: Devotionalism in a Hindu Monastic Order |journal= Man |series=New Series |volume= 22 |number= 4 |pages= 680–695|doi= 10.2307/2803358 |jstor= 2803358 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=338-339}}

Poet-saints grew in popularity, and literature on devotional songs in regional languages became profuse.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-2}} These poet-saints championed a wide range of philosophical positions within their society, ranging from the theistic dualism of [[Dvaita]] to the absolute [[monism]] of [[Advaita]] Vedanta.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2}} Kabir, a poet-saint, for example, wrote in Upanishadic style, the state of knowing truth:{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=154-155}}

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
There's no creation or creator there,
no gross or fine, no wind or fire,
no sun, moon, earth, or water,
no radiant form, no time there,
no word, no flesh, no faith,
no cause and effect, nor any thought of the Veda,
no Hari or Brahma, no Shiva or Shakti,
no pilgrimage and no rituals,
no mother, father, or guru there...
</poem>
|[[Kabir]], Shabda 43|Translated by K Schomer and WH McLeod{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=154-155}}}}

The early-15th-century Bhakti poet-Sant Pipa stated:<ref name=nirmal>Nirmal Dass (2000), ''Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791446836}}, pages 181-184</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Within the body is the god, the temple,
within the body all the Jangamas<ref>A term in Shaiva Hindu religiosity, referring to an individual who is always on the go, seeking, learning; See: Winnand Callewaert (2000), ''The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge'', {{ISBN|978-0700713318}}, page 292</ref>
within the body the incense, the lamps, and the food-offerings,
within the body the [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]-leaves.

After searching so many lands,
I found the nine treasures within my body,
Now there will be no further going and coming,
I swear by [[Rama]].
</poem>
|[[Bhagat Pipa|Pīpā]], Gu dhanasari|Translated by Vaudeville<ref name= Winnand>Winnand Callewaert (2000), ''The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700713318}}, page 292</ref>}}

The Bhakti movement also led to the prominence of the concept of female devotion, poet-saints such as [[Andal]] coming to occupy the popular imagination of the common people along with her male counterparts. Andal went a step further by composing hymns in praise of God in vernacular Tamil, rather than Sanskrit, in verses known as the [[Nachiyar Thirumozhi|Nachiyar Tirumoli]], or the ''Woman's Sacred Verses'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andal-Nacciyar Tirumoli – Poetry Makes Worlds |url=https://archana.faculty.ucdavis.edu/translations/andal-nacciyar-tirumoli/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Clouds that spill lovely pearls
what message has the dark-hued lord
of Venkatam
sent through you?
The fire of desire has invaded my body
I suffer.
I lie awake here in the thick of night,
a helpless target for the cool southern breeze.|author=[[Andal]]|title=Nachiyar Tirumoli|source=Verse 8.2}}

The impact of the Bhakti movement in India was similar to that of the [[Protestant Reformation]] of Christianity in Europe.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2}} It evoked shared religiosity, direct emotional and intellection of the divine and the pursuit of spiritual ideas without the overhead of institutional superstructures.{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|loc=pages 1-4 and Introduction chapter}} Practices emerged bringing new forms of spiritual leadership and social cohesion among the medieval Hindus such as community singing, the chanting together of deity names; festivals; pilgrimages; and rituals relating to [[Saivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]].<ref name="Embree" /><ref>Karen Pechelis (2011), ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies'' (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-1472511515}}, pages 22-23, 107-118</ref> Many of these regional practices have survived into the modern era.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=1-2}}

=== ''Seva'', ''dāna'', and community kitchens ===
{{main|Seva (Indian religions)|Dāna}}
The Bhakti movement introduced new forms of voluntary social giving such as ''Seva'' (service, for example to a temple or ''guru'' school or community construction), ''dāna'' (charity), and community kitchens with free shared food.<ref>Jill Mordaunt et al, Thoughtful Fundraising: Concepts, Issues, and Perspectives, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415394284}}, pages 20-21</ref> Of community kitchen concepts, the vegetarian [[Langar (Sikhism)|Guru ka Langar]], which was introduced by [[Nanak]], became a well-established institution over time, started with northwest India, and expanded to everywhere Sikh communities are found.<ref>Gene Thursby (1992), ''The Sikhs'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004095540}}, page 12</ref> Other saints such as [[Dadu Dayal]] championed the similar social movement, a community that believed in the concepts of [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) towards all living beings, social equality, a vegetarian kitchen and mutual social service.{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=181-189, 300}} Bhakti temples and [[matha]] (Hindu monasteries) of India adopted social functions such as relief to victims after a natural disaster, helping the poor and marginal farmers, providing community labor, feeding houses for the poor, free hostels for poor children and promoting folk culture.<ref>Helmut Anheier and Stefan Toepler (2009), ''International Encyclopedia of Civil Society'', Springer, {{ISBN|978-0387939940}}, page 1169</ref>

== In other Indian religions ==
=== Jainism ===
Bhakti has been a prevalent practice in various Jaina sects in which learned [[Tirthankara]] (''Jina'') and human ''gurus'' are considered superior beings and venerated with offerings, songs and ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|Arti]]'' prayers.<ref name=johncort /> The Bhakti movement in later Hinduism and Jainism may share roots in ''vandal'' and ''puja'' concepts of the Jaina tradition.<ref name=johncort>John Cort, ''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India'', Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64-68, 86-90, 100-112</ref>

=== Buddhism ===
Medieval-era Bhakti traditions among non-theistic Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism have been reported by scholars in which the devotion and prayer ceremonies were dedicated to an enlightened guru, primarily Buddha and Jina Mahavira, respectively, as well as others.<ref>Karen Pechelis (2011), ''The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies'' (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-1472511515}}, pages 109-112</ref> [[Karel Werner]] notes that ''Bhatti'' (Bhakti in Pali) has been a significant practice in [[Theravada]] Buddhism, and states that "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or ''bhakti / Bhatti'' does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the earliest days".<ref>Karel Werner (1995), ''Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700702350}}, pages 45-46</ref>

=== Sikhism ===
Some scholars say [[Sikhism]] is a part of the Bhakti tradition of India.<ref>W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997), ''A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700710485}}, page 22</ref>{{sfnp|Lorenzen|1995|pages= 1-3}} In Sikhism, "nirguni Bhakti" is emphasised: devotion to a divine without [[Gunas]] (qualities or form),{{sfnp|Lorenzen|1995|pages= 1-3}}<ref name="hardip">Hardip Syan (2014), in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'' (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, page 178</ref><ref>A Mandair (2011), "Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism", in ''Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia'' (Editor: Anne Murphy), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415595971}}, page 188-190</ref> but it accepts both nirguni and saguni forms of the divine.<ref>Mahinder Gulati (2008), ''Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity'', Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-8126909025}}, page 305</ref>

The ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'', the scripture of the Sikhs, contains the hymns of 6 (possibly 7 or 8) out of the 10 [[Sikh gurus]], 14 Hindu [[bhagats]] and one Muslim Bhagat.<ref>E Nesbitt (2014), in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'' (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, pages 360-369</ref> Some of the bhagats whose hymns were included in the Guru Granth Sahib, were Bhakti poets who taught their ideas before the birth of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh guru. The fourteen Hindu bhagats whose hymns were entered into the text were poet saints of the Bhakti movement, and included [[Namdev]], [[Bhagat Pipa|Pipa]], [[Ravidas]], [[Kabir]], [[Bhagat Beni|Beni]], [[Bhagat Bhikhan|Bhikhan]], [[Bhagat Dhanna|Dhanna]], [[Jayadeva]], [[Bhagat Parmanand|Parmanand]], [[Bhagat Sadhana|Sadhana]], [[Bhagat Sain|Sain]], [[Surdas]] and [[Trilochan]], and the one Muslim bhagat and Sufi saint [[Baba Farid]].<ref name="shapiro924">{{cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Michael |year=2002 |title=Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |pages=924, 925 |doi=10.2307/3217680 |jstor=3217680}}</ref><ref>Mahinder Gulati (2008), ''Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity'', Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-8126909025}}, page 302; HS Singha (2009), ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'', Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170103011}}, page 8</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513024-9 |location=United States |page=19}}</ref>

Most of the 5,894 hymns in the Sikh scriptures came from the Sikh gurus, the rest from the Bhagats. The three highest contributions in the Sikh scripture of non-Sikh bhagats were from Bhagat Kabir (541 hymns), Bhagat Farid (134 hymns) and Bhagat Namdev (62 hymns).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patro |first1=Santanu |title=A Guide to Religious Thought and Practices |date=2015 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-9963-6 |edition=Fortress Press |location=Minneapolis |page=161}}</ref>

Sikhism shared beliefs with the Bhakti movement,<ref name="David Lorenzen 1995 pages 1-2">{{harvp|Lorenzen|1995|pages=1-2}} Quote: "Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion"</ref><ref name="Louis Fenech 2014 page 35">Louis Fenech (2014), in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'' (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, page 35, Quote: "Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant ''parampara'' in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India."</ref><ref name="encyclobritannicasikh">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism Sikhism], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2014), Quote: "In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak has raised a Hindu and eventually, belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India,"</ref> and incorporated hymns from the Bhakti poet-saints, it was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement.<ref name="Pruthi">{{cite book |author=Pruthi, R K |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |location=New Delhi |pages=202–203}}</ref> For instance, it disagreed with some of the views of the Bhakti sants Kabir and Ravidas.<ref group="note">These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs emphasizing the path of the householder, Sikh's disbelief in [[Ahinsa]], and the Sikhs afterlife aspect of{{clarification needed|date=September 2024}} merging with God rather than physical heaven.</ref><ref name="Pruthi" />

[[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh Guru, shared some devotional ideas with the Bhakti movement but founded Sikhism, teaching the oneness of God beyond religious labels—he famously said, ‘There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim, only God’.<ref name="richard">{{cite journal |author=HL Richard |date=2007 |title=Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual "Church" Development |url=http://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf |journal=International Journal of Frontier Missiology |volume=24 |page=144 |number=3}}</ref> He taught, states Jon Mayled, that the most important form of worship is Bhakti.<ref name="Mayled2002">{{cite book |author=Jon Mayled |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5 |title=Sikhism |publisher=Heinemann |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-435-33627-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/30 30]–31 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ''Nam-simran'' – the realisation of God – is an important Bhakti practice in Sikhism.<ref name="Dhillon1988">{{cite book |author=Dalbir Singh Dhillon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=1988 |page=229}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cave |first1=David |title=Religion and the Body: Modern Science and the Construction of Religious Meaning |last2=Norris |first2=Rebecca |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-9004221116 |page=239}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Anna S. King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhgDL6SwGeQC |title=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions |author2=J. L. Brockington |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-250-2801-7 |pages=322–323}}</ref> [[Guru Arjan]], in his ''Sukhmani Sahib'', recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God.<ref>{{cite book |author=Surinder S. Kohli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=81-7156-336-8 |pages=74–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmal |title=Searches in Sikhism |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-367-7 |edition=First |location=New Delhi |page=122}}</ref> The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions for a Sikh to perform constant Bhakti.<ref name="Mayled2002" /><ref name="Jhutti-Johal2011">{{cite book |author=Jagbir Jhutti-Johal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91xotkSSyzUC |title=Sikhism Today |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |page=92}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The Sikh scripture includes many verses on devotional worship. For example,<ref name=sggs305306>{{cite book| title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib| translator=Sant Singh Khalsa| year=2006| publisher=srigranth.org| pages=305–306 (Ang)| url=http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html| archive-date=21 August 2016| access-date=9 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171802/http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> They remain in ecstasy forever, day and night; O servant Nanak, they sing the Glorious Praises of the Lord, night and day. One who calls himself a Sikh of the Guru, the True Guru, shall rise in the early morning hours and meditate on the Lord's Name. Upon arising early in the morning, he is to bathe, and cleanse himself in the pool of nectar. Following the Instructions of the Guru, he is to chant the Name of the Lord, Har, Har. All sins, misdeeds and negativity shall be erased. (...) – ''Sri Guru Granth Sahib'', 305(16)–306(2)<ref name=sggs305306 />}} The Bhakti themes in Sikhism also incorporate [[Shakti]] (power) ideas.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1985 |title=Sikh Cultural Center |journal=The Sikh Review |volume=33 |issue=373–384 |page=86}}</ref>

Some Sikh sects outside Punjab, such as those found in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bihar]], practice ''Arti'' with lamps in a [[gurdwara]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Karen Pechilis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsbfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |author2=Selva J. Raj |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-16323-4 |page=243}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA42 |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions |author2=Michael Hawley |publisher=BRILL Academic |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-24236-4 |pages=42–43}}</ref> Arti and devotional prayer ceremonies are also found in Ravidassia sect<ref>{{cite book |author=Ronki Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--9WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA380 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-40358-6 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |pages=379–380}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amluAAAAMAAJ |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |publisher=Ashgate |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1 |page=112}}</ref>

== Debates in contemporary scholarship ==
Contemporary scholars question whether the 19th- and early 20th-century theories about the Bhakti movement in India, its origin, nature and history are accurate. Pechilis in her book on the Bhakti movement, for example, states:{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 13-14}}

{{Blockquote|Scholars writing on bhakti in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were agreed that bhakti in India was preeminently a monotheistic reform movement. For these scholars, the inextricable connection between monotheism and reform has both theological and social significance in terms of the development of Indian culture. The orientalist images of bhakti were formulated in a context of discovery: a time of organized cultural contact, in which many agencies, including administrative, scholarly, and [[Proselytism|missionary]] – sometimes embodied in a single person – sought knowledge of India. Through the Indo-European language connection, early [[orientalism|orientalists]] believed that they were, in a sense, seeing their own ancestry in the antique texts and "antiquated" customs of Indian peoples. In this respect, certain scholars could identify with the monotheism of bhakti. Seen as a reform movement, bhakti presented a parallel to the orientalist agenda of intervention in the service of the empire.
|Karen Pechilis|The Embodiment of Bhakti{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 13-14}}}}

[[Madeleine Biardeau]] states, like Jeanine Miller, that the Bhakti movement was neither reform nor a sudden innovation but the continuation and expression of ideas to be found in [[Vedas]], Bhakti Marga teachings of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the [[Katha Upanishad]] and the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]].<ref name=madeleine>Madeleine Biardeau (1994), ''Hinduism: The Anthropology of a Civilization'' (Original: French), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195633894}} (English Translation by Richard Nice), pages 89-91</ref><ref>J Miller (1996), ''Does Bhakti appear in the Rgveda?: An enquiry into the background of the hymns'', {{ISBN|978-8172760656}}; see also J Miller (1995), in ''Love Divine: Studies in 'Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism'' (Editor: Karel Werner), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700702350}}, pages 5, 8-9, 11-32</ref>

John Stratton Hawley describes recent scholarship that questions the old theory of the Bhakti movement's origin and story of art coming from the south and moving north". He states that the movement had multiple origins by mentioning [[Brindavan]] in [[North India]] as another centre.{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|page=10}} Hawley describes the controversy and disagreements between Indian scholars and quotes Hegde's concern of Bhakti movement being a reform a theory that has been supported by "cherry-picking particular songs from a large corpus of Bhakti literature". He states that if the entirety of the literature by any single author like ''[[Basava]]'' is considered along with its historical context, there is neither reform nor a need for reform.{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=338-339}}

[[Sheldon Pollock]] writes that the Bhakti movement was neither a rebellion against Brahmins and the upper castes nor a rebellion against Sanskrit since many of the prominent thinkers and earliest champions of the Bhakti movement were Brahmins or from other upper castes. Also, early and later Bhakti poetry and other literature werre in Sanskrit.<ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009), ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520260030}}, pages 423-431</ref> Further, Pollock considers that evidence of Bhakti trends in ancient [[Southeast Asian]] Hinduism in the 1st millennium CE, such as those in [[Cambodia]] and [[Indonesia]], where the [[Vedic period]] was unknown, and upper-caste Tamil Hindu nobles and merchants introduced Bhakti ideas of Hinduism, suggest that the roots and the nature of the Bhakti movement were primarily spiritual and political quests, rather than the rebellion of some form.<ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009), ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520260030}}, pages 529-534</ref><ref>[[Keat Gin Ooi]] (2004), ''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia'', {{ISBN|978-1576077702}}, page 587</ref>

John Guy states that the evidence of Hindu temples and Chinese inscriptions from the 8th century CE about Tamil merchants presents Bhakti motifs in Chinese trading towns, particularly [[Quanzhou]]'s [[Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)|Kaiyuan Temple]].<ref name=johnguy /> They show that Saivite, Vaishnavite and Hindu Brahmin monasteries revered Bhakti themes in China.<ref name=johnguy>John Guy (2001), ''The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400'' (Editor: Angela Schottenhammer), Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004117730}}, pages 283-299</ref>

Scholars increasingly drop, according to Karen Pechilis, the old premises and the language of "radical otherness, monotheism and reform of orthodoxy" for the Bhakti movement.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 15-16}} Many scholars now characterise the emergence of Bhakti in medieval India as a revival, reworking and recontextualization of the central themes of Vedic traditions.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages= 15-16}}

== See also ==
* [[Dasa Sahitya]]
* [[Ekasarana Dharma]]
* [[Protestant work ethic]]
* [[Puja (Hinduism)]]
* [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first= Jeaneane D. |last= Fowler |date= 2012 |title= The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |publisher= Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-346-1 }}
* {{cite book|first= John |last= Hawley |date= 2015 |title= A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-18746-7 }}
* {{cite journal |url= http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title= The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure | journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |first=Shima |last=Iwao |date=June–September 1988 |publisher=Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture |pages=183–197 |issn=0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26}}
* {{cite book|first= David |last= Lorenzen |date= 1995 |title= Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6 }}
* {{cite book|first= Karen |last= Pechilis Prentiss |date= 2014 |title= The Embodiment of Bhakti |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535190-3 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |editor1-first=Karine |editor1-last=Schomer |editor2-first=W. H. |editor2-last=McLeod |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 |isbn=9788120802773 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* John Hawley (1984), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463998 "The Music in Faith and Morality"], ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Vol. 52, No. 2, pages 243–262
* John Hawley (1988), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2056168 "Author and Authority in the Bhakti Poetry of North India"], ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 47, No. 2, pages 269–290
* S. M. Pandey (1965), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061803 "Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement"], ''History of Religions'', Vol. 5, No. 1, pages 54–73
* Karen Pechilis (2015), [http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/female-gurus-and-ascetics-BEHCOM_9000000239 "Female Gurus and Ascetics"], in ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism''. Edited by: [[Knut A. Jacobsen]] et al. (Requires subscription)
* Vijay Pinch (May 2003), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600826 "Bhakti and the British Empire"], ''Past & Present'', No. 179, pages 159–196
* George Spencer (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269705 "The Sacred Geography of the Tamil Shaivite Hymns"], ''Numen'', Vol. 17, Fasc. 3, pages 232–244
* Glenn Yocum (1973), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1461384 "Shrines, Shamanism, and Love Poetry: Elements in the Emergence of Popular Tamil Bhakti"], ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Vol. 41, No. 1, pages 3–17
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~fc12/Bibliography/09_Bhakti_Bibliography.html Bhakti bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123833/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~fc12/Bibliography/09_Bhakti_Bibliography.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, Harvard University Archive (2001)
* [[Wikisource: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Bhakti-Yoga/Definition of Bhakti|Definition of Bhakti]], Swami Vivekananda, Wikisource

[[Category:Bhakti movement| ]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Hindu movements]]

Bichom district

2026-03-26T13:03:47Z

BarbaraMajeski6: put up basic location more to come - done

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bichom district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 7 February 2023
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2,897
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 9,710
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website =
| official_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
}}

'''Bichom district''' is one of the 28 [[Districts of Arunachal Pradesh|districts]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in northeastern India. [[Napangphung]] is its headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Arunachal Assembly passes bill for two new districts |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-assembly-passes-bill-for-two-new-districts-867224-2024-02-08 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
In November 2023, the Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] announced creation of Bichom district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Arunachal: Union Minister Kiren Rijiju and CM Pema Khandu announce Bichom district, unleash wave of development in Seppa |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-union-minister-kiren-rijiju-and-cm-pema-khandu-announce-bichom-district-unleash-wave-of-development-in-seppa-714001-2023-11-20 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref> And in February 2024, the cabinet approved the bill for district creation. It was formed by carving out 27 villages from [[West Kameng district]] and 28 villages from [[East Kameng district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal assembly passes bill to create two new districts |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/02/08/ces12-ar-assembly-bill.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> On March 7, 2024, the district was officially inaugurated by the Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Arunachal CM Pema Khandu inaugurates new Bichom district |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-inaugurates-new-bichom-district-922524-2024-03-07 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> The district was formed following the demand for its creation by the [[Hruso people|Aka tribe]] and [[Miji people|Miji tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Politics Behind Reviving the Demand for a Mon Autonomous Council in Arunachal |url=https://thewire.in/politics/arunachal-pradesh-mon-autonomous-council-pema-khandu |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Neerja – Ek Nayi Pehchaan

2026-03-25T13:33:39Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created a stub basic info - done

{{short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Drama]]
*[[Romance film|Romance]]
*[[Social]]
}}
| creator = {{Plainlist|
Uddeept Dutt Gaur
}}
| writer = Uddeept Dutt Gaur
*Anjali Bahura
| creative_director = {{Plainlist|
* Seema Sharma
* Sudhir Sharma
}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 219
| producer = [[Sudhir Sharma]]
| location = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[Mumbai]]
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = Sunshine Productions
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|07|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|02|18|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Neerja – Ek Nayi Pehchaan''''' ({{translation|''Neerja - A New Identity''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic action drama television series that premiered on 10 July 2023 to 18 February 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and digitally streams on [[JioCinema]]. Produced under Sunshine Productions, it stars Aastha Sharma, [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]], [[Sneha Wagh]] and [[Kamya Panjabi]].

==Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Aastha Sharma as Neerja Bagchi: Protima's daughter; Chakri's best friend; Didun's enemy; Abir's wife; Bappa's aunt (2023 - 2024)
** Myra Vaikul as Child Neerja (2023)
* [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]] as Abir Bagchi: Vijay and Mausumi's younger son; Brother of Kaushik; Sarthak's half-brother; uncle of Bappa; Neerja's husband; Trisha's ex-fiance (2023 - 2024)
** Nirbhay Thakur as Child Abir Bagchi (2023)

=== Recurring ===
* Alma Hussein as Trisha Chakravarthy: Abir's ex-fiancee and obsessive lover; Didun's right hand (2023 - 2024)
* [[Sneha Wagh]] as Protima: A prostitute; Neerja's mother (2023) (Dead)
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Didun: Head of Sonagachi; Neerja’s enemy; Protima’s murderer (2023 - 2024)
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Vijay Bagchi: Shubhra's brother; Mausumi's husband; Kaushik, Abir and Sarthak's father; Bappa's grandfather (2023 - 2024)
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as Shubhra Bagchi: Vijay's sister; Kaushik, Abir and Sarthak's paternal aunt (2023)
* Anindita Chatterjee as Mausumi Bagchi: Vijay's second wife; Kaushik and Abir's mother; Sarthak's step mother; Bappa's grandmother (2023 - 2024)
* [[Abhishek Rawat]] as Kaushik Bagchi: Vijay and Mausumi's elder son; Abir's brother; Sarthak's half-brother; Munmun's husband; Bappa's father; Chakri's rapist (2023 - 2024)
* Aayushi Bhave as Munmun Bagchi: Kaushik's wife; Bappa's mother (2023 - 2024)
* Yug Bhanushali as Bappa Bagchi: Kaushik and Munmun's son (2023 - 2024)
* Kushagre Dua as Sarthak Bagchi: Vijay's son; Mausumi's step son; Kaushik and Abir's half-brother; uncle of Bappa (2023 - 2024)
* Baali Singh Chauhan as Laltu (2024)
* Satya Tiwari as Bappan: Neerja's obsessive boyfriend (2023)
* Akshita Tiwari as Chakri: Neerja's best friend (2023 - 2024) (Dead)
* Aftab Karim as Sheikh (2023)
* Anasua Chakraborty as IPS Shefali Ganguly (2023 - 2024)
* Unknown as Shamli (2023 - 2024)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
In April 2023, it was announced that Bengali actress Debchandrima Singha Roy would play the lead role, but Aastha Sharma was roped in for Neerja's role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-05-14 |title=Aastha Sharma and Rajveer Singh bag the lead roles in COLORS' drama Neerja….Ek Nayi Pehchaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aastha-sharma-rajveer-singh-bag-lead-roles-colors-drama-neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vivian Dsena]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-14 |title=Vivian Dsena to play the male lead in Seema and Sudhir Sharma's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vivian-dsena-to-play-the-male-lead-in-seema-and-sudhir-sharmas-next/articleshow/98627933.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was the first choice for the male lead but [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]] was cast opposite Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title='I never get bored of doing positive roles,' says Rajveer Singh who joins the cast of Neerja...Ek Nayi Pehchaan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-never-get-bored-of-doing-positive-roles-says-rajveer-singh-who-joins-the-cast-of-neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan/articleshow/100269046.cms |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Kamya Punjabi]], [[Sneha Wagh]], [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] and Aayushi Bhave roped in for important roles. In December 2023, [[Sneha Wagh]] quit the show due to her character death.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 November 2023|title=Neerja..Ek Nayi Pehchaan: Sneha Wagh bids goodbye to the show; says, "A beautiful journey of Protima comes to an end"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan-sneha-wagh-bids-goodbye-to-the-show-says-a-beautiful-journey-of-protima-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/105601328.cms|access-date=3 December 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In April 2023, the filming of the show started in [[Mumbai]]. Few scenes were also shot in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 June 2023|title=Sneha Wagh on shooting in Kolkata for her upcoming show Neerja: It's so humid that shooting is challenging|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sneha-wagh-on-shooting-in-kolkata-for-her-upcoming-show-neerja-its-so-humid-that-shooting-is-challenging/articleshow/101044372.cms|access-date=27 August 2023|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
First promo of the show release on 7 May 2023 featured Myra Vaikul<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2023-05-08 |title='माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' मालिकेतील परीची हिंदी मालिकेत एन्ट्री; प्रोमो आऊट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-marathi-serial-myra-vaikul-entry-neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan-hindi-serial-know-details-sneha-wagh-1174047 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> and [[Sneha Wagh]] as little Neerja and Protima respectively. The series was premiered on 10 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neerja - Meet the little girl who can NOT step outside of the house {{!}} Neerja... Ek Nayi Pehchaan |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/short-videos/neerja-meet-the-little-girl-who-can-not-step-outside-of-the-house-neerja-ek-nayi-pehchaan-reels-100124588 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27757045}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neerja - Ek Nayi Pehchaan}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian prostitution TV series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

REIT India

2026-03-14T18:17:15Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Subsidiary of Indian Telephone Industries Ltd}}
{{Advert|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = REIT
| logo =
| logo_caption = Official Logo of REIT
| trade_name = REIT Security Council of India
| native_name = REIT India
| type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]]
| industry = Security & surveillance
| foundation = 2017
| location_city = [[Bangalore]]
| locations =
| area_served = PAN India
| products = Security & surveillance products
| services = [[Surveillance]], Smart School, Jammu Suraksha Yojana, [[GPS]] Tracking
| parent = [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] (100%)
| divisions = [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://reitindia.org/}}
}}

'''REIT''' or '''REIT India''', is a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] (ITI Limited), India's first public sector unit under the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]].<ref>[[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]], Retrieved 17 September 2019</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}

== Products and services==
=== Cameras ===
REIT provides [[surveillance cameras]] in both wired and [[wireless]] configurations. Surveillance cameras can be accessed remotely on [[computers]], [[smartphones]], and [[Tablet computer|tablets]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== GPS tracking ===
[[File:REIT_office.jpg|Office of REIT India|thumb]]
REIT created{{When|date=November 2021}} a web-enabled "[[GPS navigation device|GPS tracking system]]" to monitor devices, [[Vehicle tracking system|vehicles]], [[Intermodal container|cargo containers]], and children.<ref>https://article.wn.com/view/2017/07/27/REIT_India_is_Launched_by_ITI_Limited_Under_the_Digital_Indi/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

=== Information technology ===

REIT has deployed the [[Internet of things]] (IoT) to create safe [[Smart city|cities]], [[homes]], and businesses by remotely monitoring private and public places using smart surveillance devices.<ref>https://www.realmediahub.com/government-of-india-enterprise-entering-into-security-surveillance-sector%7Ctitle: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ENTERPRISE ENTERING INTO SECURITY & SURVEILLANCE SECTOR</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2019}}

Other services provided by REIT for corporate and government organizations are [[cloud computing]], customized software, [[database security]], IT [[Maintenance (technical)|maintenance]], and technical assistance.

== Other programs ==
=== Jammu Suraksha Yojana ===
[[File:Jammu Suraksha Yojana Cropped.jpg|thumb]]
[[Jammu]] [[Municipal Corporation]] is the first government body in the world concerning [[personal security]] of citizens.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Jammu Suraksha Yojana]] is a collaborative initiative by REIT under ITI Limited and Jammu Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2019-01-03|title=JMC signs MoU with ITI Limited for 'Jammu Suraksha Yojna'|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jmc-signs-mou-with-iti-limited-for-jammu-suraksha-yojna/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|language=en-US}}</ref> It is intended to provide digital security and surveillance products to the citizen of Jammu at subsidized prices. The citizens can also avail [[life insurance]] in case of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Jammusuraksha.com|title=Official Jammu Suraksha Yojana Portal by Jammu Municipal Corporation|author=Jammu Suraksha Yojana|accessdate=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=JMC and ITI Ltd. join hands to provide personal security to its citizens|url=https://www.10net.in/2019/06/20/jmc-and-iti-ltd-join-hands-to-provide-personal-security-to-its-citizens/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The Earth News Network|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Smart School ===
REIT's Smart School program helps schools in India to upgrade their technology, including smart classrooms, broadcast systems for every class, digital entry at reception, integrated control rooms in campus, [[Wi-Fi]] campus, and school management Software.<ref>{{Cite web|title=REIT India {{!}} Smart School Program|url=http://reitindia.org/welcome/smart_school_program|access-date=2021-11-21|website=reitindia.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://reitindia.org}}
* [http://itiltd-india.com/ Indian Telephone Industries Limited]

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]

Thiruvathira

2026-03-12T14:53:40Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Hindu festival dedicated to the god Shiva}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvathira&diff=1287401972&oldid=1271991622 these 2025 edits], user has disclosed LLM use elsewhere and these also display [[BP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of contemporaneous LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Thiruvathira
| type = Hindu
| image = Shiva Nataraja and Parvati, Thousand-Pillared Hall, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai.jpg
| caption = [[Shiva]] as [[Nataraja]] and [[Parvati]] at [[Meenakshi Temple]], [[Madurai]]
| observances = [[Fasting]], [[Abhisheka]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], chariot procession, [[Thiruvasagam]], Thiruvathirakali
| observedby = [[Hindus]]
| longtype = Religious
| date = [[Margazhi|Margali]]
| date2023 = 6 January (Friday); 27 December (Wednesday)<ref>[https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/arudra-darshan/arudra-darshan-date-time.html?year=2023 Arudra Darshan]</ref>
| significance = Celebrates the cosmic dance, Birthday, and [[Ardhanarishvara]] form of Lord [[Shiva]]
| frequency = Annual / Biannual
| duration = 10 days
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Saivism}}

'''Thiruvathira''' (also known as '''Thiruvathirai''' or '''Arudhra Darisanam''') is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival predominantly observed in the [[India]]n states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3992&Cat=3|title=திருவாரூர் கோயிலில் திருவாதிரை திருவிழா – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155434/http://dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3992&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/2013-12-16-Spiritual-News--Happiness-gives-darshan-Arudra|title=Error -DailyThanthi|website=dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/arudra-darshan/arudra-darshan-date-time.html|title=2018 Arudra Darshan Date and Time for Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India|first=Adarsh Mobile Applications|last=LLP|website=drikpanchang.com}}</ref> The term ''Thiruvathirai'' (Arudhra) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] translates to "sacred grand wave," symbolizing the cosmic dance of Lord [[Shiva]].

In Tamil Nadu, the festival holds special significance at the [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]] in [[Chidambaram]], where the annual Arudhra Darshanam is celebrated with grandeur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://captainnews.net/?p=14319|title=சிதம்பரம் நடராஜர் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசன திருவிழா – Captain News|website=captainnews.net|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220001808/http://captainnews.net/?p=14319|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.co.in/tag/arudra-darisanam-in-chidambaram |title=Arudra Darisanam in Chidambaram | Festivals of India |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155333/http://www.festivalsofindia.co.in/tag/arudra-darisanam-in-chidambaram |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref> This event commemorates the celestial dance of Lord [[Nataraja]], an embodiment of Shiva.

In Kerala, the festival is observed during the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam]] month of Makaram (January–February) under the Thiruvathira asterism (star). A notable celebration occurs at the Mathira Peedika Devi Temple in [[Kadakkal]], [[Kollam district]], administered by the Thiruvithamcore Devaswom Board. Devotees gather here to honour Lord Shiva through rituals, fasting, and traditional performances like ''[[Thiruvathirakkali|Thiruvathira Kali]]'' (a circular dance).

[[File:Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchipuram Natarajar.jpeg|thumb|220x200px|right|[[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)]]]]

==Arudra Darshan in Chidambaram (Thillai)==

Thiruvadirai – Arudra Darshan is a prominent Hindu festival celebrated grandly across five sacred ''sabhas'' (halls) associated with Lord Nataraja:
# '''Kanaka Sabha''' (Golden Hall) – [[Chidambaram]] (Thillai), Tamil Nadu.
# '''Velli Sabha''' (Silver Hall) – [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.
# '''Ratna Sabha''' (Ruby Hall) – Tiruvalankadu, Tamil Nadu.
# '''Tamra Sabha''' (Copper Hall) – [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu.
# '''Chitra Sabha''' (Pictorial Hall) – [[Courtallam|Kutralam]] (Courtallam), Tamil Nadu.

In Thillai Chidambaram, a 10-day festival is observed during the Thiruvathirai asterism at the [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]]. The rituals commence with the ''Maha Abhishekam'' (sacred ablution) performed for deities [[Nataraja]] and Sivakamasundari in the Raja Sabha during the early hours of the 10th day (around 3:00 AM). This elaborate ritual lasts 3–4 hours. Subsequently, the deities are adorned with ''[[Thiruvabharanam|Thiruvabaranam]]'' (sacred jewels) and worshipped through ''Rahasiya Puja'' (esoteric rites). At noon, the ''Pancha Murthi Thiruveethi Ula'' (procession of five deities) is held, followed by the Arudra Darisanam, where Nataraja and Sivakami bless devotees with the vision of Shiva's cosmic dance (Ananda Tandava) before returning to the Kanaka Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|last1=K|first1=Kandaswamy|title=Arudra Darisanama Schedule in Chidambaram|url=https://skanda-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/arudra-darisanam-date-chidambaram-schedule-thillai-thiruvathirai.html|website=Live Trend|publisher=K Kandaswamy|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

According to legend, [[Shesha]] (Vishnu's divine serpent) and the sage [[Vyaghrapada]] sought to witness Shiva's cosmic dance. They performed intense penance at Chidambaram's Nataraja Temple. Shiva, pleased by their devotion, granted their wish and performed the [[Tandava|Ananda Tandava]]. He also blessed Vyaghrapada with tiger-like legs to collect flowers undisturbed by bees, symbolizing the sage's unwavering dedication.<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/arudra-darisanam-today-know-all-about-this-day-dedicated-to-lord-shiva/700691 Arudra Darisanam: Know all about this day dedicated to Lord Shiva]</ref>

==Origin==

Arudra Darshan (Thiruvathirai) is observed on the [[Purnima|full moon night]] of the [[Tamil calendar#Months|Tamil month]] of [[Tamil calendar#Months|Margazhi]] (December–January), which coincides with the longest night of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/arudra.html|title=Arudra Darisanam|first=Kanniks|last=Kannikeswaran|website=templenet.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=8148|title=Live Chennai: Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram – Commenced with Flag Hoisting, Arudra Darisanam at Natarajar Temple, Chidambaram, Flag Hoisting, Chidambaram, Natarajar Temple|last=J.Sampath|website=livechennai.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=1757&Cat=3|title=ஆடல் அரசனின் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219171453/http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=1757&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historical evidence, including stone inscriptions, indicates that the festival has been celebrated for over 1,500 years. In [[Tamil language|Tamil]] tradition, Shiva is venerated as Athiraiyan, a name derived from ''Thiruvathirai'' (''Thiru'' meaning "sacred" and ''Athirai'' signifying "stability" or "greatness").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/sunday_kondattam/2013/07/28/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE/article1706041.ece|title=ஆடி மாதத்து ஆதிரை விழா|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://saivanarpani.org/home/?p=302 |title=திருவாதிரைத் திருநாள் | Saivanarpani.org |access-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220052511/http://saivanarpani.org/home/?p=302 |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Liturgical practices===
The festival is marked by the recitation of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hymns of [[Manikkavacakar|Manikkavasakar]]'s ''[[Tiruvacakam]]'', particularly ''[[Tiruvacakam#Thiruvempavai|Tiruvempavai]]'' and ''Tiruppallieluchi'', in Shiva temples across Tamil Nadu. On the day of Thiruvathirai, idols of [[Nataraja]] ([[Lord Shiva|Shiva]] as the cosmic dancer) and his consort Shivagami ([[Parvati]]) are ceremoniously paraded outside temple premises in grand processions, a hallmark of [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] worship.

===Literary significance===
The [[Tevaram]] hymns, composed by saints like [[Sambandar]] (7th–9th century CE), describe Thiruvathirai celebrations at prominent temples such as [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple|Kapaleeshwaram]] Temple ([[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaram.com/CompleteArticle.aspx?aid=541805&ln=ta |title=தமில் ஆக்ரிகேடர் | Tamil news | Tamil blogs | Tamil movies | Tamil songs | kavita | politics | |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220072400/http://www.haaram.com/CompleteArticle.aspx?aid=541805&ln=ta |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> Similarly, [[Appar]] (a 7th-century saint) dedicated a pathigam (10-song cycle) in the Tevaram to Thiruvathirai, elaborating on its spiritual and cultural importance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saivanarpani.org/home/?question=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D|title=Saivanarpani|website=saivanarpani.org|date=24 March 2018 }}</ref> Appar also documented the festival's observance at [[Tiruvarur]] Temple in his ''4th [[Tirumurai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaivam.org/tamil/thirumurai/thiru04_021.htm|title=Thiruvarur Thiruvathirai Thiruppathigam – முத்து விதான – திருவாரூர் திருவாதிரைத் திருப்பதிகம் – திருநாவுக்கரசர் தேவாரம்|website=shaivam.org|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706004036/http://www.shaivam.org/tamil/thirumurai/thiru04_021.htm|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l4100/l4100uri.jsp?song_no=1505&book_id=120&head_id=7&sub_id=1477 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219181511/http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l4100/l4100uri.jsp?song_no=1505&book_id=120&head_id=7&sub_id=1477 |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Cosmic dance of Shiva===
Arudra Darshan celebrates Shiva's [[Tandava|Ananda Tandava]] (cosmic dance of bliss), symbolizing the perpetual cycle of creation, protection, destruction, embodiment, and liberation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photofeature.templesonnet.com/arudra-darisanam/lord-natarajar.shtml|title=Lord Natarajar Chidambaram Thiruvathirai – Aarudhra Darshan Thiruvathirai – Arudra darisanam darshanam|website=photofeature.templesonnet.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219160600/http://photofeature.templesonnet.com/arudra-darisanam/lord-natarajar.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.astroved.com/blogs/appreciation-of-the-cosmic-dance-of-lord-shiva-arudra-darshan Appreciation of the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darshan]</ref><ref name="hindusphere"/> This dance is believed to manifest as a golden-red flame (''Arudhra''), with Shiva incarnating as Nataraja on this day to embody divine energy.<ref name="hindusphere">{{cite web|url=http://hindusphere.com/arudra-darisenam|title=Arudra Darshan|website=hindusphere.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2007/12/significance-of-arudhra-darshan.html|title=Significance of Arudhra Darshan – Date of Arudra Darshan in 2018 – Celebration of the Cosmic Dance of Lord Shiva – Arudra Darisanam in Margazhi Month – Hindu Blog|website=hindu-blog.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/rituals-ceremonies-pujas/3586-arudra-darisanam.html|title=Arudra Darisanam|website=tamilbrahmins.com|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010444/http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/rituals-ceremonies-pujas/3586-arudra-darisanam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival underscores the belief that this cosmic dance animates all particles in the universe, serving as the source of all cosmic energy.<ref name="hindusphere"/>

===Global observance===
The festival is observed in Shiva and Nataraja temples worldwide, including the Sundareswarar Temple in Thinnapuram, Sri Lanka, where it is called Elatu Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/religion/2013/12/19/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0/article1953474.ece|title=காஞ்சிபுரத்தில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம் கோலாகலம்|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-namakkal/news/876610|title=சிவன் கோவிலில் ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்|date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/temple_videos.php|title=Temple Videos – Arudhra Festival – Uthirakosamangai – Uthirakosamangai Arudhra Festival – ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்|website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eegarai.net/t105780-topic|title=திருவாதிரை நட்சத்திர நாயகன்}}</ref> A key ritual involves offering Thiruvathirai Kali (a sweet dish made of [[rice]], [[jaggery]], and [[lentil]]s) as ''neivedhyam'' (divine offering) to Nataraja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeyashriskitchen.com/2012/01/thiruvadirai-kali-recipe-thiruvathira.html|title=THIRUVADIRAI KALI RECIPE -THIRUVATHIRA KALI|date=5 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10202:2013-12-02-14-04-37&catid=80:2010-12-15-03-42-47&Itemid=509|title=ஈழத்து சிதம்பரம் – காரைநகர் சிவன் ஆலய சிறப்பும் மார்கழி திருவாதிரை விழாவும்|last=Administrator|website=panippulam.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219202449/http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10202:2013-12-02-14-04-37&catid=80:2010-12-15-03-42-47&Itemid=509|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinakkathir.com/?p=55075|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205558/http://www.thinakkathir.com/?p=55075|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 January 2014|title=திருவெம்பாவை விரதத்தின் இறுதி நாளான இன்று திருவாதிரை சிறப்புப் பூஜைகள் நடைபெற்றன. – Thinakkathir|first=S.M Media|last=Network|website=thinakkathir.com}}</ref>

===Notable observations===
In 2022, Arudra Darshan did not align with the traditional calendar, leading to its dual celebration in 2023—a periodic occurrence due to [[lunisolar calendar]] adjustments.<ref>[https://templesinindiainfo.com/2023-arudra-darshan-pooja-time-and-puja-date/ 2023 Arudra Darshan Pooja Time And Puja Dates]</ref>

==Significance in Tamil Nadu==

In Tamil Nadu, particularly the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongunadu]] region, Thiruvathirai holds deep cultural and religious significance. Married women observe a ten-day fasting ritual known as Thiruvempavai [[Fasting#Hinduism|Nonbu]], beginning nine days before Thiruvathirai and concluding on the festival day.<ref>[http://www.puthiyatamil.net/t42295-topic#axzz2nuLl0IAv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219064347/http://www.puthiyatamil.net/t42295-topic#axzz2nuLl0IAv|date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=905:2010-12-11-13-44-16&catid=58:football&Itemid=386 |title=மார்கழி நோன்பு - திருவெம்பாவை விரதம் - திருவெம்பாவை, திருப்பாவை, திருபள்ளியெழுச்சி தோத்திரங்கள் இணைப்பு |access-date=2014-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204331/http://www.panippulam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=905:2010-12-11-13-44-16&catid=58:football&Itemid=386 |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> During this period, they consume a pre-dawn meal (''palliyai unavu'') and fast until moonrise, breaking it only after sighting the moon.

===Culinary traditions===
A special feast is prepared on Thiruvathirai, featuring:
* '''Thiruvathirai Kali''': A sweet dish made with [[rice]], [[jaggery]], [[Mung bean|moong dal]], [[coconut]], [[cardamom]], and [[ghee]].
* '''Thiruvathirai Ezhu Curry Koottu''': A savory stew incorporating seven vegetables, typically selected from [[pumpkin]], [[Wax gourd|ash gourd]], [[Cooking banana|plantain]], field beans, [[sweet potato]], [[colocasia]], [[potato]], and [[eggplant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinaethal.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0 |title=திருவாதிரை களி திருவாதிரை கூட்டு | Dinaethal |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073455/http://www.dinaethal.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0 |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Temple celebrations===
The festival is marked by grand processions of Nataraja (Shiva's dancing form) across Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. At the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, the rituals include:
* '''Navaratnam Abhishekam''': On the eve of the full moon, the deity is bathed with sacred substances, including a rare ablution using nine gems (''[[navaratna]]m'') such as [[diamond]]s, [[coral]], [[pearl]]s, and [[emerald]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3995&Cat=3|title=ஆருத்ரா தரிசனம்: சிவ ஆலயங்களில் நடராஜபெருமானுக்கு சிறப்பு அபிஷேகங்கள்! – - Dinakaran|website=dinakaran.com|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155322/http://dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=3995&Cat=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Rathotsavam (Chariot Festival)''': On the full moon day, Nataraja and Shivagami (Parvati) are paraded in a temple chariot.
* '''Cosmic Dance Reenactment''': The Ananda Tandava (cosmic dance) of Shiva is symbolically performed, drawing thousands of devotees to witness this divine enactment.

The Chidambaram Temple remains the epicenter of Arudra Darshan celebrations, emphasizing Shiva's role as the cosmic dancer who sustains the cycle of creation and dissolution.

==Significance in Kerala==

[[File:Thiruvathirakkali.jpg|Thiruvathirakali|thumb|right]]
[[File:Thiruvathira Kali During Onam.jpg|thumb|250px|Women performing Thiruvathirakali]]
Thiruvathira, associated with the {{Transliteration|hi|nakshatra}} (star) of Shiva in the Malayalam calendar, holds deep cultural and spiritual importance in [[Kerala]]. According to tradition, the festival marks the day Goddess [[Parvathi]] united with Shiva as his equal partner ({{Transliteration|hi|saha-dharma chaarini}}), symbolizing marital harmony and embodied in the [[Ardhanarishvara]] form (half-Shiva, half-Parvati).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/tubers-are-the-veggies-of-the-day-to-celebrate-thiruvathira-in-kerala/article30522721.ece|title=Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> An alternative belief links the festival to the death of [[Kamadeva]], the god of desire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panikkar|first=T. K. Gopal|title=Malabar and its folk|publisher=G.A. Natesan|year=1900|url=https://archive.org/details/malabaranditsfo00aligoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/malabaranditsfo00aligoog/page/n121 103]|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref>

===Observances and rituals===
Thiruvathira is a major festival in Kerala, celebrated alongside [[Onam]] and [[Vishu]]. Primarily observed by women, it involves:
* '''Fasting''': Married women fast from the preceding day (''Makayiram nakshatra'') until Thiruvathira for the well-being of their husbands and families. Unmarried women fast to seek ideal spouses. A newlywed's first Thiruvathira is termed Poothiruvathira.
[[File:Thiruvathira puzhukku 2.jpg|thumb|100x200px|right|Thiruvathira puzhukku]] [[File:Thiruvathira ettangadi.jpg|thumb|300x140px|right|Thiruvathira Ettangadi]]
* '''Dietary Customs''': The fast excludes rice-based foods. Meals typically include:
** Cooked broken wheat.
** '''Thiruvathira puzhukku''': A stew of tuber vegetables ([[colocasia]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[Coleus rotundifolius|Chinese potato]], [[sweet potato]]) with [[Asparagus bean|long beans]], raw [[Cooking banana|plantain]], and freshly ground coconut paste.
** '''Koova payasam''': A dessert made with [[arrowroot]] powder, [[jaggery]], and coconut milk.

===Thiruvathirakali dance===
Thiruvathirakali, a traditional group dance performed by women, is central to the celebrations. Accompanied by ''Thiruvathira paattu'' (folk songs narrating [[Parvati]] devotion and Shiva's grandeur), dancers move in circular patterns around a ''[[nilavilakku]]'' (traditional lamp), embodying ''[[lasya]]'' (graceful, feminine movements).<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/nirmala-paniker-on-the-history-and-significance-of-thiruvathirakali/article22287218.ece Blend of rhythm and grace]</ref> The dance involves rhythmic clapping and pirouettes, reflecting themes of marital bliss and longing.

Historically performed indoors during festivals (as known as Kaikottikali – "clapping dance inside homes"), participants wear traditional ''[[mundu]]'' (draped cloth) and ''[[Mundum neriyatum|neriyathu]]'' (upper garment), with hair adorned by jasmine garlands. Thiruvathirakali symbolizes joy, marital harmony, and the aspirations of unmarried women, often regarded as Kerala's counterpart to [[Karva Chauth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/thiruvathira-and-its-unique-traditions.html|title=Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth}}</ref>

==World records related to Thiruvathira Kali==
The world's largest Thiruvathirakali performance was organized by Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam, a corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative of the Kitex Group, in collaboration with the Chavara Cultural Centre and Parvanendu School of Thiruvathira. Held on 1 May 2017, the event featured 6,582 participants (aged 10–75), including women and girls from Kerala, 20 other Indian states, and one [[Russia]]n national. Participants, trained by renowned Thiruvathirakali instructors, performed a synchronized 16-minute dance in traditional ''[[Mundum neriyatum|kasavu mundu]]'' and ''neriyathu attire'' provided by the Kitex Group. [[Guinness World Records]] adjudicator Rishi Nath officially certified the achievement.

===Previous records===
* '''2015''': A record was set on 2 February 2015 in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur]], with 5,211 women led by Jitha Binoy under the banner Thanima.<ref name="TheHindu2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mega-dance-enters-guinness-records/article6850916.ece |title=Mega dance enters Guinness records |work=The Hindu |date=2015-02-03 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>
* '''2012''': The Mumbai Pooram Foundation organized a performance in [[Dombivli]], [[Maharashtra]], on 9 November 2012, involving 2,639 women from diverse linguistic and religious backgrounds, including [[Malayalis|Keralites]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Bengalis]], [[Tamils]], [[Telugu people|Telugus]], and [[Kannadigas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/A-new-%E2%80%98thiruvathira-world-record-in-the-offing/2013/11/06/article1874775.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220300/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/A-new-%E2%80%98thiruvathira-world-record-in-the-offing/2013/11/06/article1874775.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=A new 'thiruvathira' world record in the offing}}</ref>
* '''2013''': A [[Kochi]]-based event on 14 December 2013 saw over 3,000 participants attempting to break the existing record ahead of Thiruvathirai festivities (18 December 2013).<ref name="TheHindu2015" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Thiruvathira-Dancers-Set-World-Record/2013/12/15/article1946539.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218155718/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Thiruvathira-Dancers-Set-World-Record/2013/12/15/article1946539.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|title=Thiruvathira Dancers Set World Record}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Observances held on the full moon]]
[[Category:Observances held on Purnima]]

Thiruvathira

2026-03-12T14:53:40Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

John Cameron Lowrie

2026-03-09T04:57:02Z

BarbaraMajeski6: minor changes

{{Infobox person
| name = John Cameron Lowrie
| image = File:John_C._Lowrie.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1808|12|16}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1900|06|07|1808|12|16}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Missionary
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Missionary]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''John Cameron Lowrie'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Farina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&q=John+Cameron+Lowrie+First+American+Presbyterian+missionary+to+India&pg=PA44 |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |date=2010-07-04 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26269-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Englund-Krieger |first=Mark J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Llz6CQAAQBAJ&q=John+Cameron+Lowrie++Presbyterian&pg=PA80 |title=The Presbyterian Mission Enterprise: From Heathen to Partner |date=2015-02-06 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-63087-878-8 |language=en}}</ref>(1808–1900) was a [[Scottish Americans|Scottish-American]] [[Presbyterian Missionary Union|Presbyterian missionary]] who spent 43 years serving in [[India]]. He was instrumental in establishing and developing mission stations, schools, and hospitals in the Indian subcontinent.

== Early life and education ==
Lowrie was born on November 14, 1808, in [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]], to John and Janet Lowrie. His father was a textile manufacturer. The family immigrated to the [[United States]] when Lowrie was 10 years old, settling in [[Philadelphia]].

Lowrie attended [[Jefferson College in Canonsburg, PA]], graduating in 1829 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. During his college years, he became deeply committed to [[Christianity]] and decided to pursue a career in ministry.

He then studied theology at the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], earning his Doctor of Divinity degree in 1833. At [[Princeton University|Princeton]], Lowrie developed a strong interest in foreign missions.

=== Missionary work ===
In 1834, Lowrie was ordained as a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] minister and joined the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] (ABCFM). He arrived in India on November 23, 1835, and began his missionary work in the [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] region. Lowrie's initial focus was on [[evangelism]], education, and medical care. He established several mission stations, schools, and hospitals, including :

* Allahabad Mission Station (1835): Founded by Lowrie, it became a hub for missionary activities in the region.
* Muhammadan Mission (1842): Established to specifically target Muslim communities.
* Girls' School and Orphanage (1845): Provided education and care for girls.
* Allahabad Mission School (1848): Offered Western-style education to Indian students.

== Personal life ==
Lowrie married Margaret Mitchell in 1835, and they had six children together, Janet (1837–1915), John (1839–1863), Margaret (1841–1923), William (1843–1885), James (1845–1917), Robert (1847–1931). Margaret died in 1864, and Lowrie remarried to Emily J. Wilson in 1866. Lowrie retired from active missionary work in 1877 but continued to support the ABCFM. He returned to the United States in 1880 and settled in Philadelphia. John Cameron Lowrie died on June 23, 1900, at his home in Philadelphia.

=== Role in Punjab Christianity ===
In '''1846''', Lowrie along with William Reed arrived in [[Punjab]], which had recently been annexed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. Lowrie played a crucial role in converting Punjab's first Muslim convert to Christianity, Shaikh Ibrahim, in '''1853'''. He established the [[Lahore]] Mission in '''1849''', which became a hub for missionary activities in the region. Lowrie met with [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the ruler of Punjab, in '''1840''' for missionary work in the region. The [[Ludhiana Mission Press|Ludhiana Mission]] was established in November '''1834''' by John Lorrie.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The American Presbyterian Mission in Colonial Punjab |url=https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/upoadreserchpapers/5/210/1807140521371st%20maninder%20kaur.pdf |journal=The American Presbyterian Mission}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PCUSA General Assembly moderators}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowrie, John Cameron}}
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Butler, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century American Presbyterian ministers]]

{{US-reli-bio-stub}}

Jallikattu (2019 film)

2026-03-07T05:09:21Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started new post w/ sources

{{Short description|2019 film directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jallikattu
| image = jallikkattuFirstLook.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| producer = O. Thomas Panicker
| writer = {{ubl|[[S. Hareesh]]|R. Jayakumar}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Maoist''|[[S. Hareesh]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Antony Varghese]]|[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]|[[Sabumon Abdusamad]]}}
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cinematography = [[Girish Gangadharan]]
| editing = Deepu S. Joseph
| studio = Opus Penta Kasargod Pictures Chembosky Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[Friday Film House]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|9|6|[[2019 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2019|10|4|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 95 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Jallikattu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jallikattu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00oty1ndu |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jallikattu''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[independent film|independent]] [[action thriller film|action thriller]] film directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] with a screenplay by [[S. Hareesh]] and R. Jayakumar, based on the short story ''Maoist'' by Hareesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title=In Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'Jallikattu', a buffalo runs amok and brings out the beast in humans |url=https://scroll.in/reel/934065/in-lijo-jose-pellisserys-Sallikattu-a-buffalo-runs-amok-and-brings-out-the-beast-in-humans |access-date=17 August 2019 |publisher=Scroll.in |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> The film stars [[Antony Varghese]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] and [[Santhy Balachandran]]. In the film, a bull escapes from a slaughterhouse in a hilly remote village and the villagers set out to capture or kill it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2019/09/toronto-2019-review-in-Sallikattu-the-line-between-man-and-beast-dissolves.html|title=Toronto 2019 Review: In JALLIKATTU, The Line Between Man And Beast Dissolves|website=[[Screen Anarchy]]|quote=As much a wild action film as an exploration of rural masculinity run amok, Sallikattu takes its audience on an incredible visceral and emotional journey over the course of 90 blood, sweat, and tear-soaked minutes that will leave viewers gasping for breath by the time it reaches its incredible conclusion.}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/sallikattu-busan-review/5143466.article|title=Busan Film Review: 'Jallikattu'|website=[[Screen International|Screendaily]]|quote=While there is a question mark over the appetite in overseas arthouse audiences for Malayalam language action films about a buffalo gone berserk, the picture shares a relentless gung ho energy (if not the technical polish) with martial arts pictures like The Raid. .|date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

''Jallikattu'' premiered on 6 September 2019 at the [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival]] and received widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Motamayor |first1=Rafael |title=10 Horror, Sci-Fi, and Genre Films That Blew Minds at TIFF – And Will Be Coming to You Soon |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/tiff-horror-sci-fi-genre-movies-that-will-blow-minds/ |website=RottenTomotoes |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Onmanorama |title=Sallikattu opens at TIFF, Lijo and team get wide applauds |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/09/07/sallikattu-screening-at-tiff-lijo-jose-pellissery-team.html |access-date=20 September 2019 |publisher=OnManorama |date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The film was showcased at the [[24th Busan International Film Festival]] under the section "A Window on Asian Cinema".<ref name="biff:s1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=44481&c_idx=332&sp_idx=&QueryStep=2|title=A Window on Asian Cinema: Sallikattu|website=Busan International Film Festival}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was released in the home state [[Kerala]] on 4 October 2019.<ref name=Rel>{{cite news |last1=News Network |first1=Times |title=Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'sallikattu' to hit the screens in October? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lijo-jose-pellisserys-sallikattu-to-hit-the-screens-in-october/articleshow/70380690.cms |access-date=17 August 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecue.in/film-events/2019/09/30/lijo-jose-pellisserys-sallikattu-censor-completed|title=സെന്‍സര്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി ജല്ലിക്കട്ട് ഒക്ടോബര്‍ നാലിന്|website=www.thecue.in|access-date=2019-10-02}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] received the [[IFFI Best Director Award|Silver Peacock-Best Director]] trophy at the [[50th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/iffi-2019-full-list-of-winners-particles-best-film-lijo-jose-pellissery-best-director-award-1575006078-1 |title=IFFI 2019: Full list of winners; Particles wins Best Film, Lijo Jose Pellissery wins Best Director award |author=Sangeeta Nair |date=November 29, 2019 |website=Jagran Prakashan |publisher=Jagran Josh |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref> It was selected as the [[List of submissions to the 93rd Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[93rd Academy Awards]], but it was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/Sallikattu-is-indias-entry-for-oscars-2021-7065545/|title=Malayalam film sallikattu is India's entry for Oscars 2021|website=Indian Express|date=25 November 2020|author=Pooja Pillai}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/jallikattu-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars-fails-to-make-the-cut/article33798468.ece|title='Jallikattu', India's official entry for the Oscars, fails to make the cut|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 February 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> It was third Malayalam film after ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' and ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' to be chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=Malayalam film sallikattu is India's entry for 2021 Oscars|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sallikattu-is-indias-entry-for-oscars-2021-7065545/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was included in [[The Hindu]]'s top 25 Malayalam films of the decade and is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New Wave Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade|website=The Hindu|date=19 December 2019|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kalan Varkey is a [[butcher]] in a rural village in [[Kerala]] who meets with his assistant Antony before dawn each day to slaughter a buffalo and prepare its meat for sale in the market. One morning a buffalo slips its bindings, escaping into the hilly forest. Soon after a large haystack is set ablaze and the entire village wakes up to put out the fire. Hearing of the buffalo's escape, and believing that it was responsible, the men of the village begin an urgent hunt for the animal. As the day progresses the villagers repeatedly try and fail to corner and kill the buffalo. The crops at a rubber plantation are trampled, a drink vendor's cart is smashed, and the village's bank and convenience store are both destroyed. The villagers begin to turn on Varkey, blaming him for the destruction.

Meanwhile, the police refuse to help as killing cattle is illegal. They merely warn people to stay inside until the buffalo is caught. The frustrated villagers seek the help of Kuttachan, a renowned local [[Poaching|poacher]]. Antony is unhappy to see Kuttachan back in the village; in a flashback it is revealed that the two men previously rivals for the affections of Varkey's sister Sophie. Antony got Kuttachan arrested by informing the police that Kuttachan was stealing [[sandalwood]] from the local church. As Kuttachan prepares for the hunt by chopping up a metal bucket handle into pieces of buckshot, the villagers argue over which of them deserves to land the killing blow on the buffalo.

Elsewhere in the village, the disruption—both from the buffalo's rampage and the hunt—spreads further, causing other personal and social issues to come to the surface. Law and order begins to break down, with some of the men setting off [[fireworks]] and committing random acts of vandalism. Kuriachan, a wealthy man who had been planning an elaborate feast of buffalo dishes for his daughter's wedding, ventures out to try and find some chicken instead. He is seized by a group of workers who strip him naked and bring him to the hunt as a good luck trophy. Kuriachan's daughter tries to elope with her boyfriend, but a neighbour catches and scolds her.

After night falls, the buffalo is found at the bottom of a well. Antony takes credit, insisting that chasing it into the well had been his plan all along. Kuttachan wants to shoot it, but Antony demands that they bring it back to the surface first so that he and Varkey can still slaughter it and sell the meat. Varkey is indifferent, taking a nap as the others argue. The men construct a [[scaffold]] and lower Antony down so he can attach ropes around the buffalo's legs and neck. However, it begins raining heavily—the ropes slip off when the buffalo reaches the top, and as it thrashes around one of the villagers is thrown down the well and killed. The buffalo escapes again into the forest. Kuttachan and the other villagers blame Antony for the man's death.

By this point, the villagers are desperate and frantic. In-fighting leads to the men splintering into smaller groups, each with its own plan—and with each man desperate to be the one to finally claim the kill. Furious that a police officer is still refusing to help, one group set his patrol car on fire. As the men string up ropes, chains, and nets around the perimeter of the village, forcing the buffalo into a smaller and smaller area, night falls and the situation becomes increasingly chaotic and confusing. Antony and Kuttachan stumble across each other in a clearing in the dark forest and begin fighting. Kuttachan pins Antony and prepares to kill him, but the buffalo suddenly emerges from the undergrowth. Kuttachan catches it by its horns and asks Antony to hold its legs, but Antony uses the opportunity to stab Kuttachan multiple times, fatally wounding him—and also allowing the buffalo to escape again.

Antony and the remaining villagers chase it towards the river and across a bridge, where it becomes stuck in deep mud. Antony stabs the buffalo and screams to the crowd of hunters that he deserves the credit for killing it. This kicks off a desperate pile-on, as dozens of men—holding lit torches and bearing crude weapons—jump on top of each other, stabbing both the animal and each other as they form a huge, writhing mass. The screen fades to black, then fades back in to a final shot of a group of prehistoric men, wearing loincloths and carrying spears, racing each other through the dark in pursuit of a buffalo.

== Cast ==
* [[Antony Varghese]] as Antony
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Kalan Varkey
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Kuttachan
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Kuriachan
* [[Santhy Balachandran]] as Sophie
* [[Tinu Pappachan]] as Sub Inspector of Police
* Thomman Kunju as Planter Patrose
* Rajkumar as Bangladeshi Bhai
* Prasanth as Sunny
* Soniya as Omana

==Music==
The [[film score]] was produced by [[Prashant Pillai]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Jallikkattu
| type = film
| artist = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 6, 2019 ([[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]) October 4, 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Orchestra]], [[World Music]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Opus Penta with [[Friday Film House]]
| producer = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| prev_title = [[Unda (film)|Unda]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Ranarangam]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The official trailer of the film was unveiled by Friday Film House on 28 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=ItcQNybOOHM|title=sallikattu Official Trailer - Lijo Jose Pellissery - Chemban Vinod - Antony Varghese|publisher=Friday Film House|website=YouTube|date=28 September 2019}}</ref> ''Jallikattu'' was premiered at [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival 2019]].<ref name="tiff:r1">{{cite web |title=sallikattu |url=https://www.tiff.net/events/sallikattu |website=Toronto International Film Festival |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="tnm:r2">{{cite news |last1=Native |first1=Digital |title=Pics from Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'sallikattu' go viral, film to premiere at Toronto fest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-lijo-jose-pellisserys-sallikattu-go-viral-film-premiere-toronto-fest-107221 |access-date=17 August 2019 |publisher=The News Minute |date=14 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="toi:r3">{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anjana |title=Lijo Jose Pellissery's sallikattu and Geethu Mohandas' Moothon to premiere in Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lijo-jose-pellisserys-sallikattu-and-geethu-mohandas-moothon-to-premiere-in-toronto-international-film-festival/articleshow/70672717.cms |access-date=17 August 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 August 2019}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 4 October 2019 in [[Kerala]].<ref name=Rel/>

=== Home media ===

''Jallikattu'' was released on streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 4 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5773017/new-on-amazon-prime-video-february-2020/|title=Here's Everything New on Amazon Prime Video in February 2020|magazine=Time}}</ref> A Telugu dubbed version with same title was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-09-28|title=Sallikattu's World Digital Premiere on aha|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sallikattus-world-digital-premiere-on-aha-648357|access-date=2020-12-06|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=96|count=25|average=7.6|consensus=Jallikattu uses a violent conflict between man and animal to set the stage for a story that's as visually haunting as it is rich in subtext.|ref=yes |access-date=July 18, 2022}} Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "After ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]'', Lijo Jose Pellissery has again opted to saunter through the innate nature of humans in an off-kilter manner. The movie's technical brilliance is something that Mollywood can flaunt for a long time to come."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=Sajesh |title=sallikattu review: Lijo Jose Pellissery unleashes a crafty mayhem |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/10/03/sallikattu-lijo-jose-pellissery-malayalam-movie-review-rating-updates.html |website=October 5, 2019 |publisher=Onmanorama |date=October 5, 2019}}</ref>

=== Box office===
The film grossed ₹7.3 [[crores]] in its first week run in [[Kerala]] and became a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Jallikattu beats Aadyarathri, Vikruthi to top Kerala box office, earns Rs. 7.30 cr in opening week|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jallikattu-beats-aadyarathri-vikruthi-to-top-kerala-box-office-earns-rs-7-30-cr-in-opening-week-7494111.html|access-date=14 October 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[Asian Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[14th Asian Film Awards|28 October 2020]]
|Best Cinematography
|[[Girish Gangadharan]]
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afa-academy.com/post?id=1211&cat=8&mid=8&t=news |title=The 14th Asian Film Awards Nominations Announced |author= |date=September 8, 2020 |website=afa-academy.com |access-date=September 10, 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128034104/http://www.afa-academy.com/post?id=1211&cat=8&mid=8&t=news |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Best Original Music
|[[Prashant Pillai]]
|-
![[Golden Reel Award (Motion Picture Sound Editors)|Golden Reel Awards]]
| 16 April 2021
|[[Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR for Foreign Language Feature Film|Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Foreign Language Feature]]
|[[Renganaath Ravee]], Sreejith Sreenivasan, Boney M. Joy, Arun Rama Varma, Amandeep Singh and Mohammad Iqbal Paratwada
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/artisans/awards/golden-reel-nominees-sound-of-metal-wonder-woman-1984-1234917491/|title='Sound of Metal,' 'Wonder Woman 1984' and 'News of the World' Among Golden Reel Nominees|first1=Jazz|last1=Tangcay|date=1 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
![[International Film Festival of India]]
|[[50th International Film Festival of India|28 November 2019]]
|Best Director
|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-film-sallikattu-is-indias-official-oscar-entry-in-international-feature-film-category/articleshow/79407746.cms|title=Malayalam film 'sallikattu' is India's official Oscar entry in International Feature Film category|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[50th Kerala State Film Awards|13 October 2020]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Lijo Jose Pellissery
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu, Kani Kusurthi and Lijo Jose Pellissery win big at 50th Kerala State Film Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-kani-kusurthi-and-lijo-jose-pellissery-win-big-at-50th-kerala-state-film-awards/articleshow/78634381.cms|access-date=2020-10-13|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Sound Mixing
|Kannan Ganapathi
|-
![[Asianet Film Awards]]
|1 March 2020
|Best Director
|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
![[National Film Awards]]
|[[67th National Film Awards|22 March 2021]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Gireesh Gangadharan]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
![[Satellite Awards]]
|[[25th Satellite Awards|15 February 2021]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
|''Jallikattu''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressacademy.com/news/25th-satellite-awards-nominees-for-motion-pictures-and-television-announced/ |title=25th Satellite Awards Nominees for Motion Pictures and Television Announced |last=Van Blaricom|first=Mirjana |date=February 1, 2021 |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |access-date=February 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="4"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="4"| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film – Malayalam]]
|''Jallikattu''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|last=News9live|date=2021-09-19|title=SIIMA awards 2021 winners list: Jersey, Lucifer, Asuran, Yajamana win big|url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html|access-date=2021-09-19|website=NEWS9 LIVE|language=English|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212704/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director – Malayalam]]
|Lijo Jose Pellissery
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Malayalam
|Girish Gangadharan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role– Malayalam
|[[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 93rd Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8721556}}

{{Lijo Jose Pellissery}}
{{Friday Film House}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Bullfighting films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Jallikattu]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Illegal logging in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
[[Category:Films about animals]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kattappana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ayyappancoil]]

Meera Ka Mohan

2026-03-04T00:04:50Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created first article first draft - done

{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meera Ka Mohan
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[K. Ravi Shankar]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Kumar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Avinash Wadhawan]]|[[Ashwini Bhave]]|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| music = [[Arun Paudwal]]
| screenplay =
| distributor = [[T-Series Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1992|02|07}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Meera Ka Mohan ''''' is a 1992 Bollywood musical movie produced by [[Gulshan Kumar]] and directed by [[K. Ravi Shankar]]. It was average at the box office, but the songs were hits and are still remembered. The music was composed by [[Arun Paudwal]], husband of singer [[Anuradha Paudwal]].

''Meera Ka Mohan'' was the debut movie of actor Deepak Saraf, who worked in a few movies in the early 1990s.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1542905/ Deepak Saraf]</ref>

==Plot==

The film highlights the importance of friendship in the lives of Ravi ([[Avinash Wadhawan]]), Vijay ([[Brando Bakshi]])<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1794398/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Brando Bakshi]</ref> and Preeti ([[Ashwini Bhave]]). Ravi holds in esteem Preeti's father Prem Shankar ([[Alok Nath]]), musical maestro, and himself intervenes in a prestigious musical award function, on his behalf, in which Judge Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad ([[Pran (actor)]]) is the chief guest. Impressed by his truth about the genius of Master Prem Shankar, and the crimes of the recommended awardee, Judge Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad bestows the award on Prem Shankar, much to the delight of his daughter Preeti, who is herself a dance teacher.

Time again throws both Ravi and Preeti together, when the musical award function rogues Shakti Raj and Dileep abduct Preeti in a moving bus and try to molest her, but is saved by the timely intervention of Ravi. Both now develop a deep bond of friendship, which is love in Ravi's dreams. Much to his disappointment however, Vijay, son of Judge Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad, returns from [[London]], to woo his bride, who is none other than Preeti. Here is introduced the light-hearted comedy of Ramu ([[Ashok Saraf]]) and Bhola ([[Rakesh Bedi]]), both pursuing Lajjo ([[Kunika Lal]]).

When Vijay takes Preeti to his father to marry her, the Judge in him refuses the alliance, saying that Preeti was not honest in character, as he had seen her on a rainy night with Ravi, under one umbrella. But Vijay flings this apart and goes to the local temple priest [[A.K. Hangal]] with Preeti and marries her, in the temple, with only God as their other witness. Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad has to accept this now, but keeps a wish in front of Preeti, that she will never meet Ravi.

Again time betrays Preeti and she is pursued by villains, Shakti Raj and Dileep on a terrorism filled night when there is a curfew in the city, and she has to stay in Ravi's house for the night. One of the villains, Shakti Raj is murdered on the same night, and the blame falls on Ravi as he had challenged them to a fight at the local club, to threaten them into leaving the pursuit of Preeti. During the police search of his house, one of Preeti's earrings is found in his room. The case is heard in Judge Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad's court, and despite the fact that Preeti risks her reputation being tarnished, she tells the court that she was with Ravi on the night of the curfew and murder and shows the court the other earring, absolving Ravi of all charges. Vijay holds her in contempt now and asks her for a divorce, even though he is informed that Preeti is pregnant with his child. Master Prem Shankar is unable to bear this onslaught on his daughter and suffers a heart attack and dies.

The story revolves around the various ethical issues on the Indian matrimonial platform, and is inherently filled with symbolism. It is worth watching for the role played by Ravi in the life of Preeti and the judgments of Vijay, unlike his father.

==Cast==
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Ravi
* [[Ashwini Bhave]] as Preeti
* Brando Bakshi as Vijay
* Deepak Saraf as Shakti Raj
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Ramu
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Bholu
* [[Kunika Lal]] as Lajjo
* [[Pran (actor)]] as Judge Rai Bahadur Devi Prasad
* [[A.K. Hangal]] as Pujari-ji of Temple
* [[Alok Nath]] as Master Prem Shankar

==Music==
The music of the album is scored by Anuradha Paduwal's husband Arun Paduwal and the songs were popular during early 1990s. All the songs were sung by [[Anuradha Paudwal]] along with notable singers [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Suresh Wadkar]] and [[Udit Narayan]]. [[Indeevar]] wrote the lyrics.

#"Jab Jab Tujhko Dekhu" - [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
#"O Krishna You Are"- Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
#"Mere Liye Zaruri Pyar" - Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
#"Rab Jaisa Roop Tumhara" - Udit Narayan, Anuradha Paudwal
#"Saari Duniya Pyari" - [[Mohammed Aziz]], Anuradha Paudwal
#"Teri Chanchal Chanchal Aankhon" - [[K. J. Yesudas]], Anuradha Paudwal
#"Tumhein Dil Se Chaha Tha" - [[Mohammed Aziz]]
#"Tumhein Dil Se Chaha Tha" (version 2) - Mohammed Aziz
#"Tune Preet Jo Mujhse Jodi" - [[Suresh Wadkar]], Anuradha Paudwal
#"Jai Jai Ram Ramaiya" - Anuradha Paudwal
#"Jabse Tu Meri Zindagi Mein Aaya" - Anuradha Paudwal, Suresh Wadkar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0378343|Meera Ka Mohan}}
* Meera Ka Mohan on [[YouTube]][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xk74TF4FT4]

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]

Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)

2026-03-03T23:40:50Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started new data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khel Khel Mein
| image = Khel Khel Mein 1975 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ravi Tandon]]
| producer = [[Ravi Malhotra]]
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Aruna Irani]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = M.R Vasudev
| editing = Waman B Bhosle, Gurudutt Shirali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1975|05|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Khel Khel Mein''''' ({{Translation| Within the game}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Ravi Tandon]]. It was an adaption of the French novel ''Good Children Don't Kill'' written by [[Louis Thomas (writer)|Louis Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2013 |title=Khel Khel Mein (1975) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/khel-khel-mein-1975/article5325782.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170313130932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/khel-khel-mein-1975/article5325782.ece |archive-date=13 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> The film music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]] and the lyrics written by [[Gulshan Bawra]]. The film stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Rakesh Roshan]] as college students, who play a prank and get involved with a notorious criminal. The film turns quickly from fun and frolic to a taut thriller. [[Iftekhar]] and [[Aruna Irani]] also star in the film. The film was remade in [[Malayalam]] language as ''[[Aruthu]]'' (1976), in Hindi again as ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/who-did-the-whodunits/story-MBfCLLEQjleYpCPzFgRhBJ.html | title=Who Did the Whodunits? | date=30 November 2012 }}</ref> and in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language as ''[[Bindhast]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/review/rw3321297/?ref_=tt_urv | title=User-submitted review of "Bindhaast" | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ajay joins a college in [[Shimla]] for further education. He meets Vikram and Nisha, two slackers in the college who just love playing pranks. Ajay is way different from them and an easy target. But after some initial hiccups, Ajay becomes friends with them. Soon, the trio are playing pranks on unsuspecting people. One day, they spot a stingy Seth (a wealthy man) and send him a fake typewritten extortion note, hoping to relieve him of his money.

However, the next day, they find out through the newspaper that the man is dead. Based on the circumstances, they realize that they might end up as prime suspects in the case. They decide to destroy their incriminating typewriter, only to find it missing. Also, they realize that a stranger ([[Dev Kumar]]) is stalking them. Ajay and Nisha decide to tell police the truth, whether they believe it or not. But even before they can tell the truth, they are horrified to find Vikram dead.

They meet Inspector Rajendra Singh, who is investigating the case. The Inspector is sceptical, but gives them one chance to prove their innocence. From Vikram's personal belongings, they find out about a club singer named Sherie. Anticipating that Sherie may know why Vikram was killed, they go to meet Sherie. But when they go to her dressing room after her performance, they find her dead. The duo realize that Sherie was involved in some shady deals and Vikram was her partner.

After trying to find out some information, they learn that Sherie acted as a middleman between a dreaded criminal named Black Cobra and the people who paid him. After learning that Black Cobra is an extortionist and the dead man was also on his payroll, blocks suddenly start falling into places. Ajay and Nisha deduce that the Seth thought the note was from Black Cobra and confronted him. The Seth thought that Black Cobra became more greedy and threatened to expose him, following which he was killed by latter.

Black Cobra thought that Vikram and Sherie were extorting people in his name, behind his back, so he killed them. He also stole the typewriter to frame Ajay and Nisha. It becomes clear that the person following them is either Black Cobra himself, or his henchman. Though they have no concrete information about Black Cobra, they find some information secretly hidden by Sherie, that might unmask Black Cobra. The stranger confronts them, but the duo overpower him and escape. They inform the Inspector about their findings. The Inspector calls them to meet him in an abandoned place.

Ajay gives him all the incriminating evidence, but to his astonishment, the Inspector burns all of it. He shocks him by telling that he is none other than Black Cobra himself. Suddenly Ajay realizes that he played right into his hands. Black Cobra coolly goes on to declare that since he knows pretty much everything, he has to kill him and pin the blame of all the killings on him. He denies that he sent any man behind them. Just he is about to pull the trigger, the stranger makes an entry and after some fight the Black Cobra is put behind bars.

To a bewildered Ajay and Nisha, the stranger reveals that he is Charlie, an undercover police officer working on the murder cases. He tells that he suspected Vikram and Sherie of running the extortion racket much before the first murder. He already knew about the prank, but was unsure of the killer's identity. So he stole their typewriter. Then Cobra killed Vikram and Sherie to keep his secret intact. Then he knew that Cobra is behind all this and used the duo to track down Cobra. He reassures Ajay and Nisha that even though Black Cobra destroyed all the proof, there is no proof against the duo either. He tells the duo to collect the typewriter from him the next day. The duo oblige, vowing never to play such pranks again.

== Cast ==
*[[Rishi Kapoor]]: Ajay Anand
*[[Rakesh Roshan]]: Vikram
*[[Neetu Singh]]: Nisha
*[[Satyen Kappu]]: Lecturer
*[[Jankidas]]: Ghanshyam Das, Jewellery Store Owner
*[[Iftekhar]]: Inspector Bhupendra Singh / Black Cobra
*[[Yunus Parvez]]: Charlie
*[[Preeti Ganguly]]: Uma
*[[Aruna Irani]]: Sherry
*[[Kamal Kapoor]]: Ajay's Father
*[[Chand Usmani]]: Ajay's Mother
*[[Lalita Pawar]]: Warden D'Costa
*[[Hari Shivdasani]]: Vikram's Father
*[[Moolchand]]: Murli Manohar
*[[Jagdish Raj]]: Police Inspector (uncredited)

== Awards ==

; [[23rd Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Asha Bhosle]] for "Sapna Mera Toot Gaya"

==Soundtrack==
The music for the film was directed by [[R. D. Burman]]. [[Gulshan Bawra]] penned the lyrics for the songs. [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailender Singh]] has sung one song for Rishi Kapoor and [[Kishore Kumar]] throughout this film backs the voice of Kapoor. [[R. D. Burman]] himself has also sung one song "Sapna Mera Toot Gaya". The theme music used in the film was later used to compose the song "Tere Bina Mein Kuch Bhi Nahin" in the 1983 film ''[[Jaane Jaan]]''.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaye Lo Pyar Ke Din Aaye, Mil Jaane De Apne Saaye"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Ek Main Aur Ek Tu, Dono Mile Is Tarah"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Khullam Khulla Pyar Karenge Hum Dono"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Humne Tumko Dekha"
| [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
| "Sapna Mera Toot Gaya, Tu Na Raha, Kuch Na Raha"
| [[R. D. Burman]], Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0073236|Khel Khel Mein}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about pranks]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sachin Bhowmick]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Tandon]]
[[Category:1970s buddy films]]
[[Category:1975 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on French novels]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Aranyakanda (film)

2026-03-03T22:00:59Z

BarbaraMajeski6: put up new entry added tags - done

{{Short description|1986 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aranyakanda
| image = Aranyakanda.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| producer = C. Penchal Reddy
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Komanappali Ganapathi Rao
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| studio = Ushodaya Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|12|29}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aranyakanda''''' ({{translation}} ''Jungle Chapter'') is a 1986 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] produced by C. Penchal Reddy under the Ushodaya Enterprises banner, and directed by [[Kranthi Kumar]]. It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]. The soundtrack is composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1675735/fullcredits#cast|title=Aranyakanda (1987)|publisher=IMDb.com|accessdate=2012-08-31|archive-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325203748/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1675735/fullcredits/#cast|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around a forest where the protection of a tribe against a tiger and deadly gangsters by a forest officer, Chaitanya. Chaitanya goes to the jungle to solve the case of the tiger killing the local tribals. He meets the love birds Sanga & Neeli there, but they cannot marry due to caste problems. After going through the case, Chaitanya realizes that the tiger is not harming the people, but some cowardly people are doing all this. The rest of the story shows how he eradicates evil activities and what he has to pay for them.

==Cast==
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Chaitanya
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] as Preethi
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Sangadu
*[[Charan Raj]] as Bukutha
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Preethi's father
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Chinna Bukutha
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as DFO
*[[Bob Christo]] as Rowdy
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Poornima
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Chaitanya's mother
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Neeli
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Chinna Dorasani

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aranya Kanda
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1986
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:30
| label = Saptaswar Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Pratidwani
| prev_year = 1986
| next_title = [[Veta (1986 film)|Veta]]
| next_year = 1986
}}

The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. The music released on SAPTASWAR Audio Company.
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Idhe Aranyakanda
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 3:32

| title2 = Bagunnava
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]], Srinivas Chakravarthy
| length2 = 4:28

| title3 = Jabilliga
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:03

| title4 = Suryudu Jabili
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:25

| title5 = Puvvumeedha
| extra5 = P. Susheela, Srinivas Chakravarthy
| length5 = 4:02
}}
The film was later dubbed in Tamil as ''Agni Kanal'' with lyrics written by Liyakathsha.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Satthiyam
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 3:32

| title2 = Pakkame Vaa
| extra2 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 4:28

| title3 = En Pallaiye
| extra3 = [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| length3 = 4:03

| title4 = Soodangal Maalaiyai
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| length4 = 4:25

| title5 = Poovukkulle
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| length5 = 4:02
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=1675735}}

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kranthi Kumar]]
[[Category:1986 action thriller films]]

Indian locomotive class SP

2026-03-01T01:02:41Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{Short description|Indian steam locomotive class}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = BESA class SP<ref name=SP>{{cite web|title=SG|url=http://sundar.brinkster.net/0-6-0s.htm|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045110/http://sundar.brinkster.net/0-6-0s.htm|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image = ISR NWR SP Beyer Peacock Works 1904.jpg
| caption = Builder's photo of an SP class.
| powertype = Steam
| designer = British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)
| builder = {{ubl|[[Vulcan Foundry]]|[[North British Locomotive Company]]|[[Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns]]}}
| builddate = SP: 1904
| totalproduction = SP: 10
| rebuilddate =
| whytetype = [[4-4-0]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{ubl|{{convert|6|ft|0|in|m|3|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|7|ft|5|in|m|3|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|9|ft|5|in|m|3|abbr=on}} }}
| axleload = {{convert|16.25|LT|t ST}}
| locoweight = {{convert|51.00|LT|t ST}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|39.50|LT|t ST}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|7.5|LT|t ST}}
| watercap = {{convert|3000|impgal|abbr=on}}
| boiler =
| diameterinside = Outside: {{convert|4|ft|8+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| lengthinside = {{convert|11|ft|4+1/4|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| smalltubediameter = {{convert|1+3/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} × 236 off
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|25.3|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1229.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| fireboxarea = {{convert|120|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = 2 inside
| cylindersize = {{convert|18+1/2|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Stephenson valve gear]]
| valvetype = [[Slide valve]]
| maxspeed =
| tractiveeffort = 11.2 bar boiler pressure: 87 kN 9.3 bar boiler pressure: 72 kN
| operator = {{ubl|[[Indian Railways]],|[[Eastern Bengal Railway]],|[[East Indian Railway Company]]|[[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]}}
| locale = [[Eastern Railway zone]] and [[Northern Railway zone]]
| disposition = 2 preserved
| notes = References: <ref name=BESA1/>}}

The '''Indian locomotive class SP''' (Standard Passenger) were a [[Class (locomotive)|class]] of {{whyte|4-4-0}} [[Passenger train|passenger]] [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad-gauge]] locomotives introduced around 1905{{efn|name=rep1}} that were one of seven standard locomotive designs developed by the [[British Standards Institution|Engineering Standards Committee]] (later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)) for the broad-gauge [[Rail transport in India|railways]] of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Shirley Crace |date=March 1990 |title=Circle |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/aph.1990.0136 |journal=Appalachian Heritage |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=42–45 |doi=10.1353/aph.1990.0136 |issn=1940-5081|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Background==

British Indian railways operated numerous steam locomotives built to their own design standards, and near and at the turn of the century, this created a considerable strain on British locomotive manufacturers who could not keep up with demand.<ref name=ISRS2>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php|title=History of Steam: Broad Gauge |author= |date= |website=ISRS website |publisher= Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629075526/http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |quote=As the various railways grew in size and traffic at different pace, demand for larger and more powerful locomotives also increased. Due to individual practices followed by different railways and the local tastes the various railway systems adopted to their own configuration of engines and this led to considerable delay in supply of these engines from various manufacturers in England.}}</ref><ref name=history/> This led to British Indian railways outsourcing production of locomotives to non-British companies, which generated complaints from British locomotive manufacturers.<ref name=historyquote>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html |title=Steam in History |last=Bhandari |first=R. R. |website=IRFCA website |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA) |access-date= 8 September 2024 |quote= [The inability of British locomotive manufacturers to meet demand] resulted in orders being placed on German and American manufacturers and ... protest was made on behalf of the [British locomotive manufacturers] in the British Parliament.}}</ref>

Amidst this situation, proposals for standardisation of British Indian steam locomotives were made as early as the 1870s, in which there were prior plans to standardise locomotive designs for British Indian railways that never went through;<ref name=ISRS>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php|title=History of Steam: Broad Gauge |author= |date= |website=ISRS website |publisher= Indian Steam Railway Society (ISRS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629075526/http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |quote=Attempts at standardisation of locomotives were made as early as 1872 and 1879 but these were not conclusive.}}</ref> but later, a locomotive standardisation scheme for British Indian railways was finally realised when the Engineering Standards Committee was requested by the British Indian government to develop standard locomotive classes for British Indian railways.<ref name=locomotivemag2>{{cite magazine |date=15 June 1908 |title=Indian locomotive practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-bNAAAAMAAJ |volume=14 |magazine=[[Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review]] |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Locomotive Publishing Company]] |pages=103| access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=BESA2>{{cite report |date=November 1903 |title=Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCFMAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[British Standards Institution]] |page=2 |quote=The Locomotive Committee beg leave to report that, in accordance with instructions received through the Engineering Standards Committee from the Secretary of State for India, and with the assistance of a Conference between the Consulting Engineers and Locomotive Manufacturers of the country, they have carefully considered the questions of the most suitable designs of Locomotives for use on the Railways of India, and of the standardisation of their component parts. |access-date= 8 September 2024 }}</ref><ref name=history>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/isrs/isrs082004-steam-history.html |title=Steam in History |last=Bhandari |first=R. R. |website=IRFCA website |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club (IRFCA) |access-date= 8 September 2024}}</ref> Its first report, compiled in 1903,<ref name=BESA1>{{cite report |date=November 1903 |title=Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCFMAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[British Standards Institution]] |access-date= 8 September 2024 }}</ref>{{efn|name=rep1}} outlined plans for British Indian standard locomotives, being revised in 1907<ref name=BESA1907>{{cite report |date=February 1907 |title=Second Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiw7AQAAMAAJ |publisher=[[British Standards Institution]] |access-date= 10 September 2024 }}</ref> and in 1910.<ref name=BESA1910>{{cite magazine |author= |title=[Third Report of the Locomotive Committee on Standard Locomotives for Indian Railways] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ7AQAAMAAJ |magazine=Indian Industries and Power |volume=7 |date=1909 |access-date=10 September 2024 |page=275}}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|with=allocations of locomotives, classifications, if any more design changes were added, builders|date=September 2024|}}
The SP class locomotives were catalogued in the first report (1903) of the Engineering Standards Committee on standard locomotives for the railways of the [[British Raj]].<ref name=BESA1/> {{citation needed span|date=August 2024|[[4-4-0|4-4-0 (American)]] locomotives were preferred in India as they had good riding qualities, even on poor track conditions.}} Later on, in the third report (1910) of the Engineering Standards Committee of the same, a variant with a larger boiler was outlined, which had a diameter of {{convert|5|ft|1+1/4|in|mm|0}}, as used in the [[Indian locomotive class PT|PT]] (Passenger Tank) class locomotives.<ref name=BESA1910/>

Engines built to this design worked the broad-gauge lines of British Indian railways; however, only government-operated railways designated these locomotives as the SP class.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}} [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]] delivered 10 locomotives to the [[North Western State Railway|North Western Railway]] (NWR),<ref name=MOSI>{{cite web |first=Jan |last=Shearsmith |url=https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/pakistan-railways-sps-3157-part-one/ |title=Pakistan Railways Engine No. S/PS 3157, Part One: Production |work=Museum of Science and Industry Blog|location=Manchester|publisher=[[Science & Industry Museum]]|date=21 September 2017 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> which became the [[Pakistan Western Railway]] and the [[Eastern Punjab Railway]] upon the [[partition of India]].

==Design==
{{Expand section|with=if superheated variants used piston or slide valves|date=September 2024|}}
The design parameters outlined by the Engineering Standards Committee were as follows: the locomotives were designed to use the same boiler as the [[Indian locomotive class SG|SG]] (Standard Goods) class locomotives, which had a diameter of {{convert|4|ft|8+1/4|in|mm|0|}},<ref name=BESA1/> and later the same boiler as the PT class locomotives<ref name=BESA1910/>—the latter two locomotives built to broad gauge, two inside cylinders, a [[Belpaire firebox]],<ref name=BESA1/> and saturated steam. The valve gear used was the [[Stephenson valve gear]] which was fitted inside the frames.<ref name=BESA1/> The grate was fitted between the two driving wheels. The diameter of the driving wheels necessitated splashers to be fitted over the wheels. A small [[Cowcatcher|pilot]] was fitted to the locomotive's buffer beam. The cab was enclosed, with the cab's rear wall being formed by the tender's half cab.

A later version was designed with a superheater and designated '''SPS''' (Standard Passenger, Superheated); SP locomotives retrofitted with superheaters were usually reclassified as '''SPC''' (Standard Passenger, Converted).{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}}

== Preservation ==
[[File:Pakistan Railways 3157, MOSI.jpg|thumb|left|Pakistan Railway SPS 3157 preserved in the [[Science & Industry Museum]], [[Manchester]]]]
Two SPS locomotives, operated by Pakistan Railways until the late 20th century, are preserved. SPS 3157 is preserved in the [[Science & Industry Museum]] in [[Manchester]], having been repatriated in 1982 after being withdrawn a year prior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/pakistan-railways-locomotive-sps-3157 |title=From Empire to independence: The journeys of Pakistan Railways Locomotive SPS 3157 |last= |first= |date=21 May 2024 |website=Science & Industry Museum |publisher= |access-date=3 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref> The other example, SPS 3078, is on display at [[Faisalabad railway station|Faisalabad Railway Station]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=18026 |title=IR (NWR) 4-4-0 No. 3078 (78) |last= |first= |date=10 July 2021 |website=www.steamlocomotive.info |publisher= |access-date=11 November 2024 |quote=}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2024}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=rep1|The Engineering Standards Committee report that first catalogued this locomotive design was compiled in 1903, but was not published until 1905 (British Standards Institution).}}}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos1}}{{Unused source|date=November 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |author-link= |date=1979 |title=Steam locomotives in India, Part 3 – Broad Gauge |url=https://archive.org/details/steamlocomotives0000hugh/mode/2up |location=Harrow, Middlesex |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |page= |isbn=978-0-9503469-4-6|url-access=registration}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:4-4-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:2′B n2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1904]]

List of Harrier family losses

2026-02-24T19:59:17Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created a details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|Hawker Siddeley P.1127|Hawker Siddeley Harrier|British Aerospace Sea Harrier|McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|British Aerospace Harrier II|Harrier jump jet}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}

[[File:Yuma Marines Commence Cleanup at AV-8B Harrier Crash Scene in Imperial, Calif. 140607-M-BK311-005.jpg | right | thumb | Removing debris from the AV-8B Harrier II crash near [[Imperial, California]], in 2014]]

The '''list of Harrier family aircraft losses''' covers each incident in which a Harrier was destroyed or otherwise written off due to damage sustained.

== List of losses ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Operator
! Variant
! ID
! Description
|-
! 12 July 1961
| {{GBR}} [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| P.1127
| XP976
| Flown by test pilot [[Hugh Merewether]], was damaged after a main bearing failure and resultant fire warning caused an emergency landing to be made at [[RAF Tangmere]], Sussex. Landing heavily, the aircraft burst into flames. Merewether got out unhurt but the aircraft was badly damaged. Bearing failure caused compressor disintegration, the fragments creating a hole in the compressor casing.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
! 14 December 1961
| {{GBR}} [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| P.1127
| XP836
| Crashed after a cold nozzle detached in flight and the aircraft became uncontrollable during approach to normal horizontal landing. Pilot [[Bill Bedford]] ejected unhurt. Aircraft hit a barn and caught fire.<ref name="auto">Aircraft Profile No. 198, The Hawker p. 1127 & Kestrel by Francis K. Mason - Profile Publications, 1966 - p. 9.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 165545 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/165545 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 30 November 1962
| {{GBR}} [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| P.1127
| XP972
| Written off after belly landing at RAF Tangmere.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 161651 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/161651 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 16 June 1963
| {{GBR}} [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| P.1127
| XP831
| Crashed while flying at low speed and low altitude during a display at the 1963 [[Paris Air Show]], pilot Bill Bedford climbed from the aircraft unhurt. Crash was caused by a speck of dust in a nozzle-control air motor which caused momentary failure of the nozzles to follow pilot's commands while the aircraft was being mostly supported by engine lift.<ref>Aircraft Profile No. 198, The Hawker p. 1127 & Kestrel by Francis K. Mason - Profile Publications, 1966 - p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 182739 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/182739 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 April 1965
| {{flagicon|GBR}}{{flagicon|GER}}{{flagicon|USA}} Tripartite Evaluation Squadron
| Kestrel FGA1
| XS696
| Crashed on take-off at [[RAF West Raynham]], but did not catch fire, although blanketed by foam as a precaution.<ref>carlin – eyewitness to the event when a member of the Evaluation Squadron, corroborated by Capt. J.J. Tyson, USN Retired, who was then Deputy Commander of the squadron.</ref><ref name="XA100-82">Halley 2001 p. 82</ref>
|-
! 21 September 1967
| {{flagicon|GBR}}{{flagicon|GER}}{{flagicon|USA}} Tripartite Evaluation Squadron
| Kestrel FGA1
| XS693
| Abandoned {{convert|2|mi}} from [[MoD Boscombe Down|Boscombe Down]].<ref name="XA100-82" />
|-
! 27 January 1969
| {{flagg|uxx|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV743
| Crashed on takeoff from Dunsfold Aerodrome after loss of control. [[United States Air Force]] Major C. R. Rosburg was killed during [[Ejection seat|ejection]].<ref name="XA100-94">Halley 2001 pp. 94–96</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137407 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137407 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 June 1969
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment]]
| Harrier T2
| XW174
| Engine failure during delivery flight near Boscombe Down. [[Duncan Simpson|Duncan M. S. Simpson]], a [[Hawker Siddeley]] test pilot was injured during ejection.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137406 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137406 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 11 July 1970
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment]]
| Harrier T2
| XW264
| Written off after forced landing at Boscombe Down due to engine failure. Pilot survived with minor injuries.<ref name="XA100-97">Halley 2001 p. 97</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137405 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137405 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 October 1970
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV796
| Crashed after engine flameout at Ouston. Flight Lieutenant Neil Wharton ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137404 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137404 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 23 April 1971
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV798
| Written off after heavy landing at [[RAF Wildenrath]], [[West Germany]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55594 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55594 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 18 June 1971
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158386
| Crashed into the [[Chesapeake Bay]] during a test flight; Major Michael J. Ripley did not eject and became the first serviceman killed in a Harrier crash in the United States.<ref name="Pulitzer3A">{{cite web
| last =Sack
| first =Kevin
| title =More Than a Few Good Men
| work =[[The Los Angeles Times]]
| date =17 December 2002
| url =https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-dec-17-na-wall17-story.html
| accessdate = 30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77313 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77313 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 August 1971
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV803
| Flew into ground following nozzle failure at [[RAF Wattisham]]; [[United States Air Force]] Captain Louis V. Distelzwieg Jr. did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55593 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55593 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 January 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XW918
| Crashed following loss of control in cloud at Tuschenbroich, West Germany during a display flight for Swiss officials; Flight Lieutenant Christopher Maunder Humphrey was killed during ejection.<ref name="Hailey.2001" />
|-
! 21 March 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV802
| Flew into ground near Stadtoldendorf, West Germany; Flight Lieutenant Peter Anthony did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55591 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55591 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 26 April 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV749
| Crashed off the Lincolnshire coast following a bird strike, Flight Lieutenant J. Marshall ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55590 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55590 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 May 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV777
| Loss of control during transition from hover at RAF Wittering; Flying Officer C. J. E. Adams ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55589 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55589 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 May 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV794
| Crashed after bird strike near Hutten, West Germany; Air Commodore Peter Taylor ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55588 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55588 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 20 June 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW920
| Engine flame out over Sardinia due to fuel supply failure, Flight Lieutenant James Downey ejected safely.<ref name="Hailey.2001" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55587 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55587 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 June 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV780
| Crashed after engine fire near RAF Gutersloh, West Germany due to bird strike; Wing Commander McKee ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55586 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55586 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 September 1972
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV799
| Flew into hill near Kyle of Lochalsh, Scotland after loss of control; Group Captain Jeremy Thorndike Hall did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55585 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55585 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 March 1973
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158388
| Crashed after bird strike at MCAS Beaufort; Major R. E. O'Dare ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77314 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77314 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 10 April 1973
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Hawker Siddeley]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV276
| Crashed after engine failure near Dunsfold; [[Swiss Air Force]] Lieutenant Colonel H. Stauffer ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55584 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55584 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 9 July 1973
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV791
| Crashed on takeoff after bird strike at [[RAF Wildenrath]]; Squadron Leader P. G. Sturt ejected.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55583 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55583 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 30 July 1973
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV805
| Crashed after engine failure near Coesfeld, West Germany; USMC Major J. Gibson ejected.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55582 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55582 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 September 1973
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV750
| Crashed due to engine failure over [[Roermond, Netherlands]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55581 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55581 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 24 September 1973
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV739
| Crashed due to loss of control during transition near Episkopi, Cyprus; Flight Lieutenant Hulley ejected but suffered a broken leg.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55580 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55580 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 23 January 1974
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR1
| XV739
| Crashed due to fuel pump failure near Vredepeel, Netherlands; Flight Lieutenant Gorden Revell was killed during ejection due to parachute harness failure.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55579 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55579 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 26 March 1974
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV785
| Crashed due to loss of control during landing at [[RAF Wildenrath]]; Flight Lieutenant Andrew Robby Bloxham was killed during ejection.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55578 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55578 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 16 May 1974
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV800
| Damaged beyond repair following bird strike at RAF Wildenrath.<ref name="XA100-94" />
|-
! 5 June 1974
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158948
| Rolled during landing at [[Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune]], [[North Carolina]]; Captain Richard H. Briggs did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77319 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77319 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 5 June 1974
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159234
| Crashed near [[MCAS Cherry Point]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77312 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77312 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 July 1974
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158971
| Crashed during an air show hovering demonstration at General Mitchell Airport in Milwaukee, WI causing the aircraft to burst into flames; Captain S. C. Torrent ejected but was injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77329|title=Incident Hawker Siddeley AV-8A Harrier 158971, 27 Jul 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77329 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77329 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 9 October 1974
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159245
| Crashed on landing due to landing gear collapse at [[Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point]], North Carolina; Captain Roy R. Dougherty ejected but was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77336 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77336 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 13 February 1975
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159235
| Crashed on takeoff due to mechanical failure at [[Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point]], North Carolina; Captain Richard F. Davis did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77332 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77332 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 9 April 1975
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV776
| Crashed due to engine failure near Ditton Priors, Shropshire; Flight Lieutenant J. Buckler ejected but sustained minor injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55576 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55576 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 16 May 1975
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV800
| Crashed due to bird ingestion near [[RAF Wildenrath]]; pilot ejected.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55577 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55577 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 July 1975
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159244
| Crashed due to engine failure near [[MCAS Beaufort]]; Major Woody F. Gilliland ejected safely.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77335 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77335 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 July 1975
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159236
| Flew into the ground while trying to help locate a fellow pilot who had just successfully ejected; Captain Cleve B. Doster did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77333 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77333 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 December 1975
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1417 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV788
| Crashed due to bird ingestion near [[Belize City]]; Flying Officer B. C. Scott ejected and suffered minor injuries.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55575 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55575 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 10 January 1976
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158709
| Crashed during landing at [[NAS Jacksonville]]; Captain R. B. Pevey ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77318 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77318 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 January 1976
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV745
| Collided with XV754 during ground attack exercises in Cheshire, England; Flight Lieutenant James Edward Downey did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55574 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55574 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 January 1976
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV754
| Collided with XV745 during ground attack exercises in Cheshire, England; Flight Lieutenant John Keith Roberts attempted to eject but was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55573 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55573 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 March 1976
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV746
| Flew into mountain in Norway; Flight Lieutenant Stephen David Wakely was killed during ejection.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55572 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55572 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 11 June 1976
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8A Matador
| 008-2
| Crashed at [[Whiteman Air Force Base|Whiteman AFB]] (USA) on take-off, pilot ejected.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|-
! 16 June 1976
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159237
| Crashed at sea due to engine failure; Captain E. B. Cummings ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77334 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77334 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 July 1976
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW770
| Crashed due to engine failure near Borken, West Germany; Flight Lieutenant Kirton ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-100">Halley 2001 p. 100</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55571 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55571 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 August 1976
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158957
| Crashed due to engine failure on approach to [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; Captain J. W. Cox ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77325 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77325 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 30 August 1976
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158974
| Crashed due to fuel starvation on approach to [[MCAS Iwakuni]]; Captain A. A. Decandia ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77330 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77330 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 December 1976
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159230
| Crashed into the Sea of Japan during a training flight; Captain Donald P. Kaltenbaugh was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77331 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77331 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 11 February 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158967
| Crashed due to engine failure near [[NAS Fallon]]; Captain Gary Bain ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77326 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77326 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 March 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159377
| Crashed during transition at [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77344 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77344 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 April 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159372
| Crashed during transition with heavy crosswinds at [[MCAS Beaufort]]; pilot did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77343 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77343 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 July 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159250
| Crashed into the Atlantic during a demonstration for several high-ranking government officials, including Navy Secretary Graham Claytor Jr. and Bert Lance, then director of the Office of Management and Budget who were observing from the carrier ''Saratoga''; Captain Timothy C. Krepps did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77338 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77338 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 July 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158953
| Crashed into the Bay River in the rain and exploded; Captain Anthony Franovich, Jr. did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77322 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77322 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 25 August 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158707
| Written off due to damage suffered in a crash at [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77349 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77349 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 September 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158970
| Flew into a mountainside during a bombing training run at [[Nellis Air Force Base]], Nevada; Captain Charles G. Reed did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77328 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77328 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 25 October 1977
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV804
| Written off due to damage from an emergency landing at [[RAF Spitalgate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137201 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137201 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 November 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159259
| Written off due to damage from a crash at [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77341 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77341 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 29 November 1977
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158708
| Crashed at sea due to engine failure near [[Kadena Air Base]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77317 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77317 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 February 1978
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 
| Crashed due to engine failure near [[NAS Fallon]]; pilot ejected safely but sustained slight injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 59837 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/59837 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 February 1978
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 
| Crashed due to engine failure near [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely but sustained slight injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77321 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77321 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 2 October 1978
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158960
| Flew into the ground inverted in the Chocolate Mountains east of California's Salton Sea during a bombing training run; Captain Joseph Gallo was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77351 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77351 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 October 1978
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158961
| Crashed due to fire warning near [[MCAS Yuma]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77352 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77352 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 15 December 1978
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV801
| Crashed due to loss of control near [[Ennigerich]], West Germany; pilot ejected.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55570 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55570 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 June 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV781
| Crashed due to engine fire on approach to [[RAF Gutersloh]]; Flight Lieutenant T. R. Watts ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55569 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55569 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 18 July 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ137
| Hit a house at Wissmar, West Germany; USMC Captain Thomas Pasquale was killed.<ref name="XA100-114" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55568 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55568 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 21 September 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV757
| Crashed due to collision with XZ128 over [[Wisbech]], [[Isle of Ely]], [[Cambridgeshire]]; Wing Commander R. B. Duckett ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref name="wisbech">{{cite web|url=https://wisbech.ccan.co.uk/content/catalogue_item/newspaper-cutting-reporting-on-an-airplane-crash-in-ramnoth-road-wisbech-that-occurred-in-1979|title= Newspaper cuttings|website=www.ccan.co.uk|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55567 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55567 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 21 September 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ128
| Crashed due to collision with XV757 over [[Wisbech]], [[Isle of Ely]], [[Cambridgeshire]]; Flight Lieutenant Chris J. Gowers ejected safely. The aircraft struck a house, killing three people and injuring several others on the ground.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref name="wisbech" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55566 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55566 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 October 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW766
| Crashed due to bird ingestion near Ravensberg, West Germany; Flight Lieutenant C. C. N. Burwell ejected.<ref name="XA100-100" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55565 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55565 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 10 October 1979
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
|
| Lifted off about 100' and dropped into the aluminum runway at EAF Twentynine Palms, MCAGCC Twentynine Palms; pilot went down with aircraft but suffered only a broken nose.
|-
! 12 October 1979
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158694
| Crashed into the sea near [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], North Carolina. 1st Lieutenant Robert C. Murray did not eject and his body was never recovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77346 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77346 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 8 November 1979
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV756
| Crashed due to ricochet damage over [[Holbeach Air Weapons Range]]; [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] Flight Lieutenant Boyens ejected.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55564 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55564 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 March 1980
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW765
| Crashed due to bird strike over Dyfed, Wales; Flight Lieutenant Paul Barton ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-100" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55563 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55563 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 13 March 1980
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
|
| Pilot was killed after he flew into a 200-foot-thick cloud at the start of a short trip back to base at Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]], when his AV-8A Harrier simply went into the water without explanation.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 1 May 1980
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
|
| Pilot was killed during a vertical takeoff at Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]]. Considered one of the most spectacular crashes in Harrier history, his plane rolled, dropped to the runway, bounced into a ditch, burst into flames, flipped, slid through a hangar and into a parking lot, where it damaged 20 vehicles – without explanation.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 28 May 1980
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8A Matador
| 008-1
| Crashed, unreported location
|-
! 1 August 1980
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| TAV-8A Harrier
| 159384
| Crashed near Gloucester, North Carolina; 1st Lieutenant Charles C. Vaden and Major Russell S. Michaelson ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77358 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77358 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 13 August 1980
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159251
| Written off; also reported as crashed 6 September 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77339 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77339 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 5 September 1980
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[McDonnell Douglas]]
| YAV-8C Harrier
| 158384
| Crashed into the sea near San Diego, California.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77567 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77567 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 14 October 1980
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV792
| Rolled over and crashed while in the hover at RAF Gutersloh due to fatigue in a control rod from the starboard aileron to the starboard roll reaction shutter. Pilot ejected at ~100 ft with aircraft in 80–90-degree of bank but seat was outside its performance envelope and the pilot was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202389.html |title=1981 | 2389 | Flight Archive |access-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220240/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202389.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55562 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55562 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 28 October 1980
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV761
| Crashed due to a bird strike while engaged in air combat maneuvers; pilot ejected but suffered minor injuries.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55561 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55561 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 December 1980
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ454
| Hit ramp of HMS ''Invincible'' with starboard outrigger after attempting to hover with full fuel carrying BBC cameras. Lieutenant Commander M. Blisset ejected but suffered minor injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137241 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137241 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 January 1981
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
|
| Crashed due to loss of control during take off at [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; Colonel John H. Ditto did not eject and was killed. He was the new commanding officer and wanted to be familiar with every plane under his new command. Investigation concluded that he had stayed with the plane too long trying to save it and had ejected too late.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77342 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77342 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 22 May 1981
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ139
| Pilot ejected near Sogel, West Germany after tailplane control rod disconnected.<ref name="XA100-114" />
|-
! 26 May 1981
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1417 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW923
| [[File:WreckofXW923.jpg|thumb|Wreckage recovery]] Crashed into the [[Belize River]] due to loss of control during vertical takeoff at [[Belize City Municipal Airport|Belize Airport]]; Flight Lieutenant James Mardon ejected safely.<ref name="Hailey.2001" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55560 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55560 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 26 June 1981
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158703
| Flew into the sea during a demonstration flight being viewed by the amphibious assault ship, ''Tarawa''. On the second pass his AV-8A Harrier narrowly missed the ship and went into the water without explanation. Major Thomas W. Tyler did not eject and was killed. Given his extensive experience with the craft, investigators decided that the presence of his fiancé on the ''Tarawa'' somehow caused the crash.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref name="Aviation Safety Network.2022-09-22">{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77316 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77316 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 14 July 1981
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1417 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV807
| Flew into tree near Georgeville, Belize; Flight Lieutenant John Clark did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55559 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55559 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 25 August 1981
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ139
| Crashed due to mechanical failure near Ahlhorn, West Germany; Flight Lieutenant Mike D. Beech ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55558 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55558 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 December 1981
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158704
| Crashed during a practice bombing run near Twentynine Palms; Captain Jeffrey C. Fishbaugh was killed. Investigation was inconclusive, but he had previously reported/complained that the radar altimeter was inoperative.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77347 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77347 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 26 January 1982
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158968
| Crashed during an emergency landing attempt at Yuma, Arizona; Lieutenant Charles E. Simpson did not eject and was killed. There was a fuel tank imbalance (2800 pounds on left, 1200 pounds on right). That AV-8A had experienced fuel tank problems twice previously, but the mechanical problem had not been properly resolved before this flight.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77327 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77327 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 February 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ973
| Crashed due to loss of control near Corwen, Wales; [[United States Navy]] Lieutenant John MacBeth did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-118">Halley 2001 pp. 118–119</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55557 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55557 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 March 1982
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158956
| Crashed due to undetermined causes during landing at Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]]; 1st Lieutenant Robert G. Wilson, Jr. was killed during ejection.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77324 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77324 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ450
| Shot down by Argentine 35 mm Skyguard anti-aircraft fire near [[Goose Green]], [[Falkland Islands]]; Lieutenant Nick Taylor was killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77340 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77340 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[801 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ452
| Lost at sea due to presumed collision with XZ453 in poor visibility while on [[combat air patrol]] from [[HMS Invincible (R05)|HMS ''Invincible'']] of the Falklands task force, Lieutenant Commander E. John Eyton-Jones missing and presumed killed.<ref name="Aviation Safety Network.2022-09-22"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77498 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77498 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[801 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ453
| Lost at sea due to presumed collision with XZ452 in poor visibility while on [[combat air patrol]] from [[HMS Invincible (R05)|HMS ''Invincible'']] of the Falklands task force, Lieutenant A. Curtis missing and presumed killed.<ref>Price, Dr. Alfred, "''Shar Performer''", Aeroplane, London, UK, Number 408, April 2007, Volume 35, Number 4, pages 37, 40.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77489 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77489 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 17 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Aeroplane & Armament Experimental Establishment]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ438
| Crashed due to loss of control during take off from [[RNAS Yeovilton]]; Royal Navy Lieutenant Commander D. Poole did not eject and was killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137247 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137247 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 21 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ972
| Shot down by a [[Blowpipe missile]] during an armed reconnaissance over [[Port Howard]] in the [[Falkland Islands]]; Flight Lieutenant Jeff Glover ejected safely and was captured by Argentine forces.<ref name="XA100-118" /><ref name="barg382" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55556 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55556 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 23 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| ZA192
| Exploded in mid-air after take off from [[HMS Hermes (R12)|HMS ''Hermes'']]; Commander Gordon W. J. Batt did not eject and was killed.<ref name="barg230">Burden 1986, pp. 230–235</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137153 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137153 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ988
| Shot down by Argentine anti-aircraft gunner Ramon Garcés using an RH 20 mm cannon near Goose Green, Falkland Islands; Squadron Leader Bob Iveson was injured during ejection but evaded capture and was rescued.<ref name="barg382" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55555 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55555 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 29 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[801 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| ZA174
| Slid into the sea from the deck of HMS ''Invincible'' in bad weather, pilot ejected.<ref name="barg230" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137188 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137188 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 30 May 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ963
| Crashed into the sea due to fuel exhaustion attempting to return to HMS ''Hermes'' after being hit by small arms fire west of Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Squadron Leader Jerry J. Pook ejected safely and was rescued.<ref name="barg382" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55554 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55554 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 June 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[809 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ456
| Shot down by an Argentine [[Roland missile]] near Stanley Airport in the Falkland Islands; Flight Lieutenant Ian Mortimer ejected safely and was rescued.<ref name="barg230" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77491 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77491 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 8 June 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ989
| Damaged beyond repair during a hard landing on a metal strip runway at [[San Carlos, Falkland Islands]]; Wing Commander Peter Squire vacated safely after the landing.<ref name="XA100-118" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55553 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55553 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 29 June 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier T4A
| XW272
| Flew into trees on takeoff at Nergen-Hohne ranges, West Germany; Wing Commander Keith Graham Holland AFC did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-97" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55552 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55552 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 24 September 1982
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158962
| Crashed into the North Sea due to unknown causes while participating in training exercises. 1st Lieutenant Kenneth A. Donnelly Jr. was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77353 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77353 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 6 November 1982
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW767
| Crashed into the sea off Port Stanley, Falkland Islands due to engine failure. Wing Commander Peter Squire ejected.<ref name="XA100-100" /><ref name="barg382">Burden 1986, pp. 382–285</ref><ref name="Aviation Safety Network.2022-09-22"/>
|-
! 1 December 1982
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8A Harrier
|
| Pilot was killed during a practice bombing run at MCAS Yuma. The cause of the accident is not known.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 21 January 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[899 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| ZA177
| Crashed due to loss of control in the village of Cattistock near Dorchester, Dorset. Lieutenant Kevin Fox ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137189 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137189 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 2 February 1983
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 159253
| Crashed near Twentynine Palms, California; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77355 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77355 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 23 February 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV795
| Collided with Harrier T4 WX926 over Cambridgeshire; Flight Lieutenant D. Oakley ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55550 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55550 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 23 February 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier T4A
| XW926
| Collided with Harrier GR3 XV795 over Cambridgeshire; Flight Lieutenant John Roger Leeming, instructor, and Flying Officer David John Haigh, student pilot, were killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55549 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55549 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 22 March 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1453 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV787
| Crashed due to engine failure into [[Port William Sound]] in the Falkland Islands; pilot ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55548 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55548 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 April 1983
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| TAV-8A Harrier
| 159381
| Crashed due to a jammed control stick during take off from [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; Dwight Motz, student pilot, ejected safely but Captain Paul L. Spargo Jr., instructor, was killed during ejection. The aircraft had crashed previously and been rebuilt. A metal hose adapter had been left beneath the cockpit floorboard and caused the stick to jam.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77357 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77357 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 4 May 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ134
| Crashed due to engine failure during take off at Stormede, West Germany; Flight Lieutenant S. K. Brown was badly injured during ejection.<ref name="XA100-114">Halley 2001 p. 114</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55547 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55547 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 15 June 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ500
| Crashed due to loss of control during a protracted inverted spin in the [[Bay of Biscay]] near HMS ''Illustrious''; Lieutenant Hargreaves ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137190 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137190 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 28 June 1983
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158696
| Crashed due to loss of power on final approach at [[NAS Fallon]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77337 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77337 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 22 September 1983
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158699
| Overran runway while landing at [[MCAS Yuma]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77315 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77315 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 20 October 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[899 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| ZA194
| Crashed due to control problems near Dorchester, Dorset; USMC Major O'Hara ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137191 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137191 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 28 October 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV742
| Crashed, possibly due to cannon shell ricochet, while conducting gunnery training on the [[Holbeach Air Weapons Range]]; Flying Officer John Richard Sewell did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55546 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55546 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 November 1983
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1453 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV762
| Flew into terrain while engaged in air combat maneuvering exercises near Goose Green in the Falkland Islands, Flight Lieutenant Byron Stewart Clew did not eject and was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55545 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55545 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 9 December 1983
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158390
| Crashed into Oregon Inlet, North Carolina; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77345 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77345 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 16 March 1984
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ496
| Crashed due to engine failure while on approach to HMS ''Illustrious'' in the North Sea; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137192 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137192 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 June 1984
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ134
| Crashed due to engine fire while in hover during a flying display at Grossostheim, Germany; Flight Lieutenant Nick Gilchrist ejected safely.<ref name="XA100-114" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55544 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55544 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 26 June 1984
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158950
| Crashed due to loss of control during vertical take off at [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77320 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77320 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 22 October 1984
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| AV-8S Matador
|
| Crashed at Rota, pilot ejected.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|-
! 29 November 1984
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 1453 Flight RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ992
| Crashed due to bird strike near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Flight Lieutenant Ian Wilkes suffered serious injuries during ejection.<ref name="XA100-118" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55543 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55543 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 29 November 1984
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ458
| Crashed due to bird ingestion in Highland, Scotland; Lieutenant Collier ejected with injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137170 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137170 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 7 February 1985
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[899 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Harrier T4N
| ZB606
| Crashed due to loss of control at Sticklebridge Farm, Charlton Adam, Somerset; Lieutenant Commander George and Midshipman Norman both were killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137213 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137213 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 18 February 1985
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier T4
| XW933
| Collided with German Air Force F-104G over Bad Laer, West Germany; Flying Officer K. B. McCann, student pilot, ejected safely but Squadron Leader A. B. Cogram, instructor, was killed.<ref name="Hailey.2001" /><ref>[http://www.noz.de/lokales/bad-laer/artikel/548340/vor-30-jahren-sturzte-ein-kampfflugzeug-in-bad-laer-ab Vor 30 Jahren stürzte ein Kampfflugzeug in Bad Laer ab] (German)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55542 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55542 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 28 February 1985
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158706
| Crashed near [[MCAS Cherry Point]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77348 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77348 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 31 March 1985
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8B-2-MC Harrier II
| 161578
| Crashed due to engine failure and fire into [[Long Island Sound]] near Long Island, New York; Lieutenant Colonel John W. Capito ejected safely but suffered hypothermia due to time spent in the sea before recovery.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77543 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77543 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 3 April 1985
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8C Harrier
| 158954
| Crashed after take off from USS ''Guadalcanal'' into the Atlantic Ocean near North Carolina; Royal Air Force Squadron Leader Harry Karl ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77350 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77350 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 25 April 1985
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 159231
| Crashed due to loss of control during air combat maneuvering near [[NAS Fallon]]; 1st Lieutenant Donald R. Flatlie did not eject and was killed.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77354 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77354 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 19 November 1985
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW922
| Rolled over during vertical landing at [[RAF Wittering]].<ref name="Hailey.2001" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55541 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55541 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 25 April 1985
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8A Harrier
| 158955
| Crashed near [[MCAS Yuma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77323 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77323 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 17 January 1986
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8B-6-MC Harrier II
| 162724
| Crashed due to bird strike near Yuma, Arizona; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77551 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77551 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 27 February 1986
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-231]]
| AV-8B-5-MC Harrier II
| 162079
| Crashed due to loss of control near [[MCAS Cherry Point]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77549 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77549 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 2 April 1986
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV784
| Written off due to ground fire while parked.<ref name="Hailey.2001">Halley 2001 p. 103</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55540 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55540 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 16 April 1986
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ491
| Written off.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137168 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137168 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 17 June 1986
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW922
| Crashed due to an electrical failure on approach to [[RNAS Yeovilton]]; Flight Lieutenant Gerry Humphreys ejected safely.<ref name="Hailey.2001"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55539 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55539 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 28 June 1986
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW769
| Crashed due to loss of control during a flying display at [[Chievres Air Base]] in Belgium; Flight Lieutenant B. D. Weatherley was killed during ejection.<ref name="XA100-100" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55538 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55538 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 29 July 1986
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| AV-8S Matador
|
| Crashed at Rota.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|-
! 12 August 1986
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8B-7-MC Harrier II
| 162745
| Mid-air collision with an F/A-18A over the Atlantic Ocean near [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77557 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77557 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 January 1987
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8B-7-MC Harrier II
| 162746
| Crashed due to a technical problem during take off from [[MCAS Cherry Point]]; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77558 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77558 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 5 June 1987
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-331]]
| AV-8B-4-MC Harrier II
| 162073
| Crashed due to engine failure into Barnegat Bay, New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77546 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77546 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 12 August 1987
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| TAV-8A Harrier
| 159380
| Crashed due to a canopy failure and unexpected crew ejection during a training flight over Pamlico County, [[North Carolina]]; Captain Daniel P. Campbell, pilot, and US Navy Lieutenant Stephen J. Chetneky, flight surgeon, both were killed during ejection.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77356 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77356 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 10 September 1987
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8B-8-MC Harrier II
| 162961
| Crashed on approach to Twentynine Palms, California; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 77564 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/77564 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 15 October 1987
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[801 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| ZA190
| Crashed due to bird ingestion into the Atlantic Ocean near Ireland; pilot ejected safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 137164 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/137164 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 22 October 1987
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[British Aerospace]]
| Harrier GR5
| ZD325
| Lost over the sea while on a pre-delivery test flight from [[BAe Dunsfold]]. The pilot was inadvertently removed from the cockpit by the seat separation drogue gun, leaving the Harrier to fly without a pilot but with the broken canopy attached. The aircraft was intercepted by a passing USAF [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]], to check for signs of life, before crashing in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] off the Irish coast, due to fuel exhaustion.<ref>{{ISBN|978 085733 079 6}} (Calvet/Johnstone 2012) Page 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55537 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55537 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 2 November 1987
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV790
| Collided with XZ136 over Otterburn ranges; United States Navy Lieutenant John Carver was killed.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55536 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55536 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 2 November 1987
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ136
| Collided with XV790 over Otterburn ranges; Flight Lieutenant David Robin Sunderland was killed during ejection.<ref name="XA100-94" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55535 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/55535 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1 March 1988
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
|
|
| Pilot was killed during an air-to-air combat training run. His plane crashed in the Neuse River near Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]].<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 4 May 1988
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN601
| Crashed near Goa, pilot killed.
|-
! 20 May 1988
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XV809
| Hit trees following loss of control after entering clouds on takeoff at RAF Gutersloh.<ref name="XA100-94" />
|-
! 27 June 1988
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Harrier T60
| IN652
| Crashed, crew ejected.
|-
! 13 July 1988
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
|
|
| Pilot was killed seconds after takeoff from Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]], when his flaps malfunctioned due to an electrical short.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 18 August 1988
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW921
| Crashed into wood near RAF Gutersloh after engine fire on takeoff.<ref name="Hailey.2001" />
|-
! 5 November 1988
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8 Harrier
|
| Pilot was injured when his Harrier AV-8 crashed while attempting a landing at Maxwell AFB, Montgomery, AL.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 3 May 1989
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed during a short takeoff, a complicated maneuver for an inexperienced pilot. The AV-8B Harrier's nozzles were reportedly not set properly for the maneuver, followed by ejecting too late.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 20 June 1989
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier T4
| XW925
| Abandoned after loss of control at RAF Gutersloh.<ref name="Hailey.2001" />
|-
! 18 December 1989
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8B-9 Matador
| 01-901
| Crashed, unreported location.
|-
! 23 January 1990
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8B-9 Matador
|
| Crashed at Rota, pilot killed.
|-
! 26 January 1990
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed on a training flight from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to Osan Air Base in South Korea. His AV-8B harrier fell from 35,800 feet, sliced through a cloud bank and disappeared into the water without explanation. Neither plane nor pilot was ever found.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 12 February 1990
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-223]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
| 163187
| Pilot died and a reconnaissance observer was hurt when they ejected almost simultaneously from separate aircraft during training missions at the [[Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms]], [[Twentynine Palms, California]]. The pilot was killed after ejecting from his [[AV-8B Harrier II]], BuNo ''163187'', from [[VMA-223]], based at [[MCAS Cherry Point]], North Carolina, which crashed in a remote area. The aerial observer who ejected from [[OV-10 Bronco|North American OV-10 Bronco]], suffered minor injuries. The Bronco landed safely.<ref>Washington, D.C.: Washington Times, ''Marine dead after ejecting from plane'', Wednesday, 14 February 1990, page A-2.</ref>
|-
! 2 October 1990
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed during a low-altitude flight over a dense [[North Carolina]] forest after ejecting from his AV-8B Harrier. He hit the trees before his parachute opened.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 18 January 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Shot down by anti-aircraft artillery.
|-
! 22 January 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed conducting a training mission during the Persian Gulf War when he smashed into the Omani coastline while approaching the deck of the amphibious assault ship ''Nassau'' for a landing.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 9 February 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Shot down by a surface-to-air missile.
|-
! 23 February 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Shot down by a surface-to-air missile over Kuwait, pilot is killed.
|-
! 27 February 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Shot down on the final day of the Persian Gulf War by anti-aircraft artillery, pilot (Woody) is killed.
|-
! 25 September 1991
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 233 OCU RAF]]
| Harrier T4
| XZ147
| Crashed after low level bird strike near Driffield, Yorkshire; both crew ejected and survived but one (a female university officer cadet) was seriously hurt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=55527|title=Accident BAe Harrier T.4A XZ147, 25 Sep 1991|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=Aviation-safety.net|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! 11 November 1991
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed after he [[:es:Accidente_del_Harrier_II_en_Villagarc%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_en_1991|steered away from the Spanish village of Villagarcía de la Torre (in spanish)]] and ejected with the plane upside down. His parachute broke away before he reached the ground. The investigation determined that a problem with the ailerons caused the crash but offered no explanation for the parachute failure.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 7 February 1992
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XW927
| Damaged beyond repair in a heavy landing at RAF Gutersloh.<ref name="Hailey.2001" />
|-
! 14 May 1992
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR3
| XZ990
| Crashed at RAF Wittering after loss of engine power in hover.<ref name="XA100-118" />
|-
! 9 June 1992
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN619
| Crashed, the pilot was unharmed.
|-
! 29 June 1992
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-214]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed after his parachute veered into the fireball created at the [[Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa)|Davenport Municipal Airport]] in [[Iowa]] when his AV-8B Harrier exploded at the end of the runway during an aborted takeoff attempt.<ref name="Pulitzer3">{{cite web
| last =Sack
| first =Kevin
| title ='At Least We Got to Kiss Him Goodbye' – PART III: Casualties
| work =[[Los Angeles Times]]
| date =17 December 2002
| url =http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6724
| accessdate = 15 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 16 August 1992
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed while simulating bombing runs in the desert of Kuwait. Cause not determined.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 19 September 1992
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed during a training flight that began at Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]], when his AV-8B Harrier crashed in shallow water in Pamlico Sound. Cause not determined.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 9 December 1992
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN612
|
|-
! 10 August 1993
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed on the runway at [[Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point]], [[North Carolina]], after the flap electronic control module suffered from moisture ingress. Erroneous flap scheduling led to an uncontrollable descent. The pilot ejected before impact but he descended into the fireball causing fatal injuries.<ref name="Delaney">{{cite news| title =Marine Capt. W.P. Delaney Dies in Crash| newspaper =[[The Washington Post]]| date =15 August 1993| url =http://www.bookrags.com/highbeam/marine-capt-wp-delaney-dies-in-hb/| accessdate = 16 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Pulitzer1">{{cite web| last =Sack| first =Kevin|author2=Alan C. Miller | title =A Staggering Abundance of Crash-Causing Glitches| work =[[Los Angeles Times]]| date =16 December 2002| url =http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6723| accessdate = 16 March 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 26 November 1993
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR7
|
| Crashed due to mechanical failure, in northern [[Iraq]] during a patrol as part of [[Operation Northern Watch]]. After safely ejecting from his crippled Harrier the pilot was rescued by a US helicopter, approximately 100 miles inside Iraq, and returned to [[Incirlik Air Base|Incirlik]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/harrier-crash-in-iraq-1506335.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Harrier crash in Iraq | date=24 November 1993 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 26 November 1993
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8A Matador
|
| Crashed, location unreported.
|-
! 19 February 1994
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8A Matador
| 01-902
| Crashed, location unreported.
|-
! 16 April 1994
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS1
| XZ498
| Operating from the light carrier [[HMS Ark Royal (R07)|HMS ''Ark Royal'']] shot down by a [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] fired by the [[Army of Republika Srpska]], (most probably a [[Strela 2]]) near Gorazde. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson<ref>{{cite web | title = Lt. Nick Richardson | work = World of Warplanes | date = 30 January 2012 | url = http://forum.worldofwarplanes.eu/index.php?/topic/1859-lt-nick-richardson/ | accessdate = 22 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031001003/http://forum.worldofwarplanes.eu/index.php?%2Ftopic%2F1859-lt-nick-richardson%2F | archive-date = 31 October 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> ejected<ref>{{cite web | title = Sea Harrier Losses & Ejections | url = http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/aircraft_by_type/SeaHarrier.htm | accessdate = 22 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106073216/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/aircraft_by_type/SeaHarrier.htm | archive-date = 6 November 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> and landed in friendly territory controlled by [[Bosnian Muslim]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serbs shoot down British jet as all-out conflict looms |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/serbs-shoot-down-british-jet-as-allout-conflict-looms-1370717.html |work=The Independent |location=London, United Kingdom |date=17 April 1994 |first1=Christopher |last1=Bellamy}}</ref>
|-
! 13 May 1994
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8A Matador
| 01-810
| Crashed off Majorca Island, pilot ejected.
|-
! 30 January 1995
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Disappeared at night over the Indian Ocean 140 miles off the coast of Somalia. A three-week search for the pilot and plane ended without success.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 18 September 1995
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed during a night training run in [[North Carolina]] when his AV-8B Harrier clipped another Harrier in the formation and crashed into the Neuse River.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 8 February 1996
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN620
| Missing during night flying over sea.
|-
! 23 February 1996
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[899 Naval Air Squadron]]
| Harrier T4A
| XZ445
| Crashed near the Merry Harriers Inn, about 6nm South of Taunton, Somerset about 2 miles West of [[RAF Culmhead]]. The pilot, Lt Cdr Michael Auckland, and the flight engineer, CPO Stephen Brooks were both killed in the incident.
|-
! 16 February 1996
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed shortly after takeoff from Cherry Point, [[North Carolina]], when his AV-8B was apparently struck by lightning.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 7 October 1996
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed during a training mission over California's Chocolate Mountains when three bombs, all with expired fuses, detonated prematurely aboard his AV-8B.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 9 January 1997
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZD377
| Crashed during a short take off at [[RAF Laarbruch]], Germany. The burning aircraft ended up inverted on the runway.<ref>Cooper, Peter J., "''Picking up the Pieces''", AIR International, Stamford, Lincs., UK, November 1998, Volume 55, Number 5, page 281.</ref> The pilot sustained a broken leg and minor injuries.
|-
!19 May 1997
|[[Royal Air Force]]
|Harrier GR7
|
|Crashed near [[RAF Wittering]], Yorkshire. The pilot ejected safely.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pilot walks away after RAF jet crashes into hillside |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12321894.pilot-walks-away-after-raf-jet-crashes-into-hillside/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=HeraldScotland |date=4 June 1997 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3 June 1997
|[[Royal Air Force]]
|Harrier GR7
|ZG861
|Crashed during an exercise sortie near [[Castle Douglas]], Scotland.<ref name=":0" /> The accident was determined to have been caused by a spacer failing and multiple pieces of the engine being ingested. The pilot ejected safely and was commended for his handling of the accident.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Military Aircraft Accident Summary of a Royal Air Force Board of Inquiry | url=https://www.ukserials.com/pdflosses/maas_19970603_zg861.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726024540/http://www.ukserials.com/pdflosses/maas_19970603_zg861.pdf | archive-date=26 July 2015 | access-date=3 December 2022 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 30 September 1997
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN611
|
|-
! 15 October 1997
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Assigned to the Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point, N.C. crashes on takeoff during a training mission at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The Harrier went down at about 2 p.m. in a cornfield just 50 feet from I-675, near where it crosses I-70 in western Ohio. Witnesses on the ground and in another fighter said flames shot from the jets' engine moments before it crashed and that the pilot did an amazing job at directing the disabled aircraft into an unpopulated area before safely ejecting. The crash was under investigation.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 18 December 1998
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZD434
| Crashed near the village of Staindrop, 3 miles NE of Barnard Castle. The pilot, Group Captain David Haward, was killed in the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=INQUEST: Crash pilot lost control|url=http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/environment/inquest-crash-pilot-lost-control-1-104083|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825190151/http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/environment/inquest-crash-pilot-lost-control-1-104083|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2017|accessdate=25 August 2017|work=Peterborough Today|date=13 December 2001}}</ref>
|-
! 29 January 1999
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZG856
| Crashed at [[Nellis Air Force Range]] during [[Red Flag exercise|Red Flag Exercise]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukserials.com/pdflosses/maas_19990129_zg856.pdf|title=Military Aircraft Accident Summary for Royal Air Force Harrier ZG856|website=Ukserials.com|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> The pilot ejected successfully but suffered serious injuries.
|-
! 2 May 1999
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed into the [[Adriatic Sea]] whilst returning to {{USS|Kearsarge|LHD-3|6}} from a training mission, after the pilot ejected.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9905/02/kosovo.01/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020220193227/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9905/02/kosovo.01/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 February 2002 | work=CNN | title=Two jets crash in Kosovo campaign | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 9 July 1999
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 4 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZD345
| Crashed 5 miles SW of Boston, Lincolnshire. The pilot ejected successfully without sustaining serious injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>
|-
! 14 July 1999
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[No. 3 Squadron RAF]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZG532
| Crashed near [[Cornhill on Tweed, Northumberland]]. The pilot ejected successfully moments before impact.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/394738.stm | work=BBC News | title=Second Harrier crash sparks safety fears | date=15 July 1999 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 30 August 1999
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Pilot was killed after his AV-8B Harrier lost power over Death Valley National Park. He ejected but hard landed in rocky terrain and died of a head injury. Power loss was found to be due to a wrong-sized washer having been installed. The problem had been discovered three years before, but his plane was among those not yet inspected for it.<ref name="Pulitzer3A"/>
|-
! 15 April 2000
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed during a Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI)training mission in the Chocolate Mountain ranges in Arizona. Pilot ejected but sustained head and shoulder injuries and lost an eye.
|-
! 3 February 2001
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| TAV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed as it neared touchdown on a base runway at [[Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point]], killing two aviators.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/us/national-news-briefs-harrier-jets-grounded-after-crash-kills-two.html | work=The New York Times | title=National News Briefs; Harrier Jets Grounded After Crash Kills Two | date=5 February 2001 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 25 May 2001
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN610
| Crashed at Phadkevam, pilot ejected.
|-
! 4 March 2002
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italian Navy]]
| AV-8B+ Harrier II
| MM7216/1-10
| Written off after off-runway landing at Grottaglie airbase, pilot unharmed.
|-
! 2 August 2002
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR7
| ZD464<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukserials.com/pdflosses/maas_20020802_zd464.pdf|title=Military Aircraft Accident Summary for Royal Air Force Harrier ZD464|website=Ukserials.com|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
| Crashed into sea, while hovering during a performance at the [[Lowestoft]] Seafront Air Festival, [[Suffolk]]. The pilot ejected before crashing into the sea and was later rescued by a lifeboat. The pilot made an error when he retarded the throttle instead of moving the nozzle lever to the "Hover Stop" position.<ref name="RAF Accident Summary">{{cite web |title=RAF Accident Summary |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/AirSafetyandAviationPublications/MAAS/2000s/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121018173506/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/AirSafetyandAviationPublications/MAAS/2000s/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2012 |website=MOD |accessdate=2018-12-19 }}</ref> He had then moved his hand to lower the landing gear when he noticed the engine note change, he advanced the throttle but unwittingly moved the nozzle lever forward causing a sudden loss of altitude;<ref name="RAF Accident Summary"/> the crash was caught on video.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2168921.stm | work=BBC News | title=Air show Harrier crashes into sea | date=2 August 2002 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 5 December 2002
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Navy]]
| Harrier T8
|
| Crashed on takeoff at RAF Wittering, Cambridgeshire; one pilot killed.
|-
! 1 April 2003
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[HMM-263]]
| AV-8B+(R) Harrier II
| 165391
| Crashes off {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4|6}} in the [[Persian Gulf]] during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]; the pilot was rescued.<ref name="oob">{{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.darkscape.net/site/agtwopen/iraq_equipment_losses.html |title=Coalition air losses, IIIPGW |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173230/http://www.ordersofbattle.darkscape.net/site/agtwopen/iraq_equipment_losses.html |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/YEAR_Pages/2003.htm|title=2003|access-date=10 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227144447/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/YEAR_Pages/2003.htm|archive-date=27 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 12 April 2003
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Spanish Navy]]
| EAV-8B Matador
| 01-921
| Crashed, location unrecorded.
|-
! 24 August 2003
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN615
| Crashed into sea during landing.
|-
! 17 December 2004
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN604
| Crashed during a hover landing at Dabolim.
|-
! 14 October 2005
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR7A
|
| Destroyed in a rocket attack by Taliban forces while parked on the tarmac at Kandahar. No one was injured in the attack. It was replaced by another fighter which flew out from Britain on the same evening.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1500702/Harrier-destroyed-by-Afghan-rocket.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Harrier destroyed by Afghan rocket | first=Sean | last=Rayment | date=16 October 2005 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 5 December 2005
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN607
| Pilot killed
|-
! 6 December 2005
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed approx 20 miles east of [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]; Capt Jason Thomsen safely ejected and was rescued by the [[United States Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news4jax.com/news/5485599/detail.html|title=News4jax}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
! 13 July 2006
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR9
|
| Crashed near [[Oxford Airport]] whilst transitioning to [[RAF Fairford]] for the 2006 [[Royal International Air Tattoo]]. The pilot ejected safely and was rescued. The crash was caused by pilot error.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harrier jet crash in Oxfordshire was 'genuine mistake'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10486958|accessdate=24 September 2012|date=2 July 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
! 5 April 2007
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Harrier T60
| IN651
| Crashed into the sea near Goa, crew ejected, one rescued one killed.
|-
! 9 September 2007
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN608
| Crashed into sea during carrier landing, pilot ejected.
|-
! 27 November 2007
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-513]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed near Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona, with the pilot ejecting safely. The crash occurred during a routine training mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/11/marine_harrier_071128/ |title=Harrier crashes in Arizona; pilot safe – Marine Corps News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq – Marine Corps Times |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411010020/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/11/marine_harrier_071128 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 24 December 2007
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Navy]]
| Sea Harrier FRS51
| IN613
| Crashed at Dabolim, pilot ejected.
|-
! 13 February 2008
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed at the Open Ground Farms in [[Carteret County, North Carolina]]. The pilot was able to safely eject.<ref name="DN">{{cite web
| title =Cherry Point Harrier jet crashes
| publisher =The News and Observer, Raleigh, N.C.
| date =14 February 2008
| url =http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/943702.html
}}</ref>
|-
! 15 May 2008
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| TAV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed while on a training mission in southern Arizona, with both pilots ejecting safely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/05/ap_harrier_051608/ |title=Harrier crashes in Arizona, pilots eject – Marine Corps News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq – Marine Corps Times |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095654/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/05/ap_harrier_051608/ |archive-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/local/85501.php | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204225727/http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/ss/local/85501.php | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-02-04 |title = Marine pilots survive Harrier crash - Tucson Citizen Morgue, Part 1 (…}}</ref>
|-
! 16 June 2008
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR7
|
| Crashed at around 1.50pm near the village of [[Ashwell, Rutland|Ashwell]], in an unpopulated area of [[Rutland]], after the pilot ejected shortly before landing at [[RAF Cottesmore]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jun/16/military | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Pilot escapes Harrier jet crash | first=James | last=Sturcke | date=16 June 2008 | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
! 29 December 2008
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMAT-203]]
| TAV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed in an unpopulated area approximately one mile east of the air station near NC Highway 101, killing the pilot. The crash occurred while returning from a routine training flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marines.mil/units/mcieast/mcascherrypoint/Pages/2009/AV-8BHarrierCrash.aspx|title=Marines.mil - Unit Directory|website=Marines.mil|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! 14 May 2009
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Royal Air Force]]
| Harrier GR9A
|
| Crash landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan, the Ministry of Defence said. The pilot suffered only minor injuries after ejecting from the aircraft when it came down at Kandahar airfield at about 10:30am local time. There were no other casualties. After a steep approach to avoid enemy fire, the aircraft hit the runway hard, a tire exploded, the outrigger blew off and ruptured the fuel tank. The RAF pilot ejected after flames began to engulf the cockpit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8049470.stm|title=Jet pilot ejects in Afghanistan|publisher=BBC|date=14 May 2009|accessdate=19 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aydbBl6_W0#t=10 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7aydbBl6_W0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Harrier crash in Kandahar, Afghanistan HQ|website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=25 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>The Afterburn Podcast: #27: Martin "Perty" Pert - Harrier, Hawk, Eurofighter, Red Arrows, 16 Mar 2021 https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/27-martin-perty-pert-harrier-hawk-eurofighter-red-arrows/id1496428378?i=1000513173553&r=2376</ref>
|-
! 14 May 2010
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italian Navy]]
| AV-8B+ Harrier II
| MM7221/1-15
| Crashed in the Jonian Sea off Calabria due to technical problems, pilot ejected safely.
|-
! 18 July 2010
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed in an unpopulated area of the Ocala National Forest in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gainesville.com/article/20100720/News/604156334|title=Military investigates crash of Harrier|author=Joe Callahan|website=Gainesville.com|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! 29 March 2011
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed into the water during takeoff for a routine training flight while operating in the Arabian Sea deployed with 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) embarked aboard amphibious assault ship {{USS|Boxer|LHD-4}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2011/035.html |title=Pilot Rescued from 13th MEU Harrier Crash |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516202045/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2011/035.html |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/03/marine-harrier-crash-in-gulf-of-aden-033011/ |title=Harrier crashes off ship, pilot reported OK - Marine Corps News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq - Marine Corps Times |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406074958/http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/03/marine-harrier-crash-in-gulf-of-aden-033011/ |archive-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 25 July 2012
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed shortly after take off for a routine training flight over an unpopulated area near Felicity, CA
|-
! 14 September 2012
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
| 6 aircraft
| Militants breached the perimeter of the sprawling [[Camp Bastion]] base in [[Helmand province]] of southern Afghanistan in the [[September 2012 Camp Bastion raid]], destroying six US Harrier AV8B aircraft and damaging a further 2. Three aircraft refuelling stations and a number of aircraft hangars were also badly damaged. The offensive took place near an airfield on the northeast side of the base, which houses US forces in Camp Leatherneck. The attack also claimed the lives of two US marines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/14/world/asia/afghanistan-fatal-attack/index.html?hpt=hp_t3|title=ISAF: Insurgents in deadly attack in Afghanistan wore U.S. Army uniforms|publisher=CNN|date=15 September 2012|accessdate=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=795540 |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090755/https://www.skynews.com.au/topstories/article.aspx?id=795540 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19614911 | work=BBC News | title=Afghanistan 'rogue' attack: Four US soldiers killed | date=16 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
! 9 May 2014
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed in an unpopulated area of the desert south of Phoenix, Arizona.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/marine-corps/marine-corps-harrier-crashes-in-arizona-desert-pilot-slightly-hurt-1.282392|title=Marine Corps Harrier crashes in Arizona desert; pilot slightly hurt|website=Stripes.com|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! 4 June 2014
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed into California homes, pilot ejected safely.<ref>[[BBC]] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-27709387 article]</ref>
|-
! 6 May 2016
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[VMA-542]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, circa 17:05 hours. The pilot ejected safely and was rescued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20160506/News/605099950|title=Marine Corps Harrier jet crashes off Wrightsville Beach|newspaper=[[Wilmington Star News]]|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! 22 September 2016
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed into the ocean after taking off from US Kadena Air Base.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/22/national/u-s-warplane-crashes-off-okinawa-pilot-recovered|title=U.S. warplane crashes off Okinawa, prompting fresh safety concerns|work=Japan Times|date=22 September 2016|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
! 3 April 2018
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Marine Corps]]
| AV-8B Harrier II
|
| Crashed in Djibouti shortly after take-off. The aircraft was part of a detachment attached to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron One Six Two, or VMM-162, part of the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit, which was in the East African country for the annual Alligator Dagger amphibious warfare exercise. The pilot ejected and received treatment in a hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/19871/us-marine-corps-av-8b-harrier-crashes-during-exercise-in-djibouti|title=US Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier Crashes During Exercise in Djibouti|first=Joseph|last=Trevithick|website=Thedrive.com|date=3 April 2018 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
According to Indian media reports,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/oHZHXQRBbbI7zt9AKOF4UM/The-Indian-Navy8217s-deadly-aircraft.html|title=The Indian Navy's deadly aircraft|last=Narayana Kumar|first=K.P.|date=25 November 2007|website=Livemint.com|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> as many as 16 out of a total 31 Indian Navy Sea Harriers were destroyed in crashes, which claimed seven pilots over a two decade period up to 2007.

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
* [[List of VTOL aircraft]]
}}
{{-}}

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= Burden|first= Rodney A |author2=Michael I Draper |author3=Douglas A Rough |author4=Colin R Smith |author5=David L Wilton |title= Falklands – The Air War|year= 1986|publisher= Arms and Armour Press|location= London|isbn=0-85368-842-7}}
*{{cite book|last = Halley|first = James J|title = Royal Air Force Aircraft XA100 to XZ999|publisher = [[Air-Britain]]|year =2001|isbn = 0-85130-311-0}}
*{{Cite book|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985)|year=1985|publisher=Orbis Publishing}}
*{{Cite book|editor-last=Eden|editor-first=Paul|title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft|date=July 2006 |location=London, UK|publisher=Amber Books, 2004|isbn=1-904687-84-9|ref={{harvid|Eden|2004}}}}
*{{Cite book|last= Bull|first= Stephen|title= Encyclopedia of military technology and innovation|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year= 2004|isbn= 1-57356-557-1}}
*{{Cite book|last= Grove|first= Eric J|title= Vanguard to Trident; British Naval Policy since World War II|publisher=The Bodley Head|year= 1987|isbn= 0-370-31021-7}}
*{{Cite book|last= Gunston|first= Bill and Mike Spick|title= Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today|location= New York|publisher= Crescent Books|year= 1983|isbn= 0-517-41265-9|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/modernaircombata0000guns}}
*{{Cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony H.|title=The Iraq War: strategy, tactics, and military lessons|url=https://archive.org/details/iraqwarstrategyt00cord|url-access=registration|publisher=Centre for Strategic and International Studies|year=2003|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-89206-432-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Epstein|first=David G.|title=Making and Doing Deals: Contracts in Context ''(second edition)''|location=Newark, New Jersey|publisher=LexisNexis|year=2006|isbn=0-8205-7044-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Andy|title=BAE / McDonnell Douglas Harrier|year=1998|publisher=The Crowood Press|location=Ramsbury, UK|isbn=1-86126-105-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Grove|first=Eric|title=The Future of Sea Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM4OAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|location=London, UK|isbn=0-415-00482-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Robert|title=NATO air power|location=Shrewsbury, UK|publisher=Airlife Publishing|year=1987|isbn=0-906393-80-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Lambert|first=Mark|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]|year=1993|location=Coulsdon, UK|isbn=0-7106-1066-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Polmar|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Polmar|title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]]|year=2005|isbn=1-59114-685-2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|author-link=John W. R. Taylor|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89|location=Coulsdon, UK|publisher=Jane's Defence Data|year=1988|isbn= 0-7106-0867-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first= Stewart|title= BAe/McDonnell Douglas Harrier|publisher=Airlife, 2000|isbn=1-84037-218-4|year= 2000}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Stewart|title=Combat Aircraft since 1945|location=London|publisher=Aerospace Publications, 2000|isbn=1-875671-50-1|year=2000}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ashley|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAZt49uUiuIC&pg=PA56|title=Jump Jet|journal=[[Popular Science]]|volume=233|issue=4|date=October 1988|pages=56–59, 112, 114}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Karen|title=V/STOL Comes of Age|journal=[[Flight International]]|date=19 July 1986|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%201660.html|pages=23–25|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
*Bishop, Chris and Chris Chant. ''Aircraft Carriers''. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Zenith Imprint, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7603-2005-5}}.
*Braybrook, Roy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUjMYkfr-pwC ''Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces''.]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. {{ISBN|0-85045-493-X}}.
*Brown, Kevin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qNgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 "The Plane That Makes Airfields Obsolete."] ''Popular Mechanics'', 133(6), June 1970, pp. 80–83.
*Bull, Stephen. ''Encyclopedia of Military Rechnology and Innovation''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-57356-557-1}}.
*Burr, Lawrence and Peter Bull. ''US Fast Battleships 1938–91: The Iowa Class''. New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|1-84603-511-2}}.
*Buttler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950''. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85780-095-8}}.
*Congress Committee on Appropriations. "Department of Defense Appropriations for 1979: Part 5". Washington D.C., USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
*Cowan, Charles W. (ed.) ''Flypast 2''. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972. {{ISBN|0-85383-191-2}}.
*Davies, Peter and Anthony M. Thornborough. ''The Harrier Story.'' Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-1-55750-357-2}}.
*Ellis, Ken. ''Wrecks & Relics, 21st edition''. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-85979-134-2}}.
*Evans, Andy. ''BAe/McDonald Douglas Harrier''. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-86126-105-5}}.
*Farley, John. ''A View from the Hover: My Life in Aviation.'' Bath, UK: Seager Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9532752-5-0}}.
*Freedman, Lawrence. ''The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II: War and Diplomacy''. London, UK: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-415-41911-6}}.
*Friedman, Norman. ''U.S. Aircraft Carriers: an Illustrated Design History''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-87021-739-9}}.
*Gunston, W. T. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%200201.html "Pegasus updating prospects".] ''Flight International'', 22 January 1977, pp. 189–191.
*Hannah, Donald. ''Hawker FlyPast Reference Library''. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. {{ISBN|0-946219-01-X}}.
*Jackson, Paul. "British Aerospace/McDonnell Douglas Harrier". ''World Air Power Journal'', Volume 6, Summer 1991. pp. 46–105.
*James, Derek N. ''Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. {{ISBN|0-668-02699-5}}. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
*Jefford, C.G., ed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105084744/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2035A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20the%20RAF%20Harrier%20Story.pdf ''The RAF Harrier Story.''] London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2006. {{ISBN|0-9530345-2-6}}.
*Jenkins, Dennis R. ''Boeing / BAe Harrier''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-58007-014-0}}.
*Layman, R D and Stephen McLaughlin. ''The Hybrid Warship''. London: Conway, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-555-1}}.
*Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. ''Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7643-1204-9}}.
*Mason, Francis K. ''Harrier''. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, Third edition, 1986. {{ISBN|0-85059-801-X}}.
*Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft since 1920.'' London: Putnam, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-839-9}}
*Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft since 1920''. London: Putnam Publishing, 1971. {{ISBN|978-0-370-00066-4}}.
*Miller, David M. O. and Chris Miller. "Modern Naval Combat". Crescent Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-517-61350-6}}.
*Moxton, Julian. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%202681.html "Supersonic Harrier: One Step Closer".] ''Flight International'', 4 December 1982, pp. 1633–1635.
*Spick, Mike and Bill Gunston. ''The Great Book of Modern Warplanes''. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7603-0893-4}}.
*Sturtivant, Ray. ''Fleet Air Arm Fixed-Wing Aircraft since 1946. '' Tonbridge, Kent, UK: [[Air-Britain]] (Historians), 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-85130-283-6}}.
*Sturtivant, Ray. ''RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912.'' Tonbridge, Kent, UK: [[Air-Britain]] (Historians), 2007. {{ISBN|0-85130-365-X}}.
*Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Navy Aircraft since 1911''. Putnam Aeronautical, 1990. {{ISBN|0-87021-792-5}}.
*Vann, Frank. ''Harrier Jump Jet''. New York, USA: Bdd Promotional Book Co, 1990. {{ISBN|0-7924-5140-6}}.

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Farley, John OBE. ''A View From The Hover: My Life in Aviation.'' Bath, UK: Seager Publishing/Flyer Books, 2010, first edition 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9532752-0-5}}.
* [[Norman Polmar|Polmar, Norman]] and Dana Bell. ''One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2003. {{ISBN|1-59114-686-0}}.

==External links==
{{Commons|Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Hawker Siddeley Harrier and its derivatives}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105223435/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/HARRIER/Sea_Harrier_Spain.htm Chronological Listing of Spanish Navy Harrier Losses & Ejections]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105223248/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/SeaHarrier.htm Chronological Listing of Royal Navy Harrier Losses & Ejections]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422071806/http://ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/INDIA/SEa-Harrier.htm Chronological Listing of Indian Naval Air Force Harrier Losses & Ejections]
* [http://www.harrier.org.uk/ Harrier history website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402071911/http://harrier.org.uk/welcome/index.htm |date=2 April 2009 }}
* [http://www.naval-history.net/F63braircraftlost.htm Harriers lost in the Falklands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141702/http://www.harrierlist.co.uk/ Up-to-date resource of all UK Harriers and Designations]

{{Harrier variants}}
{{Lists of aviation accidents and incidents}}

[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving United States Navy and Marine Corps aircraft|Harrier]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Harrier Jump Jet| ]]
[[Category:Lists of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft|Harrier jump jet]]

Prayas Residential School Bilaspur

2026-02-22T04:34:39Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Made Initial Page W/ Infobox!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{No footnotes|date=March 2019}}
{{External links|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox school
| name = Prayas Residential School Bilaspur
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Prayas Residential School Bilaspur
| motto =
| school_code =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.149498|82.140173 |display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|05|16}}
| opened =
| closed =
| schooltype = Higher Secondary school
| language = Hindi & English
| classes_offered = 11th & 12th
| address = Ramtala,Koni
| location =
| city = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| postal_code = 495001
| superintendent =
| principal = Dr. G.A. Ashwini Kumar
| enrollment =
| faculty = JEE(main&adv), NEET & other Competitive Coaching + Hostel
| campus_type = Residential/Boarding
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture 2 =
| caption 2 =
}}

'''Prayas Residential School Bilaspur ''' (since 2015) is a school for tribal students in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]], India. This school is completely free for tribal areas students. Prayas School is part of [[Foundation Prayas]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174728/http://fatafatnews.com/12616 Chief Minister's instructions started: The Chief Secretary gave the guidance given to children in Prayas Residential School]

==History==
* [http://digital.dprcg.gov.in/images/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E2%80%99%E2%80%99%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A0%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3 Bilaspur: Students of Residential Schools heard "Raman Ke Gote": Inspiration for Environment and Water Conservation- 12-06-2016]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/prayas-school-has-attained-greater-success-than-our-expectations-dr-raman-singh/ Prayas School has attained greater success than our expectations: Dr Raman Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106175132/http://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/prayas-school-has-attained-greater-success-than-our-expectations-dr-raman-singh/ |date=6 January 2018 }}

==Faculty==
* Free Hostel Faculty
* Compitative Exam Free Coaching for all students,
* Special Education Faculty for All Subjects.
* Many more facilities available.

The Chhattisgarh government's efforts under the Chief Minister's Child Protection Scheme for the students of Naxal-affected districts of the state are entrusted in the Eleventh and Twelfth grade classes, and they have been provided with PMT, PET in these schools. And J.E.E. Free coaching is also being provided for competitive examinations like. Initiative, residential schools are being run in all the five divisional headquarters including Rajpura Raipur. Under the leadership of Chief Minister Dr. Raman Singh, the future of students belonging to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes is being ensured.
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Prayas-schools-facilitating-quality-education-for-all/articleshow/53592522.cms 'Prayas schools facilitating quality education for all']

At the inaugural function of the digital class room, the chief Minister said that the 12th standard students of Prayas school have presented excellent performance in the JEE and Chhattisgarh PMT and PET also. They have the caliber to be admitted to the Indian Administrative Services also, he added.

==References==
* [http://bilaspur.gov.in/attempted-expression-interest-coaching-institutions-registered-arranging-factal-teaching- Invitation of "Expression of Interest" from the coaching institutes registered for arranging the faculty for teaching work in the residential school, Balvad and Balika, in the year 2017-18.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180114172320/http://old.dprcg.gov.in/news/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E2%80%99%E2%80%99%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0 Bilaspur: "dreams" will come true The Prayas Bilaspur]
* Raipur: In the School of Attempt, the future of Naxal violence children

[[Category:Education in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Schools in Madhya Pradesh]]

Deori people

2026-02-20T23:58:22Z

BarbaraMajeski6: minor update

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group of Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Deori people
| total_ref =
| image = Deori people.jpg
| popplace = [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| langs = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Deori language|Deori]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]],<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</ref> [[Folk religion]]
| related = [[Chutia people|Chutias]], [[Moran people|Morans]], [[Sonowal Kacharis]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Deori people''' are one of the major [[Tibeto-Burmese]] [[ethnic group]]s of the [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian]] states of [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. They historically lived in the area of [[Sadiya]], Joidaam, [[Patkai]] foothills and in the upper plains or also called as the hinterland of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The Deori tribe is recognised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribe]] by the government of India.

Scanty information was found in few books and official records. The [[Deori language]] belongs to the [[Boro-Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] branch of the [[Tibeto-Burman language]] family. The community has maintained their racial traits, [[language]], religion, [[folktales]] and traditional beliefs through the centuries.<ref>Sharma, S.K. ''Discovery of Northeast India: Volume 2''. Mittal Publications, 2005, p. 81.</ref> They were divided into ''Dibang-goñya'' (Dibongiya), ''Midoñya''/''Tengapaniya'', ''Luitgoñya''/''Borgoñya'', ''Patorgoñya''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijrssh.com/images/short_pdf/Jul_2013_LADE%20JAYANT%20DEORAM.pdf |title=Deoram, L.D.,''Study of Mishing and Deori Community'', p. 50. |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410011315/http://www.ijrssh.com/images/short_pdf/Jul_2013_LADE%20JAYANT%20DEORAM.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The native language is retained only by the Dibongiya group. They call themselves ''Jimochãya'' (literally: ''Children of the Sun'').

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2025}}

===Origin folklore===

Although the Deori tribe today form a separate community with [[Scheduled Tribe]] status and an autonomous council, the folklore of the Deori people connects their past with the Chutia kingdom. As per the origin folklore of the Deori tribe,<ref>Report on the Census of Assam 1881: Chapter 6, p.76</ref><ref>Deka Ratul, ''A comparative study of the folktales of the Mising and Deori tribes in Assam in terms of structuralist narratology'',p.149</ref> once goddess [[Tamreswari Temple|Tamreswari]] took the form of a huge stone and floated in the water of [[Dibang River]]. The king, which they refer to as [[Bhishmaka|Bhismak]], had sent many people in order to bring the stone to its assigned place but everyone failed. Four [[Chutia people|Chutia]] men came forward for the task. With a great sense of loyalty and devotion they started praying the goddess. The goddess became satisfied and the stone become automatically light. The four men brought the stone and placed it in the temple. The King became satisfied and appointed them as priests. They are the
fore father of the four clans of the Deori people.

===Homeland===
The Deoris' homeland was in the eastern regions of [[Assam (1947–1963)|undivided Assam]]. As per the folklore of the Deori people, they are settlers of the area of Joidaam and [[Patkai]] foothills and upper valley of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. Recorded Data and songs from the people dates back them as an early settlers in [[Sadiya]] where their oldest and most sacred temple is situated. During [[Bamar people|Burmese]] (Maan as called by Deoris) aggression (1817–1826), many Deoris perished. Many slaughtered and many taken as captive. Again the destructive earthquake of 1869 devastated the whole community. The uncertainty about future prevailed amongst those who floated down in the river using bamboo and banana plant made raft. They migrated to different places alongside the [[River|rivers]] they floated down. As they entered and landed in their new territory, they took the name of that particular river as their [[clan]] name. Deoris under the ruler of the new land had followed the law of the land. Those Deoris who [[Human migration|migrated]] to places with less interest and influence of the outside rulers had followed their culture and traditions and continued their [[dialect]].

Some experts, like [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]], claim that the [[Pator-goya]] clan assimilated with the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa people]] in central Assam but there has been no scientific evidence to support the claim, which prompted a section of Deoris to begin a search. A preliminary investigation from 30 September to 5 October under the aegis of ''Jimachaya Giyan Aru Juktibadi Samaj'' has given a positive indication of the presence of Deori people in [[Kachin State|Kachin]] province and near [[Yangon]] in Myanmar. A team of researchers has decided to visit [[Myanmar]] in search of the lost clan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/to-myanmar-in-search-of-a-lost-clan-of-the-deoris-tribe-of-assam/article6485876.ece|title = To Myanmar, in search of a lost clan of the Deoris tribe of Assam|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 October 2014|last1 = Talukdar|first1 = Sushanta}}</ref> Most of the people of Dibongiya class can speak their own mother tongue along with Assamese, but the rest of the 3 other classes/clans ( except a few elderly persons) only understand and speak [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as their mother tongue. The three classes of Deoris live in the districts mentioned above.

==Language==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The [[Deori language]] is one of the languages of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] family. Deori language is mainly spoken in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Over the years, Deori speakers, barring the [[Dibongia]] clan which uses it rigorously, have shifted to speaking the [[Assamese language]], which can be attributed to the [[Language shift]] phenomenon.

==Religion==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
Traditionally Deori people follow ''Kundism'' (also ''Deori religion''), is the [[Folk religion]] of the Deori tribe. Its a [[Animism|animistic]], [[Shamanism|Shamanic]] and [[Ancestor worship|Ancestor worshiping]] type [[Polytheism|Polytheistic religion]] .The religion is named after Kundi-Mama, the supreme deity of the Deori people. Kundi-Gira (the father) and Kundi-Girasi (the mother) together are known as Kundi-Mama or Gira-Girasi (the Old Ones) and are central to Deori spiritual beliefs.

Other major deities worshipped include Pisa-Dema (the eldest son), also known as Baliya-Baba or Baliya-Hemta, and Pisasi (the daughter), also called Tamreswari or Kechakati (Nang Hoo Toungh by khamtis). Their religious practices focus on natural forces, sacred groves, and clan-based rituals, with no ties to Hindu scriptures, idol worship. However, despite its distinct identity, the Indian government classifies the Deori people under Hinduism due to administrative policies, though their belief system remains independent and separate from mainstream Hinduism.

===Miduku/kundiku (abode of deity)===
Miduku or kundiku (also, ''Than/dauhal'') are the site of worshiping for the people.

==Tradition==
===Clans===
The Deori [[ethnic group]] are mainly divided into four clans, namely [[Dibongia]], Borgoya, [[Tengaponiya]] and [[Pator-goya]]. The entire people of each main clan or main group are again subdivided into several sub-clans or sub-groups. The word "sub-clan" or "sub-group" is called "Boja" or "Bahor" in [[Deori language]]. Some of the commonly known sub-clans are like Ariya, Kumota, Bihiya, Naroda, Sundhariya, Patriya, Dupiya, Marangya, Chariya, Lagasu, Chitiga, Meheda, Kuliya, Khutiya/Buruk, Machiya, Bikomiya, Phaporiya, Fagimegia, Senaboriya, Chakucharu, Ekacharul/Busaru, Simocharu, Hizaru, Popharu, Gucharu etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deori.in/Sociallife.html |title=Social Life |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005172322/https://www.deori.in/Sociallife.html |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Each Deori people wants to know or wants to inform about their main clan and sub-clan (sub-group) in their first introduction. Otherwise, their introduction remains incomplete.

===Priesthood===
Deoris are known to serve as priests in three temples: the [[Tamreswari Temple]], the Bura-Buri Than, the Boliya-hemata Temple and also in [[Malinithan]].<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|pp=70–71}}</ref>

The temple of Kecaikhaiti called Tamreswari Temple near Paya and [[Malinithan]] in [[Likabali]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] was [[Worship|worshipped]] by the Borgoya khel of the Deoris.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|pp=70–71}}</ref>

The Bura-Bura Than was worshipped by the [[Dibongia|Dibongia khel]], while Boliya-hemanta Temple or Pisadema was worshipped by the Tengapania khel of the Deoris located on the Tengapani River.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|pp=70–71}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Bhimbor Deori]], freedom fighter

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation |last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2023|title=Kecaikhaiti, Eater of Raw Flesh: A Profile of the Multifaceted Goddess in the North-East|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]

Patidar

2026-02-15T18:49:09Z

BarbaraMajeski6: added info

{{short description|Indian agriculturist caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name = Patidar
|image = Patidar reservation agitation 25 August Ahmedabad rally.png
|caption = Patidar reservation agitation
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
|languages = Gujarati
|region = Principally in [[Gujarat]], but also some other states of India
}}

'''Patidar''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{Lang|gu|Pāṭīdār}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=A. M.|last2=Shroff|first2=R. G.|date=1958|title=The Vahīvancā Bāroṭs of Gujarat: A Caste of Genealogists and Mythographers|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/538561|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=71|issue=281|pages=247|doi=10.2307/538561|jstor=538561|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803040243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/538561|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>), formerly known as '''[[Kunbi|Kanbi]]''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{Lang|gu|Kaṇabī}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=કણબી |url=http://www.bhagavadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80&type=1&key=false&page=0 |website=Digital ભગવદ્ગોમંડલ |publisher=Gujarati Lexicon}}</ref>), is an Indian land-owning and [[peasant]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] and community native to [[Gujarat]]. The community comprises multiple sub-castes, most prominently the [[Leva Patel|Levas]] and [[Kadava Patidar|Kadvas]]. They form one of the [[dominant caste]]s in Gujarat. The title of Patidar originally conferred to the land owning aristocratic class of Gujarati Kanbis; however, it was later applied ''en masse'' to the entirety of the Kanbi population who lay claim to a land owning identity, partly as a result of land reforms during the [[British Raj]].

According to [[2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census]] their population is approximately 1.5 crores and they form 21.7% of [[Gujarat]]'s population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Janki |date=2024-04-15 |title=Saurashtra, Patidar & 'Zamindar' – what's fuelling Rajput fury against BJP's Rupala in 'Gujarat Garh' |url=https://theprint.in/statedraft/saurashtra-patidar-zamindar-whats-fuelling-rajput-fury-against-bjps-rupala-in-gujarat-garh/2041181/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Leva Kanbi.png|thumb|A Lewa Kanbi from Baroda State]]
The Kanbi/Patidars are divided into several subcastes. The Levas are from [[central Gujarat]] and the Kadavas are from [[North Gujarat|northern Gujarat]]. The Matis, who are a sub-subcaste of the Levas, live in [[South Gujarat|southern Gujarat]]. The Chullias live in certain areas of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. The Bhaktas form another subcaste.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=A. M. |date=1982 |title=Division and Hierarchy: an overview of caste in Gujarat |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5, 7 |doi=10.1177/006996678201600101 |s2cid=143970195 |publisher=Sage Journals}}</ref> The Anjana Kanbis are similar to Rajputs, and eat meat and drink alcohol. The Uda Kanbis are followers of Udabhagat, a neo-Vaishnav saint. The Matiyas, also known as Piranas are Kanbis who descend from converts to the Islamic sect of the [[Satpanth|Imam Shah]] in the 15th century. These Kanbis were ostracised and moved to [[Kutch district]]. Later some of these Kanbis were in turn converted to the [[Swaminarayan]] sect by Narayan Mistri. The Levas and Kadvas are considered superior to the other subcastes, with the most prestigious section living in [[Charotar]]. These two sections inter-dine but do not inter-marry.{{Sfn|Jain|1980|pp=112–113}}

Since the 17th century, the Leva Kanbis controlled the majority of the land in the [[Kheda district]] through a [[coparcenary]] system of land tenure called ''narwadari'' in which Levas would share the payments of revenue owed to the government. They did this to protect their community against exploitations by the government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Vinayak|title=Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=9780520250789|page=35}}</ref>

The Patidar were originally a title for the Kanbis who had become village tax collectors under the [[Mughal Empire]], and later the [[Maratha Empire]]. These Kanbis also took the titles of [[Desai]], Amin and [[Patel]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M.|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1974|isbn=0-521-08353-2|pages=88–89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Parkin|first=Robert|title=South Asia in Transition: An Introduction to the Social Anthropology of a Subcontinent|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2020|isbn=9781793611796|page=41}}</ref>{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|1958|p=268}} The Kanbis were a group of western Indian peasant farmers that had various subclans, for example in the central Deccan the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha Kanbis]] and in Gujarat the-then elite Patidar Kanbis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Charlesworth|first=Neil|title=Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency, 1850–1935|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985|page=11}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

The rise to socio-economic prominence of the [[Kunbi|Kanbi]] community in Gujarat and its change of identity to that of Patidar can be attributed to the land reforms of the [[British Raj]] period.{{efn|Crispin Bates has stated a date of 1815 for the beginning of British land revenue reforms in [[Kheda district]], which places the changes in the pre-Raj period when the [[East India Company]] administered the area.{{sfn|Bates|1981|pp=773–774|ps=}}}} The Raj administrators sought to assure revenue from the highly fertile lands of central Gujarat by instituting reforms that fundamentally changed the relationship between the two communities of the region, the peasant Kanbi and the warrior [[Koli people|Kolis]]. The two had previously been of more or less equal socio-economic standing, but the land reforms better suited the agricultural peasantry than the warriors.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=51|ps=}}

Governments in India had always relied on revenue from land as their major source of income. With the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], the extant administrative systems fell apart and anarchy prevailed. The British colonisation of the country took place over a period of many years and had to adapt to the various local land tenure arrangements that had arisen as Mughal power waned. These systems of ownership could be broadly classified as landlord-based (''[[zamindar]]i'', ''vanta'' or ''magulzari''), village-based (''mahalwari'', ''narva'') and individually based (''[[ryotwari]]'').{{sfn|Banerjee|Iyer|2005|ps=}}
[[File:Kadva Kanbi.png|thumb|A Kadwa Kanbi from Baroda State]]
In Gujarat, the British administrators found that all three systems existed. The Kanbis tended to adopt the village-based model and the Kolis the landlord-based variant.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=52|ps=}} The village-based system entailed that organisations jointly owned a village and shared responsibility in some fixed proportion for the land revenues. The division of responsibility might be arranged by the amount of land held by each member (the ''bhaiachara'' method) or by ancestry (the ''pattidari'' system).{{sfn|Banerjee|Iyer|2005|ps=}} Working with this village model enabled the British to impose a fixed revenue demand that was payable whether or not the land was cultivated and that gave landholders the right to sublet and otherwise manage their lands with minimal official interference. It simplified revenue collection and maximised income when compared to a system based on individual responsibility for revenue, in which allowances had to be made for land being out of cultivation. It also allowed a degree of communal self-determination that permitted the rise of economic elites with no reason to engage in political challenges, and hence the rise of the communities then known as Kanbis.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=52|ps=}} Some Kanbis became wealthy enough to enter the world of finance, providing lines of credit to others in their community.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=53|ps=}}

The situation experienced by the Gujarati Kolis, with their preferred landlord-based tenure system, was not so mutually beneficial. They were subject to interference from the British revenue collectors, who intervened to ensure that the stipulated revenue was remitted to the government before any surplus went to the landlord.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=52|ps=}} Being less inclined to take an active role in agriculture personally and thus maximise revenues from their landholdings, the Koli possessions were often left uncultivated or underused. These lands were gradually taken over by Kanbi cultivators, while the Kolis became classified as a [[Criminal Tribes|criminal tribe]] due to their failure to meet the revenue demands and their tendency to raid Kanbi villages to survive. The Kanbi land takeovers also reduced the Kolis to being the tenants and agricultural labourers of Kanbis rather than landowners, thus increasing the economic inequality between the communities. The difference was further exacerbated by the Kanbis' providing better tenancy arrangements for members of their own community than for Kolis.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=53|ps=}}

In the 18th century, Kanbis were also mentioned as working as weavers at [[Surat]]. In the 1740s, some Kanbis were granted permission by the governor, Safdar Khan, to manufacture [[Sari]]s, which traditionally was the domain of [[Khatri]]s. The Kunbis had learned the art of weaving from the Khatris who had employed them. The Khatris were annoyed by this, and a rivalry developed between the castes, which disrupted the business of the [[East India Company]]. This led the company to persuade the Nawab to revoke the Kunbi's license to weave saris in 1800, and guarantee to the Khatris the sole license to manufacture saris, on the condition that they would only work for the East India Company.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadri|first=Ghulam A.|title=Eighteenth Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750–1800|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17202-9|pages=26–28, 31}}</ref>
[[File:Anjana Kanbi.png|thumb|An Anjana Kanbi from Baroda State]]
The Kanbis' economic well-being was enhanced further from the 1860s due to improvements in crop selection, farming methods and transportation. They began to diversify their business interests and some with higher status also replaced the field labour of their families – especially the women – with hired labour in an attempt to emulate the [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] communities, who had [[Vaishya]] status in the varna ranking system.{{sfn|Basu|2009|pp=56–57|ps=}} The Kanbis had been of the low caste [[Shudra]] rank.{{sfn|Clark-Deces|2011|p=290|ps=}}{{efn|The [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system comprises [[Brahmin]]s, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, with those unclassified being [[Untouchability|untouchables]]. Broadly speaking, Vaishyas were business people involved in moneylending, trading and similar activities, while Shudras were manual workers.}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark-Decés|first=Isabelle|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2011|page=2005}}</ref>

The Kanbis also claimed equal status with the [[Rajput]]s, who had formerly been the dominant caste in the region.<ref name=":2" /> The Rajputs, who claimed to be Kshatriyas, lost their landownership to the Kanbis, and were forced to become their tenants. The Kanbis also claimed Kshatriya status, mirroring the Rajputs.<ref name=":0" /> The Kanbis/Patidars mirrored the Rajputs in that they both claimed to be of [[Kshatriya]] status, hired genealogists to fabricate genealogies, and hired bards to concoct warrior legends about their pasts.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Desai|first1=Akshay Ramanlal|title=State and Society in India: Essays in Dissent|last2=Mandelbaum|first2=David|publisher=University of California Press, Popular Prakashan|year=1975|isbn=978-81-7154-013-6|pages=460–461}}</ref> Traditionally the bards and Brahmins had maintained that the Kanbis had always been farmers, but in 1912 the Kanbis published ''Origin and History of Kanbi Kshatriya'' in Gujarati, attempting to link the Kanbis with the [[Ikshvaku clan]] of [[Kshatriya]]s. According to [[Jyotindra Jain]], the Kanbis have never ruled any territory except the estates of Patadi, Dhasa, Rai, and Sankali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Jyotindra |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |year=1980 |page=111}}</ref>

The Patidars began trading indigo in the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />

The Patidars heavily benefited from the [[British Raj]], and were able to use their land drainage systems, better agriculture, and the growth of a money economy to prosper. The growth of Ahmedabad during the British Raj gave the Patidars a market to sell goods.<ref name=":2" />

In the 19th century due to the declining profitability of agriculture, many Kanbis took advantage of new opportunities afforded by British rule, with many migrating to towns like [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Cambay]] where they became weavers, traders, and moneylenders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective. with Special Reference to the Schroffs of Gujarat: 17th to 19th centuries |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=1991 |page=186}}</ref>

In 1891, around ten percent of Leva and Kadva Kanbis were literate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seal|first=Anil|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1971|page=88}}</ref>

The Kadvas used to have a unique marriage custom in which marriages were only conducted once every ten years. This marriage custom was noted to be in decline by 1911. In 1922, the Kadva Seva Mandal organized a caste conference which abolished the deccenial marriage custom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Catanach |first=I. J. |title=Rural Credit in Western India 1875–1930: Rural Credit and the Co-operative Movement in the Bombay Presidency |publisher=University of California Press |year=2021 |pages=167–168}}</ref>

== Reinventing identity ==
The parcels of land held under the village tenureship system are known as ''patis'' and a ''patidar'' is the holder of one of those allotments. During the 19th century, the Kanbis generally adopted the ''Patidar'' term to describe themselves and thus emphasise the high status associated with their ownership.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=53|ps=}} The community also adopted the surname ''[[Patel]]'', which was traditionally applied to village headmen.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=54|ps=}}

During this time, the Kanbis and Patidars were socially stratified. The "authentic" Patidars were those who were the dominant landowners. They owned large estates and supervised cultivation, or leased out land to tenants. The "lesser" Patidars were those who owned less land and cultivated part of their lands themselves. The Kanbis retained their lower status as those who did not own land. The British favoured the "authentic" Patidars over the Rajputs and Kolis, and gave them positions as revenue collectors. The favoured treatment and increased wealth and dominance led the "authentic" Patidars, "lesser" Patidars, and Kanbis to closely associate with each other.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Rutten |first1=Mario |title=Provincial Globalization in India: Transregional Mobilities and Development Politics |last2=Koskimaki |first2=Leah |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2018}}</ref> Additionally, the development of tobacco as a cash crop and African trade benefited both Patidars and Kanbis and reinforced their unity and prevent them from splitting.<ref name=":2" />

The community also began to redefine itself in the context of the Hindu religion. As well as aspiring to Kshatriya status, they adopted ritually pure practices such as vegetarianism, worship of [[Krishna]] rather than [[Hindu deities#Mother goddesses|mother goddesses]] (who were given animal sacrifices), prohibiting widow remarriage,<ref name=":2" /> giving [[dowry|dowries]] rather than using the then-prevalent [[bride price]] system, and discontinuing patronage of low-caste priests.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=54|ps=}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC|title=The Modern Anthropology of India|last2=Heidemann|first2=Frank|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1134061181|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163146/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC|url-status=live}}</ref> They also retained some of their local customs, such as a preference for singing vernacular [[bhakti]] devotional songs rather than the more [[Brahmanic]] [[Sanskrit]] variants.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=54|ps=}} However, upper castes never recognised any claim of status above Shudra for the Patidars. The Patidars did not allow [[Brahmins]] to exploit them or allow Brahmins to control their lives; in fact, in the [[Kheda district]] the Patidars wielded more power than the Brahmins did.<ref name=":2" /> However, with many Patidars now being merchants, they later began claiming [[Vaishya]] status ''en masse'', to be par with the authentic-Vaishya [[Bania (caste)|Banias]].<ref name=":0" /> They found that claiming the mercantile [[Vaishya]] status was much easier and more accessible than claiming the obsolete Kshatriya status. Both Banias and Patidars were able to successfully adapt to modern conditions, whereas castes who traditionally claimed Kshatriya status have not been able to shift as well to modern society.<ref name=":3" /> The Patidars claimed to be descendants of the Hindu deity [[Rama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bal|first=Gurpreet|date=2006|title=Entrepreneurship among Diasporic Communities: A Comparative Examination of Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Punjab|journal=Journal of Entrepreneurship|doi=10.1177/097135570601500205|citeseerx=10.1.1.970.9295|s2cid=146239982}}</ref> Specifically, the Patidars claim that the Levas and Kadvas are the descendants of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], respectively, the two sons of Rama. The [[Barot (caste)|Barots]] record that Lava and Kusha were cursed by their mother [[Sita]] to become cultivators, and after which the Patidars supposedly migrated from [[Ayodhya]] to [[Gujarat]]. Shah and Shroff consider this scenario to be unlikely, and believe it to be an example of Barots creating myths to legitimize caste claims to a particular [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] (in this case, [[Kshatriya]]).{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|1958|p=268}}

The Patidars do not wear the [[sacred thread]], and employ any caste of Brahmins to act as their priests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=David |title=Mind, Body, and Wealth: A Study of Belief and Practice in an Indian Village |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1973 |pages=8–9}}</ref>

Pocock notes differences in the behavior of Patidar men of [[Kheda district]] when in the fields versus the home. In the village fields the consumption of meat and liquor and sexual relations with untouchable women is possible, but such behavior is strictly forbidden in the house.{{Sfn|Pocock|1973|p=40}}

The Patidars practised [[Female infanticide in India|female infanticide]] until it was [[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870|outlawed by the British in 1870]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srinivas|first=Mysore Narasimhachar|title=The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|page=105}}</ref>

The Patidar practice of [[hypergamy|hypergamous marriage]] was also distinct from that of the Kolis, with the former marrying relatively locally and across boundaries within their own community{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=54|ps=}}{{sfn|Ghurye|2008|pp=226–228, 451|ps=}} while the latter dispersed over a wide area to marry with [[Rajput]]s.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|pp=180–182|ps=}} The Patidar system caused the creation of [[endogamous]] marriage circles based around groups of equal-status villages known as ''gols'', thus strengthening ties. Simultaneously, the system allowed someone from a relatively poor circle to marry hypergamously into one of the fewer, wealthier Patidar families, whose socio-economic status would be diluted unless they adopted such practices because there were insufficient eligible brides.{{sfn|Basu|2009|pp=54–55|ps=}} The marriage situation in Gujarat has become so severe in recent years, with such a significant skew of gender, that in the 2010s the Patidar community organisations elsewhere in India have been encouraging some of their number to contract marriages with Gujarati Patidars, and also encouraging some [[Kurmi]]-Patidar marriages. The latter they hold to be acceptable because of a belief that, centuries ago, the two castes had a common origin. The numbers involved are at present reported to be very few but it is seen as a significant break with tradition to marry outside the caste and/or outside their home state. They claim that such marriages also develop new business ties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/with-business-and-marital-ties-patidars-look-to-unite-nationally-4807814/|title=With business and marital ties Patidars look to unite nationally|date=22 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|first=Kamal|last=Saiyed|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145646/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/with-business-and-marital-ties-patidars-look-to-unite-nationally-4807814/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress2015">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/in-surat-42-women-from-odisha-set-to-tie-the-knot-with-patidars/|title=In Surat, 42 women from Odisha set to tie the knot with Patidars|date=11 October 2015|work=The Indian Express|first=Kamal|last=Saiyed|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145649/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/in-surat-42-women-from-odisha-set-to-tie-the-knot-with-patidars/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1894, another farmer caste, the [[Kurmis]], formed their own caste association. The Kurmis were a farming caste in the eastern Gangetic plain who, like the Kanbis, were of Shudra status. In an organisation in [[Awadh]], the Kurmis sought to draw the [[Patidars]], [[Maratha]]s, [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]]s, [[Reddy]]s, and [[Naidu]]s under the Kurmi umbrella. They then campaigned to have Kurmis recognised as [[Kshatriyas]] in the 1901 census.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=197|ps=}}

The Raj administration first recognised the separate caste status of Patidars in the 1931 census of India.{{sfn|Basu|2009|p=51|ps=}} In the census, all instances of Kanbi in Gujarat were replaced with Patidar.<ref name=":1" />

The Patidars are estimated to comprise 12–14% of Gujarat's population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|page=27}}</ref>

Until the 1950s, Patidar and Brahmin children did not dine with each other or drink from the same glasses in Primary schools in [[Old Ahmedabad]].{{Sfn|Decés|2011|p=2006}}

In the 1960s, an alliance of Patidars, [[Brahmin]]s, and [[Bania (caste)|Banias]] controlled Gujarati politics.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=Atul|title=States in the Developing World|last2=Yashar|first2=Deborah J.|last3=Centeno|first3=Miguel A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|page=267}}</ref>

In the [[History of India (1947–present)|post-independence era]], Patidars along with Brahmins, Rajputs, and Banias formed the upper castes of [[Ahmedabad]].{{Sfn|Decés|2011|p=2005}}

In 1985, Patidars and Brahmins violently participated in the anti-reservation riots.{{Sfn|Decés|2011|p=2007}}

They form one of the [[dominant caste]]s in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Rajendra K. |title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change |publisher=Atlantic |year=2004 |page=340}}</ref>

In 1990s Surat, Patidars had a declining interest in maintaining caste behaviors, a trend shared by most Hindus. Only a minority of Surati Patidars considered in-caste marriage and vegetarianism as important. A majority regarded membership in the Patidar association, only eating food cooked by Patidars, and maintaining the Patidar caste's position in society as unimportant. In 1990s Kutch, a majority of members considered cremation of the dead within an day and vegetarianism to be important customs, and only a minority considered in-caste marriage to be important.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hahlo |first=Ken |title=Communities, Networks and Ethnic Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |orig-date=1998}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2024}}{{ISBN?}}

== Diaspora ==
Patidars starting migrating to the British-controlled [[East Africa]] more than century ago.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Christopher H.|editor1-last=Johnson|editor2-first=Simon|editor2-last=Teuscher|editor3-first=David Warren|editor3-last=Sabean|title=Transregional and Transnational Families in Europe and Beyond: Experiences Since the Middle Ages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Snz3E3p_HaUC&pg=PA295|year=2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-183-5|pages=295–311|first1=Mario|last1=Rutten|first2=Pravin J.|last2=Patel|chapter=Mirror Image of Family Relations: Social Links between Patel Migrants in Britain and India|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163137/https://books.google.com/books?id=Snz3E3p_HaUC&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref> In South Africa during the famine of 1890, many Kanbis became prosperous as labourers and traders.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1920s and 1930s, the British favoured Patidars in East Africa as civil servants in the construction of railways.<ref name=":1" />

In recent decades, many from the East African countries as well as from India have moved to countries such as US, UK, and Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/this-navratri-kadva-patidars-kuldevi-goes-places-in-us-canada/articleshow/66189549.cms|title=This Navratri, Kadva Patidars' kuldevi goes places in US, Canada|work=The Times of India|date=13 October 2018|first=Bharat|last=Yagnik|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105120715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/this-navratri-kadva-patidars-kuldevi-goes-places-in-us-canada/articleshow/66189549.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Significant immigration from India to the United States started after the landmark [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Keely|first1=Charles B.|title=Effects of the immigration act of 1965 on selected population characteristics of immigrants to the United States|journal=Demography|date=May 1971|volume= 8|issue=2|pages=157–169|doi=10.2307/2060606|jstor=2060606|pmid=5163987|s2cid=36538373|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khandelwal|first1=MS|title=The politics of space in South asian Diaspora|chapter =7 Indian immigrants in Queens, New York City: patterns of spatial concentration and distribution, 1965–1990 –Nation and migration|date=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-8122-3259-3|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTHlLRZL8UC&q=+Immigration+and+Nationality+Act+of+1965+india+united+states+gujarat&pg=PA178|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163131/https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTHlLRZL8UC&q=+Immigration+and+Nationality+Act+of+1965+india+united+states+gujarat&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref> Early immigrants after 1965 were highly educated [[professional]]s. Since US immigration laws allow sponsoring immigration of parents, children and particularly siblings on the basis of family reunion, the numbers rapidly swelled in a phenomenon known as "[[chain migration]]".
Given the Patidar propensity for [[entrepreneurship]] and business enterprise, a number of them opened shops and [[motel]]s. Now in the 21st century over 40% of the [[hospitality industry]] in the United States is controlled by Patidars and other Gujaratis.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Greve |editor-first1=Henrich R. |editor-first2=Joel A.C. |editor-last2=Baum |last1=Kalnins |first1=Arthur |last2=Chung |first2=Wilbur |title=Multiunit organization and multimarket strategy |date=2001 |publisher=JAI |location=New York |isbn=0-7623-0721-8 |pages=33–48 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23bcHnkX3bUC&q=patel&pg=PA31 |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163144/https://books.google.com/books?id=23bcHnkX3bUC&q=patel&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/11/why-indian-americans-dominate-the-u-s-motel-industry/|title=Why Indian Americans Dominate the U.S. Motel Industry|first=W. S. J.|last=Staff|date=11 June 2012|website=Blogs.wsj.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725182318/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/06/11/why-indian-americans-dominate-the-u-s-motel-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Hiral Dholakia-Dave |title=42% of US hotel business is Gujarati|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/42-of-US-hotel-business-is-Gujarati/articleshow/2191584.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=5 February 2015|date=Oct 18, 2006|quote=Gujaratis, mainly Patels, now own 21,000 of the 53,000 hotels and motels in the US. It makes for a staggering 42% of the US hospitality market, with a combined worth of $40 billion.|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616081046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/42-of-US-hotel-business-is-Gujarati/articleshow/2191584.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Patidar samaj, also dominate as [[Franchising|franchise]]es of fast food restaurant chains such as [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Dunkin' Donuts]], and retail franchises such as [[7-Eleven]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rangaswami|first1=Padma|title=Namaste America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis|date=2000|publisher=Pennsylvania State University press|location=University Park|isbn=0271--01980-8|page=285}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[Bhoja Bhagat]] (1785–1850), Hindu saint poet<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=ભોજો ભગત|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Sāvaliyā|first=Manasukhalāla|date=2008 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Haridas Viharidas Desai]] (1840–1895), Dewan of Junagadh state<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Neera |title=Social Change in Gujarat: A Study of Nineteenth Century Gujarati Society |publisher=Vora & Co. |year=1978 |pages=440}}</ref>
* [[Vithalbhai Patel|Vitthalbhai Patel]] (1873–1933), Indian legislator and political leader<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |title=The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom: 1905–1919 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |pages=141}}</ref>
* [[Buddhisagarsuri]], born Bechardas Shivabhai Patel (1874 – 1925), Jain ascetic, philosopher and author<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=બુદ્ધિસાગરસૂરિ|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Parīkha|first=Pravīṇacandra|date=2008 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Narsinhbhai Patel]] (1874–1945), Indian revolutionary<ref name=":02">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Paṭela|first=Maṁgubhāī Rā.|date=1998|title=Paṭela, Narasiṁhabhāī Īśvarabhāī|url=|encyclopedia=Gujarātī Viśvakośa|location=|publisher=|access-date=|language=gu}}</ref>
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] (1875–1950), Indian politician<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murali |first=Kanta |title=Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |page=109}}</ref>
* [[Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai]] (1887–1951), Indian independence activist{{Sfn|Hardiman|1981|p=148}}
* [[Kalyanji V. Mehta]] (1890–1973), Indian politician<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Shirin M. |date=1978 |title=The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928: A Note on Organizations |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=598, 603}}</ref>
* [[Dada Bhagwan]], born Ambalal Muljibhai Patel, (1908–1988), spiritual leader and founder of the [[Akram Vignan Movement]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flügel |first=Peter |title=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indian Religions |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2005 |editor-last=King |editor-first=Anna S. |pages=198 |chapter=Present Lord: Simandhar Swami and the Akram Vignan Movement |editor-last2=Brockington |editor-first2=John}}</ref>
* [[Babubhai Jashbhai Patel|Babubhai J. Patel]] (1911–2002) former Gujarat Chief Minister<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Dave |first=Nayan |date=9 August 2016 |title=A sorry tale of Patidar CMs in Gujarat |work=The Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/a-sorry-tale-of-patidar-cms-in-gujarat.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427172522/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/a-sorry-tale-of-patidar-cms-in-gujarat.html |archive-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Bhogilal Sandesara]] (1917–1995), literary critic, scholar and editor<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=સાંડેસરા ભોગીલાલ જયચંદભાઈ |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust |location=Ahmedabad |last=Śāha |first=Kīrtidā |date=2008 |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=15 |pages= |language=gu |oclc=}}</ref>
* [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj|Pramukh Swami]], born Shantilal Patel, (1921–2016) guru of the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=South Asians in the Diaspora: Histories and Religious Traditions |date=2004 |publisher=Brill |editor-last=Hanegraaf |editor-first=W.J. |volume=CI |pages=189 |chapter=The Swaminarayan Movement}}</ref>
* [[Keshubhai Patel]] (1928–2020), Indian politician<ref name=":4" />
* [[Chimanbhai Patel]] (1929–1994), former Gujarat Chief Minister<ref name=":4" />
* [[Anandiben Patel]], Indian politician<ref name=":4" />
* [[Karsanbhai Patel]], Indian industrialist<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Vikram|date=2 December 2017|title=Gujarat polls: In epicentre of Patidar protest, anger at BJP but not Modi|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/dec/02/gujarat-polls-in-epicentre-of-patidar-protest-anger-at-bjp-but-not-modi-1716939.html|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427172519/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/dec/02/gujarat-polls-in-epicentre-of-patidar-protest-anger-at-bjp-but-not-modi-1716939.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Patel]], Indian industrialist<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kateshiya|first=Gopal|date=27 August 2015|title=Gujarat protests: Who are the Patidars, and why are they angry?|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-who-are-gujarats-patidars-and-why-are-they-angry/|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427172519/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-who-are-gujarats-patidars-and-why-are-they-angry/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Savji Dholakia]], Indian diamond businessman<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Sohini |date=5 September 2015 |title=Wealthy, yet 'backward' in Gujarat |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/wealthy-yet-backward-in-gujarat-115090500849_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427172519/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/wealthy-yet-backward-in-gujarat-115090500849_1.html |archive-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Patel]], Gujarati politician<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharon |first=Meghdoot |date=2015 |title=Meet 22-year-old Hardik Patel, the face of Patel agitation in Gujarat |work=New18 India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-22-year-old-hardik-patel-the-face-of-patel-agitation-in-gujarat-1050694.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927005638/https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-22-year-old-hardik-patel-the-face-of-patel-agitation-in-gujarat-1050694.html |archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

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*{{citation |title=Caste and race in India |first=G. S. |last=Ghurye |author-link=G. S. Ghurye |edition=Fifth |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2008 |orig-year=1932 |isbn=978-81-7154-205-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC}}
*{{citation |title=The Amul India Story |first=Ruth |last=Heredia |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-07463-160-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEkjpYkHrMC}}
*{{citation |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=9781850653981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&pg=PA181}}
*{{citation |title=Narrowing the Gender Gap |first=Geeta |last=Somjee |publisher=Springer |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-34919-644-9 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWGxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Capital, Interrupted: Agrarian Development and the Politics of Work in India |first=Vinay K. |last=Gidwani |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780816649587 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek9Sl2kk3f4C}}
*{{cite book |title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District 1917–1934 |first=David |last=Hardiman |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Movement of Castes |first=David |last=Pocock |author-link=David Francis Pocock |journal=Man |volume=55 |date=May 1955 |pages=71–72 |jstor=2794840 |doi=10.2307/2794840}} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite book |title=Kanbi and Patidar: a study of the Patidar community of Gujarat |first=David |last=Pocock |author-link=David Francis Pocock |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1972}}
*{{cite book |title=Farms and factories: social profile of large farmers and rural industrialists in West India |first=Mario |last=Rutten |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780195632996}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Social structure of Patidar caste in India|last=Trivedi |first=Jayprakash M. |publisher=Kanishka Publishing House |year=1992 |isbn=978-8-18547-519-6}}
{{Social groups of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Shudra castes]]

Varanasi Subramanyam

2026-02-12T03:22:35Z

BarbaraMajeski6: updated references and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Maoist politician}}
{{Distinguish|Dharmavarapu Subramanyam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varanasi Subramanyam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
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'''Varanasi Subramanyam''' commonly known by his nom de guerre Sukanth alias Vimal is an Indian [[Maoism|Maoist]] and Central Committee member of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]

==Career==
Subramanyam hails from [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the son of an eminent lawyer. He studied M.Com. and [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]] from [[Andhra University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/3-top-Maoist-leaders-produced-in-court/article15002212.ece|title=3 top Maoist leaders produced in court|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2016 |access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh Government|Andhra Pradesh government]] had announced a cash reward of Rupees 12 lakh for Subramanyam's capture.<ref name=":0" /> He joined in the Central Committee in 2001 and helmed the outfit of International cell of the party after the arrest of [[Kobad Ghandy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/arms-away-books-in-hand-red-leaders-spend-time-in-jail-reading-various-subjects/cid/354613|title=Arms away, books in hand|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> Subramayam was entrusted with the responsibility of guiding the Delhi State Committee of [[CPI (Maoist)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/MaoistsinDelhiandNCRWakeuptimeforPolice_pvramana_240311|title=Maoists in Delhi and NCR|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> On 29 April 2011 [[Bihar Police]] and Special Task Force arrested seven people in [[Barsoi]] area of [[Katihar district]] along with Varanasi Subramanyam and other two Central Committee Member [[Jhantu Mukherjee]] and [[Vijay Kumar Arya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bihar-cops-set-example-on-maoist-catch/cid/377265|title=Bihar cops set example|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/body-blow/279180|title=Body Blow|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> According to the police, Subramanyam and two others are wanted in 17 cases of murder and criminal conspiracy in Andhra Pradesh, [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Orissa]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-confirm-and-condemn-arrests-of-their-leaders-in-Bihar/articleshow/8133174.cms|title=Maoists confirm and condemn arrests of their leaders in Bihar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=May 2011 |access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> He is in special central jail in [[Bhagalpur district]]. In September 2011 Subramanyam in a letter to the Government official offered to donate his body for medical research institute only in [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bihar-maoist-makes-a-plea-to-donate-body-for-medical-research/20110915.htm|title=Bihar: Maoist makes a plea to donate body for medical research|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2011/Sep/newsbihar16Sep6.html|title=Two top Maoist leaders offer to donate their bodies|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanyam, Varanasi}}
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kaderbad Ravindranath

2026-02-10T13:31:18Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started initial info from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Kaderbad Ravindranath Indian Agricultural Scientist.jpg|thumbnail|Kaderbad Ravindranath|alt=]]
'''Kaderbad Ravindranath''' (born 4 January 1936) is an Indian agricultural research scientist and cotton breeder. In 2015, he received the Life Time Achievement Award for his contributions to the cotton research.<ref>[http://crdaindia.com/lifetime-awards.php?A1 Cotton Research and Development (CRDA): Life Time Achievement Award]</ref><ref>Narasimha development contributes to the Life Time Achievement Award [[Sakshi (newspaper)]] (Telugu newspaper) 22-Dec-2015</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Life Time Achievement Award for Cotton Research Scientist [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 22-Dec-2015</ref><ref>Cotton Researcher is a Magnet for Awards [[Eenadu]] (Telugu newspaper) 30-Dec-2015</ref>

He developed a new cotton variety named Narasimha which is used as a parent line for cotton hybrid seed programs. The hybrids made of Narasimha are cultivated in over 10 million acres contributing a tax amount of Rs 3 billion on sale of cotton and seed.<ref name="krn-Hindu-2014">"Scientist's work earns Rs. 300 crore to the Exchequer: The hybrids made of "Narasimha-cotton" are cultivated in over one crore acres contributing a tax amount of 300 crore on sale of cotton and seed", [[The Hindu]] (newspaper), 1-April-2014 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/scientists-work-earns-rs-300-crore-for-exchequer/article5856046.ece]</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Kaderbad-Ravindranath-young-researcher-in-RARS.jpg|thumbnail|left|150x165px|Kaderbad as a young researcher in RARS|alt=]]
Kaderbad Ravindranath was born in [[Nandyal]] in [[Madras Presidency]] of [[India]] on 4 January 1936, to Sri [[Kaderbad Narasinga Rao]] and Smt. (Karanam) Adi Lakshamma. He grew up in a family of seven brothers and two sisters. His father Sri [[Kaderbad Narasinga Rao]] was a philanthropist, social reformer, freedom fighter and chairman of the Nandyal Municipality for 14 continuous years.

He graduated from [[Presidency College, Chennai]] with B.Sc. in biology. He earned a B.Sc. in agriculture from [[Agricultural College, Bapatla]], and a M.Sc. in agriculture from [[Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University]] (ANGRAU), Hyderabad, with specialization in genetics and [[plant breeding]].

== Regional Agricultural Research Station ==
[[File:Kaderbad Ravindranath with P V Narasimha Rao Prime Minister of India.jpg|thumbnail|right|Kaderbad Ravindranath with Sri [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Prime Minister of India during the release of Narasimha seed to farmers]]
He worked at the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] (ANGRAU) Regional Agricultural Cotton Research Station for 36 years from 1959 to 1996 in various capacities. He published more than 60 scientific papers in the ''Indian Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics'', ''Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement'', ''Madras Agricultural Journal'', ''Andhra Agricultural Journal'', as well as several review papers pertaining to cotton improvement.<ref name="ReferenceB">Scientist strives to add luster to white gold [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 10-Feb-2002</ref><ref name=krn-Vartha-2006>American farming is totally mechanized [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 10/8/2006</ref>

During his work at ANGRAU, he developed ten new cotton varieties (Narasimha, Aravinda, Big boll hirsutum cotton-HYPS 156, and others) and two hybrids (NHH 390 and NCA 216) of cotton, which were released and notified by the Central Variety Release Committees of the Indian government.<ref>NHH-390 High yielding cotton variety [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 19-7-97</ref><ref>Recognition for Cotton Scientist in Research [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 11-Oct-2013</ref><ref>K. Ravindranath, "NA-920 A New Promising Cotton variety" [[The Hindu]] 4-Dec-1985</ref><ref>Cotton Scientist Ravindranath Facilitated (Udhayam, Telugu newspaper), 27-Nov-1988</ref><ref>Special Status for Nandyal in Cotton Research [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 5-Oct-2014</ref> The Narasimha variety was used as a parent line in a number of hybrids, while NCA-216 was developed for increased yield under rain-fed conditions.<ref>K. Ravindranath, et al., "NCA-216 Promising Desi Cotton Hybrid for Rayalaseema region", research note, Journal of research, ANGRAU, 2000</ref>

He also participated in radio programs on [[All India Radio]] stations for [[Kadapa]] and [[Kurnool]] to advise farmers in cotton cultivation. He conducted more than 40 training programs to extension staff of the Department of Agriculture of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and trained farmers in cotton cultivation under the Andhra Pradesh Well Project and the WALAMTARI organization.<ref>WALAMTARI organization belongs to the Department of the water, land, and soil management. It develops best practices to increase the production and productivity with minimum water management and reduce the cost of cultivation in cotton crop to help farmers from villages</ref>

== ICMF-CDRA ==

[[File:Kaderbad Ravindranath-with-Pendekanti Venkata Subbiah-Governor-ICMF.jpg|thumbnail|left|Kaderbad Ravindranath with Sri [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]], Governor of Bihar during his visit to the ICMF Research Center]]

From 1985 to 1990, he deputised to the Indian Cotton Mills Federation – Cotton Development and Research Association (ICMF-CDRA) as a cotton research officer. He established a cotton research and development center at Nandyal and served as its head. He again served as the head of the research center from 1996 to 2000 (after retiring from ANGRAU)

He developed 500 germ-plasm lines for use in cotton breeding program. During this time he developed two cotton varieties (ICMF-4 and ICMF-6) and two cotton hybrids (ICMF-HH.8 and ICMF- HH.14).<ref>ICMF-4 and ICMF-6: Two high yielding cotton varieties Jameen Rythu (Telugu weekly, Nellore) 28-December-1987</ref><ref>Governor Kumud Ben Joshi praises the research at ICMF [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 12-Mar-1998</ref><ref>Vice chancellor of Agricultural University Visits ICMF farm [[Andhra Prabha]] (Telugu newspaper) 24-Nov-1998</ref><ref>Bihar Governor visits cotton research station [[Andhra Prabha]] (Telugu newspaper) 13-November-1987</ref><ref>Training program for cotton farmers (Udhayam (Telugu newspaper), 1-Jul-1989</ref>

He also developed a new technique of emasculation (copper straw method) to enhance the setting of crossed bolls up to 72% in Desi cotton (native breed).<ref>K. Ravindranath, et al., "Copper straw method: A new technique for hybrid cotton seed production", ICMF Journal, Bombay, Apr 1998</ref>

In 1999, he visited European countries for one month to visit research stations and give lectures on the latest breeding techniques in cotton.<ref name="krn-Vartha-2006" /><ref>Farmers tour European countries to see latest farming practices [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 17-May-1999</ref><ref>Organic fertilizers play a major role in Europe's agriculture [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 28-June-1999</ref>

In 2001, he was sponsored by the Agricultural Research Management Project (ARMP-TA) by the Winrock International Institute for Agriculture Development and visited Bangladesh for two months to formulate a five-year technical program on cotton breeding to improve cotton yields.<ref>Farmers need to cut down the cost of cultivation [[Andhra Prabha]] (Telugu newspaper) 27-Jul-1998</ref><ref>Bangladesh accelerates research on high yielding cotton varieties [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 1-Apr-2001</ref>

== Bharathi Seeds ==

As of 2002, he was working as the executive director of research at Bharathi Seeds.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

He developed an inter-se-hirsutum versatile superior cotton hybrid, Brahma which was the first hybrid cultivated by farmers from the private sector since 1997, with a claimed yield potential of 32 [[quintal]] per [[hectare]].<ref>K. Ravindranath, et al., "Brahma- a high yielding cotton hybrid with special features", Annual report of Bharathi Seeds Pvt. Ltd, May 2010, pp42-43</ref>

He also developed a superior hirsutum cotton hybrid, "ATAL" with a claimed yield potential of 34 quintals per hectare.<ref>R & D reports of Bharathi seeds Pvt. Ltd, India 2016</ref>

He also developed a 'mixed pollen technique' to induce variability and genetic diversity in cotton using mixed pollen of desired types for developing genotypes with drought tolerance, big boll, fiber length with strength, and pest tolerance coupled with higher yield<ref>R & D reports of Bharathi seeds Private Ltd, India 2013</ref>

== Family ==
He is married to Smt. Prasoona. They live at Nandyal. They have four children and six grandchildren.

== Social service ==
Since 1997, he has served as the chief advisor of Nandi Rythu Samakya, which provides advice and help to poor and marginalised farmers in sustainable cultivation practices.<ref>Nandi Rythu Association Strives to solve farmers’ problems [[Andhra Bhoomi]] (Telugu newspaper) 29-Nov-2004</ref>

He is the honorary president of Brahmin Seva Samakya,<ref>Scientist Ravindranath's Research is commendable [[Sakshi (newspaper)]] (Telugu newspaper) 3-Jul-2012</ref> president of Matrubasha Parirakshana Samithi, president of the Nandyal Library Association, and president of the Agricultural University Retired Teachers Association, Nandyal.

He received "Gadicherla Foundation" award for social service.<ref name="ReferenceC">Contributions of Gadicherla will endure for long time [[Sakshi (newspaper)]] (Telugu newspaper) 15-Sep-2014</ref>

== Awards ==
[[File:Kaderbad Ravindranath receiving Lifetime Achievement Award.jpg|thumbnail|Kaderbad Ravindranath receiving Lifetime Achievement Award|alt=]]

# Lifetime Achievement Award by Cotton Research and Development Association<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>"Narasimha development contributes to the "Life Time Achievement Award" " [[Sakshi (newspaper)]] (Telugu newspaper) 22-Dec-2015</ref><ref>Cotton Scientist facilitated [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 1-May-2016</ref>
# Dr. I.V. Subba Rao Memorial Award<ref>Cotton Scientist receives "Rythu Nestham" award [[Andhra Jyothy]] (Telugu newspaper) 30-October-2015</ref>
# Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Best Scientist/Breeder award<ref>Scientist who made the Nandyal Cotton research station famous [[Eenadu]] (Telugu newspaper) 30-March-1997</ref>
# Best Scientist Award from Kakani Venkataratnam Farm Foundation, Vijayawada<ref>Kakani Venkata Ratnam award for International Scientist [[Vaartha]] (Telugu newspaper) 16-Jan-2002</ref>
# Sri Bharathiyudu Award<ref>Role model for budding scientists [[Sakshi (newspaper)]] (Telugu newspaper) 15-Oct-2012</ref>
# Gadicherla Foundation Award for Social Service<ref name="ReferenceC" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindranath, Kaderbad}}
[[Category:People from Nandyal]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Plant breeding]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Cotton industry in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool district]]

Karan Suchak

2026-02-07T23:26:18Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started initial details nd citations

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Suchak
| image = Karan Suchak.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1986|08|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<ref name=ethnicity>{{cite news|title=Gujaratis take the lead on prime time TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Gujaratis-take-the-lead-on-prime-time-TV/articleshow/44754981.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Ano|last=Patel|date=10 October 2014|quote=Karan says, “I was born in Ahmedabad and I am a Gujarati.}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =2013–present
}}

'''Karan Suchak''' is an Indian television actor. He is known for his role of [[Lakshman]] in ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'', Akhilesh Pandey in ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]],'' Dr. Anurag Basu in ''[[Thoda Sa Badal Thoda Sa Paani]],'' and [[Draupadi]]'s brother [[Dhrishtadyumna]] in the epic TV series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' on [[Star Plus]].

== Early life and career ==

Suchak was born in [[Ahmedabad]] and is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]].<ref name="ethnicity" /> He debuted in TV serials with a supporting role of Sambhav Malik in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]'' and secondly appeared in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Savitri - Ek Prem Kahani]]'' as Vikrant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Suchak-Kajal-Pisal-to-enter-Ek-Hazaaron-Mein-/articleshow/19321387.cms|title=Karan Suchak & Kajal Pisal to enter Ek Hazaaron Mein.. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=April 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

In the last quarter of 2013, he entered [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s popular daily TV soap ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' in the role of Shekhar Gupta. Few months later he was noticed when he began portraying [[Draupadi]]'s brother [[Dhrishtadyumna]] in the epic TV series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-all-about-the-right-attitude-Karan-Suchak/articleshow/29850886.cms|title=It's all about the right attitude: Karan Suchak - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 February 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> Suchak portrayed [[Vikramaditya]] in [[Sony Pal]]'s ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisi]]'' from 2014–2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Suchak-Youngsters-can-learn-the-virtue-of-patience-from-Vikramaditya/articleshow/45147907.cms|title=Karan Suchak: Youngsters can learn the virtue of patience from Vikramaditya - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

In 2015, he was roped in for ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''. Next, he bagged [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' as [[Lakshman]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Suchak-bagged-his-first-TV-show-at-the-gym/articleshow/44836374.cms|title=Karan Suchak bagged his first TV show at the gym - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 October 2014 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> In 2017, Suchak was seen in historic series ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'' as [[Baji Rao I|Bajirao Bhatt]] alongside [[Megha Chakraborty]] and [[Ishita Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/video/karan-suchak-talks-about-his-peshwa-avatar-in-the-tv-show-peshwa-bajirao/165718|title=EXCLUSIVE: Karan Suchak talks about his 'Peshwa' avatar in the TV show 'Peshwa Bajirao'!|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=3 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

In October 2017, he was signed in for [[And TV]]'s new venture ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]'' to star opposite [[Jiya Shankar]] as Akhilesh Pandey.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/varanasi/actor-karan-suchak-shoots-for-a-serial-in-varanasi/articleshow/61702305.cms|title=Actor Karan Suchak shoots for a serial in Varanasi - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> The series premiered in December 2017 and went off air after a good TV run in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/859130/a-snip-in-the-wrong-place-wrecks-a-marriage-in-tv-comedy-meri-hanikarak-biwi|title=A snip in the wrong place wrecks a marriage in TV comedy 'Meri Hanikarak Biwi'|last=Raman|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|website=Scroll.in|date=27 November 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> From 2021 to 2022, he appeared as Dr. Anurag Basu in [[Colors TV]]'s show ''[[Thoda Sa Badal Thoda Sa Paani]]'' opposite [[Ishita Dutta]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-suchak-cast-opposite-ishita-dutta-in-thoda-sa-baadal-thoda-sa-paani/articleshow/85717227.cms|title= Karan Suchak cast opposite Ishita Dutta in Thoda Sa Baadal Thoda Sa Paani|work= [[Times of India]]|date= 28 August 2021|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to his long time girlfriend Nandita. The two first met for professional reasons when Nandita was into celebrity marketing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/010516/we-fell-in-love-without-even-meeting-each-other-nandita-suchak.html|title=We fell in love without even meeting each other: Nandita Suchak|last=Razzaq|first=Sameena|date=2016-05-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521170648/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/010516/we-fell-in-love-without-even-meeting-each-other-nandita-suchak.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2013
| ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
| Sambhav Malik
|
|-
| ''[[Savitri - Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Vikrant
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
| Shekhar Gupta
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| Yuvraj [[Dhrishtadyumna]]
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisi]]''
| Maharaj [[Vikramaditya]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sapna-Thakur-traps-Karan-Suchak/articleshow/46674448.cms|title=Sapna Thakur traps Karan Suchak - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''
| Devrishi [[Narada]] / Inspector Prakash Narayan
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
| Rajkumar [[Lakshman]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Suchak-to-play-Lakshman-in-Siya-Ke-Ram/articleshow/49073722.cms|title=Karan Suchak to play Lakshman in Siya Ke Ram - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
| [[Baji Rao I|Bajirao Bhatt]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/karan-suchak-to-play-grown-up-bajirao-in-peshwa-bajirao/story-v2lTa12le22rEh6XI93WkO.html|title=Karan Suchak to play grown-up Bajirao in Peshwa Bajirao|date=2017-05-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/karan-suchak-love-meaningful-shows-28423/|title=Karan Suchak : Love to do meaningful shows!|last=Gogna|first=Shobhit|date=2017-08-19|website=The Indian Wire|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]''
| Akhilesh "Gullu" Pandey
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-hanikarak-biwi-completes-100-episodes-cast-celebrates-with-a-cake/articleshow/63878346.cms|title=Meri Hanikarak Biwi completes 100 episodes; cast celebrates with a cake - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/meri-hanikarak-biwi-lead-actor-karan-suchaks-look-is-inspired-by-salman-khan-in-bajrangi-bhaijaan-853331|title=Meri Hanikarak Biwi: Lead actor Karan Suchak's look is inspired by Salman Khan in 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan'|last=IANS|date=2017-12-05|website=www.abplive.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/bajrangi-bhaijaan-inspired-look-karan-suchak-1502540221.html|title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' inspired look for Karan Suchak|date=2017-12-06|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Thoda Sa Badal Thoda Sa Paani]]''
| rowspan = "2" | Dr. Anurag Basu
| <ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-suchak-on-playing-a-cardiologist-in-thoda-sa-baadal-thoda-sa-paani/articleshow/85763892.cms|title= Karan Suchak on playing a cardiologist in 'Thoda Sa Baadal, Thoda Sa Paani|work= [[Times of India]]|date= 30 August 2021|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
| For New Year Celebration
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo]]''
| Rajkumar [[Rama]]
|
|-
| ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
| [[Mangal Pandey]]
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Na Umra Ki Seema Ho]]''
| Jay Shah
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Main Hoon Saath Tere''
| Suyash
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Gatha Shiv Parivaar Ki — Ganesh Kartikey]]''
| Devraj [[Indra]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=7287287}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suchak, Karan}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Gauri Karnik

2026-02-07T19:19:24Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gauri Karnik
| image = GauriKarnik.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Karnik in 2010
| occupation = Model, actress
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sarim Momin]]|2010}}
| years_active = 2002–2009
| website =
}}

'''Gauri Karnik''' is a Hindi and Marathi film actress. She is best known for her acting in ''[[Sur – The Melody of Life|Sur]]'' in 2002.

==Personal life==
Karnik is married to filmmaker [[Sarim Momin]] since 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-am-open-to-experimenting-Gauri-Karnik/Article1-735410.aspx |title=I am open to experimenting: Gauri Karnik - Hindustan Times |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203175831/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-am-open-to-experimenting-Gauri-Karnik/Article1-735410.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and lives in Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Career==
She started her career by doing acting in the episodes of [[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]] like "Khel Khel Mein" which was aired on Zee TV during 1999-2001. Gauri Karnik acted in several Hindi films. The best known so far is ''[[Sur – The Melody of Life]]'' in 2002. In 2009 she acted last in a Kannada language film ''[[Karanji (film)|Karanji]]''.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Films
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1998
| ''Sukanya''
| Ananya
|
|-
| 1999-2000
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
| Maria
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Sur – The Melody of Life|Sur]]''
| Tina Marie D'Silva
|<ref name="flixster.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.flixster.com/actor/gauri-karnik/filmography |title=Gauri Karnik Movies |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725180921/http://www.flixster.com/actor/gauri-karnik/filmography |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''Prarambh''
| Chamki
|<ref name="flixster.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Stop! (film)|Stop!]]''
| Pooja
| credited as Gauri S. Karnik
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Himalaya Singh]]''
| Indian beauty
| credited as Gauri S. Karnik
|-
| ''Hum Jo Keh Na Paaye''
| Divya
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Fear (2007 film)|Fear]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009
| ''One Fine Monday''
|
| Filming
|-
| ''Grohon: The Eclipse''
|
| Bengali
|-
| ''[[Karanji (film)|Kaaranji]]''
|
| [[Kannada]] language film
|-
| ''Pa Ma Ga Re Sa''
|
|
[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="I can't air kiss for publicity: Gauri Karnik">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=I can't air kiss for publicity: Gauri Karnik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-cant-air-kiss-for-publicity-gauri-karnik/articleshow/5311262.cms |accessdate=17 July 2022 |date=2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717185837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-cant-air-kiss-for-publicity-gauri-karnik/articleshow/5311262.cms |archivedate=17 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
''' Nominated '''
* 2003: [[Star Screen Award Most Promising Newcomer - Female]] for ''[[Sur-The Melody of Life|Sur]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0439827}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnik, Gauri}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Indian nationalism

2026-02-04T23:06:12Z

BarbaraMajeski6: expanded formatting further and added references

{{Short description|Territorial nationalist movement}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Original research|date=June 2022}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|reason=quality standards|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Flag of India.svg|right|thumb|The [[flag of India]], which is often used as a symbol of Indian nationalism.]]
'''Indian nationalism''' is an instance of [[civic nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pass.va/en/publications/acta/acta_22_pass/jayal.html | title=India's Journey from Civic to Cultural Nationalism: A New Political Imaginary? (Article) }}</ref> It is inclusive of all of the people of India, [[Composite nationalism (India)|despite]] their [[Demographics of India|diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds]]. Indian nationalism can trace roots to pre-colonial India, but was fully developed during the [[Indian independence movement]] which campaigned against nearly two centuries of [[British Raj|British rule]]. Indian nationalism quickly rose to popularity in India through these united anti-colonial coalitions and movements. Independence movement figures like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] spearheaded the Indian nationalist movement, with the [[Indian National Congress]] playing a major role.

India's [[Independence of India|independence in 1947]] was coupled with [[Partition of India|separation from Muslim-majority Pakistan]], with that nation being carved out of British India's [[Northwest India|northwestern]] and [[East India|eastern regions]]. Afterwards, Prime Minister Nehru and his successors continued to campaign on Indian nationalism in the face of border wars with both [[Sino-Indian War|China]] and [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]], with the latter clashing several times [[Kashmir conflict|over the Kashmir border region]]. After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]] and the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which resulted in East Pakistan's independence, Indian nationalism reached its post-independence peak. However by the 1980s, religious tensions reached a [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|boiling point]], the Indian National Congress lost its political dominance and became [[The Emergency (India)|more authoritarian]], and Indian nationalism sluggishly collapsed in the following decades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |date=1985-06-01 |title=Sikh Ethno-nationalism, 1967–1984: Implications for the congress |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856408508723073 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=168–181 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/00856408508723073}}</ref> Despite its decline and the rise of [[Alternatives to Indian nationalism|religious nationalism]], Indian nationalism and its historic figures continue to strongly influence the [[politics of India]] and reflect an opposition to the sectarian strands of [[Hindu nationalism]] and [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]].<ref name="Lerner2011">{{citation|last=Lerner|first=Hanna|title=Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA120|date=12 May 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50292-4|pages=120–}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot1999">{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA13|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=13–15, 83}}</ref><ref name="PachuauStackhouse2007">{{citation|last1=Pachuau|first1=Lalsangkima|last2=Stackhouse|first2=Max L.|title=News of Boundless Riches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OPJ1BJCLw8C&pg=PA149|year=2007|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-8458-013-6|pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="Leifer2000">{{citation|last=Leifer|first=Michael|title=Asian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eUlKdFdOvoC&pg=PA112|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-23284-5|pages=112–}}</ref>

== National consciousness in India ==
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE_2.png|thumb|250x250px|[[Mauryan Empire]] under Emperor [[Ashoka]]]]
India was first unified as a single state under [[Maurya Empire]] in 3rd century BC. Much of India has also been unified by later empires, such as the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyasa |first=Dwaipayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egw_EAAAQBAJ&dq=bharata+named+after+mahabharata&pg=PT2643 |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa: (Complete 18 Volumes) |date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Enigma Edizioni |pages=2643 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Maratha Empire]] in the early modern era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Cuthbert Collin |title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula |date=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-635139-1 |page=54}}</ref>

=== Conception of Pan-South Asianism ===
India's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty. Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass India's [[History of India|ancient history]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shiva |url=http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |title=Nation, Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya |publisher=Sundeepbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215112205/http://www.sundeepbooks.com/servlet/sugetbiblio?bno=005928 |archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> as the birthplace of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], as well as four major world religions – [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]]. Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian subcontinent.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]] argued that the presence of ancient Hindu pilgrimage centres in the corners of India indicated an older consciousness of Indian unity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ragi |first=Sangit Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXcvEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India |date=2024-11-27 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-25505-6 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ages of war and invasion ===
{{See also|Military history of India|History of foreign relations of India (pre-1947)}}[[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|250px|The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.]]
[[Image:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|250px|The extent of [[Maratha Empire]] (yellow), without its vassals.|left]]
India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination,<ref name="vedamsbooks">{{cite web |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21816.htm |title=Mahrattas, Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power/edited by H.S. Bhatia |publisher=Vedamsbooks.com |access-date=2011-11-17 |archive-date=14 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314003606/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no21816.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> such as [[Shivaji]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], Rani [[Laxmibai]] of [[Jhansi]], [[Kittur Chennamma]], [[Maharana Pratap]] of [[Rajputana]], [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. The kings of [[History of India|Ancient India]], such as [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of the Maurya Empire and his successor [[Ashoka]] of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] Empire, are also remembered for their military genius, notable conquests and remarkable [[Toleration|religious tolerance]].

The Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] was known to have a policy of religious tolerance and syncretism.<ref name="vedamsbooks" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofindia04jackuoft |title=History of India |publisher=Grolier society |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=A. V. Williams |location=London |pages=26–}}</ref>

== Colonial-era nationalism ==
{{Main|Indian independence movement|Indian Rebellion of 1857|History of the Indian National Congress}}
[[Image:1931 Flag of India.svg|thumb|220px|left|The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the [[Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] during the Second World War.]]
The consolidation of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]'s [[Company rule in India|rule in the Indian subcontinent]] during the late 18th century brought about socio-economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian [[middle class]] and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio-religious institutions and barriers.<ref name=Mitra63>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=63}}</ref>

The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business-owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British authorities. A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite (including lawyers, doctors, university graduates, government officials and similar groups) spawned an Indian identity<ref name="Crotty158">{{Harvnb|Croitt|Mjøset|2001|p=158}}</ref><ref name="Desaixxxiii">{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=xxxiii}}</ref> and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century.<ref name="Desai30">{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}</ref> The creation in 1885 of the [[Indian National Congress]] in India by the political reformer [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]] intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation, increased autonomy, and social reform.<ref name="Yadav6">{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}</ref>

Congress leaders preferred dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to press their political demands. Unlike these moderates or loyalists, who opposed violence, the nationalist movement grew increasingly strong, radical, and militant in Bengal and Punjab, with smaller yet notable movements emerging in Maharashtra, Madras, and other parts of southern India.<ref name="Yadav6" />

=== International history ===

==== British views and influence ====
{{See also|Divide and conquer#British India}}{{Blockquote|text=India is a geographical term. It is no more a united nation than the equator.|author=Winston Churchill (1931)|source=[https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/02/09/is-india-a-country-or-a-continent]}}
[[File:Anachronous_map_of_the_British_Empire.png|thumb|[[British India]] (with the [[princely states]] in green) was one of several colonies, each having varying levels of self-government<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamm |first=Josephine |date=1946 |title=Self-Government in the British Dependent Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20664367 |journal=World Affairs |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=280–285 |jstor=20664367 |issn=0043-8200}}</ref>]]
From the British perspective, the creation of a unified India began with and was only made possible by their conquest of the subcontinent ignoring that much of India had previously been unified under domestic powers like [[Maurya Empire]], [[Tughlaq dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=2021-06-29 |title=Illusions of empire: Amartya Sen on what British rule really did for India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/british-empire-india-amartya-sen |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> With their introduction of the [[Aryan Invasion Theory]], proposing that most modern Indians ([[Indo-Aryans]]) descend from ancient invaders, it was implied that their presence in India was no more unnatural than that of the Hindus and the Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ragi |first=Sangit Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXcvEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |title=RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India |date=2024-11-27 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-25505-6 |language=en}}</ref> As the rulers of India, they had an ambiguous view of Indian nationalism, envisioning a process of yielding greater autonomy to the colony while depending on it for their [[British Empire|global dominance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A |date=1999 |title=Britain and Indian Nationalism: Imprint of Ambiguity, 1929-1942 (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/15749/summary |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.1162/jinh.1999.30.1.175 |issn=1530-9169}}</ref>

[[British sports]] such as [[cricket]] became [[Sport in British India#Politics|part of the nationalist movement]] over time, with victories against the British by unified Indian teams offering a nonviolent means to push for independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=and Brown |first2=Sean |date=2007-02-01 |title=Why baseball, why cricket? differing nationalisms, differing challenges |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360601045732 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=139–156 |doi=10.1080/09523360601045732 |issn=0952-3367}}</ref> The nationalist movement also found other ways to [[Cultural history of India#Colonial era|adopt elements of British culture]] while opposing British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=2018-04-05 |title=Cricket: The Nationalist Game |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/cricket-the-nationalist-game/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

==== Other foreign influences ====
{{See also|Rise of nationalism in Europe}}
[[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and other figures associated with the 19th-century [[unification of Italy]] were greatly admired by many early Indian nationalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sudeep |date=2020-08-13 |title=The Enigma of Heroes |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-story/the-enigma-of-heroes/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Aurobindo]] described the nationalist sentiment of his time as the "sweet harmony between the new ideal of Mazzini and the old ideal of [[Sannyasa]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=R. K. Das |date=1956 |title=Mazzini and Indian Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29753777 |journal=East and West |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=67–70 |jstor=29753777 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

[[B. R. Ambedkar]], a major figure in the postcolonial drafting of the modern [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], took note of the historical challenges of nation-building in several other societies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Dr. Ambedkar, The Architect Of Inclusive Indian Nationalism |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/dr-ambedkar-the-architect-of-inclusive-indian-nationalism |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> He was influenced by his education at [[Columbia University]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stroud |first=Scott |date=2024-05-31 |title=The American Question: Ambedkar, Columbia University, and the "Spirit of Rebellion" |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/694 |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=270–286 |doi=10.26812/caste.v5i2.694 |issn=2639-4928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattekar |first=Mandar |date=2023-05-30 |title=The Profound Influence America Had On the Life and Ideology of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar |url=https://americankahani.com/perspectives/the-profound-influence-america-had-on-the-life-and-ideology-of-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=American Kahani |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== International networks ====
[[File:Ghadar Flag.png|thumb|The [[Ghadar Movement]] sought to free India with help from [[Indian diaspora|its diaspora]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sohi |first=Seema |date=2018-05-08 |title=The Ghadar Party |url=https://www.saada.org/tides/article/the-ghadar-party |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) |language=en}}</ref>]]
By the early 20th century, [[Pan-Asianism]] became part of anticolonial discourse within the nationalist movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stolte |first1=Carolien |last2=Fischer-Tiné |first2=Harald |date=2012 |title=Imagining Asia in India: Nationalism and Internationalism (ca. 1905–1940) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/imagining-asia-in-india-nationalism-and-internationalism-ca-19051940/98950E9BB7D2A858A07058B975A4CEA1 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=65–92 |doi=10.1017/S0010417511000594 |issn=1475-2999}}</ref>

Due to the manner in which British India grew to annex and administer territories beyond the traditional frontier of India, certain groups like the Arabs and Burmese once professed some support for being included within Indian nationalism before developing their own local nationalisms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shattered Lands: How Doha and Dubai could have joined India or Pakistan in 1947 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/shattered-lands-how-doha-and-dubai-nearly-joined-india-or-pakistan-1947 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>

===''Swadeshi''===
{{Main|Swadeshi movement}}
[[File:Concentrate on Charkha and Swadeshi bazaar art.jpg|thumb|1930s art featuring Gandhi with a [[Charkha (spinning wheel)|charkha]], an Indian spinning wheel he associated with economic self-sufficiency<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=Nikhil |date=2020 |title=Gandhi's Spinning Wheel: The Charkha and Its Regenerative Effects |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/772516 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=643–662 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2020.0034 |pmid=33416714 |issn=1086-3222}}</ref>]]
The controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]], dividing the region along religious lines, escalated the growing unrest, stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries.<ref name=Bose117>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|1998|p=117}}</ref>

===The Gandhian era===
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] pioneered the art of ''[[Satyagraha]]'', typified with a strict adherence to [[ahimsa]] (non-violence), and [[civil disobedience]]. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to democracy, religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and [[untouchability]] united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses participated in India's independence struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the [[Champaran Satyagraha|Champaran]] and [[Kheda Satyagraha|Kheda]] Satyagraha in 1918–19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that India could gain independence from British rule.

National leaders like [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], the [[Lal Bal Pal]] trio, and [[Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]] brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.

=== Final years ===
{{See also|1946 Cabinet Mission to India}}In 1947, [[Lord Mountbatten]] came to India to discuss the eventual outcome of the British departure. At one point, he offered a plan to [[Nehru]] to make the various regions of India autonomous provinces, which Nehru strongly rejected;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=From the archives: How Jawaharlal Nehru foiled a British plan to Balkanise India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-foiled-a-british-plan-to-balkanise-india-1954434-2022-05-26 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Lakshman Menon, grandson of Nehru's principal adviser [[V. P. Menon]], referred to the plan as "Plan Balkan" (in reference to [[Balkanization|Balkanisation]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title='Plan Balkan' that hit Jawaharlal Nehru wall |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/plan-balkan-that-hit-jawaharlal-nehru-wall/cid/1879834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419123728/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/plan-balkan-that-hit-jawaharlal-nehru-wall/cid/1879834 |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=2025-06-07 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Independence ====
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru delivering his "tryst with destiny" speech.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister Nehru]] gave the famous [[Tryst with Destiny]] speech upon independence]]
Upon independence on 15 August of that year, India maintained formal links with the dissolving British Empire through its [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] membership and [[Dominion of India|Dominion status]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panter-Brick |first=Simone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXJeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Gandhi and Nationalism: The Path to Indian Independence |date=2014-12-16 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-3222-0 |language=en}}</ref> The latter was abandoned in 1950, an anniversary now celebrated as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De |first=Rohit |date=2019-12-31 |title=Between midnight and republic: Theory and practice of India's Dominion status |url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/17/4/1213/5710829 |journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1213–1234 |doi=10.1093/icon/moz081 |issn=1474-2640}}</ref>

==Beyond Indian nationalism==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2019}}
{{See also|Separatist movements of India|Anti-national (India)}}

Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are [[Demographics of India|ethnically and religiously diverse]]. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just ''Indian'' in nature. The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Religious nationalisms are often dependent on mutual opposition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veer |first=Peter van der |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PR9 |title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India |date=1994-02-07 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08256-4 |language=en}}</ref> Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://archive.org/details/globalisationhin0000lobo/page/26/mode/1up?q=Hindu+nationalism |title=Globalisation, Hindu nationalism, and Christians in India |date=2002 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-716-4 |location=Jaipur |page=26}}</ref>

===Hindu Rashtra===
{{Further information|Hindutva|Hindu nationalism}}
[[File:Saffron coloured Flag waving on Lohagadh Fort,Pune.JPG|thumb|The [[saffron flag]] and color are [[Saffronisation|associated with Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayyub |first=Rana |date=January 29, 2024 |title=Hindu nationalism overtakes India's patriotic holiday |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/29/india-hindu-nationalsim-republic-day-ram-temple/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>]]
An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of [[Islamic empires in India]]. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of [[caste]], linguistic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, [[K.B. Hedgewar]] founded the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in [[Nagpur]], as a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh {{!}} History, Ideology, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] coined the term ''[[Hindutva]]'' for his ideology that described India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'', or a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (BJP), both of whom are closely associated with the RSS. The RSS leads the [[Sangh Parivar]], a collective of Hindutva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=What is Uniform Civil Code?|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/why-uniform-civil-code-is-necessary-for-india-1477037384-1|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider to be special treatment offered to different religions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHAT IS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-uniform-civil-code|access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>

===The Qaum===
{{Main|Indian Muslim nationalism|Two-nation theory}}{{See also|Madani–Iqbal debate}}
[[File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|thumb|The eventual [[flag of Pakistan]], featuring Islamic motifs along with a white stripe to represent the non-Muslim minority<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=MINURSO'S PEACEKEEPERS: NATIONAL DAY OF PAKISTAN |url=https://minurso.unmissions.org/minurso%E2%80%99s-peacekeepers-national-day-pakistan-1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=MINURSO |language=en}}</ref>]]
In 1906–1907, the [[All-India Muslim League]] was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the [[Indian National Congress]], which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party. The [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] stand apart – the former helped form the Muslim league, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.

While prominent Muslims like [[Allama Iqbal]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Maulana Azad]] and most of [[Deobandi]] clerics strongly backed the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Indian independence struggle, opposing any notion of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism and separatism]]. The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the [[Two-nation theory|Islamic nationalist]] [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] enjoyed extensive popular political support. The [[Pakistan|state of Pakistan]] was ultimately formed following the [[Partition of India]].

==== Views on the partition of India ====
{{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}
{{Further|Indian reunification|Hindu–Muslim unity}}
[[File:Partition of India 1947 en.svg|left|thumb|British India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] in mid-August 1947 into Muslim-majority Pakistan (green) and Hindu-majority India (orange)]]
Indian nationalists led by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wanted to make what was then British India, as well as the 562 princely states under British paramountcy, into a single secular, democratic state.<ref name="Hardgrave, Robert. -India: The Dilemmas of Diversity">Hardgrave, Robert. [http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/Hardgrave.html "India: The Dilemmas of Diversity"], ''Journal of Democracy'', pp. 54–65</ref> The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], which represented nationalist Muslims, gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> The British Government, however, sidelined the 'All India' organisation from the independence process and came to see Jinnah, who advocated separatism, as the sole representative of Indian Muslims.<ref name="Shodganga">{{citation |last=Qaiser |first=Rizwan |chapter=Towards United and Federate India: 1940-47 |title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad a study of his role in Indian Nationalist Movement 1919–47 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2005 |hdl=10603/31090 |at=Chapter 5, pp. 193, 198}}</ref> This was viewed with dismay by many Indian nationalists, who viewed Jinnah's ideology as damaging and unnecessarily divisive.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 444</ref>
[[File:Indian subcontinent.JPG|thumb|The [[All India Congress Committee]], in a resolution adopted on 14 June 1947, openly stated that "geography and the mountains and the seas fashioned India as she is, and no human agency can change that shape or come in the way of its final destiny... at when present passions have subsided, India's problems will be viewed in their proper perspective and the false [[Two-nation theory (Pakistan)|doctrine of two nations]] will be discredited and discarded by all."<ref>Graham Chapman, ''The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age'', Ashgate Publishing (2012), p. 326</ref>]]
In an interview with [[Leonard Mosley]], Nehru said that he and his fellow Congressmen were "tired" after the independence movement, so were not ready to further drag on the matter for years with Jinnah's Muslim League, and that, anyway, they "expected that partition would be temporary, that Pakistan would come back to us."<ref>Sankar Ghose, ''Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography'', Allied Publishers (1993), pp. 160-161</ref> Gandhi also thought that the Partition would be undone.<ref>Raj Pruthi, ''Paradox of Partition: Partition of India and the British strategy'', Sumit Enterprises (2008), p. 443</ref> [[V.P. Menon]], who had an important role in the transfer of power in 1947, quotes another major Congress politician, [[Abul Kalam Azad]], who said that "the division is only of the map of the country and not in the hearts of the people, and I am sure it is going to be a short-lived partition."<ref>V.P. Menon, ''The Transfer of Power in India'', Orient Blackswan (1998), p. 385</ref> [[Acharya Kripalani]], President of the Congress during the days of Partition, stated that making India "a strong, happy, democratic and socialist state" would ensure that "such an India can win back the seceding children to its lap... for the freedom we have achieved cannot be complete without the unity of India."<ref>G. C. Kendadamath, ''J.B. Kripalani, a study of his political ideas'', Ganga Kaveri Pub. House (1992), p. 59</ref> Yet another leader of the Congress, [[Sarojini Naidu]], said that she did not consider India's flag to be India's because "India is divided" and that "this is merely a temporary geographical separation. There is no spirit of separation in the heart of India."<ref>''Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report'', Volume 4, Lok Sabha secretariat, 14 July 1947, p. 761</ref>

Giving a more general assessment, [[Paul Brass]] says that "many speakers in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] expressed the belief that the [[Indian reunification|unity of India would be ultimately restored]]."<ref>Paul R. Brass, ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press (1994), p. 10</ref>

=== Khalistan ===
{{Excerpt|Khalistan movement|paragraphs=1-2|files=1}}

== Contemporary era ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = India and Pakistan 15 Aug 1947.png
| footer = Indian-administered territory in 1947 (in brown) and in 1956
| image2 = States Reorganisation Act 1956.svg
| total_width = 325
| align = left
}}
After independence, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] helped complete the [[political integration of India]]. In 2014, his birthday was declared [[National Unity Day (India)|National Unity Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2019-10-31 |title=What is National Unity Day and why is it celebrated on 31st October? |url=https://scroll.in/announcements/942195/what-is-national-unity-day-and-why-is-it-celebrated-on-31st-october |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> and in 2018, he was commemorated in his native Gujarat with the [[Statue of Unity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Years of Statue of Unity: Facts About the World's Tallest Statue |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-years-of-statue-of-unity-facts-about-the-worlds-tallest-statue-4531176 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Along with dealing with the princely states, reorganising the states on linguistic boundaries was a central question in deciding the nature of the new nation. The government initially hesitated to support such a move, fearing it would lead to [[Separatist movements of India|separatism]], but eventually acquiesced with the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tudor |first=Maya |date=2018 |title=India's Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Democratic Dangers of Ascendant Nativism |url=https://doi.org/10.18278/inpp.1.1.6 |journal=Indian Politics & Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=116 |doi=10.18278/inpp.1.1.6}}</ref>

In these initial decades, the [[Hindi|Hindi language]] was proposed by some as a [[National language of India|national language]], and was deliberately [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]] to distinguish it from the [[Urdu]] spoken in the newly separate Pakistan. Some of the strong advocates of Hindi associated it with Hindu nationalism through the slogan "[[Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aneesh |first=A. |date=2010 |title=Bloody Language: Clashes and Constructions of Linguistic Nationalism in India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01158.x |journal=Sociological Forum |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=86–109 |doi=10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01158.x |issn=1573-7861}}</ref> [[Hindi cinema]] (popularly known as Bollywood) played a role in offering a vision of a unified India, with films celebrating military valour in border conflicts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karmakar |first1=Goutam |last2=and Catterall |first2=Pippa |date=2025-03-15 |title=Nation, Nationalism and Indian Hindi cinema |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14608944.2024.2440753 |journal=National Identities |volume=27 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1080/14608944.2024.2440753 |bibcode=2025NatId..27....1K |issn=1460-8944}}</ref>

=== Post-Cold War ===
{{See also|Indian Century}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804349 - National Unity Day Salute to the Unifier of India.jpeg|thumb|2016 stamp commemorating Sardar Patel]]
[[Economic liberalisation in India|Economic liberalisation]] in the [[1990s in India|1990s]] greatly changed India, with a greater amount of [[Globalization in India|globalisation]] and [[transnationalism]] taking hold in the popular culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saha |first=Ratan Kr |date=2025-04-15 |title=Reimagining National Identity: The Intersection of Cultural Narratives and Postmodern Nationalism in India Post-1990s |url=https://zenodo.org/records/15223681 |journal=The Academic – International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research |doi=10.5281/zenodo.15223681}}</ref>

For the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence]] in 2022, the ''Har Ghar Tiranga'' campaign was launched, encouraging every household to display the Indian flag.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=BJP launches 'Har Ghar Tiranga' drive in Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/bjp-launches-har-ghar-tiranga-drive-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/112326177.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nationalism and sport#India|Indian nationalism and sport]]
* {{Annotated link|Pan-Indian (India) (disambiguation)|Pan-Indian}}
* {{Annotated link|Varthamanappusthakam}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last1= Bose |first1= Sugata |last2= Jalal |first2= Ayesha |year= 1998 |title= Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |place= New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 0-415-16952-6}}
* {{citation |last1= Croitt | first1= Raymond D |last2= Mjøset | first2= Lars |year = 2001 |title= When Histories Collide |place= Oxford, UK|publisher= AltaMira |isbn= 0-7591-0158-2}}
* {{citation |last=Desai |first=A.R. |title=Social Background of Indian Nationalism (6Th-Edn) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZykLXjdG9S8C |date=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-667-1}}
* {{citation |last=Mitra |first=Subrata K. |title=The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-27493-2}}
* {{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Bratindra Nath |author-link=B. N. Mukherjee |title=Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGKAAAAMAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-26-1 |ref={{sfnref|Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last= Yadav |first= B.D |year= 1992 |title= M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary |place= New Delhi |publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt ltd |isbn= 81-7041-470-9}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Indian nationalism}}

{{India topics}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Nationalism}}
[[Category:Indian nationalism| ]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

Visakha Govt. Degree College For Women

2026-02-04T17:42:33Z

BarbaraMajeski6: corrected lead and added references

{{short description|Women's college in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Visakha Govt. Degree College For Women
| image_name = Visakha Govt. Degree College For Women.jpg
| caption =
| established = 1975
| type =
| director =
| city = [[Daba Gardens]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| coor = {{coord|17.7203|N|83.3043|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|https://www.womengovtcollegevisakha.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Visakha Govt. Degree College For Women''' is a Women's college established in 1975 by the Visakha Women's College Society.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vgdcw.in/ |title=introduction college |work=visakha abt |date=2009-08-11 |access-date=2015-11-17 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611091405/http://www.vgdcw.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Institution==
This college is NAAC B grade Science and Commerce courses Graduation & post graduation courses are offered here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid-as-on-August-2018.xls |title=NAAC B grade for Visakha Women College|publisher=naac.gov.in |date=2018-08-12 |access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.womengovtcollegevisakha.ac.in/

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Andhra University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1975]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

Kishkindha

2026-02-04T06:56:24Z

BarbaraMajeski6: improved formatting per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Vanara kingdom in Ramayana}}
[[File:The Signet Ring.jpg|thumb|Rama offers his ring to Maruti (Hanuman) to prove that he is Rama's messenger, surrounded by the vanaras of Kishkindha]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Kishkindha''' ({{Langx|sa|किष्किन्धा}}, {{IAST3|Kiṣkindhā}}) is a kingdom of the [[vanara]]s in [[Hinduism]]. It is ruled by King [[Sugriva]], the younger brother of [[Bali (Ramayana)|Vali]], in the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMdJ1MhRaXEC&pg=PA77 |title=Ramayana |date=2007 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-070-2 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic this was the kingdom that Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his counsellor, [[Hanuman]]. Kishkindha is identified with the present location of [[Hampi]], the erstwhile royal capital of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

During the [[Treta Yuga]], the whole region was within the dense [[Dandaka Forest]] which was founded by King Danda, son of [[Ikshvaku]], and descendant of [[Vaivasvata Manu]] in the [[Satya Yuga]], which extended from the [[Vindhya]] range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered that of the [[vanaras]]. During the [[Dvapara Yuga]], the [[Pandava]] [[Sahadeva]] is stated to have visited this kingdom in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharma |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=sahadeva+vanara&pg=PA165 |title=Mahabharata: The Greatest Spiritual Epic of All Time |date=2020-08-18 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-68383-920-0 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>

== Literature ==
=== Ramayana ===
The Ramayana has a book that is based in Kishkindha, known as the [[Kishkindha Kāṇḍa|Kishkindha Kanda]]. In this text, a banished Sugriva sends his trusted counsellor, Hanuman, to meet the mysterious Rama and Lakshmana. Satisfied with their noble demeanour, he brings them to Sugriva. The two parties exchange their tales, after which Rama forges an alliance with the former vanara monarch:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vālmīki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAYwAQAAMAAJ |title=Aranya Kanda |date=1962 |publisher=Shanti Sadan |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=I know well that the fruit of friendship is mutual aid, O Great Monkey! I shall slay that Bali, who has carried off your consort! These pointed shafts that you perceivest, these arrows bright as the sun, fly straight to their target. Decorated with heron’s feathers and resembling Indra’s thunderbolt, skilfully wrought, their points sharpened, resembling provoked serpents, they will pierce that perverse wretch with force. To-day you shalt see Bali fall on the earth like a cleft mountain struck by these pointed darts, resembling venomous snakes.|author=[[Valmiki]]|title=[[Ramayana]]|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 5}}
Sugriva, in turn, shows the cloak and jewels of Sita that had descended from the sky upon his kingdom during her abduction by Ravana. After Sugriva regales the tales of his brother's exploits, he goes to challenge his brother for a duel, having sought Rama's assistance in the fight. When Rama does not loose his arrow, Sugriva flees towards the Rishyamuka hill, where his brother dared not venture. Rama explains that he did not intercede since he could not distinguish between the two, upon which a wreath of flowers was placed around the vanara's neck. The entourage then visit the hermitage of Saptajanas:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vālmīki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkiAQAAIAAJ |title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: Aranya kanda. Kishkindha kanda. Sundara kanda |date=1952 |publisher=Shanti Sadan |isbn=978-0-85424-048-7 |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Killing of Vali Monkey.jpg|thumb|The death of Vali]]
{{Blockquote|text=They observed the trees bowed with the weight of their flowers and the rivers bearing their peaceful waters to the sea. The ravines and cliffs with their chasms, caves, peaks and charming dales, the lakes with their limpid waters of emerald hue, adorned with opening lotus buds, drew their gaze as they passed. Ducks, cranes, swans, woodcock and other waterfowl were heard calling, whilst in the clearings of the woods deer could be seen grazing on the tender grass and young shoots, without fear of the wild beasts that roamed everywhere.

Wild and ferocious elephants adorned with ivory tusks, who proved a menace to the lakes by causing the banks to crumble, wandered about here and there and intoxicated with Mada juice, striking their foreheads against the rocks, resembled moving mountains. Monkeys as large as elephants, covered with dust and every species of wild beast and bird were seen by the followers of Sugriva as they passed on their way.|author=[[Valmiki]]|title=[[Ramayana]]|source=Kishkindha Kanda, Chapter 13}}
Ignoring his wife [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]]'s pleas to make peace with Rama, Vali sets out to duel his brother once more, and is slain by Rama's arrow to his breast. Vali and Rama engage in a conversation about the morality of Rama's actions, to which Rama retorts that the vanara had conducted himself in a heinous manner by forcefully bedding [[Rumā|Ruma]], Sugriva's wife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vālmīki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAYwAQAAMAAJ |title=Aranya Kanda |date=1962 |publisher=Shanti Sadan |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref> Even as Tara laments, Sugriva is installed as king once more. However, four months later, he fails to honour his pledge to support Rama's rescue, lost in his blissful dalliance with Tara. A furious Lakshmana, first mollified by Tara, reproaches Sugriva for his conduct, after which he reconciles with him. Sugriva assembles his vanara forces and commands them to venture into the following regions:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-26 |title=Sugriva sends out other Monkeys to explore the Southern Region [Chapter 41] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424532.html |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=You will first behold the Vindhya ranges, possessing a hundred peaks covered with trees and shrubs of every kind, and the enchanting river, Narmada, frequented by mighty serpents, and the wide and charming stream, Godavari, with its dark reeds, and the captivating Krishnaveni; the regions of Mekhalas and Utkala and the city of Dasharna also; Abravanti and Avanti, Vidarbhas and Nishtikas and the charming Mahishakas. You will see too, the Matsyas, Kalingas and Kaushikas, where you should search for the princess and the Dandaka Forest with its mountains, rivers and caverns and the Godavari, also examine the districts of Andhras, Paundras, the Cholas, Pandyas and Keralas. Then repair to the Ayomukha Mountain, rich in ore, with its marvellous peaks and flowering woodlands; that mountain, possessing lovely forests of sandalwood, should be carefully searched by you.|author=[[Valmiki]]|title=[[Ramayana]]|source=Kishkinda Kanda, Chapter 41}}
[[File:Lakshmana and the monkey king Sugriva are conversing in a palanquin carried by four monkeys to offer allegiance to Rama..jpg|thumb|Sugriva and Lakshmana confer with a vanara escort]]
The vanara army then venture out of Kishkindha to scour these regions for Sita.

=== Mahabharata ===
[[Sahadeva]]'s conflict with the kings of Kishkindha is mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-01-09 |title=Lord Krishna Benedicts the Imprisoned Kings [Chapter 5] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mahabharata/d/doc118385.html |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Sahadeva, on the order of Maharaja Yudhisthira, marched toward the southern countries. He defeated the Surasenas, the Matsyas and brought under his sway Dantavakra, the mighty king of Adhirajas. He conquered the Nishadas and the kings of Avanti, Vinda and Anuvinda. He brought under Maharaja Yudhisthira's rule, King Bhishmaka and the king of the Koshalas. Sahadeva then fought with Mainda and Dvivida, the kings of Kishkinda. Then Sahadeva encountered his toughest challenge at Mahismati; he fought with king Nila, who was aided by Agni, the fire god. The encounter between the two forces was fierce, terrible and bloody, and before long Agni, the fire god, was scorching the front line of chariots, elephants and soldiers in Sahadeva's army. Witnessing the possible extinction of his army, Sahadeva did not know what to do.|author=[[Vyasa]]|title=[[Mahabharata]]|source=Chapter 5, Sabha Parva}}

=== Garuda Purana ===
Brahma mentions Kishkindha while narrating the Ramayanam:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-04-15 |title=The Ramayana [Chapter CXLIII] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-garuda-purana-dutt/d/doc122623.html |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=While there, Rama entered into a friendly compact with Sugriva, the brother of the monkey-king Vali, and showed his skill in archery by shooting through the trunks of seven Tala trees. Then he killed Vali and made over the sovereignty of the monkey-land Kishkinda to his brother Sugriva, and quartered himself with his beloved Lakshmana in the outskirts of the Mount Rishyamukha.|title=[[Garuda Purana]]|source=Chapter 143}}

== In popular culture ==

* This kingdom is often identified to be the region around the [[Tungabhadra]] river (then known as [[Pampa Sarovar]]a) near [[Hampi]] in present-day [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Bhatnagar">{{cite book|author=Pushkar Bhatnagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmOJzwEACAAJ|title=Dating The Era of Lord Ram|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2004|isbn=9788129126191|page=198}}</ref> The mountain near the river known as Rishimukha, where Sugriva lived with Hanuman during his exile, bears the same name.
[[File:Aanjaneya Temple.jpg|thumb|Anjaneya Parvata, said to be the birthplace of Hanuman]]
* The [[Anjanadri hill|Anjaneyadri Hill]] is held by the locals to the birthplace of Hanuman.
* 2024 Malayalam Movie [[Kishkindha Kaandam]] have similar reference.

== See also ==
*[[Sugriva]]
*[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]
*[[Hanuman]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{wikisourcelang|1|रामचरितमानस|Ramacharitamanas}}
{{wikisourcelang|1|रामचरितमानस:किष्किन्धाकाण्ड|Kishkindha Episode in Ramcharitmanas}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081212205253/http://kishkinda.wordpress.com/ Kishkinda: Literature and Archaeology]
* [http://www.ramcharitmanas.iitk.ac.in/ Complete Ramacharitamanas text ]

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]

Ranga Sohoni

2026-01-26T16:22:37Z

BarbaraMajeski6: small changes

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1918–1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ranga Sohoni
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Sriranga Wasudev Sohoni
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|3|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nimbahera]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|5|19|1918|3|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thane|Thana]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = {{ubl|Right-arm fast|Right-arm off-break}}
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 4
| runs1 = 89
| bat avg1 = 16.60
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 29*
| deliveries1 = 532
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 101.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/16
| catches/stumpings1= 2/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 109
| runs2 = 4,037
| bat avg2 = 28.71
| 100s/50s2 = 8/20
| top score2 = 218*
| deliveries2 = 15,634
| wickets2 = 232
| bowl avg2 = 32.96
| fivefor2 = 11
| tenfor2 = 2
| best bowling2 = 7/20
| catches/stumpings2= 69/–
| international = true
| country = India
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 35
| testdebutdate = 20 July
| testdebutyear = 1946
| lasttestdate = 14 December
| lasttestagainst = England
| lasttestyear = 1951
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/757/757.html CricketArchive
| date = 3 September
| year = 2022
}}

'''Sriranga Wasudev 'Ranga' Sohoni''' {{audio|Ranga_Sohoni.ogg|pronunciation}} (5 March 1918 – 19 May 1993) was an [[Indian cricket team|Indian international cricketer]]. He was an all-rounder, who batted well under pressure and bowled relentlessly on South Asian surfaces.<ref name="Mukherjee">{{cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Abhishek|title=Ranga Sohoni: Maharashtra's champion all-rounder|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ranga-sohoni-maharashtras-champion-all-rounder-120740|website=Cricket country|date=April 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref>

==International Cricket==
Sohoni toured England in 1946 and Australia in 1947/48 with the Indian team. He opened the bowling against [[English cricket team|England]] in the two Tests that he played on the former tour. At [[Old Trafford (cricket)|Old Trafford]] the last wicket partnership of [[Dattaram Hindlekar]] and Sohoni hung around for 13 minutes to avoid a defeat.<ref>{{cite web |title=England v India, Old Trafford, Manchester on 20th, 22nd, 23rd July 1946 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17768.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=26 March 2024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Domestic Cricket==
From 108 First-Class matches that spanned close to three decades, Sohoni scored 4,307 runs at 28.17 with 8 hundreds. He also picked up 232 wickets at 32.96 with 11 [[five-wicket haul]]s and 2 [[ten-wicket haul]]s. In Ranji Trophy, his numbers were exceptional (42 matches, 2,162 runs at 34.87, 139 wickets at 24.49). Unfortunately, most of his twenties were taken away by World War II, which saw very little cricket.<ref name="Mukherjee"/>

Sohoni played for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], and [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. He won titles with the first two teams and lost the [[1948–49 Ranji Trophy|1948–49]] final with Baroda. He captained Bombay and Maharashtra in eleven Ranji matches and captained Bombay in their win in [[1953–54 Ranji Trophy|1953–54]]. Sohoni played for the Bombay University side between 1938–39 and 1940–41 and captained them in the second of those years. He also appeared in one unofficial Test.

In Ranji Trophy, his finest season was [[1940–41 Ranji Trophy|1940–41]] when he helped Maharashtra retain their title. Against Western India in the zonal final, he scored a career best 218* and put on 342* for the fourth wicket with [[Vijay Hazare]], then an Indian record for any wicket. In the last innings of the final against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]], he hit 104 on a crumbling wicket. He scored 655 runs in the Ranji season, a new record, at an average of 131 and 808 in all first class matches with five hundreds.

== Personal and professional life ==
Sohoni "was tall, fair skinned and light eyed" with "film star looks".{{ref|Bose}} He was offered a role in movies by [[V. Shantaram]] {{ref|PPC}}.

He was a pro in Lancashire League with Lower House Club. He did B.A(Hons) and served in various government departments before retiring as a class I officer in the government of Maharashtra.

His death was due to a heart attack.

In January 2026, an Australian baggy green cap presented by Sir Donald Bradman to Sohoni was auctioned by Lloyds Auctioneers and Valuers for US$ 460,000 plus buyers commission. The cap had been kept under lock and key by Sohoni and his family for over 75 years. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2026/jan/26/crickets-holy-grail-for-460000-don-bradman-baggy-green-sells-at-auction

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Obituary in [[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket 1993]]
* {{note|Bose}} Mihir Bose, ''A History of Indian Cricket''
* {{note|PPC}} Richard Cashman, ''Patrons, Players and the Crowd''

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=34081}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sohoni, Ranga}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Hindus cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Rajasthan]]

Gavemic U. Ary

2026-01-21T23:10:01Z

BarbaraMajeski6: new...

{{short description|Indian cinematographer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gavemic Ary
| image = DoP Gavemic U Ary.jpg
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| organization = Southern India Cinematographers Association (SICA)
}}

'''Gavemic Ary''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]]. He began his career in the Indian film industry in the 2000s, working as an Assistant Cameraman under the mentorship of cinematographer Santosh Sivan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-03-23 |title='Cinematographers are like warriors' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-gavemic-u-ary-on-his-unique-working-style/article23330565.ece |access-date=2023-08-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Life==
He began his career in [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] productions in the 2000s, when he started working as an Assistant Cameraman under the supervision of cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]].<ref name=":0" />

His first film as a cinematographer was the [[2012 in film|2012]] [[independent film]] ''[[Mastram]]'', which followed the journey of a writer, in which he used the [[Arri Alexa]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Mastram]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
| Tamil
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]''
| Hindi
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Amma Kanakku]]''
| Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-24 |title=Amma Kanakku review: Mum's the word |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Amma-Kanakku-review-Mums-the-word/article14399311.ece |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
| Hindi
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]''
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=2021-11-19 |title=Bunty Aur Babli 2 Has A Repetitive Plot And Forgettable Dialogue |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bunty-aur-babli-2-review-has-a-repetitive-plot-and-forgettable-dialogue-rani-mukerji-saif-ali-khan-yrf |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=2022-03-18 |title=‘Bachchhan Paandey’ review: A goofy gangster comedy that doesn’t quite hit its mark |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1019703/bachchhan-paandey-review-a-goofy-gangster-comedy-that-doesnt-quite-hit-its-mark |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]''
| Tamil
| Additional cinematography<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-31 |title=Amy Jackson's look from Arun Vijay's 'Achcham Enbadhu Illayae' out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amy-jacksons-look-from-arun-vijays-achcham-enbadhu-illayae-out/article66455347.ece |access-date=2023-08-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Teenz]]'' || Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-01-20 |title=Parthiban's next is titled Teenz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/20/parthibans-next-is-titled-teenz-51391.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)| Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
| Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-01 |title=Kadhalikka Neramillai slated for a Pongal release |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/kadhalikka-neramillai-slated-for-a-pongal-release-817653 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{IMDb name|6192527}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ary, Gavemic}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]

{{cinematographer-stub}}

Rani Katochan

2026-01-19T02:40:42Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Made A Data Basic Info!

[[File:Portrait painting of Rani Gaddan (alternatively spelt as Rani Guddan), one of the Queens of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, circa 19th century (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Rani Gaddan, circa 19th century, Fakir Khana Museum, Lahore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waheeduddin |first=Fakir Syed |title=The Real Maharaja Ranjit Singh |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |year=2022 |isbn=9789391419004 |location=Ludhiana}}</ref>]]
'''Rani Katochan''' (died 1839), also known as '''Guddan''' or '''Mahitab Devi''', was a [[Hill States of India|Pahari]] wife of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. She was the daughter of [[Sansar Chand|Raja Sansar Chand]] of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780197548318 |pages=}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=55–56}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=Sep 21, 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=200 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Her sister, Raj Banso, was also married to Ranjit Singh but killed-herself after Ranjit Singh compared her beauty to that of a dancing-girl, which the Rajput queen took as a great-offence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |date=Jun 28, 2015 |title='Sati' choice before Maharaja Ranjit's Ranis |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sati-choice-before-maharaja-ranjits-ranis-99411 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Patwant |title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |last2=Rai |first2=Jyoti M. |date=Aug 1, 2013 |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |isbn=9780720615241 |edition=2nd |quote=The two who deserve mention here, both of whom he married in 1828, are Mahtab Devi and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra: the first because of her deep devotion to him and the second because she committed suicide when Ranjit Singh compared her exceptionally beautiful looks to those of a dancing girl - coming from a ruling family of Rajputs, Raj Banso took this slight to heart and overdosed on opium.}}</ref>
[[File:Rani Katochan with Ranjit Singh's head laying on her lap, detail from a painting of the funeral of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ca.1840 (cropped).png|thumb|Rani Katochan with Ranjit Singh's head laying on her lap, detail from a painting of the funeral of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ca.1840]]
Rani Katochan was said to have been personally devoted to her husband, so much so that she burnt herself on his funeral pyre in 1839.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" /> After Ranjit Singh's death, [[Dhian Singh]] visited Rani Katochan with the new Maharaja Kharak Singh.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=145–146}} During this visit, Dhian Singh stated he wished to also burn himself on the funeral pyre of Ranjit Singh, which Rani Katochan saw as a manipulation tactic against Kharak Singh to extract political concessions, who then panicked and placed his head on Dhian Singh's feet and attempted to persuade him against this.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=145–146}} In-response, Rani Katochan chastised Dhian Singh for his comments and that they were both disrespectful to the women preparing to commit sati and unfaithful to the maharaja.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=145–146}} Then, she made Dhian Singh swear an oath on the Bhagavad Gita to be loyal to the new maharaja, Kharak Singh, and the younger prince, either Nau Nihal Singh or perhaps Sher Singh.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=145–147}} Rani Katochan wanted to uphold the "sanctity of certain royal and religious rituals".<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=145–146}}

Rani Katochan was the principal mourner at the funeral of Ranjit Singh and emerged from the palace into the large courtyard for the first time in her life unveiled and barefoot, proceeding slowly toward the corpse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1978 |isbn=9788121505154 |edition=3rd |volume=5: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |pages=534}}</ref> According to [[Sohan Lal Suri|Sohan Lal Suri's]] account of Ranjit Singh's funeral, she placed the head of Ranjit Singh in her lap as the pyre burnt them whilst the other three queens and seven concubines performing ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' sat in a circle around them.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nadhra Shahbaz N. |date=25 July 2016 |title=Posthumous Homage Paid to Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/index.php/srj/article/view/123 |journal=Sikh Research Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=33–42 |doi=10.62307/srj.v1i1.123|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> When news of Rani Katochan's sati reached her family back in Kangra, they were very pleased and decided to commission a painting in 1840 depicting the event.<ref name=":2" />

Nau Nihal Singh also had a wife named Katochan, but this was a different woman who was the daughter of Rai Singh, the illegitimate son of Mian Fateh Singh of Lambagraon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saggar |first=Balraj |title=Who's Who in the History of Punjab, 1800-1849 |publisher=National Book Organisation |year=1993 |isbn=9788185135601 |pages=209–210}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Sikh Empire}}

[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Wives of Ranjit Singh]]
[[Category:Women from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Queens (title)]]
[[Category:1839 deaths]]

Sanjay Ghodawat Group

2026-01-08T14:56:13Z

BarbaraMajeski6:

{{lead too short|date=May 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sanjay Ghodawat Group
| type = [[Private limited company|Private]]
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| founded = 1993
| founder = [[Sanjay Ghodawat]]
| hq_location_city = [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Sanjay D. Ghodawat (Chairman) Shrenik Ghodawat (MD)
| products = Aviation, [[consumer products]], education, [[Energy storage|energy]], [[chemicals]], mining, software, [[realty]], [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]], retail, textiles
| production =
| production_year =
| brands =
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| num_employees = 10,000+
| num_employees_year = 2022
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ghodawat.com/}}
}}
'''Sanjay Ghodawat Group''' is an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Kolhapur]], India. Its businesses include energy, aviation, [[consumer products]], education, real estate, retail, and textiles. It was founded in 1993.<ref name="0:1"/>

== History ==
Ghodawat Group, established in 1993, expanded its business into various sectors such as wind energy, high-tech agriculture, chemicals, flexible packaging, edible oils, real estate, and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Within ten years of its establishment, the company achieved a turnover of ₹3.25 billion (US$75 million)..<ref name="0:1">{{cite news |title=New star on mining firmament |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/new-star-on-mining-firmament/articleshow/1686217.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerji |first1=Sumant |title=No Small Matter |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/small-town-consumers-are-no-longer-afraid-to-flaunt-their-dough-145815-2016-09-16 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2006, Ghodawat Group partnered with PVG group to set up STAR-PVG Exports and developed wind farms with over 50MW capacity in the states of [[Maharashtra]], Karnataka, and [[Rajasthan]], investing approximately {{INR}}2 billion.<ref name="0:1"/>

In 2008, the Sanjay Ghodawat Group, via its subsidiary Ghodawat Industries, ventured into [[wind turbine]] manufacturing through a partnership with the energy technology firm [[American Superconductor Corporation]] (AMSC).<ref name="0:2">{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Ind to invest Rs 100 cr for manufacturing turbines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ghodawat-ind-to-invest-rs-100-cr-for-manufacturing-turbines/articleshow/2957242.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 April 2008}}</ref> In 2009, Ghodawat Energy Pvt Ltd completed the commissioning of the Ghodawat 1650 Prototype at the Kaledhone site in [[Satara district]], Maharashtra, which has received approval from the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) and is registered under the [[Clean Development Mechanism]] (CDM).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat commissions wind turbine prototype |url=http://www.electricalmonitor.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=212&sid=1 |publisher=Electrical Monitor |date=1 November 2009}}</ref>

In 2009, the group also expanded into the entertainment sector by collaborating with [[Percept Picture Company]] to produce a range of [[Hindi film|Hindi]] and [[Marathi Films]], including ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' (2009) featuring [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], ''Carry On Pandu'' (2009), ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]'' (2010), and ''Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news |title=Percept inks deal with Sanjay Ghodawat Group |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/percept-inks-deal-with-sanjay-ghodawat-group-kannada-news-51462 |work=Indiaglitz |date=6 November 2009}}</ref>

In 2014, the company entered the [[FMCG]] sector with its edible oil business, subsequently expanding its product range to include atta, pulses, rice, salt, snacks, and beverages, among other items.<ref name="0:3"/>

In February 2018, the company divested a 250,000 sq ft property located in Embassy Golf Links Business Park, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], for {{INR}}350 crore ($54.5 million) to the investment firm The Xander Group. Ghodawat had initially acquired Embassy Golf Links Business Park in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunkara |first1=Keshav |title=Xander Buys Bengaluru Office Asset For $54.5 Mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/xander-buys-bengaluru-office-asset-for-54-5-mn |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhu |first1=Harshdeep |title=Ghodawat group, Percept ink multi-crore entertainment deal |url=https://topnews.in/ghodawat-group-percept-ink-multicrore-entertainment-deal-2233223 |publisher=Top News |date=6 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shirke |first1=Ulhas |title='Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha' salutes Marathi culture |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/jai-jai-maharashtra-maza-review.php |publisher=Marathi Movie World |date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Star Air Aircraft.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Star India]]'s [[Embraer ERJ family|Embraer 145]] parked at [[Kempegowda International Airport]], [[Bangalore]]]]
The group ventured into the aviation industry by launching [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]], a [[commuter airline]] in 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Star Air debuts E175 flight operations |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/127795-indias-star-air-debuts-e175-flight-operations |publisher=Ch Aviation |date=19 May 2023}}</ref> and currently operates in 17 locations.<ref name="0:4">{{cite news |title=Star Air launches its homecoming flight to Kolhapur |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/star-air-launches-its-homecoming-flight-to-kolhapur/article65972307.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
=== Ghodawat Agro ===
The company ventured into the [[floriculture]] industry in 2009. As of 2016, its subsidiary, Ghodawat Agro, supplies 300,000 flower stems daily. Additionally, the company cultivated a 60-acre [[ginger]] farm, along with various exotic herbs and vegetables near [[Kolhapur]]. Approximately 15% of their total flower production is exported to international markets, which include the United Kingdom, Japan, the [[Netherlands]], Germany, Australia, and [[Greece]]. Its agro business includes a portfolio of herbs and vegetables like [[Chinese cabbage]], [[Lettuce|iceberg lettuce]], [[tarragon]], [[ginger]], [[chives]], and [[oregano]].<ref name="0:5">{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Agro expands floriculture portfolio |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ghodawat-agro-expands-floriculture-portfolio-116012900761_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Ghodawat Energy ===
Established in 1993, Ghodawat Energy Limited (GEL) is involved in the manufacturing of wind turbines and towers, as well as power generation through its wind farms. As of 2023, the company produces 100 MW of wind power. GEL provides electricity to state electricity boards and private industries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Sarimul Islam |title=Ghodawat Energy to acquire wind farms, plans stake sale next year |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-42053720090828 |agency=[[VCCircle]] |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> Ghodawat Industries, operated as a subsidiary of Ghodawat Energy Limited has been engaged in the manufacturing of wind turbine towers. It has served clients such as [[Suzlon]], [[Vestas]], and [[Enercon E-126|Enercon]].<ref name="0:2"/> GEL owns and operates 165+ wind turbines with a total capacity of 105 MW.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Energy Pvt Ltd |url=https://windpower.industry-report.net/ghodawat-energy-pvt-ltd/ |publisher=Windpower Industry}}</ref> Ghodawat Energy has established outsourcing agreements with Jaki of Germany and DHI of China for the procurement of gearboxes, generators sourced from Elim of Austria, blades from Bangalore-based LM Glass, and electrical systems from [[American Superconductor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat group plans Rs 2000 crore expansion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ghodawat-group-plans-rs-2000-crore-expansion-109021600057_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=25 January 2013}}</ref> It had a revenue of {{INR}}125 crore in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Energy to go public in three years |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ghodawat-energy-to-go-public-in-three-years-109102900060_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Star Air ===
{{main|Star Air (India)}}
Sanjay Ghodawat Group operates [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]], an airline founded in 2017. Star Air commenced its flight operations as part of the [[Government of India]]'s [[Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik]] scheme, aimed at enhancing regional connectivity within India. As of 2022, Star Air offers scheduled flight services to 19 Indian destinations, including [[Ahmedabad]], [[Ajmer]] ([[Kishangarh]]), [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], Delhi ([[Hindon Airport|Hindon]]), [[Hubli]], [[Indore]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kalaburagi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nashik]], [[Surat]], [[Tirupati]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Solapur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bhuj]], [[Raipur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Air Expands Regional Connectivity with New Routes to Jharsuguda and Raipur |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/star-air-expands-regional-connectivity-with-new-routes-to-jharsuguda-and-raipur-9153395.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bidar]], and [[Kolhapur]].<ref name="0:4"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Prince Mathews |title=Regional airline Star Air beats bigger peers IndiGo, SpiceJet on passenger load |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/a-regional-air-scaling-up-is-a-new-thing-in-india-10581231.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=19 March 2021}}</ref> It became the largest regional airline in India in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Air claims largest regional airline slot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/star-air-claims-largest-regional-airline-slot/article67224425.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Ghodawat Consumer ===
Ghodawat Consumer Limited (GCL) is the FMCG arm of the Sanjay Ghodawat Group which was started as an edible oil business in 2014 and later expanded into staples and impulse categories.<ref name="0:3">{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Consumer becomes a ₹1,000-cr brand |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ghodawat-consumer-becomes-a-1000-cr-brand/article34698322.ece |agency=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=1 June 2021}}</ref> GCL manufactures all its products in-house, including atta, edible oil, pulses, rice, salt, snacks, namkeens, and fruit/vegetable-based crunchies. Notable beverages include Fizzinga, Frustar, Coolberg, and Rider. In FY23, GCL reported revenues exceeding {{INR}}1,600 crore.<ref name="0:6">{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Consumer crosses 1600cr revenue in FY23 |url=https://www.foodtechbiz.com/business-updates/ghodawat-consumer-crosses-1600cr-revenue-in-fy23 |publisher=Foodtechbiz |date=19 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The FMCG Star |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/the-fmcg-star/416184 |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=5 February 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, the company acquired the non-alcoholic beverage brand Coolberg, with the financial terms of the transaction remaining undisclosed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maloo |first1=Malvika |title=Ghodawat Consumer Acquires Beverage Brand Coolberg |url=https://www.vccircle.com/ghodawatconsumer-acquires-beverage-brand-coolberg |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=22 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, the company acquired the packaged foods brand, To Be Honest as part of its strategy to enhance its premium packaged goods portfolio.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Consumer buys packaged foods brand To Be Honest |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ghodawat-consumer-buys-packaged-foods-brand-to-be-honest-11673330209887.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Star Localmart ===
The company operates Star Localmart, a retail chain of supermarkets in the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. As of June 2023, it manages 80 stores under this brand, with 60 being company-owned and operated, while the remaining 20 operate under a franchise model. The supermarket business of Sanjay Ghodawat Group reported revenues of {{INR}}22 crore during the financial year 2021–2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamba |first1=Charu |title=Ghodawat Consumer Ltd to open 3,000 stores of Star Localmart in the next 5 years |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/ghodawat-consumer-ltd-to-open-3000-stores-of-star-localmart-in-the-next-5-years/101093019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Sanjay Ghodawat University ===
Sanjay Ghodawat University was established as a state-private university in April 2017 following approval from the state cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qazi |first1=Musab |title=Maha likely to get five private universities offering unique courses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maha-likely-to-get-five-private-universities-offering-unique-courses/story-ARw3TGHkML91E3Oy6WWUbO.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 April 2017}}</ref> The institution holds a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] A grade accreditation. Its programs are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]. Sanjay Ghodawat University offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD programs in technology, pharmacy, architecture, science, liberal arts, computer applications, management, and commerce.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Ghodawat University, Kolhapur |url=https://www.educationworld.in/sanjay-ghodawat-university-kolhapur/ |publisher=Education World |date=August 2020}}</ref>

== Financials ==
In the fiscal year 2014–2015, the Sanjay Ghodawat Group reported a turnover of {{INR}}15 billion.<ref name="0:5"/> Ghodawat Consumer Limited reported a revenue of {{INR}}10 billion for the financial year ending in March 2021<ref name="0:3"/> and recorded revenue of {{INR}}16 billion in the fiscal year 2023.<ref name="0:6"/>

== CSR ==
The group has engaged in various corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives through its CSR arm, the Sanjay Ghodawat Foundation. SGF also operates a self-funded girls school, Kanya Mahavidyalaya in Kolhapur, providing education to more than 6000 girls from 52 villages since 1995. The foundation also runs the Acharya Shree Tulsi Blood Bank. The 'Mauli Old Age Home' under the Sanjay Ghodawat Foundation provides shelter, medical support, sustenance, and essential services to abandoned elderly individuals. The foundation operates a blind school in partnership with the [[National Federation of the Blind]].<ref name="0:7">{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Vaibhav |title=शून्यातून विश्व उभे करणारे कोल्हापूरचे उद्योगपती, कोण आहेत संजय घोडावत? |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/business/success-story-who-is-sanjay-ghodawat-kolhapur-industrialist-who-built-the-world-from-scratch-570855.html |publisher=TV9 Marathi |date=6 November 2021 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

In 2018, in response to severe flooding in the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]], the foundation offered assistance by distributing food packets, clothing, and essential medicines. In 2019, the foundation made a charitable contribution of {{INR}}5.1 million to help drought-affected farmers, which was presented to the former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Devendra Fadnavis]].<ref name="0:7"/> It donated {{INR}}5.1 million to the families of soldiers who lost their lives in the [[2019 Pulwama attack]]. Employees, faculty members, and civil contractors associated with the group contributed to this donation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Ghodawat Group donates Rs 51 lakh to Pulwama martyrs families |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/02/21/business/quick-notes-266/ |publisher=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* The CSR division of the Sanjay Ghodawat Group received the [[Ahimsa Award|Ahimsa International Award]] in 2022 for its contributions to CSR and sustainability. The award was presented by [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]], the former [[Governor of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Ghodawat awarded Ahimsa International Award |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sanjay-ghodawat-awarded-ahimsa-international-award/article66106752.ece |agency=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=7 November 2022}}</ref>
* In November 2022, the Sanjay Ghodawat Foundation received the Mahatma Award from the [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Ghodawat Foundation receives Mahatma Award |url=https://sugandhindia.in/sanjay-ghodawat-foundation-receives-mahatma-award/ |publisher=Sugandh India |date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
* Ghodawat Consumer Limited received the 'Brand of the Year' award from [[The Times Group]] at the Times Power Brand 2022 for its 'STAR' brand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghodawat Consumer Felicitated with Brand of the Year Award |url=https://www.foodtechbiz.com/business-updates/brand-of-the-year-awarded-to-star-ghodawat-consumer |publisher=Foodtechbiz |date=7 July 2022}}</ref>
* Ghodawat Consumer has been included in India's Top 500 Valuable Companies by [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] magazine.<ref>"500: India's Most Valuable Companies". [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]. 28 November 2021. ISBN 9-770974-365009</ref>
* In 2020, the Channelier FMCG Awards selected two of its products, Star Refined Oil and Ayurstar, from Ghodawat Mediatech as Brands of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brand of the Year |url=https://awards.channelier.com/winnerdetails?category=brand |publisher=Channelier |date=2022}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2004, when the [[Government of Maharashtra]] imposed a ban on [[gutka]], [[pan masala]] and [[flavored tobacco|flavoured tobacco]], responding to this, Ghodawat Pan Masala Products filed a legal case against the ban. The [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in favour of Ghodawat Pan Masala Products, asserting that 'since paan masala, gutkha, and supari are consumed for taste and nourishment, they all fall under the category of food.' Before this, [[Gutka]] manufacturers consistently challenged bans by arguing that gutkha was not a food item. The Supreme Court also overturned the ban and ruled that only the Central government had the authority to prohibit the sale of a food item.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Veenu |title=How the gutka industry is being killed |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-special-how-the-gutka-industry-is-being-killed/20120821.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=21 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Raghavendra |title=State Commissioner of Food Safety has no power to impose ban on manufacture and sale of gutka and pan masala: AP High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-commissioner-of-food-safety-has-no-power-to-impose-ban-on-manufacture-and-sale-of-gutka-and-pan-masala-ap-high-court/article66660319.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 March 2023}}</ref> The case is known as ''Ghodawat Pan Masala Products and Ors. v. Union of India''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fatangare |first1=Gauri |title=Ghodawat Pan Masala Products and Ors. v. Union of India |url=https://indianlawportal.co.in/ghodawat-pan-masala-products-and-ors-v-union-of-india/ |website=Indianlawportal.com |date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of companies of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ghodawat.com/ Official website]
{{Portal bar|Companies|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1993]]

Karpal Singh

2026-01-03T03:36:14Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Structure improved and content revised

{{short description|Former Malaysian politician and lawyer}}
{{distinguish|Kirpal Singh}}
{{about|the Malaysian politician and lawyer|the seaside promenade in Penang|Karpal Singh Drive}}
{{Indian name|Karpal Singh|Ram Singh|note=on}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Seri Utama]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|DUPN}}
| name = Karpal Singh
| native_name = {{nobold|ਕਰਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = Karpal Singh in Kuching, 2011.jpg
| caption = Karpal in 2011.
| office = 3rd National Chairman of the [[Democratic Action Party]]
| term_start = 4 September 2004
| term_end = 29 March 2014
| 1blankname = Secretary-General
| 1namedata = [[Lim Guan Eng]]
| predecessor = [[Lim Kit Siang]]
| successor = [[Tan Kok Wai]]
| parliament2 = Malaysian
| constituency_MP2 = [[Bukit Gelugor]]
| term_start2 = 21 March 2004
| term_end2 = 17 April 2014
| majority2 =
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = [[Ramkarpal Singh]]
| parliament3 = Malaysian
| constituency_MP3 = [[Jelutong]]
| term_start3 = 31 July 1978
| term_end3 = 29 November 1999
| predecessor3 = Rasiah Rajasingam
| successor3 = Lee Kah Choon
| birth_name = Karpal Singh s/o Ram Singh Deo
| birth_date = 28 June 1940
| birth_place = [[George Town, Penang]], [[Straits Settlements]] (now [[Malaysia]])
| residence = [[Bukit Damansara|Damansara Heights]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|4|17|1940|6|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gua Tempurung]], [[Perak]], Malaysia
| spouse = {{marriage|Gurmit Kaur|1970}}
| children = 5 (including [[Jagdeep Singh Deo|Jagdeep]], [[Gobind Singh Deo|Gobind]] and [[Ramkarpal Singh|Ramkarpal]])
| parents = Ram Singh Deo (father) Kartar Kaur (mother)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Lawyer
| relations =
| party = [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) {{small|(1970–2014)}}
| otherparty = [[Gagasan Rakyat]] (GR) {{small|(1990–1996)}} [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) {{small|(1999–2004)}} [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{small|(2008–2014)}}
| education = [[St. Xavier's Institution]]
| alma_mater = [[National University of Singapore]] ([[Bachelor of laws|LLB]])
| nickname = Tiger of Jelutong
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karpal Singh s/o Ram Singh Deo''' ({{langx|pa|ਕਰਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ|Karpāl Siṅgh}}; 28 June 1940 – 17 April 2014) was an [[Indian Malaysian]] politician and lawyer. He was [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the constituency of [[Bukit Gelugor]] in the state of [[Penang]] from [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]] to 2014. During that time, he was also the National Chairman of the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP).<ref>Zurairi AR (18 April 2014). [http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/10-things-about-karpal-singh-the-tiger-of-jelutong 10 things about: Karpal Singh, The Tiger of Jelutong] ''[[The Malay Mail]]''. Retrieved on 21 April 2014.</ref>

Born in Penang to [[Sikh]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]] immigrant parents, Karpal studied law at the [[National University of Singapore]]. He was one of Malaysia's most prominent lawyers and took a number of high-profile cases, including drug-trafficking charges against foreign nationals. Karpal was an opponent of the death penalty, especially for drug trafficking.

In the courtroom and Parliament, he was a controversial figure. Karpal was suspended from Parliament several times, charged with [[sedition]] and detained under Malaysia's [[Internal Security Act (Malaysia)|internal-security law]]. His reputation as a lawyer and opposition politician gave him the nickname "the Tiger of Jelutong".

Karpal's political career began in 1970 (when he joined the DAP), and he won a seat in the [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]] in [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]. He was elected to [[Dewan Rakyat|parliament]] in [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]] as representative for [[Jelutong|Jelutong, Penang]], and held the seat for more than 20 years until he lost it in [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]. Karpal returned to Parliament in the next general election, and led the DAP to its strongest-ever performance in the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]]. A 2005 motor-vehicle accident put Karpal in a wheelchair, with neuro-motor problems in his right arm, but he continued his legal and political careers. He died on 17 April 2014 after another motor-vehicle accident.

==Early life and education==
Born in [[George Town, Penang|Georgetown]], [[Penang]], Karpal was the son of a [[security guard|watchman]] and [[herder|herdsman]], Ram Singh Deo.<ref name="roaring">{{cite news |title=This Tiger's still roaring |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/7/25/lifefocus/6713036&sec=lifefocus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726004855/http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F7%2F25%2Flifefocus%2F6713036&sec=lifefocus |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2010 |last1=Vengadesan |first1=Martin |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="birthday tribute">{{cite news|title=A Birthday Tribute to DAP National Chairman Karpal Singh |date=July 2010 |pages=7–10 |publisher=[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] |work=The Rocket |issn=1823-8424}}</ref> His mother was Kartar Kaur.

Karpal studied at [[St. Xavier's Institution]]<ref name="birthday tribute"/><ref name="sueking"/> and received his [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from the [[National University of Singapore]],<ref name="roaring"/> where he was the president of the student union.<ref name="birthday tribute"/> He was barred from his hostel for protesting against the university's decision to mandate certificates of political suitability for incoming students.<ref name="birthday tribute"/> Karpal said he took seven years to graduate, admitting that he was "playful" and "didn't attend lectures".<ref name="roaring"/> After failing his final-year courses, the dean made him sit at the front of his classes; according to Karpal, "I couldn't play the fool anymore and I passed my exams accordingly!"<ref name="roaring"/>

==Legal career==
He was called to the Penang bar in 1969 and joined a firm in [[Alor Star]], [[Kedah]].<ref name="birthday tribute"/><ref name="sueking">{{cite journal |last1=Vatikiotis |first1=Michael |year=1993 |title=A Malaysian who dared sue a king |journal=[[Far Eastern Economic Review]] |volume=156 |issue=20 |pages=78 |url=http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Business-international/Prince-of-patronage-shares-row-spotlights-controversial-Indian-leader.html |access-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Karpal founded his legal firm the following year,<ref name="pillar">{{cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/9/10/lifefocus/20060909190214&sec=lifefocus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009100118/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F9%2F10%2Flifefocus%2F20060909190214&sec=lifefocus |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2008 |title=His pillar of strength |date=10 September 2006 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref> and was known for his expertise in the field of [[litigation]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://dapmalaysia.org/newenglish/leaders_biodata_karpal.htm |title=Karpal Singh |publisher=[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230150557/http://dapmalaysia.org/newenglish/leaders_biodata_karpal.htm |archive-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a pioneer in [[drug trafficking]] and [[habeas corpus]] cases, and opposed the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=4608&Itemid=332|title = A tribute to Karpal Singh (1940–2014); Malaysian Bar|last = Sharmila|first = Joane|date = April–June 2014|journal = Praxis|access-date = 10 August 2014}}</ref> Karpal was praised for "defending the little man",<ref name="sueking"/> and was called "a friend to the oppressed and marginalised."<ref name="durable">{{cite news |title=Durable and obdurate |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/7/25/lifefocus/6712597&sec=lifefocus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622045712/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F7%2F25%2Flifefocus%2F6712597&sec=lifefocus |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=25 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] law professor [[Shad Saleem Faruqi]] praised Karpal's legal team for their innovative interpretations, which helped defendants with difficult cases.<ref name="durable"/>

===Death penalty===
Karpal was described as a leading opponent of the [[Capital punishment in Malaysia|death penalty in Malaysia]],<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About Karpal Singh |url=http://www.lrwc.org/campaign/malaysia1.php |publisher=Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114174606/http://www.lrwc.org/campaign/malaysia1.php |archive-date=14 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and successfully defended at least ten foreigners on serious drug charges (which have a mandatory death sentence).<ref name="sueking"/> However, in July 2010 he called for convicted [[Child sexual abuse|child rapists]] to receive the death sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal cadang perogol kanak-kanak dihukum mati |url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/138852 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |language=ms |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007100604/http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/138852 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Among Karpal's highest-profile cases were his defence of Australian drug trafficker Kevin Barlow, who was [[Barlow and Chambers execution|executed]] in Malaysia in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1986/jul/07/fromthearchive |title=Brian Chambers and Kevin Barlow executed in Malaysia |last1=Hiett |first1=Peter |date=7 July 1986 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> Barlow and fellow Australian Brian Chambers were convicted of trafficking heroin by the [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Court in Penang]] in July 1985,<ref>{{cite news |title=No effort spared' in bid to save heroin convicts |last=Dover |first=Bruce |date=28 July 1985 |newspaper=[[The Sunday Mail (Brisbane)|The Sunday Mail]]}}</ref> and Karpal continued fighting to clear Barlow's name after his execution.<ref name="hangman">{{cite news |title=The man who fought the hangman |last=Petersen |first=Don |date=6 November 1986 |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail]]}}</ref> Karpal also defended New Zealanders Lorraine Cohen and her son, Aaron, against heroin-trafficking charges in 1987.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lorraine's long, lonely wait on Malaysia's death row |last=Baker |first=M. |date=8 September 1988 |newspaper=[[Herald Sun]]}}</ref> They were convicted, with Lorraine sentenced to death and Aaron to life in prison. Lorraine's death sentence was [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] to life imprisonment in 1989, and both were pardoned and freed in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |title=Penang pardons NZ drug traffickers |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |date=27 May 1996}}</ref> In 1977, Karpal managed to persuade the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] to pardon a 14-year-old Chinese boy who was sentenced to death for possession of a firearm under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]], reportedly suggesting that to let the boy hang would be "politically explosive."<ref name="sueking"/>

In 2006, Karpal represented two sisters who were charged with allegedly masterminding the murder of their Australian stepfather [[murder of Hans Herzog|Hans Herzog]], who was killed by two male teenagers in a parang attack at his Kuala Lumpur home in 2003. The sisters were alleged to have hired the two boys to attack Herzog due to their resentment over the supposed abusive treatment they received from Herzog.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sisters, friends planned murder, court told |work=The New Straits Times |date=19 August 2004 }}</ref> The sisters were later acquitted without their defence being called, and Karpal would later represent one of the two hired hitmen in his appeal in 2009, which ended with the boy, who was 17 at the time of the crime, to be convicted for murder and detained indefinitely at the [[Sultan of Selangor|Selangor Sultan]]'s pleasure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man to hang for Herzog's murder |work=The New Straits Times |date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> The boy's older friend Low Kian Boon (aged 18 at the time of the murder) was sentenced to death, before the sentence was reduced to 35 years' imprisonment and 12 strokes of the cane in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/03/28/court-commutes-sentence-of-youth-who-murdered-aussie-businessman/|title=Court commutes sentence of youth who murdered Aussie businessman|date=28 March 2024 |website=Free Malaysia Today}}</ref>

Karpal also took on cases outside of Malaysia's jurisdiction during his legal career. In January 1995, Karpal travelled to [[Singapore]] and represented Malaysian gunman [[Ng Theng Shuang]] in his appeal against the [[Capital punishment in Singapore|death sentence]] issued to Ng under the [[Arms Offences Act]] for discharging his firearm during a goldsmith robbery heist at Singapore's [[South Bridge Road]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 1995|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/lhzb19950127-1.2.26.1|title=被告律师建议摒弃"侯大头"案例没被接受持枪抢劫天成金庄被告上诉失败维持死刑原判 |language=zh|newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao}}</ref> Ng's appeal was dismissed despite Karpal's arguments in the appeal, and he was hanged on 14 July 1995 in [[Changi Prison]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 1995|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19950716-1.2.32.12 |title=Gunman in goldsmith shop shoot-out hanged |newspaper=The Straits Times}}</ref>

===Anwar Ibrahim===
Karpal represented former Deputy Prime Minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]] during Anwar's 1998 [[Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials|sodomy trial]].<ref name="far east">{{cite book |title=The Far East and Australasia, 2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-133-9 |edition=34 |pages=770}}</ref> In September 1999, he produced a pathological report confirming high levels of [[arsenic]] in Anwar's body and accused authorities of poisoning him: "It could well be that someone out there wants to get rid of him ... even to the extent of murder ... I suspect people in high places are responsible for this situation."<ref name="about"/> The accusation led to Karpal's detention under the [[Sedition Act 1948|Sedition Act]] in January 2000.<ref name="tribute"/>

He was the lead defence counsel in Anwar's second sodomy trial, after new allegations in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anwar applies for new trial and judge |author=Irdiani Mohd Salleh |date=3 June 2011 |at=Local p. 14}}</ref> After a two-year trial, Anwar was acquitted on 10 January 2012;<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia's Anwar acquitted |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/malaysias-anwar-acquitted-20120109-1pryd.html |work=[[The Age]] |date=10 January 2012 |first=Tom |last=Allard |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> however, the acquittal was overturned two years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26479642|title=Malaysia jails Anwar Ibrahim for five years for sodomy|date=7 March 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Entry into politics===
Karpal joined the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) in 1970, citing its multiracial [[Party platform|platform]] after the [[13 May Incident|1969 race riots]].<ref name="roaring"/><ref name="At 70">{{cite news |title=At 70, Karpal says won't close shop |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/at-70-karpal-says-wont-close-shop/ |author=Shazwan Mustafa Kamal |date=28 June 2010 |publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]] |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703082804/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/at-70-karpal-says-wont-close-shop/ |archive-date=3 July 2010 }}</ref> Although he planned to contest the [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974 general election]] in [[Penang]], he withdrew after his father's death. However, Karpal was persuaded by DAP national organising secretary [[Fan Yew Teng]] to stand for the [[Alor Setar]] parliamentary seat and the Alor Setar Bandar [[Dewan Undangan Negeri Kedah|state seat]].<ref name="roaring"/> He won only the state seat, the first DAP candidate to win a seat in [[Kedah]].<ref name="karpal">{{cite web |title=Karpal Singh |url=http://www.karpalsingh.net/ |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103134614/http://www.karpalsingh.net/ |archive-date=3 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978 general elections]], Karpal won the [[Jelutong]] parliamentary seat and the [[Bukit Gelugor]] [[Dewan Undangan Negeri Pulau Pinang|state seat]]. He held the Bukit Gelugor state seat until 1990, losing subsequent elections for the [[Sungai Pinang]] and [[Padang Kota]] seats.

In 1989, Karpal accused Deputy Speaker D. P. Vijandran of appearing in pornographic videos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Porn row |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=22 December 1989 |page=8}}</ref> Although the allegations were dismissed due to lack of evidence, Vijandran resigned the following year.<ref name="lewd">{{cite news |title=Tape shows former Deputy Speaker in lewd acts: DAP |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |author=Kalimullah Hassan |date=21 July 1992}}</ref> In 1992, Karpal produced the alleged videotape in parliament and gave it to Deputy Speaker [[Ong Tee Keat]].<ref name="lewd"/> Vijandran was convicted in May 1994 of fabricating evidence in an affidavit seeking a court order to stop his nephew from allegedly distributing pornographic videotapes in which he appeared,<ref>{{cite news |title=Former MIC leader in sex-tape case weds in India |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=10 June 1995}}</ref> but the conviction was overturned in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijandran acquitted on perjury charge after appeal |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=25 August 1998 |page=6}}</ref> In 2000, Karpal was ordered to pay Vijandran [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]500,000 (reduced to RM100,000 on appeal) in damages for defamation after he accused Vijandran of [[cheque fraud]].<ref>{{cite news |title=RM900,000 in damages for Vijandran |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijandran-Karpal Singh suit: Damages reduced to RM100,000 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=4 August 2000 |author=Ruslaini Abbas}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Wilderness}}Setback===
In the 1999 election, Karpal lost the Jelutong parliamentary seat he had held for 21 years, and DAP leader [[Lim Kit Siang]] was also defeated.<ref name="far east"/> The DAP had joined [[Barisan Alternatif]], an opposition alliance with [[Parti Keadilan Rakyat|Parti Keadilan]] and the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) (a move strongly supported by Karpal and Lim).<ref>{{cite news |title=Kit Siang: I will not cling to post |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=9 December 1999 |at=National p. 10}}</ref> Despite the ruling [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) coalition's significant losses in the election, Keadilan and PAS absorbed the gains as DAP support eroded due to suspicion of PAS and its hard-line Islamic stance.<ref name="Karpal on the DAP">{{cite news |title=Karpal on the DAP |url=http://www.thenutgraph.com/karpal-on-the-dap/ |last1=Loh |first1=Deborah |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=The Nut Graph |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> Although the DAP gained seats, the party performed well below expectations and Lim called the results a "catastrophic defeat".<ref>{{cite news |title=Out: Kit Siang as DAP chief |last=Pereira |first=Brendan |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=3 December 1999}}</ref> Despite the setback, Karpal remained as party deputy chairman and Lim became chairman after the resignation of long-serving chairman [[Chen Man Hin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kit Siang quits as sec-gen of DAP, elected chairman |author1=Patvinder Singh |author2=Abdul Razak Ahmad |date=3 December 1999 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |page=1}}</ref> Karpal strongly opposed a PAS plan to introduce [[hudud]] (Islamic codes of behavior) into the [[Terengganu]] state legal system in 1999, threatening to take the state government to court.<ref>{{cite news |title=DAP to take Pas to court if hudud is implemented |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=3 December 1999 |last=Chong |first=Chee Seong |at=National p. 10}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Return to parliament}}Return to Parliament===
In the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 general election]], Karpal returned to parliament with a 1,261-vote majority in the new [[Bukit Gelugor]] seat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election results 2004: Penang |url=http://thestar.com.my/election/results2004/05/05p.html |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109063938/http://thestar.com.my/election/results2004/05/05p.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The DAP regained its position as the largest opposition party in Parliament,<ref>{{cite web |title=Election 2004 Results |url=http://thestar.com.my/election/results2004/results.html |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108011020/http://thestar.com.my/election/results2004/results.html |archive-date=8 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Karpal became the party's national chairman on 4 September 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Confirmed: Guan Eng is DAP leader |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/29742 |date=4 September 2004 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

On 7 September, he was sanctioned for "misleading Parliament" after claiming that MPs had to raise their right hand while they took the oath of office on 17 May. A report by the Parliamentary Rights and Privileges Committee gave Karpal three days to apologise or face a six-month suspension.<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Malaysia |url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/DR-07092004.pdf |title=Penyata Rasmi Parlimen|house=[[Dewan Rakyat]] |date=7 September 2004 |column=102 |speaker=Lim Si Cheng |position=Deputy Speaker}}</ref> He refused to apologise and served the suspension.<ref name="mpinexile">{{cite news |title='MP-in-exile' Karpal will not apologise |url=http://www3.malaysiakini.com/news/29820 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |date=7 September 2004 |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721114924/http://www3.malaysiakini.com/news/29820 |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal Singh willing to serve out suspension |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=10 September 2004 |at=Nation}}</ref>

==={{anchor|"Political tsunami"}}Victories and controversy===
[[File:SSetev.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=A seated Karpal with four other people|Karpal Singh (seated on the left) holding a press conference in the parliament building with Shaariibuu Setev, the father of [[Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa|Altantuya Shaariibuu]]]]
Karpal retained his seat in the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 election]] with a nearly-20-fold-vote increased majority (21,015 votes).<ref>{{cite web |title=Election results 2008: Penang |url=http://thestar.com.my/election/results/05/05p.html |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327050113/http://thestar.com.my/election/results/05/05p.html |archive-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The election saw historic gains for the opposition, who denied the ruling coalition [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) a two-thirds majority in Parliament for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia PM rejects calls to quit |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7285864.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 March 2008 |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

The three major opposition parties formed a coalition
(the [[Pakatan Rakyat]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=PKR, PAS, DAP to form Pakatan Rakyat |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/4/1/nation/20080401134152&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506115800/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F4%2F1%2Fnation%2F20080401134152&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2008 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=1 April 2008 |access-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> and Karpal was listed as the DAP representative on the coalition's [[Shadow Cabinet|Shadow Ministry]] of Home Affairs Committee in July 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakatan forms shadow parliamentary committees |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/2/nation/20090702193646&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705081305/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F7%2F2%2Fnation%2F20090702193646&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2009 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2 July 2009 |access-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref>

In April 2010, he was suspended from parliament for ten days after he called the speaker a "dictator".<ref>{{cite news|title=Karpal booted out for calling speaker a dictator |url=http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20100408/karpal-booted-calling-speaker-dictator/ai_n53071043/ |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=8 April 2010 |publisher=FindArticles.com |author=V. Vasudevan |access-date=9 June 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In December of that year, he and opposition members of parliament [[Anwar Ibrahim]], [[Azmin Ali]] and [[Sivarasa Rasiah]] were suspended for six months. Anwar was suspended for stirring up [[APCO Worldwide#Malaysia|controversy]] over government links to [[APCO Worldwide]], while the rest were punished for publicising a report by the Rights and Privileges Committee finding Anwar guilty before the report was presented to Parliament.<ref name="contempt">{{cite news |title=Anwar, three Pakatan MPs, suspended for six months |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/12/16/nation/20101216103951&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217033117/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Fnation%2F20101216103951&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2010 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=16 December 2010 |access-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref>

In December 2011, Karpal and Penang second deputy chief minister [[P. Ramasamy]] feuded over Ramasamy's reported accusation that dissidents in the DAP were plotting against him for not giving them projects and favours. Karpal called Ramasamy a "warlord" and asked for him to resign as deputy chief minister.<ref name="warlord">{{cite news |title=Karpal wants Ramasamy to quit over plot allegations |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/karpal-wants-ramasamy-to-quit-over-plot-allegations |publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]] |date=24 December 2011 |first=Hong Chieh |last=Yow |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108073216/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/karpal-wants-ramasamy-to-quit-over-plot-allegations |archive-date=8 January 2012 }}</ref> Ramasamy asked the party to remove its "godfathers", an apparent reference to Karpal.<ref name="warlord"/> The feud was resolved internally, and Ramasamy later denied ever making the accusation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramasamy blames The Star for latest row with Karpal |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ramasamy-blames-the-star-for-latest-row-with-karpal |publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]] |date=26 December 2011 |author=Lisa J. Ariffin |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107155637/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ramasamy-blames-the-star-for-latest-row-with-karpal |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref> At the DAP national conference in January 2012, Karpal joined Ramasamy and asked the party's "warlords and godfathers [to] stand together against Barisan Nasional."<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal, Ramasamy end feud |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/1/8/nation/20120108120522&sec=nation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721095951/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/1/8/nation/20120108120522&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=8 January 2012 |first=Regina |last=Lee |access-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Political views==
Karpal Singh cited [[David Saul Marshall]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[John F. Kennedy]] as influences. The [[13 May Incident]] convinced him that Malaysia needed to take a multiracial course, and he joined the DAP in 1970. Karpal praised the country's first prime minister, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] for promoting racial unity.<ref name="roaring"/> He criticised the legal immunity granted to the hereditary Malay rulers in the original [[Constitution of Malaysia|constitution]], which was [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia|removed]] by the [[Mahathir Mohamad]] government in 1993.<ref name="sueking"/><ref>{{cite news |title=All in the name of fair distribution of power |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Monday/Columns/2422273/Article/index_html |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=8 December 2008 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208214756/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Monday/Columns/2422273/Article/index_html |archive-date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

Karpal Singh opposed the idea of Malaysia as an [[Islamic state]], arguing that the constitution provided for a secular nation with Islam as the official religion, and clashed with Mahathir and fellow opposition party [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]] over the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Islamic state for DAP, says Karpal |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/no-islamic-state-for-dap-says-karpal/ |author=Shazwan Mustafa Kamal |date=10 June 2010 |publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]] |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103073319/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/no-islamic-state-for-dap-says-karpal/ |archive-date=3 January 2011 }}</ref> Karpal said "an Islamic state over my dead body" about the debate during a political speech,<ref name="roaring"/> but later said that he had apologised for the remark.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal raps two NST journalists |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/2011/06/15/karpal-raps-two-nst-journalists/ |publisher=Free Malaysia Today |date=15 June 2011 |author=G. Vinod |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618012803/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/2011/06/15/karpal-raps-two-nst-journalists/ |archive-date=18 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Controversies and issues==
Karpal was a controversial figure, and he and fellow DAP politician Lim Kit Siang have been referred to as racial provocateurs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Musa |first=M. Bakri |title=Towards A Competitive Malaysia |year=2007 |publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre |location=Petaling Jaya |isbn=978-983-3782-20-8|pages=79 }}</ref> He was nicknamed "the Tiger of Jelutong" by admirers after serving five terms as Jelutong MP.<ref name="walk">{{cite news |title=I will walk again |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2006/9/10/lifefocus/15373198&sec=lifefocus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009100113/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F9%2F10%2Flifefocus%2F15373198&sec=lifefocus |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2008 |date=26 September 2006 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref> Karpal attributed the nickname to a confrontation with former [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] President [[Samy Vellu]] when he said to Samy, "he could be the lion, and I could be the tiger, because there are no lions in Malaysia!"<ref name="roaring"/>

===Slurs===
He clashed with government parliamentarians and assemblymen during debates. On two occasions in the Penang State Assembly, the speaker called police to have Karpal removed from the chamber.<ref name="hangman"/> Karpal ordered the police officers out both times, saying that they had no right to be there before walking out on his own.<ref name="hangman"/>

He criticised the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] for allegedly assaulting two men who were brought to the palace by police, which sparked demands for an apology from members of Parliament; Karpal refused.<ref name="hangman"/> Karpal filed a lawsuit against the king, [[Iskandar of Johor]], in 1986 on behalf of one of the men. He lost, and the sultan reportedly named one of his dogs after him.<ref name="sueking"/>

Karpal served two six-month suspensions from Parliament: in September 2004 for "misleading" Parliament,<ref name="mpinexile"/> and in December 2010 for contempt.<ref name="contempt"/> During a May 2008 session, he called fellow parliamentarian [[Bung Moktar Radin]] the "[[Bigfoot]] from [[Kinabatangan]]".<ref name="zoo">{{cite news |title=Dewan turns into a 'zoo' over seating position, name-calling |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/1/nation/21116600&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018150043/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F5%2F1%2Fnation%2F21116600&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2012 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=1 May 2008 |access-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Moments later, Karpal was mocked by [[Ibrahim Ali (Malaysia)|Ibrahim Ali]] and [[Bung Moktar Radin]] for his inability to stand while speaking as a result of his disability (provoking a furore among opposition members).<ref name="zoo"/> The following month, he received a death threat in the form of a bullet delivered to his law firm.<ref name="threat">{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/20080521194237/1 |title=Dewan Dispatches: The Tiger bites the bullet |author=Azmi Anshar |date=21 May 2008 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608053005/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/20080521194237/1 |archive-date=8 June 2008}}</ref> In October, Karpal was suspended from Parliament for two days for calling speaker [[Pandikar Amin Mulia]] "not serious" and "playful".<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal slapped with two-day suspension |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/91794 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |date=23 October 2008 |author=Rahmah Ghazali |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

===Detentions===
He and a number of other opposition politicians were detained without trial under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]] during [[Operation Lalang]] in October 1987 for inciting "racial tension" in Malaysia.<ref name="tribute">{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=New South Wales |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20020618035 |house=[[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]] |date=18 June 2002 |speaker=[[Paul Gibson (politician)|Paul Gibson]] |column=3263 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304130748/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20020618035 |archivedate=4 March 2008 }} </ref> Karpal was released for several hours in March 1988 in response to a [[habeas corpus]] application before being rearrested and imprisoned until January 1989.<ref name="sueking"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia suspends top judge who criticized Prime Minister |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=7 June 1988}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] called him a [[prisoner of conscience]].<ref name="tribute"/>

===Sedition trials===
Karpal, four other opposition politicians and the editor of the ''Harakah Daily'' (the newspaper published by the opposition [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]) were arrested in January 2000 under the [[Sedition Act 1948|Sedition Act]],<ref name="far east"/> and he was charged with making seditious remarks in court during Anwar's first corruption trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition leaders, editor arrested |agency=[[Bernama]] |date=14 January 2000 |publisher=BBC Summary of World Broadcasts |at=FE/D3737/S1}}</ref> This, the only known charge of sedition in any [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] country brought against a lawyer for remarks made in court in defence of a client,<ref name="about"/> was dropped in 2002.<ref name="about"/><ref name="charged">{{cite news |title=Karpal to be charged for sedition against Perak Sultan |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/3/16/nation/20090316200620&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320065155/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F3%2F16%2Fnation%2F20090316200620&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2009 |last1=Charles |first1=Lourdes |last2=Lee |first2=Yuk Peng |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref>

He was again charged under the Sedition Act in March 2009 with threatening to sue the [[Sultan of Perak]], [[Sultan Azlan Shah]], in the wake of the [[2009 Perak constitutional crisis]]. Karpal had contended that the sultan had exceeded his constitutional powers in appointing [[Zambry Abdul Kadir]] [[Chief Ministers in Malaysia|Menteri Besar]].<ref name="charged"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian MP on sedition charges |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7947461.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> The charges were dismissed in June 2010 after the [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Court]] determined that the prosecution had failed to prove a ''[[prima facie]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karpal Singh acquitted of sedition against Sultan of Perak |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/11/nation/20100611153445&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614101919/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F11%2Fnation%2F20100611153445&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2010 |author1=Nurbaiti Hamdan |last2=Goh |first2=Lisa |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=30 July 2011 }}</ref> However, the [[Court of Appeal of Malaysia|Court of Appeal]] reversed the acquittal in January 2012 and ordered Karpal to enter a defence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Appeal Court reverses Karpal's sedition acquittal, orders defence |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/appeal-court-reverses-karpals-sedition-acquittal-orders-defence/ |publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]] |date=20 January 2012 |first=Clara |last=Chooi |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122224048/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/appeal-court-reverses-karpals-sedition-acquittal-orders-defence |archive-date=22 January 2012 }}</ref> In March 2019, 10 years after the incident the Federal Court acquitted Karpal posthumously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/03/29/federal-court-posthumously-acquits-karpal-singh-of-sedition/1737749|title=Federal Court posthumously acquits Karpal Singh of sedition (VIDEO) {{!}} Malay Mail|last1=Lim|first1=Ida|last2=Moses|first2=Lazareen Thaveethu|website=www.malaymail.com|date=29 March 2019|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Family===
[[File:KARPAL SINGH - OIL PAINTING.jpg|thumb|alt=Oil painting of a smiling Karpal|Oil portrait of Karpal]]
Karpal married Gurmit Kaur, eight years his junior, in July 1970. Gurmit's family, from [[Narathiwat]], [[Thailand]], moved to Penang when she was seven.<ref name="roaring"/><ref name="pillar"/> They had five children and eleven grandchildren.<ref name="pillar"/> Karpal's eldest son, [[Jagdeep Singh Deo|Jagdeep]], is the [[Dewan Undangan Negeri Pulau Pinang|Penang State Assemblyman]] for [[Datok Keramat (state constituency)|Datok Keramat]]; his second son, [[Gobind Singh Deo|Gobind]], was the [[Minister of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)|Minister of Communications and Multimedia]] and is the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] for [[Puchong (federal constituency)|Puchong]], [[Selangor]]. His third son, [[Ramkarpal Singh|Ramkarpal]] succeeded him as the MP for [[Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)|Bukit Gelugor]] after his death. His daughter, Sangeet Kaur works in his law firm and his youngest son, Man Karpal studied [[actuarial science]].<ref name="roaring"/>

Gurmit described Karpal's detention from 1987 to 1989 as a "very big experience", which took a toll on her life because she had to "be strong" for their young children.<ref name="durable"/> The initial stage of his disability also deeply upset her.<ref name="pillar"/> Karpal and Gurmit lived in [[Damansara Heights]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], from 1994 until his death.<ref name="pillar"/>

===Accident and disability===
On 28 January 2005, Karpal was involved in an accident which left him in a wheelchair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/609670/karpal-pulih|title=KARPAL PULIH|publisher=[[Harian Metro|Metro Ahad]]|date=30 January 2005|accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/424511/karpal-singh-cedera-kemalangan-jalan-raya|title=Karpal Singh cedera kemalangan jalan raya|publisher=[[Berita Harian|Berita Minggu]]|date=30 January 2005|accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/2192049/karpal-hadir-berkerusi-roda|title=Karpal hadir berkerusi roda|author=Ridzuan Yop|publisher=[[Berita Harian]]|date=28 June 2005|accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref> A car struck a taxi in which he was seated from behind, severely bruising his [[thoracic vertebrae]]. The accident left Karpal with sensory impairment and reduced motor strength, and he was unable to walk or raise his right arm more than a few centimeters.<ref name="pillar"/><ref name="walk"/><ref name="threat"/> His seat in the parliamentary chamber was moved to the back row to accommodate his wheelchair.<ref name="walk"/>

==Death and funeral==
[[File:Karpalacident.jpg|thumb|alt=Smashed white minivan|Karpal's minivan after the accident]]
In the early hours of 17 April 2014, Karpal died in a car crash on the [[North–South Expressway Northern Route|North–South Expressway E1]] near Gua Tempurung, Perak. His personal assistant, Michael Cornelius, was also killed in the accident. Ramkarpal (Karpal's son and one of the minivan's five occupants) and an Indonesian maid believed to have been employed by Karpal were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karpal killed in car crash|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/04/17/karpal-killed-in-car-crash/|access-date=17 April 2014|newspaper=Free Malaysia Today|date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417155355/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/04/17/karpal-killed-in-car-crash/|archive-date=17 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The driver of the minivan was injured as well. Karpal's [[Toyota Alphard]] collided with the right side of a slow-moving, five-tonne [[Mitsubishi Fuso Canter|Mitsubishi Canter]] lorry carrying cement, steel, and tiles. Although the lorry driver (identified as Abu Mansor Mohd) tested positive for cannabis, it was uncertain if he was under influence at the time of the accident.<ref name="Karpal killed in car crash">{{cite news|title=Karpal killed in car crash|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/04/17/lorry-driver-had-traces-of-cannabis/|access-date=17 April 2014|newspaper=Free Malaysia Today|date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013657/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/04/17/lorry-driver-had-traces-of-cannabis/|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Bukit Aman traffic-police chief [[Senior assistant commissioner|SAC]] Mohd Fuad Abdul Latiff, road conditions and the weather were good at the time of the accident.<ref name="Karpal killed in car crash"/>

Karpal's funeral was held on 20 April 2014 with full state honors in Penang, attended by his family, Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]] and other mourners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full state honour at Indo-Malaysian leader Karpal Singh's funeral|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/full-state-honour-at-indo-malaysian-leader-karpal-singhs-funeral/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref>
His body reached the Batu Gantong Crematorium, George Town, Penang at 1:35&nbsp;pm and was cremated after thousands of mourners chanted his name.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karpal Singh cremated after emotional farewell|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/04/20/Karpal-Singh-cremated-after-emotional-farewell/|last=Chow|first=Tan Sin|date=20 April 2014|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> His son, Gobind, memorialised him on 5 May during the last of a series of tributes.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Malaysia where all Malaysians are equal, that's the perfect tribute to Karpal, says Gobind|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/a-malaysia-where-all-malaysians-are-equal-thats-the-perfect-tribute-to-karp|url-status=dead|last=Sue-Chern|first=Looi|work=[[The Malaysian Insider]]|date=6 May 2014|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509080240/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/a-malaysia-where-all-malaysians-are-equal-thats-the-perfect-tribute-to-karp|archive-date=9 May 2014}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Memorials|Karpal Singh Drive|Biography|Awards and accolades}}Memorials, awards and accolades==
On 19 April 2014, two days after his death, the IJM Promenade in Lebuh Sungai Pinang was renamed [[Karpal Singh Drive]] (Persiaran Karpal Singh).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/04/20/penang-promenade-to-be-named-karpal-singh-drive/|title=Penang promenade to be named Karpal Singh Drive|date=20 April 2014|work=The Star|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> ''The Full Biography: Karpal Singh, Tiger of Jelutong'' by Tim Donoghue, published in 2014 by Marshal Cavendish International, is an updated edition of Donoghue's ''Karpal Singh: Tiger of Jelutong'' which published prior to his death.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Karpal Singh: Tiger of Jelutong|last = Donoghue|first = Tim|publisher = Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|year = 2013|isbn = 9789814516709|location = Singapore|pages = 361}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/penang/things-to-do/karpal-singh-tiger-of-jelutong-book-launch|title=Karpal Singh, Tiger Of Jelutong Book Launch|publisher=Time Out|date=22 June 2015|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/08/11/karpal-singh-book-soon/|title=Karpal's soon-to-be released book was 26 years in the making|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star Online]]|date=11 August 2013|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> Karpal received the Glory of India Award of Excellence in 2011, and was one of the top 10 NRI Newsmakers of 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=3 August 2016|title=Karpal Singh Ram Singh v Public Prosecutor|url=http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/directory/judgment/file/KarpalSingh-W-05(S)66-03-2014.pdf|journal=Criminal Appeal No: W-05-78-03/2014|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919002403/http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/directory/judgment/file/KarpalSingh-W-05(S)66-03-2014.pdf|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshow/3903535.cms|title=The Top 10 NRI Newsmakers of 2008|date=28 December 2008|access-date=8 August 2016|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031945/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshow/3903535.cms|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE-12 |url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=semak.spr.gov.my}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM - PARLIMEN |url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/5_KeputusanDR.php?kod=05100 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=resultpru13.spr.gov.my |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506194844/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/5_KeputusanDR.php?kod=05100 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]
|'''P007 [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]'''
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|Karpal Singh Ram Singh}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
|align="right" |9,450
|41.32%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Oo Gin Sun]]''' ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|'''MCA''']])
|align="right" |'''13,420'''
|'''58.68%'''
|23,939
|3,970
|61.24%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
|rowspan=3|'''P043 [[Jelutong (federal constituency)|Jelutong]]'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |'''23,606'''
|rowspan=2|'''51.33%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Lee Him ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |19,985
|43.45%
|rowspan=2|47,308
|rowspan=2|3,621
|rowspan=2|
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)}} |
|[[Yeap Ghim Guan]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)|SDP]])
|align="right" |2,401
|align="right" |5.22%
|-
|[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''29,099'''
|'''55.21%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ooi Ean Kwong ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |23,603
|44.79%
|53,870
|5,496
|75.77%
|-
|[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
|rowspan=2|'''P046 [[Jelutong (federal constituency)|Jelutong]]'''
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''25,932'''
|'''62.09%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Lim Boo Chang]] ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |15,833
|37.91%
|42,723
|10,099
|71.34%
|-
|[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''27,426'''
|'''60.05%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ooi Ean Kwong ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |18,248
|39.95%
|46,515
|9,178
|74.87%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
|rowspan=3|'''P049 [[Jelutong (federal constituency)|Jelutong]]'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |'''21,896'''
|rowspan=2|'''49.84%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Rhina Bhar @ Rani Raj Pal ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |21,613
|49.19%
|rowspan=2|44,922
|rowspan=2|283
|rowspan=2|75.05%
|-
|{{Party shading/United Sabah Party}} |
|Lim Cheak Kow ([[Parti Bersatu Sabah|PBS]])
|align="right" |425
|0.97%
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|Karpal Singh Ram Singh}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
|align="right" |20,716
|49.08%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''Lee Kah Choon''' ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|'''Gerakan''']])
|align="right" |'''21,491'''
|'''50.92%'''
|43,239
|775
|72.82%
|-
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=3|'''P051 [[Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)|Bukit Gelugor]]'''
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''22,529'''
|'''51.44%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Lim Boo Chang]] ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
|align="right" |21,268
|48.56%
|44,618
|1,261
|74.21%
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''35,140'''
|'''71.33%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Koay Kar Huah ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
|align="right" |14,125
|28.67%
|50,553
|21,015
|77.05%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''56,303'''
|'''80.55%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Teh Beng Yeam ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
|align="right" |13,597
|19.45%
|70,683
|42,706
|86.31%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+[[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Citation |title=TindakMalaysia/HISTORICAL-ELECTION-RESULTS |date=2024-12-21 |url=https://github.com/TindakMalaysia/HISTORICAL-ELECTION-RESULTS/tree/main |access-date=2024-12-26 |publisher=TindakMalaysia}}</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
! colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1974–1978)#Kedah|1974]]
|'''N10 Bandar Alor Setar'''
|{{party shading/DAP}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
| align=right|'''7,680'''
|'''55.70%'''
|{{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Geh Teng Keng ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
| align=right|6,108
|44.30%
|14,487
|1,572
|65.15%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+[[Penang State Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrMTAAAAIBAJ&dq=1978+Bukit+Serampang&pg=PA3&article_id=6786,4865973|title=1982 general election results|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=24 April 1982|pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtRHAAAAIBAJ&dq=N.28+Bukit+Gelugor&pg=PA17&article_id=6926,1430598|title=1986 general election results|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=5 August 1986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAP announces SDR. Karpal Singh as its candidate in the Prai by-election « Pursuit of a Malaysian Dream |date=7 July 1991 |url=https://bibliotheca.limkitsiang.com/1991/07/07/dap-announces-sdr-karpal-singh-as-its-candidate-in-the-prai-by-election/}}</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
! colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1978–1982)#Penang|1978]]
| rowspan=4|'''N27 [[Bukit Gelugor (state constituency)|Bukit Gelugor]]'''
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
| align=right|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|[[List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1982–1986)#Penang|1982]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
| rowspan=3|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh''' ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
| rowspan=3 align=right|'''10,059'''
| rowspan=3|'''50.79%'''
|{{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Lim Kah Pin
| align=right|9,179
|46.35%
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|880
| rowspan=3|
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)}} |
|Ong Kean Thong ([[Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)|SDP]])
| align=right|426
| align=right|2.15%
|-
|{{party shading/Independent}} |
|Tan Teik Lim ([[Independent politician|IND]])
| align=right|141
| align=right|0.71%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1986–1990)#Penang|1986]]
| rowspan=2|'''N28 [[Bukit Gelugor (state constituency)|Bukit Gelugor]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Karpal Singh Ram Singh''' ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|'''DAP''']])
| rowspan=2 align=right|'''6,801'''
| rowspan=2|'''60.28%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ho Sen Feek
| align=right|4,273
|37.87%
| rowspan=2|11,449
| rowspan=2|2,528
| rowspan=2|69.02%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)}} |
|Lim Kah Pin ([[Social Democratic Party (Malaysia)|SDP]])
| align=right|209
| align=right|1.85%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1991 Prai by-election|1991]]
| rowspan=2|N09 [[Perai (state constituency)|Prai]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
| rowspan=2|Karpal Singh Ram Singh ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''V. Muthusamy'''}} ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|'''MIC''']])
|
|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
|{{party shading/Independent}} |
|T. Muniandy ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|
|
|-
|1995
|N22 [[Padang Kota (state constituency)|Padang Kota]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|Karpal Singh Ram Singh ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
| align=right|5,737
|42.12%
|{{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Teng Chang Yeow]]'''}} ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|'''Gerakan''']])
| align=right|'''7,939'''
|'''58.29%'''
|
|2,560
|72.38%
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|N25 [[Datok Keramat (state constituency)|Datok Keramat]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|Karpal Singh Ram Singh ([[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
| align="right"|5,451
|37.78%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Lim Boo Chang]]'''}} ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|'''Gerakan''']])
| align="right"|'''8,599'''
|'''59.60%'''
|14,427
|3,148
|72.04%
|}

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Penang}}
** [[File:MY-PEN Order of the Defender of State - Knight Grand Commander - DUPN (present).png|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[List of post-nominal letters (Penang)|Order of the Defender of State]] (DUPN) – '''Dato' Seri Utama''' (2020; posthumously)<ref>{{cite web|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star Online]]|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/12/15/karpal-singh-heads-penang-awards-list|title=The late Karpal Singh heads Penang awards list}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020|publisher=[[The Malay Mail]]|first=Opalyn|last=Mok|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/12/15/penang-gives-karpal-singh-posthumous-award-bearing-datuk-seri-title/1932112|title=Penang gives Karpal Singh posthumous award bearing Datuk Seri title}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Malaysia}}
* [[List of Malaysian politicians of Indian descent]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Karpal Singh}}
* {{Official website|http://www.karpalsingh.net/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111230150557/http://dapmalaysia.org/newenglish/leaders_biodata_karpal.htm Karpal Singh] – Official Democratic Action Party profile

{{S-start}}
{{S-par|my}}
{{S-bef|before=Rasiah Rajasingam}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jelutong]]|years=[[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]–[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lee Kah Choon]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Election Commission of Malaysia|Constituency created]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] for [[Bukit Gelugor]]|years=[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramkarpal Singh]]}}
|-
{{S-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Lim Kit Siang]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=National Chairman of the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]]|years=2004–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tan Kok Wai]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karpal, Singh}} 
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Sikhs]]
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian lawyers]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Democratic Action Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the Penang State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Malaysian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Malaysia]]
[[Category:Anti–death penalty activists]]
[[Category:National University of Singapore alumni]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State of Penang]]
[[Category:Malaysian wheelchair users]]
[[Category:Lawyers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1978–1982]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1982–1986]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1986–1990]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2004–2008]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2013–2018]]

Iru Dhuruvam (TV series)

2025-12-26T14:55:28Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started first article w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = {{plainlist |
* [[Crime thriller]]
}}
| director = M Kumaran
| writer = M Kumaran
| music = Surya Prasadh R
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| location =
| cinematography = Raja K Bakthavatchalam
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| editor = Karthik Ram Ashwath Shivkumar
| company = Applause Entertainment A Sign Of Life Productions
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sameer Nair Pramod Cheruvalath
| image = Iru_Dhuruvam_web_series_poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Official poster
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Nandha Durairaj]]
* Abdool
* Sebastin Antony
* [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]]
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes = Iru Dhuruvam (web series)#Episodes
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Iru Dhuruvam''''' ({{Translation|Two Poles}}) is an Indian Tamil-language [[crime thriller]] [[streaming television]] series produced as an Original for [[SonyLIV]], written and directed by debutant M Kumaran.<ref name="ID launch Hindu" /> Produced by Sameer Nair and Pramod Cheruvalath under the banner Applause Entertainment and A Sign Of Life Productions, the series stars [[Nandha Durairaj]] in the lead role along with Abdool, Sebastin Antony and [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]].<ref name="ID Trailer ToI" /> The series marked the first Tamil Original streaming series produced for [[SonyLIV]] and the first season released on 29 September 2019 with nine episodes.<ref name="ID preview CE" /> On 24 February 2023 a second season consisting 10 episodes was released. [[Iru Dhuruvam (season 2)|Season 2]].<ref name="ID renewed CE" />

==Cast==
* [[Nandha Durairaj]] as Viktor Selladurai
* Abdool as Kishore
* Sebastin Antony as Gunasekaran
* [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] as Geetha
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Rangaraj Tripathi
* P. Aneesha as Gayathri
* Ajit Koshy as Manova Devanesan
* Balaji as Prabhakaran
* Nandhini Madhesh as Keerthana
* Karthik Nagarajan as Tech guy

==Reception==
The series opened to extreme positive reviews from critics. ''[[Sify]]'' said, "Iru Dhuruvam does finally manage to achieve what it set out to and for one definitely hope to see Viktor and Kishore in Season 2 pretty soon!"<ref name="ID review Sify" /> ''[[Republic World]]'' wrote, "Iru Dhuruvam is a crime thriller that consists of the common elements of the genre but still manages to keep you hooked to your screen because of the deft direction by M Kumaran. The story grabs your attention with its edge of the seat narrative." ''Binged.com'' gave a rating of 6 out on 10 and called the series a reasonably sharp Psycho-Thriller.<ref name="ID review binged" />

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | No. of episodes
! colspan="2" | Original release
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:#295354"|
|align="center"| 01
|align="center"| 9
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|}l

==Episodes==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#295354 |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Homicide Of A Young Woman
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = A New Lead For Viktor
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = A New Victim
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Scrutinizing The Past Records
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Viktor Receives A Warning
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Finding Potential Evidences
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Viktor Gets Flabbergasted
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = An Eye On The Killer
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Mind Games
|DirectedBy = M Kumaran
|WrittenBy = M Kumaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|09|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="ID launch Hindu">{{Cite news|title=SonyLIV launches Tamil web series 'Iru Dhuruvam'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonyliv-announces-tamil-series-iru-dhuruvam/article29573750.ece|access-date=16 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=VishnuPriya|last=Viswanathan|date=2 October 2019|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511210058/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonyliv-announces-tamil-series-iru-dhuruvam/article29573750.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ID Trailer ToI">{{Cite web |title='Iru Dhuruvam' Trailer: Nandha and Abdool starrer 'Iru Dhuruvam' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/tamil/iru-dhuruvam-trailer-video-nandha-and-abdool-starrer-iru-dhuruvam-official-trailer-video/videoshow/76199232.cms |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ID preview CE">{{Cite web |title=Iru Dhuruvam, a thriller with a dose of Thirukkural |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/oct/01/iru-dhuruvam-a-thriller-with-a-dose-of-thirukkural-14639.html |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=October 2019 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620065206/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/oct/01/iru-dhuruvam-a-thriller-with-a-dose-of-thirukkural-14639.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ID review Sify">{{Cite web |title=Iru Dhuruvam: A Tamil web series that stands out in many ways|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/iru-dhuruvam-a-tamil-web-series-that-stands-out-in-many-ways-news-tamil-tklmn6jgjbifg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011111605/https://www.sify.com/movies/iru-dhuruvam-a-tamil-web-series-that-stands-out-in-many-ways-news-tamil-tklmn6jgjbifg.html |archive-date=11 October 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ID renewed CE">{{Cite web |title=Iru Dhuruvam renewed for a season 2, to go on floors soon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/12/iru-dhuruvam-renewed-for-a-season-2-to-go-on-floors-soon-27235.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026153102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/12/iru-dhuruvam-renewed-for-a-season-2-to-go-on-floors-soon-27235.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ID review binged">{{Cite web |title=Iru Dhuruvam Review – A Reasonably Sharp Psycho-Thriller |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/iru-dhuruvam-review-a-reasonably-sharp-psycho-thriller/ |access-date=1 October 2019 |website=Binged.com |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920100212/https://www.binged.com/reviews/iru-dhuruvam-review-a-reasonably-sharp-psycho-thriller/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11123072}}

[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]

List of airports in Himachal Pradesh

2025-12-07T21:10:14Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created initial details and citations - done

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Kangra airport.jpg|thumb|Kangra Airport]]
[[File:Kullu Manali Airport in Bhunter 10.jpg|thumb|Kullu–Manali Airport]]
[[File:Shimla Airport.JPG|thumb|Shimla Airport]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

The [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] has three operational airports and one proposed international airport. They are all operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. The airports at [[Kullu]] and [[Dharamshala]] are proposed for expansion in the future under the [[UDAN]] scheme. An airport in [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]'s Rangrik is also proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/himachal-pushes-plan-for-airport-construction-near-china-border/story-TLTLd2BFHbk37ipwFl9OtN.html|title=Himachal pushes plan for airport construction near China border|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu-airport-importance-in-rangrik-20504524.html|title=रक्षा मंत्री को रांगरिक हवाई अड्डे का महत्व बताएंगे सांसद|work=Jagran|accessdate=12 July 2020}}</ref>

The upcoming airport at [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] is proposed to be the state's first [[international airport]]. It is expected to be built at an area of 515 acres costing 900 crores (USD $113 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/himachal-pradesh-to-get-a-new-airport-in-mandi-civil-aviation-ministry-and-state-government-sign-mou/2503679/|title=Himachal Pradesh to get a new Airport in Mandi! Civil Aviation Ministry and state government sign MoU|work=Financial Express|accessdate=26 April 2022}}</ref> In August 2022, Himachal Pradesh chief minister [[Jai Ram Thakur]] said that the DPR of Mandi Airport is being prepared.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/mandi-airport-dpr-being-prepared-cm-420915|title=Mandi airport DPR being prepared: CM|work=Tribune India|accessdate=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==List==
The list includes the airports in the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Himachal Pradesh</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Himachal Pradesh
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| colspan="8" |'''International airports'''
|-
| 1 ||[[Mandi Airport|Mandi]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Mandi Airport]]|| align="center" |none|| align="center" |none||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[International airport]] (proposed) ||Commercial
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Domestic and proposed airports'''
|-
| 2 ||[[Kangra Airport|Dharamshala]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Kangra Airport]]|| align="center" |VIGG|| align="center" |DHM||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial
|-
| 3 ||[[Kullu–Manali Airport|Kullu]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Kullu–Manali Airport]]|| align="center" |VIBR|| align="center" |KUU||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial
|-
| 4 ||Rangrik|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |Rangrik Airport|| align="center" |none|| align="center" |none||align=center|TBA||Proposed airport||Commercial/defence<ref name=rang1>[https://www.hptourtravel.com/traveliq/airports-in-himachal-pradesh/ Airports in HP], accessed 21 Apr 2025.</ref>
|-
| 5 ||[[Shimla Airport|Shimla]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Shimla Airport]]|| align="center" |VISM|| align="center" |SLV||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial
|}

==See also==

* [[List of airports in Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of airports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Himachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Himachal Pradesh]]

Surendra Prasad Yadav

2025-11-27T17:14:56Z

BarbaraMajeski6: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Surendra Prasad Yadav
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|01|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]], [[Bihar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 10 March 1998
| term_end1 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor1 = [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]
| office2 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Belaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belaganj]]
| term2 = 1990-1998, 2000-2024
| predecessor2 = Abhiram Sharma
| office3 = GRDA Chairman
| term_start3 = 1991
| term_end3 = 1997
| office4 = Industrial Minister of Bihar & Jharkhand
| term_start4 = 1997
| term_end4 = 1998
| office5 = Excise Minister of Bihar
| term_start5 = 2000
| term_end5 = 2003 Cabinet Minister in Rabri Devi government
| office6 = [[List of Co-operative ministers of Bihar|Minister of Co-operative]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start6 = 16 August 2022
| term_end6 = 28 January 2024
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor6 = [[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subhash Singh]]
| successor6 = [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3955.htm
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]
}}

'''Surendra Prasad Yadav''' (born 2 January 1959) is an Indian politician from the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], and a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in Bihar, India and former Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He also served as a member of [[12th Lok Sabha|12th Lok Sabha of India]] from [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He was consecutively elected eight times since 1990 to 2020 in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jahanabad-election-results-2024-bihar-jahanabad-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-surendra-prasad-yadav-rjd-chandeshwar-prasad-jdu/articleshow/110675870.cms|title=Jahanabad election results 2024 live updates: RJD's Surendra Prasad secures victory in lok sabha elections
|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 June 2024
}}</ref>

He served as Co-operative Minister of Bihar Government, Minister of Excise, [[Industry minister|Minister of Industry]] and very close to Indian politician [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=97&lsno=12 | title=Twelfth Lok Sabha Party Wise Details Rashtriya Janata Dal | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Its-socialism-vs-socialism-vs-socialism-in-Jehanabad/articleshow/33637745.cms | title=It's 'socialism' vs 'socialism' vs 'socialism' in Jehanabad | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Abdul Qadir | date=12 April 2014 | accessdate=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/2014-A-bad-year-for-Gaya-RJD-leader/articleshow/45708990.cms | title=Bihar minister Surendra Prasad Yadav quits | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 April 2003 | accessdate=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf | title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=2 November 2017 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf | archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> According to his election filings he has 9 criminal cases against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surendra Prasad Yadav(RJD):Constituency- BELAGANJ(GAYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9663 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

In [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]], he won the MP seat of Jahanabad against the JDU leader [[Chandeshwar Prasad]] with the margin of 142591 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jahanabad Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jahanabad-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916795.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Surendra Prasad Yadav was born to a family of farmers in [[Gaya, India|Gaya, Bihar]]. Yadav had his early education in Gaya and has attended [[Magadh University]].

== Political career ==
Surendra Prasad Yadav came in contact with Lalu Prasad Yadav in 1981 when Lalu Prasad Yadav was a member of Lok Dal Party. In 1985, Surendra Prasad Yadav has been given a ticket from Lok Dal Party to contest General Election from Jehanabad parliamentary constituency but he lost it. Later in 1990, he was given a ticket for Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Belaganj constituency and he won.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/surendra-prasad-yadav-political-career-belaganj-rjd-bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-2020-tstb-1135527-2020-09-26|title= 7 बार रहे विधायक, संसद में फाड़ दी थी बिल की कॉपी, ऐसी है दबंग सुरेंद्र यादव की कहानी|website=Aajtak|date= 26 September 2020|accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref>

Yadav repeated his electoral victory in assembly elections and became the member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from Belaganj Assembly constituency eight times. In 1998, he was elected as member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. He defeated [[Samata Party]] candidate [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]] in this election. In the year 2024, he was again made a candidate for Lok Sabha polls from Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency by [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He defeated [[Chandeshwar Prasad]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]] by a margin of 1,42,426 votes and became the member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for the second time, after a margin of twenty five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/jehanabad/news/surendra-yadav-became-the-mp-of-jehanabad-again-after-25-years-133123160.html|title=25 साल बाद सुरेन्द्र यादव दोबारा बने जहानाबाद के सांसद |website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=26 October 2024}}</ref>

== Offices held ==
* Member of [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=46&tab=1 Advisory Committee of Coal Ministry]
* Member of [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeHome.aspx Standing Committee, Industry Ministry of India]
* Member of Library Committee, Bihar
* Member of Housing Committee, Bihar
* Member of Request Committee, Bihar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External==
*[http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/ Bihar Legislative Assembly]
*[http://rjd.co.in/dev/legislative-council/ Rashtriya Janta Dal]
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3955.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Surendra Prasad}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Co-operative ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

M. V. Padma Srivastava

2025-11-25T06:53:12Z

BarbaraMajeski6: created basic stub first draft

{{short description|Indian neurologist, medical academic and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Padma Srivastava
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1965
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Neurologist Medical academic
| yearsactive =
| known for = Acute Stroke Program Medical writing
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = One son
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|NAMS]] Vimla Virmani Award
}}
'''Madakasira Vasantha Padma Srivastava''' (born 1965) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] neurologist, medical academic, former professor and writer, serving as the chairperson of Neurology at [[Paras Healthcare]], [[Gurugram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Can brain strokes happen under 40? Do they always show symptoms? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/health-wellness/can-brain-strokes-happen-under-40-symptoms-9076385/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is known for pioneering ''Acute Stroke Programme'' (Code-Red), a medical initiative for supporting patients afflicted with [[epilepsy]] and [[stroke]],<ref name="Wishing well">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080818-wishing-well-737173-2008-08-06 | title=Wishing well | publisher=India Today | date=6 August 2008 | access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> incorporating ''Hyperacute Reperfusion'' strategies including the [[thrombolysis]] program.<ref name="Prof M V Padma on AIIMS">{{cite web | author1=Pankaj | url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-12-18-11-27-59/neurology_faculty.html?id=1390 | title=Prof M V Padma on AIIMS | work=AIIMS NEW | publisher=All India Institute of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for her contributions to medical science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |title=Padma Awards |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Padma Srivastava, born in 1965,<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI Fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> secured her master's degree in neurology from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in 1990 before starting her career with her alma mater where she is the professor of neurology.<ref name="Wishing well" /> One of her main contributions to medical science is the initiation of the program, ''Code-Red'', at AIIMS which incorporates ''Hyperacute Reperfusion'' strategies, reportedly a first in public sector in India.<ref name="Prof M V Padma on AIIMS" /> She also contributed to the establishment of a comprehensive epilepsy program at AIIMS and is involved in government-funded research on [[Stroke]] and [[cerebral palsy]]. She is associated with the SITS-NEW registry for thrombolysis for stroke data from India as well as the SITS-SEARS registry with the [[Karolinska Institutet]] as their national coordinator and sits in the councils of National Stroke Surveillance program for India, the National Stroke Registry, the National Prevention Programs for Noncommunicable Diseases of India.<ref name="Prof M V Padma on AIIMS" />

Srivastava delivered the 2006–07 Achanta Laxmipathy Oration of the National Academy of Medical Sciences<ref name="NAMS Orations">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=NAMS Orations |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/Oration_and_Award.pdf |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> and the K. L. Wig Oration of the Association of Physicians of India and is a recipient of [[Vimla Virmani|Vimla Virmani Award]] of NAMS. The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected her as their fellow in 2013.<ref name="NASI Fellows" /> She served as the national president of the Indian Stroke Association during 2013–14.<ref name="Past Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.stroke-india.org/past-presidents.php | title=Past Presidents | publisher=Indian Stroke Association | date=2016 | access-date=9 August 2016 | archive-date=6 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806230541/http://www.stroke-india.org/past-presidents.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a former member of the organizing committee of the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) and a visiting professor at the Department of Neurology of the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]]. She also sits in many task forces of the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) and the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and is an external examiner of higher academic courses on neurology of many medical institutions. She is a member of the specialty board for neurology of the [[National Board of Examinations]]<ref name="Prof M V Padma on AIIMS" /> and the Institute Body of the [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]], Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Institute Body">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Institute Body |url=https://www.sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/Institute%20Body/ |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology}}</ref> She has edited one book, ''Controversies in stroke care'',<ref name="Controversies in stroke care">{{Cite book |last1=Moonis |first1=Majaz |title=Controversies in stroke care |last2=Srivastava |first2=M. V. Padma |publisher=Byword Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-8181930897 |pages=342}}</ref> published over 200 medical papers<ref name="Padma V Srivastava ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Padma_Srivastava3/publications |title=Padma V Srivastava |date=2016 }}</ref> and articles,<ref name="Stem cell therapy: A clinical trial of stroke">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.clineu-journal.com/article/S0303-8467(12)00533-1/abstract |title=Stem cell therapy: A clinical trial of stroke |last=Ashu Bhasin, M.V. Padma Srivastava, Sujata Mohanty, Rohit Bhatia, Senthil S. Kumaran, Sushmita Bose |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |issue=7 |pages=1003–1008 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.10.015 |volume=115 |via=Elsevier |year=2013 |pmid=23183251 |s2cid=29015340 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="History of neurology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2015;volume=63;issue=5;spage=751;epage=761;aulast=Srivastava |title=History of neurology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences |last=M. V. Padma Srivastava, Deepa Dash |journal=Neurology India |year=2015 |issue=5 |volume=63 |pages=751–761 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.166553 |pmid=26448236 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="MunjalSharm2012">{{cite book|author1=Y P Munjal|author2=Surendra K Sharm|title=API Textbook of Medicine, Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7pW3yGjj7kC&pg=PA1343|date=18 May 2012|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5025-074-7|pages=1343–}}</ref> and has served on the editorial boards of many journals.<ref name="Prof M V Padma on AIIMS" /> She is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (NAMS)<ref name="NAMS Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/fellow2007.pdf | title=NAMS Fellows | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> where she is also a council member.<ref name="Council Members">{{cite web | url=http://nams-india.in/webpages/councilmembers.html | title=Council Members | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> She serves as the professor of [[neurology]] at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[New Delhi]] in years including 2016.<ref name="Institute Body" /><ref name="Watch out for early symptoms">{{cite web |date=1 April 2013 |title=Watch out for early symptoms |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/watch-out-for-early-symptoms/story-cb40UXxFpVsn22NNEJCYHO.html |access-date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As of 2023, she is the chairperson of Neurology at [[Paras Healthcare]], [[Gurugram]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Stroke]]
* [[Multiple sclerosis]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2011/07/22/multiple-sclerosis-surgical-%E2%80%98procedure%E2%80%99-triggers-debate/ |title=Multiple sclerosis surgical 'procedure' triggers debate |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=9 August 2016}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGZyz8pqZ_s |title=Neuro-regeneration following Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury |last=Srivastava |first=Padma |date=2013-10-26 |language=en |type=[[YouTube]] video}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |title=Efficacy of minocycline in acute ischemic stroke: a single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. |vauthors=Padma Srivastava MV, Bhasin A, Bhatia R, Garg A, Gaikwad S, Prasad K, Singh MB, Tripathi M |date=2012-01-01 |journal=Neurol India |issue=1 |volume=60 |pages=23–8 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.93584 |pmid=22406775 |doi-access=free }}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, M. V. Padma}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Boston faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Kinwat taluka

2025-11-15T17:26:36Z

BarbaraMajeski6: started new entry initial version

{{Short description|Sub region in Maharashtra state in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Kinwat taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Nanded district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Gaur1992">{{cite book |author=Keshav Dev Gaur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mZUifCw00C&pg=PA258 |title=Dynamics of Rural Development in India |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7099-396-4 |pages=258–}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kinwat taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|8.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|6.66}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.72}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Kinwat taluk had 52,223 households and a population of 247,786. Kinwat taluk had a sex ratio of 965 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 74.05%. 32,709 (13.20%) were under 6 years of age. 16.16% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 9.92% and 29.02% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Nanded |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/810/download/2890/DH_2011_2715_PART_A_DCHB_NANDED.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Kinwat taluk (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 50.32 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Lambadi|Banjari]] |value2 = 50.78 |color2 = khaki
|label3 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value3 = 8.58 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 7.43 |color4 = steelblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 5.45 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 4.29 |color6 = green
|label7 = 'Other' Hindi |value7 = 1.73 |color7 = goldenrod
|label8 = Others |value8 = 1.42 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 30.32% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 20.67% [[Banjara]], 28.58% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 7.43% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 5.45% [[Hindi]] and 4.29% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 1.73% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Nanded district]]