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Military tactics of Alexander the Great

2026-05-04T17:46:54Z

Banti: started some post w/ infobox

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[[File:Alexander Mosaic-high res fragment.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alexander the Great in battle. Detail of the Alexander Mosaic (A Roman copy of a Hellenistic painting).]]
The '''military tactics of Alexander the Great''' (356 BC - 323 BC) were the tactics used by [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III - 'the Great' -]] of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]] during [[Wars of Alexander the Great|his campaigns]], and have been widely regarded as the core of his continuous success in battle. The Macedonian army that Alexander inherited had been created by his father, [[Philip II of Macedon]]. Additionally, Alexander employed and further refined the tactics his father had developed.<ref>Green pp. 24-25</ref> At the battles of [[Battle of the Granicus|Granicius]] (334 BC) and [[Battle of Issus|Issus]] (333 BC), Alexander relied on the so-called "hammer and anvil" tactic. At the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] (331 BC), he had to employ an innovative combat formation. Alexander arranged his units in a hollow square or box formation, to prevent the Persians, who were very strong in cavalry, from outflanking him and attacking his flanks and rear. However, the battle was still decided by the frontal attack of the phalanx (anvil) and the decisive charge of the Companion cavalry (hammer).

== Troop composition and weapons ==
{{Main|Ancient Macedonian army}}
=== Infantry ===
The origin of Macedonian infantry conforming to the [[hoplite]] panoply and tactics of the Greek city states can be traced back to the reign of [[Archelaus of Macedon|Archelaus]].
{{blockquote|...when Archelaus was king ... he organized his forces for war with a greater number of horses, weapons and resources than the other eight kings who had preceded him combined.<ref>Tucídides, ''Historia de la Guerra del Peloponeso'', ii,100,2.</ref>}}
Before him, the only heavy infantry available to the [[Kingdom of Macedonia]] was supplied by the allied Greek cities.
[[File:Makedonische_phalanx.png|thumb|280px|Macedonian phalanx. The [[Corinthian helmet]] was not as widespread as shown in the image.]]
[[File:Alexander fighting Darius - Museum of Napels, Mosaik in Pompei.JPG|right|thumb|280px|[[Battle of Issos|Battle of Issus]], or [[Battle of Gaugamela]], depicted on the [[Alexander Mosaic]] from [[Pompeii|House of the Faun]] in [[Pompeii]], currently on display at [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|MANN]].]]
However, the true creator of a distinctively Macedonian infantry was Philip II, considered the inventor of the [[Macedonian phalanx]]:<ref>Diodoro Sículo, ''Biblioteca histórica'', xvi,3,1-2.</ref> a particularly effective heavy infantry formation. The individual phalangite was equipped with slightly lighter defensive equipment than the traditional Greek hoplite. The shield was smaller, less dished and was rimless, Heavy cuirasses were replaced by a lighter armour, called the [[kotthybos]]. The ''[[Dory (spear)|doru]]'' (δόρυ) spear of the hoplite was replaced by the much longer ''[[sarissa]]'', a type of [[Pike (weapon)|pike]] ({{cvt|5.5|m|ft|disp=or}}), that required both hands to wield it, hence the larger, rimmed, hoplite shield (Argive shield) could not be employed.<ref name="phaldar">Daremberg et Saglio, ''Phalanx'' dans le ''Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines'', p. 425. Université de Toulouse.</ref><ref>Connolly. p. 72</ref>
[[File:Macedonian battle formation-en.svg|right|thumb|280px|A typical Macedonian battle formation.]]
The length of the sarissa allowed an increase the number of [[File (formation)|file]]s of infantrymen that could be actively engaged in combat, as the spearpoints of a number of ranks (at least five) projected beyond the men of the front rank in the formation. The sarissa consisted of a shaft tapered towards the spearpoint to aid balance and allow it to be held closer to its base. It was heavy ({{cvt|5.6|kg|lb|disp=or}}) hence being a double-handed weapon. It also had a fluted metal counterweight at the butt end, called the ''sauroter'', which also improved its balance.<ref>Daremberg et Saglio, ''Sarisse'' dans le ''Le Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines'', pp. 1076-1077. Université de Toulouse.</ref>

The sarissa was particularly effective in breaking [[Charge (warfare)#Cavalry charges|cavalry charges]] or in halting enemy [[Phalanx|phalanxes]]. But the Macedonian phalanx was also fearsome in offensive use. The principle was to create a steady momentum, employing a controlled, close-order advance, so that the impact of the massed pikes would be as devastating as possible.<ref name="phaldar" /> To this end, the Macedonian phalangites fought in a deep formation of 16 files, so tightly packed that they maintained maximum cohesion. The relative lightness of their defensive equipment allowed the heavy sarissa to be used without excessive fatigue. The effectiveness of the Macedonian phalanx was reliant on the highest levels of training in weapon use, cohesion, manoeuvring as a body and the smooth transition between the 'open order', used in manoeuvring, and the 'closed order' used in combat.<ref>Warry, pp. 68, 72-73</ref>

To provide a measure of protection from missiles, the sarissas were raised to the vertical during an advance—they formed a hedge-like barrier — they were lowered by the front ranks to the horizontal fighting position at the last moment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-07 |title=La phalange macédonienne |url=http://www2.unil.ch/iasa/iasa_c_est_aussi/electre/guerre/livre_elec/guer2_1_0.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407091846/http://www2.unil.ch/iasa/iasa_c_est_aussi/electre/guerre/livre_elec/guer2_1_0.html |archive-date=2008-04-07 }}</ref>

Outside the tight formation of the phalanx, the sarissa was unwieldy during [[Marching|marches]] and, therefore, it was divided into two parts that were united by an iron sleeve before combat. It should be stressed that the archaeological discoveries show that the phalangites also used the traditional Greek hoplite spear, which was much shorter than the ''sarissa''. The sources also indicate that the phalangites were on occasion armed with javelins. The sarissa would have been useless in siege warfare and other combat situations requiring a less cumbersome weapon.<ref>Ashley, pp. 35–36.</ref><ref>Markle, pp. 99, 102</ref>

=== Cavalry ===
The second main element of the Macedonian army was the [[heavy cavalry]] recruited among the Macedonian nobility, called the [[Companion cavalry]] or ''Hetairoi'' ({{lang|grc|Ἑταῖροι}}). It consisted of 3,000 heavy, shock-capable cavalry, at the beginning of Alexander's campaigns, of which 1,800 accompanied him in Asia. It was divided into 12 [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]], the first being the Royal Squadron (''basilikè ilè''). This squadron, also known as the άγεμα, ''agêma'', 'that which leads', was 300 strong, while the other squadrons consisted of 250 lancers. "It is known that the Companion cavalry at Gaugamela were formed in eight squadrons or ilai (Arr. iii I 1.8), of which, one was the royal squadron ''par excellence'', the ''agêma'' of the Companions."<ref>Brunt, P.A. (1963) "Alexander's Macedonian Cavalry", "The Journal of Hellenic Studies", Vol. 83 (1963), pp. 27-46, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies p.27</ref> The Companion cavalry were the elite arm of the Macedonian army, and were the offensive force that made the decisive attack in most of the battles of Alexander the Great. They were unmatched in the pre-[[stirrup]] [[Ancient world]] in their ability to retain their seat and the control of their weapons through the impact of a charge.<ref>Ashley, pp. 5, 30</ref>

The tactical formation of the Companions was the wedge, adopted by Philip II from the [[Scythians]]. The squadron commander was at the point of this triangular formation. The formation was very manoeuvrable, with the squadron following its leader at the apex, "like a flight of cranes".<ref>Lendon, p. 98.</ref>

The primary weapon of the Macedonian cavalry was the [[xyston]], a double ended cornel-wood lance, with a sword as a secondary weapon. From descriptions of combat, it would appear that once in melee the Companion cavalryman used his lance to thrust at the chests and faces of the enemy. It is possible that the lance was aimed at the upper body of an opposing cavalryman in the expectation that a blow which did not wound or kill might have sufficient leverage to unseat. If the lance broke, the Companion could reverse it and use the other end, or draw his sword. [[Cleitus the Black|Cleitus]], an officer of the Companions, saved Alexander the Great's life at the Granicus by cutting off an enemy horseman's arm with his sword.<ref>Gaebel, pp. 162–164.</ref> Companion cavalrymen would normally have worn armour and a helmet in battle.<ref>Sidnell, p. 84</ref>

=== Numbers ===
Alexander's army, when embarking on his conquest of Persia, consisted of 12,000 Macedonian infantrymen, divided into phalangites and [[hypaspists]] (an elite infantry unit, which was equipped as a [[hoplite]] force); they operated to the left of the Companion cavalry and acted as a flexible connection with the phalanx. Greek allies provided 7,000 troops (mostly hoplites), 7,000 [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian]], [[Triballi|Triballian]] and other Balkan tribal levies, 1,000 light infantry ([[Agrianes|Agrianian]] [[peltasts]], and archers) and 5,000 mercenaries (mostly Greek hoplites). There were 1,800 Macedonian cavalry, 1,800 [[Thessalian League|Thessalian]] cavalry and 1,500 other cavalry. Additionally, an advanced guard, of around 12,000 troops, was already in [[Anatolia]]; making totals of 43,000 infantry and 6,100 cavalry.<ref>Green, p. 158</ref>

==Grand strategy==
[[File:Roman bust of Alexander the Great, excavated from the ruins of Herculaneum, Blenheim Palace Oxfordshire, UK (13977468218)-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roman bust of Alexander the Great, excavated at [[Herculaneum]]]]
In his book ''Strategy'', [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] military officer and theorist [[Alexander Svechin]] states that any offensive operation, by its very nature leads the attackers away from their base, stretches their communication, and places them under threat of attack in their turn. On the other hand, the enemy being attacked and retreating deep into his own country's territory finds his troops in a very favourable communication situation, as far as safety, convenience, and supply logistics are concerned. Svechin underlines the "basic precondition" for any operation but particularly offensive operations is to place one's troops in the most favourable "communication situation." He offers the precedent of Alexander the Great's invasion of Asia as resolving the problem of operations deep into enemy territory in an "exemplary manner."<ref name=svechin>{{cite book |last= Svechin|first=Alexander] |author-link=Alexander Svechin|date=1991|orig-date=1927|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Kent D.|title=Strategy|publisher=East View Information Services|page=263 |chapter=Combining Operations for Achieving the ultimate Goal of the War|isbn=1-879944-33-2}}</ref>

Alexander first secured his dominance of Greece by subduing all political and military opposition: In 336 BC, Alexander's army, after marching {{convert|240|mi|km}} from [[Pelion (Illyria)|Pelion]],<ref group=n>Near modern [[Korçë]], [[Albania]]</ref> to [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], razed the city to the ground, and massacred some six thousand inhabitants, sparing only temples and [[Pindar]]’s house. All the survivors were sold into [[slavery]]. The severity of Alexander's wrath cowed all other Greek city-states into submission. Alexander left garrisons in [[Corinth]], [[Chalcis]], and the citadel of Thebes, [[Cadmea]], and commenced preparations for his attack on Persia.<ref name=brit>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great |title=Alexander the Great|last=Walbank |first=Frank William|author-link=F. W. Walbank |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|date=27 December 2024|website=Britannica.com |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

As long as the Greek cities in western [[Anatolia]] provided bases for the Persian fleet and the forces of [[Memnon of Rhodes]], the most skilful general of [[Darius III]], King of Persia, the invasion of the interior of the Persian Empire could not be undertaken. Additionally, freeing the Anatolian Greeks from the 'Persian yoke' was a stated aim of the [[League of Corinth]], of which the King of Macedon was hegemon. Therefore, Alexander engaged in a campaign to secure all these cities, which he achieved in a relatively short time. However, he still refrained from campaigning into the hinterland of Persia. The strategy of the king was shaped by the dominance of the Persian fleet in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], which was almost entirely dependant on the navies of the Persian-controlled [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] and [[Greece|Greek]] maritime cities. The Macedonians lacked a strong enough fleet to defeat the Persians at sea, therefore the need to eliminate that threat led Alexander to a larger campaign that achieved the conquest of the entirety of the Persian-dominated coastlines of Asia and Africa. Thus eliminating places where the Persian fleet could find a base and supplies. In so doing, Alexander captured the cities that provided the ships and crews for the Persian fleet, converting them into a Macedonian naval asset. Alexander's conquest of the maritime cities of Syria, Phoenicia and Palestine opened up the occupation of the wealthy Persian province of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. In in 332 BC, the Egyptians, whose hatred for the Persians ran deep, accepted Alexander as their lawful [[pharaoh]]."<ref name=svechin></ref><ref>Bloedow, pp. 75-76, 80, 93</ref>

Only then, after dedicating a long time securing his army's communication safety, through securing the Macedonians' sea-girt rear, did Alexander begin his move towards the [[Tigris river]] to confront the Persians in battle for their heartlands in [[Iran]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. The entire invasion is offered by the military theorist as a supreme example of a "strategic line" of conducting war, a line formed by "the chain of logic that connects operations into a single whole."<ref name=svechin></ref>

== General tactical approach ==
Unlike many armies of the Ancient World, such as the Roman army's reliance on the heavy infantry [[Roman legionary|legionary]], the Greek armies on heavy infantry hoplites and the nomadic [[Scythians]] on horse-archers, the Macedonian army was not reliant on one particularly prominent troop type. The Macedonian army perfected the co-ordination of different troop types in an early example of [[combined arms]] tactics—the heavy infantry phalanx, skirmish infantry, archers, light and heavy cavalry, and siege engines were all deployed in battle; each troop type being used to its own particular advantage and creating a synergy of mutual support. It used a variety of specialised troops to fulfill specific battlefield roles in order to form a combination that was a military machine of unparalleled effectiveness.<ref>Billows, p. 33</ref>

== Set-piece battle - hammer and anvil tactics ==
{{Further|Battle of Issus}}

=== Principle ===
* The "anvil" was the frontal advance of the [[Macedonian phalanx|phalanx]] and the [[hypaspists]] (the elite infantry), they engaged and pinned the enemy infantry, holding it in place. They concentrated the attention of the enemy commander on them.

* The "hammer" was the charge of the [[Companion cavalry]] (heavy, 'shock- capable' cavalry), led by Alexander in person, which made the decisive breakthrough once the enemy ranks showed signs of disruption. The Companion cavalry squadrons were deployed in a [[flying wedge|wedge]] formation, which facilitated both manoeuvrability and the shock of the charge. The advantage of the wedge was that it offered a narrow point for piercing enemy formations and concentrated the leaders at its apex.<ref>Lendon, p. 98.</ref>

=== Phase 1: "The anvil" ===
The Phalanx and hypaspists advance to engage the enemy infantry centre. Pinning it in place. Causing casualties, disruption and threatening to 'steamroller' through the enemy ranks. It was usual practice for the Macedonian phalanx to advance in echelon with its left refused (held back). This tempted the enemy to respond by pushing their right forward to comply, hence increasing the possibility of them becoming disorganised or for gaps to appear between units.<ref>Connolly, p. 73</ref>
[[Image:Battle issus initial.png|thumb|300px|centre|The battlefield at Issus. Initial dispositions. The Phalanx will advance to engage the Persian infantry frontally - the 'anvil']]

=== Phase 2: "The hammer" ===
Alexander scans the enemy front, looking for any gap or disorganisation in their ranks. Once this is noted, leading from the front, he heads the Companion cavalry in a decisive charge at this point. As the Companions penetrate the enemy ranks they 'explode laterally', rolling up the enemy infantry, or break through completely and attack the enemy from their rear. Once a breakthrough is made, the hypaspists and nearby phalangites move in to exploit it.<ref>Sidnell, pp. 92-93</ref>

[[Image:Battle issus decisive.png|thumb|center|300px|[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s decisive attack The Companion cavalry pierce the enemy's front at a point of weakness - the 'hammer' ]]

Alexander relies on his Thessalian heavy cavalry and various units of light cavalry to engage and hold off the enemy cavalry, aided by units of light infantry (peltasts and archers).<ref>Sidnell, p. 92</ref>

==Tactics at the Battle of Gaugamela==
{{Main|Battle of Gaugamela}}

The [[Battle of Gaugamela]] was the decisive confrontation between Alexander's army and that of Darius III (October 1, 331 BC). It is also known as the Battle of Arbela, due to its relative proximity ({{cvt|100|km|mi|disp=or|sigfig=1}}) to the city of Arbela, today's [[Erbil]], in northern [[Iraq]].

The "hammer" and "anvil" tactic, which was the key to Alexander's victories was again employed. However, the particular circumstances of the battle imposed on Alexander the need to form his army up in an innovative manner. An army formation that would allow his usual battle winning tactics to be employed.

===Number of troops===
[[Alexander the Great]] had an army of 47,000 men.<ref>Green, p.288</ref> This was considerably smaller than that of Darius—who according to modern historians assembled between 50,000 and 120,000 soldiers, the maximum figure is constrained by contemporary limits on food and animal fodder supply.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIRXDwAAQBAJ |title=Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society |last1=Clark |first1=Jessica H. |last2=Turner |first2=Brian |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-35577-4 |page=78 |language=en |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

===Battle===
====Initial dispositions====
Alexander was acutely aware of the threat posed by the very large and capable Persian cavalry force to his flanks and rear. He realised that his smaller army, with its relatively smaller proportion of cavalry, would be outflanked. The Persians had around 34,000 cavalry, the Macedonians only 7,250.<ref>Green, p. 289</ref> Alexander decided to arrange his troops in a hollow box formation (tactical square), something completely innovative, making it almost immune to flanking attack. He placed his Hypaspists, Macedonian phalanx, Companion and Thessalian heavy cavalry on his front, with both wings, composed of cavalry and light infantry, echeloned to the rear. To complete the box was a rear phalanx composed of allied and mercenary Greek hoplites. Alexander took personal command of the Companion cavalry (''hetairoi'').<ref>Green, pp. 290-291</ref><ref>Devine, pp. 374-378</ref>

The Persians were arrayed on a broad front with a rear line made up of numerous, but poor quality, levy infantry. In the front line, the centre was composed of alternate units of elite cavalry and infantry units, including the Persian royal foot and horse guards and Greek mercenary hoplites, the flanks of the front line were composed solely of cavalry. In front of all were groups of scythed chariots, with which the Persians hoped to disrupt the Macedonian infantry. They proved a disappointment. Darius was positioned in the centre of his front line surrounded by the infantry and cavalry of the Persian Royal Guard. The Persians fielded a small number of war elephants, but they had no discernible effect on the course of the battle.<ref>Green, p. 291</ref><ref>Bury, p. 776</ref>

Alexander intended his right-centre to advance to attack the Persian centre, the Macedonian left-centre, commanded by [[Parmenion]], was to hold back, in echelon, and take a more defensive stance, their task to hold off the strong cavalry force on the Persian right. The flanking units and rear phalanx were also intended to be largely on the defensive. The Persians had cleared their intended battlefield of any obstacles which might impede the attack of their chariots. Before contact, Alexander caused his whole formation to drift, left to right, across the Persian frontage, forcing the Persians to attack before the Macedonian army exited the prepared ground.<ref>Warry, p. 81</ref><ref>Devine, pp. 378-379</ref>

'''Figure - The Battle of Gaugamela - initial dispositions''' - Macedonians red/black, Persians blue/white (missile infantry in skirmish order not shown)
[[File:Gaugamela 1.jpg|center|800x800px|The Battle of Gaugamela, initial dispositions]]

====Persian attacks====
To stop the Macedonian army drifting beyond the prepared battlefield, Darius ordered his left wing cavalry, under [[Bessus]], to attack the Macedonian right and bring it to a halt. The Macedonian cavalry was forced back but was bolstered by the Paionian cavalry, under [[Ariston of Paionia|Ariston]], plus Agrianian peltasts and archers. At this time, the Macedonian right wing cavalry, only 1,100 strong, was holding against approximately ten times their numbers. The charge of the Persian chariots against the Macedonian infantry was disrupted by missile troops and nullified by the phalangites opening ranks, so that the chariots could pass through them, doing little damage. The chariots that made it into the centre of the box were destroyed by the grooms and other army servants. The very strong force of cavalry on the Persian right wing was also committed to battle, attacking the Macedonian left, under Parmenion.<ref>Green, pp. 292-293</ref><ref>Devine p. 379</ref>

====The development of the battle====
With both flanks holding, if under enormous pressure, and all the effective enemy troops committed to the fray, Alexander ordered his centre to advance against the Persian centre. The advance was in [[oblique order]] with the left refused (held back in echelon).<ref>Sidnell, p. 92</ref> The hypaspists and the rightmost elements of the Macedonian phalanx attacked the Persian centre, pinning it in place (anvil). At the junction between the Persian left and centre, now both in action, the need to keep an unbroken front led to a thinning of the ranks in this sector. Alexander seized this opportunity to launch his squadrons of Companion cavalry at the weak spot (hammer).<ref>Green, p. 293</ref> At much the same time as Alexander's charge, the ''[[sarissophoroi]]'' under [[Aretes]] were responsible for finally routing the Persian left wing cavalry, winning the battle in this sector. In their final charge they broke the [[Massagetae]] heavy cavalry, Aretes personally killing their leader.<ref>Ashley. p. 32</ref><ref>Sidnell, p. 113</ref> However, the Macedonian left were not faring as well and were under huge pressure. During the Macedonian advance a gap had opened up between two units of the phalanx, and two Persian cavalry formations had broken through. Instead of attacking the phalanx from its vulnerable rear, they rode towards the Macedonian baggage train. There they were repulsed, after some plundering, by the Thracian peltasts, who were guarding the baggage, and hoplites drawn from the rear phalanx.<ref>Warry, p. 81</ref><ref>Green, pp. 293-294</ref><ref>Devine, p. 381</ref>

'''Figure - The Battle of Gaugamela - the decisive phase'''
[[File:Gaugamela 2.jpg|center|800x800px|The Battle of Gaugamela - the decisive phase]]

====The charge of the Companion cavalry====
[[File:Meister der Alexanderschlacht 003.jpg|thumb|right|The moment Darius III panics and turns to flight. Detail from the Alexander Mosaic, Roman copy of Hellenistic original]]
Alexander led the charge of the Companion cavalry, riding at the apex of the wedge formation of the ''agema'', his royal squadron. The Companions, with the hypaspists on their left struck the weak section of the Persian line and broke into and through it. With assistance from elements of the phalanx, they rolled up the Persian ranks, heading for Darius and his guards. The Macedonians engaged the Persian guard cavalry and the Greek hoplites in Persian pay. These Persian units were fighting back fiercely, when Darius decided to flee the field.<ref>Sidnell, p. 112</ref> This ended organised resistance in the Persian centre. At this time Alexander received a message from Parmenion that the Macedonian left was on the point of defeat and collapse. Abandoning the immediate pursuit of Darius, Alexander led the troops around him to succour his hard-pressed left. Darius' loss of nerve and precipitate withdrawal proved decisive, with the entire Persian army losing cohesion and its troops looking only to escape. The course of the battle perfectly illustrated the advantages of Alexander's innovative tactics.<ref>Green, pp. 293-294</ref><ref>Devine, pp. 383-385 </ref>

====Darius' flight====
As happened during the [[Battle of Issus]], Alexander almost captured Darius. The Persian troops fled the battlefield with their surviving leaders. Darius joined up with some of his guard and the [[Bactria|Bactrian]] cavalry. Alexander and his troops pursued them over great distances, far into Iran. Eventually, Bessus deposed Darius, put him in chains and proclaimed himself Great King. With Alexander approaching at speed, Darius refused to abandon his carriage and mount a horse to escape, regarding it as being beneath his dignity, he was then mortally wounded by the javelin thrusts of Bessus and his leading supporters.<ref>Green, pp. 295-296, 326-329</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the battle, Alexander was acclaimed as 'Lord of Asia', by his troops.<ref>Green, p. 297</ref>

== Siege tactics ==
[[File:Reproducció d'un lithobolos al castell de Móra de Rubiols 3.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a Lithobolos in the castle of Mora de Rubielos]]
Until the late 5th century BC, sieges in the Greek world were almost entirely based on blockade. The blockade was a passive strategy, meant to stop supplies entering the besieged city in order to starve the population and garrison into surrender. A blockade could include circumvallation, building a wall and other defensive structures around a city to protect the besieging army and ensure no supplies or reinforcements could enter. If a besieged city was located on the coast, the blockade would also necessarily include a naval blockade. The first evidence of active siege tactics being used by Greeks was during the [[Peloponnesian War]], when the [[Sparta|Spartans]] constructed timber-reinforced mounds against the city walls of [[Plataea]], in 429 BC, to enable Spartan soldiers to attack the parapets from the same height. The Spartans also employed battering rams. However, these stratagems were ineffective and the circumvallation and blockade approach had to be resorted to. The Plataeans resisted the siege for two years.<ref>Connolly, pp. 277-278</ref>

A revolution in Greek siege warfare was sponsored by [[Dionysius I of Syracuse]], who created a forerunner of schools of military engineering. The major products of which were improved artillery, in the form of large versions of the crossbow-like ''[[gastraphetes]]'' called ''[[oxybeles|oxybelai]]'' (c. 399 BC) and huge, mobile siege towers, six stories tall, that moved on wheels.<ref>Connolly, p. 279</ref> Such a movable [[siege tower]] was known as a ''[[helepolis]]'', a 'city-taker', they were often covered in metal sheathing, or wet animal hides, to protect their wooden structure from incendiary weapons. They had multiple ports, with hinged covers, for mounting artillery.<ref>Connolly, pp. 280-284</ref>

Around 350 BC a very major improvement in the power of artillery occurred, quite probably under the patronage of Alexander the Great's father, Philip II. This saw the replacement of reliance on the elastic properties of a bow-stave by the use of bow arms inserted into vertical springs made of twisted skeins of hair or sinew, held in a frame. These torsion-powered catapults were far more powerful and had a longer range than their bow-stave predecessors. They could be constructed to shoot arrow-like bolts or stones. Of identical design, they could be made to various scales, from small, anti-personnel, bolt-shooters to large stone-shooters (''[[lithobolos|lithoboloi]]''), capable of battering city walls. Alexander was heir to all these developments in siege warfare.<ref>Lewis, M.J.T. (1999) "When Was Biton?", ''Mnemosyne'', Fourth Series, Vol. 52, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 159-168, Brill, p. 159</ref>

=== Siege of Tyre ===
{{Main|Siege of Tyre (332 BC)}}
The siege of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] was probably the longest and most arduous military undertaking of Alexander the Great's career.<ref>Green, p. 251</ref>
[[File:Siege tryre.gif|thumb|400px|center]]
====Background====
Following his victory at the Battle of Issus, Alexander led his troops southward down the coast of the [[Levant]]. During this march the cities of the coast acknowledged his suzerainty, opening their gates to his troops. Of the wealthy city states of [[Phoenicia]], only Tyre temporised. The Tyrians said that they accepted Macedonian authority, but refused to allow any Macedonians entry to their city. Alexander could not allow a strong, uncommitted, port-city to remain in his rear, which could be used as a base for fleets loyal to Persia. Tyre was located on an island just offshore and was very strongly fortified. Centuries previously, Tyre withstood an [[Assyria|Assyrian]] siege for 13 years. Nevertheless Alexander determined that it would have to be taken by force. Foolishly, the Tyrians roused Alexander's wrath and ensured his determination by killing heralds that he sent into the city to negotiate.<ref>Green, pp.247-250</ref><ref>Connolly, p. 280</ref>

====Siege====
[[File:Naval Helepolis.jpg|right|thumb|Two [[quinqueremes]], joined beam to beam with a ''helepolis'' mounted across their decks. At Tyre Alexander used the same technique to mount floating battering rams. Modern model]]
Initially, the Macedonians had very few ships available, which constrained their choice of tactics, as the Tyrians possessed a capable fleet that could intercept any attack by water. Alexander had the mainland settlement of Old Tyre demolished to provide material for the construction of a causeway to run out out from the shore to the island of Tyre. As the causeway reached deeper water its extension became more laborious. Eventually the head of the causeway came under fire from artillery mounted on the walls of the city and Tyrian vessels. Alexander had two ''helepolis'' siege towers constructed to protect the end of the causeway and to mount artillery to reply to that of the Tyrians. The towers were eventually burnt through the deployment of fireships. Alexander replied by widening the head of the causeway and bringing up new towers. However, the Tyrians responded by building their own wooden towers above their already tall battlements.<ref>Connolly, pp. 280-281</ref><ref>Warry, pp. 79-81</ref><ref>Bury, p. 767</ref>

The siege appeared to be becoming a stalemate, when an invaluable reinforcement arrived. Major elements of the Persian fleet became aware that their home cities had fallen under Macedonian control, as a result the Phoenician squadrons abandoned their allegiance and sailed for Tyre. The kingdoms of [[Cyprus]], alert to the shift of power from the Persians to the Macedonians, also sent a large naval contingent. Both naval forces placed themselves at Alexander's disposal. Alexander now had a preponderance of naval strength. The Tyrians threw large stones into the water at the base of their walls, to deter enemy vessels from approaching the walls too closely. A series of combats then took place between the Macedonian ships attempting to haul the rocks away and Tyrian vessels, and divers, trying to stop them. The Macedonians eventually prevailed. After a naval sortie by the Tyrians had been defeated, Alexander tested the defences of the city from the sea. He employed vessels equipped with large, stone-shooting artillery, to attack at the city walls, aided by battering rams mounted on pairs of vessels lashed together. The city's northern defenses proved too strong, but at the southern walls a breach was made. After an initial assault was repulsed, the breach in the wall was widened, then the Macedonians, spearheaded by the ''hypaspitai'' under [[Admetus of Macedon|Admetus]], gained a foothold. Admetus was killed, but Alexander took over, leading his men in clearing the breach of defenders. Reinforcements allowed Alexander's troops to pour into the city, where the defenders continued a desperate resistance, but to no avail. King [[Azemilcus|Azimilik]] and other notables took refuge in the temple of [[Melqart|Melkart]], these were spared (possibly because Melkart was equated with [[Herakles]], a legendary ancestor of Alexander). To celebrate his victory, Alexander made a sacrifice to Herakles in the temple of Melkart. Two thousand men of military age were crucified, while the survivors, 30,000 in number, were sold into slavery.<ref>Green, pp. 247, 252-262</ref><ref>Bury, pp. 768-771</ref>

== Overview ==
From his own time to the present there has been little doubt expressed in the writings of historians that Alexander III of Macedon exhibited generalship and military genius of a high order. His abilities were predicated on, and made possible by, the work of his father and predecessor, Philip II. Philip created the army his son wielded so expertly. Philip made the Macedonian state and army into one entity. The army was the state, the commander in chief of the army and the king were the same person. Philip perfected the tactical, organisational and military equipment innovations made within the Greek world in the decades before his rise to power, and added some of his own devising. These Alexander inherited and it was his father's legacy that allowed his conquest of the Persian Empire. Alexander's campaign from the [[Hellespont]] to the [[Indus]] was the longest-distance of any single recorded military campaign up to that time. Alexander won four major pitched battles, numerous sieges and dozens of smaller-scale engagements, all with a casualty rate to his own army that never threatened its military effectiveness. He moved his army with a speed that often alarmed and discomfited his foes. In addition to being a highly skilled tactician, he was a master of [[logistics]].<ref>Burke, pp. 67, 69</ref> Alexander combined speed of movement with a gift for tactical improvisation. He exhibited strategic flexibility, a mastery of using terrain to his advantage, an unperturbably cool-head in a crisis, and an unerring psychological insight into the intentions of his enemies. In all, he was probably the most gifted general in history.<ref>Green, p.487</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Alexander the Great]]
* [[Ancient Macedonian army]]
* [[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*Ashley, J.R. (2004) ''The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C.'' McFarland.
*Billows, R.A. (2023) ''Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State'', University of California Press, Berkeley.
*Bloedow, E.F. (2004) "Egypt in Alexander's Scheme of Things", in ''Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica'', New Series, Vol. 77, No. 2 (2004), Fabrizio Serra Editore, pp. 75-99
*Brunt, P. A. (1963) "Alexander's Macedonian cavalry" in ''JHS'' 83.
*Burke, E.M. (1983) "Philip II and Alexander the Great," ''Military Affairs'', Vol. 47, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), pp. 67-70.
*[[J. B. Bury|Bury, J.B.]], (1913) ''A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander.'' London.
*Connolly, P. (1981) ''Greece and Rome at War.'' Macdonald Phoebus, London. {{ISBN|1-85367-303-X}}
*Devine, A.M. (1975), "Grand Tactics at Gaugamela", ''Phoenix'', Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1975), Classical Association of Canada, pp. 374-385
*Gaebel, R.E, (2004) ''Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World'', University of Oklahoma Press
*Green, P. (1992), ''Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 B.C. A Historical Biography'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-07166-2}}.
*Lendon, J.E. (2006) ''Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity,'' Yale University Press.
*Markle, M.M. (1982) "Macedonian Arms and Tactics under Alexander the Great", Studies in the History of Art, Vol 10, Symposium Series I: ''Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times'', pp. 86–111. National Gallery of Art.
*Sidnell, P. (2006) ''Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare'', Continuum, London.
*Warry, J. (1980) ''Warfare in the Classical World'', Salamander Books, London. {{ISBN|0-86101-034-5}}

==Further reading==
* Antonis y Pavlo Georgakis, "Arbèles", Socomer, coll. ''Les grandes batailles de l'histoir'', 1989.
* Ashley, J. R., ''The Macedonian empire. The era of warfare under Philip II and Alexander the Great 359-323BC'', London, 1998.
* Burn, A. R., ''The generalship of Alexander the Great'' in Greece and Rome 12, 1965.
* Cassin-Scott, J., ''The Greek and Persian wars 500-323 BC'', London, 1977.
* Ellis, J. R., "Alexander's hypaspists again in ''Historia'' 24, 1975.
* Engels, D. W., ''Alexander the Great and the logistics of the Macedonian army'', Berkeley, 1978.
* Engels, D., "Alexander's intelligence system" in CQ 30, 1980.
* Fuller, J. F. C., ''The generalship of Alexander the Great'', London, 1958.
* Griffith, G. T., "Alexander's generalship at Gaugamela" in ''JHS'' 67, 1947.
* Griffith,G. T., "A note on the hipparchies of Alexander" in ''JHS'' 83, 1963.
* Hamilton, J. R., "The cavalry battle at the Hydaspes" in ''JHS'' 76, 1956.
* [[N. G. L. Hammond|Hammond, N. G. L.]], "The battle of the Granicus river" in ''JHS'' 100, 1980.
* Hammond, N. G. L., "The various guards of Philip II and Alexander III" in: ''Historia'' 40, 1991.
* Hammond, N. G. L., "Alexander's charge at the battle of Issus in 333 BC" in ''Historia'' 41, 1992.
* [[Victor Davis Hanson|Hanson, V.D]]. (ed.), ''Hoplites: the classical Greek battle experience'', London, 1991.
* Hanson, V. D., "Genesis of the infantry 600-350BC" in G. Parker (ed.), ''The Cambridge illustrated history of warfare. The triumph of the West'', Cambridge, 1995.
* Head, D., ''The Achaemenid Persian army'', Stockworth, 1992.
* Heckel, W., "The somatophylakes of Alexander the Great: some notes" in ''Historia'' 27, 1978.
* Lock, R.A., "The origins of the argyraspids" in ''Historia'' 26, 1977.
* Markle, M.M., "The Macedonian sarissa, spear and related armor" in ''AJA'' 81, 1977.
* Markle, M.M., "Use of the sarissa by Philip and Alexander of Macedon" in ''AJA'' 82, 1978.
* Marsden, E.W., ''The campaign of Gaugamela'', Liverpool, 1964.
* Milns, R.D., "Alexander's Macedonian cavalry and Diodorus XVII 17.4" in ''JHS'' 86
* Milns, R.D., "Alexander's seventh phalanx battalion" in ''GRBS'' 7, 1966.
* Milns, R.D., "The hypaspists of Alexander III - some problems" in ''Historia'' 20, 1971.
* Milns, R.D., "THe Army of Alexander the Great" in ''Fondations'' Hardt 22, 1976.
* Neumann, C., "A note on Alexander's march-rates" in ''Historia'' 20, 1971.
* Parke, H.W., ''Greek mercenary soldiers from the earliest times to the battle of Ipsus'' , Chicago, 1981.
* Sekunda, N. y Warry, J., ''Alexander the Great: His Armies and Campaigns 334-323 BC'', London, 1998.
* Sekunda, N., ''The army of Alexander the Great'', London, 1984.
* Sekunda, N., ''The Persian army 560-330 BC'', London, 1992.
* Warry, J., ''Alexander 334-323 BC: conquest of the Persian empire'', London, 1991.
* Worley, L.J., ''Hippeis. The cavalry of Ancient Greece'' Oxford, 1994.

[[Category:Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Military tactics]]
[[Category:Military history of ancient Greece]]

Embalam Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T07:28:42Z

Banti: Started new page...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =21
| electors ={{formatnum:34810}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Embalam
| type= SLA
| map_image = Embalam-assembly-constituency-21.png
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[U. Lakshmikandhan]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
}}
'''Embalam''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|format=PDF|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref><ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Embalam Assembly constituency was part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]]. This assembly constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Caste|SC]] candidates.<ref name=delimit/>

==Segments==
#[[Embalam]]
#[[Sembiapalayam|Sembiyapalayam]]
#[[Korkadu]]
#[[Karikalampakkam]]
#[[Aranganur]]
#[[Kirumampakkam]]
#[[Pillaiarkuppam]]
#[[Seliamedu]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || P. Angammal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || M. Veerammal
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || G. Murugesan
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || K. Sivaloganathan || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || G. Murugesan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || K. Anbalagan || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || K. Deivanayagam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || K. Pakkiri Ammal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || R. Rajaraman || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || N. Gangadaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || R. Rajaraman || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[P. Rajavelu]] || {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || [[M. Kandaswamy (Puducherry politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || [[U. Lakshmikandhan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-U07.htm?st=U07|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|date=2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|E. Mohandoss
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2026|2026]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|50.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|50.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|66.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|51.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|25.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|62.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|36.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|68.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|79.83}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Mohandoss|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kandasamy|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kumaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Tamizh Selvan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =32865 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[U. Lakshmikandhan]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=15,624 |percentage=50.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy (Puducherry politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,384 |percentage=43.56% |change=-22.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Somanathan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=618 |percentage=2.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sutha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=590 |percentage=1.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=193 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.53% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,240 |percentage=7.29% |change=-31.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,723 |percentage=88.76% |change= -2.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,614 |change =10.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy (Puducherry politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,945 |percentage=66.05% |change=19.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[U. Lakshmikandhan]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=7,745 |percentage=27.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Govindharasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,193 |percentage=4.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=333 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Steeban |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=135 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,200 |percentage=39.05% |change=33.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,682 |percentage=91.38% |change= -1.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,386 |change =16.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= 14.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Rajavelu]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=12,933 |percentage=51.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy (Puducherry politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,465 |percentage=46.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ethirajan |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Sactivelou |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=144 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,468 |percentage=5.90% |change=2.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,893 |percentage=92.60% |change= 3.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,882 |change =34.71% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajaraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,208 |percentage=40.56% |change=19.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,683 |percentage=37.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Su. Pavanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,596 |percentage=20.24% |change=11.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Karunanithi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=182 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Gothandapani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=96 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=525 |percentage=2.95% |change=-1.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,770 |percentage=89.05% |change= 14.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,955 |change =2.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gangadaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,723 |percentage=25.44% |change=-0.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Palanivelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,087 |percentage=21.10% |change=13.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,780 |percentage=19.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,852 |percentage=12.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nagamany |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,301 |percentage=8.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Muthukrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=630 |percentage=4.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Janakiraman |party=Independent politician |votes=621 |percentage=4.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivaloganathane |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=282 |percentage=1.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Parkunan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=142 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Selvakumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=135 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Candavelou |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=636 |percentage=4.35% |change=-32.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,633 |percentage=74.87% |change= 1.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,544 |change =8.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -12.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajaraman |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,311 |percentage=62.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Pakkiriammal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,454 |percentage=26.07% |change=-11.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Muthukrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,043 |percentage=7.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Parkunan |party=Janata Party |votes=140 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kathiravan |party=Independent politician |votes=90 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,857 |percentage=36.66% |change=22.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,248 |percentage=78.31% |change= 5.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,964 |change =10.14% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 25.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Pakkiri Ammal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,171 |percentage=37.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajaraman |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,587 |percentage=23.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kumarselvan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,189 |percentage=19.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siva Loganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,309 |percentage=11.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Mallika |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=735 |percentage=6.62% |change=0.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Parkunan |party=Janata Party |votes=111 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,584 |percentage=14.27% |change=5.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,102 |percentage=73.00% |change= -5.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,310 |change =0.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= 0.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Deivanayagam |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,669 |percentage=36.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivaloganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,563 |percentage=28.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,265 |percentage=25.84% |change=-25.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Datchanamurthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=797 |percentage=6.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kathavarayan |party=Janata Party |votes=168 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arimuthu |party=Lok Dal (B) |votes=92 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=80 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,106 |percentage=8.75% |change=6.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,634 |percentage=78.97% |change= -1.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,223 |change =46.42% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,509 |percentage=51.03% |change=26.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Siva Loganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,327 |percentage=48.97% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=2.06% |change=-42.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,836 |percentage=80.79% |change= -2.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,080 |change =19.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -17.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Murugesan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=5,033 |percentage=68.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ramajayam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,773 |percentage=24.06% |change=-12.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivaloganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=487 |percentage=6.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arikrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,260 |percentage=44.24% |change=40.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,369 |percentage=83.58% |change= 6.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,279 |change =5.67% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 31.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sivaloganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,442 |percentage=36.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Murugesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,200 |percentage=32.92% |change=-14.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Thangarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,093 |percentage=16.36% |change=-13.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Ayyanar |party=Janata Party |votes=947 |percentage=14.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=242 |percentage=3.62% |change=-13.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,682 |percentage=77.37% |change= -10.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,781 |change =9.79% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Murugesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,140 |percentage=47.13% |change=-8.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siva Loganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,994 |percentage=29.93% |change=-14.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Perumal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,529 |percentage=22.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,146 |percentage=17.20% |change=5.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,663 |percentage=87.38% |change= 3.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,998 |change =-1.44% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Veerammal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,682 |percentage=55.69% |change=-24.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Veerappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,930 |percentage=44.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=752 |percentage=11.37% |change=-48.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,612 |percentage=83.41% |change= 4.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,115 |change =-0.05% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -24.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Embalam<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Angammal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,924 |percentage=79.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Andavan |party=Indian People's Front |votes=1,244 |percentage=20.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,680 |percentage=59.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,168 |percentage=79.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,119 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.872|79.715|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos

2026-05-03T02:39:29Z

Banti: creating a pg nd citations...

{{Short description|2026 film directed by Vir Das and Kavi Shastri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Happy Patel- Khatarnak Jasoos film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vir Das]] [[Kavi Shastri]]
| writer = Vir Das Amogh Randive
| producer = [[Aamir Khan]] Aparna Purohit Vir Das Kavi Shastri
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Vir Das
*[[Mithila Palkar]]
*[[Mona Singh]]
*[[Sharib Hashmi]]
*Shrushti Tawade
}}
| cinematography = Himman Dhamija
| editing = Daanish Shastri
| music = '''Songs:''' See [[#Soundtrack|soundtrack]] '''Score:''' Shalom Benjamin Nirmit Shah Parth Pandya 
| studio = Aamir Khan Productions
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|16}}
| runtime = 121 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE0MTIyMDI1MDAwMTQ= |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|6.84 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos/box-office/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos''''' (''{{Translation|Happy Patel: Dangerous Spy}}'') is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Vir Das]] and [[Kavi Shastri]] and produced under [[Aamir Khan Productions]]. The film stars Vir Das, [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Sharib Hashmi]] and Srushti Tawade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2025 |title=‘Happy Patel’: Aamir Khan Productions announces Vir Das’ directorial debut featuring Imran Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/happy-patel-aamir-khan-productions-announce-vir-das-directorial-debut-featuring-imran-khan/article70352698.ece |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Aamir Khan forces Vir Das to use his version of Happy Patel Khatarnaak Jasoos trailer: ‘I am a marketing genius, perfectionist’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-forces-vir-das-to-use-his-version-of-trailer-for-happy-patel-khatarnaak-jasoos-10426763/ |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It also marked the silver screen return of [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] over ten years after he last starred in ''[[Katti Batti]]'' (2015).

==Plot==
Happy Patel, the adopted son of two gay British secret agents, who aspired to follow his fathers' footsteps, and join the [[MI7]] covert agency, but failed, soon learns that he is of Indian origin. He is assigned to [[Goa]], on a mission, to rescue and retrieve a white woman who is being forced to work in a factory on developing a formula for a fairness cream by local Don Mama, who houses an inter-generational enmity with Happy, and is eager to settle scores.

==Cast==
*[[Vir Das]] as Happy Patel
**Krishiv Bhandari as young Happy
*[[Mithila Palkar]] as Rupa
*[[Mona Singh]] as Mama
*[[Sharib Hashmi]] as Geet
*Srushti Tawade<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=16 January 2026 |title=Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos Movie Review: Vir Das’s madcap spy-comedy has its moments |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2026/Jan/16/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-movie-review-vir-dass-madcap-spy-comedy-has-its-moments |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> as Roxy
*[[Simon Feilder]] as Sebastian Paisley
*[[Benedict Garrett]] as Kenneth Mole
*Jemima Dunn as Mary Wilkins
*Hella Stichlmair as Aunty
*[[Aamir Khan]] as Jimmy Mario (cameo appearance)
*[[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] as Milind Morea (cameo appearance)<ref>{{cite web|title=Vir Das shares how Imran Khan offered to work in Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/imran-khan-returns-big-screen-happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-january-2026-2847493-2026-01-06|website=India Today|date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
*[[Sanjeev Kapoor]] as himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Meiyang Chang]] as himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Ash King]] as himself (special appearance in song "Banda Tere Liye")
*[[Sumukhi Suresh]] as Sakhubai Patel (cameo appearance)
*[[Ashwin Mushran]] as Instructor
* Mayank Parakh as Peter
* Vishwanath Kulkarni as Shailesh

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vir Das]], Parth Parekh, Ajay Jayanthi, Akshay, IP Singh, Shalom Benjamin, Manan Mehta, Achint Thakkar, Nirmit Shah, Kaizad Gherda, Sidd Coutto, Shalom Benjamin and Alien Chutney
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 13 January 2026
| recorded = 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:24
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|R0sh6vYbcAE&list|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Vir Das]], Parth Parekh, Ajay Jayanthi, Akshay, IP Singh, Shalom Benjamin, Manan Mehta, Achint Thakkar, Nirmit Shah, Kaizad Gherda, Sidd Coutto, Shalom Benjamin and Alien Chutney with the lyrics written by Vir Das, Mxrzi, [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]], IP Singh, Manan Mehta, Suchita Shirke and Shalom Benjamin

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 28:24
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Banda Tere Liye
| extra1 = Ash King, Ajay Jayanthi, Mxrzi
| lyrics1 = Vir Das, Mxrzi & [[Neeraj Pandey (writer)|Neeraj Pandey]]
| music1 = Parth Parekh, Ajay Jayanthi
| length1 = 2:46
| title2 = Phukt Apan
| extra2 = Mxrzi
| lyrics2 = Vir Das, Mxrzi
| music2 = Vir Das, Parth Parekh
| length2 = 2:30
| title3 = Chaanta Tera
| extra3 = IP Singh, Nupoor Khedkar
| lyrics3 = IP Singh
| music3 = Akshay, IP Singh
| length3 = 2:57
| title4 = Alpha Male
| extra4 = Shalom Benjamin
| lyrics4 = Vir Das
| music4 = Vir Das, Shalom Benjamin
| length4 = 1:10
| title5 = Dushman
| extra5 = Ajay Jayanthi
| lyrics5 = Vir Das
| music5 = Vir Das, Manan Mehta
| length5 = 2:05
| title6 = Kill Kill Dil
| extra6 = Manan Mehta
| lyrics6 = Vir Das, Manan Mehta
| music6 = Vir Das, Manan Mehta
| length6 = 1:23
| title7 = Cous Cous
| extra7 = Vir Das
| lyrics7 = Vir Das
| music7 = Vir Das, Parth Parekh
| length7 = 0:38
| title8 = Legend of Jimmy Mario
| extra8 = Siddharth Basrur, Achint Thakkar
| lyrics8 = Vir Das
| music8 = Achint Thakkar, Vir Das
| length8 = 2:31
| title9 = Goa Aaja
| extra9 = Vir Das
| lyrics9 = Vir Das
| music9 = Vir Das & Parth Parekh
| length9 = 1:09
| title10 = Dhuaan
| extra10 = Shreya Bhattacharya
| lyrics10 = Vir Das
| music10 = Vir Das, Nirmit Shah
| length10 = 1:16
| title11 = Hindustani Hoon
| extra11 = Vir Das
| lyrics11 = Vir Das
| music11 = Kaizad Gherda, Vir Das
| length11 = 2:46
| title12 = Rest in Peace Mario
| extra12 = Samantha Edwards
| lyrics12 = Vir Das
| music12 = Sidd Coutto, Vir Das
| length12 = 2:12
| title13 = Ikde Naach
| extra13 = Devashri Manohar
| lyrics13 = Vir Das, Suchita Shirke
| music13 = Parth Parekh, Vir Das
| length13 = 0:33
| title14 = Yummy Yummy
| extra14 = Shalom Benjamin
| lyrics14 = Shalom Benjamin
| music14 = Shalom Benjamin
| length14 = 0:48
| title15 = Sajna Dilruba
| extra15 = Nimrit Shah, Vir Das, Alien Chutney, Akshay, IP Singh
| lyrics15 = Vir Das
| music15 = Nimrit Shah, Vir Das, Alien Chutney, Akshay, IP Singh
| length15 = 3:40
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos'' was theatrically released on 16 January 2026.

=== Home media ===
The film is scheduled to stream on [[Netflix]] from 1 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2026 |title='Happy Patel' OTT release: When is Vir Das comedy out on streaming? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/03/28/happy-patel-ott-release-when-is-vir-das-comedy-out-on-streaming.html |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Happy Patel is not supposed to make sense, and doesn't even pretend to. But most of the time, it is trying too hard -- which ruins any comedy -- and the jokes fall flat. Still, the silliness is layered with such good cheer that it does get some laughs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title=Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos Review: Vir Das Deserves Better |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-review-vir-das-deserves-better/20260116.htm |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and said that "the film has too many ideas and jokes, tries to talk about everything at once, and as a result the comedy and emotions don’t land properly. A few performances and cameos are fun, but overall the movie feels messy and unfocused".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|date=16 January 2026 |title=Happy Patel Khatarnak Jasoos movie review: Featuring Vir Das, Aamir Khan and Imran Khan, in a film that’s all over the place |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-movie-review-featuring-vir-das-aamir-khan-and-imran-khan-in-a-film-thats-all-over-the-place-10477289/ |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "The Vir Das-starring comedy about a bumbling NRI spy in Goa is unapologetically crazy, clumsy and contagious and It is a Sparkling Comedy With No Inhibitions".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|date=16 January 2026 |title=‘Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos’ Movie Review: Let’s Put A Smile On That Face|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-movie-review-lets-put-a-smile-on-that-face|access-date=16 January 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Happy Patel must have sounded terrific on paper, largely because the film never intends to take itself seriously. Every character is given a quirk. The trouble is, it plays out like that friend in the group who is blissfully unaware of how half their jokes are unfunny. But one doesn't have the heart to tell them."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rishabh|last=Desai|date=16 January 2026 |title=Happy Patel review: This Vir Das starrer aims to be quirky and different but quirky isn't always funny |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-patel-review-this-vir-das-starrer-aims-to-be-quirky-and-different-but-quirky-isnt-always-funny-101768547873681.html |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and says that "the film successfully breaks the macho spy stereotype, is loud, absurd and self-aware, delivers genuine laughs, and works well if you don’t expect depth—just fun".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=16 January 2026 |title=Happy Patel review: Vir Das breaks spy movie stereotypes with madcap comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-review-vir-das-spy-comedy-breaks-bollywood-stereotypes-2852875-2026-01-16 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3/5 stars and states that "the film is silly, self-aware and chaotic fun—it doesn’t always make sense, but it delivers laughs, breaks the macho spy image, and is worth watching if you enjoy absurd humour".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |title=Happy Patel Khatarnaak Jasoos Review: Vir Das's Spy Comedy Is A Self-Aware, Silly, And Wild Ride |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/happy-patel-khatarnaak-jasoos-review-vir-dass-spy-comedy-is-a-self-aware-silly-and-wild-ride-3-stars-10763609 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that "So silly that it’s juvenile and sometimes so anarchic that it almost escapes notice, the 121-minute Happy Patel takes refuge behind its conceit. This is a film about nothing pretending to be about something."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini|title=‘Happy Patel: Khatarnak Jasoos’ review: In scattershot comedy, anything goes and little lands|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089984/happy-patel-khatarnak-jasoos-review-in-scattershot-comedy-anything-goes-and-little-lands|access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt32245870}}

{{Aamir Khan}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:2020s spy comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Mafia comedy films]]

Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-05-02T05:36:02Z

Banti: Starting A Details

{{Short description|Protected area in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Ratanmahal Waterfalls.jpg
| image_caption = Ratanmahal Waterfall
| map = India Gujarat#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Dahod district, Gujarat, India
| area = 55.65
| established = 1982
}}[[File:Sounds of Chougania,Devgadh Baria.ogg|thumb|[[Bird]]s of Chougania chirping merrily as the [[Sun]] breaks out of overcast sky]]

'''Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area of mixed, [[deciduous forest]], located near [[Devgadh Baria]] in [[Dohad district]],<ref name=HAI>{{cite web |title=Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary |url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/gujarat/devgadh-baria-attractions/ratanmahal-sloth-bear-sanctuary.aspx |access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> at [[Gujarat]]'s border with [[Madhya Pradesh]], within the [[Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]' [[ecoregion]].<ref name=IM0206>{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Kathiarbar-Gir Dry Deciduous Forests |accessdate=2017-02-14}}</ref> With the area of 55.65 km² it was declared as wildlife sanctuary in 1982. The maximum area covered is in Gujarat. Ratanmahal Sanctuary is near by river Paanam (a major river of [[Central Gujarat]]), which helps to preserve the [[Balance_of_nature|ecological balance]] in the forest, besides water conservation. The sanctuary is also known as "Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary", due to its highest [[Population (biology)|population]] of [[sloth bear]]s in the state.<ref name="SlothBearConservation2011">{{cite web |url=http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/Bears/Bears_IUCN_ActionPlan/bearsAP_chapter12.pdf |title=Sloth Bear Conservation Action Plan |last1=Garshelis |first1=David L. |last2=Joshi |first2=Anup R. |last3=Smith |first3=James L. D. |last4=Rice |first4=Clifford G. |format=PDF |access-date=18 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235317/http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/Bears/Bears_IUCN_ActionPlan/bearsAP_chapter12.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> As with [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary]], Ratanmahal has experienced [[extinction]]s in its population of [[bird]]s.<ref name="TrivediSoni2006">{{cite journal |last1=Trivedi |first1=Pranav |last2=Soni |first2=V. C. |title=Significant bird records and local extinctions in Purna and Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India |publisher=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |format=PDF |pages=39–48 |volume=22 |url=http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033443/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Trivedi-Purna.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-22 |title=Visitors to central Gujarat sanctuaries to be insured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/eco-campsite-tourists-to-be-insured/articleshow/87836274.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary - Dahod district - Gujarat - DSC0001.jpg|thumb|Entrance gate of Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== Geography ==
Ratanmahal wildlife sanctuary is located in Dahod district of Gujarat bordering nearby state Madhya Pradesh. Panam river flows nearby the sanctuary. It is located near tribal towns of Baria and Chhota Udepur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/ratanmahal-sloth-bear-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
=== Flora ===
Falling in Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forest eco region. The forest of the sanctuary comprise dry teak stands in the foothill regions and mixed deciduous woodlands with dry bamboo brakes along the periphery. High volume of Mahuda trees provide suitable food for sloth bears.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratanmahal Sloth bear Sanctuary |url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/ratanmahal-sanctuary.htm}}</ref>

=== Fauna ===
Fauna of the sanctuary include mammal such as [[sloth bear]], [[Indian leopard]], [[striped hyena]], [[golden jackal]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[small Indian civet]], [[jungle cat]] and [[hanuman langur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Gujarat |url=https://www.globalgujarat.com/Ratanmahal_Sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.globalgujarat.com}}</ref>
Recently [[Bengal Tiger|tiger]] has been spotted in the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2025-05-24 |title=Tiger Spotted At Dahod Sanctuary; Gujarat Welcomes Big Cat After 30 Years |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/tiger-spotted-at-dahod-sanctuary-gujarat |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>
Reptiles include [[Indian cobra]], [[krait]], [[saw-scaled viper]], [[Russell's viper]] and [[Bamboo pit viper]].

== See also ==
* [[Forest of the Dangs]]
* [[List of protected areas of Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dahod district|Dahod]]
[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]

{{India-stub}}

Kai Daryanani

2026-05-01T10:13:57Z

Banti: creating new article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian racing driver (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|04|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hong Kong]]
| nationality = {{flagicon|IND}} Indian
| current_series = [[Formula Regional European Championship]]
| first_year = [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|2026]]
| current_team = [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
| car_number = 87
| starts = 3
| wins = 0
| podiums = 0
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
| best_finish = TBD
| year = [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|2026]]
| prev_series = [[Eurocup-3]] [[GB3 Championship|GB3]] [[Eurocup-3|Eurocup-3 Winter]] [[FR Middle East]] [[Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula Trophy UAE]] [[Australian F4]] [[Italian F4]] [[Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4]] [[F4 British]] [[F4 UAE]] [[GB4 Championship|GB4]] [[F4 Spanish]] [[F4 South East Asia]]
| prev_series_years = [[2025 Eurocup-3 season|2025]] [[2025 GB3 Championship|2025]] [[2025 Eurocup-3 season#Winter Series|2025]] [[2025 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2025]] [[2024 Formula Trophy UAE|2024]] [[2024 Formula 4 Australian Championship|2024]] [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|2024]] [[2023 Euro 4 Championship|2023]]–[[2024 Euro 4 Championship|2024]] [[2023 F4 British Championship|2023]]–[[2024 F4 British Championship|2024]] [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]–[[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]] [[2023 GB4 Championship|2023]] [[2023 F4 Spanish Championship|2023]] [[2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship|2023]]
| titles = [[Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula Trophy UAE]]
| title_years = [[2024 Formula Trophy UAE|2024]]
| image = Kai Daryanani JHR Developments GB3 Championship 2025.jpg
| caption = Daryanani in 2025
}}
'''Kai Daryanani''' (born 13 April 2005) is an Indian racing driver who currently competes in the [[Formula Regional European Championship]] for [[Trident Racing|Trident]].

Daryanani previously competed in the [[2025 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]] for [[JHR Developments]] and [[2025 Eurocup-3 season|Eurocup-3]] for KCL by [[MP Motorsport|MP]] under a British licence.

Daryanani is the [[2024 Formula Trophy UAE]] Champion.<ref name="Allen">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=2024-12-14 |title=Wheldon wins on Prema F4 debut, Daryanani takes Formula Trophy title |url=https://formulascout.com/wheldon-wins-on-prema-f4-debut-daryanani-takes-formula-trophy-title/126629 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Formula 4 ===

==== 2023 ====
Daryanani made his [[Formula 4]] debut in 2023, driving for [[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle]] [[Van Amersfoort Racing|VAR]] in the [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2023-01-05 |title=VAR and Pinnacle Motorsport reveal line-ups for FRMEC and F4 tie-up |url=https://formulascout.com/var-and-pinnacle-motorsport-reveal-line-ups-for-frmec-and-f4-tie-up/102562 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> His season yielded a best result of 17th at [[Yas Marina Circuit|Yas Marina]], seeing him finish in 36th in the championship standings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=F4 UAE 2023 {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/formula-4-uae/2023 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> Daryanani's main season championship, however, was in the [[2023 F4 British Championship]], where he would drive for [[Virtuosi Racing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROKiT FIA British Formula F4 {{!}} Kai Daryanani joins virtuosi racing British f4 |url=https://fiaformula4.com/kai-daryanani-joins-virtuosi-racing-british-f4/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en}}</ref> Another tough campaign followed, but Daryanani showed clear improvement from his 15 races in the UAE, as he secured a best result of sixth on his way to 24th in the standings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waring |first=Bethonie |date=2023-07-29 |title=Smith holds off Stilp for British F4 Croft victory |url=https://formulascout.com/smith-holds-off-stilp-for-british-f4-croft-victory/109841 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F4 British Championship 2023 {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/msa-formula/2023 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> He ended his season in the [[2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship|Formula 4 South East Asia Championship]], where he finished tenth in the standings with one podium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula 4 South East Asia 2023 {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/formula-4-south-east-asia-championship/2023 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> Daryanani also made appearances in various other F4 series, most notably in the [[2023 GB4 Championship]] where he secured his first victory in single-seaters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitfield |first=Steve |date=2023-09-10 |title=Mills seals GB4 title as Daryanani wins final Brands Hatch contest |url=https://formulascout.com/mills-seals-gb4-title-as-daryanani-wins-final-brands-hatch-contest/111229 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== 2024 ====
It was announced that Daryanani would continue in [[Formula 4|F4]] in 2024, driving for [[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle Motorsport]] in the [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-01-08 |title=F4 South East Asia's Australian title winners to tackle F4 UAE |url=https://formulascout.com/f4-south-east-asias-australian-title-winners-to-tackle-f4-uae/114744 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Daryanani fared much better than in his previous season, this time scoring points with a best result of ninth at [[Yas Marina Circuit|Yas Marina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitfield |first=Steve |date=2024-01-20 |title=Al Azhari wins F4 UAE race two at Yas Marina |url=https://formulascout.com/al-azhari-wins-f4-uae-race-two-at-yas-marina/115091 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> He finished 25th in the standings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=F4 United Arab Emirates Championship 2024 {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/formula-4-uae/2024 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> He then confirmed his participation in the [[2024 F4 British Championship]], this time driving for [[Fortec Motorsport]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-02-01 |title=Kai Daryanani switches to Fortec Motorsports in British F4 |url=https://formulascout.com/kai-daryanani-switches-to-fortec-motorsports-in-british-f4/115335 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Daryanani had another much improved season in the series, as he scored points regularly. He secured three fourth-placed finishes over the course of the year, and at season's end, he finished 12th in the standings, beating all his teammates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROKiT F4 British Championship Certified by FIA 2024 {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/msa-formula/2024 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ROKiT FIA British Formula F4 {{!}} Standings |url=https://fiaformula4.com/standings/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en}}</ref> Daryanani ended his last year in [[Formula 4]] with a full season of the [[2024 Formula Trophy UAE]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-10-15 |title=Daryanani, Le and Wharton sign up for Macau GP |url=https://formulascout.com/daryanani-le-and-wharton-sign-up-for-macau-gp/124841 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> In the first round, he secured three points finishes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=2024-12-03 |title=Al Dhaheri claims early lead of new-look Formula Trophy in UAE |url=https://formulascout.com/al-dhaheri-claims-early-lead-of-new-look-formula-trophy-in-uae/126207 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> He then secured his second ever victory in Formula 4 with a victory and a podium in the second round at [[Yas Marina Circuit|Yas Marina]], placing him second in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Peter |date=2024-12-08 |title=Al Dhaheri denied double in Abu Dhabi GP F4 support races |url=https://formulascout.com/al-dhaheri-denied-double-in-abu-dhabi-gp-f4-support-races/126449 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> In the final round, he secured the title with a pair of podiums, handing Daryanani his first ever championship title.<ref name="Allen"/>

=== Formula Regional ===
[[File:GB3 2025 Mogyoród Nr. 88 Daryanani.jpg|thumb|left|Daryanani driving at the [[Hungaroring]] during the [[2025 GB3 Championship]]]]
==== 2024 ====
Daryanani made his [[Formula Regional]] debut at the [[2024 Macau Grand Prix]] with [[Evans GP]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GP |first=Evans |date=2024-10-15 |title=Kai Daryanani joins Evans GP in familiar 3-Car lineup for 2024 Macau GP FR World Cup, F4 Trophy Series, and 2025 FRMEC |url=https://www.evansgp.com/2024/10/kai-daryanani-joins-evans-gp-in-familiar-3-car-lineup-for-2024-macau-gp-fr-world-cup-f4-trophy-series-and-2025-frmec/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Evans GP {{!}} Official Web Site {{!}} Motorsport Team |language=en-US}}</ref> He qualified in 26th, and made improvements in the qualifying race, making six places to finish 20th, which would be his grid position for the main race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-11-15 |title=Ugochukwu snatches Macau GP pole from Goethe in crazy qualifying |url=https://formulascout.com/ugochukwu-snatches-macau-gp-pole-from-goethe-in-crazy-qualifying/125757 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-11-16 |title=Ugochukwu wins Macau GP qualification race in mixed conditions |url=https://formulascout.com/ugochukwu-wins-macau-gp-qualification-race-in-mixed-conditions/125779 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> However, Daryanani crashed out of the main race and was unable to finish the race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2024-11-17 |title=Ugochukwu takes FRegional World Cup by winning the Macau GP |url=https://formulascout.com/ugochukwu-takes-the-fregional-world-cup-by-winning-the-macau-gp/125786 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== 2025 ====
Daryanani competed the full season in the [[2025 Formula Regional Middle East Championship]], continuing his successful partnership with [[Evans GP]].<ref name=":0" />

==== 2026 ====
Daryanani moved to the [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]] with [[Trident Racing|Trident]] in 2026. He also raced in the pre-season [[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|Formula Regional Middle East Trophy]] with them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trident with Daryanani in the Middle East and European Regional series|date=9 January 2026|url=https://www.tridentmotorsport.com/en/news/trident-with-daryanani-in-the-middle-east-and-european-regional-series.html|access-date=9 January 2026|website=[[Trident Racing|Trident]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Racing record ==

=== Racing career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Poles
! F/Laps
! Podiums
! Points
! Position
|-
! rowspan="7" |2023
| align="left" |[[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle]] [[Van Amersfoort Racing|VAR]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 36th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 F4 British Championship|F4 British Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Virtuosi Racing]]
| 29
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 8
| 24th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 GB4 Championship|GB4 Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Evans GP]]
| 6
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 61
| 18th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4 Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Cram Motorsport]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 27th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 F4 Spanish Championship|F4 Spanish Championship]]
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 35th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 Macau Formula 4 Race|Macau Formula 4 Race]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle Motorsport]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| N/A
| 10th
|-
| align="left" |[[2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship|Formula 4 South East Asia Championship]]
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 36
| 10th
|-
! rowspan="7" |2024
| align="left" |[[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle Motorsport]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 25th
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 F4 British Championship|F4 British Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Fortec Motorsport]]
| 30
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 93
| 12th
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Cram Motorsport]]
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 31st
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 Euro 4 Championship|Euro 4 Championship]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 33rd
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 Formula 4 Australian Championship|Formula 4 Australian Championship]]
| rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Evans GP]]
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 50
| 8th
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 Macau Grand Prix|Macau Grand Prix]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| N/A
| DNF
|-
| align="left" |[[2024 Formula Trophy UAE|Formula Trophy UAE]]
| 7
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 102
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''1st'''
|-
! rowspan="4" |2025
| align="left" |[[2025 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|Formula Regional Middle East Championship]]
| align="left" |[[Evans GP]]
| 15
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 22nd
|-
|align=left| [[2025 Eurocup-3 season#Winter series|Eurocup-3 Spanish Winter Championship]]
|align=left| KCL by [[MP Motorsport]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| NC†
|-
|align=left| [[2025 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]]
|align=left| [[JHR Developments]]
| 24
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 219
| 11th
|-
| align="left" |[[2025 Eurocup-3 season|Eurocup-3]]
| align="left" |KCL by [[MP Motorsport|MP]]
| 13
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 13
| 17th
|-
! rowspan="2" |2026
| align="left" |[[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|Formula Regional Middle East Trophy]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Trident Racing|Trident]]
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 33rd
|-
| align="left" |[[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 8*
| 11th*
|}
{{asterisk}} Season still in progress

=== Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle]] [[Van Amersfoort Racing|VAR]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|21}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|28}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 1]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 2]] {{small|28}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT1 3]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KMT2 3]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|26}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC 3]] {{small|Ret}}
! 36th
! 0
|-
| [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle Motorsport]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|29†}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|27}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|27}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 1]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 2]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 3]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|18}}
! 25th
! 2
|}

=== Complete F4 British Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!25
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
!31
!32
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 F4 British Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Virtuosi Racing]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPN 1]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPN 2]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPN 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#ffffff"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 1]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 3]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 2]] {{small|102}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 3]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Oulton Park|OUL 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Oulton Park|OUL 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Oulton Park|OUL 3]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 2]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SIL 3]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Croft Circuit|CRO 1]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Croft Circuit|CRO 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Croft Circuit|CRO 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 2]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 3]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 1]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 3]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#ffffff"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 4]] {{small|DNS}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 3]] {{small|19}}
|
! 24th
! 8
|-
| [[2024 F4 British Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Fortec Motorsport]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPN 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Donington Park|DPN 2]] {{small|82}}
|style="background:#ffffff"| [[Donington Park|DPN 3]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 1]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHI 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 1]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 2]] {{small|810}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit|SNE 3]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 1]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 2]] {{small|104}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Thruxton Circuit|THR 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILGP 1]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILGP 2]] {{small|116}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILGP 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 1]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 2]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Knockhill Racing Circuit|KNO 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 1]] {{small|4}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 3]] {{small|42}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Donington Park|DPGP 4]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILN 1]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#ffffff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILN 2]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Silverstone Circuit|SILN 3]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 2]] {{small|125}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 3]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Brands Hatch|BHGP 4]] {{small|6}}
! 12th
! 93
|}

=== Complete GB4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 GB4 Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Evans GP]]
|[[Oulton Park|OUL 1]]
|[[Oulton Park|OUL 2]]
|[[Oulton Park|OUL 3]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 1]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 2]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 3]]
|bgcolor="#dfffdf"|[[Donington Park|DON1 1]] {{small|11}}
|bgcolor="#dfffdf"|[[Donington Park|DON1 2]] {{small|10}}
|bgcolor="#dfffdf"|[[Donington Park|DON1 3]] {{small|8}}
|[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 1]]
|[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 2]]
|[[Snetterton Circuit|SNE 3]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 1]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 2]]
|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 3]]
|bgcolor="#dfffdf"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 1]] {{small|9}}
|bgcolor="#efcfff"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|bgcolor="#ffffbf"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 3]] {{small|1}}
|[[Donington Park|DON2 1]]
|[[Donington Park|DON2 2]]
|[[Donington Park|DON2 3]]
! 18th
! 61
|}

=== Complete Euro 4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 Euro 4 Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Cram Motorsport]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF" | [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" | [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF" | [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|14}}
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]]
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]]
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 3]]
! 27th
! 0
|-
| [[2024 Euro 4 Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Cram Motorsport]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]]
|[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]]
|[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]]
! 33rd
! 0
|}

=== Complete F4 Spanish Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 F4 Spanish Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Cram Motorsport]]
|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]]
|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]]
|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]]
|[[MotorLand Aragón|ARA 1]]
|[[MotorLand Aragón|ARA 2]]
|[[MotorLand Aragón|ARA 3]]
|[[Circuito de Navarra|NAV 1]]
|[[Circuito de Navarra|NAV 2]]
|[[Circuito de Navarra|NAV 3]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito de Jerez|JER 1]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito de Jerez|JER 2]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito de Jerez|JER 3]] {{small|28}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito do Estoril|EST 1]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito do Estoril|EST 2]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuito do Estoril|EST 3]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo|CRT 1]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo|CRT 2]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo|CRT 3]] {{small|22}}
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]]
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]]
|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 3]]
! 35th
! 0
|}

=== Complete Formula 4 South East Asia Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Pinnacle Motorsport (Filipino auto racing team)|Pinnacle Motorsport]]
|[[Zhuzhou International Circuit|ZZIC 1]]
|[[Zhuzhou International Circuit|ZZIC 2]]
|[[Zhuzhou International Circuit|ZZIC 3]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" | [[Guia Circuit|MAC 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Guia Circuit|MAC 2]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP1 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP1 2]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP1 3]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP2 1]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP2 2]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#dfdfdf"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP2 3]] {{small|2}}
! 10th
! 36
|}

=== Complete Italian F4 Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2024 Italian F4 Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Cram Motorsport]]
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Misano World Circuit|MIS 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Misano World Circuit|MIS 2]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Misano World Circuit|MIS 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|[[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]]
|[[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]]
|[[Imola Circuit|IMO 3]]
|[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 1]]
|[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 2]]
|[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 3]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]]
|[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|31}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|20}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 3]] {{small|23}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|17}}
! 31st
! 0
|}

=== Complete Formula 4 Australian Championship results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2024 Formula 4 Australian Championship|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Evans GP]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN1 1]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN1 2]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN1 3]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN2 1]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN2 2]]
|[[The Bend Motorsport Park|BEN2 3]]
|[[Sydney Motorsport Park|SYD 1]]
|[[Sydney Motorsport Park|SYD 2]]
|[[Sydney Motorsport Park|SYD 3]]
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 1]] {{small|5}}
|style="background:#ffdf9f"| [[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 2]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#ffffbf"| '''''[[Sepang International Circuit|SEP 3]]''''' {{small|1}}
! 8th
! 50
|}

=== Complete Macau Grand Prix results ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! Team
! Car
! Qualifying
! Qualifying Race
! Main Race
|-
! [[2024 Macau Grand Prix|2024]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evans GP]]
| align="left" | [[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
| 26th
| 20th
| DNF
|}

=== Complete Formula Trophy UAE results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2024 Formula Trophy UAE|2024]]
! nowrap| [[Evans GP]]
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 2]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |[[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 3]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|1}}
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |[[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|2}}
! style="background:#ffffbf"|1st
! style="background:#ffffbf"|102
|}

=== Complete Formula Regional Middle East Championship/Trophy results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2025 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2025]]
!nowrap| [[Evans GP]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|25†}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 1]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 2]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 3]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 3]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 1]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 3]] {{small|12}}
! 22nd
! 2
|-
| [[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|2026]]
!nowrap| [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|24†}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|25}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|25}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 1]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 2]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB 3]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 1]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 2]] {{small|C}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;"| [[Losail International Circuit|LUS 3]] {{small|16}}
|
|
|
! 33rd
! 0
|}

=== Complete GB3 Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2025 GB3 Championship|2025]]
!nowrap| [[JHR Developments]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 3]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF"|[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF"|[[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFDFDF"|[[Hungaroring|HUN 3]] {{small|2}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 2]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 3]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 2]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Brands Hatch|BRH 3]] {{small|51}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Donington Park|DON 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Donington Park|DON 2]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Donington Park|DON 3]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF"|[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]] {{small|143}}
! 11th
! 219
|}

=== Complete Eurocup-3 results ===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2025 Eurocup-3 season|2025]]
!nowrap| KCL by [[MP Motorsport|MP]]
|[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]
|[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Algarve International Circuit|POR 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF"|[[Algarve International Circuit|POR SR]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[Algarve International Circuit|POR 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC SR]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF"|[[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|DNS}}
|[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]]
|[[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[TT Circuit Assen|ASS 2]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuito de Jerez|JER 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[Circuito de Jerez|JER 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF"|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF"|[[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|15}}
! 17th
! 13
|}

=== Complete Formula Regional European Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2026 Formula Regional European Championship|2026]]
!nowrap| [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Imola Circuit|IMO 3]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]]
|style="background:#;"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]]
! 11th*
! 8*
|}
{{asterisk}} Season still in progress.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{DriverDB|kai-daryanani}}

{{Trident}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daryanani, Kai}}
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Aryan Valley

2026-04-30T02:16:25Z

Banti: new new details from scratch

{{Short description|Region in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aryan Valley
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = Aryan valley pic.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aryan valley in Ladakh, India
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Ladakh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.60|76.51|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]] and [[Kargil district|Kargil]]{{sfn|Arora|Jayaram|2020|p=65}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3727
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = 
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| image_map =
| demographics_type1 = Spoken
| demographics1_title1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Brokskat]]
| demographics_type2 = Ethnicity
| demographics2_title1 = Ethnic group
| demographics2_info1 = [[Brokpa]] (Minaro)
| area_footnotes = <ref group=web>{{Cite web |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook – Kargil |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2018/09/2018091067.pdf |page=56}}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite web |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook – Leh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/498/download/1640/DH_2011_0103_PART_A_DCHB_LEH.pdf |page=184}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| other_name = Dah Hanu region{{refn|group=note|name="Dah Hanu"}}
| nickname =
| elevation_max_ft = 10000
| elevation_min_ft = 9000
| length_km =
| width_km =
| total_type = Human habitats
| official_name =
}}
'''Aryan Valley''', historically known as Dah Hanu region,{{refn|group=note|name="Dah Hanu"}} is an area comprising four village clusters — [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]] , [[Hanu, Ladakh|Hanu]], [[Garkon]] and [[Darchik]] in newly created [[sham district]] — in [[Ladakh|Central Ladakh]] in India. It is inhabited by [[Brokpa]] ethnolinguistic people of [[Dardic people|Dardic]] origin.{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015}}{{refn|group=note|name="IE_Divya"}}{{refn|group=note|name="Brog-yul"}} Until its absorption into the [[Maryul|Maryul kingdom]] during the 10th century, Brokpa chiefs wielded nominal autonomy in the region.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} There is demand to upgrade [[Batalik]] and Aryan valley area to a [[List_of_districts_of_Ladakh#Demand|new district]] due to the unique culture, tourism potential, strategic border area significance, remoteness and lack of development, etc.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-raises-important-issues-in-the-parliament/ | title=MP Ladakh raises important issues in the Parliament | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>

The current name originated in the tourism industry c. 2010 to market the [[Brokpa]]s, the local inhabitants, as being the primordial [[Aryan]]s.<ref group="web" name="Bhan politics" />{{refn|group=note|name="Tourism"}}{{refn|group=note|name="IE_Divya"}}.However, it lacks scientific proof.

== Geography and economy ==
Historically, the area was known as Dah Hanu district to the British administrators,{{refn|group=note|name="Dah Hanu"}} and as ''Brog Yul'', "Hill country," in Tibetan.{{refn|group=note|name="Brog-yul"}} The villages and hamlets are situated 70 km east of [[Kargil]] along narrow valley of the Indus River at an elevation of 9000–10000 feet.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Sharma|1998|p=1}}: "It is situated in narrow rocky gorges of Indus Valley at the elevation of 9000-10000 ft. above the sea level [...] Surface approach to this land is either from Kargil (from Srinagar side) or from Leh, the headquarters of Ladakh. The distance from Kargil side is approximately 70 km. and from Leh 190 km."}}{{refn|group=note|name="Brog-yul"}}

Agriculture — especially the cultivation of fruits like apricots and grapes — is the main driver of the economy.<ref name="Divya_2019" group="web" />{{refn|group=note|Sanjay Dutta (Aug 2, 2021) |title=[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/batalik-other-aryan-villages-plug-into-national-grid-ahead-of-75th-i-day/articleshow/84953121.cms ''Batalik, other Aryan villages plug into national grid ahead of 75th I-Day - Times of India'']: "The Aryan valley is blessed with a natural beauty and is ladakh second fruit bowl after Nubra".}}

== History ==
===Brokpas===
The region is inhabited by the Brokpas — an exonym, used by the Ladakhis (lit. Highlanders) — who are a sub-group of the [[Shin people]].{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015}} From their oral history, it can be reasoned that Dah-Hanu region was first occupied c. 10th century by a group of migratory Shins who practiced the largely-animist ancient Dardic religion, and staked claim to a "Minaro" ethnic identity.{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015}} About six hundred years hence, another group of Shins — influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism — migrated to Dah-Hanu, fomenting a conflict but yet chose to live together.{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015}} Their chieftains wielded significant autonomy in the region, pledging nominal allegiance to the Maqpon rulers of Skardu.The region has always been independent from both ladakh and Baltistan{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}

However, things changed in the seventeenth century when [[Jamyang Namgyal]] of Ladakh faced a conflict with [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] of Skardu and had to accept Gurgurdho, the hamlet of Garkhone as a boundary between their territories.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} Consequently, Aryan valley integrated with Ladakh, though probably not to any substantial extent and were converted to Buddhism in c. late nineteenth century.Before the adoption of Buddhism, the Brokpa people followed their indigenous Minaro religion, characterized by animistic and nature-based beliefs.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} Nevertheless, cross-border trade also occurred, with the village serving as a tax collection post.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}

In the early nineteenth century, as the region came under the Dogras of Jammu upon their annexation of Ladakh, it became part of Leh tehsil in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely State of Jammu and Kashmir]].

In 1947, as Jammu and Kashmir joined India, Aryan valley became part of the Ladakh Division. In 1979, it was further demarcated By putting Dah and Hanu in leh district, Garkhone and Darchik in newly-formed Kargil District . Local Brokpas have demanded representation to the seats reserved for minorities in the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|hill council]].

Uninfluenced by Islam to any significant extent, the Brokpas of Dah-Hanu maintained a unique culture unlike most of neighboring Shins.{{sfn|Nicolaus |2015}}<ref name="Divya_2019" group="web" />

On April 27, 2026, all the villages of the Aryan Valley were merged together into the newly created Sham District by the Government of India, after being carved out of the Leh and Kargil districts.
However people of Aryan valley of Ladakh are demanding either to grant them a subdivision or a district because to protect their culture which is different as compared to other part of the Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-raises-important-issues-in-the-parliament/ | title=MP Ladakh raises important issues in the Parliament | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>

===Aryan association and neologism===
In 1880, [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner|G. W. Leitner]], a British orientalist, called the Brokpas "remnants of an ancient and pure Aryan race" — this trope would be reinforced by other colonial administrators, effectively exoticising them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Bhan |first=Mona |title=Visible Margins: State, Identity & Development among Brogpas of Ladakh (India) |date=2006 |publisher=Rutgers University |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/305292033|id={{ProQuest|305292033}} }}</ref> The claims hold no merit and they run contrary to genetic analyses of the Brokpas.{{sfn|Syama|Arun|ArunKumar|Subhadeepta|2019}} [[Mona Bhan]], a Professor of South Asian Studies and Anthropology at Syracuse University, notes that such ahistorical racialising of linguistic and cultural traits has persisted even in modern ethnography on the Brokpas.{{sfn|Bhan|2018|pp=82–83}}

In 1980, [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia]] reported having met three German Neo-nazi female tourists who attended a Brokpa festival and hoped to be impregnated by the "pure Aryans"; such mythical tourists would be a staple of media coverage on the region.{{sfn|Friese|2000}} Over time, the Brokpas imbibed the Aryan characterization to the extent of tracing descent from Alexander's army.<ref group="web">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Akshai |date=2010-01-01 |title=Who went where, when? On the trail of the first people in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/retY51tHFRe5ZH6NeiU7QI/Who-went-where-when-On-the-trail-of-the-first-people-in-In.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-03 |title=The Last of the Aryans |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-last-of-the-aryans/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |quote=Among Brokpas themselves, an awareness of their ‘Aryanness’ has spread far and wide with the influx of tourists and others drawn by the tag. Within just decades, the process of exoticising is firmly and disturbingly in place. Aware of Aryan looks and cultural traits, Brokpas are now seen to seek these out in themselves.}}</ref> During the 2003 elections to the Kargil Hill Council, they claimed representation to the minority seats based on their Aryan identity, among other factors.<ref name=":0" /> However, this self-fashioning differed from the usual connotations of "Aryan" in the West.{{sfn|Bhan|2018|pp=84–86}} For the Brokpas, their Aryan identity laid in a millennia-old-struggle to maintain a unique identity in the face of persecution by various rulers, as told through folk-lores, and was a tool to improve their abject socioeconomic marginalization.{{sfn|Bhan|2018|pp=84–86}}

Beginning in 2010, as the Government wished to attract tourism to the region, local travel agents began to market the "Aryan-ness" of the inhabitants;{{sfn|Bhan|2018|pp=84–86}} the state government reinforced the trend by projecting the Brokpa people as "pure specimens of the Aryan race".<ref name="Bhan politics" group="web" /> Some Brogpas even changed their surnames to "Aryan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: The last Aryans |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/7/14/in-pictures-the-last-aryans |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The name "Aryan Valley" was created within this discourse.<ref name="Bhan politics" group="web" /> In 2019, locals demanded that the "Aryan valley" be declared as a [[Heritage Village Museum|heritage village]] to boost tourism.<ref name="Divya_2019" group="web" /> The discourse on the Aryan traits of the Brokpas has been increasingly appropriated by right-wing Hindutva groups to leverage their supposed indigeneity against the Muslim [[Other (philosophy)|other]] and to "validate their hold on [[Kashmir conflict|India's disputed territory]]".<ref name="Bhan politics" group="web" />{{sfn|Bhagabati|2021}}

==Tourism==

Mandatory [[Inner Line Permit]] (ILP) is needed for all tourists, including Indians and foreigners, to visit the Aryan Valley and other restricted areas, which can be applied online on [[Leh District]]'s relevant website.

The annual 9-days long '''Aryan Valley Apricot Blossom Festival''' (locally known as '''Chuli Mendok''') is an annual spring celebration held every year usually within first two weeks of April, though dates vary slightly every year as they are tied to the natural blooming cycle of the trees, which is influenced by winter snowfall and spring temperatures, the exact festival schedule is announced annually by the Ladakh Tourism Department to align with the blossoms. The official festival typically lasts about 9 days, though the entire blossoming window across the region's different altitudes can stretch from late March to early May. Lower altitude areas like the Aryan and Sham Valleys bloom first (early to mid-April), while higher regions near Leh and parts of Nubra bloom later (mid to late April).<ref name=ap>[https://www.deshvideshtravels.com/travel-blogs/ladakh-apricot-blossom Ladkah Apricot Blossom], deshvideshtravels.com, accessed 10 April 2026.</ref> The festival is a vibrant display of the unique Brokpa community's traditions, including their in traditional attire (featuring elaborate floral headgear, heavy silver jewellery, and ornate beads), traditional performances (folk music, traditional dances, and storytelling by village elders), local food (apricot-based delicacies, including sun-dried apricots, jams, juices, and traditional Ladakhi dishes made with organic apricot oil), and traditional Ladakhi handicrafts, handloom stalls, and apricot wood carvings. Village homestays accommodation is available.

==See also==

* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Yaldor Sub Sector]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=


<ref group=note name="Brog-yul">{{harvnb|Sharma|1998|p=1}}: "In Tibetan (Ladakhi), it is called 'Brog-yul', a hilly mountainous region (Brog-- Hill +yul-- country). It is a land of narrow ravine and valleys south of Hindukush - Karakoram range forming the part of central Ladakh. The prominent inhabited localities of these land are DaH, Hanu, Darchiks, and Garkhone."</ref>


<ref group=note name="Dah Hanu">Dah Hanu:
* {{harvnb|Shaw|1878|loc=p. 27}}: "I paid visit to the Dha Hanu district (the home of these so called Buddhist Dards on my way down to India from Ladak (western Tibet) last winter (1876)."
* [https://ignca.gov.in/events/workshop-on-oral-tradition-of-dha-hanu/ Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]: "Dha-Hanu is a remote area consisting of four major villages and small hamlets situated on both sides of the banks of Sindhu (River Indus). The four major villages are known as Dha, Hanu, Garkhan and Darchik.
* {{harvnb|Bray|2008|loc=p. 46}}: "A 16 century dispute over King Tsewang Namgyal's authority in the Dha-Hanu region illustrates how the hierarchies could be both extended and contested. The king summoned the people of Hanu, who until then had been closer to the Maqpon (ruler) of Skardu, to assist in the construction of a road."</ref>


<ref group=note name="IE_Divya">A. Divya (2019-02-08) [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-dard-aryans-of-ladakh-who-are-this-tribe-what-are-their-concerns-5574657/ ''The Dard Aryans of Ladakh: who are this tribe, what are their concerns?''], The Indian Express: "Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha, Hanu, Garkone and Darchik on both sides of the Indus River, inhabited by the Buddhist Dard tribes. The villages are together called the “Aryan valley.”"</ref>


<ref group=note name="Tourism">Tourism:
* {{harvnb|Bhan|2018|loc=p. 86}} "More significant, Brogpas used discourses of Aryanism to promote tourism and secure funds for the preservation of an "endangered and unique Aryan culture" that was allegedly threatened by forces of change and modernity."
* {{harvnb|Bhagabati|2021|loc=p. 109}}: "The occult pull of their fabricated ancestry has become so irresistible that this region today is known as Aryan Valley in the tourism industry."
* A. Divya (2019-02-08) [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-dard-aryans-of-ladakh-who-are-this-tribe-what-are-their-concerns-5574657/ ''The Dard Aryans of Ladakh: who are this tribe, what are their concerns?''], The Indian Express: "They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism."</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book | last1 =Arora | first1 =Vibha | last2 =Jayaram | first2 =N. | date =2020-11-29 | title =Routeing Democracy in the Himalayas: Experiments and Experiences | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn =978-1-000-08435-1 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3OYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65}}

* {{citation | last =Bhagabati | first =Dikshit Sarma |title=Dancing by the Juniper: Notes from the performative space of the Brokpa's cultural enactment |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume=49 |number=2 |year=2021 |pages=109–119 |issn=1568-4849 |doi=10.1016/j.ajss.2021.01.002| s2cid =235585739 }}
* {{citation | last =Bhan | first =Mona | date =2018 | chapter ="In Search of the Aryan Seed": Race, Religion, and Sexuality in Indian-Occupied Kashmir |editor1=Haley Duschinski |editor2=Mona Bhan | editor3=Ather Zia |editor4=Cynthia Mahmood |title=Resisting Occupation in Kashmir |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4978-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwVODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86}}
* {{cite book | last =Bray | first =John | date =2008|chapter=Corvée transport labour in 19th and early 20th century Ladakh: a study in continuity and change |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Fernanda Pirie |title=Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4334-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |pages=43–66}}

* {{Cite book |last=Drew | first =Frederick | date =1875 | title =Jammoo And Kashmir Territories | language =en | url =http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49165}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Friese |first=Kai |date=2000 |title=The Aryan Handshake |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3137472 |journal=Transition |issue=83 |pages=4–35 |jstor=3137472 |issn=0041-1191}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Nicolaus |first=Peter |date=2015-10-09 |title=Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/19/3/article-p201_2.xml |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=201–264 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150302 |issn=1573-384X|url-access=subscription }}

* {{Cite book | last =Sharma | first =Devi Datt | date =1998 | title =Tribal Languages of Ladakh: A concise grammar and dictionary of Brok-shad. Part One | publisher =Mittal Publications | isbn=978-81-7099-616-3 | page=1 |language=en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=PTgOAAAAYAAJ&q=dd+sharma+brokskat+language+grammar }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=R. B. |year=1878 |title=Stray Arians in Tibet |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=XLVII |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280511/page/n31 |pages=26– |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Syama |first1=Adikarla |last2=Arun |first2=Varadarajan Santhakumari |last3=ArunKumar |first3=GaneshPrasad |last4=Subhadeepta |first4=Ray |last5=Friese |first5=Kai |last6=Pitchappan |first6=Ramasamy |date=2019-11-17 |title=Origin and identity of the Brokpa of Dah-Hanu, Himalayas – an NRY-HG L1a2 (M357) legacy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1694700 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=46 |issue=7–8 |pages=562–573 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1694700 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31856597|s2cid=209426139 |url-access=subscription }}

* {{citation |first=Rohit |last=Vohra |title=Ethnographic Notes on the Buddhist Dards of Ladakh: The Brog-Pā |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=107 |number=1 |year=1982 |pages=69–94 |jstor=25841799}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=

<ref group=web name="Bhan politics">Mona Bhan, [https://culanth.org/fieldsights/aryan-valley-and-the-politics-of-race-and-religion-in-kashmir “Aryan Valley” and the Politics of Race and Religion in Kashmir], Society for Cultural Anthropology, 24 March 2014.</ref>

<ref group=web name="Divya_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=The Dard Aryans of Ladakh: who are this tribe, what are their concerns? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-dard-aryans-of-ladakh-who-are-this-tribe-what-are-their-concerns-5574657/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=They have demanded that the government set up a tribal hostel and declare the “Aryan valley” a heritage village to boost tourism.}}</ref>
}}

==External links==

* [https://www.lahdclehpermit.in/ Official website for obtaining the ILP]

* Festival
** [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DW3x4MqvnrG Aryan Valley Apricot Blossom Festival], short colorful reel
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqSKL1OTpg Aryan Valley Apricot Blossom] documentary

* Culture
** {{Cite web |last=Amrita |first=Agni |date=2022-11-02 |title=Aryan Valley, Ladakh - Looking into the Life of Brokpas {{!}} T2B |url=https://www.taleof2backpackers.com/aryan-valley-ladakh/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Tale of 2 Backpackers |language=en-US}}

** {{Cite web |last=Tindall |first=Jay |date=2020-06-19 |title=Into the Aryan Valley with the Brokpa Dards |url=https://www.remotelands.com/travelogues/into-the-aryan-valley-with-the-brokpa-dards/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Travelogues from Remote Lands |language=en-US}}

** {{Cite web |title=Dha-Hanu, Aryan Valley |url=https://www.northernvalley.in/dha-hanu-aryan-valley |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=northernvalley |language=en}}

** {{Cite book |last=Bera |first=Dr Tilak Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWIjCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Aryan+valley%22+&pg=PT201 |title=Ladakh: A Glimpse of the Roof of the World |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-4263-0 |language=en}}

** {{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='Aryans of Ladakh' struggling to preserve its cultural legacy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/-aryans-of-ladakh-struggling-to-preserve-its-cultural-legacy-716698 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Tribune India News Service |language=en}}

* Infrastructure development
** {{Cite web |first= |date=2021-07-31 |title=Power Grid Corporation of India commissions 40-km transmission line successfully in Ladakh |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/07/31/power-grid-corporation-of-india-commissions-40-km-transmission-line-successfully-in-ladakh/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=newsonair.com |language=en-US}}

[[Category:Valleys of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Leh district]]
[[Category:Kargil district]]
[[Category:Dardic peoples]]

Adichunchanagiri Peacock Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-04-26T00:13:04Z

Banti: new basic entry v1

{{Short description|Peacock sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Adichunchanagiri Peacock Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Karnataka
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt = Location of Adichunchanagiri Sanctuary in Karnataka
| map_caption = Adichunchanagiri Peacock Wildlife Sanctuary (in Karnataka)
| label = Adichunchanagiri WS
| mark = Green pog.svg
| location = Nagamangala Taluk, [[Mandya district]], Karnataka, India
| nearest_city = [[Nagamangala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5745|76.6390|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/adichunchanagiri-peacock-sanctuary/ |title=Adichunchanagiri Peacock Sanctuary |publisher=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| area = {{convert|0.88|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="IBA">{{cite web |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/adichunchunagiri-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india/text |title=Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary – IBA factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| established = 1981<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/adichunchanagiri-peacock-sanctuary/ |title=Sanctuary established in 1981 |publisher=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| governing_body = Department of Forest, Ecology & Environment, Government of Karnataka
}}

'''Adichunchanagiri Peacock Wildlife Sanctuary'''—also called Mayuravana ("Peafowl Forest") is a protected area situated in the [[Adichunchanagiri Hills]] near the Chunchunagiri Temple in [[Nagamangala|Nagamangala Taluk]], [[Mandya district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It along with [[Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary|Choolannuar]] are the only sanctuary in India declared specifically for the protection of the [[Indian peafowl]].<ref name="IBA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/adichunchanagiri-peacock-sanctuary/ |title=Adichunchanagiri Peacock Sanctuary |publisher=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Admin |first=Site |date=5 August 2024 |title=Government declares Adichunchanagiri in Karnataka and Choolannuar in Kerala as Peacock Sanctuary - |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/government-declares-adichunchanagiri-in-karnataka-and-choolannuar-in-kerala-as-peacock-sanctuary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526075844/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/government-declares-adichunchanagiri-in-karnataka-and-choolannuar-in-kerala-as-peacock-sanctuary/ |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025 |language=en-US |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History and designation==
It was established in 1981 and covers an areaof 0.94 km2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/karnataka |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=wii.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> On 5 August 2024, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Bhupender Yadav announced in the Lok Sabha that Adichunchanagiri in Karnataka (and Choolannuar in Kerala) had been formally declared as Peacock Sanctuaries. He also noted the establishment of dedicated peacock breeding and conservation centres to bolster wild populations.<ref name="NewsOnAir">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/government-declares-adichunchanagiri-in-karnataka-and-choolannuar-in-kerala-as-peacock-sanctuary/ |title=Government declares Adichunchanagiri in Karnataka and Choolannuar in Kerala as Peacock Sanctuary |publisher=News On AIR |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Geography and habitat==
The 217-acre (0.88 km²) sanctuary consists of undulating granite tors, tropical dry deciduous scrub and southern thorn scrub. Five seasonal streams and three perennial waterholes support both [[peafowl]] and other wildlife. Pockets of native ''[[Vachellia]]'', ''[[Albizia]]'', ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'', ''[[Azadirachta]]'' and ''[[Ficus]]'' persist amidst former [[eucalyptus]] plantations.<ref name="IBA"/>

==Biodiversity==
Designated an Important Bird Area, it supports 59 species of dry-zone scrub birds, notably a thriving population of [[Indian peafowl]]. Other key species include [[yellow-throated bulbul]] (''Pycnonotus xantholaemus''), [[small green-billed malkoha]] (''Phaenicophaeus viridirostris''), [[white-cheeked barbet]] (''Psilopogon viridis''), [[Loten's sunbird]] (''Cinnyris lotenius'') and [[Jerdon's nightjar]] (''Caprimulgus atripennis'').<ref name="IBA"/>

Despite its small size, the sanctuary hosts [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), [[blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), [[bonnet macaque]], [[fruit bat]], [[jungle cat]], a [[hare]], and [[common mongoose]]. A 1991 survey by Prasad et al. documented this diversity and praised temple authorities' role in wildlife protection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/adichunchunagiri-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india/text |title=Prasad, Subramanya & Karthikeyan (1991) survey |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Conservation and management==
Pilgrim visitation peaks during festivals (up to 50,000 devotees), placing pressure on edible shrubs like ''[[Securinega leucopyrus]]''. Temple trustees and the Forest Department regulate pilgrim movement and village livestock grazing to mitigate habitat disturbance.<ref name="IBA"/>

In August 2024, the Central Government's formal declaration under Section 18 of the Wildlife Protection Act enhanced legal protection and increased funding for habitat restoration and anti-poaching patrols.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/new-peacock-sanctuaries-2024/ |title=New Peacock sanctuaries 2024 |publisher=TNPSC Bits |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==Tourism and access==
Open daily 08:00–17:00. Best visited October–March. Accessible by road: ~110 km from [[Bengaluru]] via NH 75 to [[Nagamangala]], then 12 km on local roads. No accommodation within sanctuary; nearest lodging at [[Nagamangala]] and Chunchanagiri Matha guesthouses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/adichunchanagiri-peacock-sanctuary/ |title=Visitor information |publisher=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/adichunchanagiri-peacock-sanctuary/ Adichunchanagiri Peacock Sanctuary – Karnataka Tourism]
* [https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/adichunchunagiri-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india/text IBA factsheet – BirdLife International]
* [https://www.newsonair.gov.in/government-declares-adichunchanagiri-in-karnataka-and-choolannuar-in-kerala-as-peacock-sanctuary/ News On AIR report on Sanctuary declaration]

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]

Nagaland Legislative Assembly

2026-04-20T12:58:45Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Legislature of Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Nagaland Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[14th Nagaland Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| coa_pic = Nagaland Legislative Assembly logo.png
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Nagaland|Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| party1 =
| election1 = 13 March 2026
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = [[Sharingain Longkümer]]
| party2 = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| election2 = [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|7 February 2020]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader3 = [[S. Toiho Yeptho]]
| party3 = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| election3 = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|27 February 2024]]
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Nagaland|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| party4 = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| election4 = [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|8 March 2018]]
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Nagaland|Deputy Chief Ministers]] {{small|(Deputy Leader of the House)}}
| leader5 = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| party5 = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] [[Y. Patton]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/amp/elections/nagaland-assembly-elections-2023/story/nagaland-y-patton-to-be-the-deputy-chief-minister-again-confirms-nalin-kohli|title=Y. Patton to become deputy chief minister|date=2023-03-06}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| election5 = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|6 March 2023]] and [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|8 March 2018]]
| leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| leader7_type = Chief Whip
| leader7 =
| party7 =
| leader8_type = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| leader8 =
| party8 =
| members = 60
| structure1 = File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Nagaland|Government]] (45) '''
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Naga People's Front}}}} [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] (34)<ref>https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nagaland-ruling-ndpp-resolves-to-merge-with-naga-peoples-front/articleshow/124665709.cms</ref>
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11)
'''[[Confidence and supply]]''' (14)
:*{{colorbox|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}}} [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]] (5)<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/politics/nagaland-heading-for-oppositionless-govt-as-parties-support-ndpp-bjp-123030600120_1.html|title=Nagaland heading for oppositionless govt as parties support NDPP-BJP|website=Business Standard|date=2023-03-06}}</ref>
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] (2)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}}} [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]] (2)
:*{{colorbox|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (5)
'''Opposition'''
:*''Vacant'' {{efn|There is no opposition in Nagaland as all parties are part of [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|PDA]].}}
''Vacant (1)''
:*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|27 February 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|February 2028]]
| session_room = Nagaland Legislative Assembly.jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Nagaland Legislative Assembly, Kohima
| website = [https://nagaland.neva.gov.in/ Nagaland Legislative Assembly]
}}

The '''Nagaland Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the [[India]]n state of [[Nagaland]]. Nagaland became a state of India on 1 December 1963 and after election in January 1964, the first Nagaland Legislative Assembly was formed on 11 February 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly|url=https://webtest.nagaland.gov.in/nla/about-us/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=webtest.nagaland.gov.in}}</ref> In 1974, the number of the elected Nagaland Legislative Assembly members was increased to the present strength of 60.<ref>[http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm Nagaland] legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in.</ref>

There is no nominated member in the House, all the members are elected on the basis of adult franchise from single-seat constituencies. The normal tenure of the House is five years unless dissolved sooner. The seat of the legislative assembly is [[Kohima]], the capital of Nagaland.

== History ==
After the formation of the state of Nagaland, its legislative assembly constituted on 40 members. This was increased to 60 in 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |date=1987 |title=Government and Politics in North East India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855331 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=458–486 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=14th Nagaland Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:14th Nagaland Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==Speaker, Dy. Speakar, LoP==

* Leader of Opposition:- '''Vacant'''

==Past Composition==
'''1964–1969'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:100%; color:black" | 40
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| Ind
|}
'''1969–1974'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#FFFF00; width:55%; color:black" | 22
| style="background:#3EFF3E; width:25%; color:white" | 10
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:20%; color:black" | 8
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| NNO
| UDF
| Ind
|}
'''1974–1977'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#FFFF00; width:38.33%; color:black" | 23
| style="background:#800000; width:41.67%; color:white" | 25
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:20%; color:black" | 12
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| NNO
| UDA
| Ind
|}
'''1977–1982'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:25%; color:white" | 15
| style="background:#A04040; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#800000; width:58.33%; color:white" | 35
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:15%; color:black" | 9
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| NCN
| UDA
| Ind
|}
'''1982–1987'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:40%; color:white" | 24
| style="background:#800000; width:40%; color:white" | 24
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:20%; color:black" | 12
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| UDA
| Ind
|}
'''1987–1989'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:56.67%; color:white" | 34
| style="background:#800000; width:30%; color:white" | 18
| style="background:#1717CC; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:11.67%; color:black" | 7
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| UDA
| NPF
| Ind
|}
'''1989-1993'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:60%; color:white" | 36
| style="background:#1717CC; width:40%; color:white" | 24
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| NPF
|}
'''1993–1998'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#FF6600; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:58.33%; color:white" | 35
| style="background:#1717CC; width:28.33%; color:white" | 17
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:11.67%; color:black" | 7
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| DLP
| INC
| NPF
| Ind
|}
'''1998–2003'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:88.33%; color:white" | 53
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:11.67%; color:black" | 7
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| Ind
|}
'''2003–2008'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#F26F21; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#003366; width:5%; color:white" | 3
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:35%; color:white" | 21
| style="background:#DDD000; width:8.33%; color:black" | 5
| style="background:#1717CC; width:31.66%; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#FF9933; width:11.67%; color:white" | 7
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:6.67%; color:black" | 4
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| SAP
| JD (U)
| INC
| NDM
| NPF
| BJP
| Ind
|}
'''2008–2013'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:38.33%; color:white" | 23
| style="background:#00B4B4; width:3.33%; color:white" | 2
| style="background:#1717CC; width:43.33%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#FF9933; width:3.33%; color:white" | 2
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:11.67%; color:black" | 7
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| INC
| NCP
| NPF
| BJP
| Ind
|}
'''2013–2018'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#003366; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#00BFFF; width:13.33%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:#00B4B4; width:6.67%; color:white" | 4
| style="background:#1717CC; width:63.33%; color:white" | 38
| style="background:#FF9933; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:13.33%; color:black" | 8
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| JD (U)
| INC
| NCP
| NPF
| BJP
| Ind
|}
'''2018–2023'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#003366; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#1717CC; width:43.33%; color:white" | 26
| style="background:#FFCA61; width:3.33%; color:black" | 2
| style="background:#ED1B24; width:30%; color:white" | 18
| style="background:#FF9933; width:20%; color:white" | 12
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:1.67%; color:black" | 1
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| JD (U)
| NPF
| NPP
| NDPP
| BJP
| Ind
|}
'''2023–Present'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:#003366; width:1.67%; color:white" | 1
| style="background:#5B006A; width:3.33%; color:white" | 2
| style="background:#000080; width:3.33%; color:white" | 2
| style="background:#FFC0CB; width:11.67%; color:black" | 7
| style="background:#1717CC; width:3.33%; color:white" | 2
| style="background:#FFCA61; width:8.33%; color:black" | 5
| style="background:#ED1B24; width:41.67%; color:white" | 25
| style="background:#FF9933; width:33.33%; color:white" | 20
| style="background:#DCDCDC; width:6.67%; color:black" | 4
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| JD (U)
| LJP (R)
| RPI (A)
| NCP
| NPF
| NPP
| NDPP
| BJP
| Ind
|}
== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Murry, Khochamo Chonzamo (2007). ''Naga Legislative Assembly and its Speakers'', New Delhi: Mittal Publications, {{ISBN|81-8324-126-3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nagaland.nic.in/functionaries/assembly/main.htm Nagaland Legislative Assembly, Kohima, webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628213148/http://nagaland.nic.in/functionaries/assembly/main.htm |date=28 June 2014 }}

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Nagaland}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nagaland Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures|Nagaland]]

Poonamben Jat

2026-04-20T08:33:37Z

Banti: Starting Article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Poonamben Jat
| image = Poonamben Jat.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Poonamben Ramkumar Sanjot
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|04|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchh]], [[Gujarat]]
| term = 2009-2014
| predecessor = [[Pushpdan Gadhavi]]
| successor = [[Vinod Chavda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Veljibhai Jat
| children = 2 sons
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 14 August
| year = 2012
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4439&lastls=15
}}

'''Poonamben Veljibhai Jat''' ([[née]] '''Sanjot'''; born 9 April 1971) is an Indian Politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchh constituency]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=BJP trains its young MPs|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2291636191.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140800/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2291636191.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times |accessdate=14 August 2012|date=14 March 2011|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref name="Broadcasting2010">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|title=India: A Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdU-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 December 2017|year=2010|isbn=978-81-230-1617-7|page=1274}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/young-politicians-should-fight-corruption-governor-nikhil-kumar/articleshow/20669732.cms | title=Young politicians should fight corruption: Governor Nikhil Kumar | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=19 June 2013 | accessdate=1 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4439&lastls=15 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* [http://www.poonambenjat.com/ Poonamben Personal Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jat, Poonamben Veljibhai}}
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Women in Gujarat politics]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Gandhidham]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Antariksh

2026-04-17T20:00:06Z

Banti: new first stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2025|it is heavily relying on primary sources, poor grammar and spelling, and possibly COI and biased}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| background = group_or_band
| genre = {{hlist|[[Progressive rock]]|[[Pop music|Pop]]|Hindi rock}}
| origin = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| years_active = 2012–present<ref name="texas"/>
}}
'''Antariksh''' is an Indian [[Pop music|pop]] and [[progressive rock]] band with [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] elements,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sarthak |title=“You’d be blown away listening to Jakub in a completely new avatar” – In Conversation With Antariksh and Jakub on single ‘Naaqis’ |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/youd-be-blown-away-listening-to-jakub-in-a-completely-new-avatar-in-conversation-with-antariksh-and-jakub-on-single-naaqis/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=The Indian Music Diaries |date=18 March 2026}}</ref> founded and fronted by guitar player, singer and producer, Varun Rajput.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Kasmin |title=Interview: Progressive Rock Meets Indian Sounds on Antariksh’s Quest |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!lifestyle/antariksh-quest-interview-progressive-rock-meets-indian-music-enn24122403270 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=ETV Bharat |date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> The band is known for the song "Quest" featuring former [[Megadeth]] guitarist [[Marty Friedman]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Maareesha|first=Anagha|date=28 Jan 2021|title=Antariksh collaborates with former Megadeth guitarist Marty Friedman. We speak to the artistes...|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/jan/29/antariksh-collaborates-withformer-megadeth-guitarist-marty-friedman-we-speak-to-the-artistes-31242.html|website=Indulge Express|publisher=The New Indian Express Group (TNIE)}}</ref> Based in [[New Delhi]], their name roughly translates to "The Cosmos."<ref name="indulge26"/>

==History==
=== Early years ===
From 2006 to 2008, during their college days, Varun Rajput and Mridul Ganesh played in a local [[Progressive rock|Progressive Rock]] band called Feedback, with Gurtej Singh playing for Prestorika around the same time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antariksh |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/antariksh.html |website=Platform Magazine |access-date=17 April 2026 |date=2020}}</ref> A few years later, both Mridul and Varun decided to quit their management consulting jobs around the same time in 2012 to work on more creative projects.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} During this time Varun and Gurtej had also been having conversations about starting a new project and were wanting to get back to music. The three of them then decided to get together and formally founded the band in 2012.<ref name="texas">{{cite news |title=Delhi-based Hindi rock fusion band Antariksh performs in Texas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/delhi-based-hindi-rock-fusion-band-antariksh-performs-in-texas/cid/2122465 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=Telegraph India |date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

They released their first song, ‘Dheere Dheere’ in January 2013.<ref name="Fatima-2016AUG26-TheHindu"/> This propelled the trio to record a full-length album and find a drummer and a bass player to begin playing live. To fill the role, they found Vipul Malhotra.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Vipul was studying at [[NSIT]] at the time and was fit for the group. Finally, Varun asked his friend Raghav Verma to join the team.<ref name="Fatima-2016AUG26-TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Fatima |first=Syeda |date=26 August 2016 |title=Slow and Steady: Varun Rajput, the founder of Antariksh band, talks about the contemplative nature of their songs and why do they wear formals during performances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Slow-and-steady%E2%80%A6/article14591313.ece |url-access=subscription |accessdate=14 November 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |department=Metroplus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Misra |first1=Sudisha |date=15 September 2015 |title=Home Features In conversation with Delhi-based rock band Antariksh antariksh by Mridul Kumar IN CONVERSATION WITH DELHI-BASED ROCK BAND ANTARIKSH |url=http://dubeat.com/2015/09/in-conversation-with-delhi-based-rock-band-antariksh-2/ |accessdate=14 November 2018 |website=www.dubeat.com |publisher=DU Beat}}</ref>

With the group finally complete, they recorded and produced an album during the summer of 2013 for their new band ‘Antariksh’.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saxena |first1=Pragati |title=Antariksh: A band devoted to making soulful melody in the times of mishmash Hindi music |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/interview/antariksh-a-band-devoted-to-making-soulful-melody-in-the-times-of-mishmash-hindi-music |website=www.nationalheraldindia.com |date=13 September 2018 |publisher=National Herald |accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Debut album, 2013 ===
After one year of the band coming together they released their debut album, titled ''Khoj'', on 8 September 2013. The album was a blend of pop, rock, funk, and progressive sounds, featuring 11 tracks, mixed at the Quarter Note Studio by Gaurav Chintamani, and mastered by Steve Nagasaki at Nagasaki Sound, USA.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Aditya |title=Hindi Prog-rock Band Antariksh Release Debut Album Titled Khoj |url=http://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/hindi-prog-rock-band-antariksh-release-debut-album-titled-khoj.html |website=www.rsjonline.com |publisher=Rock Street Journal |accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref> It included the song "Tum," a collaboration with guitarist [[Baiju Dharmajan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahindru |first1=Megha |title=Baiju Dharmajan Forms A New Band With Kolkata Musicians |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/baiju-dharmajan-forms-a-new-band-with-kolkata-musicians/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=Rolling Stone India |date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

In November 2015, they were featured on Season 4 of Music Mojo, a popular music show on Kappa TV which features live renditions of 11 songs performed by the band.<ref name="Fatima-2016AUG26-TheHindu"/>

=== 2018–2024: ''Quest'' ===
In 2018, Antariksh released their single ‘Kaahe Re’ in association with Mrrcury Studios and Anhad Music.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Kaahe Re has received praise for its rhythmic syncopation, melodic prowess and anthem riffs.
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bishnoi |first1=Priyadarshani |title='Kaahe Re' by Delhi-based Hindi rock band Antariksh |url=https://ahummingheart.com/fresh/listen-kaahe-re-by-antariksh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025655/https://ahummingheart.com/fresh/listen-kaahe-re-by-antariksh/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 November 2018 |website=www.ahumminggheart.com |date=20 August 2018 |publisher=A Humming Heart |accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, Antariksh performed at the 10th edition of the Bacardi NH7 Weekender in Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sentinel Digital Desk / A Reporter |date=2 Nov 2019 |title=BACARDÍ NH7 Weekender: Meghalaya Hills Echo With Music of Varied Genres |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/meghalaya-news/bacardi-nh7-weekender-meghalaya-hills-echo-with-music-of-varied-genres |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Sentinel |publisher=Omega Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd.  |location=Shillong, Meghalaya  |publication-place=Assam?, North-East India  |id={{Factiva|SENTNL0020191103efb30002v}} (via Contify.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=NH7 Weekender Shillong 2019: Happiest Music Festival in Meghalaya |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/meghalaya-news/nh7-weekender-shillong-2019-happiest-music-festival-in-meghalaya/ |work=The Sentinel |publisher=Omega Printers & Publishers Pvt Ltd |publication-place=Assam state, India |id={{Factiva|SENTNL0020191031efau00005}} (via Contify.com).}}
</ref>

In 2024, they released their second album album ''Quest,'' which includes 'Kaahe Re' and a title song featuring [[Marty Friedman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Odedara |first1=Harita |title=Antariksh’s ‘Quest’: A Musical Odyssey of Self-Discovery |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/antarikshs-quest-a-musical-odyssey-of-self-discovery/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=The Indian Music Diaries |date=January 15, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=Madhusudan |title=Delhi Rock Band Antariksh Bring Marty Friedman On Board For Quality New Single |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/delhi-rock-band-antariksh-bring-marty-friedman-on-board-for-quality-new-single.html |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=RSJ Online |date=January 21, 2024}}</ref>

===2025–present===
In late 2025, Antariksh dropped "Udaan," a single from their upcoming album ''Rehguzar''<ref name="goyal26">{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Samarth |title=Antariksh frontman Varun Rajput excited about his upcoming album: ‘All of this is me’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/leisure/antariksh-frontman-varun-rajput-excited-about-his-upcoming-album-all-of-this-is-me-101768296835562.html#google_vignette |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 January 2026}}</ref>. In 2026, they released another single for the album, 'Naaqis' featuring Polish guitarist Jakub Zytecki.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Delhi prog rock band Antariksh return with new single “Naaqis” |url=https://www.frontview-magazine.be/en/news/new-delhi-prog-rock-band-antariksh-return-with-new-single-naaqis |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=Front View Magazine |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> ''Rehguzar'' is a 12-track concept album that takes its name from an [[Urdu]] word meaning 'the path one walks.'<ref name="indulge26">{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Anoushka |title=Antariksh charts a cosmic journey through its new concept album Rehguzar |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2026/Mar/27/antariksh-charts-a-cosmic-journey-through-its-new-concept-album-rehguzar |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=The New Indian Express Indulge |date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

==International presence==

In October 2019, Antariksh went on its first international multi-city tour of Mauritius and Madagascar. They played at various venues in Mauritius, which included the Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture, Centre de Flacq and Triolet. In Madagascar they performed for Indian audiences at an event organized by the [[Embassy of India, Madagascar|embassy of India]] in the Ampefiloha Plaza in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Oct 22, 2019 |title=Madagascar: Indian rock group performs at cultural event |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/madagascar-indian-rock-group-performs-at-cultural-event20191022134133/ |location=Antananarivo, Madagascar |id={{Factiva|HNASNI0020191022efam001rz}} (via HT Digital Content Services). |agency=[[Asian News International|Asian News International (ANI)]]}} Syndicated by ''[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/madagascar-indian-rock-group-performs-at-cultural-event-119102200555_1.html Business Standard India].''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Indian evening music on 21st October, at 6:30 pm |url=https://www.eoiantananarivo.gov.in/news_detail/?newsid=193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417175414/https://www.eoiantananarivo.gov.in/news_detail/?newsid=193 |archive-date=2025-04-17 |website=Embassy of India, Antananarivo, Madagascar |department=News}}</ref>

In September 2025, Antariksh went on a 3 city tour of the USA, performing a total of 6 concerts in Seattle, Houston and Dallas, drawing participation from the Indian-American diaspora and the wider community.<ref name="texas"/>

==Discography==

=== Albums ===

* ''Khoj'' (2013)
* ''Quest'' (2024)

'''Singles'''

* "Dastan-E-Dil (Shine Your Light)" (2023)
* "Tasveerein" (2024)
* "Karwaan" (2024)
* "Sabki Kahani" (2025)
* "Udaan" (2025)
* "Naaqis" (2026)
* "Aashayein" (Live) (2020)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in the 2000s]]

Kaman Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:10Z

Banti: creating new details v1...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaman
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-70-Kaman.svg
| mla = [[Nauksham Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| preceded_by = [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:265803}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 70
}}
'''Kaman Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] district. The [[Political families of Haryana#Tayyab Husain Clan of Mewat|Tayyab Hussain clan]], originally from [[Haryana]], holds the record for the highest number of successful election wins to the Assembly seat.

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2|Majlis || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Manohar Lal|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mohammed Jahoor || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Chau Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Shamshul Hasan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Madan Mohan Singhal || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2|[[Tayyab Husain]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Madan Mohan Singhal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Ku. Jagat Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Nauksham Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Kaman<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nauksham Chaudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78646}}
|percentage = 37.81
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukhtyar Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:64740}}
|percentage = 31.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:58130}}
|percentage = 27.95
|change = -30.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1076}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13906}}
|percentage = 6.68
|change = -14.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207982}}
|percentage = 78.25
|change = -3.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kaman<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Zahida Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:110789}}
|percentage = 58.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jawahar Singh Beadham
|votes = {{formatnum:71168}}
|percentage = 37.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ishwari Dayal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3808}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maksood Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:1907}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1127}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39621}}
|percentage = 20.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:190878}}
|percentage = 81.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.65|77.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Baby Ameya

2026-04-03T04:11:01Z

Banti: new the info w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baby Ameya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ameya Anilkumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2018|01|05}}<ref name="Uppum">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-fame-biju-sopanam-and-parukutty-celebrate-their-birthdays/articleshow/73100204.cms|title=Uppum Mulakum: Uppum Mulakum fame Biju Sopanam and Parukutty celebrate their birthdays|website=Times of India|date=4 January 2020 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/uppum-mulakum-fame-parukutty-aka-baby-ameya-s-birthday/articlecontent-pf175519-068232.html|title=മുടിയാ...റിഷീ....പാറുക്കുട്ടിയുടെ ജന്മദിനത്തില്‍ രസകരമായ വീഡിയോയുമായി മുടിയന്‍|work=Filmibeat|date=5 January 2021 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Oachira#Places near Oachira|Prayer]], [[Oachira|Ochira]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Child actor]]
| years_active = 2018{{endash}}present
| other_names = Parukutty
| known_for = ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]''
| education =
| height =
}}

'''Ameya Anilkumar''' (born 5 January 2018), credited professionally as '''Baby Ameya,''' is an Indian child actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]]-language soap operas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നാലാം മാസം മുതല്‍ പ്രതിഫലം വാങ്ങി അഭിനയിക്കുന്ന താരം, പാറുകുട്ടിയ്ക്ക് ഏറ്റവും ആദ്യം കിട്ടിയ പ്രതിഫലം എത്രയാണ് എന്ന് അറിയാമോ? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/can-you-guess-the-first-salary-of-uppum-mulakum-fame-parukutty/articleshow/92854800.cms |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She is well known for her role of Parukutty in the sitcom ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'' aired on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/baby-ameya-to-gouri-prakash-meet-the-talented-child-artists-of-malayalam-tv/photostory/78536164.cms|title=Baby Ameya to Gouri Prakash: Meet the talented child artists of Malayalam TV|website=The Times of India|date=7 October 2020 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-fans-celebrate-the-first-birthday-of-uppum-mulakums-parukutty/articleshow/67626417.cms|title=Uppum Mulakum: Watch: Fans celebrate the first birthday of Uppum Mulakum's Parukutty|website=Times of India|date=21 January 2019 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ameya was born on 5 January 2018 in Prayer near Ochira in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]]. Her father is Anil, is a vegetable vendor and her mother, Ganga Lakshmi is a housewife.<ref name="onmanorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2019/04/04/uppum-mulakum-baby-paru.html|website=On Manorama|title='Uppum Mulakum' baby Paru is the youngest TV star |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="Mollywood">{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/child-artist/baby-ameya|title=Mollywood Child Artist Baby Ameya Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=NETTV4U|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> She has an elder sister, Anikha and a younger brother, Aadhav.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/uppum-mulakum-fame-parukutty-baby-ameya-brother-photos-381750/|website=Malayalam Indian Express|title=ഉപ്പും മുളകും പാറുക്കുട്ടിക്ക് ഒരു കുഞ്ഞനിയൻ കൂടി; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|date=2022-01-22|language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2018–2021
| ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]''
| Parvathy Balachandran Thampi (Parukutty)
| rowspan=4|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
| Debut
| <ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-parukutty-is-back/articleshow/77103881.cms|title=Parukutty: Uppum Mulakum: Parukutty is back!|website=Times of India|date=22 July 2020 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes4">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-parukuttys-rendition-of-panipaali-is-too-cute-to-be-missed-watch/articleshow/77676200.cms|title=Parukutty: Uppum Mulakum Parukutty's rendition of 'Panipaali' is too cute to be missed, watch|website=Times of India|date=21 August 2020 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''Star Magic''
| Herself
| Guest appearance
| <ref name="indiatimes5">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-host-lakshmi-enjoys-a-cute-moment-with-uppum-mulakums-parukutty/articleshow/70553603.cms|title=Parukutty: TV host Lakshmi enjoys a cute moment with Uppum Mulakum's Parukutty|website=Times of India|date=6 August 2019 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes6">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/team-uppum-mulakum-to-feature-in-star-magic-premiere/articleshow/69253173.cms|title=Uppum Mulakum: Team Uppum Mulakum to feature in 'Star Magic' premiere|website=Times of India|date=9 May 2019 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| ''Comedy Utsavam''
| Herself
| Guest appearance
| <ref name="indiatimes7">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakums-parukutty-to-appear-on-comedy-utsavam-soon/articleshow/69820502.cms|title=Parukutty: Uppum Mulakum's Parukutty to appear on 'Comedy Utsavam' soon|website=Times of India|date=17 June 2019 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="filmibeat">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/parukutty-in-comedy-utsavam-video-trending-in-social-media-053305.html|title=Parukutty in Comedy Utsavam, video trending in social media|website=Malayalam Filmibeat|date=15 June 2019 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''Erivum Puliyum''
| Parukutty
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| Telefilm<ref name="indiatimes8">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/team-uppum-mulakum-reunites-for-an-onam-special-show-watch-teaser/articleshow/84882233.cms|title=Uppum Mulakum: Team Uppum Mulakum reunites for an Onam special show; watch teaser|website=Times of India|date=30 July 2021 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes9">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-heres-what-to-expect-from-this-onam-special-sitcom/photostory/85400887.cms|title=Erivum Puliyum: Here's what to expect from this Onam special sitcom|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2021 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''
| Young Anu
| [[Surya TV]]
| Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rebecca-santhosh-and-nithin-jake-starrer-kaliveedu-premiere-review-interesting-storyline-but-lacks-lustre/articleshow/87740543.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Rebecca Santhosh and Nithin Jake starrer Kaliveedu premiere review: Interesting storyline but lacks lustre|date=16 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSC062tJm0w|title=Kaliveedu - Ep 01 {{!}} 15 Nov 2021 {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial|publisher=[[Surya TV]]|date=17 November 2021|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Erivum Puliyum]]''
| Cutie
| Zee Keralam
| Reboot of ''[[Uppum Mulakum]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Erivum Puliyum set to launch; actors leave fans curious with their on the set pictures - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-set-to-launch-actors-leave-fans-curious-with-their-on-the-set-pictures/articleshow/87852729.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Times of India|date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes10">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/erivum-puliyum-juliet-and-freddie-to-spice-up-the-humor-quotient/articleshow/88803716.cms|title=Erivum Puliyum: Juliet and Freddie to spice up the humor quotient|website=Times of India|date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2022{{endash}}2024
| ''[[Uppum Mulakum#Season 2|Uppum Mulakum 2]]''
| Parukutty
| rowspan="3"|Flowers TV
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Uppum Mulakum is back; here's a look at the power-packed theme song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-is-back-heres-a-look-at-the-power-packed-theme-song/articleshow/92126617.cms|access-date=15 June 2022|work=The Times of India|date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uppum Mulakum preview: Neelu and kids to be extra stringent with Balu; here's why|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-preview-neelu-and-kids-to-be-extra-stringent-with-balu-heres-why/articleshow/92181766.cms|access-date=15 June 2022|work=The Times of India|date=13 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Star Comedy Magic''
| Guest
|
|
|-
|2024{{endash}}present
|''[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum 3]]''
|Parukutty
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Uppum Mulakum' returns with excitement; Fans hope for Mudiyan's comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-returns-with-excitement-fans-hope-for-mudiyans-comeback/articleshow/111160535.cms |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=The Times of India |date=21 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''Swargavathil Pakshi''
| Sreekutty / _________
| [[Surya TV]]
| Dual role
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swargavathil Pakshi Serial Starts from 23 September at 07:30 PM, Everyday on Surya TV – Discover Star Cast| website=Kerala TV| date=21 September 2024|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/surya-tv-serial-swargavathil-pakshi/|access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Othiri Othiri Swapnangal''
|Varsha's nephew
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/11/08/shanthi-krishna-new-serial-mazhavil-manorama.html|title=ശാന്തികൃഷ്ണ ആദ്യമായി മഴവിൽ മനോരമയിൽ; 'ഫ്രൈഡേ ഫിലിം ഹൗസ്' ഒരുക്കുന്ന പുതിയ പരമ്പര!|website=Manorama News}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
*2024 Kerala State Television Awards for Best child actress (''[[Uppum Mulakum]]'', ''Swargavathil Pakshi'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-tv-awards-2024-mazhayethum-munpe-becomes-the-best-serial-krishnachandran-and-sreedhanya-take-the-best-actor-awards/articleshow/129147959.cms| title=Kerala State TV Awards 2024: Mazhayethum Munpe becomes the best serial; Krishnachandran and Sreedhanya take the best actor awards}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ameya, Baby}}
[[Category:2018 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kollam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Devni Mori

2026-03-29T12:45:58Z

Banti: Started new article...

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Devnimori
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image = Head of Buddha Shakyamuni LACMA M.79.8.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Terracotta head of Buddha Shakyamuni, Devnimori (375-400).
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|23.670001|73.396319|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| region =
| type = Monastery and stupa
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = 4th century [[Common era|CE]]
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures = [[Western Satraps]]<ref name="JIABS"/>
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
}}
'''Devnimori''', or '''Devni Mori''', is a Buddhist archaeological site in northern [[Gujarat]], about {{convert|2|km}} from the city of [[Shamlaji]], in the [[Aravalli District]] of northern [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The site is variously dated to the 3rd century or 4th century CE, or circa 400 CE.<ref name="Schastok"/><ref name="Behrendt 170">{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|date=2004|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004135952|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA170|language=en}}</ref> Its location was associated with trade routes and caravans in the area of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Susan Verma|last2=Ray|first2=Himanshu Prabha|title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The Temple in Western India, 2nd Century BCE–8th Century CE|year= 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9781317193746|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|language=en}}</ref> Site excavations have yielded Buddhist artifacts dated prior to 8th-century in the lowest layer, mixed Buddhist and Hindu artwork from the Gurjara-Pratihara period in the middle, topped by Muslim glazed ware attributed to the 14th century.<ref name="Schastok"/> The site was excavated between 1960 and 1963.<ref name="Schastok">{{cite book|last1=Schastok|first1=Sara L.|title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India|date=1985|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004069410|pages=24–27 with footnotes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA24 }}</ref> The site became flooded by the Meswo reservoir,<ref name="Schastok"/> a project started in 1959 and completed between 1971–1972 over the nearby Meshwo River.<ref>[https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1796&lang=english Meshwo Water Reservoir], Government of Gujarat (India)</ref>

==Archaeological finds==
===Buddhist sculptures===
The site of Devni Mori included numerous terracotta Buddhist sculptures (but no stone sculptures), also dated to the 3rd-4th century CE, and which are among the earliest sculptures that can be found in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Schastok"/> The remains are located in the Shamlaji Museum and [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ishikawa |first1=Ken |title="More Gandhāra than Mathurā: substantial and persistent Gandhāran influences provincialized in the Buddhist material culture of Gujarat and beyond, c. AD 400-550" in "The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art" |date=2019 |pages=156ff |url=https://www.academia.edu/44311708/The_Global_Connections_of_Gandh%C4%81ran_Art |language=en}}</ref>

===Viharas===
[[File:Devnimori Vihara.jpg|thumb|left|Devnimori Vihara]]
Devni Mori has a specific construction pattern for a monastery, with an image shrine built opposite the entrance. This kind of arrangement was initiated in northwestern sites such as [[Kalawan]] (in the [[Taxila]] area) or [[Dharmarajika]].<ref name="Behrendt 170"/> It is thought that this architectural pattern then became the prototype for the later development of monasteries with shrines in Devni Mori, [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Ellora]], [[Nalanda]], [[Ratnagiri, Odisha]], and others.<ref name="Behrendt 170"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|date=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004135952|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA171|language=en}}</ref> The [[vihara]]s in Devni Mori were built from fired bricks.<ref name="Schastok"/>

Devni Mori also has residential caves with water cisterns, as at [[Uparkot]] in [[Junagadh]].<ref name="Mishra 17"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Susan Verma|last2=Ray|first2=Himanshu Prabha|title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The Temple in Western India, 2nd Century BCE–8th Century CE|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317193746|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|language=en}}</ref>

===Stupa===
Devni Mori also has a [[stupa]] where stacked relic deposits were found.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|date=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004135952|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA73|language=en}}</ref> This is the only case of a free-standing stupa in the area of Gujarat.<ref name="Mishra 17">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Susan Verma|last2=Ray|first2=Himanshu Prabha|title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The Temple in Western India, 2nd Century BCE–8th Century CE|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317193746|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|language=en}}</ref> Nine images of the [[Buddha]] were found inside the stupa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA200|language=en}}</ref> The Buddha images clearly show the influence of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]],<ref name="JIABS">The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I [https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8536/2443 An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā, p.97 and Note 2]</ref> and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the [[Western Satraps]].<ref name="JIABS"/>

==Dates and influences==
[[File:Stone Relic Casket Devni Mori.jpg|thumb|Stone Relic Casket recovered from Devni Mori, in the name of the [[Western Satraps]] king Rudrasena.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yi |first1=Joy Lidu |title=The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art |page=163 |url=https://www.academia.edu/44311708/The_Global_Connections_of_Gandh%C4%81ran_Art |language=en}}</ref>]]

Three relics caskets were retrieved from the stupa.<ref name="Schastok 28"/> One of these caskets bears an inscription that mentions a date: the 127th year in the reign of [[Western Satrap]] ruler [[Rudrasena I (Saka king)|Rudrasena]]:<ref name="Schastok"/>

{{blockquote|"In the year 127 of the [[Western Satraps|Kathika]] kings, when king Rudrasena was ruling, the erection of this stupa, which was banner of this earth, was done. It was the 5th day of [[Bhadrapada]]."|Translation by Professor S.N. Choudhary<ref>{{cite web|title=Dev ni Mori|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHeJswoeCq4|accessdate=2017-11-04|date=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schopen|first1=Gregory|title=Figments and Fragments of Mahayana Buddhism in India: More Collected Papers|date=2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824825485|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gq-IsWFpXkC&pg=PA244|language=en}}</ref>}}

As Western Satraps dated their coins in the [[Saka era]], this date would be 204 CE, and the ruler would be [[Rudrasena I (Saka king)|Rudrasena I]].<ref name="Schastok"/> If reckoned with the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri Era]], the date would be 375 CE and the ruler Rudrasena III.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=Amalananda|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004092641|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA173|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Rudrasimha II coin.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Rudrasimha II]] (305-313 CE), similar to the one discovered in the Devnimori stupa.]]
A second casket included eight coins of [[Western Satraps]] rulers, one of them being a coin of Western Satrap ruler [[Visvasena]] (294-305).<ref name="Schastok"/> The coins are worn, but the coins of two other rulers have been found in the group: one coin of [[Rudrasena I (Saka king)|Rudrasena I]] (203-220 CE) and a nearly unworn coin of [[Rudrasimha II|Rudrasimha]] (305-313 CE).<ref name="Schastok 28"/> Overall, and because of these different dates, the site of Devni Mori is sometimes dated to the 3rd century, and sometimes to the 4th century.<ref name="Schastok"/> The absence of later Western Satraps coins and the various dates could however suggest that the stupa was rebuilt at one point, with a final construction date not long after 305–313.<ref name="Schastok 28"/>

According to Mehta and Chawdhary, the art of Devni Mori proves the existence of a pre-Gupta era Western Indian artistic tradition. This tradition, they suggest may have influenced the art of the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Sarnath]] and other places from the 5th century onward. As a matter of fact, Devni Mori represents the extension of Gandharan influence to the subcontinent, which persisted locally with the sites of [[Kahu-Jo-Darro|Mīrpur Khās]], Śāmalājī or Dhānk, a century before this influence would further extend to Ajanta and Sarnath.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ishikawa |first1=Ken |title="More Gandhāra than Mathurā: substantial and persistent Gandhāran influences provincialized in the Buddhist material culture of Gujarat and beyond, c. AD 400-550" in "The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art" |quote="Furthermore, I will trace the waves of Gandhāran influences observed at Devnīmorī, which within, or after, a century or so eventually reached Sārnāth and Ajaṇṭā and locally persisted at Śāmalājī in north Gujarat, Dhānk in Saurashtra in India, and Mīrpur Khās in Sindh in Pakistan."|date=2020 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |page=157 |url=https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/TheGlobalConnectionsOfGandharanArt/More%20Gandhara%20than%20Mathura%20-%20Ishikawa.pdf}}</ref>

Shah disagrees and states that instead of this "so-called pre-Gupta influence", the Gandhara arts influenced these, while Gupta art was influenced by the pre-Gupta era Western tradition. According to Schastok, the significance of the finding here is that there were multiple centers involved. According to Williams, it is difficult to accept either these theories because "any number of the features had been in use too long to have chronological significance" and the Western Indian tradition could very well have been a combination of local innovation combined with influences from the Mathura school.<ref name="Schastok 28">{{cite book|last1=Schastok|first1=Sara L.|title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India|date=1985|publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004069410|pages=28–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA28|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Devnimori Stupa.jpg|Devnimori Stupa
File:Devnimori Buddha statues.jpg|Terracotta Buddha statues, possibly 375 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harle |first1=James C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA117 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Devnimori Bronze figure of Atlantes.jpg|Bronze figure of Atlantes, Devnimori.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1960-61 a Review |page=58, item 19 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/indian-archaeology-1960-61-a-review.html |language=en}}</ref>
File:Devnimori Kshatrapa coins.jpg|Devnimori Kshatrapa coins
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kahu-Jo-Darro]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Ishikawa |first1=Ken |title="More Gandhāra than Mathurā: substantial and persistent Gandhāran influences provincialized in the Buddhist material culture of Gujarat and beyond, c. AD 400-550" in "The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art" |date=2019 |pages=156ff |url=https://www.academia.edu/44311708/The_Global_Connections_of_Gandh%C4%81ran_Art |language=en}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/69 Gujarat tourism - Devni Mori] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172406/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/69 |date=15 December 2018 }}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Aravalli district]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]

Evangelical Baptist Convention

2026-03-27T16:03:51Z

Banti: Started article

{{Short description|Christian denomination in India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}
'''Evangelical Baptist Convention''' is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination in [[Manipur]], India. Their main area of presence is in the southern part of Manipur. It is affiliated with the [[Asia Pacific Baptist Federation]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]). Its headquarters, Dorcas Hall, is located at Hebron Veng, New Lamka.

==History==
The Convention was started in the year 1948, as a result of the work of [[Missionary|missionaries]] in northeast India. According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 151 churches.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved May 5, 2023</ref>

==Administration==
The Convention is headed by the General Secretary, who is elected for a term of three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ebc-india.org/about-us/administration.html|title=Administration|access-date=2011-01-30|archive-date=2010-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080632/http://www.ebc-india.org/about-us/administration.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are three Directors under him. The Church is divided into seven administrative divisions, each under a Divisional Superintendent, who is also elected for a term of three years.

===Divisions===
* Lamka North Division
* Lamka South Division
* Lamka East Division
* Lamka South Division
The Evangelical Baptist Convention Lamka South Division currently comprises 29 local EBC Churches (Bethlehem, College Veng, D Leikot, Dorcas Veng, Elim Veng, G Mualkawi, Geljang, Hebron, Jordan, Kanaan, Khominthang, Lamzang, Lanva, Mission Compound, Mata, Mualpi, Mualtam, Nghathal, Peniel, Pethuel, Takvom, Tangnuam, Tonglon P, Tonglon T, Thingkangphai, V Munhoih, Vaal Veng, Vengnuam, Zion) ministered by 22 pastors. Its Division Head Office is located in Convention Road, Dorcas Road, New Lamka - 795006 behind the Grace Bible College campus. Supervised by a Divisional Superintendent, this Division Head Office has 7 staffs.
* Singngat Division
* Thanlon Division
* Vangai Division
* [[Mizoram]] Division
* Imphal Division (Believed to have ended due to the present [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|Violence]] in Manipur)

===Mission field===
The greatest duty of the Evangelical Baptist Convention is to praise and worship God. Missions are thus its priority.

The present involvement of the Evangelical Baptist Convention in missions is as follows:

*Karbi Anglong Field:
The focused people group are the Karbi tribes of Assam State. The methods adopted are evangelism, church planting, and school. There are 11 local churches with a membership of 1250. 16 missionaries are working in this field.

* Manipur Field:
The focused people group are the Hindu [[Meitei people|Meiteis]]. The methods adopted are evangelism, church planting, and school. There are 12 local churches and three fellowships with a membership of 638. 23 missionaries are working in this field.

* Nepal Field:
The focused people group are the Hindu Nepalese of eastern part of Nepal. The methods adopted are evangelism, church planting, and vocational training. There are 11 local churches and five new fellowships with a membership of 837. 14 missionaries are working in this field.

* Arunachal Pradesh:
The Evangelical Baptist Convention is working in partnership with Tangsa Baptist Churches Association. The focused people group are the Tangsa tribes of [[Changlang district|Changlang District]]. The methods adopted are evangelism, school, and music. The Evangelical Baptist Convention sends six missionaries and supports five native missionaries.

* Demaji Field, Assam

===Institutions===

* [[Grace Bible College (India)|Grace Bible College]], an M Div level institution, is the only theological training institute of the Evangelical Baptist Convention. The college has a very minimal, basic infrastructure in order to accommodate more students, who come not only from Manipur, but also from neighbouring states, and from Nepal and Myanmar. The college is unable to meet these requirements on its own. The church regards Grace Bible College as its backbone because the future of the church lies in the quality of training inculcated to its students. Grace Bible College is a degree college and confers up to M.Div. accredited by [[Asia Theological Association]].
* Lamka Rehabilitation and Research Centre is a church-based [[non-governmental organization]] NGO working in the field of the prevention of drug abuse; HIV/AIDS harm reduction, care and support; and rehabilitation of drug addicts in the district.
* Ebenezer Academy, established in 1980, is an English medium high school recognized by the Board of Secondary Education and the Council of Higher Secondary Education in Manipur. It is located in the secretariat compound Dorcas Hall of the Evangelical Baptist Convention. The church is its main sponsor.
* Schools: Because of the inadequate functioning of government-run schools in the interior, remote, and far-flung hill areas, the church responds to this need. The impracticality of running tuition-fee schools in these areas is another challenge. There are a total of 58 schools with 4,259 students. The beneficiaries are 57 villages, including students of other denominations and non-believers. This requires sufficient manpower and infrastructures, financial support from well wishers, and charitable organizations. The Evangelical Baptist Convention runs:
** Higher secondary school (1)
** High schools (2)
** Junior high schools (10)
** JB schools (29){{clarify|What is JB?|date=September 2020}}
** LP schools (16){{clarify|What is LP?|date=September 2020}}
* Convention Press has a regular staff of five, and two casual workers. Its assets include offset printer, electronic etc, print - KTZ (church journal), commentaries, documents, school questions, and orders from elsewhere.
* Evangelical Book House caters to school textbooks, theological books, and stationery items. It has four regular staff and two casual workers.

==Affiliation==
The Evangelical Baptist Convention is affiliated to [[Baptist World Alliance]].

== See also ==
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[North East India Christian Council]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ebchq.org www.ebchq.org - official website]
*[http://www.ebc-india.org www.ebc-india.org - official website]
*[http://www.ebcindia.net www.ebcindia.net - official website]

[[Category:Baptist denominations in India]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

2026 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-03-25T01:47:11Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Indian Parliament}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = yes
| previous_election = 2025 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2025
| next_election = 2027 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2027
| election_date = March – November 2026
| seats_for_election = 72 of the 233{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]].}} elected seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 123{{efn|out of 245 (including 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]].)}} total
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagat_Prakash_Nadda_2023.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 24 June 2024
| leaders_seat1 =
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats_before1 = 98{{efn|excluding 5 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]].}}
| seats_after1 =
| seat_change1 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mallikarjun_Kharge_briefing_the_media_after_presenting_the_Interim_Railway_Budget_2014-15_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 16 February 2021
| leaders_seat2 =
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| seats_before2 = 27
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 =
| 1blank = Current Alliance seats
| 1data1 = 121{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]].}}
| 1data2 = 80
| 2blank = Alliance seats after
| 2data1 =
| 2data2 =
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 =
| 3data2 =
| title = Majority
| posttitle = Majority after election
| before_election = [[National Democratic Alliance]]{{efn|including the support of 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| before_party =
| after_election = ''[[To be announced|TBD]]''
| after_party =
}}

The 2026 '''Rajya Sabha elections''' will be held as part of a routine six-year cycle of the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] from 16 March to November 2026 to elect 72 of its 245 members, of which the states through their legislators elect 233, and the remaining 12 are appointed by the President.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/RetLMemState.aspx|title=Statewise Retirement|website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-18 |title=Elections To 37 Rajya Sabha Seats Falling Vacant Across 10 States On March 16: EC |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/elections-to-rajya-sabha-seats-falling-vacant-across-states-to-be-held-on-march-16-election-commission-enn26021801378 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral system==
[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MPs]] are elected through [[indirect election]] by the members of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]] using the system of [[proportional representation]] by means of the [[single transferable vote]]. Each voter (MLA) ranks candidates in the order of preference (marking 1, 2, 3 and so on) under an [[open ballot system]]. Candidates have to reach a specific quota of votes in order to win a seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership of Rajya Sabha |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/30-85/CHAPTER3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121163132/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/30-85/CHAPTER3.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>

<math>
\text{Quota} = \left( \frac{\text{Total valid votes}}{\text{Vacancies} + 1} \right) + 1
</math>

For a single-seat election, each ballot is valued at one. When multiple seats are filled, the ballot value is set to one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Prabhash K. |date=2020-06-19 |title=Rajya Sabha election: How MPs are elected to the upper house |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-election-how-mps-are-elected-to-the-upper-house-1690564-2020-06-19 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A candidate is elected unopposed when the number of candidates matches the number of available seats after nominations and withdrawals period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handbook for Returning Officers |url=https://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers(Council_Elections).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802035728/https://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers(Council_Elections).pdf |archive-date=2016-08-02}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; "
!Poll event
!March election<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Date of Notification
|26 February 2026
|-
|Last date for filing nomination
|5 March 2026
|-
|Scrutiny of nomination
|6 March 2026
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|9 March 2026
|-
|'''Date of Poll (if necessary) & Declaration of Result'''
|'''16 March 2026'''
|}

==Members Retiring and Elected==

; March Election
Election were held in Bihar, Haryana & Odisha to elect its Rajya Sabha MPs on 16 March 2026. For rest of the states, MPs have won uncontested as number of candidates matched the number of available seats after nominations and withdrawals period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-16 |title=Rajya Sabha polls: Tight contests loom in Bihar, Odisha, Haryana after 26 elected unopposed |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-polls-tight-contests-loom-in-bihar-odisha-haryana-after-26-elected-unopposed-13861228.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Bhubaneshwar Kalita]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Jogen Mohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Rameswar Teli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Terash Gowalla]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]
|{{party name with color|Anchalik Gana Morcha}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|{{party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|2
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
|3
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Amarendra Dhari Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Shivesh Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[K. T. S. Tulsi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|09-Apr-2026
|Laxmi Verma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Kiran Chaudhary ]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Sanjay Bhatia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Ram Chander Jangra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|[[Karamvir Singh Boudh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
|[[Indu Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|09-Apr-2026
|Anurag Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Dhairyashil Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2026
|Ramrao Wadkute
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Rajani Ashokrao Patil|Rajani Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|02-Apr-2026
|Maya Ivnate
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|02-Apr-2026
|Jyoti Waghmare
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|5
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|-
|6
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|02-Apr-2026
|Parth Pawar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|7
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Mamata Mohanta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Munna Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|02-Apr-2026
|Santrupta Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|4
|[[Niranjan Bishi]]
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Dilip Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Tiruchi Siva]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|02-Apr-2026
| [[Tiruchi Siva]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2
|[[N. R. Elango]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[J. Constantine Ravindran]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|3
|[[P. Selvarasu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[M. Christopher Tilak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[Kanimozhi N. V. N. Somu]]
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[L. K. Sudhish]]
|{{Party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|5
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|6
|[[G. K. Vasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
|{{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 09-Apr-2026
| [[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| 09-Apr-2026
|[[Vem Narender Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Koel Mallick]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|3
|[[Mausam Noor]]{{efn|Defected from [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] to [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Ahead of Bengal polls, TMC Rajya Sabha MP Mausam Noor quits party, returns to Congress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2026/Jan/04/ahead-of-bengal-polls-tmc-rajya-sabha-mp-mausam-noor-quits-party-returns-to-congress |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Menaka Guruswamy]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[Saket Gokhale]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Rajeev Kumar (IPS)|Rajeev Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|5
|[[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|02-Apr-2026
|[[Rahul Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

; May Election

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Sana Satish]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Alla Ayodhya Rami Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|{{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Parimal Nathwani]]
|{{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Nabam Rebia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|23-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Rambhai Mokariya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Ramilaben Bara]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Narhari Amin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|'''Vacant''' ([[Shibu Soren]])
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|2
|[[Deepak Prakash (Politician)|Deepak Prakash]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Iranna B. Kadadi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[K. Narayan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|3
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|25-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[George Kurian (politician)|George Kurian]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Sumer Singh Solanki]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur|Manipur]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Wanweiroy Kharlukhi]]
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Mizoram|Mizoram]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|{{Party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|19-Jul-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1
|[[Rajendra Gehlot]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Neeraj Dangi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21-Jun-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

; November Election

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Naresh Bansal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Seema Dwivedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Brij Lal (police officer)|Brij Lal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|6
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|7
| [[Geeta Shakya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|8
| [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|10
|[[Ramji Gautam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|25-Nov-2026
|
|colspan=2|{{efn|1=Quota = 403 ÷ (10+1) + 1 = 37 votes. NDA with 291 MLAs could win seven seats and [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] with 108 MLAs could win two seats; the remaining votes are NDA 35, INDIA 30 and Others 3. Since none reach 37, the result of the tenth seat depends on the stand of the three Other MLAs (JD(L)-2, BSP-1) and three [[2026_elections_in_India#Uttar_Pradesh|by-elections]].}}
|}

=== [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Nominated MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]]
|bgcolor=#000000|
|[[Nominated|NOM]]
|16-Mar-2026
|
| colspan="2" |
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:2026 elections in India|Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India]]

Greco-Buddhism

2026-03-22T07:29:58Z

Banti: corrected details additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Cultural syncretism in Central and South Asia in antiquity}}
{{Distinguish|Buddhism in Greece}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|[[Gautama Buddha]] in [[Greco-Buddhist art|Greco-Buddhist style]], 1st–2nd century AD, [[Gandhara]] (Peshawar basin, modern day Pakistan).]]
{{Buddhism}}

[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhist expansion in Asia]]: [[Mahayana Buddhism]] [[Chinese Buddhism#History|first entered]] the [[Chinese Empire]] ([[Han dynasty#Religion, cosmology, and metaphysics|Han dynasty]]) through [[Silk Road]] during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Era]]. The overland and [[Maritime Southeast Asia|maritime]] "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Acri |author-first=Andrea |date=20 December 2018 |title=Maritime Buddhism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]

'''Greco-Buddhism''' or '''Graeco-Buddhism''' was [[Buddhism]] within the [[Hellenistic period]] of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]], resulting in Greek cultural [[syncretism]] developing between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in [[Gandhara]], which is located in present-day [[Pakistan]] and parts of north-east [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kubica |first=Olga |title=Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East. Sources and Contexts |publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-19302-1 |pages=4}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Halkias |first=Georgios T. |title=Religions and trade: religious formation, transformation and cross-cultural exchange between East and West |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25528-9 |editor-last=Wick |editor-first=Peter |series=Dynamics in the history of religions |location=Leiden Boston (Mass.) |page=106 |chapter=When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures |editor-last2=Rabens |editor-first2=Volker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskar |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C19Pn4HKq-MC&pg=PA197 |title=Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-722-5 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070730/https://books.google.com/books?id=C19Pn4HKq-MC&pg=PA197 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] shows clear Hellenistic influences, the majority of scholars do not assume a noticeable Greek influence on [[Gandharan Buddhism]] beyond the artistic realm.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Ghandāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments |date=1999 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-97769-0 |location=Washington (Wash.) |pages=5}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

Cultural interactions between ancient Greece and Buddhism date back to Greek forays into the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the time of [[Alexander the Great]]. A few years after Alexander's death, the Easternmost parts of the [[Seleucid Empire|empire of his general Seleucus]] were lost in a war to the [[Mauryan Empire]], under [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. The Mauryan [[Emperor Ashoka]] converted to Buddhism and helped spread the religion throughout his domain, as recorded in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]. Thus, Buddhism reached the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian kingdom]], a successor of the Seleucid Empire.

Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, Buddhism continued to flourish under the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], [[Indo-Greek Kingdoms]], and [[Kushan Empire]]. [[Mahayana Buddhism]] was spread from the [[Gangetic plains]] in India into [[Gandhara]], and then into [[Central Asia]] during the Mauryan Era, where it became the most prevalent branch of Buddhism in Central Asia. Mahayana Buddhism was later [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|transmitted through the Silk Road]] into the [[Han dynasty]] during the Kushan period, in the reign of Emperor [[Kanishka]]. Buddhist tradition details the monk, [[Majjhantika]] of [[Varanasi]], was made responsible for spreading Buddhism in the region by Emperor Ashoka. Later on, the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] and [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] king [[Menander I]], who may have converted to Buddhism, supported the spread of the religion as well.

==Historical outline==
{{Main|History of Buddhism}}

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Map of the Indo-Greeks.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100–150 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005120122/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Cuthbert Collin|title=An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Narain|first=A.K.|title=The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C.|publisher=Ares|year=1976|isbn=0-89005-109-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Hans Erich |last1=Stier |first2=Ernst |last2=Kirsten |first3=Ekkehard |last3=Aner |title=Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit, Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit |publisher=Georg Westermann Verlag |year=1978 |isbn=3-14-100919-8 }}</ref>]]

The introduction of [[Hellenistic Greece]] to central Asia started after the conquest of that region by [[Darius the Great]] and his Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]]. He and his successors also conquered the [[Anatolian peninsula]], which at the time was inhabited by many Greek cultures. When they rebelled, those Greeks were often ethnically cleansed by being relocated to the far end of the Persian Empire, those central Asian provinces. When [[Alexander the Great]] conquered Achaemenid Empire and further regions of [[Central Asia]] in 334 BC, he thus encountered many Greeks already established in the easternmost stretches of its empire. He then ventured into [[Punjab]] (land of five rivers). Alexander crossed the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Jhelum River]] when defeating Porus and appointing him as a satrap following the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]. Alexander's army would mutiny and retreat along the [[Beas River]] when confronted by the [[Nanda Empire]], thus would not conquer Punjab entirely.

Thanks to relocation by the Persian Empire, there was established Greek culture in the far east of Alexander's empire. He founded several cities in his new territories in the areas of the [[Amu Darya]] and [[Bactria]], and Greek settlements further extended to the [[Khyber Pass]], [[Gandhara]] (see [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]]), and the [[Punjab]]. Following Alexander's death on 10 June 323 BC, the [[Diadochi]] or "successors" founded their own kingdoms. General [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] set up the [[Seleucid Empire]] in [[Anatolia]] and [[Central Asia]] and extended as far as India.

The [[Mauryan Empire]], founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], would first [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|conquer the Nanda Empire]]. Chandragupta would then defeat the Seleucid Empire during the [[Seleucid-Mauryan War]]. This resulted in the transfer of the Macedonian satraps in the [[Indus Valley]] and [[Gandhara]] to the Mauryan Empire. Furthermore, a marriage alliance was enacted which granted Seleucus's daughter as Chandragupta's wife for diplomatic relations. The conflict additionally led to the transfer of 500 war elephants to the Seleucid Empire from the Mauryan Empire, presumably as reparations for lives lost and damages sustained.

The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka established the largest Indian empire. Following the destructive [[Kalinga War]], Ashoka converted to Buddhism. Abandoning an expansionist agenda, Ashoka would adopt humanitarian reformation in place.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare |year=1995 |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |volume=35 |issue=305 |first=Gerald |last=Draper |pages=192–206 |doi=10.1017/S0020860400090604 }}</ref> As ascribed in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], the Emperor spread [[Dharma]] as Buddhism throughout his empire. Ashoka claims to have converted many, including the Greek populations within his realm to Buddhism:
{{quote|Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the [[Kambojas]], the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras, and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in [[Dharma]].<ref name=" auto">''[[Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edict Nb13]]'' (S. Dhammika)</ref>}}

The decline and overthrow of the Mauryans by the [[Shunga Empire]], and of the revolt of [[Bactria]] in the Seleucid Empire led to the formation of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] Kingdom (250–125 BC). To their north, the Greco-Bactrians were followed by the secession of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (180 BC – 10 AD). Even when, centuries later, these [[Hellenized]] regions were conquered first by the [[Yuezhi]], then by the [[Indo-Scythians]] and the [[Kushan Empire]] (1st–3rd centuries AD), Buddhism continued to thrive there.

[[Buddhism in India]] was a major religion for centuries until a major Hindu revival from around the 5th century, with remaining strongholds such as [[Bengal]] largely ended during the [[Islamic invasions of India]].

==Cultural interaction==
{{main|Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations}}
{{see also|Hellenistic influence on Indian art}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic but also on the religious plane.

===Alexander the Great in Bactria and India (331–325 BC)===
[[File:Alexander victory coin Babylon silver c 322 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright|"Victory coin" of [[Alexander the Great]], minted in [[Babylon]] 322 BC, following his campaigns in [[ancient India]]. '''Obverse''': Alexander being crowned by [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. '''Reverse''': Alexander attacking [[King Porus]] on his elephant. Silver. [[British Museum]].]]

When Alexander invaded [[Bactria]] and Gandhara, these areas may already have been under [[Śramaṇa|Sramanic]] influence, likely Buddhist and [[Jainism|Jain]]. According to a legend preserved in the [[Pali Canon]], two [[merchant]] brothers from [[Kamsabhoga]] in Bactria, Tapassu and Bhallika, visited Gautama Buddha and became his disciples. The legend states that they then returned home and spread the Buddha's teaching.<ref>Foltz, ''Religions of the Silk Road'', p. 43</ref> In 326 BC, Alexander conquered the Northern region of India. King Ambhi of Taxila, known as [[Taxiles]], surrendered his city, a notable Buddhist center, to Alexander. Alexander fought a battle against [[King Porus]] of [[Pauravas]] in Punjab, the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] in 326 BC.

===Mauryan Empire (322–183 BC)===
{{See also|Greco-Buddhist monasticism}}

The [[Mauryan Empire]] would later defeat the successor Seleucid Empire, during the [[Seleucid-Mauryan War]]. Resulting in the transfer of the [[satrap|satraps]] in the [[Indus Valley]] and [[Gandhara]], that had been part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] and [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucidian]], to the Mauryan Empire. However, contacts were kept with his Greco-Iranian neighbors in the [[Seleucid Empire]]. Emperor [[Seleucus I Nicator]] came to a marital agreement as part of a peace treaty,<ref>"The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." [[Appian]] ''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020015612/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> and several Greeks, such as the historian [[Megasthenes]], resided at the Mauryan court.

[[File:Pataliputra Palace capital by L A Waddell 1895.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hellenistic]] [[Pataliputra capital]], discovered in [[Pataliputra]], capital of the [[Maurya Empire]], dated to the 3rd century BC.]]
Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka embraced the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, insisting on non-violence to humans and animals ([[ahimsa]]), and general precepts regulating the life of laypeople.

According to the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], set in stone, some of them written in Greek<ref>For an English translation of the Greek edicts: {{cite book|title=Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|date=2 December 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25530-2|pages=65–}}</ref> and some in [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]], the official language of the [[Achaemenids]], he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the [[Hellenistic period]]:
{{quote|The conquest by [[Dharma]] has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas [4,000 miles] away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochos]] (Antiyoga) rules, and beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy]] (Turamaya), [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonos]] (Antikini), [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] (Maka) and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] (Alikasu[n]dara) rule, likewise in the south among the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyas]], and as far as [[Tamraparni]].<ref>[[Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edict Nb.13]], Full text of the Edicts of Ashoka. [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html See Rock Edict 13] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028175927/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html |date=2013-10-28 }}</ref>}}

Ashoka also claims he converted to Buddhism Greek populations within his realm:
{{quote|Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the [[Kambojas]], the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in [[Dharma]].<ref name="auto"/>}}
Finally, some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as the famous [[Dharmaraksita]], are described in [[Pali]] sources as leading Greek ("[[Yona]]") Buddhist monks active in Buddhist proselytism (the [[Mahavamsa]], XII<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html|title=Chapter XII|date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020052522/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>), founding the eponymous [[Dharmaguptaka]] school of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62|title=Abstract Sujato: Sects & Sectarianism|website=www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org|access-date=25 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218065734/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Greek presence in Bactria (325–125 BC)===
{{Main|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom}}
[[File:AiKhanoumAndIndia.jpg|thumb|The [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] city of [[Ai-Khanoum]] ({{circa|300}}–145 BC) was located at the doorstep of [[ancient India]].]]

Alexander had established in Bactria several cities (such as [[Ai-Khanoum]] and [[Bagram]]) and an administration that were to last more than two centuries under the [[Seleucid Empire]] and the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], all the time in direct contact with Indian territory. The Greeks sent ambassadors to the court of the [[Maurya Empire]], such as the historian [[Megasthenes]] under [[Chandragupta Maurya]], and later [[Deimachus]] under his son [[Bindusara]], who reported extensively on the civilization of the Indians. Megasthenes sent detailed reports on Indian religions, which were circulated and quoted throughout the Classical world for centuries:<ref>Surviving fragments of Megasthenes: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm Full text]</ref>

{{quote|Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds, one of which he calls the [[Brahmin|Brachmanes]], and the other the [[Sramana|Sarmanes]]...|source=[[Strabo]] XV. 1. 58-60<ref name="Strabo XV.1"/>}}

The Greco-Bactrians maintained a strong Hellenistic culture at the door of India during the rule of the Maurya Empire in India, as exemplified by the archaeological site of [[Ai-Khanoum]]. When the Maurya Empire was toppled by the [[Shunga Empire]] around 180 BC, the Greco-Bactrians expanded into India, where they established the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], under which Buddhism was able to flourish.

===Indo-Greek Kingdom and Buddhism (180 BC – 10 AD)===
{{Main|Indo-Greek Kingdom}}
[[File:Greek Gods and Dharmachakra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Greek Gods and the "Wheel of the Law" or [[Dharmachakra]]: '''Left:''' [[Zeus]] holding [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], who hands a victory [[wreath]] over a Dharmachakra (coin of [[Menander II]]). '''Right:''' Divinity wearing [[chlamys]] and [[petasus]] pushing a Dharmachakra, with legend "He who sets in motion the Wheel of the Law" ([[Tillya Tepe Buddhist coin]]).]]

[[Northern India]] was the Indo-Greek Kingdom, centered approximately around [[Alexandria Eschate]]. They controlled various areas of the northern Indian territory until 10 AD. Buddhism prospered under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]] (185–73 BC), who had overthrown the Mauryans. [[Zarmanochegas]] was a śramana (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as [[Strabo]], [[Cassius Dio]], and [[Nicolaus of Damascus]] traveled to [[Antioch]] and [[Athens]] while [[Augustus]] (died 14 AD) was ruling the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu">Strabo, xv, 1, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |date=4 October 2008 }}.</ref><ref name="liv, 9">[[Dio Cassius]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#9 liv, 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090709/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54%2A.html#9 |date=25 September 2022 }}.</ref>

====Coinage====
The coins of the Indo-Greek king [[Menander I]] (r. 160–135 BC), found from [[Afghanistan]] to central India, bear the inscription "Saviour King Menander" in Greek on the front. Several Indo-Greek kings after Menander, such as [[Zoilos I]], [[Strato I]], [[Heliokles II]], [[Theophilos (king)|Theophilos]], [[Peukolaos]], [[Menander II]], and [[Archebius]] display on their coins the title "Maharajasa Dharmika" (lit. "King of the Dharma") in [[Prakrit]] written in [[Kharoshthi]].

Some of the coins of Menander I and [[Menander II]] incorporate the Buddhist symbol of the eight-spoked wheel, associated with the Greek symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed over by the goddess [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. According to the [[Milinda Panha|Milinda Pañha]], at the end of his reign Menander I became a Buddhist [[arhat]],<ref>Extract of the [[Milinda Panha]]: "And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the houseless state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to [[Arhat|Arahatship]]!" ([[Milinda Panha|The Questions of King Milinda]], Translation by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|T. W. Rhys Davids]], 1890)</ref> a fact also echoed by [[Plutarch]], who explains that his relics were shared and enshrined.<ref>Plutarch on Menander: "But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him." (Plutarch, "Political Precepts" Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6) p147–148 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220090138/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Plutarch0206/Morals/0062-05_Bk.pdf Full text]</ref>

[[File:MenanderChakra.jpg|thumb|left|A coin of [[Menander I]] (r. 160–135 BC) with a [[dharmacakra]] and a palm.]]

The ubiquitous symbol of the elephant in Indo-Greek coinage may also have been associated with Buddhism, as suggested by the parallel between coins of [[Antialcidas]] and [[Menander II]], where the elephant in the coins of Antialcidas holds the same relationship to Zeus and Nike as the Buddhist wheel on the coins of Menander II. When the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] invaded North India in the 1st century AD, they adopted a large part of the symbolism of Indo-Greek coinage, but refrained from ever using the elephant, suggesting that its meaning was not merely geographical.

[[File:IGMudras.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Mudra#Vitarka Mudr.C4.81|Vitarka Mudra]]'' [[gesture]]s on Indo-Greek coinage. Top: Divinities [[Tyche]] and [[Zeus]]. Bottom: Depiction of the Indo-Greek kings [[Nicias]] and [[Menander II]].]]
Finally, after the reign of Menander I, several Indo-Greek rulers, such as [[Amyntas Nikator]], [[Nicias (Indo-Greek king)|Nicias]], [[Peukolaos]], [[Hermaeus]], [[Hippostratos]] and [[Menander II]], depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a benediction gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka [[mudra]] (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of Buddha's teaching.

====Cities====
According to [[Ptolemy]], Greek cities were founded by the Greco-Bactrians in [[northern India]]. Menander established his capital in [[Sagala]] (modern [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) one of the centers of the blossoming [[Buddhist culture]].<ref>[[Milinda Panha]], Chap. I</ref> A large Greek city built by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] and rebuilt by Menander has been excavated at the archaeological site of [[Sirkap]] near [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], where Buddhist [[stupa]]s were standing side-by-side with [[Hindu]] and [[Ancient Greek temple|Greek temples]], indicating religious tolerance and syncretism.

====Scriptures====
{{Main|History of Buddhism in India}}
{{Further|Early Buddhist texts|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism}}

Evidence of direct religious interaction between Greek and Buddhist thought during the period include the ''[[Milinda Pañha]]'' or "Questions of Menander", a Pali-language discourse in the [[Platonism|Platonic style]] held between Menander I and the Buddhist monk [[Nagasena]].

[[File:SL Anuradhapura asv2020-01 img11 Ruwanwelisaya Stupa.jpg|thumb|According to the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the [[Ruwanwelisaya]] in [[Anuradhapura]], [[Sri Lanka]], was dedicated by a 30,000-strong [[Yona]] delegation from [[Alexandria on the Caucasus]] ({{circa|130 BC}}).]]
The ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', chapter 29, records that during Menander's reign, a Greek ''thera'' (elder monk) named ''[[Mahadharmaraksita]]'' led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alexandria" (possibly [[Alexandria on the Caucasus]], around {{convert|150|km}} north of today's [[Kabul]] in Afghanistan), to [[Sri Lanka]] for the dedication of a stupa, indicating that Buddhism flourished in Menander's territory and that Greeks took a very active part in it.<ref name="McEvilley2012">{{cite book|author=Thomas McEvilley|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&pg=PT558|date=7 February 2012|publisher=Constable & Robinson|isbn=978-1-58115-933-2|pages=558–}}</ref>

Several Buddhist dedications by Greeks in India are recorded, such as that of the Greek [[meridarch]] (civil governor of a province) named [[Theodorus (meridarch)|Theodorus]], describing in Kharosthi how he enshrined [[śarīra|relics of the Buddha]]. The inscriptions were found on a vase inside a stupa, dated to the reign of Menander or one of his successors in the 1st century BC.<ref name="Tarn2010">{{cite book|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-00941-6|page=391|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, Buddhist tradition recognizes Menander as one of the great benefactors of the faith, together with Ashoka and [[Kanishka the Great]].

Buddhist manuscripts in cursive Greek have been found in Afghanistan, praising various Buddhas and including mentions of the [[Mahayana]] figure of "[[Avalokiteśvara|Lokesvara]]raja Buddha" ({{lang|grc|λωγοασφαροραζοβοδδο}}). These manuscripts have been dated later than the 2nd century CE.<ref>Nicholas Sims-Williams, "A Bactrian Buddhist Manuscript"</ref>

===Kushan empire (1st–3rd century AD)===
{{Main|Kushan Empire}}

The [[Kushan Empire]], one of the five tribes of the [[Yuezhi]], settled in [[Bactria]] around 125 BC, displacing the Greco-Bactrians and invading the northern parts of Pakistan and India from around 1 AD. By that time they had already been in contact with Greek culture and the Indo-Greek kingdoms for more than a century. They used the Greek script to write their language, as exemplified by their [[coin]]s and their adoption of the [[Greek alphabet]].

[[File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG|thumb|left|Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes, [[amphora]]s, wine and music. Detail from [[Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa]], [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], [[Gandhara]], 1st century AD.]]
The Kushan King Kanishka, who honored Zoroastrian, Greek and Brahmanic deities as well as the Buddha and was famous for his religious syncretism, convened the [[Fourth Buddhist council]] around 100 in [[Kashmir]] in order to redact the [[Sarvastivada#Canon|Sarvastivadin canon]]. Some of Kanishka's coins bear the earliest representations of the Buddha on a coin (around 120), in Hellenistic style and with the word "Boddo" in Greek script. Kanishka also had the original Gandhari Prakrit [[Mahāyāna sūtras]] translated into [[Sanskrit]], "a turning point in the evolution of the Buddhist literary canon"<ref>Foltz, ''Religions of the Silk Road'', p. 45</ref> The [[Kanishka casket]], dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127, was signed by a Greek artist named ''Agesilas'', who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas ([[cetiya]]), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.

==Philosophical influences==
{{Western Buddhism}}

Several [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosophers]], including [[Pyrrho]], [[Anaxarchus]], and [[Onesicritus]] accompanied Alexander in his eastern campaigns. During the 18 months they were in India, they were able to interact with [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosophers]] who pursued [[asceticism]], generally described as [[gymnosophists]] ("naked philosophers").<ref>{{cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |year=2019 |chapter=The Indian Philosophers and the Greeks |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 |location=[[Oxford]] and [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=289–331 |doi=10.1515/9780691185385-015 |isbn=978-0-691-15403-9 |jstor=j.ctv3znwg5 |lccn=2018958249 |s2cid=166488882 |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Pyrrhonism===
{{Main|Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism}}

Pyrrho returned to Greece and founded [[Pyrrhonism]], considered by modern scholars as the first Western school of [[Philosophical skepticism|skepticism]].<ref name="Stoneman 2019">{{cite book |last=Stoneman |first=Richard |year=2019 |chapter=Two Hundred Years of Debate: Greek and Indian Thought |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 |location=[[Oxford]] and [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=346–355 |doi=10.1515/9780691185385-016 |isbn=978-0-691-15403-9 |jstor=j.ctv3znwg5 |lccn=2018958249 |s2cid=166488882 |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greek biographer [[Diogenes Laërtius]] explained that Pyrrho's equanimity and detachment from the world were acquired in India.<ref name="Stoneman 2019"/><ref>"He would withdraw from the world and live in solitude, rarely showing himself to his relatives; this is because he had heard an Indian reproach [[Anaxarchus]], telling him that he would never be able to teach others what is good while he himself danced attendance on kings in their court. He would maintain the same composure at all times." (Diogenes Laertius, IX.63 on Pyrrhon)</ref>

Pyrrho was directly influenced by Buddhism in developing his philosophy, which is based on Pyrrho's interpretation of the Buddhist [[three marks of existence]].<ref name="Stoneman 2019"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2015 |page=28 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf |isbn=9781400866328 |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150905/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cynicism===
Another of these philosophers, [[Onesicritus]], a [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynic]], is said by [[Strabo]] to have learnt in India the following precepts: "That nothing that happens to a man is bad or good, opinions being merely dreams. ... That the best philosophy [is] that which liberates the mind from [both] pleasure and grief".<ref name="Strabo XV.1">Strabo, XV.I.65: {{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119 |title=Strabo XV.1 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-date=27 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227232800/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23119 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cynicism, particularly the Cynic [[Peregrinus Proteus]] was further influenced by the tales of the [[gymnosophists]], particularly the examples set by [[Kalanos]], [[Dandamis]], and [[Zarmanochegas]].{{Cn|date=March 2021}}

===Cyrenaicism===
The [[Cyrenaics|Cyrenaic]] philosopher [[Hegesias of Cyrene]], from the city of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] where [[Magas of Cyrene]] ruled, is thought by some to have been influenced by the teachings of Ashoka's Buddhist missionaries.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jean-Marie |last=Lafont |year=2000 |title=La découverte du bouddhisme par le monde européen |journal=Les Dossiers d'Archéologie |volume=254 |pages=78–85 [p. 78] |language=fr |issn=1141-7137 |url=https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-254/berceau-bouddhisme/decouverte-bouddhisme-monde-europeen.3211.php#article_3211 |quote=The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed ''Peisithanatos'', "The advocate of death") was a contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohibited from teaching. |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083642/https://www.dossiers-archeologie.com/numero-254/berceau-bouddhisme/decouverte-bouddhisme-monde-europeen.3211.php#article_3211 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Artistic influences==
{{Main|Greco-Buddhist art}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

Numerous works of [[Greco-Buddhist art]] display the intermixing of Greek and Buddhist influences in such creation centers as [[Gandhara]]. The subject matter of Gandharan art was definitely Buddhist, while most motifs were of [[Western Asia]]tic or Hellenistic origin.

===Anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha===
[[File:MaraAssault.jpg|thumb|upright|An aniconic representation of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s assault on the Buddha, 2nd century AD, [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district]], [[India]].]]

Although there is still some debate, the first [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] representations of the Buddha himself are often considered a result of the Greco-Buddhist interaction. Before this innovation, Buddhist art was "[[aniconism|aniconic]]": the Buddha was only represented through his symbols (an empty throne, the [[Bodhi Tree]], [[Buddha footprint]]s, the [[Dharmachakra]]).

This reluctance towards anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, and the sophisticated development of aniconic symbols to avoid it (even in narrative scenes where other human figures would appear), seem to be connected to one of the Buddha's sayings reported in the ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'' that discouraged representations of himself after the extinction of his body.<ref>"Due to the statement of the Master in the ''Dighanikaya'' disfavouring his representation in human form after the extinction of body, reluctance prevailed for some time". Also "''Hinayanis'' opposed image worship of the Master due to canonical restrictions". R.C. Sharma, in "The Art of Mathura, India", Tokyo National Museum 2002, p.11</ref>

Probably not feeling bound by these restrictions, and because of "their cult of form, the Greeks were the first to attempt a sculptural representation of the Buddha".<ref name="Linssen">{{cite book |last1=Linssen |last2=Robert |title=Living Zen |location=London |publisher=Allen & Unwin |publication-date=1958 |page=206}}</ref> In many parts of the Ancient World, the Greeks did develop [[syncretic]] divinities, that could become a common religious focus for populations with different traditions: a well-known example is [[Serapis]], introduced by [[Ptolemy I Soter]] in [[Hellenistic Egypt]], who combined aspects of Greek and Egyptian Gods. In India as well, it was only natural for the Greeks to create a single common divinity by combining the image of a Greek [[god-king]] ([[Apollo]], or possibly the deified founder of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], [[Demetrius I of Bactria]]), with the traditional [[physical characteristics of the Buddha]].

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = StandingBuddha.jpg
| width1 = 125
| caption1 = Standing Buddha, Gandhara, 1st century AD.
| image2 = Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG
| width2 = 200
| caption2 = [[Heracles|Herculean]] depiction of [[Vajrapani]] (right), as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd-century AD [[Gandhara]], [[British Museum]].<ref>"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21747-5 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071305/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4 |url-status=live }} Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21747-5 |pages=88–89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071309/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: [[himation]], the [[contrapposto]] stance of the upright figures, such as the 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas, the stylized curly hair and [[ushnisha]] apparently derived from the style of the [[Apollo Belvedere]] (330 BC) and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Halkias |first=Georgios T. |title=Religions and trade: religious formation, transformation and cross-cultural exchange between East and West |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25528-9 |editor-last=Wick |editor-first=Peter |series=Dynamics in the history of religions |location=Leiden Boston (Mass.) |page=106 |chapter=When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures |author-link=Georgios Halkias |editor-last2=Rabens |editor-first2=Volker}}</ref> A large quantity of [[sculpture]]s combining Buddhist and purely Hellenistic styles and [[iconography]] were excavated at the modern site of [[Hadda, Afghanistan]]. The curly hair of Buddha is described in the famous list of the [[physical characteristics of the Buddha]] in the Buddhist sutras. The hair with curls turning to the right is first described in the [[Pāli canon]]; we find the same description in the ''[[Prajnaparamita|Dāsāṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Additionally, the nudity of [[Jainism|Jainist]] sculptures might have been inspired by [[Apollo|Apollonian]] archetypes.<ref name=":1" />

Greek artists were most probably the authors of these early representations of the Buddha, in particular the standing statues, which display "a realistic treatment of the folds and on some even a hint of modelled volume that characterizes the best Greek work. This is Classical or Hellenistic Greek, not archaizing Greek transmitted by Persia or Bactria, nor distinctively [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]."<ref>Boardman p. 126</ref>

The Greek stylistic influence on the representation of the Buddha, through its idealistic realism, also permitted a very accessible, understandable and attractive visualization of the ultimate state of [[Bodhi|enlightenment]] described by Buddhism, allowing it to reach a wider audience:
{{quote|One of the distinguishing features of the Gandharan school of art that emerged in north-west India is that it has been clearly influenced by the naturalism of the Classical Greek style. Thus, while these images still convey the inner peace that results from putting the Buddha's doctrine into practice, they also give us an impression of people who walked and talked, etc. and slept much as we do. I feel this is very important. These figures are inspiring because they do not only depict the goal, but also the sense that people like us can achieve it if we try.|[[14th Dalai Lama]]<ref>[[14th Dalai Lama]], foreword to "Echoes of Alexander the Great", 2000.</ref>}}

During the following centuries, this anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha defined the canon of Buddhist art, but progressively evolved to incorporate more Indian and Asian elements.

===Hellenized Buddhist pantheon===
{{see also|Buddhist art|Greco-Buddhist art}}
[[File:Coin of Kanishka I.jpg|thumb|left|A Buddhist coin of [[Kanishka I]], with legend ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo" (=the [[Buddha]]) in Greek script on the reverse.]]

Several other Buddhist deities may have been influenced by Greek gods. For example, [[Heracles]] with a lion-skin, the protector deity of [[Demetrius I of Bactria]], "served as an artistic model for [[Vajrapani]], a protector of the Buddha".<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |title=Religions of the Silk Road |url=https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt/page/n50 44] |year=2010 |isbn=9780230621251 }}</ref><ref>See Images of the Herakles-influenced Vajrapani: {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216205740/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg |archive-date=16 December 2013 |url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg |title=Image 1 |postscript=, }} {{cite web |url=http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Heracles-Vajrapani.jpg |title=Image 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040313155937/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/HST210/Oct21/Heracles-Vajrapani.jpg |archive-date=13 March 2004 }}</ref> In [[Japan]], this expression further translated into the wrath-filled and muscular [[Nio (Buddhism)|Niō]] guardian gods of the Buddha, standing today at the entrance of many Buddhist temples.

According to Katsumi Tanabe, professor at Chūō University, Japan, besides Vajrapani, Greek influence also appears in several other gods of the Mahayana pantheon such as the Japanese [[Fūjin]], inspired from the Greek divinity [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]] through the Greco-Buddhist Wardo, or the mother deity [[Hariti]] inspired by [[Tyche]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Katsumi |last=Tanabe |title=Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contact from Greece to Japan |location=Tokyo |publisher=NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum |year=2003 |oclc=937316326 }}</ref>

In addition, forms such as [[garland]]-bearing [[cherub]]s, [[vine]] [[scroll]]s, and such semihuman creatures as the [[centaur]] and [[Triton (mythology)|triton]], are part of the repertory of Hellenistic art introduced by Greco-Roman artists in the service of the Kushan court.

==Exchanges==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
===Proselytism in the East===
{{See also|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist monasticism|Dayuan}}
[[File:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|upright|left|[[Buddhism in Central Asia|Central Asia]]n monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the [[Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves]], dated to the 9th-10th century CE ([[Kara-Khoja Kingdom]]).]]

Greek monks played a direct role in the upper hierarchy of Buddhism, and in its early dissemination. During the rule (165–135 BC) of the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] King [[Menander I]] ([[Pāli|Pali]]: "Milinda"), [[Mahadharmaraksita]] (literally translated as 'Great Teacher/Preserver of the Dharma') was "a Greek ([[Pāli|Pali]]: [[Yona]], lit. [[Ionia]]n) Buddhist head monk," according to the [[Mahavamsa]] (Chap. XXIX), who led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" ([[Alexandria of the Caucasus]], around 150 km north of today's [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]]), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the [[Ruwanwelisaya|Great Stupa]] in [[Anuradhapura]]. [[Dharmaraksita]] ([[Sanskrit]]), or Dhammarakkhita ([[Pāli|Pali]]) ([[translation]]: ''Protected by the [[Dharma]]''), was one of the [[missionary|missionaries]] sent by the [[Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] to proselytize the [[Buddhist]] faith. He is described as being a Greek ([[Pāli|Pali]]: "[[Yona]]", lit. "[[Ionia]]n") in the [[Mahavamsa]], and his activities are indicative of the strength of the Hellenistic [[Hellenistic Greece|Greek]] involvement during the formative centuries of Buddhism. Indeed, [[Menander I]] was famously converted to Buddhism by [[Nagasena]], who was a student of the Greek Buddhist monk [[Dharmaraksita]]. Menander is said to have reached enlightenment as an [[arhat]] under Nagasena's guidance and is recorded as a great patron of Buddhism. The dialogue of the Greek King Menander I ([[Pāli|Pali]] "Milinda") with the monk [[Nagasena]] comprises the Pali Buddhist work known as the [[Milinda Panha]].

Buddhist monks from the region of [[Gandhara]], where Greco-Buddhism was most influential, later played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia. Greco-Buddhist [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] monks such as [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokaksema]] ({{circa|178 CE}}) travelled to the Chinese capital of [[Loyang]], where they became the first translators of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Richard Foltz |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of the Silk Road |url=https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt |url-access=limited |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=2nd |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/religionssilkroa00folt/page/n52 46] |isbn=978-0-230-62125-1 }}</ref> Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges until around the 10th century, as indicated by the [[Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves]] frescos from the [[Tarim Basin]]. In legend too [[Bodhidharma]], the founder of [[Chán]]-Buddhism, which later became [[Zen]], and the legendary originator of the physical training of the [[Shaolin Monastery|Shaolin]] monks that led to the creation of [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], is described as a Buddhist monk from [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Central Asia]] in the first Chinese references to him (Yan Xuan-Zhi in 547).<ref>{{cite book |last=Broughton |first=Jeffrey L. |year=1999 |title=The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen |url=https://archive.org/details/bodhidharmaantho00brou |url-access=limited |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-21972-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bodhidharmaantho00brou/page/n24 54]–55 }}</ref> Throughout [[Buddhist art]], Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian, and he is referred as "The Blue-Eyed [[Barbarian]]" ({{zh|c=碧眼胡|p=Bìyǎn hú|labels=no}}) in Chinese Chan texts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Soothill |first1=William Edward |last2=Hodous |first2=Lewis |year=1995 |title=A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms |location=London |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url=http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf }}</ref> In 485 CE, according to the 7th-century Chinese historical treatise [[Liang Shu]], five monks from Gandhara travelled to the country of [[Fusang]] ("The country of the extreme East" beyond the sea, probably eastern [[Japan]]), where they introduced Buddhism:

{{quote|"[[Fusang]] is located to the east of China, 20,000 ''[[Li (Chinese unit)|li]]'' [1,500 km] east of the state of ''Da Han'' (itself east of the state of ''Wa'' in modern [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]). (...) In former times, the people of Fusang knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, but in the second year of Da Ming of the [[Song dynasty]] [AD 485], five monks from Kipin ([[Kabul]] region of Gandhara) travelled by ship to Fusang. They propagated Buddhist doctrine, circulated scriptures and drawings, and advised the people to relinquish worldly attachments. As a result the customs of Fusang changed." (Chinese: "{{lang|zh|扶桑在大漢國東二萬餘里,地在中國之東(...)其俗舊無佛法,宋大明二年,罽賓國嘗有比丘五人游行至其國,流通佛法,經像,教令出家,風俗遂改.}}")}}

Two half-brothers from [[Gandhara]], [[Asanga]] and [[Vasubandhu]] (4th century), created the [[Yogacara]] or "Mind-only" school of Mahayana Buddhism, which through one of its major texts, the [[Lankavatara Sutra]], became a founding block of Mahayana, and particularly Zen, philosophy.

===Greco-Buddhism in the West===
[[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Aramaic]]) 3rd century BC by Indian Buddhist King Ashoka. This edict advocates the adoption of "godliness" using the Greek term [[Eusebeia]] for [[Dharma]]. [[Kabul]] Museum.]]

Intense westward physical exchange at that time along the [[Silk Road]] is confirmed by the Roman craze for [[silk]] from the 1st century BC to the point that the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] issued, in vain, several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk, on economic and moral grounds. This is attested by at least three authors: [[Strabo]] (64/63 BC – {{circa|24 AD}}), [[Seneca the Younger]] ({{circa|3 BC}} – 65 AD), and [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 AD). The aforementioned Strabo and [[Plutarch]] ({{circa|45}}–125 AD) also wrote about Indo-Greek Buddhist king [[Milinda|Menander]], confirming that information about the Indo-Greek Buddhists was circulating throughout the Hellenistic world.

[[Zarmanochegas]] (Zarmarus) (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) was a monk of the [[Sramana]] tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as [[Strabo]] and [[Dio Cassius]], met [[Nicholas of Damascus]] in [[Antioch]] while Augustus (d. 14 AD) was ruling the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to Athens where he burnt himself to death.<ref name="perseus.tufts.edu"/><ref name="liv, 9"/> His story and tomb in Athens were well-known over a century later. [[Plutarch]] (d. 120 AD) in his Life of Alexander, after discussing the self-immolation of [[Calanus of India]] ([[Kalanos]]) witnessed by Alexander writes: "The same thing was done long after by another Indian who came with Caesar to Athens, where they still show you 'the Indian's Monument,'"<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch |chapter=Life of Alexander |title=The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans |translator-first=John |translator-last=Dryden |translator2-first=Arthur Hugh |translator2-last=Clough |series=The Modern Library |publisher=Random House |location=New York |page=850 }}</ref> referring to Zarmanochegas' tomb in [[Roman Athens]].

Another century later, the Christian [[Church Fathers|church father]] [[Clement of Alexandria]] (d. 215 AD) mentioned the Buddha by his title in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV): "The Indian [[gymnosophists]] are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called Sarmanæ and others Brahmins. And those of the Sarmanæ who are called "Hylobii" neither inhabit cities, nor have roofs over them, but are clothed in the bark of trees, feed on nuts, and drink water in their hands. Like those called Encratites in the present day, they know not marriage nor begetting of children. Some, too, of the Indians obey the precepts of [[Buddha]] (Βούττα) whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honours."<ref name="ccel.org">{{cite web |title=Clement of Alexandria Stromata. BkI, Ch XV |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.i.xv.html |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022194044/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.i.xv.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Indian gravestones from the [[Ptolemaic period]] have been found in Alexandria in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tarn |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |page=370 }}</ref> The presence of Buddhists in Alexandria at this time is important, since "It was later in this very place that some of the most active centers of Christianity were established".<ref name="Linssen_A">{{cite book |last1=Linssen |last2=Robert |title=Living Zen |location=London |publisher=Allen & Unwin |publication-date=1958 |page=208}}</ref>

The pre-Christian monastic order of the [[Therapeutae]] is possibly a deformation of the Pāli word "''[[Theravada|Theravāda]]''",<ref>According to the linguist Zacharias P. Thundy{{full|date=April 2020}}</ref> a form of Buddhism; the movement may have also "almost entirely drawn (its) inspiration from the teaching and practices of Buddhist asceticism".<ref name="Linssen_A"/> They may even have been descendants of [[Asoka]]'s emissaries to the West.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Jesus |publisher=Element Books |location=Shaftesbury |year=1995 |first1=Elmar R. |last1=Gruber |first2=Holger |last2=Kersten |isbn=1-85230-835-4 }}</ref> While [[Philo of Alexandria]]'s description of the doctrines and practices of the Therapeutae leaves great ambiguity about what religion they are associated with, analysis by religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel indicates that the most likely religion the Therapeutae practiced was Buddhism.<ref>Ullrich R . Kleinhempel, "Traces of Buddhist Presence in Alexandria: Philo and the "Therapeutae"", ''Научно-теоретический журнал'' 2019 https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200301/https://www.academia.edu/39841429/Traces_of_Buddhist_Presence_in_Alexandria_Philo_and_the_Therapeutae_ |date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>

In 2022, American-Polish archeologists unearthed an Egyptian temple dedicated to the goddess [[Isis (goddess)|Isis]] and god [[Serapis]], containing a [[Gotama Buddha|Buddha]] [[Berenike Buddha|sculpture]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu gods]]; this find indicates Greco-Buddhist influence extending to the early Roman period.<ref>"Hidden History, Hidden Treasure" ''University of Delaware'' 8 August 2024. https://research.udel.edu/2024/08/08/steve-sidebotham-egypt-berenike-buddha-archeology/</ref>

===Buddhism and Christianity===
{{Main|Buddhism and Christianity|Buddhist influences on Christianity}}
[[File:MayaDream.jpg|thumb|Queen Māyā's white elephant dream, and the conception of the Buddha. [[Gandhara]], 2nd–3rd century AD.]]

Although the religions of Buddhism and Christianity have evolved in rather different ways, the moral precepts advocated by Buddhism from the time of Ashoka through his edicts do have some similarities with the Christian moral precepts developed more than two centuries later. Similarities of the two religions include respect for life, respect for the weak, rejection of violence, pardon to sinners, and tolerance.

One theory is that these similarities may indicate the propagation of Buddhist ideals into the Western World, with the Greeks acting as intermediaries and religious syncretists.<ref>{{cite book |quote=Certain Indian notions may have made their way westward into the budding Christianity of the Mediterranean world through the channels of the Greek diaspora |last=Foltz |title=Religions of the Silk Road |page=44 }}</ref>

{{quote|Scholars have often considered the possibility that Buddhism influenced the early development of Christianity. They have drawn attention to many parallels concerning the births, lives, doctrines, and deaths of the Buddha and Jesus.{{cn|date=August 2023}}|Bentley, ''Old World Encounters''}}

[[Jerome|Saint Jerome]] (4th century AD) mentions the birth of the Buddha, who he says "was born from the side of a virgin,"<ref name="McEvilley, p391">McEvilley, p391</ref> and the influential early Christian church father [[Clement of Alexandria]] (d. 215) mentioned Buddha (Βούττα) in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV).<ref name="ccel.org"/> The legend of Christian saints [[Barlaam and Josaphat]] draws on the life of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Walbridge |title=The Wisdom of the Mystic East: Suhrawardī and Platonic Orientalism |page=129 |year=2001 |quote=The form Būdhīsaf is the original, as shown by Sogdian form Pwtysfi and the early New Persian form Bwdysf }} On the Christian versions see A. S. Geden, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. "Josaphat, Barlaam and," and M. P. Alfaric, ..."</ref>

== Reception ==
The idea of a Greek influence on the development of Buddhism has been particularly advocated by [[Étienne Lamotte]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lamotte |first=Étienne |title=History of Indian Buddhism: from the origins to the Śaka era |date=1988 |publisher=Institut orientaliste |isbn=978-90-6831-100-6 |series=Publications de l'Institut orientaliste de Louvain |location=Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique |pages=426–442}}</ref> and [[Thomas McEvilley]], who has speculated that “like the Gandharan art style, the Gandharan Buddhist style must have had a prominent Hellenic factor”,<ref>{{Cite book |last=McEvilley |first=Thomas |title=The shape of ancient thought: comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies |date=2002 |publisher=Allworth Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-1-58115-203-6 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> although he does not employ the term "Greco-Buddhism" for this. McEvilley's theory has been met by skepticism by other scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kearns |first=Emily |date=2004 |title=Indian Connections |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0009840X04002318/type/journal_article |journal=The Classical Review |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=420–423 |doi=10.1093/cr/54.2.420 |issn=0009-840X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Nicholas J. |date=2005 |title=Thomas McEvilley: The Missing Dimension |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106911 |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=9 |issue=1/3 |pages=59–75 |doi=10.1007/s11407-005-0004-8 |jstor=20106911 |issn=1022-4556|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Will S. |date=2006 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/philosophy_east_and_west/v056/56.1rasmussen.pdf |journal=Philosophy East and West |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |doi=10.1353/pew.2006.0003 |issn=1529-1898}}</ref>

While the Hellenistic influences in Gandharan Buddhist art have been widely accepted<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=McEvilley |first=Thomas |title=The shape of ancient thought: comparative studies in Greek and Indian philosophies |date=2002 |publisher=Allworth Press [u.a.] |isbn=978-1-58115-203-6 |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernard |first=Paul |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia. 2: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250 / ed.: János Harmatta |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO Publ |isbn=978-92-3-102846-5 |editor-last=Harmatta |editor-first=János |edition=2. impr |location=Paris |chapter=The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia |author-link=Paul Bernard (archaeologist)}}</ref> it remains a matter of controversy among art historians whether the non-Indian characteristics of Gandhāran sculpture reflect a continuous Greek tradition rooted in Alexander’s conquests in Bactria, subsequent contacts with later traditions of the Hellenistic east, direct communication with contemporary artists from the Roman empire, or some complex conjunction of such sources.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=The Buddhist literature of ancient Gandhāra: an introduction with selected translations |date=2018 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-1-61429-168-8 |series=Classics of Indian Buddhism |location=Somerville, MA |pages=56}}</ref> Examples include statues of [[Bodhisattva|bodhisattvas]] adorned with royal jewellery (bracelets and torques) and amulet boxes, the [[contrapposto]] stance, an emphasis on draperies, and a plethora of [[Cult of Dionysus|Dionysian themes]].<ref name=":1" />

Beyond the artistic realm, however, most scholars do not assume a noticeable Greek influence on [[Gandharan Buddhism]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dietz |first=Sieglinde |title=The spread of Buddhism |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15830-6 |editor-last=Heirman |editor-first=Ann |series=Handbook of Oriental studies |location=Leiden |pages=56–58 |chapter=Buddhism in Gandhara |editor-last2=Bumbacher |editor-first2=Stephan Peter}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=The Buddhist literature of ancient Gandhāra: an introduction with selected translations |date=2018 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-1-61429-168-8 |series=Classics of Indian Buddhism |location=Somerville, MA}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Fussman |first=Gerard |title=Bouddhisme et cultures locales: quelques cas de réciproques adaptations: actes du colloque franco-japonais de septembre 1991 |date=1994 |publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient |isbn=978-2-85539-601-9 |editor-last=Fukui |editor-first=Fumimasa |series=Etudes thématiques / Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Paris |pages=26 |chapter=Upaya-kausalya: l’implantation du bouddhisme au Gandhara |editor-last2=Fussman |editor-first2=Gérard}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Jens |title=Buddhism and Jainism: with 187 figures and 1 table |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-0851-5 |editor-last=Sarao |editor-first=Karam Tej Singh |series=Encyclopedia of indian religions |location=Dordrecht |pages=500–502 |chapter=Gandhara |editor-last2=Long |editor-first2=Jeffery D.}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Karttunen |first=Klaus|title=Buddhism and Jainism: with 187 figures and 1 table |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-0851-5 |editor-last=Sarao |editor-first=Karam Tej Singh |series=Encyclopedia of indian religions |location=Dordrecht |pages=526–530 |chapter=Greeks|editor-last2=Long |editor-first2=Jeffery D.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Why is there philosophy in India? |date=1999 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |isbn=978-90-6984-256-1 |series=Gonda lecture |location=Amsterdam |pages=24}}</ref> Some have identified a need for further research in this regard.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vassiliades |first=Demetrios Th. |date=2004 |title=Greeks and Buddhism: Historical Contacts in the Development of a Universal Religion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362383 |journal=The Eastern Buddhist |volume=36 |issue=1/2 |pages=156 |jstor=44362383 |issn=0012-8708}}</ref> Olga Kubica has criticised the term "Greco-Buddhism" as "inadequate" since a "reconciliation or union of differing systems of belief" did not occur here. She states that she does "not exclude the possibility that some phenomena within Buddhism may be interpreted as a manifestation of syncretism between Greek and Buddhist elements, but the term Greco-Buddhism applies only to certain aspects and not to the entirety of Greco-Buddhist relations".<ref name=":0" />

The term "Greco-Buddhist art" has also been criticised among art historians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Filigenzi |first=Anna |date=1 January 2012 |title=Orientalised Hellenism versus Hellenised Orient:Reversing the Perspective on Gandharan Art |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/acss/18/1/article-p111_4.xml |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=111–141 |doi=10.1163/157005712X638663 |issn=0929-077X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivieri |first=Luca M. |title=Stoneyards and Artists in Gandhara. The Buddhist Stupa of Saidu Sharif I, Swat (c. 50 CE) |date=2022 |publisher=Edizioni Ca’ Foscari |isbn=978-88-6969-577-3 |pages=53–54}}</ref> According to Peter Stewart, it is "deeply deceptive in several ways and should be avoided".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Peter |title=Gandharan Art and the Classical World - A Short Introduction |date=2024 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=978-1-80327-694-6 |pages=37}}</ref> [[Johanna Hanink]] has attributed the concept of "Greco-Buddhist art" to a European scholarly inability to accept that natives could have developed "the pleasing proportions and elegant poses of sculptures from ancient Gandhara", citing Michael Falser and arguing that the entire notion of "Buddhist art with a Greek 'essence'" is a colonial imposition that originated during British rule in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stop crediting the West for "inspiring" classical Chinese art |author= |work=Quartz |date= 15 December 2016|access-date=18 February 2023 |url= https://qz.com/842102/stop-crediting-the-west-for-inspiring-classical-chinese-art}}</ref><ref>Falser, M. (2015). The Graeco-Buddhist style of Gandhara-a 'Storia ideologica', or: how a discourse makes a global history of art. ''Journal of Art Historiography'', (13), 1.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Gandharan Buddhism]]
*[[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]]
*[[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
*[[Greco-Buddhist Art]]
*[[Greco-Buddhist monasticism]]
*[[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
*[[Manicheanism]]
*''[[Milinda Pañha]]''
*[[Nāgasena]]
*[[Religions of the Indo-Greeks]]
*[[Silk road transmission of Buddhism]]
*[[Buddhism in Central Asia]]
*[[Buddhas of Bamyan]]
*[[Western Buddhism]]
*[[Berenike Buddha]]
*[[Kushan Empire]]
*[[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]
*[[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* Vassiliades, Demetrios Th. 2016. ''Greeks and Buddhism''. Athens, Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture & Development ELINEPA.
* ''Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contacts from Greece to Japan''. Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum, 2003.
*Baums, Stefan. 2012. “Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions.” In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, ''Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries'', p. 204, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
*Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . [https://gandhari.org/catalog ''Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts''], no. [https://gandhari.org/a_inscription.php?catid=CKI0032 CKI 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160402/https://gandhari.org/a_inscription.php?catid=CKI0032 |date=21 August 2018 }}
* Jerry H. Bentley. ''Old World Encounters: Cross-cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-modern Times''. Oxford–NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-19-507639-7}}
* John Boardman. ''The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-691-03680-2}}
* Shravasti Dhammika, trans. ''The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering''. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993. {{ISBN|955-24-0104-6}}
* [[Richard Foltz]]. ''Religions of the Silk Road'', 2nd edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-230-62125-1}}
* Georgios T. Halkias, “[https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures]”, in ''Trade and Religions: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West'', ed. Volker Rabens. Leiden: Brill, 2013, p. 65–115.
*{{cite book |last1=Kubica |first1=Olga |title=Greco-Buddhist relations in the Hellenistic Far East : sources and contexts |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781003258575}}
* Robert Linssen. ''Living Zen''. NY: Grove Press, 1958. {{ISBN|0-8021-3136-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Lowenstein, Tom | title=The vision of the Buddha | publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers | year=1996 | isbn=1-903296-91-9}}
* [[Thomas McEvilley]]. ''The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies''. NY: Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002. {{ISBN|1-58115-203-5}}
* William Woodthorpe Tarn. ''The Greeks in Bactria and India''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951, {{ISBN|81-215-0220-9}}
* Marian Wenzel. ''Echoes of Alexander the Great: Silk Route Portraits from Gandhara'', foreword by the Dalai Lama. Eklisa Anstalt, 2000. {{ISBN|1-58886-014-0}}
* Paul Williams. ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations''. London–NY: Routledge, 1989. {{ISBN|0-415-02537-0}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Greco-Buddhism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020329185452/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/taliban-crisis.shtml UNESCO: Threatened Greco-Buddhist art] (archived 29 March 2002)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306132952/http://event.yomiuri.co.jp/2003/S0172/alex_works.htm Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural contacts from Greece to Japan] {{in lang|ja}} (archived 6 March 2012)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140204191249/http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gaddis/hst210/oct21/default.htm The Hellenistic age] (archived 4 February 2014)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090817052335/http://www.bpmurphy.com/COTW/week2.htm The Kanishka Buddhist coins] (archived 17 August 2009)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910124530/http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/interim-period.php Interim period: Mathura as the Vaishnava-Buddhist seat of culture and learning] (archived 10 September 2006)
{{Gandhara|state=expanded}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Religion topics|ancient}}

[[Category:Greco-Buddhism| ]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Gandhara]]
[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Buddhist culture]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Indo-Greek religions and philosophy]]
[[Category:Mahayana]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism in Asia]]

Sabira Merchant

2026-03-19T18:43:43Z

Banti: Starting Entry

{{Short description|Indian actress and etiquette trainer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sabira Merchant
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|8|4}}
| birth_place = Bombay ([[Mumbai]])
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Etiquette training
| occupation =
| father = [[Abdulhusein M. Thariani]]
}}
'''Sabira Merchant''' (née Vazirali) (born 4 August 1942) is a Miss India trainer and actor based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Class-Act/article15386181.ece | title=Class Act | date=31 July 2008 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=9 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/16620/|title = Weekend Retreat with Sabira Merchant|date = 27 December 1997}}</ref> She is a top etiquette trainer in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VVkvHnvHBYoUWRJOQ0wcpM/Sorry-chief-minister.html|title = Sorry, chief minister!|date = 16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business/a-smooth-finish-dressing-for-success/articleshow/6801506.cms|title=A smooth finish- Dressing for success|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Amarnath|first1=Nupur}}</ref>

==Background==
Merchant was born in [[Bombay]] to Goolshen and [[Abdulhusein M. Thariani]], the fifth child. She was adopted by her maternal uncle and given the surname, Vazirali. She was sent to a finishing school in Switzerland. She is married to Chotu Merchant.

==Career==
She started acting as a theatre artiste in Bombay. In the 70's, she became very popular on the television with her show ''What’s the good word?'', which ran for a record 15 years on [[Doordarshan]]. The theme music for the show was Glenn Miller's version of [[American Patrol]]

She later became a trainer and was very successful. She played the enchantress, Madame Manaeksha, in the BBC production ''Six steps to happiness''. She has trained famous celebrities like [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Lara Dutta]] and many more on international beauty pageants.

Her memoir, ''A Full Life'', was published in 2022.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merchant |first1=Sabira |last2=Parekh |first2=Mitali |title=A Full Life |date=2022 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

She is also featured in the documentary "The world before her", as she is training young women for Miss India pageant.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sabiramerchant.net/ sabira merchant.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113230032/http://www.sabiramerchant.net/ |date=13 January 2017 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merchant, Sabira}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:Etiquette writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian women memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]

Doordarshan

2026-03-18T07:10:15Z

Banti:

{{Short description|India's public service broadcaster}}
{{Distinguish|DoorDash}}
{{for|another use|Doordarshan (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = Doordarshan
| image = Doordarshan Bhawan, Copernicus Marg, Delhi.jpg
| image_alt = Building with
trees and parked cars
| caption = Doordarshan Bhawan at [[Mandi House]], [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]]
| motto = {{lang|sa|सत्यम् शिवम् सुंदरम्}} 
(“Ultimate reality for one is truth, is Śiva (the auspicious absolute), and is beauty.”)
| headquarters = [[New Delhi, Delhi]]
| key_people = Gaurav Dwivedi ([[CEO]])
| network_type = {{ubl|[[Public broadcasting]]|[[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]]|[[Satellite television]]| [[Internet]]|[[Over-the-top media service|OTT]]}}
| available = India
| owner = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]
| parent = [[Prasar Bharati]]
| launch_date = 1959
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.doordarshan.gov.in/|https://onlinedst.gov.in/PI/PIUploadDocumentsUCSE.aspx/}}
| logo = DD Logo.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| image_size = 200px
| broadcast_area = Indian Subcontinent
| branding = DD
| Picture format = [[1080p]] ([[HDTV]]) (downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)
| callsign_meaning = '''D'''oor'''D'''arshan
| screenshot = Doordarshan Bhawan New Delhi.jpg
| screenshot_size = 200px
| screenshot_alt = Doordarshan House
}}
'''Doordarshan''' ({{lit|distant vision, [[television]]}}), abbreviated as '''DD''', is India's [[State-owned enterprise|state-owned]] [[public broadcasting|public]] [[television broadcaster]]. Established by the [[Government of India]] on 15 September 1959,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=15 September 2016 |title=Doordarshan turns 57; watch the video of its first telecast plus 7 lesser-known facts about DD |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/doordarshan-turns-57-watch-video-of-its-first-telecast-plus-7-lesser-known-facts-about-dd-lifetv-341215-2016-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021205906/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/doordarshan-turns-57-watch-video-of-its-first-telecast-plus-7-lesser-known-facts-about-dd-lifetv/1/764901.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> it is owned by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] and constitutes one of [[Prasar Bharati]]'s two divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/yop6tSTK4fyVQ9vLkT4EeK/The-future-of-Doordarshan-is-on-the-block.html|title=The future of Doordarshan is on the block|date=November 2016|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121047/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/yop6tSTK4fyVQ9vLkT4EeK/The-future-of-Doordarshan-is-on-the-block.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Doordarshan, one of India's largest broadcasting organisations in studio and [[transmitter]] infrastructure, delivers television, [[radio]], online, and mobile services across metropolitan and regional India, and internationally. It also broadcasts via digital terrestrial transmitters.

== History ==
=== Beginnings ===
[[File:Doordarshan 60th Foundation Day Stamps.jpg|thumb|A sheet of stamps released in 2019 on the occasion of Doordarshan's 60th Foundation Day]]
[[File:Doordarshan 60th Foundation Day Stamp.jpg|thumb|A stamp on Doordarshan's 60th Foundation Day]]

The channel began modestly as an experimental broadcaster in [[Delhi]] on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Regular daily transmission commenced in 1965 as part of [[All India Radio]], with a five-minute news bulletin read by [[Pratima Puri]]. [[Salma Sultan]] joined Doordarshan in 1967 and became a news anchor. [[Gitanjali Aiyar]], Neethi Ravindran, and Rini Simon became popular news anchors in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2023-06-07 |title=Gitanjali Aiyar, popular Doordarshan news anchor, passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gitanjali-aiyar-popular-tv-news-anchor-passes-away/article66943748.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''[[Krishi Darshan]]'', which debuted on Doordarshan on 26 January 1967, is considered Indian television's longest-running programme.<ref name="deb2009lad">{{Citation | title=Indian Democracy: Problems and Prospects | author=Sharmila Mitra Deb | date=July 2009 | publisher=Anthem Press, 2009 | isbn=978-81-907570-4-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XFvehm9NmcC | quote=the well-known program Krishi Darshan, which started its telecast on January 26, 1967... 'informing' and 'educating' the farmers about improving agricultural productivity | access-date=15 November 2015 | archive-date=1 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501190107/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XFvehm9NmcC | url-status=live }}</ref>

Television services were expanded to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and [[Amritsar]] in 1972. By 1975, only seven Indian cities had access to television, with Doordarshan being the sole provider in the country.

On 1 April 1976, television services were officially separated from radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012011821095/short-essay-on-development-of-television-in-india.html|title=Short essay on Development of Television in India|first=Payal|last=Kamat|date=18 January 2012|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104035419/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012011821095/short-essay-on-development-of-television-in-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the management of separate Directors-General in New Delhi. In 1982, Doordarshan transitioned into a national broadcaster.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of Television in India|url=https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-material/History%20of%20DD.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814011244/https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-material/History%20of%20DD.pdf}}</ref>

=== Nationwide transmission ===

National telecasts ([[DD National]]) were introduced in 1982. [[Color television|Colour television]] in India was introduced with the live telecast of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s Independence Day speech on 15 August 1982, followed by the colour broadcast of the [[1982 Asian Games]] held in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Sahil|title=Flashback 1982: The Asian Games that transformed Delhi|url=http://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Scroll.in|date=25 September 2014 |language=en-US|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231023101/https://scroll.in/article/680435/flashback-1982-the-asian-games-that-transformed-delhi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 24, 2009|title=1982-Colour television is introduced: Out of the dark ages|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1982-colour-television-is-introduced-out-of-the-dark-ages-741614-2009-12-24|access-date=2021-12-31|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231023055/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1982-colour-television-is-introduced-out-of-the-dark-ages-741614-2009-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, Doordarshan evolved into a structured TV network. The sole TV channel was split into DD-1, a nationally broadcast channel, and DD-2, a city-focused channel. In 1993, they were rebranded as DD National and DD Metro to compete with the then-newly privatised television industry.

According to Mitra, with the start of nationwide transmission in the 1980s Doordarshan began to push a homogenous hegemonic national image of India as a [[North India|North Indian]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Hindi]]-speaking nation via the broadcast of shows such as [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'' (1988 TV series)]] and [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'' (1987 TV series)]]. Mitra states Doordarshan's choice of programming depicted other religions, regions, and languages as "marginal or sometimes deviant".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Ananda |date=1993 |title=Television and the Nation: Doordarshan's India |journal=Media Asia |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/01296612.1993.11726404}}</ref>

The live telecasts of the opening and closing ceremonies of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] were aired on Doordarshan's national channel, while [[DD Sports]] offered round-the-clock coverage of the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment/entertainment/doordarshan-to-live-telecast-london-olympics-opening-and-closing-ceremonies/articleshow/15146433.cms|title=Doordarshan to live telecast London Olympics opening and closing ceremonies|date=25 July 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 July 2012|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183907/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment/entertainment/doordarshan-to-live-telecast-london-olympics-opening-and-closing-ceremonies/articleshow/15146433.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 November 2014, Doordarshan director-general Vijayalaxmi Chhabra introduced a pink-and-purple colour scheme with a new slogan: ''Desh Ka Apna Channel'' ("The country's own channel").<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DD-National-to-be-relaunched-as-Desh-Ka-Apna-Channel/articleshow/45155201.cms|title=DD National to be relaunched as 'Desh Ka Apna Channel'|date=15 November 2014|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206014256/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DD-National-to-be-relaunched-as-Desh-Ka-Apna-Channel/articleshow/45155201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Doordarshan operated a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters and had 46 studios producing television programmes.<ref>[https://www.channellist.in/dd-free-dish/ Doordarshan Channel List (2017)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223701/https://www.channellist.in/dd-free-dish/ |date=17 February 2017 }}. DD Free Dish Channels, 17 February 2017</ref> After introducing private channels, Doordarshan has faced challenges in maintaining its position in the television industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/doordarshan-a-struggle-for-relevance/1088480/|title=Doordarshan: A struggle for relevance|date=6 March 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135235/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/doordarshan-a-struggle-for-relevance/1088480/|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, Doordarshan focuses on improving its studios and programmes, primarily aimed to serve the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/indias-radio-signals-got-more-reach-in-pakistan-than-their-in-india-rathore/|title=India's radio signals got more reach in Pakistan than they are in India: Rathore|date=7 February 2019|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011758/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/indias-radio-signals-got-more-reach-in-pakistan-than-their-in-india-rathore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

DD National and [[DD News]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jebaraj |first1=Priscilla |date=14 September 2010 |title='Irregular' Doordarshan appointments quashed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irregular-doordarshan-appointments-quashed/article634149.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506102845/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irregular-doordarshan-appointments-quashed/article634149.ece |archive-date=6 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>—along with 17 regional satellite channels, 11 state networks, an international channel ([[DD India]]), a sports channel (DD Sports), cultural and informative channels like [[DD Bharati]] and [[DD Urdu]], and an agricultural channel, [[DD Kisan]]. On DD National (formerly DD-1), regional and local programs are aired on a time-sharing basis for terrestrial broadcasting only. DD News, launched on 3 November 2003, replaced [[DD Metro]] (formerly DD-2), providing 24-hour news coverage. These channels are relayed through all terrestrial transmitters in India. The regional-language satellite channels consist of two components: a regional service for a specific state (relayed by all terrestrial transmitters in that state) and additional regional-language programs available through cable and DTH operators. DD Sports broadcasts national and international sporting events and is the only channel to air rural sports such as [[Kho kho|kho-kho]] and [[kabaddi]].

A new regional channel, [[DD Arunprabha]], was initially scheduled to begin broadcasting on 15 February 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-launch-new-doordarshan-channel-dd-arun-prabha-for-the-north-east-in-arunachal-pradesh-1811881|title=PM Modi To Launch New Doordarshan Channel for the North East in Arunachal Pradesh|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134855/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-launch-new-doordarshan-channel-dd-arun-prabha-for-the-north-east-in-arunachal-pradesh-1811881|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-to-launch-dd-arun-prabha-on-feb-15/articleshow/62887849.cms|title=PM to launch DD Arun Prabha on Feb 15|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126150631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-to-launch-dd-arun-prabha-on-feb-15/articleshow/62887849.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> focusing on the [[Northeast India|North Eastern region]] of India as a 24/7 satellite television channel. However, its launch was delayed<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/071018/launch-of-dds-arun-prabha-put-on-hold.html|title=Launch of DD's Arun Prabha put on hold|date=7 October 2018|work=The Asian Age|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135136/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/071018/launch-of-dds-arun-prabha-put-on-hold.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and eventually took place on 9 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=359495|title=PM Modi launches DD Arun Prabha channel in Itanagar today|website=newsonair.com|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180822/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=359495|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 March 2019, [[Prasar Bharati]] expanded Indian's satellite footprint through [[DD Free Dish]] by adding 11 more state DD channels. This included five channels for the North Eastern states: [[DD Bangla]], [[DD Chhattisgarh]], DD Goa, [[DD Haryana]], [[DD Himachal Pradesh]], [[DD Jharkhand]], DD Manipur, DD Meghalaya, [[DD Mizoram]], DD Nagaland, [[DD Tripura]], and [[DD Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=360791|title=11 more State DD Channels on Satellite footprint|work=NewsOnAIR|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204021340/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=360791|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prasar-bharati-brought-11-more-state-doordarshan-channels-on-satellite-footprint-pm-modi-5618448/|title=Prasar Bharati brought 11 more state Doordarshan channels on satellite footprint: PM Modi|work=TheIndianExpress|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107225852/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prasar-bharati-brought-11-more-state-doordarshan-channels-on-satellite-footprint-pm-modi-5618448/|url-status=live}}</ref> DD Bangla, launched on 9 August 1975, features a programming mix that includes soap operas, [[infotainment]] series, news and current affairs, social programs, and films, all in [[Bengali language|Bangla]].

On 13 April 2020, Prasar Bharati launched [[DD Retro]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19 lockdown: Prasar Bharti launches DD Retro to invoke nostalgia |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/covid-19-lockdown-prasar-bharti-launches-dd-retro-to-invoke-nostalgia-11586754534432.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416091037/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/covid-19-lockdown-prasar-bharti-launches-dd-retro-to-invoke-nostalgia-11586754534432.html |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> a channel dedicated to airing classic [[Hindi]] serials from Doordarshan. However, the service ceased operations on 1 April 2023 due to low viewership.

==Channel list==
Doordarshan operates 44 channels, including HD feeds.

=== National channels (7) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:180pt"|Channel
!style="width:180pt"|Launched
!style="width:300pt"|Language
!style="width:300pt"|Category
!style="width:180pt"|SD/HD
!style="width:300pt"|Notes
|-
| [[DD National]]
| 1959
| [[Hindi]]
| General Entertainment
| SD+HD
| Formerly DD1
|-
| [[DD India]]
| 1992
| [[English language|English]]
| International news
| SD+HD
| Formerly DD International
|-
| [[DD Sports]]
| 1998
| [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]
| [[Sports journalism|Sports]]
| SD+HD
|
|-
| [[DD Bharati]]
| 2002
| [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]
| [[Art]] and [[Cultural]] [[Infotainment]]
| SD
| Replaced DD3
|-
| [[DD News]]
| 2003
| [[Hindi]]
| [[News broadcasting| News and Current Affairs]]
| SD+HD
| Replaced DD Metro (formerly DD2 and DD2 Metro)
|-
| [[DD Urdu]]
| 2006
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| [[Infotainment]]
| SD
|
|-
|[[DD Kisan]]
| 2015
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Agricultural]] [[Infotainment]]
| SD+HD
|
|-
|}

==={{anchor|Regional language channel}}Regional channels (28)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:180pt"|Channel
!style="width:300pt"|Language
!style="width:300pt"|Region
!style="width:180pt"|SD/HD
!style="width:300pt"|Former Names
|-
| [[DD Arunprabha]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| SD
| DD13
|-
| [[DD Assam]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Assam]]
| SD
| DD13
|-
| [[DD Bangla]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santhali]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Nepali Language|Nepali]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| SD
| DD7
|-
| [[DD Bihar]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Bihar]]
| SD
|
|-
| [[DD Chandana]]
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| SD
| DD9
|-
| [[DD Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| SD
|
|-
| [[DD Girnar]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| SD+HD
| Doordarshan Kendra Ahmedabad
|-
| [[DD Haryana]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Haryana]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Hisar
|-
| [[DD Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Shimla
|-
| [[DD Jharkhand]]
| [[Hindi]], [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], and [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
| SD
|
|-
| [[DD Kashir]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] and [[Gojri language|Gojri]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Srinagar, Jammu and Leh
|-
| [[DD Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| SD
| DD11
|-
| [[DD Malayalam]]
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| [[Kerala]]
| SD
| DD4
|-
| DD Manipur
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (aka [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&dq=manipuri+language+doordarshan&pg=PA43 |title=Indian Silver Screen |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=43, 65, 66 |language=en | quote= ...The centre broadcasts most of its programs in the Manipuri language... }}</ref>
| [[Manipur]]
| SD
| DD13
|-
| DD Meghalaya
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]] and [[Indian English|English]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| SD
| DD13
|-
| [[DD Mizoram]]
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| [[Mizoram]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Aizawl
|-
| DD Nagaland
| [[Indian English|English]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| SD
| DD13
|-
| [[DD Odia]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Odisha]]
| SD+HD
| DD6
|-
| [[DD Panaji]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Goa]]
| SD
|
|-
| [[DD Punjabi]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Jalandhar
|-
| [[DD Rajasthan]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Rajasthan
|-
| [[DD Sahyadri]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| SD+HD
| DD10
|-
| [[DD Saptagiri]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| SD
| DD8
|-
| [[DD Tamil]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| SD+HD
| DD5, DD Podhigai
|-
| [[DD Tripura]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]
| [[Tripura]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Agartala
|-
| [[DD Uttarakhand]]
| [[Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Uttarakhand
|-
| [[DD Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| SD
| DD16
|-
| [[DD Yadagiri]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| [[Telangana]]
| SD
| Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad
|}

===Former channels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Channel
!Language
!From
!Until
|-
|[[DD Metro]]
|Hindi
|1984
|2003
|-
|[[DD Retro]]
|Hindi
|2020
|2023
|}

== International broadcasting ==
The [[DD India]] satellite channel has been broadcast in 146 countries. In the [[United Kingdom]], it was available through the [[Eurobird]] satellite on the Sky system's channel 833, under the logo Rayat TV. However, transmission via [[Sky UK|Sky Digital]] ended in June 2008, followed by the termination of its broadcast via [[DirecTV]] in the [[United States]] the following month.

== Record viewership during the pandemic COVID-19 ==
{{Recentism|date=March 2023}}
The ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' on DD National set a world record by becoming the highest-viewed entertainment programme globally. The 9:00 p.m. broadcast on 16 April 2020 was watched by 77 million viewers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for '80s Show |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808 |url-access=subscription |first1=Eric |last1=Bellman |publisher=wsj |date=April 28, 2020 |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093512/https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808 |url-status=live }}</ref> The show reached over 285 million viewers during its broadcast. In response to the nationwide lockdown, DD network aired several nostalgic shows, including ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'', ''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]'', ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'', ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', and ''[[Shaktimaan]]''. Due to increasing public demand for such content, Prasar Bharati launched DD Retro, a full-time channel dedicated to classic programming. Within five weeks of its launch, DD Retro garnered viewership of nearly 50 million. Additionally, the DD network played a key role in public messaging during the pandemic, reaching over 400 million viewers through COVID-19 awareness messages and shows during the first wave of 2020.

== {{anchor|Allegations of state control|Commercial viability}}Criticisms ==
[[Prasar Bharati]] is the parent body of Doordarshan, and the [[Government of India]] appoints its board members through the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ddbhopal.nic.in/RTI/32.pdf |title=Powers of the Director Doordarshan Kendra Bhopal |website=Doordarshan Bhopal |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165106/http://ddbhopal.nic.in/RTI/32.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|discuss=where is criticism?|date=June 2024}}

Doordarshan has been used, particularly during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], to disseminate government propaganda.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040126/asp/nation/story_2827052.asp |title=Channel war drives DD to shelve bias |work=The Telegraph |date=26 January 2004 |access-date=29 May 2012 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024111251/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040126/asp/nation/story_2827052.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> During [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984, only government sources were relied upon for reporting the events. Additionally, Doordarshan was involved in the production of a video that claimed acts of violence, which, when investigated by independent journalists, were found to be false.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In 2004, it censored a controversial documentary on [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], an opposition leader during the Emergency.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kuldip Nayar Posted: 9 November 2004 at 0012 hrs IST |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/58549/ |title=Censoring his own past |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 2004 |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231150025/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/58549 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Doordarshan broadcast a 70-minute [[Vijayadashami]] speech by [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)]] leader [[Mohan Bhagwat]], which led to criticism of the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi administration]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] for "misusing" the public broadcaster. DD Director-General Archana Datta responded, "The speech was like any other news event; therefore, we covered it."<ref>{{cite news|title=Doordarshan telecasts RSS chief's speech live, stirs controversy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Doordarshan-telecasts-RSS-chiefs-speech-live-stirs-controversy/articleshow/44189792.cms|work=The Times of India|date=3 October 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006041213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Doordarshan-telecasts-RSS-chiefs-speech-live-stirs-controversy/articleshow/44189792.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kalbag|first1=Chaitanya|title=A dangerous line was crossed when Doordarshan telecast Bhagwat's speech live|url=http://qz.com/275648/a-dangerous-line-was-crossed-when-doordarshan-telecast-bhagwats-speech-live/|work=Quartz|date=3 October 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104071447/http://qz.com/275648/a-dangerous-line-was-crossed-when-doordarshan-telecast-bhagwats-speech-live/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat's speech covered just like a news event: Doordarshan|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwats-speech-covered-just-like-a-news-event-doordarshan/|work=The Indian Express|date=3 October 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104085428/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwats-speech-covered-just-like-a-news-event-doordarshan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since private television channels were authorised in 1991, Doordarshan has experienced a steep decline in viewership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/doordarshan-turns-60-here-is-a-nostalgic-look-at-the-broadcasters-milestones/first-on-dd/slideshow/71241736.cms?from=mdr|work=India Times|
title=Doordarshan turns 60: Here is a nostalgic look at the broadcaster's milestones |first=Shephali |last=Bhatt| date=Sep 22, 2019}}</ref> Although Doordarshan earns significant advertising revenue, due to its compulsory feed from the highest bidder for national events, including cricket matches,<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web |date=23 July 2002 |title=DD leads viewership sweepstakes &#151 Tops among all homes nationwide, but lowest in C&S |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/07/23/stories/2002072301320600.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050601015218/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/07/23/stories/2002072301320600.htm |archive-date=1 June 2005 |access-date=29 May 2012 |work=Business Line}}</ref> there has been a proposal to fund the network by imposing a [[Television licence|licence fee]] for owning a television in India.<ref>{{cite news|author=Himanshi Dhawan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-mulls-licence-fee-on-every-colour-TV/articleshow/2190038.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-10/india/27967311_1_licence-fee-colour-prasar-bharati-act |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Govt mulls 'licence fee' on every colour TV |date=10 July 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A [[Doordarshan (film)|film named after the broadcaster]], spiritually motivated by the 2003 [[Germany|German]] film ''[[Good Bye, Lenin!]]'', was released in February 2020.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|All India Radio}}
* {{annotated link|DD Free Dish}}
* {{annotated link|DD India}}
* {{annotated link|DD National}}
* {{annotated link|DD Retro}}
* [[List of programs broadcast by DD National]]
* {{annotated link|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting}}
* {{annotated link|Sansad TV}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://doordarshan.gov.in/ Durdarshan official site]
* [http://www.ddinews.gov.in/ Doordarshan news site]
* [https://twitter.com/DDNewsLive DD News] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/DDNews DD News] on [[Facebook]]

{{MIBI}}
{{Prasara Bharathi Network}}
{{Terrestrial television channels of India}}
{{CATV}}

[[Category:Doordarshan| ]]
[[Category:Doordarshan original programming|*]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1959]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Multilingual broadcasters]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Television companies of India|Broadcasting]]

Red Label (film)

2026-03-17T23:30:55Z

Banti: Starting A Details

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Update|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Red Label (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. R. Vinoth
| writer = Pon Parthiban
| producer = Lenin
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Lenin
*Azmin Yasar
*[[R. V. Udayakumar]]
*[[Munishkanth]]
}}
| cinematography = Sathish Maiappan
| editing = Lawrence Kishore
| music = [[Kailas Menon]]
| studio = Revgen Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|6|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Red Label''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. R. Vinoth and written by Pon Parthiban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2025-11-07 |title=ரெட் லேபிள்: சிம்ரன் தந்த உற்சாகம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1382467-simran-has-released-red-label-movie-first-look.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars Lenin and Azmin Yasar in the lead roles alongside [[R. V. Udayakumar]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-10-31 |title='ரெட் லேபிள் ' படத்தின் ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டரை வெளியிட்ட நடிகை சிம்ரன் {{!}} Actress Simran Release red label movie first look poster |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/actress-simran-release-red-label-movie-first-look-poster-795293 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2025-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031083832/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/actress-simran-release-red-label-movie-first-look-poster-795293 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is also produced by the lead actor Lenin under his Revgen Film Factory banner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=“ரெட் லேபிள்” படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டரை வெளியிட்ட நடிகை சிம்ரன் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/actress-simran-releases-red-label-film-first-look-poster-1187692 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=நடிகை சிம்ரன் வெளியிட்ட 'ரெட் லேபிள் ' திரைப்படத்தின் ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/actress-simran-releases-first-look-poster-of-red-label-618987 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

''Red Label'' was released in theatres on 6 February 2026.

== Cast ==
*Lenin as Kathir
*Azmin Yasar as Pavithra
*[[R. V. Udayakumar]] as MLA
*[[Munishkanth]]
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]

== Music ==
The film has music composed by [[Kailas Menon]] in his Tamil debut and the first single titled "Milira" was released on 5 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2025-12-19 |title=‘ரெட் லேபிள்’ படத்தில் மிளிரும் பாடல்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/red-label-milira-song-viral-in-internet |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Milira
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Red Label'' was theatrically released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=“ரெட் லேபிள்” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-release-date-of-the-film-red-label-has-been-announced-1201387 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=2026-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122080643/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-release-date-of-the-film-red-label-has-been-announced-1201387 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Red Label has enough of a plot to keep you seated, but sits so comfortably in its template that it never once risks surprising you."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Label Movie Review: College thriller still copying last bench notes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/red-label/movie-review/128023584.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2026-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209092309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/red-label/movie-review/128023584.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' also rated the film with 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ரெட் லேபில் - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : ரெட் லேபில் - எத்தனையோ படங்களில் பார்த்த காட்சிகளை தொகுத்து, புது லேபிள் ஒட்டி கொடுத்த படம். - Red label |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3726/Red-label/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' reviewed the film by stating that the film is watchable without any shortage of excitement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-06 |title="ரெட் லேபிள்" சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/red-label-movie-review-in-tamil |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2026-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208083312/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/red-label-movie-review-in-tamil |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|39007449}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kailas Menon]]
[[Category:Films set in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

IX Corps (India)

2026-03-17T19:25:49Z

Banti: rework page and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = IX Corps
| image = File:IX Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Indian Army IX Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 2005–present
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| type =
| role = Holding [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Western Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| garrison = [[Yol, Himachal Pradesh|Yol Military Station]]
| equipment = 
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Rajan Sharawat {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|AVSM|VSM|}}
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Praveen Bakshi]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Satinder Kumar Saini]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Jai Singh Nain]]
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Pushpendra Pal Singh]]
}}
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = ''Rising Star Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
* [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
| anniversaries = September 1
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]|next=[[X Corps (India)|X Corps]]}}
The '''IX Corps,''' or the '''Rising Star Corps,''' was raised in 2005 as a Holding Corps at the [[Yol, Himachal Pradesh|Yol Military Station]] of the [[Indian Army]].

== History ==
It was raised on September 1, 2005, by splitting the southern formations of Nagrota-based [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI ‘White Knight’ Corps]], which forms part of the Udhampur-based [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]].<ref name="GlobalSecurity">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/9-corps.htm|title=9 Corps|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref> It is based at [[Yol, India|Yol military station]], {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} southeast of [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] in Himachal Pradesh. It is presently part of Army's Chandimandir based [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]] and encompasses parts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-103654.html | title=Project SECURITY }}</ref>

The first General Officer Commanding was Lieutenant General Anup Singh Jamwal, who had successfully commanded [[IV Corps (India)|4 Corps]] in the North East.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=11752|title=Indian Army's newest Corps gets operational|date=2005-09-01|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indian-armys-newest-corps-gets-operational/320472|title=Indian Army's newest corps gets operational|date=2005-09-01|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>

[[File:Lt Gen PN Ananthanarayanan, SM takes over command of RisingStarCorps.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen PN Ananthanarayanan, SM takes over command of 9 Corps on 26 March 2021.]]

== Order of Battle ==
The 9 Corps consists of the following<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/more/watchful-on-china-border-army|title=Watchful on China border: Army|date=2015-03-14|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>-
*''[[26th Infantry Division (India)|26 Infantry Division]]'' (Tiger Division) headquartered at [[Jammu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/jammu-based-tiger-division-of-army-celebrates-raising-day-228515|title=Jammu-based Tiger Division of Army celebrates raising day|newspaper=Tribuneindia News Service |date=2021-03-21|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>
*''[[29th Infantry Division (India)|29 Infantry Division]]'' (Gurj Division) headquartered at [[Pathankot]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-inaugurates-centre-for-9000-veterans-at-gurj-division-in-pathankot-118052901104_1.html|title=Army inaugurates centre for 9000 veterans at Gurj Division in Pathankot|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2018-05-29|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>
*''[[2 (Independent) Armoured Brigade]]'' ([[Fleur-de-lis]] Brigade) (former [[252nd Indian Armoured Brigade]])<ref name=RR2011-158>Renaldi and Rikhye, 2011, p.158</ref>
*''[[3 (Independent) Armoured Brigade]]'' (Sabre Brigade)
*''16 (Independent) Armoured Brigade (Block Arrow Brigade)(Dec 1971 placed under [[26th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]][9]''
*''[[84th Indian Infantry Brigade|84 Infantry Brigade]]''
*''401 (Independent) Artillery Brigade'' (Arsenals Brigade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/prodefencejammu/status/1572819932907442176|title=Arsenals Brigade of the Rising Star Corps organised an interaction with veterans at Basoli military Stn|date=2022-09-22|access-date=2022-10-03}}</ref>
*Rising Star Air TDefence Brigade<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2030123912055640421 |user=RisingStarCorps |title=GOC #RisingStarCorps, reviewed operational preparedness of Fleur-De-Lis and Rising Star Air Defence Brigades... |date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-03-08}}</ref>
*One [[Indian Army#Rudra all-arms brigades|Rudra all-arms brigades]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-28 |title=Fast, furious, and future-ready: Why Indian Army's Rudra Brigade could be a game-changer against China and Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fast-furious-and-future-ready-why-indian-armys-rudra-brigade-could-be-a-game-changer-against-china-and-pakistan/articleshow/122944381.cms |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Testbed for Integrated Battle Groups ==
{{Main|Indian Army#Rudra all-arms brigades}}
The [[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]] was one of the Corps, along with IX Corps, were used as the testbeds to explore the concept of Integrated Battle Group (IBG) [[combined arms]] formations. The concept was initially conceived in 2013 during a field exercise in Punjab<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2025-07-28 |title=‘Rudra’ to power up brigades for future wars |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/rudra-to-power-up-brigades-for-future-wars/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and was later revived in 2018 by the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (CoAS) [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-11 |title=Integrated Battle Groups - Current Affairs |url=https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/11-05-2022/integrated-battle-groups |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Integrated Battle Groups were Brigade-sized, self-sufficient combined arms units commanded by an officer of the rank [[Major general (India)|Major General]]. They were meant to transform the overall field formation of the Indian Army. The concept was tested with the IX Corps by July 2019 and were undergoing certain reorganisation based on few feedbacks. The new restructuring will further reduce the 72-hours response time determined in the [[Cold Start Doctrine]] to under 24 hours. Their resources and structure would be decided based on the threat and terrain at the deployment location. An IBG would include 5,000 troops and sub units from multiple arms like [[Infantry of the Indian Army|infantry]], [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|armoured]], [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|artillery]] and [[Corps of Army Air Defence|air defence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2019-07-28 |title=Army’s first Integrated Battle Groups to be structured by end of next month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/armys-first-integrated-battle-groups-to-be-structured-by-end-of-next-month/article28739575.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130085046/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/armys-first-integrated-battle-groups-to-be-structured-by-end-of-next-month/article28739575.ece/amp |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2019, the XVII Corps conducted Exercise Him Vijay, the first field implementation of such a formation, which included three IBGs from the 59 Infantry Division.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |author=Philip |first=Snehesh |date=2019-09-11 |title=Army to debut its Mountain Strike Corps next month, at HimVijay exercise in Arunachal |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-to-debut-its-mountain-strike-corps-next-month-at-himvijay-exercise-in-arunachal/289902/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130114335/https://theprint.in/defence/army-to-debut-its-mountain-strike-corps-next-month-at-himvijay-exercise-in-arunachal/289902/ |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2020-12-20 |work=ThePrint}}</ref>

By May 2022, the IBGs were test-bedded by IX Corps and further validated by the XVII Corps. The Army identified these Corps for total 'IBG-isation', which would be done parallel to the formation of [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)|Integrated Theatre Commands]] to integrate the Armed Forces into larger [[Theater (warfare)|theatres]]. The IBGs will replace the traditional Brigades (3,000-3,500 troops) and Divisions (10,000-12,000 troops) existing in the Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2022-05-11 |title=Integrated Battle Groups are in final stage, says Army Chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/May/10/integrated-battle-groups-are-in-final-stage-says-army-chief-2452166.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-05-10 |title=Consultations on creation of Integrated Battle Groups being compiled: Army Chief Gen. Pande |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consultations-on-creation-of-integrated-battle-groups-being-compiled-army-chief-gen-pande/article65401706.ece#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17329345679323&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consultations-on-creation-of-integrated-battle-groups-being-compiled-army-chief-gen-pande/article65401706.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241130085029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consultations-on-creation-of-integrated-battle-groups-being-compiled-army-chief-gen-pande/article65401706.ece%23amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17329345679323&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/consultations-on-creation-of-integrated-battle-groups-being-compiled-army-chief-gen-pande/article65401706.ece |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of June 2024, 2 IBGs under 9 Corps and 5 IBGs under 17 Corps had been raised two phases, respectively. These formations were war-gamed and validated in multiple exercises. The Army HQ had earlier submitted the report on Phase-1 of 'IBG-isation' to the [[Defence Ministry of India|Defence Ministry]] while the same for Phase 2 was to be submitted before issuing the official Government Sanction Letter (GSL). The original plan was to first carve out 8-10 IBGs (5,000 to 6,000 troops each) initially and then create more over the years. As of now, the Army has 14 [[Corps]] (40,000 to 70,000 troops each), with four of them being strike formations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-10 |title=New government to decide on Army's integrated battle group plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-government-to-decide-on-armys-integrated-battle-group-plan/articleshow/110854869.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130115531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-government-to-decide-on-armys-integrated-battle-group-plan/articleshow/110854869.cms |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By November 2024, the Army submitted a draft Government Sanction Letter seeking official approval for the establishment of these IBGs. The issuing of the GSL will imply the approval for the implementation of IBGs. Post approval, the Army aims to have the IBGs operational by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=India Gears Up for Battle-Ready Integrated Groups Along Its Borders |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-gears-up-for-battle-ready-integrated-groups-along-its-borders-3656711/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=India to deploy Integrated Battle Groups to counter China days after border truce |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-deploy-integrated-battle-groups-counter-china-military-presence-border-breakthrough-2628459-2024-11-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130120355/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-deploy-integrated-battle-groups-counter-china-military-presence-border-breakthrough-2628459-2024-11-05 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 July 2025, on the occasion of 26th [[Kargil Vijay Diwas]], the CoAS General [[Upendra Dwivedi]] introduced the '''Rudra all-arms brigades''' in [[Drass War Memorial]]. The plan includes conversion of 250 single-arm brigades to all-arms ones with integration of fighting elements like infantry, mechanised infantry, armoured (tanks), [[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]] as well as support elements like artillery, [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|engineers]], air defence, [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|electronic warfare]] and UAVs ([[unmanned aerial vehicles]]). The formations will receive specially prepared logistics for support and combat support.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-27 |title=All about Indian Army's new Rudra brigade and Bhairav Commando units |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-about-indian-armys-new-rudra-brigade-and-bhairav-commando-units-101753585802213.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-07-26 |title=Rudra brigades, Bhairav battalions to boost Army's capabilities in border areas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rudra-bhairav-all-arms-brigades-to-boost-armys-on-ground-capabilities-in-border-areas-2761813-2025-07-26 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The design of the all-arms brigade itself evolved from the IBG concept with few but major modifications including these brigades being slightly larger than standard brigades against the IBG which were scaled-down Divisions. Also, the Rudra units will be commanded by a [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]-ranked officer, unlike a Major General-commanded IBG formation.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2025-08-25 |title=Army ramps up two-front readiness, 5 Bhairav Commando units ready for frontline deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-ramps-up-two-front-readiness-5-bhairav-commando-units-ready-for-frontline-deployment/2727902/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> While one brigade each, under the IX and XVII Corps, have already been converted to Rudra brigade, they are likely to be operationalised with few months.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Army to station specialised ‘Rudra’ brigades in eastern Ladakh, Sikkim |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/army-to-station-specialised-rudra-brigades-in-eastern-ladakh-sikkim/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== List of Commanders ==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
| rowspan="21" |[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|Anup Singh Jamwal
|1 September 2005
|9 October 2005
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="PIB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051010/himachal.htm#6|title=Lt-Gen Rampal to be GOC of 9 Corps|date=2005-10-10|access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|P K Rampal
|10 October 2005
|2006
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060318/himachal.htm#1|title=Terrorist influx possible, feels Lt-Gen Rampal|date=2006-03-18|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/01/army-dedicates-spruced-up-yol-fort-to-nation-1149167097.html|title=Army dedicates spruced up Yol Fort to Nation|date=2006-06-01|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|Balraj Singh Nagal
|2006
|February 2008
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/lt-gen-vinay-sharma-appointed-9-corps-commander/546149|title=Lt Gen Vinay Sharma appointed 9 Corps commander|date=2008-02-18|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|Vinay Sharma
|February 2008
|February 2009
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2008/02/lt-gen-vinay-sharma-takes-command-of-rising-star-corps-at-yol/4621/|title=Lt. Gen. Vinay Sharma Takes Command Of Rising Star Corps At Yol|date=2008-02-22|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[G. M. Nair|G M Nair]]
|March 2009
|January 2010
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lt-general-gm-nair-takes-over-as-military-secretary-1342034|title=Lt General GM Nair takes over as Military Secretary|date=2010-02-01|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2010PR205|title=Lt Gen GM Nair takes over as Military Secretary|date=2010-02-01|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|AK Choudhary
|January 2010
|June 2012
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/11340259.cms|title=Lt Gen AK Choudhary, General Officer commander of IX corps|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2012-01-02|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/lt-gen-ak-chaudhary-takes-over-as-dgmo-176979.html|title=Lt Gen AK Chaudhary takes over as DGMO|date=2012-01-09|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
|-
|Anil Kumar Bhalla
|5 June 2012
|25 June 2013
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2012/jul16-12/h2.htm|title=COAS' Visit|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
|-
|[[Praveen Bakshi]]
|26 June 2013
|2014
|[[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/contrary-to-reports-lt-gen-praveen-bakshi-opted-for-operational-commands-multiple-times-4438251/|title=Contrary to reports, Lt Gen Praveen Bakshi opted for operational Commands multiple times|date=2016-12-21|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
|-
|Rajeev Tewari
|2014
|28 November 2015
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/page1/let-men-entered-india-via-water-bodies.html|title=LeT men entered India via water bodies?|date=2014-11-29|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
|-
|Ashok Ambre
|29 November 2015
|3 January 2017
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-ashok-ambre-takes-command-of-army-s-9-corps-115112900441_1.html|title=Lt Gen Ashok Ambre takes command of Army's 9 Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-11-29|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Satinder Kumar Saini]]
|4 January 2017
|9 January 2018
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/community/lt-gen-sk-saini-takes-over-as-corps-commander/345948.html|title=Lt Gen SK Saini takes over as Corps Commander|newspaper=Tribuneindia News Service|archive-date=8 February 2018|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208121459/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/community/lt-gen-sk-saini-takes-over-as-corps-commander/345948.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yenduru Venkata Krishna Mohan|YVK Mohan]]
|10 January 2018
|11 January 2019
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen YVK Mohan takes over as 13th Corps Commander of the Rising Star Corps |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lt-gen-yvk-mohan-takes-over-as-13th-corps-commander-of-the-rising-star-corps-2574385 |work=dna |date=10 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jai Singh Nain]]
|12 January 2019
|16 Feb 2020
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-j-s-nain-takes-over-as-commander-of-army-s-rising-star-corps-119011200436_1.html|title=Lt. Gen. J S Nain takes over as Commander of 9 Crops|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-01-10|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Upendra Dwivedi]]
|16 February 2020
|26 March 2021
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lt-gen-upendra-dwivedi-is-new-commander-of-rising-star-corps/story-2BQe8v5ia9KuvO2NWNTDWI.html|title=Lt Gen Upendra Dwivedi is new commander of Rising Star Corps|date=2020-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
|-
|PN Ananthanarayanan
|26 March 2021
|14 April 2022
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ananthanarayanan |first1=P N |title=PN Anantharayanan new GOC 9 Corps |date=26 March 2021 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-pn-ananthanarayanan-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-rising-star-corps/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pushpendra Pal Singh (general)|Pushpendra Pal Singh]]
|15 April 2022
|8 June 2023
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-general-pushpendra-singh-takes-over-command-of-rising-star-corps-386306|title=Lt General Pushpendra Singh takes over command of Rising Star Corps|newspaper=Tribuneindia News Service |date=2022-04-14|access-date=2022-04-14}}</ref>
|-
|Shrinjay Pratap Singh
|9 June 2023
|9 August 2024
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jun/10/indian-army-gets-new-dgs-of-intelligence-information-warfare-and-strategic-planning-2583731.html#:~:text=Lt%20Gen%20SP%20Singh%20has,operational%20and%20one%20training%20command.|title=Indian Army gets new DGs of Intelligence, Information Warfare and Strategic Planning|date=2023-06-10|access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref>
|-
|Rajan Sharawat
|10 August 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Lt Gen Rajan Sharawat took over the command of Nashak Navtara Corps from Lt Gen S P Singh. |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1822252672004554933 |website=X (formerly twitter)|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, 'Indian Army Order of Battle,' Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

[[Category:Corps of India|009]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Economy of Pakistan

2026-03-12T21:44:20Z

Banti:

{{Short description|none}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025|talk=Likely AI-generated content}}
{{Update|date=June 2025|reason=Numbers need to be updated as per latest Economic Survey 2024-25}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Pakistan
| currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨) (PKR)
| fixed exchange = 1 USD = 280 PKR
| year = 1 July – 30 June
| organs = [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], [[South Asian Free Trade Area|SAFTA]], [[WTO]], [[AIIB]], [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], [[SAARC]] [[OIC]]
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developing economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222001529/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|Lower-middle income economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}
| population =  257,390,405 (2026)
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} $410.5 billion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2026)<ref name="gdp2026">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook (October 2025) |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK}}</ref>
* {{increase}} $1.76 trillion ([[GDP (PPP)|PPP]]; 2026)<ref name="gdp2026"/>
}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|41st (nominal; 2025)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|26th (PPP; 2025)]]
}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
* {{Decrease}} -0.2% (2023)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
* {{Increase}} 2.5% (2024)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
* {{Increase}} 2.7% (2025)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
* {{Increase}} 3.6% (2026 forecast)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" />
}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* {{increase}} $1,710 ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2025)<ref name="gdp2026" />
* {{increase}} $7,120 ([[GDP (PPP)|PPP]]; 2026)<ref name="gdp2026"/>
}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|161st (nominal; 2025)]]{{efn|name=fn1|Excluded territories}}
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|142nd (PPP; 2025)]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: {{increase}} 23.17%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]: {{decrease}} 18.41%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: {{increase}} 58.42%
*(FY 2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/national_accounts/2022-23/Table_7a.pdf|title=Sectoral Shares in GDP |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>}}
| components = {{plainlist|
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Household consumption]]: 82.0%
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Government consumption]]: 11.3%
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Investment in fixed capital]]: 14.5%
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Investment in inventories]]: 1.6%
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Exports of goods and services]]: 8.2%
* [[Gross domestic product#Determining gross domestic product (GDP)|Imports of goods and services]]: −17.6%
* (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-end-use |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204716/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-end-use |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2021 |title=GDP – composition, by end use-CIA World Factbook |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
| inflation = {{plainlist|
* {{increaseNegative}} 4.5% (2025)<ref name="ES">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2025 |url=https://finance.gov.pk/survey_2025.html}}</ref>
| bankrate = {{decreasepositive}} 11.00% (May 2025)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Monetary Policy Statement|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/m_policy/2025/MPS-May-2025-Eng.pdff|date=5 May 2025|access-date=20 May 2025}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>}}<ref>https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/WEOWORLD/PAK</ref>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*{{DecreasePositive}} 88% on less than $8.30/day (2018)
*{{decreasePositive}} 21.6% on less than $3.65/day (2025)<ref name="WBOctober2021">{{cite book |last=World Bank |date=October 2021 |title=Shifting Gears : Digitization and Services-Led Development |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36317 |series=South Asia Economic Focus |publisher=[[World Bank]] |page=218 |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1797-7 |hdl=10986/36317 |isbn=978-1-4648-1797-7 |s2cid=244900022 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Country Profile-Pakistan |series=Macro Poverty Oulook |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/5d1783db09a0e09d15bbcea8ef0cec0b-0500052021/related/mpo-pak.pdf |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=PK&name_desc=false |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Pakistan |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
*{{decreasePositive}} 2% in [[extreme poverty]] less than $1.90{{nowrap| (2025)<ref name="World Poverty Clock">{{cite web |url=https://worldpoverty.io/index.html |title=Select by country:Pakistan |work=World Poverty Clock |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> {{small|8% (rural); 0.3% (urban)}}}}
}}
| gini = 31.6 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2018, [[World Bank]])<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PK |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] | website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
| hdi = *{{increase}} 0.544 {{color|red|low}} (2025)<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|168th]])
* {{increase}} 0.364 {{color|brown|low}} (2023, [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI 138th]])<ref name="HDI" />
| labour = *{{increase}} 78,863,000 (2025)<ref name="laboursur">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Labour Survey|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/labour_force/publications/lfs2020_21/LFS_2020-21_Report.pdf |publisher=PBS|accessdate=23 March 2023}}</ref>
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|Agriculture]]: {{decrease}} 37.4%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|Industry]]:{{increase}} 25.4%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]]: {{steady}} 37.2%
*(2021)<ref name="laboursur" />}}
| industries = *[[Textiles]]
*[[Apparel]]
*[[Food processing]]
*[[Pharmaceuticals]]
*Surgical instruments
*[[Construction materials]]
*[[Fertilizer]]
*[[Freelancing|Overseas remote freelancing]]
*[[Seafood]]
*Luxury products
*[[Technology]]
*[[Pulp and paper industry|Paper products]]
*[[Automotive]]
*[[Telecommunication]]
*[[Marble]]
*[[Glass manufacturing]]
*[[Shipbreaking]]
*Ornamentations
*[[Banking]]
*[[Energy]]
*Precious minerals & metals
*[[Defense industry]]
*[[Mass media|Media]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Tourism]]
*[[Financial services]]
*[[Human resources]]
| exports = {{increase}} $40.69 billion (2025)<ref name="sbpExp">{{cite web|title=Exports and Imports of Goods & Services|publisher=SBP |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/ExportsImports-Goods.pdf|access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>
| export-goods = {{plainlist|
*[[Textiles]]: $16,301 million
*[[Food]]: $7,082 million
*[[Chemicals]] and [[pharmaceuticals]]: $1,421 million
*[[Leather goods]]: $877 million
*[[Sports goods]]: $439 million
*[[Petroleum]]: $553 million<ref>{{cite web|title=External Sector|publisher=SBP |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Export_Receipts_by_Commodities_and_Groups.pdf|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref>}}
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|China}} 8.7%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 6.7%
*{{flag|United Kingdom}} 6.5%
*{{flag|Germany}} 4.9%
*{{flag|Spain}} 4.7%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 4.4%
*{{flag|United States}} 17.5%
*{{flag|Italy}} 3.6%
*(2024 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Export_Receipts_by_Selected_Countries_or_Regions.pdf|title=SBP Export Receipts by Country | publisher=SBP|year=2021–2022|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref>}}
| imports = {{increase}} $78.02 billion (2025)<ref name="sbpExp"/>
| import-goods = {{plainlist|
*[[Petroleum]]: 15,162 million
*[[Agriculture]] and other [[chemicals]]: $8,944 million
*[[Machinery]]: $7,406 million
*[[Food]]: $7,111 million
*[[Metal]]: $4,668 million
*[[Textile]]: $3,890 million
*[[Transport]]: $1,621 million<ref>{{cite web |title=Imports Payments by Commodity | publisher=SBP|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups.pdf|access-date=2024-08-10}}</ref>}}
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|China}} 25.4%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 11.9%
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} 8.5%
*{{flag|Singapore}} 4.6%
*{{flag|Indonesia}} 4.5%
*{{flag|Kuwait}} 3.4%
*{{flag|Russia}} 2.0%
*{{flag|United States}} 3.6%
*(2024 est.)<ref>{{cite web|title=Import Payments by Selected Countries/Regions
|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Selected_Countries_&_Regions.pdf|publisher=SBP|accessdate=2024-08-10}}</ref>}}
| current account = {{increase}} 1.8 billion US$ (FY 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2025|url=https://finance.gov.pk/survey_2025.html}}</ref>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{decrease}} $31.540 billion
*{{decrease}} Abroad: $1.870 billion (31 Dec 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan: Foreign Investment | publisher=SBP|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/publications/IIPP/2021/DataTables.pdf|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>}}
| gross external debt = {{increasenegative}} $131 billion (2025)<ref>{{cite web|title=External Sector|publisher=SBP |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/pakdebt.pdf|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
| debt = {{decreasepositive}} 61.4% of GDP (Jun 2024)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan's Debt and Liabilities-Summary|publisher=SBP |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Summary.pdf|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
| balance = {{decreasepositive}} −5.6% of GDP (FY 2024)<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK |title=IMF DataMapper: Pakistan |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date= 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} 12.5% of GDP; 13,269 billion PKR or $47 billion (FY 2024)<ref name="FO">{{cite web|url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/fiscal_main.html |title=Consolidated Fiscal Operations|publisher=Finance Division|date=30 July 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
| expenses = {{increasenegative}} 19.3% of GDP; 20,476 billion PKR $72 billion (FY 2024)<ref name="FO"/>
| credit = {{plainlist|
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref name="Sovereigns rating list">{{cite web |url=https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3222256 | title=Sovereigns rating list | publisher=Standard & Poor's | access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>
*CCC+ (long term)
*C (short term)
*Outlook: stable
*[[Moody's]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moodys.com/research/docid--PBC_1414324 | title=Moody's upgrades Pakistan's rating to Caa2; outlook positive| date=2 September 2024 }}</ref>
*{{increase}} Caa2
*Outlook: positive
*[[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-pakistan-outlook-to-negative-affirms-at-b-18-07-2022|title=Fitch Revises Pakistan's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'B-'|date=2022-07-18|work=Fitch Ratings|access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>
*{{increase}} B− (April 2025)<ref name="FitchRating">{{cite news|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/entity/pakistan-94558490#ratings |title=Fitch Upgrades Pakistan's Rating Citing Improved External Liquidity|publisher=Fitch|date=15 April 2025}}</ref>
*Outlook: stable}}
| reserves = {{increase}} $20 billion (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/forex.pdf |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.sbp.org.pk |language=en}}</ref>
| aid = {{increase}} $2.6983 billion (2021)<ref name="WBaid">{{cite web|title=Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| image = PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img47_container_port.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption = [[Karachi]], the industrial capital of Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|title=About Karachi|url=https://www.pqa.gov.pk/en/about-us/about-us/port-qasim-at-glance/about-karachi|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
| unemployment = {{plainlist|
* {{increasenegative}} 6.9% (2025)<ref name="IMFData">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK|title=Unemployment rate|website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref>}}
}}

The economy of Pakistan is classified as a [[developing economy]]. It is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|26th-largest]] economy by [[GDP]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) and the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|41st-largest]] in terms of nominal GDP in the world. In terms of per capita income, the country ranks [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|161st by GDP (nominal)]] and [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|142nd by GDP (PPP)]], according to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2025.<ref name="WE"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref>

In its early years, the economy of Pakistan relied heavily on private industries. The [[Nationalisation in Pakistan|nationalization]] of a significant portion of the sector, including financial services, manufacturing, and transportation, began in the early 1970s under [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. During the regime of [[Zia-ul Haq]] in the 1980s, an [[Islamic economics|Islamic model of economy]] was adopted, outlawing economic practices forbidden in [[Sharīʿah]]. The economy started privatizing again in the 1990s. Pakistan was classified as a semi-industrial economy for the first time in the late 1990s, albeit an [[Periphery countries|underdeveloped country]]<ref>Dunn, Kawana, Brewer, ''Trade Globalization since 1795'', American Sociological Review, 2000 February, Vol. 65 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657290 article], [http://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/appendices/asr00/asr00app.htm#Table%20A2 Appendix with the country list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718051219/http://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/appendices/asr00/asr00app.htm#Table%20A2|date=18 July 2010}}</ref> with a heavy dependence on agriculture, particularly the textile industry relying on cotton production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henneberry |first1=S. |year=2000 |title=An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/175305/files/agec2000v022i001a002.pdf |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=22 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9 |doi-broken-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="WB2">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |access-date=2 January 2010 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Pakistan Country Report |url=http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021042/http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=26 December 2011 |work=RAD-AID |pages=3, 7}}</ref>

Pakistan is presently recovering from a major [[Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)|economic crisis]] and undergoing economic liberalization, including the [[Privatisation in Pakistan|privatization of all government corporations]], aimed at attracting foreign investment and reducing budget deficits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/664292/privatisation-process-govt-to-sell-assets-in-sole-offering/|title=Privatisation process: Govt to sell assets in sole offering|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 January 2014 }}</ref> As of 11 February 2026, the Governor of the [[State Bank of Pakistan]] stated that the economy was projected to grow between 3.75% and 4.75% in fiscal year 2026, exceeding a recent IMF forecast. The central bank kept its policy rate at 10.5% following earlier reductions, and projected the current account deficit to remain within 0–1% of GDP, while emphasizing the need for continued structural reforms to sustain growth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Ariba |date=11 February 2026 |title=Pakistan central bank chief expects broader recovery than IMF forecast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-central-bank-chief-expects-broader-recovery-than-imf-forecast-2026-02-11/}}</ref>

The economic growth centers in Pakistan are located along the [[Indus River]];<ref name="WB">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |access-date=2 January 2010 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arquivo.pt |url=http://gecon.yale.edu/Pakistan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090720074224/http://gecon.yale.edu/Pakistan.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=arquivo.pt}}</ref> these include the diversified economies of [[Economy of Karachi|Karachi]] and major urban centers in [[Punjab, Pakistan#Economy|Punjab]] (such as [[Faisalabad]], [[Lahore]], [[Sialkot]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Gujranwala]]), alongside less developed areas in other parts of the country.<ref name="WB">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |access-date=2 January 2010 |page=14}}</ref> In recent decades, regional connectivity initiatives such as the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor|China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC) have emerged as pivotal contributors to infrastructure and energy development, with long-term implications for economic stability. Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports equipment, chemicals, and carpets/rugs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Design |first=Websynergi |title=Pakistan Trade, Pakistan Industries, India Pakistan Trade Unit |url=http://www.iptu.co.uk/content/pakistan_economy.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914171838/http://www.iptu.co.uk/content/pakistan_economy.asp |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=iptu.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Top 10 Exports 2020 |url=https://www.worldstopexports.com/pakistans-top-10-exports/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=worldstopexports.com}}</ref>

==Economic history==
{{Main|Economic history of Pakistan}}

=== Inception ===
In the late 1940s, upon its establishment, Pakistan had an agrarian-based economy. Agriculture constituted 53% of the country's GDP in 1947 and slightly increased to 53.2% in 1949–50. With a population of approximately 30 million, including around 6 million residing in urban areas, about 65% of the labor force was engaged in agriculture. The agricultural sector played a crucial role, contributing to 99.2% of exports and making up nearly 90% of foreign exchange earnings.

Despite possessing significant land and mineral resources in both [[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]], including natural gas, crude oil, coal, limestone, and marble, Pakistan faced numerous challenges. In 1950, its [[per capita income]] was around $360 (in 1985 international dollars), and the literacy rate was only 10%. The nation encountered a lack of economic infrastructure, financial resources, and an industrial foundation, particularly with poverty rates ranging from 55% to 60% in the West Pakistan region.

Due to limited capital in the small private sector, the government opted to focus on the public sector to foster economic and industrial development. In the fiscal year 1949–50, Pakistan recorded a national savings rate of 2%, a foreign savings rate of 2%, and an investment rate of 4%. Manufacturing contributed 7.8% to the GDP, while services, trade, and other sectors accounted for a significant 39%, reflecting a policy centered around [[Import substitution industrialization|import-substituting industrialization]]. The trade balance of payments indicated a deficit of 66 million rupees (Rs) during the period spanning 1949/50 to 1950/51.<ref name="BH">{{Cite journal |last1=Anjum |first1=Muhammad Iqbal |last2=Michael Sgro |first2=Pasquale |date=26 June 2017 |title=A brief history of Pakistan's economic development |url=http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue80/AnjumSgro80.pdf |journal=Real-World Economics Review |issue=80 |pages=171–178}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===
The 1950s marked the initiation of planned development in Pakistan, with the introduction of the [[Colombo Plan]] in 1951 leading to a series of [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|Five-Year Plans]] from 1955 to 1998. Concurrently, a Ten-Year Perspective Plan was implemented, complemented by a rolling Three-Year Development Plan.

During the 1950s, Pakistan pursued a policy of import-substituting industrialization. Notably, the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) brought substantial merchant profits to Pakistan's public and emerging private sectors, fueling industrialization.

In 1952, Pakistan imposed bans on the imports of cotton textiles and luxury goods, followed by comprehensive import regulations in 1953, propelling the country into the ranks of the fastest-growing nations. However, biased policies against agriculture and unfavorable trade terms between agriculture and industry led to a decline in the annual growth rate of agriculture.

By the late 1950s, Pakistan achieved self-sufficiency in cotton textiles, emphasizing export development. The influx of US military and economic aid amounting to US$500 million during 1955–58 contributed to Pakistan's growth reliant on foreign aid.

In 1959, after a [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état in 1958]], the martial law regime introduced export bonus vouchers as import licenses and exempted certain goods from licensing. During this period, Pakistan faced a worsening trade balance, with deficits increasing from −831 million Rupees in 1950/51 to −1043 million rupees in 1959/60.

Economically, agriculture grew at an annual rate of 1.6%, while manufacturing expanded impressively at 7.7% per annum during the 1950s. In the fiscal year 1959–60, the Per Capita [[Gross National Product]] (GNP) stood at Rs. 355 in West Pakistan and Rs. 269 in [[East Pakistan]], indicating a growing economic disparity between the two regions.<ref name="BH"/>

=== 1960s ===
In the 1960s, amid a substantial influx of American aid, Pakistan enjoyed political stability, fostering robust economic growth. Poverty, measured by the poverty headcount ratio, fluctuated from nearly 50% in the early 1960s to 54% in 1963–64.

During the 1960s, Pakistan achieved an impressive annual agricultural growth rate of 5%, driven by substantial investments in water resources, increased farmer incentives, mechanization, greater use of fertilizers and pesticides, and expanded cultivation of high-yielding rice and wheat varieties in the [[Green Revolution]].

Large-scale manufacturing experienced significant growth, expanding at a remarkable rate of 16% per annum from 1960/61 to 1964/65, fueled by protective measures for domestic industries, including export subsidies.

However, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Pakistan-India War of 1965]] led to reduced foreign economic assistance, impacting the growth rate of large-scale manufacturing. From 1965 to 1970, this sector grew at a comparatively lower rate of 10% per annum.

Despite challenges, Pakistan achieved an impressive average annual GDP growth rate of 6.7% throughout the 1960s. In the fiscal year 1969–70, the poverty incidence rate decreased to 46%. Per Capita GNP was Rs. 504 in West Pakistan and Rs. 314 in East Pakistan, indicating a widening regional economic disparity.<ref name="BH"/>

=== 1970s ===
The economic landscape in the early 1970s witnessed growing disparities between East and West Pakistan, leading to [[Independence of Bangladesh|East Pakistan's declaration of independence]] and the emergence of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971. Subsequently, Pakistan underwent notable transformations in both its political and economic spheres.

Under martial law authorities, amidst challenging macroeconomic conditions, the socialist [[Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians|Pakistan People's Party]] gained empowerment. This period grappled with numerous economic challenges, including a surge in poverty incidence to 55% during 1971–72. Pakistan also confronted heightened import costs due to the global [[1973 oil crisis|oil price shock in October 1973]], a severe [[1973–1975 recession|global recession]] from 1974 to 1977, cotton sector failures in 1974–75, pest infestations affecting crops, and massive floods in 1973, 1974, and 1976–77.

One significant economic issue during this time was high inflation, with prices increasing by an average of 15% per annum between 1972 and 1977. The fiscal deficit/GDP ratio averaged 8.1% during 1973–77, indicating substantial fiscal challenges. Trade imbalances were apparent, with trade deficits rising from US$337 million in 1970–71 to US$1,184 million in 1976–77.

The [[1977 Pakistani military coup|military coup d'état of 1977]], leading to the establishment of a [[Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|martial law regime]] that initiated denationalization, deregulation, and privatization policies. Agriculture experienced modest growth at a rate of 2.4% per annum, while large-scale manufacturing expanded at a rate of 5.5% per annum during the 1970s.

Large and medium-scale private manufacturing played a significant role, contributing 75% of the total value-added and investment in manufacturing during the 1970s. The remaining 25% of value-added came from small-scale manufacturing.

Overall, this period was marked by significant political and economic changes, driven by challenges posed by economic disparities, political shifts, and efforts to address issues such as inflation, fiscal deficits, and trade imbalances.<ref name="BH"/>

=== 1980s ===
The 1980s brought substantial changes to Pakistan's economic landscape, moving away from the [[Nationalisation in Pakistan|nationalization policies of the 1970s]] and fostering private sector industrial investment, which greatly contributed to robust economic growth. Notable developments in this era included a drop in the poverty headcount ratio to 29.1% in 1986–87, showcasing a decline in poverty incidence. The unemployment rate exhibited a positive trend, decreasing from 3.7% in 1980 to 2.6% in 1990.

Between 1985 and 1988, the government endeavored to implement an [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic interest-free banking system]], introducing business partnerships based on profit and loss sharing. The national savings/GDP ratio reached a notable 16% in 1986–87, largely due to significant worker remittances from the Middle East. Despite this growth, challenges emerged, including negative public savings and a declining public investment/GDP ratio throughout the 1980s.

To address increasing budget deficits in the early 1980s, the government heavily relied on non-bank domestic borrowing, resulting in substantial domestic debt growth. Consequently, the public debt/GDP ratio surged to 77.1% in 1988, 81.9% in 1989, and 82.6% in 1990, leading to significant interest payments and persistent fiscal deficits.

In 1985, [[1985 Pakistani general election|democracy was restored in Pakistan]], marking a pivotal political development. The country experienced a commendable average annual GDP growth rate of 6.3% between 1980 and 1990. The 1980s saw a surge in manufacturing exports, with an annual large-scale manufacturing growth rate of 8.8%, and solid growth in agriculture, with an annual agricultural growth rate of 5.4%.

These highlights underscore a transformative and recovering economic period in the 1980s, characterized by a shift in economic policies, improved fiscal performance, and substantial progress in poverty reduction and employment. The era also witnessed efforts to align financial practices with Islamic principles and significant economic growth in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.<ref name="BH"/>

=== 1990s ===
The 1990s posed a formidable economic landscape for Pakistan, marked by a series of challenges and developments. Declining worker remittances and escalating external deficits set the tone for economic strains. Simultaneously, the decade witnessed the [[Periods of stagflation in Pakistan|second-worst inflation]] in Pakistan's history, driven by diminishing GDP growth rates. Unemployment surged, reaching 5.9% in 1991 and escalating further to 7.2% in 2000.

Pakistan's external debt tripled, soaring to US$30 billion by 1995. The external debt/GDP ratio rose from 42% to 50%, accompanied by increases in the external debt/exports ratio (from 209% to 258%) and the debt service ratio (from 18% to 27%). A deteriorating external debt profile led to a rise in domestic debt, reaching Rs. 909 billion, and a domestic debt/GDP ratio of 42%.

The late 1990s witnessed a severe debt crisis, with the public debt/GDP ratio skyrocketing from 57.5% in 1975–77 to 102% in 1998–99. The public debt/revenues ratio surged to 624%, and the interest payments/revenues ratio reached 42.6%, rendering Pakistan's public debt unsustainable. Concerns over external debt default emerged in 1996 and 1998, triggered by Western economic sanctions in response to [[Chagai-I|Pakistan's nuclear tests]] in May 1998, causing massive capital flight.

Despite these challenges, Pakistan managed to sustain an agricultural growth rate of 4.4% per annum and a large-scale manufacturing growth rate of 4.8% per annum throughout the 1990s. However, the era witnessed a significant increase in poverty incidence, reaching 30.6% in 1998–99. The decade encapsulated a complex economic narrative, as Pakistan navigated external debt burdens, fiscal imbalances, inflation, and rising unemployment. Amid these difficulties, there were positive aspects, including growth in key sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Nonetheless, the 1990s also brought forth a looming threat of debt default, magnified by [[economic sanctions]] in response to nuclear tests.<ref name="BH"/>

=== 2000s ===
The 2000s witnessed a period of substantial economic challenges and transformations for Pakistan. The impact of high public debt gained prominence, identified by the official Debt Reduction and Management Committee in 2001, contributing to a decline in the growth rate to less than 4% per annum. Despite an initial upturn in the growth rate, the decade unfolded with persistent macroeconomic crises. Although achieving a noteworthy growth rate of 8.6% in 2004–05, subsequent years were marred by a series of setbacks, including a growth slowdown, low growth, high inflation, an energy crisis, and worsening fiscal and balance of payments positions.

The economic landscape reflected the complexities faced by the population, illustrated by a rise in poverty incidence to 34.5% in 2000–01. However, a subsequent decrease to 22.3% in 2005–06 offered a nuanced perspective on the decade's economic trajectory. The unemployment rate saw fluctuations, rising to 7.8% in 2002 but later declining to 5% by 2008.

Efforts to enhance education and literacy rates were evident as adult literacy stood at 55% in 2007–08. Nevertheless, challenges persisted, and economic crises hit Pakistan in 2008, primarily influenced by the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Despite these adversities, economic growth in 2009–2010 reached a respectable 4.1%, with positive contributions from various sectors, including a 2% growth in agriculture, 4.9% growth in industrial output, 4.4% growth in large-scale manufacturing, and a 4.6% expansion in the services sector.

By March 2010, public debt had accumulated to Rs. 8,160 billion, with a total public debt/GDP ratio of 56% and a foreign-currency denominated debt/GDP ratio of 25%. Amid these economic dynamics, Pakistan underwent a structural transition. The GDP share of agriculture declined from 53% in 1947 to 21.2% in 2010, while the GDP share of industry rose from 9.6% in 1949–50 to 25.4% in 2010. Additionally, the GDP share of the services sector increased from 37.2% in 1950 to 53.4% in 2010. The 2000s encapsulated a multifaceted economic narrative for Pakistan, marked by challenges, crises, and significant structural shifts, reflecting the nation's resilience and adaptability.<ref name="BH"/>

In late 2021, Pakistan entered a severe [[Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)|economic crisis]] as inflation surged, the rupee plunged in value, gas supplies dried up, foreign reserves declined and debt increased significantly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2021-12-27 |title=2021 in review: Business stories that captured the waves |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1665416 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmall |first=Emily |last2=Masood |first2=Salman |date=2021-11-23 |title=As Inflation Surges, Pakistan Seeks a $6 Billion I.M.F. Lifeline |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/23/business/economy/pakistan-imf-economy.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ali |date=2022-01-01 |title=December: Inflation reading comes in at 12.3%, highest in 22 months |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40144034 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

== Data ==
=== Gross domestic product (GDP) ===
{{See also|List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product}}The table below displays key economic indicators from 1980 to 2025. Inflation rates below 5% are highlighted in green.<ref name="WE">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=imf.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="white-space:nowrap;"
|-
! Year
!GDP
(Billion US$ PPP)
!GDP per capita
(US$ PPP)
!GDP
(Billion US$ nominal)
!GDP per capita
(US$ nominal)
! style="text-align:center"| GDP growth
(Real)
! style="text-align:center"| Inflation rate
(Percent)
!Unemployment
(Percent)
! style="text-align:center"| Government debt
(% of GDP)
|-
!1980
| style="text-align:center" |75
| style="text-align:center" |950.0
| style="text-align:center" |38.6
| style="text-align:center" |418.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}11.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1981
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}87
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,072.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}45.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}481.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}11.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1982
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}100
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,190.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}49.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}511.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1983
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}110
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,283.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}46.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}463.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
| style="text-align:center" |3.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1984
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}119
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,345.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}50.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}489.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3.8%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1985
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}133
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,468.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}50.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}476.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}8.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1986
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}145
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,551.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}51.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}475.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3.3%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1987
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}157
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,638.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}54.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}483.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1988
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}173
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,759.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}62.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}543.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}8.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1989
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}188
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,868.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}65.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}552.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1990
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}204
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,970.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}65.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}538.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}9.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1991
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}222
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,094.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}74.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}598.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1992
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}244
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,211.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}79.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}614.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1993
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}255
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,252.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}83.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}633.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}4.7%
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
|-
!1994
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}272
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,341.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}84.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}622.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}11.3%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}4.8%
| style="text-align:center" |64.8%
|-
!1995
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}292
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,449.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}98.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}709.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}13.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}58.0%
|-
!1996
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}317
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,594.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}103.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}723.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}10.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}58.2%
|-
!1997
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}328
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,620.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}101.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}696.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}58.5%
|-
!1998
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}343
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,678.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}101.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}677.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}59.5%
|-
!1999
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}363
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,765.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}96.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}626.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}67.2%
|-
!2000
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}385
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,855.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}99.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}630.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}68.4%
|-
!2001
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}408
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,916.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}96.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}602.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}7.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}72.2%
|-
!2002
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}425
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,995.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}98.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}593.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}8.3%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}67.6%
|-
!2003
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}456
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3,119.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}112.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}666.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}8.3%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}62.7%
|-
! 2004
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}505
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3,376.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}132.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}767.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}7.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}56.3%
|-
! 2005
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}562
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3,722.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}145.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}842.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}9.3%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}7.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}52.3%
|-
! 2006
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}612
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3,986.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}161.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}961.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}48.4%
|-
! 2007
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}661
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,244.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}184.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,048.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}47.1%
|-
! 2008
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}704
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,362.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}202.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,124.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}51.9%
|-
! 2009
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}715
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}4,240.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}187.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}1,186.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}0.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}19.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}52.8%
|-
! 2010
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}740
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,283.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}196.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}1,122.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}10.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}54.5%
|-
! 2011
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}780
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,403.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}230.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,325.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}13.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}6.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}52.8%
|-
! 2012
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}820
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,516.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}250.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,364.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}11.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}6.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}56.7%
|-
! 2013
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}866
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,655.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}258.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,378.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}6.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}57.9%
|-
! 2014
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}912
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,786.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}271.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,428.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}6.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}57.1%
|-
! 2015
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}956
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,893.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}299.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,550.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}57.0%
|-
! 2016
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,004
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,016.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}313.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,566.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}60.8%
|-
! 2017
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,069
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,212.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}339.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,653.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}60.9%
|-
! 2018
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,130
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,387.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}356.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,698.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}5.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}64.8%
|-
! 2019
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,163
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,434.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}321.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}1,500.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}78.7%
|-
!2020
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,186
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,435.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}300.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}1,376.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-0.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}10.7%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}80.8%
|-
!2021
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,285
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,774.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}348.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,565.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.8%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreasePositive}}8.9%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.3%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}74.7%
|-
!2022
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,462
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,440.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}374.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1651.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}77.3%
|-
!2023
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,512
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,530.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}337.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}1,459
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-0.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}29.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}8.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}78.2%
|-
!2024
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,587
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,724
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}373.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,581
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.5%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increasenegative}}23.4%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}8.2%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}70.1%
|-
!2025
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,672
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,951
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
| style="text-align:center" |n/a
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.6%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increasenegative}}5.1%
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}8.0%
| style="text-align:center" |{{increasenegative}}73.6%
|}

=== Stock market ===
{{Main|Pakistan Stock Exchange}}

[[File:Islamabad Stock Exchange Bull.JPG|thumb|Statue of a bull outside the [[Islamabad Stock Exchange]]]]

In the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistan's [[KSE 100 Index]] was declared the best-performing [[stock market index]] in the world by the international magazine "Business Week".<ref>{{cite news|last=Shirajiv|first=Sirimane|title=Pakistan-Sri Lanka trade zooming to US$ one billion mark|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/05/23/fin03.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703021733/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/05/23/fin03.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|access-date=23 May 2007}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The stock market capitalization of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20394793~menuPK:1192714~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html |title=Data – Finance |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405102322/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20394793~menuPK%3A1192714~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html |archive-date=5 April 2010 }}</ref> On 11 January 2016, with the aim of reducing market fragmentation and creating a strong case for attracting strategic partnerships necessary for providing technological expertise, all three stock exchanges, including Karachi Stock Exchange, Lahore Stock Exchange, and Islamabad Stock Exchange, were inducted into a unified [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1232253|title=Pakistan Stock Exchange formally launched Index |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017|work=Dawn News}}</ref>

In May 2017, the American provider of stock market indexes and analysis tools, [[MSCI]], confirmed that the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] (PSX) had been reclassified from Frontier Markets to Emerging Markets in its semi-annual index review.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1333488|title=Market dips as MSCI reclassifies PSX to Emerging Markets Index|date=16 May 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017|work=Dawn News}}</ref> The Pakistan Stock Exchange also successfully navigated through the initial COVID-19 induced economic downturn and earned the title of being the 'best Asian stock market and fourth best-performing market across the world in 2020.' The PSE-100 index continued to climb throughout the year. Nearly 40 percent growth in the PSE-100 Index in FY 2021 was driven by the government's large stimulus package, the central bank's stable policy rate, an uptick in large scale manufacturing, improvement in external accounts, and reforms introduced by the [[Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan]] (SECP) and PSX in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan economic survey|url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_21/06-Capital%20markets.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Finance Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225502/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_21/06-Capital%20markets.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>

PSX 100 index growth rate over the previous years is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_25/social_indicators.pdf|title=Social Indicators {{!}} Pakistan Economic Survey 2024-25}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
|'''PSX 100 index growth %'''
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} -10.8
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} -41.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 35.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 28.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 52.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 41.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 16.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.8
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 23.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}-10.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-19.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 37.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -12.3
|{{decrease}} -0.2
|{{increase}} 89.2
|}

The sales of all non-financial companies surged to Rs 16,815 billion in the fiscal year 2023, marking a substantial increase of Rs 1,864 billion compared to the preceding year. However, the [[net profit margin]] of all companies declined to 5.98% in FY23 from 6.34% in FY22. [[Return on assets]] (ROA) and [[return on equity]] (ROE) of all companies also dropped to 6.05 percent and 17.76 percent respectively in FY23. The key statistics for the last six years of all public and private non-financial companies listed at the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] are provided in the following table:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Statements Analysis (Non-financial Companies) |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/FSANFC/2023/PDF/Complete.pdf |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Financial analysis of companies (non-financial) (billion rupees)
!List
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
|-
|Total assets
|{{increase}} 8,811
|{{increase}} 10,097
|{{increase}} 10,755
|{{increase}} 12,201
|{{increase}} 15,685
|{{increase}} 17,549
|-
|Total liabilities
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,574
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 6,610
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,029
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,869
|{{increase}} 10,568
|{{increase}} 11,346
|-
|Total sales
|{{increase}} 7,662
|{{increase}} 8,811
|{{decrease}} 7,999
|{{increase}} 9,437
|{{increase}} 14,568
|{{increase}} 16,815
|-
|Profit before tax
|{{increase}} 608
|{{decrease}} 612
|{{decrease}} 480
|{{increase}} 1,011
|{{increase}} 1,439
|{{increase}} 1,624
|-
|Profit after tax
|{{decrease}} 427
|{{decrease}} 413
|{{decrease}} 320
|{{increase}} 749
|{{increase}} 924
|{{increase}} 1,005
|-
! colspan="5" |'''%'''
!
!
|-
|Net profit margin
|{{decrease}} 5.57
|{{decrease}} 4.68
|{{decrease}} 4.00
|{{increase}} 7.93
|{{decrease}} 6.34
|{{decrease}} 5.98
|-
|Return on assets
|{{increase}} 5.19
|{{decrease}} 4.36
|{{decrease}} 3.07
|{{increase}} 6.52
|{{increase}} 6.63
|{{decrease}} 6.05
|-
|Return on equity
|{{decrease}} 13.65
|{{decrease}} 12.27
|{{decrease}} 8.87
|{{increase}} 18.59
|{{increase}} 19.56
|{{decrease}} 17.76
|-
|Earnings per share
|{{decrease}} 4.43
|{{decrease}} 4.17
|{{decrease}} 3.15
|{{increase}} 7.07
|{{increase}} 8.31
|{{increase}}8.32
|}

=== Informal economy ===
The [[informal economy]] in Pakistan comprises economic activities and assets that are not fully captured by formal regulation, taxation, or national accounts. Estimates of its size vary according to methodology and definitions, but multiple sources indicate that the informal sector remains a substantial component of the country’s economic structure. A ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' analysis noted that the documented economy was estimated at about US $340 billion in 2023, whereas the informal economy was projected at roughly US $457 billion, indicating that the informal economy may exceed the formal economy in overall size.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Jawaid |date=2024-12-02 |title=Documenting the informal economy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1876163 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

According to a recent labour force survey, 72.1% of non-agricultural employment was classified as informal in 2024–25, with informal work particularly prevalent in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Over 72% of workers employed in informal sector in Pakistan during 2024-25 |url=https://www.inp.net.pk/ur/article-detail/inp-wealthpk/over-72-of-workers-employed-in-informal-sector-in-pakistan-during-2024-25 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.inp.net.pk |language=en}}</ref> The informal economy in Pakistan includes a wide range of activities such as unregistered manufacturing, retail, construction, transport, domestic work, and small enterprises. While it provides livelihoods for many households, its unrecorded nature complicates taxation and regulation, and policymakers have periodically highlighted the challenges and fiscal implications of informality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kardar |first=Nadeem ul Haque {{!}} Shahid |date=2025-07-18 |title=In defence of the informal economy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1924927 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

Households also accumulate physical commodities such as gold and jewellery as part of their saving strategies; a significant portion of savings in Pakistan resides in informal instruments and physical assets, including gold, which are not entirely captured by formal statistics. Historical estimates once suggest Pakistanis might hold 3,000 to 5,000 tonnes of gold, indicating a possible range of US $40 billion to US $70 billion in household gold wealth as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How much gold do Pakistanis own? {{!}} Nukta |url=https://nukta.com/pakistan-gold-ownership |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=nukta.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Middle class ===
{{See also|Labour force of Pakistan}}
[[File:Office Building Karachi Pakistan.png|thumb|The Dawood Centre in [[Karachi]], M.T. Khan Road]]

{{as of|2017}}, according to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', citing estimates largely based on income and the purchase of consumption goods, had suggested that as many as 42% of Pakistan's population may now belong to the [[Upper class|upper]] and [[middle class]]es. If these numbers are correct, or even indicative in any broad sense, then 87 million Pakistanis belong to the middle and upper classes, a population size which is larger than that of Germany.<ref name="CH">{{cite web |title=Credit for Housing and Construction |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/MpMG/progress.html |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref> Official figures also show that the proportion of households that own a motorcycle and washing machines has grown impressively over the past 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1398602/pakistans-middle-class-continues-grow-rapid-pace/|title=Pakistan's middle class continues to grow at a rapid pace|date=2 May 2017|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, the IBA-SBP Consumer Confidence Index recorded its highest-ever level of 174.9 points in January 2017, showing an increase of 17 points from July 2016.

Separately, consumer financing recorded at Rs. 179 billion during FY 2022. Auto finance continued to be the dominant segment, followed by house building, which showed remarkable growth after the ''Mera Pakistan Mera Ghar'' scheme initiated by the State Bank of Pakistan in December 2020.<ref name="CH"/><ref name="CL"/>

=== Poverty alleviation expenditures ===
{{Main|Poverty in Pakistan}}

The Pakistan government spent over 1 trillion rupees (about $16.7 billion) on poverty alleviation programs during the past four years, reducing poverty from 35% in 2000–01 to 29.3% in 2013 and further to 17% in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/pakistan|title=Pakistan – Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Rural poverty remains a pressing issue, as development in those areas has been significantly slower than in major urban areas.

However, according to a World Bank report released in June 2025, around 45% of Pakistan's population was living below the poverty line. The updated figure was based on revised poverty thresholds and survey data from 2018 to 2019. The report also noted a sharp rise in extreme poverty, with the proportion increasing from 4.9% to 16.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiani |first=Khaleeq |date=2025-06-06 |title=45pc of Pakistanis live below poverty line: WB |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1915759 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, the World Bank cautioned that over 10 million additional individuals in Pakistan faced the looming threat of descending into poverty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Shahbaz |date=2024-04-03 |title=Over 10m Pakistanis may slip into poverty: WB |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2461459/over-10m-pakistanis-may-slip-into-poverty-wb |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Employment ===
The high population growth in the past few decades has led to a significant number of young people entering the labor market. Although Pakistan is among the six most populous Asian nations, excessive red tape in the past made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Statements Analysis of Companies |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/stats/FSA(Non).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303101525/http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/stats/FSA(Non).pdf |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=sbp.org.pk |publisher=SBP }}</ref> Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms are no longer compelled to operate in the underground economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2129rank.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=30 May 2007|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422083303/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2129rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Government revenues and expenditures ===
{{Main|Taxation in Pakistan}}

[[File:Clifton Beach, Karachi - Pakistan.jpg|thumb|[[Clifton, Karachi|Clifton]] in Karachi]]

Although the country is a Federation with constitutional division of taxation powers between the [[Government of Pakistan|Federal Government]] and the four provinces, the revenue department of the Federal Government, the [[Federal Board of Revenue]], collects more than 80% of the entire national tax collection. The government's revenue streams primarily stem from two sources: [[taxation]] and [[non-tax revenue]]. Taxation, which includes [[income tax]], [[sales tax]], and [[customs duties]], constitutes a substantial portion of revenues, bolstering both federal and provincial government finances. Non-tax revenue sources, such as mark-up from state enterprises, surplus profits from the [[State Bank of Pakistan]], and royalties on oil and gas, further contribute significantly to the fiscal framework.

Conversely, government expenditures are strategically allocated across multiple sectors, including defense, social services, infrastructure development, and debt servicing. Current expenditures, covering operational costs, interest payments, pensions, and other obligations, are carefully balanced against development expenditures aimed at fostering long-term growth and progress. The challenge of achieving equilibrium between revenue generation and expenditure allocation leads to [[Government budget balance|budgetary deficits]] that can necessitate borrowing to bridge the gap.

The data has been sourced from the Ministry of Finance.<ref>{{cite web |title=consolidated fiscal operations |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/fiscal_main.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608090837/http://www.finance.gov.pk/fiscal_main.html |archive-date=8 June 2010 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Ministry of Finance }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Consolidated federal and provincial fiscal operations (amounts in billion PKR)
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY2024
!FY 2025
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''Total revenue'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,499
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,851
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,078
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,253
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,567
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,982
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,637
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,931
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,447
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,937
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5,228
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4,901
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,272
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,903
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8,035
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,634
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13,269
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}17,997
|-
| style="text-align:center" | Tax revenue
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,065
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,317
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,473
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,699
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,053
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,199
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,565
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,018
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,660
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,969
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,467
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,473
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,748
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5,272
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,755
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7,819
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10,085
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}12,723
|-
| style="text-align:right" |FBR taxes
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,008
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,161
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,327
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,558
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,883
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,946
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,255
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,590
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,113
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,368
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,842
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3,830
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3,998
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4,764
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6,143
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7,169
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,311
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}11,744
|-
| '''Total expenditure'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,277
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,531
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,007
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,447
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 3,936
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 4,816
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,026
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,388
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 5,796
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 6,801
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,488
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 8,346
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 9,649
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 10,307
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 13,295
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 16,155
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20,476
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}24,166
|-
|'''Fiscal deficit'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}777
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}680
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}929
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,194
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,370
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,834
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}1,389
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,457
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}1,349
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}1,864
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}2,260
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}3,445
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}3,376
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}3,403
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5,260
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6,521
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 7,207
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6,168
|-
! colspan="19" |'''As % of GDP'''
|-
| Total Revenue
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}14.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}14.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}12.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}14.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}13.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}13.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}11.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}13.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}11.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}15.7
|-
|Tax revenue
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}11.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}10.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}10.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}9.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}11.1
|-
| Total expenditure
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}19.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}18.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}21.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}20.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}19.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}17.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}19.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}19.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}}19.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}18.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}19.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}19.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.1
|-
|[[Government budget deficit|Fiscal deficit]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}5.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}6.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}8.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decreasepositive}}8.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}4.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}7.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}6.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}7.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 6.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}5.4
|}

== Currency system ==
{{Main|Pakistani rupee}}

=== Rupee ===

The basic unit of currency is the [[Pakistani rupee|rupee]], ISO code PKR, and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently, the 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. From 13 August 2005, the SBP started introducing its fifth generation design of banknotes with additional security features, with the Rs. 20 note being the first issuance. New designs of Rs. 5 (July 2008, later replaced by a coin), 10 (May 2006), Rs. 20 (March 2008, new color scheme), Rs. 50 (July 2008), Rs. 100 (November 2006), Rs. 500 (January 2010), Rs. 1000 (February 2007), and Rs. 5000 (May 2006) were gradually introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Bank of Pakistan |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/BankNotes/banknotes.htm |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=9 November 2021 |title=SBP rejects reports of new designs for currency notes |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1656982 |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Bank of Pakistan |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/finance/Pak-his.asp |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref>

The Pakistani rupee was [[Fixed exchange rate system|pegged]] to the [[pound sterling]] until 1982, when the government of [[General Zia-ul-Haq]], changed it to a [[managed float regime]]. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83, and many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and despite huge increases in foreign aid, the rupee depreciated.

=== Foreign exchange rate ===
The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistan's large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistan's central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the country's export competitiveness.

{| class="wikitable"
|+US$ to PKR average exchange rates<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Average Exchange Rates |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/IBF_Arch.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130004519/http://sbp.org.pk/ecodata/IBF_arch.xls |archive-date=30 November 2010 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=SBP}}</ref>
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
!2025
|-
|style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}}62.55
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}78.50
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}83.80
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}85.50
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}89.23
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}96.73
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}102.86
|style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}101.29
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}104.23
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}104.70
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}109.84
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}136.09
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}158.02
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}160.02
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}177.45
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}248.04
|style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}}282.90
|style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}279.35
|}

=== Foreign exchange reserves ===
Pakistan maintains foreign reserves with the [[State Bank of Pakistan]]. The currency of the reserves was solely the US dollar, incurring speculated losses after the dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP [[Ishrat Hussain]] to step down. In the same year, the SBP issued an official statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding the ratio of diversification.

[[File:Skyline view in Karachi after lockdown.jpg|thumb|Karachi, the economic capital of Pakistan]]

Following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices, Pakistan's economy could not withstand the pressure, and on 11 October 2008, the State Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 million to $7,749.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forexpk.com/ |title=Forex Currency Rates Pakistan – Forex Open Market Rates – Prize Bond Draw Result – Rates and schedule – Finance News & Updates |publisher=Forexpk.com |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> The foreign exchange reserves had declined by more than $10 billion to a level of $6.59 billion. In June 2013, Pakistan was on the brink of default on its financial commitments. The country's forex reserves were at a historic low, covering only two weeks' worth of imports. In January 2020, Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves stood at US$11.503 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Bank of Pakistan forex reserves rise to $11.5bln|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/596060-state-bank-of-pakistan-forex-reserves-rise-to-11-5bln|website=thenews.com.pk|date=10 January 2020|access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Amounts in billion US dollars<ref>{{cite web|title=Liquid Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Forex_Arch.xlsx|access-date=15 May 2020|website=SBP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Liquid Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Forex_Arch.xlsx |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=SBP}}</ref>
! List
! Jun 2008
! Jun 2009
! Jun 2010
! Jun 2011
! Jun 2012
! Jun 2013
! Jun 2014
! Jun 2015
! Jun 2016
! Jun 2017
! Jun 2018
! Jun 2019
! Jun 2020
! Jun 2021
! Jun 2022
!Jun 2023
!Jun 2024
!Jun 2025
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total reserves'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 11.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 16.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 18.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 15.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 11.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 14.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 18.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 23.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 21.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 16.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 14.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 18.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 15.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 9.2
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 14.0
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}19.3
|-
| style="text-align:right" |SBP reserves
|8.6
|9.1
|13.0
|14.8
|10.8
|6.0
|9.1
|13.5
|18.1
|16.1
|9.8
|7.3
|12.1
|17.3
|9.9
|4.5
|9.4
|14.5
|-
| style="text-align:right" |Banks reserves
|2.8
|3.3
|3.8
|3.5
|4.5
|5.0
|5.0
|5.2
|5.0
|5.3
|6.6
|7.2
|6.8
|7.1
|5.6
|4.7
|4.6
|4.8
|}

== Structure of economy ==
{{See also|Economic liberalisation in Pakistan}}

Agriculture accounted for about 53% of the GDP in 1947. While per-capita agricultural output has grown since then, it has been outpaced by the growth of the non-agricultural sectors, and the share of agriculture has dropped to roughly one-fifth of Pakistan's economy. In recent years, the country has seen rapid growth in industries, such as apparel, textiles, and cement, and services, such as telecommunications, transportation, advertising, and finance.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Sectoral shares % in GDP (at constant basic prices)<ref name="SS">{{cite web |title=Sectoral Shares in GDP (at constant basic prices) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Table_7a-3.pdf |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=PBS}}</ref>
!Sectors
!FY 2000
!FY 2005
!FY 2010
!FY 2015
!FY 2020
!FY 2025
|-
|Agricultural
|{{decrease}} 31.75
|{{decrease}} 28.15
|{{decrease}} 25.89
|{{decrease}} 24.83
|{{decrease}} 23.53
|{{increase}} 23.54
|-
|Industrial
|{{increase}} 16.73
|{{increase}} 19.01
|{{increase}} 19.04
|{{increase}} 19.11
|{{decrease}} 18.53
|{{decrease}} 18.07
|-
|Services
|{{increase}} 51.52
|{{increase}} 52.84
|{{increase}} 55.07
|{{increase}} 56.06
|{{increase}} 57.94
|{{increase}} 58.39
|}

== Major sectors ==
=== Agriculture ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan}}

{{see also|Rice production in Pakistan}}

[[File:Yellow and green fields in Punjab Pakistan after raining showing rainbow.jpg|thumb|Yellow and green fields in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]]]

The majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector, contributing about 23.0% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and accounting for 37.4% of the employed labor force in 2021. It is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agriculture|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/stat_reviews/Bulletin/2020/Feb/NationalAccounts.pdf|access-date=22 February 2020|website=SBP}}</ref> The most important crops are wheat, [[sugarcane]], cotton, and rice, accounting for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2017, Pakistan produced 26,674,000 tonnes of wheat, almost equal to all of Africa (27.1 million tonnes) and more than all of South America (25.9 million tonnes), according to the [[FAOSTAT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=wheat production|website=fao.org|access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> In the market year of 2018/19, Pakistan exported a record 4.5 million tonnes of rice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Grain%20and%20Feed%20Update_Islamabad_Pakistan_12-30-2019|title=Pakistan Grain and Feed Update|website=gain.fas.usda.gov|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

Pakistan is a net food exporter, except in occasional years when its harvest is adversely affected by droughts. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits (especially Oranges and Mangoes), and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, pulses, and consumer foods.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Business Facts|url=https://bizpages.org/countries--PK--Pakistan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195826/https://bizpages.org/countries--PK--Pakistan |archive-date=20 April 2020 }}</ref> The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence when its share of GDP was around 53%.

{| class="wikitable"
|+% growth<ref name="SI">{{cite web |title=Social Indicators |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_25/social_indicators.pdf |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Finance Division}}</ref><ref name="GR">{{cite web |title=Real Growth Rates of GDP at constant basic prices |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Table_6-5.pdf |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
|-
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
|Agriculture sector
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.81
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.41
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.31
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.71
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.23
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.14
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.42
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.78
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.41
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.22
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.88
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.94
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.91
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.52
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.21
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.24
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.40
|{{increase}}0.56
|-
! colspan="18" |Production of important crops (million tonnes)
!
|-
|[[Wheat]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 20.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 23.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 23.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 26.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 25.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 26.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 25.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 24.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 27.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 26.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 28.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 31.8
|{{decrease}}28.4
|-
|[[Rice]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}} 6.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 6.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}} 6.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 7.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 7.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.9
|{{decrease}} 9.7
|-
|[[Sugarcane]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 63.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 50.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 49.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 55.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 58.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 63.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 67.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 62.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 65.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 75.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 83.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 67.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 66.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 81.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 88.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 88.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 87.6
|{{decrease}}84.2
|-
|[[Cotton]] *
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 11.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 11.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 11.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 13.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 13.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 12.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 14.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 9.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 11.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 9.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 9.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 7.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.2
|{{decrease}} 7.1
|-
|[[Maize|Maize / corn]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{steady}} 3.6
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 4.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 11.0
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 9.7
|{{decrease}} 9.0
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Cotton production in million bales.

Pakistan's principal natural resources are [[arable land]] and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Pakistan agriculture also benefits from year-round warmth. [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]] is the largest financial institution geared towards the development of the agriculture sector through the provision of financial services and technical expertise.

===== Fishing =====
{{Main|Fishing industry in Pakistan}}

===== Forestry =====
{{Main|Forestry in Pakistan}}

===== Livestock =====
{{Main|Animal husbandry in Pakistan}}

=== Industry ===
{{Main|Industry of Pakistan}}

[[File:Sunset in Pakistan DSC 1588E.jpg|thumb|[[Factory]] in Pakistan]]

Pakistan's [[Industry (manufacturing)|industrial]] sector accounts for approximately 19.12% of GDP.<ref name="SS"/> In 2021, it recorded a growth of 7.81%, compared to the negative 5.75% in 2020.<ref name="GR"/> The government is privatizing large-scale industrial units, and the public sector accounts for a shrinking proportion of industrial output, while growth in overall industrial output (including the private sector) has accelerated. Government policies aim to diversify the country's industrial base and bolster export industries. Large Scale Manufacturing is the fastest-growing sector in the Pakistani economy.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2014 |title=Manufacturing sector grows by 5.2 percent |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78582&Itemid=173 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808121112/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78582&Itemid=173 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |website=Associated Press Of Pakistan}}</ref> Major industries include [[textiles]], [[fertiliser]], cement, [[oil refineries]], [[dairy products]], food processing, [[beverages]], [[construction materials]], [[clothing]], paper products, and [[shrimp]].

In Pakistan, [[Small and medium enterprises|SMEs]] have a significant contribution to the total GDP of Pakistan. According to [[SMEDA]] and Economic survey reports, the share in the annual GDP is 40%, with SMEs generating significant employment opportunities for skilled workers and entrepreneurs. Small and medium-scale firms represent nearly 90% of all enterprises in Pakistan and employ 80% of the non-agricultural labor force. These figures indicate the potential and further growth in this sector.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''% growth<ref name="GR"/>'''
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
!FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Industrial sector
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.78
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -4.15
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.95
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.87
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.33
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.16
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.34
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.40
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.61
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.18
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.25
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -5.75
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.20
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-3.88
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}-1.37
|4.77
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[Manufacturing]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.14
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -3.94
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.73
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.61
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.37
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.76
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.12
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.03
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.87
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.08
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.52
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -7.80
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.52
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.86
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-5.26
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.03
|1.34
|-
| style="text-align:right" | Mining
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.70
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -1.04
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.42
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -4.04
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.26
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.77
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.02
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.95
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.64
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -0.89
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.26
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 0.54
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -7.17
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.72
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -6.66
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-3.23
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}-4.02
| -3.38
|-
| style="text-align:right" |Construction
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}13.37
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-6.70
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.27
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-7.97
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2.17
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5.40
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3.19
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}8.33
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14.37
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.20
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}19.55
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-18.14
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-3.08
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.39
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.83
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}-10.25
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}-1.14
|6.61
|}

==== Manufacturing ====
Manufacturing is the largest of Pakistan's industrial sectors, accounting for approximately 12.13% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS?locations=PK|title=Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)|website=The World Bank}}</ref> The manufacturing sub-sector is further divided into three components: large-scale manufacturing (LSM) with a share of 79.6% in the manufacturing sector, small-scale manufacturing with a share of 13.8% in the manufacturing sector, while slaughtering contributes 6.5% to manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1718.html |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2017–18 |chapter-url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/03-Manufacturing.pdf |chapter=Chapter 3: Manufacturing and Mining |publisher=Ministry of Finance |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> Major sectors in industries include [[cement]], [[fertiliser]], [[edible oil]], [[sugar]], [[steel]], [[tobacco]], [[chemicals]], [[machinery]], [[food processing]], and medical instruments, primarily surgical.<ref>{{cite report |title=The Sectoral Analysis of Surgical Instruments of Pakistan |author=M. Rizwan Manzoor |url=http://www.pitad.org.pk/Publications/27-Pakistan%20India%20Trade%20Liberalization%20Sectoral%20Study%20on%20Surgical%20Industry.pdf |publisher=PITAD |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://rcci.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/SurgicalIndustry.pdf |title=Pakistan Surgical Industry |author=Aaliya Ahmed |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=The Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce & Industry |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231400/http://rcci.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/SurgicalIndustry.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Surgical & Medical Instruments Industry of Pakistan |url=http://www.tdap.gov.pk/doc_reports/TDAP_Report_on_Surgical_%26_Medical_Instuments_Industry_in_Pakistan.pdf |publisher=TDAP |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805073738/https://www.tdap.gov.pk/doc_reports/TDAP_Report_on_Surgical_%26_Medical_Instuments_Industry_in_Pakistan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of [[surgical instruments]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tradeford.com/forum/world-s-leading-surgical-instruments-producers_f255.html |title=World's Leading Surgical Instruments Producers |author=Chin |date=24 May 2012 |website=TradeFord}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1279191 |title=Pakistan's shadow surgical instruments' sector |first=Mubarak Zeb|last=Khan|date=22 August 2016 |work=Dawn News |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Production of selected manufactured goods<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS statistics |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/qim |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=pbs.gov.pk}}</ref>
!Manufactured goods
!Unit of quantity
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
!Cotton yarn
| rowspan="10" |Metric tonne (000)
|3,406
|{{increase}}3,428
|{{increase}}3,430
|{{increase}}3,431
|{{decrease}}3,060
|{{increase}}3,442
|{{increase}}3,459
|{{decrease}}2,695
|{{decrease}}2,477
|-
!Jute goods
|55
|{{increase}}60
|{{increase}}74
|{{decrease}}67
|{{decrease}}65
|{{increase}}70
|{{decrease}}58
|{{increase}}63
|{{decrease}}41
|-
!Cooking oil
|380
|{{increase}}390
|{{increase}}391
|{{increase}}406
|{{increase}}442
|{{increase}}460
|{{increase}}510
|{{increase}}567
|{{increase}}642
|-
!Sugar
|5,115
|{{increase}}7,049
|{{decrease}}6,566
|{{decrease}}5,260
|{{decrease}}4,881
|{{increase}}5,694
|{{increase}}7,921
|{{decrease}}6,709
|{{increase}}6,796
|-
!Cement
|35,432
|{{increase}}37,022
|{{increase}}41,148
|{{decrease}}39,924
|{{decrease}}39,121
|{{increase}}49,797
|{{decrease}}48,011
|{{decrease}}41,448
|{{decrease}}39,566
|-
!Paper & board
|610
|{{increase}}669
|{{increase}}731
|{{decrease}}704
|{{increase}}707
|{{increase}}730
|{{increase}}825
|{{decrease}}792
|{{decrease}}787
|-
!Caustic soda
|225
|{{decrease}}224
|{{increase}}270
|{{decrease}}247
|{{increase}}342
|{{increase}}394
|{{increase}}405
|{{increase}}476
|{{increase}}497
|-
!Hydrogen chloride
|172
|{{increase}}177
|{{increase}}251
|{{increase}}425
|{{decrease}}361
|{{increase}}417
|{{increase}}510
|{{increase}}525
|{{decrease}}507
|-
!Sulphuric acid
|75
|{{decrease}}56
|{{decrease}}49
|{{steady}}49
|{{decrease}}40
|{{increase}}72
|{{increase}}111
|{{decrease}}71
|{{decrease}}64
|-
!Vegetable ghee
|1,241
|{{increase}}1,280
|{{increase}}1,347
|{{increase}}1,392
|{{increase}}1,454
|{{increase}}1,455
|{{decrease}}1,393
|{{increase}}1,554
|{{decrease}}1,493
|-
!Cotton cloth
|Million meters
|1,039
|{{increase}}1,043
|{{increase}}1,044
|{{increase}}1,046
|{{decrease}}935
|{{increase}}1,048
|{{increase}}1,051
|{{decrease}}921
|{{decrease}}871
|-
!Cigarettes
|Billion
|54
|{{decrease}}34
|{{increase}}59
|{{increase}}61
|{{decrease}}46
|{{increase}}52
|{{increase}}60
|{{decrease}}43
|{{decrease}}33
|-
!Nitrogenous fertilizers
| rowspan="2" |NT (000)
|3,018
|{{increase}}3,063
|{{decrease}}2,758
|{{increase}}2,990
|{{increase}}3,139
|{{increase}}3,324
|{{increase}}3,391
|{{decrease}}3,163
|{{increase}}3,483
|-
!Phosphatic fertilizers
|664
|{{increase}}683
|{{decrease}}619
|{{increase}}633
|{{decrease}}631
|{{increase}}748
|{{increase}}804
|{{decrease}}616
|{{increase}}756
|-
!Cycle tyres & tubes
| rowspan="9" |Numbers (000)
|11,490
|{{increase}}11,507
|{{decrease}}11,470
|{{increase}}14,491
|{{decrease}}13,496
|{{decrease}}10,314
|{{increase}}10,876
|{{decrease}}10,702
|{{increase}}10,943
|-
!Motor tyres & tubes
|34,202
|{{increase}}34,345
|{{increase}}35,057
|{{increase}}36,321
|{{decrease}}35,678
|{{decrease}}31,906
|{{decrease}}30,296
|{{increase}}30,515
|{{increase}}31,107
|-
!Motorcycles
|2,071
|{{increase}}2,501
|{{increase}}2,825
|{{decrease}}2,460
|{{decrease}}1,813
|{{increase}}2,476
|{{decrease}}2,190
|{{decrease}}1,289
|{{decrease}}1,235
|-
!Bicycles
|199
|{{increase}}200
|{{steady}}200
|{{decrease}}174
|{{decrease}}141
|{{decrease}}79
|{{increase}}141
|{{increase}}146
|{{increase}}159
|-
!Electric transformers
|33
|{{increase}}37
|{{increase}}47
|{{decrease}}31
|{{decrease}}23
|{{increase}}29
|{{increase}}35
|{{decrease}}32
|{{decrease}}22
|-
!Refrigerators
|1,477
|{{increase}}1,834
|{{decrease}}1,348
|{{decrease}}1,084
|{{decrease}}716
|{{increase}}1,351
|{{increase}}1,389
|{{decrease}}1,008
|{{decrease}}818
|-
!Air conditioners
|388
|{{increase}}471
|{{decrease}}451
|{{increase}}518
|{{decrease}}216
|{{increase}}508
|{{increase}}540
|{{decrease}}347
|{{decrease}}224
|-
!Electric fans
|2,033
|{{increase}}2,523
|{{increase}}2,596
|{{decrease}}2,591
|{{decrease}}2,124
|{{increase}}2,499
|{{increase}}2,600
|{{decrease}}2,182
|{{increase}}2,283
|-
!Electric meters
|1,310
|{{increase}}1,923
|{{decrease}}1,715
|{{decrease}}1,550
|{{decrease}}1,039
|{{increase}}1,419
|{{increase}}2,030
|{{increase}}2,038
|{{increase}}2,117
|-
!Motor spirits/petrol
| rowspan="3" |Million liters
|2,216
|{{increase}}2,518
|{{increase}}2,988
|{{increase}}3,085
|{{decrease}}2,684
|{{increase}}3,424
|{{decrease}}3,392
|{{decrease}}3,051
|{{increase}}3,294
|-
!High speed diesel
|5,236
|{{increase}}5,467
|{{increase}}6,283
|{{decrease}}5,665
|{{decrease}}4,529
|{{increase}}5,612
|{{increase}}5,615
|{{decrease}}4,655
|{{increase}}5,340
|-
!Furnace oil
|3,080
|{{increase}}3,215
|{{increase}}3,478
|{{decrease}}3,063
|{{decrease}}2,370
|{{increase}}2,717
|{{decrease}}2,567
|{{decrease}}2,191
|{{increase}}2,633
|-
!Jeeps & cars
|Numbers
|180,717
|{{increase}}193,996
|{{increase}}231,738
|{{decrease}}218,845
|{{decrease}}106,764
|{{increase}}182,389
|{{increase}}271,923
|{{decrease}}131,978
|{{decrease}}100,221
|-
!Tractors
|Numbers
|34,914
|{{increase}}53,975
|{{increase}}71,894
|{{decrease}}49,902
|{{decrease}}32,608
|{{increase}}50,700
|{{increase}}58,922
|{{decrease}}31,752
|{{increase}}46,275
|-
!Trucks & buses
|Numbers
|8,331
|{{increase}}10,548
|{{increase}}13,425
|{{decrease}}9,684
|{{decrease}}4,848
|{{increase}}5,977
|{{increase}}7,934
|{{decrease}}4,839
|{{decrease}}3,240
|}

Pakistan's largest corporations are primarily engaged in utilities such as oil, gas, electricity, automobile, cement, food, chemicals, fertilizer, civil aviation, textile, and telecommunication.

Their assets, sales, and profit/loss for the year 2023 are listed below:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Statements Analysis of Companies (Non-Financial) Listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange 2023 |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/FSANFC/2023/PDF/Complete.pdf |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Amounts are in billion PKR.
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
! style="text-align:center;" | Name
!Total assets
!Sales
! style="text-align:center;" | Profit / (loss) after tax
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Oil and Gas Development Company|Oil and Gas Development Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,424
| style="text-align:center;" | 414
| style="text-align:center;" | 224.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,268
| style="text-align:center;" | 1,294
| style="text-align:center;" | 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan State Oil|Pakistan State Oil Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 983
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,391
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[K-Electric]]
|style="text-align:center;" | 1,025
|style="text-align:center;" | 519
|style="text-align:center;" | (30.9)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sui Southern Gas Company|Sui Southern Gas Co. Ltd]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 798
| style="text-align:center;" | 376
| style="text-align:center;" | (11.4)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan Petroleum|Pakistan Petroleum Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 790
| style="text-align:center;" | 286
| style="text-align:center;" | 97.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lucky Cement|Lucky Cement Ltd.]]
|style="text-align:center;" | 608
|style="text-align:center;" | 385
| style="text-align:center;" | 49.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hub Power Company|The Hub Power Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 406
| style="text-align:center;" | 114
| style="text-align:center;" | 62.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Attock Refinery Limited|Attock Refinery Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 193
| style="text-align:center;" | 369
| style="text-align:center;" | 28.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Fatima Fertilizer Company|Fatima Fertilizer Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" |234
| style="text-align:center;" |235
| style="text-align:center;" |23.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Engro Fertilizers|Engro Fertilizers Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 161
| style="text-align:center;" | 224
| style="text-align:center;" | 26.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Fauji Fertilizer Company|Fauji Fertilizer Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 327
| style="text-align:center;" | 181
| style="text-align:center;" | 19.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Attock Petroleum Limited|Attock Petroleum Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 108
| style="text-align:center;" | 474
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Toyota Indus|Indus Motor Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 123
| style="text-align:center;" | 178
| style="text-align:center;" | 9.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Shell Pakistan|Shell Pakistan Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 106
| style="text-align:center;" | 432
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim|Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 146
| style="text-align:center;" | 193
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[National Refinery Limited|National Refinery Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 112
| style="text-align:center;" | 299
| style="text-align:center;" | (4.5)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nestlé Pakistan|Nestle Pakistan Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 98
| style="text-align:center;" | 201
| style="text-align:center;" | 16.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cnergyico|Cnergyico PK Limited]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 365
| style="text-align:center;" | 194
| style="text-align:center;" | (13.6)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[PTCL|Pakistan Telecommunication Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 644
| style="text-align:center;" | 188
| style="text-align:center;" | (15.5)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan International Airlines|Pakistan International Airlines Corporation Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 321
| style="text-align:center;" | 179
| style="text-align:center;" | (17.5)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nishat Mills|Nishat Mills Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 170
| style="text-align:center;" | 142
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Fauji Cement|Fauji Cement Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 139
| style="text-align:center;" | 90
| style="text-align:center;" | 29.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited|Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 134
| style="text-align:center;" | 139
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Interloop Limited|INTERLOOP (Pvt) Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 125
| style="text-align:center;" | 121
| style="text-align:center;" | 21.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan Tobacco Company|Pakistan Tobacco Co. Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 110
| style="text-align:center;" | 110
| style="text-align:center;" | 29.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bestway Cement|Bestway Cement Ltd]].
| style="text-align:center;" | 175
| style="text-align:center;" | 88
| style="text-align:center;" | 11.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan Refinery Limited|Pakistan Refinery Ltd.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 105
| style="text-align:center;" | 262
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.8
|}

===== Cement industry =====
In 1947, Pakistan inherited four cement plants with a total capacity of 0.5 million tons. Some expansion occurred in 1956–66 but couldn't keep pace with economic development. The country resorted to cement imports in 1976–77, continuing until 1994–95. The cement sector, comprising 27 plants, contributes over Rs 30 billion to the national exchequer in taxes. By 2013, Pakistan's [[cement]] industry grew rapidly, driven by demand from [[Afghanistan]] and countries boosting the real estate sector. In April 2020, the government introduced an incentive package for the construction industry, including an amnesty scheme, tax exemptions, and a Rs 36 billion subsidy for [[Naya Pakistan Housing & Development Authority|Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme]]. Additionally, banks were directed to increase construction sector loans to 5 percent of their total loan book, and [[Excise|FED]] reduction on cement from Rs 2/kg to Rs 1.5/kg provided further impetus to the industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2020–21|url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_21/03-Manufacturing.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610182425/https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_21/03-Manufacturing.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Cement production capacity & dispatches (million tonnes)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2022–23 |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/03_Manufacturing_and_Mining.pdf |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=finance.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cement dispatches declined |url=https://www.apcma.com/new-updates/2023/CementPR-June2023.pdf |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
!Indicators
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
|-
|Production capacity
|37.68
|42.28
|45.34
|42.37
|44.64
|44.64
|44.64
|45.62
|45.62
|46.39
|48.66
|55.90
|63.53
|69.14
|69.29
|83.18
|-
|Local dispatches
|22.58
|20.33
|23.57
|22.00
|23.95
|25.06
|26.15
|28.20
|33.00
|35.65
|41.15
|40.34
|39.97
|48.12
|47.64
|40.01
|-
|Exports
|7.72
|10.98
|10.65
|9.43
|8.57
|8.37
|8.14
|7.20
|5.87
|4.66
|4.75
|6.54
|7.85
|9.31
|5.26
|4.57
|-
|Total dispatches
|30.30
|31.31
|34.22
|31.43
|32.52
|33.43
|34.28
|35.40
|38.87
|40.32
|45.89
|46.88
|47.81
|57.43
|52.89
|44.58
|}

===== Fertilizer industry =====
There are nine urea manufacturing plants, one DAP, three NP, four SSP, two CAN, one SOP, and two plants of blended NPKs with a total production capacity of 9,172 thousand tonnes per annum in 2021. Urea is the main fertilizer, holding a 70 percent share in total production. The installed production capacity of 6,307 thousand tonnes per annum is sufficient to meet local demand, subject to the availability of uninterrupted gas and RLNG supply.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Fertilizer offtake by nutrients ('000 tonnes)'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Data on Fertilizer Offtake by Nutrients |url=http://www.nfdc.gov.pk/Web-Page%20Updating/Historic%20Offtake.htm |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=National Fertilizer Development Center}}</ref>
!Nutrients
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
|-
|Nitrogen
|2925
|3034
|3476
|3133
|3207
|2853
|3185
|3308
|2672
|3730
|3435
|3408
|3415
|3711
|3838
|-
|Phosphorus
|630
|651
|860
|767
|633
|747
|881
|975
|1007
|1269
|1279
|1153
|1084
|1228
|1093
|-
|Potassium
|27
|25
|24
|32
|21
|21
|24
|33
|20
|41
|50
|53
|50
|69
|71
|}

===== Defence industry =====
{{Main|Defence industry of Pakistan}}

[[File:Al-Khalid IDEAS 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Heavy Industries Taxila|HIT]]-built [[Al-Khalid tank]] on display.]]

The defence industry of Pakistan, under the [[Ministry of Defence Production]], was established in September 1951 to promote and coordinate the array of military production facilities that have emerged since independence. It is actively engaged in numerous joint production projects, such as the [[Al-Khalid tank|Al Khalid 2]] tank, advanced trainer aircraft, combat aircraft, artillery systems like MRLS, combat and surveillance drones like GIDS Shahpar-1 and Shahpar-2, battle management and surveillance radars, electronic warfare systems, navy ships, and submarines.

Pakistan manufactures and sells weapons to over 40 countries, including European customers, generating $620 million annually. The country's sophisticated arms imports increased by 119 percent between 2004–2008 and 2009–13, with China providing 54 percent and the USA 27 percent of Pakistan's imports.

===== Furniture industry =====
{{Main|Furniture industry in Pakistan}}

===== Pharmaceutical industry =====
{{Main|Pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan}}

===== Textiles industry =====
{{Main|Textile industry in Pakistan}}

Most of the textile industry is concentrated in Punjab. However, before 1990, the industry was predominantly located in Karachi.

Presently, the textile industry comprises two main segments: a highly organized large-scale sector and a considerably fragmented cottage/small-scale sector. The organized sector mainly includes integrated Textile Mills, housing numerous spinning units and a limited number of shuttle-less [[loom]] units. Conversely, the unorganized sector encompasses downstream industries like [[Weaving]], Finishing, Garment, Towels, and [[Hosiery]], all of which possess significant export potential. Within this sector, certain enterprises have expanded to an international scale and exhibit progressive business philosophies.

[[File:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg|thumb|Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of [[Karachi]], Pakistan]]

As of June 2021, the Pakistani textile industry comprised 517 textile units, including 40 composite units and 477 spinning units. This landscape also included 28,500 shuttle-less looms and 375,000 conventional looms. The growth of the spinning sector has been fueled by export demands and cotton production, with subsequent growth observed in the weaving and processing sector. Notably, independent [[Air-jet loom|air-jet weaving]] units have emerged, both as standalone entities and in conjunction with spinning or processing units.

A notable trend is the ongoing backward integration of some clothing units, while spinning units are actively developing weaving, finishing, and assembly capabilities to create a comprehensive supply chain. This symbiotic relationship between the textile and clothing sectors is leading to horizontal and vertical integration, often managed by the same entities or through business collaborations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance of Textile Industry |url=https://www.tco.com.pk/documents/7098418c64.pdf |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=tco.com.pk}}</ref>

This sector contributes nearly one-fourth of industrial value-added and provides employment to about 40 percent of the industrial labor force. Excluding seasonal and cyclical fluctuations, textile products have maintained an average share of about 60 percent in national exports.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===== Automobile industry =====
{{Main|Automotive industry in Pakistan}}

[[File:Karachi-Shahrah-e-Faisal boulevard.jpg|thumb|Cars on [[Shahrah-e-Faisal]] in Karachi]]

The auto sector constituted about 7 percent of LSM in 2021, contributing significantly to the country's industrial output.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Wait Is Over|url=https://dnd.com.pk/pakistans-auto-policy-2021-2026-is-here/249336|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=DND|date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707104938/https://dnd.com.pk/pakistans-auto-policy-2021-2026-is-here/249336|archive-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> Given government support and the removal of obstacles, the industrial expansion is expected to yield positive results soon. Many new investors have joined with commercial production, while existing players have already made substantial investments, with more in the pipeline. Among the automakers yet to start production, [[Proton Holdings|Proton]], [[MG Motor|MG]], and [[Volkswagen]] are poised to make a significant impact in the local passenger vehicle market. Meanwhile, [[Kia|KIA]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Changan Automobile|Changan]], and [[DFSK Motor|Prince DFSK]] have already commenced productions in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Here's The Status of Each New Car Company in Pakistan|url=https://propakistani.pk/2021/03/08/heres-the-status-of-each-new-car-company-in-pakistan/|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2021|website=propakistani.pk|date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005156/https://propakistani.pk/2021/03/08/heres-the-status-of-each-new-car-company-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=9 March 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Production & sale of vehicles<ref>{{cite web |title=Production (P) & Sale (S) of Vehicles |url=https://pama.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Historical-Data-1995-2025.pdf |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=pama.org.pk}}</ref>
!Type
!
!2006
!2011
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
!2025
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Car]]
!P
|170,487
|133,972
|179,944
|188,936
|217,774
|209,255
|94,325
|151,794
|226,433
|101,984
|79,573
|111,402
|-
!S
|165,965
|127,944
|181,145
|185,781
|216,786
|207,630
|96,455
|151,182
|234,180
|96,811
|81,577
|112,203
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Truck]]
!P
|4,518
|2,901
|5,666
|7,712
|9,326
|6,035
|2,945
|3,808
|5,659
|3,074
|2,204
|4,366
|-
!S
|4,273
|2,942
|5,550
|7,499
|9,331
|5,828
|3,088
|3,695
|5,802
|3,182
|2,187
|4,444
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bus]]
!P
|825
|490
|1,070
|1,118
|803
|913
|532
|570
|661
|701
|419
|796
|-
!S
|927
|515
|1,017
|1,130
|762
|935
|559
|652
|696
|654
|454
|788
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jeep]] & pick-up
!P
|21,624
|20,025
|36,609
|27,795
|42,778
|31,978
|15,633
|31,073
|44,421
|31,333
|21,084
|36,807
|-
!S
|21,471
|18,553
|36,534
|27,338
|42,006
|33,016
|15,507
|30,215
|45,087
|30,067
|22,250
|35,820
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tractor|Farm tractor]]
!P
|48,887
|70,770
|34,914
|53,975
|71,894
|49,902
|32,608
|50,751
|58,880
|31,726
|45,529
|28,607
|-
!S
|48,802
|69,203
|33,986
|54,992
|70,887
|50,405
|32,727
|50,920
|58,947
|30,942
|45,484
|29,192
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Motorcycle|2/3 wheelers]]
!P
|520,124
|838,665
|1,362,096
|1,632,965
|1,928,757
|1,782,605
|1,370,417
|1,902,415
|1,826,467
|1,185,532
|1,150,090
|1,514,718
|-
!S
|516,640
|835,455
|1,358,643
|1,630,735
|1,931,340
|1,781,959
|1,370,005
|1,903,932
|1,821,885
|1,186,969
|1,150,112
|1,518,752
|}

Note: These figures do not include the production/sale of companies which are not members of the [[Pakistan Automotive Manufacturers Association|Pakistan Automotive Manufacturers Association (PAMA)]].

After the entry of new models and brands by new entrants and due to the significantly low benchmark interest rate of 7%, consumer financing hit an all-time high in 2021. This trend started when a new Automotive Development Policy (2016–2021) was first approved by the ECC in its meeting held on 18 March 2016.

Such growth in demand for car financing was last seen during President [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s regime (2001–2008) when banks, having ample liquidity, lent a significant amount for cars without checking borrowers' capabilities to repay the debt. Later, the car financing bubble burst when a large number of people defaulted on paying off the car financing.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Outstanding loans of consumer financing for automobiles (billion PKR)<ref name="CL"/>
!Jun 2006
!Jun 2007
!Jun 2010
!Jun 2015
!Jun 2016
!Jun 2017
!Jun 2018
!Jun 2019
!Jun 2020
!Jun 2021
!Jun 2022
!Jun 2023
!Jun 2024
|-
|97.78
|105.44
|64.20
|85.12
|111.96
|154.25
|193.60
|215.46
|211.11
|308.10
|367.85
|293.728
|230.501
|}

==== Mining ====
{{Main|Mining in Pakistan}}

[[File:Khewra Salt Mine - Crystal Deposits on the mine walls.jpg|thumb|[[Khewra Salt Mine]] in the [[Jhelum District]]]]

Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and is emerging as a very promising area for prospecting/exploration for mineral deposits. In the wake of the 18th amendment to the constitution, all the provinces are free to exploit and explore the mineral resources within their jurisdiction.

Mining and quarrying contribute 13.19% to the industrial sector, with its share in GDP being 2.4%.

In the recent past, exploration by government agencies as well as multinational mining companies presents ample evidence of the occurrences of sizeable mineral deposits. Recent discoveries of a thick oxidised zone underlain by sulphide zones in the shield area of the Punjab province, covered by thick alluvial cover, have opened new vistas for metallic minerals exploration. Pakistan has a large base for industrial minerals. The discovery of coal deposits with over 175 billion tonnes of reserves at Thar in the Sindh province has given an impetus to develop it as an alternative source of energy. There is vast potential for precious and dimension stones.

Extraction of principal minerals in the last 10 fiscal years is given in the table below:<ref>{{cite web |title=Extraction of Principal Minerals |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_22/PES03-MANUFACTURING.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610182425/https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_21/03-Manufacturing.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=Finance division}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Bulletin - August 2024 |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/stat_reviews/Bulletin/2024/Aug/Chap-9.pdf |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Minerals
! Unit of quantity
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
| [[Coal]]
| Metric ton (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 3,407
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,750
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,954
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}4,478
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}5,407
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 8,428
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,230
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9,678
|{{increase}} 15,070
|{{increase}} 20,086
|-
| [[Natural gas]]
| MMCFT (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 1,466
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}1,482
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,472
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,459
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,437
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 1,317
|style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 1,279
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,308
|{{decrease}} 1,190
|{{decrease}} 1,141
|-
| [[Crude oil]]
| JSB (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 34,490
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}31,652
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}32,269
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}32,557
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}32,495
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 28,091
|style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 27,560
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 28,098
|{{decrease}} 25,360
|{{increase}} 25,812
|-
| [[Chromite]]
| Metric ton
| style="text-align:center" | 100,516
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}69,333
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}105,238
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}97,420
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}138,244
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}121,435
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 134,000
|style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}195,000
|{{decrease}} 156,000
|{{increase}} 259,000
|-
| [[Dolomite (mineral)|Dolomite]]
| Metric ton
| style="text-align:center" | 223,117
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}666,755
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}301,124
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}488,825
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}472,474
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}302,045
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 388,000
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}487,000
|{{increase}} 544,000
|{{decrease}} 502,000
|-
| [[Gypsum]]
| Metric ton (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 1,417
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}1,872
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}2,080
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}2,476
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}2,518
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 2,150
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,527
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 2,325
|{{decrease}} 1,640
|{{increase}} 2,136
|-
| [[Limestone]]
| Metric ton (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 40,470
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}46,123
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}52,149
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}70,819
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}75,596
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 65,810
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 76,632
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 58,362
|{{increase}} 58,941
|{{increase}} 61,387
|-
| [[Rock salt]]
| Metric ton (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 2,136
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,553
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}3,534
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,654
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,799
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 3,369
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3,366
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 2,716
|{{increase}} 2,907
|{{increase}} 3,200
|-
| [[Sulphur]]
| Metric ton
| style="text-align:center" | 19,730
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}14,869
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}23,740
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}22,040
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}20,715
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 19,948
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 19,000
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 16,000
|{{decrease}} 11,690
|{{decrease}} 7,200
|-
| [[Barytes]]
| Metric ton
| style="text-align:center" | 24,689
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}57,024
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}75,375
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}145,189
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}116,480
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 55,341
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 52,000
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 128,000
|{{increase}} 141,000
|{{increase}} 145,000
|-
| [[Marble]]
| Metric ton (000)
| style="text-align:center" | 2,816
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}4,747
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}4,906
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}8,813
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 7,736
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 5,797
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7,917
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 6,626
|{{decrease}} 5,714
|{{increase}} 7,490
|}

==== Energy ====
{{Main|Energy policy of Pakistan}}
{{see also|Renewable energy in Pakistan|Electricity sector in Pakistan}}

[[File:Wind power plant between Karachi and Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|[[Wind turbine|Wind power plant]] between [[Karachi]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]]]

The main sources of Pakistan's primary energy supplies are gas, oil, coal, [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), and hydroelectricity, with shares of 29%, 24%, 15%, 10%, and 11% respectively in 2022. Since coal mining began in the Thar desert and LNG imports from Qatar, coal and imported LNG increased their shares manyfold in just five years in the primary energy supplies of the country. The share of gas has decreased from 50% in 2005 to 24% in 2022, and oil, since 2015, from 35% to 27% in 2022, being largely replaced by coal and LNG. As Pakistan intends to generate around 8,800 megawatts of nuclear power by 2030, its share is also increasing gradually.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Primary energy supplies by source<ref name="NR">{{cite web |title=Nepra reports |url=https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224150614/https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports.php |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=NEPRA}}</ref>
!Fiscal year
!Unit
!Gas
!Oil
!Coal
!Hydro
electricity
!LNG
!Nuclear
electricity
!LPG
!Renewable
electricity
!Imported
electricity
!Total
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|MTOE
|{{increase}} 27.95
|{{increase}} 16.33
|{{increase}} 4.23
|{{decrease}} 6.13
| –
|{{increase}} 0.67
|{{increase}} 0.25
| –
|{{increase}} 0.03
|{{increase}} 55.59
|-
|%Share
|{{increase}} 50.3
|{{decrease}} 29.4
|{{increase}} 7.6
|{{decrease}} 11.0
| –
|{{increase}} 1.2
|{{increase}} 0.5
| –
|{{increase}} 0.0
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|MTOE
|{{increase}} 30.81
|{{increase}} 19.81
|{{increase}} 4.62
|{{increase}} 6.71
| –
|{{increase}} 0.69
|{{increase}} 0.40
| –
|{{increase}} 0.06
|{{increase}} 63.09
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 48.8
|{{increase}} 31.4
|{{decrease}} 7.3
|{{decrease}} 10.6
| –
|{{decrease}} 1.1
|{{increase}} 0.6
| –
|{{increase}} 0.1
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 29.98
|{{increase}} 24.97
|{{increase}} 4.95
|{{increase}} 7.75
|{{increase}} 0.47
|{{increase}} 1.38
|{{increase}} 0.46
|{{increase}} 0.19
|{{increase}} 0.11
|{{increase}} 70.26
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 42.7
|{{increase}} 35.5
|{{decrease}} 7.0
|{{increase}} 11.0
|{{increase}} 0.7
|{{increase}} 2.0
|{{increase}} 0.7
|{{increase}} 0.3
|{{steady}} 0.1
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 26.66
|{{decrease}} 18.19
|{{increase}} 14.71
|{{increase}} 8.02
|{{increase}} 8.32
|{{increase}} 2.58
|{{increase}} 1.03
|{{increase}} 0.99
|{{increase}} 0.12
|{{increase}} 80.62
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 33.0
|{{decrease}} 26.7
|{{increase}} 18.2
|{{decrease}} 9.9
|{{increase}} 10.3
|{{increase}} 3.2
|{{increase}} 1.3
|{{increase}} 1.2
|{{increase}} 0.2
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 23.88
|{{increase}} 20.11
|{{decrease}} 12.57
|{{increase}} 8.75
|{{decrease}} 8.05
|{{increase}} 6.20
|{{increase}} 1.56
|{{increase}} 1.39
|{{decrease}} 0.11
|82.62
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 28.9
|{{decrease}} 24.3
|{{decrease}} 15.2
|{{increase}} 10.6
|{{decrease}} 9.7
|{{increase}} 7.5
|{{increase}} 1.9
|{{increase}} 1.7
|{{decrease}} 0.1
|100
|}
(CPPA-G) procures electricity from power producers, and the [[National Transmission & Despatch Company|National Transmission and Despatch Company]] (NTDC) transmits this electricity via its transmission lines to Distribution Companies<ref>[https://nepra.org.pk/licensing/Distribution%20XWDISCOs.php Distribution Companies]</ref> (DISCOs), which then distribute this electricity via their distribution lines to end consumers. Balancing Pakistan's supply of electricity against the demand has been a longstanding unresolved issue. Since 2018, there has been an improvement in the availability of electricity due to the substantial increase in generation capacity. However, the cost of electricity has risen due to various factors such as circular debt, capacity payments, fuel costs, currency devaluation, low recovery rates, and transmission and distribution losses. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in overhauling its electricity supply network.

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[NEPRA]] reports<ref name="NR"/>
!Indicator
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
|Installed capacity (MW)
|{{increase}} 25,421
|{{increase}} 28,712
|{{increase}} 35,979
|{{increase}} 38,995
|{{decrease}} 38,719
|{{increase}} 39,772
|{{increase}} 43,835
|{{increase}} 45,738
|{{increase}} 45,888
|-
|Electricity generation (GWh)
|{{increase}} 114,093
|{{increase}} 120,622
|{{increase}} 133,588
|{{increase}} 137,005
|{{decrease}} 134,242
|{{increase}} 143,589
|{{increase}} 154,056
|{{decrease}} 138,539
|{{decrease}} 137,196
|-
|Electricity consumption (GWh)
|{{increase}} 94,354
|{{increase}} 99,616
|{{increase}} 110,891
|{{increase}} 113,142
|{{decrease}} 112,071
|{{increase}} 121,206
|{{increase}} 133,665
|{{decrease}} 121,863
|{{decrease}} 118,246
|-
|Transmission losses (%)
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.57
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.31
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.43
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.83
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.76
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.78
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.62
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.42
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.52
|-
|Distribution losses (%)
|{{DecreasePositive}} 18.14
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.93
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.32
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.61
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 17.82
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.32
|{{DecreasePositive}} 16.85
|{{DecreasePositive}} 16.45
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.31
|-
! colspan="10" |(%) '''Share in electricity generation'''
|-
|Hydel
|{{decrease}} 30.29
|{{decrease}} 26.59
|{{decrease}} 21.01
|{{increase}} 24.16
|{{increase}} 28.83
|{{decrease}} 27.02
|{{decrease}} 23.07
|{{increase}} 26.17
|{{increase}} 29.08
|-
|Thermal
|{{decrease}} 64.57
|{{increase}} 65.34
|{{increase}} 68.87
|{{decrease}} 65.25
|{{decrease}} 60.21
|{{increase}} 61.76
|{{decrease}} 60.54
|{{decrease}} 51.55
|{{decrease}} 49.01
|-
|Nuclear
|{{decrease}} 3.70
|{{increase}} 5.20
|{{increase}} 6.78
|{{decrease}} 6.67
|{{increase}} 7.37
|{{increase}} 7.72
|{{increase}} 11.87
|{{increase}} 17.36
|{{decrease}} 16.88
|-
|Renewable energy
|{{increase}} 1.04
|{{increase}} 2.45
|{{increase}} 2.92
|{{increase}} 3.57
|{{decrease}} 3.21
|{{decrease}} 3.15
|{{increase}} 4.18
|{{increase}} 4.56
|{{increase}} 4.75
|-
| colspan="3" |Import
|0.42
|{{decrease}} 0.36
|{{increase}} 0.38
|{{decrease}} 0.35
|{{decrease}} 0.33
|{{increase}} 0.35
|{{decrease}} 0.28
|}

The total demand for petroleum products remained at 23.1 million tonnes during FY2022. The transport and power sectors are major petroleum consumers, covering approximately 90 percent of the total demand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2022–2023 |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/14_Energy.pdf |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=finance.gov.pk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Sectoral consumption of petroleum products (FY 2022)
! colspan="2" |Sector
|Domestic
|Industry
|Agriculture
|Transport
|Power
|Government
|Overseas
!Total
|-
!Quantity
|(000) MT
|29.522
|1,332.899
|11.822
|17,409.035
|3,683.322
|373.489
|250.121
!23,090.210
|}

Pakistan is an importer of petroleum products and [[crude oil]]. Imports of petroleum products during FY2022 amounted to around 12.9 million tonnes, valued at more than US$11.1 billion. The major imported products are [[Gasoline|motor spirit/gasoline]], [[Diesel fuel|high-speed diesel]], and [[Fuel oil|furnace oil]], with import quantities of 6,502 thousand tonnes, 3,950 thousand tonnes, and 2,258 thousand tonnes, respectively.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Import of petroleum products (FY 2022)
! colspan="2" |Product
|[[Gasoline|MS]]
|[[Octane rating|HOBC]]
|[[Diesel fuel|HSD]]
|[[Fuel oil|FO]]
|[[Jet fuel|JP-1]]
!Total
|-
!Quantity
|(000) MT
|6,502.07
|125.62
|3,949.97
|2,258.20
|53.87
!12,889.730
|-
!Value
|Million US$
|6,070.38
|115.94
|3,462.71
|1,414.40
|47.42
!11,110.852
|}

The total production of refineries in Pakistan for fiscal year 2020–21 reached 10.66 million tons. Among these refineries, [[Pak-Arab Refinery|PARCO]] holds the largest share, accounting for 41%, followed by [[Attock Refinery Limited|ARL]], [[Cnergyico|BPPL]], [[National Refinery Limited|NRL]], and [[Pakistan Refinery Limited|PRL]] with shares of 17%, 16%, 14%, and 12% respectively. [[Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority|OGRA]], founded in March 2002, serves as the regulatory body with the primary goals of promoting competition and enhancing private investment and ownership within the petroleum sector by implementing effective and efficient regulations. [[Petroleum industry|Oil Marketing Companies]] (OMCs) have established their infrastructure, including storage facilities and retail outlets, to market Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) products. [[Gasoline|Motor Spirit]] (MS) and [[Diesel fuel|High-Speed Diesel]] (HSD) together make up nearly 80% of OMCs' sales. By the conclusion of fiscal year 2021, OMCs had developed a storage capacity of 0.58 million tons for MS and 0.88 million tons for HSD, distributed across various depots throughout the country. Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) operate a total of 9,978 retail outlets nationwide. Among these, [[Pakistan State Oil]] (PSO) holds the highest number of retail outlets, boasting 3,158 outlets, which accounts for approximately 31.65 percent of the total.<ref name="PI">{{Cite web |title=State of petroleum industry report 2020-21 |url=https://www.ogra.org.pk/ogra-annual-reports |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=ogra.org.pk |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803173440/https://ogra.org.pk/ogra-annual-reports |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indigenous natural gas supplies accounted for approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's total primary energy supply mix in FY2022. Pakistan maintains an extensive gas network comprising over 13,775 kilometers of transmission pipelines, 157,395 kilometers of main pipelines, and 41,352 kilometers of service pipelines. This network serves the needs of more than 10.7 million consumers throughout the country. During FY 2021–22, the natural gas supply in Pakistan reached 3,982 MMCFD. The country relies on several major gas fields, including [[Sui gas field|Sui]], Uch, [[Qadirpur gas field|Qadirpur]], [[Sawan gas field|Sawan]], Zamzama, Badin, Bhit, Kandhkot, [[Mari Petroleum|Mari]], and Manzalai, to meet its domestic demand. Additionally, Pakistan has been importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) since 2015, with regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) playing a significant role in alleviating natural gas shortages. In the year 2021–22, approximately 24 percent of the country's gas supplies were sourced from imported RLNG.

In FY 2020–21, the primary consumer of natural gas was the power sector, which accounted for more than 30 percent of the total consumption, equivalent to 1,208 MMCFD. Following the power sector, the domestic sector consumed 21 percent, or 850 MMCFD, while the fertilizer sector consumed 20 percent, totaling 834 MMCFD.<ref name="PI"/>

=== Services ===
Pakistan's [[service sector]] contributes approximately 61.7% to the GDP.<ref name="SS"/> Within this sector, transport, [[Warehouse|storage]], [[Telecommunications|communications]], [[Financial services|finance]], and insurance comprise 24%, while wholesale and retail trade constitute about 30%. Pakistan is actively promoting the growth of the [[information industry]] and other [[Quaternary sector of industry|modern service industries]] by offering incentives such as long-term [[Tax competition|tax holidays]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''% growth<ref name="GR"/>'''
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
!FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
|[[Service sector]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.72
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1.84
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.63
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2.86
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.48
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.13
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 3.82
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.20
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.03
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.62
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.95
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.00
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} -1.21
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.91
|{{increase}}6.69
|{{increase}}0.04
|{{increase}}2.19
|{{increase}}2.91
|}

==== Education ====
{{Main|Education in Pakistan}}

==== Healthcare ====
{{Main|Healthcare in Pakistan}}

==== Telecommunications ====
{{Main|Telecommunications in Pakistan}}
{{see also|Mobile phone industry in Pakistan|Internet in Pakistan}}

[[File:PTCL phone shop.jpg|thumb|[[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd|PTCL]]'s One Stop Shop in Islamabad]]

After the deregulation of the [[telecommunications industry]], the sector has experienced exponential growth. [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd]] (PTCL) has emerged as a successful [[Forbes 2000]] conglomerate with over US$1 billion in sales in 2005. The mobile telephone market has expanded many-fold since 2003, reaching a subscriber base of 140 million users in July 2017, one of the highest mobile teledensities in the world.<ref name="HO">{{cite web|url=http://www.pta.gov.pk/index.php?Itemid=599 |title=Home |publisher=PTA |accessdate=4 March 2022}}</ref> Pakistan won the prestigious Government Leadership award of [[GSM Association]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2006/press06_14.shtml |title=Pakistan Recognised by GSMA for Exceptional Work in Developing Mobile Communications|access-date=25 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904133739/http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2006/press06_14.shtml |archive-date=4 September 2006}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the following are the top mobile phone operators:

# [[Jazz Pakistan]] (parent: [[VEON]], Netherlands)
# [[Ufone]] (parent: PTCL ([[Etisalat]]), Pakistan/UAE)
# [[Telenor]] (parent: [[Telenor]], Norway)
# [[Zong Pakistan|Zong]] (parent: [[China Mobile]], China)

By March 2009, Pakistan had 91 million mobile subscribers – 25 million more subscribers than reported in the same period in 2008. In addition to the 3.1 million fixed lines, as many as 2.4 million are using Wireless Local Loop connections. [[Sony Ericsson]], [[Nokia]] and [[Motorola]] along with [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] and [[LG]] remain the most popular brands among customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=30899&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611115413/http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=30899&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2010 |title=Business Recorder [Pakistan's First Financial Daily] |publisher=Brecorder.com |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref>

After liberalisation, between 2003 to 2007, the Pakistani telecom sector attracted more than $9 billion in foreign investments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C23%5Cstory_23-6-2007_pg5_10 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043335/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C23%5Cstory_23-6-2007_pg5_10 |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref> During 2007–08, the Pakistani communication sector alone received $1.62 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – about 30% of the country's total foreign direct investment.

According to the [[PC World]], a total of 6.37 billion text messages were sent through Acision messaging systems across Asia Pacific over the 2008/2009 Christmas and New Year period.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=Guess Which County Texts the Heaviest |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/158700/guess_which_county_texts_the_heaviest.html |work=PCWorld |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114053941/http://www.pcworld.com/article/158700/guess_which_county_texts_the_heaviest.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan was amongst the top five rankers with one of the highest SMS traffic with 763 million messages.

On 14 August 2010, Pakistan became the first country in the world to experience EVDO's RevB 3G technology that offers maximum speeds of 9.3 Mbit/s.

3G and 4G were simultaneously launched in Pakistan on 23 April 2014 through a [[spectrum auction|SMRA auction]]. Three out of five companies got a 3G licence i.e. [[Ufone]], [[Mobilink]] and [[Telenor]] while [[China Mobile]]'s [[Zong Pakistan|Zong]] got 3G as well as a 4G licence. Whereas the fifth company, [[Warid Pakistan]] did not participate in the auction procedure, but they launched 4G LTE services on their existing 2G 1800 MHz spectrum due to Technology-neutral terms and became the world's first Telecom Company to transform directly from 2G to 4G. With that, Pakistan joined the 3G and 4G world.
In December 2017, 3G and 4G subscribers in Pakistan reached 46 million.<ref name="HO"/>

After the successful implementation of the Device Identification Registration and Blocking System (DIRBS) in 2019 along with a comprehensive mobile manufacturing policy, it created a favourable environment for mobile device manufacturing in Pakistan. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, local mobile phone manufacturing exceeded the number of mobile phones that were imported in 2021. Mobile device manufacturing licences have been issued to 26 companies, including Samsung, Redmi, Realme, Nokia, [[Oppo phones|Oppo]], TECNO, [[Infinix]], Itel, Vgotel, and Q-Mobile.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Mobile Manufacturing Surpasses Mobile Phone Import|url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/media-center/single-media/local-mobile-manufacturing-surpasses-mobile-phone-import-260821|url-status=live|access-date=14 September 2021|website=PTA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065002/https://pta.gov.pk/en/media-center/single-media/local-mobile-manufacturing-surpasses-mobile-phone-import-260821 |archive-date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority|PTA]] reports<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Reports |url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/category/annual-reports-1432096911-2023-05-30 |access-date=2024-09-17 |publisher=PTA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=telecom Indicators |url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/category/telecom-indicators |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=PTA}}</ref>
!Indicators
!2003
!2004
!2005
!2006
!2007
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
|[[Teledensity]]
|4.31%
|6.25%
|11.9%
|26.24%
|44.06%
|72.4%
|74.1%
|75.1%
|76.3%
|81.7%
|84.6%
|81.4%
|80.5%
|-
|Telecom subscribers (millions)
|2.4
|5.0
|12.7
|34.5
|62.3
|139.8
|151.5
|165.0
|171.1
|186.8
|197.2
|193.5
|195.1
|-
| colspan="4" |[[Broadband]] subscribers (millions)
|0.03
|0.05
|44.8
|58.7
|71.5
|83.8
|102.7
|118.8
|127.6
|138.3
|-
| colspan="4" |Broadband penetration
|0.0%
|0.0%
|22.7%
|28.1%
|32.6%
|37.4%
|44.9%
|51.0%
|53.6%
|57.0%
|-
| colspan="6" |Cellular mobile data usage (petabytes)
|690
|1,262
|2,493
|4,510
| 6,853
|8,970
|10,850
|13,021
|-
| colspan="2" |Telecom revenues (billion PKR)
|118
|144
|195
|236
|528
|540
|604
|595
| 641
|717
|817
|955
|-
|Telecom contribution to exchequer (billion PKR)
|30.0
|38
|67
|77
|100
|161
|163
|111
|286
| 222
|329
|341
|335
|-
| colspan="3" |Total telecom investment (million US $)
|1,473
|1,731
|4,109
|1,133
|1,132
|882
|1,140
| 1,214
|1,657
|770
|765
|-
| colspan="6" |Mobile (CBU) imports (million units)
|18.11
|12.07
|16.28
|24.51
|10.26
|1.53
|1.58
|1.71
|-
| colspan="6" |Local assembly / manufacturing (million units)
|1.72
|5.2
|11.74
|13.05
|24.66
|21.94
|21.28
|31.38
|}

==== Information technology ====
{{Main|Information technology in Pakistan}}

==== Transportation ====
{{Main|Transportation in Pakistan}}

===== Air linkage =====
{{see also|List of airports in Pakistan|List of airlines of Pakistan}}

[[File:PK Karachi Airport asv2020-01.jpg|thumb|[[Jinnah International Airport]] in [[Karachi]]|195x195px]]

The year 1955 marked the inauguration of the Pakistan airline's first scheduled international service – to London, via Cairo and Rome. In 1959, the Government of Pakistan appointed Air Commodore Nur Khan as the managing director of PIA. With his visionary leadership, PIA 'took off' and within a short span of 6 years, gained the stature and status of one of the world's frontline carriers. In aviation circles, this period has often been referred to as the "golden years of PIA". On 29 April 1964, with a Boeing 720B, PIA earned the distinction of becoming the first airline from a non-communist country to fly into the People's Republic of China. Private sector airlines in Pakistan include [[Airblue]], which serves the main cities within Pakistan in addition to destinations in the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Manchester]] in the United Kingdom.

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]] annual reports<ref>{{cite web |title=PIA Annual reports |url=https://www.piac.com.pk/corporate/corporate/corporate-reports |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=PIA}}</ref>
!Indicators
!2003
!2008
!2013
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
|Route kilometers
|290,129
|311,131
|411,936
|332,303
|389,725
|705,820
|374,054
|341,821
|301,832
|593,063
|-
|Passengers carried (000)
|4,556
|5,617
|4,449
|5,203
|5,290
|2,541
|2,657
|4,281
|4,496
|3,904
|-
|Operating revenue (billion PKR)
|47.952
|88.863
|95.771
|103.490
|147.500
|94.989
|86.185
|172.038
|237.883
|204.164
|-
|Operating expenses (billion PKR)
|42.574
|120.499
|123.151
|150.524
|153.631
|95.670
|101.212
|183.354
|233.988
|194.807
|-
|Profit+/-loss after tax (billion PKR)
| +1.298
| -36.138
| -44.322
| -67.328
| -52.602
| -34.643
| -50.101
| -88.008
| -104.501
| +26.204
|}

===== Railway linkage =====
{{see also|List of railway lines in Pakistan}}

[[File:Pakistan Railway Train.jpg|thumb|A [[Pakistan Railway]] train]]

[[Pakistan Railways]] (PR) is a major mode of transport in the public sector, contributing to the country's economic growth and providing national integration. 13 May 1861 was a historical day when the first railway line was opened for public between Karachi City and Kotri, a distance of 169 km. In 1885, the Sindh, Punjab and Delhi Railways were purchased by the Secretary of State for India. On 1 January 1886 this line and other State Railways were integrated and North Western State Railway was formed; this was later renamed as North Western Railways (NWR). At the time of Independence, the NWR was bifurcated with 1,847 route miles lying in India and 5,048 route miles in Pakistan. In 2022, Pakistan Railways comprised a total of 467 locomotives (462 diesel engines and 05 steam engines) for the 7,479 km route length. Pakistan Railways employed 60,643 people in 2022.

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Pakistan Railway]] year books<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway Yearbooks |url=https://www.pakrail.gov.pk/YearBook.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=pakrail.gov.pk |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130104716/https://www.pakrail.gov.pk/YearBook.aspx }}</ref>
!Indicators
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
|Route kilometers
|7,791
|7,791
|7,791
|7,791
|7,791
|7,791
|7,479
|7,791
|7,791
|-
|Track kilometers
|11,881
|11,881
|11,881
|11,881
|11,881
|11,881
|11,492
|11,881
|11,881
|-
|Passengers carried (000)
|52,192
|52,388
|54,907
|60,387
|44,304
|28,424
|35,681
|35,404
|42,103
|-
|Goods carried (000 tonnes)
|5,001
|5,630
|8,355
|8,376
|7,412
|8,213
|8,098
|5,748
|7,854
|-
|Operating revenue (billion PKR)
|36.58
|40.06
|49.57
|54.51
|47.58
|48.65
|60.09
|63.29
|88.73
|-
|Operating expenses (billion PKR)
|41.86
|50.07
|52.07
|53.77
|59.29
|56.33
|67.56
|72.12
|88.31
|-
|Net loss (billion PKR)
|26.53
|40.79
|37.12
|33.49
|50.27
|47.71
|48.49
|47.77
|53.32
|}

===== Road linkage =====
{{see also|List of roads in Pakistan}}

[[File:Raod to hunza.jpg|thumb|[[Karakoram Highway]]]]

The [[National Highway Authority]] (NHA) was established in 1991 through an Act of Parliament for the planning, development, operation, repair, and maintenance of National Highways and Strategic Roads specially entrusted to NHA by the Federal Government or by a Provincial Government or other authority concerned. NHA is the custodian of 39 national highways, motorways, expressways, and strategic routes, with a total length of 12,131 km, constituting 4.6% of the total national roads network, which is 263,775 km. However, it carries 80% of commercial traffic, and the [[N-5 National Highway]], which is the lifeline of Pakistan, carries 65% of this load in the country.

===== Maritime linkage =====
{{see also|List of ports in Pakistan}}

[[File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img47 container port.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Karachi]]]]

[[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]] (PNSC) is a national flag carrier. It was formed through the merger of the National Shipping Corporation and Pakistan Shipping Corporation in 1979. PNSC has had worldwide operations in the dry bulk segment of the shipping market since its inception, and has been involved in the transportation of liquid cargo since 1998, both locally and internationally. The corporation's head office is located in Karachi. Currently, the PNSC fleet comprises eleven vessels of various types and sizes (five [[bulk carrier]]s, four [[Aframax]] tankers, and two LR-1 Clean Product tankers) with a total deadweight capacity (cargo carrying capacity) of 831,711 metric tons, the highest ever carrying capacity since the inception of PNSC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Segmental Review of Maritime Business Performance|url=https://pnsc.com.pk/financials/2019-2020AnnualReport.pdf?t=1630585246001|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=pnsc.com.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902125335/https://pnsc.com.pk/financials/2019-2020AnnualReport.pdf?t=1630585246001 |archive-date=2 September 2021 }}</ref>

==== Finance ====
{{Main|Banking in Pakistan|Insurance in Pakistan}}
{{see also|List of banks in Pakistan|Insurance in Pakistan}}

Pakistan has a large and diverse banking system. In 1974, a nationalization programme led to the creation of six government-owned banks.<ref name="VP">{{cite web |title=History of banking in Pakistan – of humble origins and vast potential|date=4 November 2011 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/286458/history-of-banking-in-pakistan--of-humble-origins-and-vast-potential/ |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> A privatization programme in the 1990s led to the entry of foreign-owned and local banks into the industry.<ref name="VP"/> As of 2010, there were five publicly owned commercial banks in Pakistan, as well as 25 domestic private banks, six multinational banks, and four specialised banks.<ref name="VP"/>

[[File:Karachi Chundrigar skyline.jpg|thumb|A part of [[I. I. Chundrigar Road|Downtown Karachi]], Showing the [[MCB Tower]] and [[Habib Bank Plaza]]. The headquarters of many banks in Pakistan can be found here.]]

Since 2000, Pakistani banks have begun aggressive marketing of consumer finance to the emerging middle class, allowing for a consumption boom (more than a seven-month waiting list for certain car models) as well as a construction bonanza. Pakistan's banking sector remained remarkably strong and resilient during the [[2008 financial crisis]], a feature which has served to attract a substantial amount of FDI in the sector. Stress tests conducted in June 2008 data indicate that the large banks are relatively robust, with the medium and small-sized banks positioning themselves in niche markets.

The [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] provisionally valued this sector at Rs.807,807 million in 2012, thus registering over 510% growth since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross National Product of Pakistan (at current factor cost) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/national_accounts/tables/table4.pdf |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=pbs.gov.pk}}</ref>

An article published in the ''Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy'' by Mete Feridun of the University of Greenwich in London with his Pakistani colleague Abdul Jalil presents strong econometric evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in Pakistan.<ref>Jalil, Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2011) Impact of financial development on economic growth: empirical evidence from Pakistan. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 16 (1). pp. 71–80. ISSN 1354-7860 (print), 1469-9648 (online) (doi:10.1080/13547860.2011.539403)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Financial statements of major banks 2023 (billion PKR)<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Statement Analysis of Financial Sector |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/FSAFS/2023-Annual/Complete.pdf |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=SBP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Consolidated Financial Statements of SBP |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/annual/aarFY24/AFS-2023-24.pdf |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=SBP}}</ref>
!Bank
![[Total assets]]
!Revenue
!Profit after tax
|-
|[[State Bank of Pakistan]]
|19,687
|1,218
|1,143.0
|-
|[[Habib Bank Ltd]]
|5,202
|277
|56.9
|-
|[[Meezan Bank]]
|3,012
|249
|84.5
|-
|[[National Bank of Pakistan]]
|6,653
|209
|51.8
|-
|[[MCB Bank|MCB BANK LTD.]]
|2,427
|181
|59.6
|-
|[[United Bank Limited]]
|5,575
|166
|53.2
|-
|[[Bank Alfalah]]
|3,346
|154
|36.5
|-
|[[Bank AL Habib]]
|2,741
|147
|35.3
|-
|[[Allied Bank Limited]]
|2,329
|138
|40.7
|-
|[[Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan)|Standard Chartered Bank Ltd.]]
|1,002
|107
|42.6
|-
|[[HabibMetro]]
|1,556
|87
|24.4
|}

In recent years, banking through digital channels has been gaining popularity in the country. These channels offer alternatives resulting in faster delivery of financial services to a wide range of customers. Significant progress has been observed in the usage of internet banking and mobile banking channels during the last few years. In the last five years,{{when|date=March 2025}} internet banking transactions saw compound annualised growth of 31%, whereas mobile banking transactions grew by 86%.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Payment system infrastructure'''<ref name="YR">{{cite web |title=Payment Systems Yearly Review |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/PS/PDF/FiscalYear-2023-24.pdf |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=SBP}}</ref>
|-
!
!FY 2020
!FY 2021
!FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
|Commercial banks + MFBs
|44
|44
|44
|44
|45
|-
|Bank branches
|16,067
|16,308
|17,031
|17,693
|18,450
|-
|Total number of ATMs
|15,612
|16,355
|17,133
|17,808
|18,957
|-
|Internet banking users (000)
|3,983
|5,239
|8,370
|9,637
|11,996
|-
|Mobile phone banking users (000)
|8,452
|10,873
|12,339
|16,061
|18,678
|-
|POS machines
|49,067
|71,907
|104,865
|115,288
|125,593
|-
|Credit cards (million)
|1.66
|1.72
|1.80
|2.01
|2.04
|-
|Debit cards (million)
|26.7
|29.8
|34.6
|39.0
|48.3
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Payment system statistics<ref name="YR"/>
|-
! colspan="2" |
!FY 2020
!FY 2021
!FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
! rowspan="2" |PRISM system*
|Transactions (millions)
|2.6
|{{increase}}4.2
|{{increase}}4.4
|{{increase}}4.9
|{{increase}}5.8
|-
|Amount (trillion PKR)
|394.3
|{{increase}}444.6
|{{increase}}681.6
|{{decrease}}640.4
|{{increase}}1,043.1
|-
! rowspan="2" |Paper based
|Transactions (millions)
|598.4
|{{decrease}}582.3
|{{increase}}599.1
|{{decrease}}574.2
|{{decrease}}571.2
|-
|Amount (trillion PKR)
|185.6
|{{increase}}218.9
|{{increase}}295.7
|{{increase}}342.7
|{{increase}}447.7
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mobile banking
|Transactions (millions)
|82.8
|{{increase}}193.4
|{{increase}}387.5
|{{increase}}660.6
|{{increase}}1,122.8
|-
|Amount (trillion PKR)
|1.8
|{{increase}}4.9
|{{increase}}11.8
|{{increase}}23.8
|{{increase}}46.3
|-
! rowspan="2" |E-commerce
|Transactions (millions)
|10.2
|{{increase}}21.9
|{{increase}}45.5
|{{decrease}}31.8
|{{increase}}39.9
|-
|Amount (billion PKR)
|34.9
|{{increase}}60.6
|{{increase}}106.0
|{{increase}}142.0
|{{increase}}194.3
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [[Real-time gross settlement]] (RTGS) mechanism in Pakistan is named the Pakistan Real-time Interbank Settlement Mechanism (PRISM).

==== Housing ====
{{Main|Housing in Pakistan}}
{{see also|Real estate in Pakistan}}

[[File:House on Mountains Amazing View of Murree City of Pakistan..jpg|thumb|House on mountains in [[Murree]]]]

The property sector has expanded 23-fold since 2001, particularly in metropolises like Lahore.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5338402.stm Pakistan's post-9/11 economic boom] BBC News, 21 September 2006</ref> Nevertheless, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimated in late 2006 that the overall production of housing units in Pakistan has to be increased to 0.5 million units annually to address 6.1 million backlog of housing in Pakistan for meeting the housing shortfall in next 20 years. The report noted that the present housing stock is also rapidly aging and an estimate suggests that more than 50% of stock is over 50 years old. It is also estimated that 50% of the urban population now lives in slums and squatter settlements. The report said that meeting the backlog in housing, besides replacement of out-lived housing units, is beyond the financial resources of the government. This necessitates putting in place a framework to facilitate financing in the formal private sector and mobilise non-government resources for a market-based housing finance system.<ref>[http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=484346&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= 0.5 million housing units needed annually to meet shortfall: KCCI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804125427/https://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=484346&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |date=4 August 2020}} Business Recorder, 7 October 2006</ref> To promote affordable housing and home ownership among low to middle-income group, who currently do not own a house, [[State Bank of Pakistan|SBP]] in 2020 introduced the Government's Mark-Up Subsidy Scheme, through which subsidized financing is provided to individuals for construction or purchase of a new house. Since then, a huge demand for house financing has been witnessed by the commercial banks.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Outstanding loans of consumer financing for house building (billion PKR)<ref name="CL">{{cite web|title=Credit/Loans Classified by Borrowers – Archive|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/CreditLoans-arch.xls|url-status=live|access-date=5 October 2021|website=sbp.org.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130004644/http://sbp.org.pk/ecodata/CreditLoans-arch.xls |archive-date=30 November 2010}}</ref>
!Jun 2006
!Jun 2010
!Jun 2015
!Jun 2016
!Jun 2017
!Jun 2018
!Jun 2019
!Jun 2020
!Jun 2021
!Jun 2022
!Jun 2023
!Jun 2024
|-
|43.205
|54.500
|40.207
|48.153
|60.688
|82.939
|92.561
|79.803
|103.631
|200.765
|212.315
|203.580
|}

==== Tourism ====
{{Main|Tourism in Pakistan}}

[[Tourism in Pakistan]] has been hailed as the tourism industry's "next big thing". [[Pakistan]], with its diverse cultures, people, and landscapes, has attracted 90 million tourists to the country, almost double that of a decade ago. Currently, Pakistan ranks 130th in the world by tourist income. Due to the threat of terrorism, the number of foreign tourists has gradually declined, and the shock of the [[2013 Nanga Parbat tourist shooting]] has severely adversely affected the tourism industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extremism Mars Daughter of Alps | Pakistan Alpine Institute |url=http://www.pakistanalpine.com/articles/expeditions/extremism-mars-daughter-of-alps/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102230421/http://www.pakistanalpine.com/articles/expeditions/extremism-mars-daughter-of-alps/ |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=11 January 2014 |publisher=Pakistanalpine.com}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, tourism has begun to recover in Pakistan, albeit gradually, with a current global rank of 130.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=Pakistan's tourism industry gradually recovering |url=http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/328271-pakistans-tourism-industry-gradually-recovering.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231710/http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/328271-pakistans-tourism-industry-gradually-recovering.html |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=6 April 2022 }}</ref>

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan}}

== Labour ==
{{Main|Labour in Pakistan}}

== Foreign trade, remittances, aid, and investment ==

=== Investment ===
Foreign investment significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistan's political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 November 2010 |date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Malick, Sajid Ibrahim |title=Significant Decline In Foreign Investment To Pakistan |url=http://ibrahimsajidmalick.com/significant-decline-in-foreign-investment-to-pakistan/1207/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911194131/http://ibrahimsajidmalick.com/significant-decline-in-foreign-investment-to-pakistan/1207/ |archive-date=11 September 2010 }}</ref>

Business regulations have been overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. However, doing business has been becoming increasingly difficult over the past decade due to political instability, rising domestic insurgency and insecurity and vehement corruption. This can be confirmed by the [[World Bank]]'s [[Ease of Doing Business Index]] report degrading its ratings for Pakistan each year since September 2009.

The World Bank (WB) and [[International Finance Corporation]]'s flagship report [[Ease of Doing Business Index]] 2020 ranked Pakistan 108 among 190 countries around the globe, indicating a continuous improvement and taking a jump from 136 last year. The top five countries were [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Denmark]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business 2019 – 17th edition |url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/p/pakistan/PAK-LITE.pdf |access-date=29 February 2020 |website=doingbusiness.org}}</ref>

With improvement in ease of doing business ranking and giving an investment friendly road map from government, many new auto sector giants like France's Renault, South Korean's Hyundai and Kia, Chinese JW Forland and German auto giant Volkswagen are considering entry into Pakistan auto market through joint ventures with local manufacturers like Dewan Farooque Motors, Khalid Mushtaq Motors and United Motors.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2018 |title=New auto players to invest over $800m in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1602551/2-new-auto-players-invest-800m-pakistan/ |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=tribune.com.pk}}</ref> As of March 2022, only the Hyundai Nishat JV materialised.

US oil and gas giant Exxon Mobil returned to Pakistan after nearly three decades gap and has acquired 25% shares in offshore drilling in May 2018, with initial survey showing a potential of huge hydrocarbon reserves discovery offshore.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=ExxonMobil set for comeback in Pakistan after nearly three decades: Report |url=https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/11/26/exxonmobil-set-for-comeback-in-pakistan-after-nearly-three-decades-report/ |access-date=3 January 2019 |website=profit.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>

To boost Pakistan's unstable foreign-exchange reserves, Qatar announced to invest $3 billion in the form of deposits and direct investments in the country.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2019 |title=Qatar will invest $3 billion in Pakistan, state news agency says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-pakistan/qatar-will-invest-3-billion-in-pakistan-state-news-agency-says-idUSKCN1TP0T1 |access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref> By the end of June 2019, Qatar sent the first $500 million to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=Qatar Sends First Tranche of $3 Billion Payment to Pakistan |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-29/qatar-is-said-to-send-first-tranche-of-3-billion-to-pakistan |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qatar sends $500 million payment to Pakistan |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/06/30/qatar-sends-500-million-payment-to-pakistan/ |access-date=30 June 2019 |work=Pakistan Today}}</ref>

Data is from SBP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of Foreign Investment in Pakistan |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/NetinflowSummary.pdf |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Position Inflow, Outflow and Net basis|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/FIS-FDI-Arch.xls|access-date=15 May 2020|website=SBP}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Amounts are in million US$.
|-
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
!FY 2022
!FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
|Foreign direct investment
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5,410
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3,720
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 2,151
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 1,635
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 821
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,457
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 1,699
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 1,034
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,393
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,407
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 2,780
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,362
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}2,598
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,821
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,936
|{{decrease}}1,627
|{{increase}}1,902
|}

=== Foreign acquisitions and mergers ===
With the rapid growth in Pakistan's economy, foreign investors are taking a keen interest in the corporate sector of Pakistan. In recent years, majority stakes in many corporations have been acquired by multinational groups.

* PICIC by Singapore-based [[Temasek Holdings]] for $339 million
* Union Bank by [[Standard Chartered Bank]] for $487 million
* Prime Commercial Bank by [[ABN Amro]] for $228 million
* PakTel by [[China Mobile]] for $460 million
* PTCL by [[Etisalat]] for $1.8 billion
* Additional 57.6% shares of Lakson Tobacco Company acquired by [[Philip Morris International]] for $382 million
* In 2016, [[Arçelik]] acquired [[Dawlance]] for $243 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nafees|first1=Shahab|title=Turkish company acquires Dawlance for $243m|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296569|access-date=3 January 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn News]] | date=16 November 2016}}</ref>
* In 2016, [[FrieslandCampina]] acquired 51% stake in [[Engro Foods]] for $446.81 million.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Salman|title=Dutch company acquires Engro Foods for $446.81m|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1268342/foreign-direct-investment-dutch-company-acquires-engro-foods-446-81m/|access-date=3 January 2017|newspaper=[[Express Tribune]] | date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
* In 2016, [[The Abraaj Group]] sold its 66.4% stake in [[K-Electric]] to [[Shanghai Electric]] for $1.77 billion.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crofts|first1=Dale|title=Shanghai Electric to Pay $1.8 Billion for Stake in K-Electric|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-30/abraaj-to-sell-stake-in-pakistani-utility-for-1-77-billion|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] | date=31 October 2016}}</ref>

The foreign exchange receipts from these sales are also helping cover the current account deficit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/09/ebr1.htm|title=Rising foreign stakes in local companies |author=Mohiuddin Aazim |date=9 July 2007 |work=Dawn News |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Foreign trade ===
{{Main|Foreign trade of Pakistan}}
{{see also|List of tariffs in Pakistan|Category:Foreign trade of Pakistan}}

[[File:Gwader port, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|[[Gwadar Port|Gwader port]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]]]

Pakistan witnessed the highest export of US$25.4 billion in the FY 2011. However, in subsequent years exports have declined considerably. This decline started from the financial year 2015 when an international commodity slump set in. This was compounded by structural supply-side constraints including energy shortages, high input costs, and an overvalued exchange rate. From the financial year 2014 to 2016, exports declined by 12.4 percent. The exports growth trend over this period was similar to the world trade growth patterns. Pakistan's external sector continued facing stress during 2017. Still, Pakistan's merchandise trade exports grew by 0.1 percent during the fiscal year 2017. The imports continued to grow at a much faster rate and grew by a large percentage of 18.0 during the FY 2017 as compared to the previous year.<ref name="WR">{{cite web|title=Workers' Remittances|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/stat_reviews/Bulletin/2021/Aug/External%20Sector.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828092900/https://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/stat_reviews/Bulletin/2021/Aug/External%20Sector.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

Note: This is the trade data (export and import) as released by the [[State Bank of Pakistan|SBP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exports and Imports of Goods & Services |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/ExportsImports-Goods-Arch.xls |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=sbp.org.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exports and Imports of Goods & Services |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/ExportsImports-Goods.pdf |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=www.sbp.org.pk/}}</ref> This may differ from the data compiled by [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+Amounts in billion US dollars
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
! FY 2023
! FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total exports'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 23.21
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.89
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 31.11
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 29.73
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 31.53
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 30.42
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 29.96
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 27.43
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 27.92
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 30.62
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 30.22
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 27.97
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 31.58
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 39.60
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 35.47
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}38.67
|{{increase}}40.69
|-
| style="text-align:right" |Goods
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 20.45
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 19.13
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 19.68
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.37
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 24.72
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.80
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.08
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 24.09
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 21.97
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 22.00
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 24.77
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 24.26
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 22.54
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 25.64
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 32.49
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 27.88
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}30.98
|{{increase}}32.30
|-
| style="text-align:right" | Services
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 3.56
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 4.09
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.21
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.75
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.72
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.35
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.87
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.46
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.92
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.85
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.97
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 5.44
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 5.95
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.10
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.60
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}7.69
|{{increase}}8.39
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total imports'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 45.44
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 39.22
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 38.12
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 43.57
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 48.69
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 48.45
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 49.66
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 50.21
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 50.12
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 58.58
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 67.95
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 62.81
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 52.40
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 62.73
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 84.49
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 61.33
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}63.96
|{{increase}}70.09
|-
| style="text-align:right" |Goods
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 35.28
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 31.67
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 31.13
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 35.80
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 40.37
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 40.16
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 41.67
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 41.36
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 41.12
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 48.00
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 55.67
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 51.87
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 43.65
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 54.27
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 71.54
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 52.70
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}53.16
|{{increase}}59.08
|-
| style="text-align:right" |Services
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.16
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 7.56
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 6.99
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.77
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.32
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 8.29
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 8.00
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.85
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 9.00
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 10.58
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.28
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 10.94
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 8.75
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 8.46
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 12.94
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 8.64
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10.80
|{{increase}}11.01
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Trade deficit'''
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.43
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 16.01
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 13.23
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 12.46
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.96
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 16.92
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.24
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 20.24
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 22.69
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 30.66
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 37.33
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 32.58
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 24.43
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.15
| style="text-align:center" |{{IncreaseNegative}} 44.89
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}} 25.86
| style="text-align:center" |{{DecreasePositive}}25.29
|{{IncreaseNegative}}29.40
|}

Pakistan's imports are showing a rising trend at a relatively faster rate due to increased economic activity as part of the [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC), particularly in the energy sector. The construction projects under CPEC require heavy machinery that has to be imported. It is also observed that the economy is currently being led both by investments as well as consumption, resulting in relatively higher levels of imports. During FY 2018, Pakistan's exports picked up and reached US$24.8 billion, showing a growth of 12.6 percent over the previous year, FY 2017. Imports, on the other hand, also increased by 16.2 percent, reaching the highest figure of US$56.6 billion. As a result, the trade deficit widened to US$31.8 billion, which was the highest in the last ten years. Pakistan's exports of goods recorded their highest level of $25.6 billion during the fiscal year 2021, higher than the $25.3 billion recorded in 2011.

==== Exports ====

Pakistan's major export commodities since fiscal year 2014 are listed in the table below.<ref>{{cite web |title=Export Receipts by Commodities and Groups |url=https://easydata.sbp.org.pk/apex/f?p=10:1:15275074736074::::: |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=SBPx}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Amounts are in million US$.'''
! style="width:200px;"| Commodities
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2015
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2016
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2017
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2018
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2019
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2020
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2021
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2022
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2023
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2024
|-
! [[Knitwear]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,264
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,309
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,335
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,615
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,854
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 2,688
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,372
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 4,516
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 4,244
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}4,018
|-
! [[Ready-made garment]]s
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}2,044
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}2,156
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,279
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,477
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,568
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,595
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,820
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,698
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}3,496
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}3,471
|-
! Bed wear
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}2,207
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,126
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,157
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,346
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,347
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 2,230
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,691
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,255
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,804
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,790
|-
! [[Rice]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,038
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,853
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,575
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,933
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,163
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,274
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 2,211
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,760
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,109
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,684
|-
! Cotton cloth
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,487
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,332
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 2,123
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,176
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 2,174
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,942
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,884
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,338
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}2,155
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,898
|-
! [[Chemical]] and [[pharmaceutical]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}1,250
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,052
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,113
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,390
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,227
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,074
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,147
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,482
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,429
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,420
|-
! [[Cotton yarn]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,818
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}1,266
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,140
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,249
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,202
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,081
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 921
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,200
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 870
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}1,052
|-
![[Towel]]s
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}716
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}721
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 679
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 750
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 713
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 680
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 882
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,080
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 931
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 954
|-
!Leather manufactures
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}547
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}488
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 487
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 615
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 503
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 480
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 560
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 649
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 628
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 606
|-
![[Sports goods]]
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}585
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}}539
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 552
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 551
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 519
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 458
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 471
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 507
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 460
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 439
|-
!Surgical goods & medical instruments
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}401
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}}424
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 396
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 442
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 438
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 411
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 480
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 475
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 454
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 456
|}

==== Imports ====

Pakistan's major import commodities since fiscal year 2014 are listed in the table below.<ref>{{cite web|title=Imports Payments by Commodity and Groups|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=SBP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132408/https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Imports Payments by Commodity|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups_Arch.xls|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2021|website=SBP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712053554/https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Import_Payments_by_Commodities_and_Groups_Arch.xls |archive-date=12 July 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Amounts are in million US$'''.
! style="width:200px;"| Commodities
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2014
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2015
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2016
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2017
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2018
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2019
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2020
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2021
! style="width:200px;"| FY 2022
|-
! [[Petroleum products]]
| style="text-align:center" |9,020
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 7,774
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 5,098
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 6,380
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 6,768
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 6,039
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 4,190
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 4,641
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 10,296
|-
! [[Petroleum]] crude
| style="text-align:center" |5,755
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 4,393
| style="text-align:center" |2,570
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,765
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 4,310
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 4,915
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 2,606
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,190
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 4,602
|-
! [[Liquefied natural gas]] (LNG)
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 135
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 579
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,271
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,036
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,872
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 2,375
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,776
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,681
|-
! [[Plastic material]]
| style="text-align:center" |1,680
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,772
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,791
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,875
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,312
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 2,273
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,941
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,460
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,251
|-
! [[Palm oil]]
| style="text-align:center" |1,922
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,681
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,600
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,775
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,908
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,662
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,752
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,443
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,151
|-
! [[Road vehicles]]
| style="text-align:center" |861
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,025
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,264
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,774
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,182
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,934
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,276
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,143
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 3,010
|-
! [[Iron]] and [[steel]]
| style="text-align:center" |1,540
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,813
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,094
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1980
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 2,523
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 2,008
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,491
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,197
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,854
|-
!Raw cotton
| style="text-align:center" |532
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 449
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,127
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 909
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,198
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,181
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,342
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,894
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,283
|-
! [[Telecommunications|Telecom]]
| style="text-align:center" |1,217
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,225
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,201
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,023
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,397
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,172
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,637
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 2,513
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 2,252
|-
! Electrical machinery & apparatus
| style="text-align:center" |722
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 935
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,651
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,317
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,801
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,287
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 1,135
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,452
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,817
|-
!Textile machinery
| style="text-align:center" |658
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 492
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 529
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 652
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 615
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 654
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 588
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 855
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,212
|-
! Power generating machinery
| style="text-align:center" |675
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 898
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 1,356
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 1,337
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 1,577
| style="text-align:center" | {{Decrease}} 732
| style="text-align:center" | {{Increase}} 734
| style="text-align:center" |{{Increase}} 930
| style="text-align:center" |{{Decrease}} 795
|}

=== External imbalances ===
{{Main|National debt of Pakistan}}
{{See also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}}

During FY 2017, the increase in imports of capital equipment and fuel significantly put pressure on the external account. A reversal in global oil prices led to an increase in POL imports, accompanied by falling exports; as a result, the merchandise [[trade deficit]] grew by 39.4 percent to US$26.885 billion in FY 2017. While [[remittances]] and Coalition Support Fund inflows both declined slightly over the same period last year, however, the impact was offset by an improvement in the income account, mainly due to lower profit repatriations by oil and gas firms.<ref name="TP">{{Cite web |title=Trade and Payments |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/08-Trade.pdf |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=finance.gov.pk}}</ref>

The [[current account deficit]] increased to US$19.2 billion in FY 2018.<ref name="BP"/>

However, the impact of high current deficit on [[foreign exchange reserves]] was not severe, as financial inflows were available to the country to partially offset the gap; these inflows helped ensure stability in the exchange rate. Net [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] grew by 12.4 percent and reached US$1.6 billion in the nine-month period, whereas net FPI saw an inflow of US$631 million, against an outflow of US$393 million last year. Encouragingly for the country, the period saw the completion of multiple merger and acquisition deals between local and foreign companies. Moreover, multiple foreign automakers announced their intention to enter the Pakistani market, and some also entered into joint ventures with local conglomerates. This indicates that Pakistan is clearly on foreign investors' radar, and provides a positive outlook for FDI inflows going forward. government's successful issuance of a US$1.0 billion Sukuk in the international capital market, at an extremely low rate of 5.5 percent.

Pakistan continued to enjoy support from international financial institutions (IFIs) like the [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]], and from bilateral partners like China, in the post-EFF period: net official loan inflows of US$1.1 billion were recorded during the period. As a result, the country's FX reserve amounted to US$20.8 billion by 4 May 2017 sufficient to finance around four months of import payments.<ref name="TP"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Amounts in billion US dollars<ref name="BP">{{cite web |title=Summary Balance of Payments |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/BOP-Services/bop.pdf |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=SBP}}</ref>
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
! FY 2023
!FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
! Credit
| 37.25
| 35.36
| 38.14
| 47.70
| 48.24
| 50.20
| 51.15
| 52.90
| 51.24
| 52.22
| 55.15
| 55.79
| 54.25
| 65.12
| 73.20
| 64.79
|72.25
|82.71
|-
! Debit
| 51.12
| 44.62
| 42.08
| 47.49
| 52.90
| 52.69
| 54.28
| 55.71
| 56.20
| 64.49
| 74.34
| 69.23
| 58.70
| 67.94
| 90.68
| 68.06
|74.32
|80.60
|-
! Net
| −13.87
| −9.26
| −3.95
| +0.21
| −4.66
| −2.50
| −3.13
| −2.82
| −4.96
| −12.27
| −19.20
| −13.43
| −4.45
| −2.82
| −17.48
| −3.28
| -2.07
| +2.11
|-
! colspan="19" |As % of GDP
|-
!Net
|{{decrease}} -8.9
|{{increase}} -5.7
|{{increase}} -2.3
|{{increase}} +0.1
|{{decrease}} -2.1
|{{increase}} -1.1
|{{decrease}} -1.3
|{{increase}} -1.0
|{{decrease}} -1.7
|{{decrease}} -4.0
|{{decrease}} -6.1
|{{increase}} -4.8
|{{increase}} -1.7
|{{increase}} -0.6
|{{decrease}}-4.7
|{{increase}}-0.9
|{{increase}}-0.6
|
|}

=== Economic aid ===
{{Main|Foreign aid to Pakistan}}

Pakistan receives economic aid from several sources as loans and grants. The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), [[World Bank]] (WB), [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), etc. provide long-term loans to Pakistan. Pakistan also receives bilateral aid from developed and oil-rich countries. [[Foreign aid to Pakistan|Foreign aid]] has been one of the main sources of money for the Pakistani economy. Collection of foreign aid has been one of the priorities of almost every Pakistani Government with the Prime Minister himself leading delegations on a regular basis to collect foreign aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/after-khans-visit-pakistan-doubles-down-on-china-dependence/|title=After Khan's Visit, Pakistan Doubles Down on China Dependence|author=Tridivesh Singh Maini|website=The Diplomat|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/12/10/experts-discuss-pakistans-imran-khans-first-100-days-in-office/|title=Experts discuss Pakistan's Imran Khan's first 100 days in office|last=Saber|first=Israa|date=10 December 2018|website=Brookings|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>

The [[Asian Development Bank]] will provide close to $6 billion development assistance to Pakistan during 2006–9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=480165&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate=|title=Business Recorder [Pakistan's First Financial Daily]|publisher=Brecorder.com|date=1 January 2004|access-date=29 July 2010|archive-date=11 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611115418/http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=480165&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate=|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] unveiled a lending programme of up to $6.5 billion for Pakistan under a new four-year, 2006–2009, aid strategy showing a significant increase in funding aimed largely at beefing up the country's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/06/01/afx2788717.html |title=World Bank plans 6.5 bln usd lending to Pakistan |date=2 January 2006 |magazine=Forbes.com |access-date=6 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904191340/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/06/01/afx2788717.html |archive-date=4 September 2006 }}</ref> Japan will provide $500 million annual economic aid to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200605290311.htm|title=Japan to resume USD 500 mn annual funding for Pak|date=29 May 2006|publisher=The Hindu News Update Service|access-date=3 June 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200605290311.htm|archive-date=30 September 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In November 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has approved a loan of 7.6 billion to Pakistan, to help stabilise and rebuild the country's economy. Between the 2008 and 2010 fiscal years, the IMF extended loans to Pakistan totalling 5.2 billion dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extrans1.aspx?memberKey1=760&endDate=2013-07-30&finposition_flag=YES|title=Transactions with the Fund, Pakistan|website=imf.org}}</ref> The government decided in 2011 to cut off ties with the IMF. However, the government newly elected in 2013 re-established these ties, and a negotiated a three-year $6.6 billion package which would allow it to deal with ongoing debt issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cgdev.org/page/aid-pakistan-numbers | title=Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers | publisher=Center for Global Development | date=September 2013 | access-date=4 January 2019 }}</ref> In May 2019, Pakistan finalised a US$6 billion foreign aid with IMF.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2019|title=IMF Agrees to $6 Billion Bailout to Help Pakistan Ease Crisis|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-12/pakistan-imf-agree-on-6-billion-bailout-after-reserves-plunge|access-date=19 May 2019|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> This is Pakistan's 22nd such bailout from the IMF.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-growth-to-hit-eight-year-low-as-imf-bailout-looms-1.1557485097343|title=Pakistan growth to hit eight-year low as IMF bailout looms|website=gulfnews.com|date=10 May 2019 |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>

The [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]] is being developed with a contribution of mainly concessionary loans from China under the [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. Much like BRI, the value of CPEC investments transcends any fiat currency and is only estimated vaguely as it spans over decades of past and future industrial development and global economic influence.

=== Remittances ===
The remittances of Pakistanis living abroad have played an important role in Pakistan's economy and foreign exchange reserves. Pakistanis settled in Western Europe and North America are significant sources of remittances to Pakistan. Since 1973, Pakistani workers in the oil-rich Arab states have been sources of billions of dollars of remittances.

The 9 million-strong [[Pakistani diaspora]] contributed US$19.3 billion to the economy in FY2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/reports/stat_reviews/Bulletin/2017/Aug/ExternalSector.pdf|title=Pakistan | State Bank of Pakistan |publisher=sbp.org |access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan include UAE, US, Saudi Arabia, GCC countries (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman), Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, UK, and EU countries.

Remittances sent home by overseas Pakistani workers saw a negative growth of 3.0% in the fiscal year 2017 compared to the previous year when remittances reached an all-time high of 19.9 billion US dollars. This decline in remittances is mainly due to the adverse economic conditions in Arabian and Gulf countries after the fall in oil prices in 2016. However, recent development activities in the Qatar FIFA World Cup, Dubai Expo, Saudi Arabia's implementation of its Vision 2030, and particularly the recent visit of the PM to Kuwait should all be helpful in opening new avenues for employment in these countries. Going forward, one can expect improvements in the coming years. The SBP's data showed that remittances amounted to $29.4 billion for the year 2021. The government and SBP took measures to incentivise the use of formal channels of sending money home. The orderly foreign exchange market conditions also contributed to the rise in remittances. Remittances helped improve the country's external sector position despite the challenging global economic conditions due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Data is taken from SBP and Ministry of Finance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Workers' Remittances|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208220022/http://sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2004|access-date=12 June 2021|website=SBP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Country-wise Workers' Remittances|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit_Arch-.xlsx|access-date=22 August 2020|website=SBP|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730230604/http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit_Arch-.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SI"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Amounts are in billion US$'''.
! List
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
! FY 2023
!FY 2024
!FY 2025
|-
| Workers' [[remittance]]s
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 6.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 7.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 8.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 11.2
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 13.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 13.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 15.8
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 18.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 19.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 19.4
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 19.9
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 21.7
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 23.1
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 29.5
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}} 31.3
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}} 27.3
|{{increase}}30.3
|{{increase}}38.3
|}

Remittances sent home by overseas Pakistanis in the fiscal year 2020/21 are as follows:<ref name="WR"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! (billion US$)
|-
| {{flag| Saudi Arabia}} || 7.667
|-
| {{flag|UAE}} || 6.114
|-
| {{flag|UK}} || 4.067
|-
| {{flag|Gulf Cooperation Council}} || 3.310
|-
| {{flag|USA}} || 2.754
|-
| {{flag|European Union}} || 2.709
|-
| {{flag|Australia}} || 0.594
|-
| {{flag|Canada}} || 0.586
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|0.204
|-
| {{flag|Norway}} || 0.111
|-
| {{flag|Japan}} || 0.085
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}} || 0.041
|-
| [[List of sovereign states|Other countries]] || 1.130
|}

== Economic issues ==
=== 2021-2024 economic crisis ===

{{main|Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)}}

{|style="margin: 0 auto; float:center;"
|[[File:Pakistan bonds.webp|thumb|300px|Pakistan bonds [[Inverted yield curve]] in 2019–2020 and 2022
{{legend-line|#970E53 solid 3px|20 year}}
{{legend-line|#115740 solid 3px|10 year}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|5 year}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|1 year}}
]]
|[[File:Pakistan inflation.webp|thumb|300px|Pakistan inflation]]
|}

=== Taxation Issues ===
In fiscal year 2023, tax exemptions and concessions granted to influential sectors such as real estate, manufacturing and energy, cost the state 4.61 percent of GDP.<ref name=":2" />

==== The Finance Act 2025 ====
The Finance Act 2025 drew significant controversy due to its stringent taxation measures and expanded enforcement powers granted to the [[Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR). Key provisions, including Sections 37A and 37B, allowed for the arrest of individuals without prior notice, raising concerns over potential misuse and arbitrary enforcement. Additionally, measures such as the disallowance of business expenditures linked to cash transactions, penalties for purchases from non-National Tax Number (NTN) holders, mandatory digital invoicing, and an increased withholding tax on cash withdrawals by non-filers were widely criticized as burdensome and unclear by tax experts and business stakeholders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Waleed |first=Hamid |date=2025-07-11 |title=Finance Act 2025 tightens tax rules for businesses, filers |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40372161 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Gohar Ali |date=2025-07-19 |title=Karachi, Lahore hit by strike against 'anti-business' tax measures |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40373482 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

In response, major business communities across Pakistan staged protests and strikes, describing the measures as "anti-business." On 19 July 2025, a nationwide strike was observed, with complete shutdowns in key markets, including [[Karachi]]’s New Sabzi Mandi for the first time. Leading chambers of commerce, including those in Karachi and [[Lahore]], supported the strike, demanding the rollback of the new policies and restoration of previously abolished regimes. While some business groups entered talks with the government, others warned of further action if concerns remained unaddressed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Corruption ===
{{Main|Corruption in Pakistan}}

[[File:Countries by Corruption Perceptions Index score (2020 - ColorBrewer RdYLGn).png|thumb|300x300px|[[Corruption Perceptions Index]] for Pakistan compared to other countries, 2020]]

Corruption is an ongoing issue in the government, with claims of initiatives against it,<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwYVAQAAIAAJ
|page=4
|title=Corruption and good governa
|author=Susan Rose-Ackerman
|year=1997
|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=9789211260823
}}</ref> particularly at the government and lower levels of police forces.<ref>{{citation
|contribution=Pakistan
|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|date=4 August 2011
|contribution-url=http://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/160472.pdf
|access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> In 2011, the country consistently ranked poorly on the [[Transparency International]]'s [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], with scores of 2.5,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Corruption Perceptions Index (2011)
|url=http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results
|publisher=[[Transparency International]]
|access-date=10 December 2011
|archive-date=24 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212941/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> 2.3 in 2010,<ref>{{cite web
|title=Corruption Perceptions Index (2010)
|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results
|publisher=[[Transparency International]]
|access-date=10 December 2011
|archive-date=26 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144223/https://www.transparency.org/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and 2.5 in 2009<ref>{{cite web
|title=Corruption Perceptions Index (2009)
|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table
|publisher=[[Transparency International]]
|access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> out of 10.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.u4.no/helpdesk/helpdesk/query.cfm?id=174 |title=Overview of corruption in Pakistan |author=Marie Chêne |publisher=U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930105515/http://www.u4.no/helpdesk/helpdesk/query.cfm?id=174 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, Pakistan ranked 134th on the index, with 42 countries ranking worse.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Pakistan less corrupt, according to global corruption list
|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/300601/pakistan-less-corrupt-according-to-global-corruption-list/
|work=[[The Express Tribune]]
|date=1 December 2011
|access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref>
In 2012, Pakistan's ranking dropped further from 134 to 139, making Pakistan the 34th most corrupt country in the world, tied with [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kenya]], [[Nepal]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref>[http://www.dw.de/rule-of-law-can-end-corruption-in-pakistan/a-16431781 'Rule of law can end corruption in Pakistan' | Asia | DW.DE | 06.12.2012]. DW.DE. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref>
However, during the Sharif regime (2013–17), Pakistan improved its ranking to 117th out of 180 countries in 2017 (with an improvement in score from 28, 29, 30, 32, 32 [2013–17]), equal to Egypt (better than 59 countries).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|first=Transparency International|last=e.V|website=transparency.org|date=21 February 2018|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221190927/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the adverse effects of corruption on the country, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) was established in 1999. The primary purpose of NAB was to recover looted money from corrupt elements and deposit it in the national exchequer. From 2018 to 2020, NAB recovered Rs 502 billion from corrupt elements, a record achievement. Since the bureau's inception, NAB has recovered Rs 814 billion directly or indirectly from corrupt elements, exceeding the recovery of other such anti-corruption organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Releases|url=https://nab.gov.pk/press/new.asp?1966|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=NAB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812220636/https://nab.gov.pk/PRESS/NEW.ASP?1966 |archive-date=12 August 2021 }}</ref>

According to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]’s 2025 Governance and Corruption Diagnostic Assessment, Pakistan’s economy loses an estimated 5–6.5 percent of its GDP to corruption due to entrenched "elite capture," in which influential groups shape public policy for their own benefit. The system has led to market distortions and wastage of public resources.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title='Elite capture': How Pakistan is losing 6 percent of its GDP to corruption |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/11/25/elite-capture-how-pakistan-is-losing-6-percent-of-its-gdp-to-corruption |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Interference by Pakistan Military ===

The Pakistani military maintains significant influence over the country's economy, as illustrated by a July 2025 meeting between foreign exchange company representatives and a senior intelligence official, Major General [[Faisal Naseer]] of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), to discuss the depreciation of the Pakistani rupee. While monetary policy and currency regulation traditionally fall under civilian institutions such as the [[State Bank of Pakistan]], the involvement of a high-ranking military officer reflects the broader role the military plays in national economic matters.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kaur Makol |first1=Malvika |last2=Haider |first2=Kamran |date=2025-07-24 |title=Pakistan Army Intelligence Officer Meets FX Body as Rupee Falls |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-24/pakistan-army-intelligence-officer-meets-fx-body-as-rupee-falls |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>

According to [[Ayesha Siddiqa]]'s ''Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy'', Pakistan's military controls a vast commercial network known as "Milbus," comprising businesses run for the personal benefit of military personnel but excluded from the official defense budget. These ventures include banks, factories, real estate, and retail operations, giving the military significant economic power. This financial autonomy strengthens the military's political dominance, distorts markets, and hinders democratic development by entrenching military influence in civilian affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-10 |title=Military Inc. – Inside Pakistan's Military Economy - GSDRC |url=https://gsdrc.org/document-library/military-inc-inside-pakistans-military-economy/,%20https://gsdrc.org/document-library/military-inc-inside-pakistans-military-economy/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Despite Pakistan's severe economic crisis marked by hyperinflation, rising debt, and low foreign reserves, the military has remained financially insulated. Military assets grew from A$30 billion in 2016 to over A$39.8 billion, even as state reserves fell to A$5.2 billion and debt surged. In the same period, the military received an increased budget allocation of A$11.27 billion. Senior officers, including Generals [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] and [[Asim Saleem Bajwa]], reportedly amassed significant wealth, while military-run businesses continued to thrive. This resilience is attributed to the military's vast economic network, institutional autonomy, and strong political influence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jehangir |first=Ayesha |date=2023-05-23 |title=Explainer: A historical trail of Pakistan's powerful military enterprise |url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-a-historical-trail-of-pakistans-powerful-military-enterprise-205749 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025 too, for instance, as Pakistan faced 38 percent inflation, low foreign reserves, and widespread poverty, the military elite reportedly remained insulated from the crisis. They maintained affluent lifestyles, exclusive housing, and substantial business interests, in contrast to the hardships faced by the broader population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Pakistan's military economy: An empire thriving amid national ruin |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/pakistans-military-economy-an-empire-thriving-amid-national-ruin-13870738.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Poverty and Income inequality ===
{{Main|Poverty in Pakistan|Standard of living in Pakistan}}

In 1965, Pakistan’s chief economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]] asserted that 22 families dominated the country’s economic and financial sectors. He contended that these families controlled roughly two-thirds of industrial assets, 80 percent of banking, and 79 percent of insurance assets.<ref name=":3">https://econ.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Ahmed_Ali_thesis.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haq |first=Khadija |editor-first1=Khadija |editor-last1=Haq |title='Pakistan's 22 Families', in Khadija Haq (ed.), Economic Growth with Social Justice: Collected Writings of Mahbub ul Haq (Delhi, 2017; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Jan. 2018) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27535/chapter-abstract/197512323? |journal=Oxford Academic |date=2018 |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0014|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2015, Pakistan's pre-tax income distribution was highly concentrated at the top, with estimates indicating that the richest 1 percent received 30.2 percent of national income, the top 0.1 percent received 13.4 percent, and the top 0.01 percent received 5.1 percent.<ref name=":3" />

The [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]’s National Human Development Report (NHDR) 2020 stated that public spending in Pakistan had not benefited all income groups equally. The poorest category received only 14.2 percent of the overall share of expenditure, while the richest received 37.2 percent. According to NHDR 2021, the richest 20 percent held 49.6 percent of national income, compared with just 7 percent held by the poorest 20 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |title=Elite privilege consumes $17.4bn of Pakistan's economy: UNDP |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/13/elite-privilege-consumes-17-4bn-of-pakistans-economy-undp |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Link between remittance inflows and migration trends ===
In 2024, personal remittance inflows to Pakistan accounted for 9.4% of the country's gross domestic product, a figure notably higher than India's 3.5% and significantly increased from the pre-[[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] level of 6%. This economic reliance on remittances reflects underlying challenges in domestic opportunities, which the 2024 report by the National Commission for Human Rights links to a rise in illegal migration. According to the report, over 6,000 Pakistanis undertook illegal journeys to Europe in 2023 alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Pakistani migrants disguised as soccer players sent to Japan |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/spotlight/immigration/illegal-pakistani-migrants-disguised-as-soccer-players-sent-to-japan |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ease of doing business ===
Pakistan's economy faces significant challenges impacting its ease of doing business, including weak macroeconomic indicators, reliance on imports, and low [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI). Investors point to high inflation, complex regulations, inconsistent policies, poor intellectual property protection, corruption, political instability, and security concerns as key obstacles. Pakistan's Ease of Doing Business ranking fell from 61st in 2006 to 147th in 2018, before improving to 108th in 2020. To address these issues, the government secured a $3 billion [[IMF]] Stand-By Arrangement in 2023 and established the [[Special Investment Facilitation Council]] to attract foreign investment, especially from [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-investment-climate-statements/pakistan/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salman |first=Ali |date=2024-07-08 |title=Ease of doing business: cases of Malaysia, Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2477536/ease-of-doing-business-cases-of-malaysia-pakistan |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2022, many [[Multinational corporation|MNCs]], including [[Eli Lilly]], [[Shell plc|Shell]], [[Microsoft]], [[Uber]], and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]], have exited Pakistan, driven by a combination of sector-specific challenges, weak intellectual property enforcement, shrinking margins, and an unstable economic environment. Former Pakistan Business Council CEO Ehsan Malik cited delays in regulatory approvals, rising local competition, and a depreciating rupee as key reasons behind the retreat. He noted that pharmaceutical multinationals often exit due to prolonged delays in price adjustment approvals and the unethical marketing practices employed by certain local firms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2025-10-02 |title=Why are multinationals exiting Pakistan? Here's what analysts have to say |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1946119 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, [[Procter & Gamble]] (P&G) announced its exit after 34 years in the country, winding down the manufacturing and commercial operations of both P&G Pakistan and Gillette Pakistan Ltd. The company cited weak demand, high energy costs, and repatriation restrictions. Gillette's board endorsed the decision and began delisting procedures from the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] (PSX). Former Gillette CEO Saad Amanullah Khan stated that such corporate departures should serve as a wake-up call for policymakers, highlighting concerns over high operating costs, poor infrastructure, and regulatory pressures.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-03 |title=P&G exits Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2570321/pg-exits-pakistan |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-02 |title=Procter & Gamble Will Shut Down Business in Pakistan, Following Shell and Pfizer Exits |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-02/p-g-to-shut-pakistan-razor-unit-amid-global-overhaul-strains |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is Procter & Gamble exiting cash-strapped Pakistan after 34 years? |url=https://www.wionews.com/business-economy/why-is-procter-gamble-exiting-cash-strapped-pakistan-after-34-years-1759404845717 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

Startup funding in Pakistan dropped sharply from $355 million in 2022 to $43 million in 2024, an 88% decline. Analysts cite rupee depreciation, regulatory hurdles, and tax uncertainty as key factors, with industry performance lagging behind regional peers like India and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virani |first=Faiza |date=2025-07-03 |title=Pakistan's shrinking tech landscape: global companies exit amidst capital crunch |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40370916 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2025, Pakistan's FDI averaged just 0.6% of its GDP.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-pakistan-fails-to-unlock-its-economic-potential/video-74610645 |title=Why Pakistan fails to unlock its economic potential – DW – 11/04/2025 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-11 |via=www.dw.com}}</ref>

=== Debt ===
{{Main|National debt of Pakistan|Foreign aid to Pakistan|Periods of stagflation in Pakistan}}

[[File:Debt.PNG|300px|thumb|Map of countries by external debt in US$, 2006]]

According to the [[CIA World Factbook]], in 2017, Pakistan ranked 57th in the world in terms of public external debt to various international monetary authorities (owing ~$107.527 billion in 2019), accounting for a total of 67.1% of [[GDP]] (in 2017).<ref>{{Citation |title=Pakistan |date=30 March 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328180650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#economy |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

Government debt and liabilities data is sourced from the [[State Bank of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan's Debt and Liabilities-Summary|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Summary-Arch.xls|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2021|website=SBP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025062209/http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Summary-Arch.xls|archive-date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan's External Debt and Liabilities – Outstanding|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/pakdebt.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2021|website=SBP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030527081341/http://www.sbp.org.pk/Ecodata/pakdebt.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pakistan's Debt and Liabilities-Summary|title=Pakistan's Debt and Liabilities-Summary|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Summary.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2021|website=SBP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202000050/http://sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Summary.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2011 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! List
! Jun 2010
! Jun 2011
! Jun 2012
! Jun 2013
! Jun 2014
! Jun 2015
! Jun 2016
! Jun 2017
! Jun 2018
! Jun 2019
! Jun 2020
! Jun 2021
! Jun 2022
! Jun 2023
!Jun 2024
!Jun 2025
|-
! colspan="16" |'''(Amounts are in billion PKR.)'''
!
|-
![[Gross public debt]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 9,010
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 10,771
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 12,697
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 14,292
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 15,991
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 17,380
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 19,677
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 21,409
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 24,953
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 32,708
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 36,399
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 39,866
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 49,242
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 62,881
|{{IncreaseNegative}}71,246
|{{IncreaseNegative}}80,518
|-
!Total debt of govt.
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 8,411
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 9,928
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 11,890
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 13,457
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 14,624
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 15,986
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 17,823
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 19,635
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 23,024
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 29,521
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 33,235
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 35,669
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 44,362
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 57,779
|{{IncreaseNegative}}65,105
|{{IncreaseNegative}}73,271
|-
! colspan="16" | '''(Amounts are in billion US$.)'''
!
|-
!Public external debt
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 53.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 57.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 55.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 51.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 54.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{steady}} 54.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 61.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 66.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 75.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 83.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 87.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 95.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 100.0
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 94.9
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 98.3
|{{IncreaseNegative}}103.8
|-
! colspan="16" |'''As % of GDP'''
!
|-
!Gross public debt
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 60.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 58.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 63.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 63.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 63.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 63.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 60.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 60.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 63.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 74.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 76.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 71.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 73.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 75.0
|{{DecreasePositive}} 67.8
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 70.2
|-
!Total debt of govt.
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 56.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 54.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 59.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 60.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 58.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 58.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 54.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 55.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 58.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 67.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 69.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 63.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 66.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 68.9
|{{DecreasePositive}} 61.9
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 63.9
|-
!Public external debt
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 30.8
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 27.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 26.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 22.7
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 21.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 20.3
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 19.6
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 19.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 23.4
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 31.2
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 31.1
| style="text-align:center" | {{DecreasePositive}} 26.9
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 30.5
| style="text-align:center" | {{IncreaseNegative}} 32.3
|{{DecreasePositive}} 26.0
|{{DecreasePositive}} 25.7
|}

Pakistan's external debt servicing includes the repayment of both the principal amount borrowed and the accrued interest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's External Debt Servicing -Principal (Archive) |url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/pakdebtsvr_Arch.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130000730/http://sbp.org.pk/ecodata/pakdebtsvr_arch.xls |archive-date=30 November 2010 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=SBP}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Amounts are in million US$.
|-
! List
! FY 2010
! FY 2011
! FY 2012
! FY 2013
! FY 2014
! FY 2015
! FY 2016
! FY 2017
! FY 2018
! FY 2019
! FY 2020
! FY 2021
! FY 2022
! FY 2023
!FY 2024
|-
! Principal
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,140
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}2,458
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}3,294
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}5,046
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}5,659
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}3,499
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}3,076
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,439
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}3,326
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,527
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9,630
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}10,188
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}11,577
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}15,061
|{{decrease}}9,273
|-
! Interest
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,015
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}1,074
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}1,019
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}933
| style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}}909
| style="text-align:center" | {{increase}}1,172
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,346
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}1,626
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,317
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,951
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}3,229
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}2,229
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}2,985
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,421
|{{increase}}5,457
|-
! Total
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,155
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}3,532
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}4,313
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}5,979
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,568
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}4,671
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}4,422
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}6,065
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}5,642
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}9,478
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}12,859
| style="text-align:center" |{{decrease}}12,417
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}14,562
| style="text-align:center" |{{increase}}19,482
|{{decrease}}14,730
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Economics}}

*[[List of companies of Pakistan]]
*[[Trade unions in Pakistan]]
*[[Nationalisation in Pakistan]]
*[[Privatisation in Pakistan]]
*[[Economy of Punjab, Pakistan]]
*[[Economy of Sindh]]
*[[Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
*[[Economy of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
*[[Economy of Azad Kashmir]]
*[[Economy of Gilgit Baltistan]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Gabol |first=Nasir |title=Privatisation in Pakistan|year=1990|publisher=Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development|location=Paris, France|isbn=92-64-15310-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95EpvLocMYEC}}
* ''Ahmad, Viqar and Rashid Amjad''. 1986. The Management of Pakistan's Economy, 1947–82. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Ali, Imran. 1997.'' 'Telecommunications Development in Pakistan', in E.M. Noam (ed.), Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
* ''Ali, Imran''. 2001a. 'The Historical Lineages of Poverty and Exclusion in Pakistan'. Paper presented at Conference on Realm, Society and Nation in South Asia. National University of Singapore.
* ''Ali, Imran''. 2001b. 'Business and Power in Pakistan', in A.M. Weiss and S.Z. Gilani (eds), Power and Civil Society in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Ali, Imran''. 2002. 'Past and Present: The Making of the State in Pakistan', in Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds), Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Ali, Imran, A. Hussain.'' 2002. Pakistan National Human Development Report. Islamabad: UNDP.
* ''Ali, Imran, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine'' (eds). 2002. Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Amjad, Rashid. 1982''. Private Industrial Investment in Pakistan, 1960–70. London: Cambridge University Press.
* ''Andrus, J.R. and A.F. Mohammed''. 1958. The Economy of Pakistan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Bahl, R., & Cyan, M. (2009). ''[https://ideas.repec.org/p/ays/ispwps/paper0909.html Local Government Taxation in Pakistan]'' (No. paper0909). International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
* ''Barrier, N.G.'' 1966. The Punjab Alienation of Land Bill of 1900. Durham, NC: Duke University South Asia Series.
* ''Jahan, Rounaq''. 1972. Pakistan: Failure in National Integration. New York: Columbia University Press.
* ''Kessinger, T.G.'' 1974. Vilyatpur, 1848–1968. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
* ''Kochanek, S.A.'' 1983. Interest Groups and Development: Business and Politics in Pakistan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* ''LaPorte, Jr, Robert and M.B. Ahmad''. 1989. Public Enterprises in Pakistan. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
* ''Latif, S.M.'' 1892. Lahore. Lahore: New Imperial Press, reprinted 1981, Lahore: Sandhu Printers.
* ''Low, D.A.'' (ed.). 1991. The Political Inheritance of Pakistan. London: Macmillan.
* ''Noman, Omar.'' 1988. The Political Economy of Pakistan. London: KPI.
* ''Papanek, G.F.'' 1967. Pakistan's Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* ''Raychaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib'' (eds). 1982. The Cambridge Economic History of India, 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* ''White, L.J.'' 1974. Industrial Concentration and Economic Power. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
* ''Ziring, Lawrence''. 1980. Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development. Boulder, Colorado: Folkestone.
* ''Ali, Imran''. 1987. 'Malign Growth? Agricultural Colonisation and the Roots of Backwardness in the Punjab', Past and Present, 114
* ''Ali, Imran''. August 2002. 'The Historical Lineages of Poverty and Exclusion in Pakistan', South Asia, XXV(2).
* ''Ali, Imran and S. Mumtaz''. 2002. 'Understanding Pakistan—The Impact of Global, Regional, National and Local Interactions', in Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds), Pakistan: the Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Hasan, Parvez.'' 1998. Pakistan's Economy at the Crossroads: Past Policies and Present Imperatives. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Hussain, Ishrat''. 1999. Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Khan, Shahrukh Rafi''. 1999. Fifty Years of Pakistan's Economy: Traditional Topics and Contemporary Concerns. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Kibria, Ghulam.'' 1999. Shattered Dream: Understanding Pakistan's Development. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
* ''Kukreja, Veena''. 2003. Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
* ''Zaidi, S. Akbar''. 1999. Issues in Pakistan's Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press
* ''Faheem, Khan''. 2010. Issues in Pakistan's Economy. Peshawar:
* https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/710478-retail-sector-a-5-billion-tax-potential
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903152908/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/ Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan]
* [http://www.finance.gov.pk/ Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan]
* [http://www.commerce.gov.pk/ Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/PAK/Year/LTST/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Pakistan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115154455/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ Pakistan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

{{Economy of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan topics}}
{{SAFTA}}
{{World Trade Organization}}
{{Asia topic|Economy of}}

[[Category:Economy of Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Pakistan]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 5

2026-03-11T18:08:53Z

Banti:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 5
| image = BiggBoss5.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #4B0082
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 20
| winner = [[Juhi Parmar]]
| runner_up = [[Mahek Chahal]]
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|02}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|01|07}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 5''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss 5: Double Waat''''' or '''''Bigg Boss: Five-five, five-five, five-five!''''', is the fifth season of the Indian [[reality television|reality TV]] show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', which aired on [[Colors TV]] from 2 October 2011 to 7 January 2012 with [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Salman Khan]] as the hosts.

During the launch on 2 October, fourteen hand-picked housemates entered the house located in [[Karjat]], a town, about halfway between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Four additional wild card entries were made during the second, third, fourth and the end of seventh week, taking the number of contestants to 18. Three guest entries, who stayed in the house for a couple of days, took the total number of inhabitants to 21. The housemates, considered strangers for each other, spent 98 days (14 weeks) locked out together under the supervision of 55 cameras installed around the house.

The series was won by actress [[Juhi Parmar]] on 7 January 2012.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/SmallScreen/Juhi-Parmar-wins-Bigg-Boss-5/Article1-792978.aspx|title=Divyansh Goswami wins 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=7 January 2012|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301194933/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/SmallScreen/Juhi-Parmar-wins-Bigg-Boss-5/Article1-792978.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Opening ==
The opening episode was aired on 2 October 2011 presented by [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Salman Khan]]. The extravagant introductory episode to the season 5 showcased different features of the ''Bigg Boss'' house and introduced each of the participant. This season also had majority female contestants. It also featured Bollywood actors [[Ajay Devgn]] for the promo of their upcoming film ''[[Rascals (2011 film)|Rascals]]'' and [[Samir Soni]] for promoting his new serial ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'' on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]].

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Juhi
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | Mahek
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 85
| Day 98
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Sidharth
| Day 15
| Day 98
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Akashdeep
| Day 22
| Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | {{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}
|-
| 5
| Amar
| Day 8
| Day 98
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | Pooja M
| Day 1
| Day 60
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 67
| Day 98
| {{Guest}}
|-
| 7
| Sunny
| Day 49
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Shonali
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Shraddha
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Pooja B
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Vida
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Laxmi
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Mandeep
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Shakti
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Raageshwari
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Gulabo
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Sonika
| Day 1
| Day 8
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 18
| Nihita
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
The participants in the order of appearance and entry into the house are:

===Original entrants===
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] – Film actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shakti-kapoor-evicted-from-bigg-boss-5/articleshow/10533346.cms|title=Shakti Kapoor evicted from 'Bigg Boss 5'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2011}}</ref> He is known for acting in films like ''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]'', ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'', ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' and ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]''. In 2007, he participated in the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]'' with his wife Shivangi Kolhapure.
* [[Pooja Bedi]] – Film actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pooja-bedi-in-bigg-boss-5/articleshow/10184002.cms|title=Pooja Bedi in Bigg Boss 5|newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-opportunity-is-no-dramatic-push-to-career-pooja-bedi/|title='Bigg Boss' opportunity is no dramatic push to career: Pooja Bedi|date=4 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bigg-boss-5-pooja-bedi-evicted-from-house/|title='Bigg Boss 5': Pooja Bedi evicted from house|date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-pooja-bedi/20111128.htm|title=Pooja Bedi: Siddharth is more violent than Pooja Missra|date=26 November 2011}}</ref> She is the daughter of actor [[Kabir Bedi]] who is known for appearing in films like ''[[Vishkanya]]'', ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' and ''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]''. She has participated in reality shows like ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''.
* [[Shonali Nagrani]] – Film actress and model.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/tv/bigg-boss-5-shakti-kapoor-vs-13-women-807887.html|title='Bigg Boss 5': Shakti Kapoor vs 13 women|date=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shonali-nagrani-evicted-form-big-boss-house-602897|title=Shonali Nagrani evicted from Big Boss house|date=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-tv-shonali-nagrani-rediff-chat-bigg-boss-five/20111227.htm|title=Shonali: Waited for justice but never got it in Bigg Boss|date=27 December 2011}}</ref> She is known for acting in films like ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' and ''[[Dil Bole Hadippa!]]''. In 2009, she participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''. Shonali had also took part in ''[[Femina Miss India]]'' where she emerged as the winner for the 2003 contest and runner-up for the international contest. She later presented IPL for four consecutive years.
* Nihita Biswas – Interpreter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sobhraj-s-wife-nihita-to-show-world-who-s-the-bigg-boss/story-Caa2eHK5VMMdtRJQDAOZRI.html|title=Sobhraj's wife Nihita to show world who's the Bigg Boss|date=30 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nihita-biswas-i-m-exploring-new-challenges-with-bigg-boss-5/20111003.htm|title=Nihita Biswas: I'm exploring new challenges with Bigg Boss 5|date=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title='Bigg Boss 5' a platform to explore challenges: Sobhraj's wife|date=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Nihita-Biswas-first-to-be-evicted-in--Bigg-Boss-5--138234|title=Nihita Biswas first to be evicted in 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-nihita-biswas-tv/20111010.htm|title=Nihita: My eviction from Bigg Boss 5 was unfair|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> Nihita is the wife of serial killer [[Charles Sobhraj]]. She claimed they got married inside the jail where Charles was convicted. Nihita’s mother – Shakuntala Thapa is Sobhraj’s criminal lawyer.
* Shraddha Sharma – Television actress.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sky-abuses-girls-in-the-house-shraddha/story-um75iHpkzWuD2nlNAoJuxI.html|title=Akashdeep abuses girls in the House: Shraddha|date=4 December 2011}}</ref> She is known for acting in television shows like ''Suno Har Dil Kuch Kehta Hai'' and ''[[Saarrthi]]''. She was in the news for her relationship with actor [[Raja Chaudhary]] and was the reason for the latter's divorce with [[Shweta Tiwari]].
* Mandeep Bevli – News presenter.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mandeep-bevli-out-of-bigg-boss-5-622128|title=Mandeep Bevli out of Bigg Boss 5|date=6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-was-a-big-mistake-mandeep-bevli/|title='Bigg Boss' was a big mistake: Mandeep Bevli|date=6 November 2011}}</ref> She is an anchor with Headlines Today, specializing mostly in entertainment related news. Her firecracker wit and personality make her memorable to all she meets.
* [[Raageshwari Loomba]] – Singer.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raageshwari-loomba-exits-bigg-boss-5-602181|title=Raageshwari Loomba exits Bigg Boss 5|date=23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-raageshwari-loomba-bigg-boss-five/20111024.htm|title='Bigg Boss was the right platform to show I'm still around'|date=24 October 2011}}</ref> She is well known for singing songs like ''Duniya'', ''Kudi E' Punjab Di'' and ''Kal Ki Na Fiqar''. She has acted in films like ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' and ''[[Zid (1994 film)|Zid]]''. Raageshwari is also a VJ who has presented many [[MTV India|MTV]] shows like ''Baar Baar Dekho Tum'' and ''Ek Do Teen''.
* [[Vida Samadzai]] – Model.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vida-samadzai-evicted-from-bigg-boss-house/story-AXTPeWa4an41P8EJ6AOlCP.html#:~:text=Miss%20Afghanistan%20Vida%20Samadzai%20is,arguing%20and%20abusing%20each%20other.|title=Vida Samadzai evicted from Bigg Boss House|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Vida is from [[Afghanistan]] known for being the first Afghan woman to participate in an international beauty pageant ''[[Miss Earth 2003]]'' since 1974. Her participation in the Miss Earth beauty pageant in 2003 was condemned by the Afghan Supreme Court, saying such a display of the female body goes against Islamic law and Afghan culture. In particular, traditionalists objected to her appearance in a red bikini during the pageant's press presentation.
* [[Mahek Chahal]] – Film actress and model.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mahek-chahal-evicted-from-bigg-boss/story-OeLxNMh1u6q8qW825hxy7N.html|title=Mahek Chahal evicted from Bigg Boss|date=11 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-mahek-chahal/20111212.htm|title=Mahek: If I was that close to Salman, I'd be the lead in all his films|date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mahek-chahal-to-re-enter-bigg-boss-house/story-WcA5N7Cs3tq7MeEY0rCt5L.html|title=Mahek Chahal to re-enter Bigg Boss house|date=26 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20120123-bigg-boss-mahek-chahal-interview-with-india-today-756971-2012-01-14|title=Bigg Boss 5 runner-up Mahek Chahal interview with India Today|date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-mahek-chahal/20120111.htm|title='My wild card entry was my biggest victory'|date=11 January 2012}}</ref> She is known for appearing in item numbers for films like ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'', ''[[Jai Veeru]]'' and ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''. She also acted in films like ''[[Nayee Padosan]]'', ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' and ''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]''.
* [[Sonika Kaliraman]] – Wrestler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pregnant-wrestler-exits-bigg-boss-5-143060-2011-10-09|title=Pregnant wrestler exits 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> Kaliraman is a professional wrestler and daughter of legendary wrestler Padma Shree, Arjuna Award winner Master Chandgi Ram. She is the first woman Bharat Kesari title-holder and 10 times National Wrestling Champion.
* Pooja Misrra – VJ, model and actress.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-pooja-missra/20111128.htm|title=Pooja Missra: I never expected to go out like this|date=28 November 2011}}</ref> Pooja is known for presenting [[B4U (network)|B4U]]'s talk show ''Jab We Met'' and participating in ''[[Big Switch]]''. Pooja also made her Bollywood debut with ''Mera Dil Leke Dekho'' where she did an item number.
* [[Gulabo Sapera]] – Dancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gulabo-sapera-evicted-from-bigg-boss-5-410084.html|title=Gulabo Sapera evicted from 'Bigg Boss 5'|date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gulabo-saperas-bigg-boss-journey-ends-602061|title=Gulabo Sapera's Bigg Boss journey ends|date=15 October 2011}}</ref> A well-known singer-dancer from Rajasthan, she is famous for her folk style. She broke age-old traditions when took her culture on-stage at the age of 12, which was heavily promoted by the Late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
* [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi|Laxmi Tripathi]] – LGBT activist.<ref name=":0" /> She is a well known transgender activist who is also a dancer and activist. She holds the distinction of being the only Hijra in the UN’s Civil Society Task Force on HIV/AIDS. She also works for the community through her campaign group ''Astitva''.
* [[Juhi Parmar]] – Television actress.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/juhi-parmar-wins-big-boss-season-5/|title=Juhi Parmar wins Big Boss season 5|date=8 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-5-win-begins-my-second-innings-on-tv-juhi-parmar/story-acj5Ehn3nXizZ0QpRLRlPJ.html|title=Bigg Boss 5 win begins my second innings on TV: Juhi Parmar|date=8 January 2012}}</ref> She is known for playing the lead as Kumkum in [[Star Plus]] popular show ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''. In 2009, she participated in ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' with her husband [[Sachin Shroff]].

===Wild card entrants===
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] – Actor and model.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amar-upadhyay-to-enter-bigg-boss/articleshow/10288494.cms|title=Amar Upadhyay to enter Bigg Boss|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amar-upadhyay-bigg-boss-season-5-142991-2011-10-08|title=Amar Upadhyay makes entry into 'Bigg Boss'|date=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-amar-upadhyay-i-think-bigg-boss-is-scripted/20120117.htm|title=Amar: Bigg Boss eviction was very disappointing|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> He is known for acting in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Mihir. He later acted in films like ''[[LOC Kargil]]'', ''Dharam Veer'' and ''[[13B (film)|13B]]''.
* [[Sidharth Bhardwaj]] – VJ, model and actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bigg-boss-5-siddharth-bhardwaj-splitsvilla-143437-2011-10-14|title=VJ Sidharth Bhardwaj enters Bigg Boss 5|date=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-siddharth-bharadwaj/20120113.htm|title=Sidharth: Sunny Leone was non-existent to me|date=13 January 2012}}</ref> He is known for participating in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Splitsvilla 2]]'' and emerged as the winner in 2009. He later presented many shows like ''MTV Stripped'' and ''[[MTV Roadies]]''.
* [[Akashdeep Saigal]] – Model and actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akashdeep-saigal-to-enter-bigg-boss-house-144095-2011-10-23|title=Akashdeep Saigal to enter 'Bigg Boss' house|date=24 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-interview-with-akashdeep-saigal/20120112.htm|title=Sky: I apologise if my behaviour in Bigg Boss has hurt anyone|date=12 January 2012}}</ref> He is known for playing Ansh / Eklavya in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and Ranbir in ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''. He participated in reality shows like ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', ''Fear Factor India'', ''[[Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao]]'' and ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''.
* [[Sunny Leone]] – Former pornstar and film actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/porn-star-sunny-leone-evicted-from-bigg-boss-5-88065-2011-12-31|title=Porn star Sunny Leone evicted from Bigg Boss 5|date=1 January 2012}}</ref> She was named Penthouse Pet of the Year in 2003 and was a contract star for Vivid Entertainment. Named by Maxim as one of the 12 top porn stars in 2010, she has also played roles in independent mainstream films and television shows.

=== Guest entrants ===
* [[Agnivesh|Swami Agnivesh]] - Social worker and Arya Samaj scholar. He was best known for his work against bonded labour through the Bonded Labour Liberation Front, which he founded in 1981. Agnivesh also founded and became president of the World Council of Arya Samaj, which he described as an associate of the original Arya Samaj, and served as the chairperson of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery from 2001 to 2004. He died on 11 September 2020. He entered the house on Day 38 to Day 41.
* [[Andrew Symonds]] – Cricketer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2011/big-boss-5-wildcard-andrew-symonds-land-mumbai-061211.html | title=Andrew Symonds to feature in Indian Reality Big Brother | date=6 December 2011 }}</ref> Symonds is a right-handed middle order batsman and alternates between medium pace and off-spin bowling. Since mid-2008, he spent most of the time out of the team, due to disciplinary reasons, including alcohol. In June 2009 he was sent home from the 2009 World Twenty20, his third suspension, expulsion or exclusion from selection in the space of a year. His central contract was then withdrawn, and many cricket analysts have speculated that the Australian administrators will no longer tolerate him, and that Symonds may announce his retirement. He entered on Day 67 to Day 78. He died in a car crash on 14 May 2022.
*[[Yamamotoyama Ryūta]]

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Purpose of Visit
! style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Premiere
! rowspan="2" | Day 1
| [[Ajay Devgn]] & [[Lisa Haydon]]
| To promote their film ''[[Rascals (2011 film)|Rascals]]''.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title=Ajay in Bigg Boss 5 for Rascals promotion|date=2 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Samir Soni]]
| To promote his show ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]''.
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title=Samir Soni back on Bigg Boss!|date=3 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 1
! Day 6
| [[Zayed Khan]] & [[Dia Mirza]]
| To promote their film ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title=Zayed Khan and Dia Mirza in Bigg Boss 5|date=7 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 2
! Day 13
| [[Saqib Saleem]] & [[Saba Azad]]
| To promote their film ''[[Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title=Saqib Saleem and Saba Azad to appear on Bigg Boss 5 this week|date=14 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 3
! Day 20
| [[Arjun Rampal]] & [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[Ra.One]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/bigg-boss-5-a-platform-to-explore-challenges-sobhrajs-wife/|title=Arjun and Kareena on Bigg Boss 5 while SRK misses out|date=20 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 4
! Day 27
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
| To promote his film ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Ranbir-to-enter--Bigg-Boss-5--as-guest--140291|title=Ranbir to enter 'Bigg Boss 5' as guest?|date=27 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 5
! Day 34
| [[Dipika Kakar]], [[Tina Datta]], [[Nandish Sandhu]], [[Shashank Vyas]], [[Shubhangi Atre]] & [[Aditya Redij]]
| Special appearances from Colors shows
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Ranbir-to-enter--Bigg-Boss-5--as-guest--140291|title=Colors parivaar in Bigg Boss 5 for Diwali|date=5 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 6
! Day 41
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2011 |title=Rashami Desai Bigg Boss 5 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Ranbir-to-enter--Bigg-Boss-5--as-guest--140291}}</ref>
|-
! 7
! Day 48
| [[Akshay Kumar]] & [[John Abraham]]
| To promote their film ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-48-breaking-news-akshay-and-john-abraham-to-meet-housemates/|title=Bigg Boss 5- Day 48- Breaking News- Akshay And John Abraham To Meet Housemates|date=18 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 8
! Day 55
| [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]] & [[Vidya Balan]]
| To promote their film ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/the-dirty-picture-promotion-on-the-sets-of-bigg-boss-season-5/the-dirty-picture-promotion-on-the-sets-of-bigg-boss-season-5-7/|title='The Dirty Picture' promotion on the sets of 'Bigg Boss Season 5'|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 9
! Day 60
| [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/filmamaker-mahesh-bhatt-bigg-boss-house-147065-2011-11-27|title=Bigg Boss 5: Mahesh Bhatt to enter house?|date=28 November 2011}}</ref>
|-
! Day 62
| [[Ranveer Singh]] & [[Anushka Sharma]]
| To promote their film ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
! 10
! Day 69
| [[Avika Gor]]
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/filmamaker-mahesh-bhatt-bigg-boss-house-147065-2011-11-27|title=Bigg Boss 5: Avika Gor to enter house?|date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | 11
! rowspan="5" | Day 71
| Anuradha Sharma
| To support her son [[Sidharth Bhardwaj]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-tv-family-reunion-in-bigg-boss-five-house/20111213.htm|title=Meet the families of the Bigg Boss housemates|date=13 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sachin Shroff]]
| To support his wife [[Juhi Parmar]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| Hetal Upadhyay
| To support her husband [[Amar Upadhyay]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| Madhu Bhatia
| To support her brother [[Akashdeep Saigal]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| Shiraz Bhattacharya
| To support his girlfriend [[Shonali Nagrani]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
! 12
! Day 83
| [[Malhar Pandya]], [[Aditya Redij]], [[Shoaib Ibrahim]], [[Rashami Desai]], [[Dipika Kakar]] & [[Ajay Chaudhary]]
| Special appearances
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-tv-family-reunion-in-bigg-boss-five-house/20111213.htm|title=Bigg Boss 5 celebrates christmas|date=25 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | 13
! rowspan="4" | Day 90
| [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] & [[Sonam Kapoor]]
| To promote their film ''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]''
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
| [[Bappi Lahiri]] & Charu Semwal
| rowspan="3" | Special appearances
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|-
| [[Bharti Singh]] & [[V.I.P. (comedian)|Vijay Ishwarlal Pawar]]
| {{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
|-
| [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| {{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | 14
! rowspan="5" | Day 97
| [[Karan Johar]] & [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]]
| To promote their film ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/bigg-boss-5-finale/photo-K4hRthPQL8fq1mVRn6VasN.html|title=Bigg Boss 5 finale|date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malaika Arora]]
| rowspan="3" | Special appearances
| <ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/best-moments-of-bigg-boss-5-finale|title=Best Moments of Bigg Boss 5 Finale|date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dolly Bindra]]
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
| [[Rakhi Sawant]]
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
| Danish Khan
| To support girlfriend [[Mahek Chahal]]
| <ref name=":3" />
|}

==Weekly summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 1'''
| '''Task''' ||
*'''Pahiya Ghumao Kismat Chamkao''': Each Bigg Boss contestant had to take care of a bicycle and ensure that the wheels constantly keep spinning.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 2''' : Captain [[Shakti Kapoor]] was dressed as Formula One driver and the female contestants were dressed in special pit girl costumes. Nihita who is trying to gel with the contestants tries to strike a conversation with Shakti. While Shakti is on the treadmill Nihita keeps blabbering to him on illogical topics. Shakti keeps his calm and listens to her but finally when Nihita goes back in the house, he is relieved at the sight. Nihita Biswas and Shraddha Sharma have a cat fight over household chores.
* '''Day 3 - 5 ''': While all the housemates have been cycling over the night, Pooja Misrra - who has also contributed to the task – is resting in the morning when Captain Shakti Kapoor asks her to join the cycling team again. Pooja M. claims that she is unwell and snaps at the captain. This in turn gets all the housemates furious and upset with Misrra's behaviour. The housemates reach their final destination – Chennai. There the contestants are told to appoint one contestant as the choreographer. Laxmi Tripathi is the chosen one. She has to pick six dancers who will dance to a Tamil song. The other contestants, however, cannot go scot-free. They are required to memorise and sing the Tamil song while the dancers perform to it. Bigg Boss calls [[Shonali Nagrani]] into the confession room and offers some sweets in order to celebrate Dussehra. Bigg Boss also hands over a letter for the housemates in which he mentions that a board has been provided for the housemates to prepare a budget for the coming week. Since the housemates completed the task successfully, Bigg Boss awards them 3000 points for their luxury budget. While the housemates are trying to decide what all of them want from their allotted budget, the screen suddenly flashes the option for Pooja Misra's luggage which is worth 3000 points. While Laxmi feels that Pooja Misrra's bag needs to be given to her, Pooja Bedi tells everyone that Misrra has not been fulfilling her commitment towards the task or responsibilities in the house. Misrra retaliates and lashes out at Bedi for being insensitive towards her. She yells at Lakshmi too and stomps out of the living room. Shraddha Sharma later approaches Misrra, who adds that she does not wish to talk to 'the thing' – referring to Lakshmi Tripathi. Sonika Kaliraaman feels bad for Misrra and tries to console her. Mandeep Bevli offers her food to make her feel better. Missra realises her mistake.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Pooja M. ''(8 votes)''
* Nihita ''(5 votes)''
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* '''Day 5''': Mandeep was jailed by due to her unfulfillment of the terms of the task giving by The Bigg Boss.
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb'''||
* When leaving, Nihita was asked to send one person to jail as a power called ''Bigg Bomb''. Nihita choose Pooja Bedi and locked her into the jail.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 7''': Nihita Biswas was evicted from the house after facing public vote.
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 2'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Jiska Kaam Usi Ko Saanjhay''' : All housemates were given specific occupations in order to take care to the house in their respective costumes and roles.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 8''' : A new Housemate [[Amar Upadhyay]] entered the house as the second male contestant.
* '''Day 10 ''': Amar is given a special task. He is asked to nominate two people between whom the captain for the coming week will be elected. Amar decides to discuss the issue with his fellow housemates before deciding on two names. Many names are bounced around during this discussion.
* '''Day 11''' : The day starts with Shakti Kapoor complaining to Vida Samadzai about Amar Upadhyay not being up in the morning to successfully assist with the weekly task. They continue on to talk about other happenings inside the Bigg Boss House including the impending captain elections. Once the rest of the housemates are awake, Shakti lashes out about Amar to [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] and asks her to have a word with him about not completing his responsibilities. After a tiresome argument about dishwashing responsibilities the previous night, [[Pooja Bedi|Pooja B.]] takes her role seriously. But, when she asks Pooja Mishra to join her for washing the dishes in the morning, Pooja Mishra proceeds to the bedroom to apply makeup. This pisses Pooja Bedi off and she washes the dishes by herself. Amar and Mandeep Bevli decide to lobby for votes to be nominated as the captain for the coming week. While pointing out why he is the better option, Amar makes an unsavory comment that does not sit well with Juhi. A big fight ensues which results in a yelling match between Juhi and Amar. The other contestants intervene and push the duo in two separate directions. After a lot of justification and name-calling, a frazzled Juhi breaks down and refuses to eat. Seeing this, Amar apologizes to Juhi which she reluctantly accepts. Directions for next week's captain nominations are given. After the elections are completed and a new captain is elected, ex-captain Shakti Kapoor is asked to move out of the Head of House Room. Mandeep makes the plea for a reluctant Shakti so that he might be allowed to continue to stay in the captain's room. But Amar and Lakshmi intervene and ask him to move out of the room as per the house rules and move to the spot that will be vacated by the new captain.
* '''Day 12''' : After breakfast, Juhi Parmar is called into the confession room so that her role in the weekly task can be assessed. As she is stepping out, Bigg Boss announces that the group has been unsuccessful in completing the weekly task, as a result of which their luxury budget for the week stands cancelled. In the midst of this discussion, Raageshwari is called into the confession room and is assigned a secret task. Her task is to convince her fellow contestants that Mandeep is not the correct choice for captain of the house, and organize a re-election for the captain's position. Pooja Mishra blew her top over an innocuous inquiry by the housemate Shonali Nagrani. Pooja has found it difficult to fit inside the house from the start. Her tantrums and her evasion of duties have irked the housemates. [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]] inquired Pooja M. about her post-dinner clean-up duties by asking "Pooja what is this behaviour?", the latter flew into a fit of rage and yelled: "You do not tell me what to do!", later on threatening to hit Shonali because when she asks that whether Pooja will hit her then she replies "Do you want it?Because you're asking for it. You're dying for it!" And when another housemate, [[Vida Samadzai]] joined Nagrani, Missra smacked the broom on the floor, breaking its shaft. Upset over Pooja's temper, the housemates requested Bigg Boss to evict her from the house because of her inability to cope with any member of the house. However, [[Bigg Boss]] told the house mates not to tell him how to run the house as he is the leader of the house not them and warned the housemates not to question his judgements.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Pooja M. ''(9 votes)''
* [[Gulabo Sapera|Gulabo]] ''(3 votes)''
* Mandeep'' (4 votes) '' (Taken back by the captain)
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* When leaving, Gulabo was giving a special power by the name of 'Bigg Bomb' and had to choose one housemate to dish-wash for the rest of the week. Gulabo chose Pooja M. for the task. Her punishment ended on Day 16.
|-
|'''Punishments''' ||
* [[Pooja Bedi]] was locked into the jail for 24 hours according to the power given to Nihita while exiting.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 8''' : [[Sonika Kaliraman|Sonika Kaliraman Malik]] was ejected from the house because Bigg Boss feared health concerns due to mental pressure on her pregnancy.
* '''Day 14''': [[Gulabo Sapera]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 3'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Mai Chotta Sa Nanha Sa Bachcha Hu''' : Six Housemates have to act like kids and six others as their parents. [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]], [[Raageshwari]], [[Pooja Bedi]], [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]] and Siddharth are in the kids category and Laxmi, Vida, Pooja Misrra, Amar and Mahek have to act like parents.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 15''' : A new housemate [[Sidharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth Bhardwaj]] entered the house as the third male contestant.
* '''Day 16 ''': The day starts with Mahek Chahel confronting [[Pooja Bedi]] about being two-faced and saying negative things about her behind her back. Later, Shraddha Sharma starts teasing [[Vida Samadzai]] about [[Amar Upadhyay]] due to the way they flirt. Mahek gets angry at Shraddha and asks her to stop saying such things because Vida is her friend. [[Shonali Nagrani]] interferes in this matter, leading to a huge fight between her and Mahek. Lakshmi Tripathi, Shonali and [[Juhi Parmar]] are surprised to see Mahek involving herself in every argument in the house. Juhi tries to calm Mahek down, but Mahek asks her to not interfere in her matters. Not knowing what to do, Juhi leaves the room. Mahek then approaches Juhi while she is sitting with Pooja Bedi, Shonali, Raageshwari Loomba and the other housemates and re-confronts her. At this, Juhi loses her cool and tells Mahek that she doesn't want to deal with her. [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] and Juhi have a huge fight and the housemates break up. A fuming Mahek walks into the garden to cool down. Siddharth Bhardwaj lends a shoulder to Mahek and calms her down. The weekly task is announced and Mandeep is given full exemption from the task. The other 12 contestants are divided into two groups of six each. Both groups are given two separate responsibilities and roles and they will be judged on their ability to maintain their roles. After two days of washing dishes without any relent, Bigg Boss finally announces that Pooja Misrra no longer needs to do it alone and this responsibility can now be shared by all the housemates. Pooja rejoices at this announcement while the rest of the housemates immediately start discussing how the responsibility will now need to be divided. The men finally take centre stage when Siddharth starts spreading rumours about Amar and angers him. A clueless Sidharth continues to talk ill about Amar even though concerned housemates warn him of an impending fight that is bound to ruin relations between the two. To end the matter, Siddharth and Amar pep themselves up for a fight, but they are clear that it will happen only after the weekly task is complete.
* '''Day 17''' : The housemates wake up and continue with their weekly task of being parents and kids. The overgrown children are having a gala time, as they get to play all day and their parents pamper them while giving the kids everything they ask for. The parents, though a little annoyed, seem to be enjoying the roles assigned to them. Shakti Kapoor and Siddharth Bhardwaj contemplate about 'captain nominations' for the coming week. The duo analyses and evaluates every contestant to figure out who will be the best person for the role of captain. Siddharth is called into the confession room and asked to select two people out of which any one would be elected as captain for the following week. Though Siddharth doesn't reveal to the housemates why he had been called into the confession room, a nervous Mahek Chahel gives a hint to him about who should be nominated for the captain's position. Later, Siddharth is called back into the confession room to enumerate his final selection. Bigg Boss then reveals the names to the other contestants in the house and permits them to campaign and lobby for votes so that they are elected for the position. Meanwhile, Mandeep Bevli and [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]] discuss Siddharth's inclusion in Pooja Bedi's gang and how this will strengthen their group while exposing the others to elimination. Amar Upadhyay mocks [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] and his lack of tact and [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] also expresses her views about the newcomer in the house. Amar is given a secret task until daybreak to convince seven members of the house to call a re-nomination for the post of captain and give their decision to Bigg Boss or convince Siddharth to change his decision in front of the camera. Amar puts in full effort to try to change the minds of the contestants who originally seemed satisfied with Siddharth's decision. Ending the captaincy discussion and ensuing tension, Bigg Boss adds a fun twist to the weekly task. 'The kids' of the house are allotted a task of organising a birthday party for Siddharth, whose nickname for the weekly task is Chinku. They are required to decorate the house, make personalised greeting cards, a birthday cake and provide entertainment for the entire group. Raageshwari Loomba, who has been renamed Doll for the weekly task, is asked to lead the preparations for the bachcha party. The 'parents' and 'kids' alike look at this as a chance to forget about their differences and have some fun.
* '''Day 18''' : Most of the housemates voted for Shonali Nagrani and she has become the new captain of 'Bigg Boss' house. Then came the bouncer from Bigg Boss, Shonali can still be eliminated from the show. In case of her eviction, a new captain will be chosen. Pooja Bedi was later repenting her suggestion of voting for Shonali. At night, Bigg Boss decided to throw a pool party for housemates. As expected girls of Bigg Boss 5, took out their swimsuits for the fun pool bash. Pooja Bedi was the first one to jump inside the pool. Vida Samadzai, Shonali Nagrani, Mahek Chahal, Pooja Misrra and Shraddha Sharma were busy grooving to the beats and wooing the men around. Vida was seen getting a little too close with Siddharth Bhardwaj and [[Amar Upadhyay]]. Meanwhile, Mandeep told Amar that Shonali dances like her maid.
* '''Day 19''': Taking his role as a kid very seriously, Sidharth starts the day by ordering 'mother' Mahek around. He asks her to bring him his cap and feed him. When Mahek tells him to get his cap himself, Sidharth turns around and announces to people in the house that his 'mom' is very short-tempered. This irritates Mahek, who bites her tongue and keeps herself from reacting to his statements. However, when Sidharth repeatedly calls her short-tempered and tries to order her around even more, Mahek finally loses her cool. She picks on everything that Sidharth has done to irritate her during his stay in the house, and asks him to stay away from her. Amar, having failed the secret task assigned to him, was given his punishment by Bigg Boss. Amar has been assigned to be a personal slave to fellow male contestants, Sidharth and Shakti, until further intimation. Amar seemed to be peeved at the idea of playing this role, especially because the duo has renamed him PK Lele for the duration of this punishment. Sidharth and Shakti, later discuss with the other housemates, about Amar's attempt to get them to change their minds about the captain nominations and how they didn't pay much heed to his requests at that time. Pooja Misrra and Vida have a conflict during their weekly activity cleaning the house; [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] then goes on to tell Pooja Misrra that she would prefer to not talk to her because she does not like Pooja's attitude. Pooja Misrra, unable to understand this issue, tries to argue with Vida and understand her point of view, but soon gives up and agrees to keep interaction with her to a minimum. Frustrated with the way Shakti and Sidharth are treating him, Amar informs Lakshmi that he is biding his time and will take revenge when the time is right. In fact, they even make Amar dance to Shakti's song Tunna Tunna to agitate him, but are unsuccessful at it because Amar takes it light-heartedly. At the end of the day, it is announced that the contestants have successfully completed their weekly task and were rewarded 1800 points to manage their weekly luxury budget. After dinner, a special Vodafone Facebook task is given to the contestants. The contestants live the life-sized version of the most popular functions of [[Facebook]]. The task was carried out in four stages and the winners of each task were given special prizes. While the contestants were enjoying the task at its onset, eventually the task saw an emotional outburst by Sidharth who revealed to his fellow contestants the details of his personal life including his estrangement from him family. He added that though he is proud of the progress he has made in his life, he still misses his family. Hearing his pain-filled life story, every member in the Bigg Boss house had tears in their eyes and provided him with some much-needed support.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Pooja M. ''(Nominated by Bigg Boss as a punishment for breaking household property)''
* [[Raageshwari]] ''(Nominated by Bigg Boss as a punishment for not being able to complete the secret task given to her by the Bigg Boss)''
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] ''(Nominated by Mandeep)''
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] ''(5 votes)''
* [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]]''(4 votes)''
* [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] ''(4 votes)''
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* When leaving, [[Raageshwari]] was asked to send one person to jail as a power called 'Bigg Bomb' which is given to the evicted housmate. Raageshwari choose Siddharth and locked him into the jail.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Pooja Misrra had to wash all dishes alone for 24 hours according to the power given to Gulabo while exiting.
* [[Amar Upadhyay]], having failed the secret task assigned to him by the Bigg Boss, was assigned to be a personal slave to fellow male contestants, [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] and [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]] as punishment.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 21''': [[Raageshwari]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newzstreet.com/news.php?news_id=6413 |title=Newzstreet |access-date=22 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515061056/http://newzstreet.com/news.php?news_id=6413 |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 4'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* '''Ra.One''' : Contestants were given masks, capes and gloves and were asked to come up with a superhero name and a super power. Contestants were also asked to perform to the song ''Chammak Challo'' where Lakshmi Tripathi was made choreographer. Bigg Boss chose Pooja Misrra the winner of the task and awarded her with a gift hamper full of [[Ra.One]] action figures and T-shirts.
* '''Diya Jalay Tou Diwali Nahi Jalay Tou Diwala''' : Housemates form two teams and are given the task to make diyas for [[Diwali]]. the teams which makes 500 diyas first wins the luxury budget and the losing teams has to survive on basic ration for a week.
* '''Maruti Suzuki- India's most fuel efficient car''' : Housemates had to express who in their opinion is a more deserving candidate to win the show. Bigg Boss chose [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] as the winner and awarded her with a gift hamper.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 23''' : A new Housemate [[Akashdeep Saighal]] entered the house as the fourth male contestant.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tv-actor-akashdeep-sehgal-to-enter-bigg-boss/864721/ TV actor Akashdeep Sehgal to enter Bigg Boss – Indian Express]</ref> The day started with a big fight between Shraddha Sharma and Pooja Bedi over an omelette. [[Pooja Bedi]] seems to dislike Shraddha's cooking. The two argue and finally Pooja Bedi decides to make her own breakfast. After breakfast, Pooja Bedi and Juhi Parmar discussed Raageshwari's eviction and how the increase in fights since her exit must be affecting her. Shraddha involved herself in the conversation and a few heated words were exchanged between Pooja Bedi and Shraddha. Bored with the negativity that 10 women and three men brought to the house, [[Vida Samadzai]] shared her disappointment with Bigg Boss and said she hoped more men entered the house soon so that the contestants could engage in something other than back-biting and hypocrisy. A task was announced in the house where contestants were given masks, capes and gloves and were asked to come up with a superhero name and a super power. Contestants were also asked to perform to a song where Lakshmi Tripathi was made choreographer. While the song was playing and the contestants were performing, Sky aka [[Akashdeep Saighal]] entered the house in a superhero costume. When Sky entered, he danced seductively with Lakshmi and she pulled off his mask. After everyone had greeted him, the song continued and Sky also continued to dance with Lakshmi. It seems that the newcomer got his first friend in the house. Lakshmi took Sky into a room and made him aware about the catfights going on in the house and warned him to stay away from the controversies. Sky, in turn, told her about what is going on in the outside world. Another fight broke out between Pooja Bedi and Shraddha when the latter called her aunty. Pooja Bedi asked Shakti to support her on this but he completely ignored her which caused her to lose her temper and share her woes with [[Amar Upadhyay]]. Shakti had decided not to talk to any woman in the house therefore he didn't reply to Pooja Bedi but Pooja Bedi believes that Shakti doesn't respect her and their 22-year-old friendship. [[Shonali Nagrani]] tried to calm Pooja Bedi down but she yelled at her too and tried to portray Shakti negatively.
* '''Day 25''': The day started with Siddhart flirting with Shonali. Shonali was missing her family and got very sentimental, Siddhath saw her upset & lent his shoulder. He tried to make Shonali laugh by passing some silly jokes. Lakshmi observing this called Siddharth and teased him. Followed by this, contestants received Diwali gifts from their loved ones. These gifts were specially delivered inside the house to lighten the overall tense atmosphere. Everyone, except Pooja Misrra, became really emotional upon seeing their gifts. Pooja Misrra seemed uninterested in the gifts sent to her by her friends. Adding to the joyous feeling in the house, captaincy nominations were held. Contestants were asked to choose between renominating Shonali as the captain or electing a new captain. The poll was completed a new captain for an upcoming week was finalized. Pooja Bedi and Mahek were upset about who was chosen the captain for the coming week. The duo was also stunned at Lakshmi's votes and confronted her about it. For the coming week, Shraddha and Siddharth were given the task of dish washing and the cooking team, consisting of Juhi and Pooja Bedi, expressed dissatisfaction with their work. Juhi was disappointed with Shraddha's work because she felt Shraddha was not doing a good job at cleaning the dishes and they were still dirty. Juhi then asked the captain to take the issue up with dishwashing team and ensure they did their job well. Irritated about the way she was being treated, Shraddha approached everyone in the house at different times and spoke ill about [[Pooja Bedi]]. In the evening, the housemates were provided a few items along with the idol of Goddess Lakshmi in order to conduct a small Lakshmi Puja to celebrate [[Diwali]]. All the housemates were overjoyed at this and begun preparations for a Puja. Soon after the puja, a task was announced for the contestants. For the task, they had to give their opinions about who was the best and most efficient person in the house. To add to the Diwali celebrations, Bigg Boss sent in a special big dark chocolate cake and many fireworks. Contestants lit the fireworks and celebrated diwali by wishing their families, friends and Bigg Boss. They thanked Bigg Boss for making them feel special while they were spending time away from family.
* '''Day 26''': The day starts with yet another fight as Pooja Misrra and Vida Samadzai get into an argument over a waist band which is supposedly Vida's. [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] claims that it had fallen down a couple of days back which Pooja Misrra had picked up conveniently and kept it with her. This really upsets Vida and she goes and talks to [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] about it. Lakshmi Tripathi, [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] discuss Pooja Misrra and her psychotic behaviour in the house. They feel that fighting with people is like an addiction for her, and that she literally cannot survive without arguing with someone or the other. They come to an agreement that something needs to be done as she is crossing all limits and being a burden instead of a buddy to everyone. Pooja M. joins the party at the dining table and taunts Amar for a statement he had made. Amar taunts her back. Lakshmi intervenes and cracks a few jokes about Pooja Misra. Shraddha Sharma and Siddharth are washing the dishes as [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] walks in and offers to help. Shradhha gives him her job and walks away coolly. Later Sky realises that what he thought was a two-minute job is actually a major job. After sometime, Bigg Boss calls all the housemates to the living room to make an announcement. Once all are present in the living room, Bigg Boss punishes Pooja Misrra, Pooja Bedi and Vida for speaking in English despite several warnings. The punishment is that all three shall be handcuffed until the next announcement, and only one of the three can sit at one time. Pooja Misrra and Pooja Bedi start blaming Vida for the punishment as they claimed that she is the sole reason why people feel the need to speak in English. [[Pooja Bedi]] and Pooja Misrra sing a bhajan for [[Bigg Boss]] as an apology. The boys of the house have a little gossip session of their ownabout who will be evicted next. They decide that Pooja Bedi has the highest chances of getting evicted. Shraddha and Amar talk about the coming week's nominations and plan as to between whom they can create a fight for their personal benefit. An emotional Pooja Bedi starts crying to Bigg Boss and expresses that she is being used, abused and insulted time and again throughout the show. After a while, just before the lights go off Bigg Boss relieves the punished from the handcuffs and all are tired and go to sleep.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] ''(Nominated by Shonali)''
* [[Pooja Bedi|Pooja B.]] ''(7 votes)''
* Shraddha ''(4 votes)''
* [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]]''(4 votes)''
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* While leaving [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]] was asked to nominate two housemates for eviction on Week 5 according to the power giving to him as ''Bigg Bomb''. Shakti chose Pooja M. and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] adding 1 vote for each of them in the upcoming nomination.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj]] was locked into the jail for 24 hours according to the power given to Raageshwari while exiting.
* Pooja Misrra, [[Vida Samadzai]] and [[Pooja Bedi]] were handcuffed together as punishment for conversing mostly in English.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 28''': [[Shakti Kapoor]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Shakti-Kapoor-evicted-from-Bigg-Boss-5/articleshow/10533346.cms | work=The Times of India | title=They wanted to see me sneaking into girl's rooms: Shakti Kapoor | date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 5'''
| '''Tasks''' ||
* '''Lambee Hai Dooree, Chadhhna Zarooree''' : Housemates were instructed to do Wall climbing and a crash obstacle course. Housemates had to cover 12000 ft hiking on a 20 feet wall created in the Activity area inside the house.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 29''': Akashdeep kept on trying to take up a fight with Pooja Misrra. He even challenged Misrra by saying, "Just wait and watch you will be soon eliminated from Bigg Boss." However, Misrra didn't fight back with Akash. During a conversation, Amar Upadhyay said Mandeep Bevli is the smartest player in the house and will make it to the end. Pooja Bedi added, "Even I feel the same. We totally forget her at the time of nominations." Obviously, all this was communicated to Mandeep by different sources and there was a huge drama around it. Mandeep even told Laxmi Narayan that her 'son' Amar plans to nominate her. Akashdeep aka Sky overreacted on this as well and made Amar apologize to everyone. Sky even suggested Amar to take his suggestions regarding nominations and not play dirty games. Repercussions of this entire spat were visible on the nomination process too. Amar Upadhyay, Mahek Chahal, Pooja Misrra and Mandeep Bevli have been nominated for eviction this week. After being saved by the audience several times, Mahek has become really confident now. After her name was announced she said, "Many housemates think that I am a strong player and they keep on nominating me. However, I will be saved again and this will be like a slap on their faces."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103231549/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bigg-boss-akashdeep-saigal-targets-pooja-misrra/198157-44-124.html Bigg Boss: Akashdeep Saigal targets Pooja Misrra - TV - Indian TV - ibnlive]</ref>
* '''Day 30''': The day starts on a slightly happy note for a change as Amar & Lakshmi patch up after their fight the previous night. The duo had fought mainly because both were blaming each other for playing a double game. After a while, Mahek is seen washing the dishes with Sky by her side. The topic of conversation was Shonali and Mahek was busy explaining to Sky as to how slyly Shonali has been trying to be in every single housemate's good books. Sometime later, Juhi & Vida are spending sometime on her bed. An emotionally drained Vida breaks down completely as Juhi sits by and consoles her. Vida expressed as to how much she misses her family & that the house's atmosphere is getting to her. An understanding Juhi hugs her and manages to calm her down. On the other side, Mandeep & Amar gang up & start bitching about Shonali & Pooja Bedi. Both start finding faults in them & come to an agreement that they will maintain safe distance from them in order to avoid fights & controversies. Then, Bigg Boss calls [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] to the confession room & hands him over a letter. Sky comes to the living area & reads out the letter to the rest of the housemates. The letter basically explains the weekly task which has been assigned to the housemates. The task is pretty demanding in terms of physical endurance. Shraddha & Pooja Misrra are seen cooking lunch in the kitchen. Shradhha takes the opportunity of being alone & starts bitching about Juhi to Pooja Misra. She begins to explain to Pooja that Juhi is the main threat for her & that she should be careful whenever she is around. She instigates Pooja by giving her some examples of [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]]'s double game. Sky also warns Shraddha & asks he to stay away from Amar since he is very dangerous. In a while, Shraddha walks up to Amar and instigates Amar by saying that Sky is stealing away all the glory from him & he is becoming the popular one amongst the housemates.
*'''Day 31''': Bigg Boss assigned Pooja Misrra the task of selecting two people as candidates for captainship. After much deliberation and discussion with other contestants, Pooja M. takes her name and shradhha's for the coming week will be elected. In the evening, an argument breaks out between Shraddha Sharma and Sky (Akashdeep). When Sky asks Shraddha who she would elect as the captain for the coming week, Shraddha tells him that her decision was only for Bigg Boss to know. This cheeky response irritates him because he feels he has asked a very simple question. Shraddha, however, ignores him and says that she had a stomach ache and doesn't want to talk about the captaincy nominations. Shraddha shares her conversation with Sky with the other housemates, who are impressed by her maturity in handling the situation without losing her cool. Post his argument with Shraddha, Sky approaches Amar with the same question. Amar, too, has no interest in disclosing his choice or continuing the conversation. Near dinner time, a huge misunderstanding takes place which adds to the troubled atmosphere prevalent inside the Bigg Boss 5 house. Mahek is talking about Sky's personality to the housemates, which he happens to overhear. He tries to confront Mahek and the fight takes a turn for the worse. An enraged Sky starts pulling out the skeletons from Mahek's closet and provokes her to fight with him. Mahek loses her cool and lashes out at him. However, after a while, she breaks down and everyone helps her to her bedroom. Realising his folly, Sky apologises to Mahek but Mahek she is in no mood to listen. As if the huge fight between Sky and Mahek was not enough, another misunderstanding takes place between Siddharth and Vida which leaves the housemates wondering whether fights would be the order of the day going forward. During the fights Amar hits Pooja M. with the gun provided by the Bigg boss because of the army task leaving her with a soaring scratch on her arm. Pooja confronts Amar about the pain giving rise to yet another fight.
* '''Day 32 ''': The day starts with Siddharth swimming in the pool early in the morning and Mahek passes by. An upset Mahek points a finger at Siddharth & tells him that for now he can get away with wearing bangles and stay out of the situation but she will soon get back to him and teach him a lesson as well. Siddharth tells her to bring it on and accuses her of being very unreasonable. The day has yet another fight with Siddharth bursting out at Vida as she had accused him of being immature. Vida had told him to stay away from her the previous night when Mahek was very emotional about her outburst with Sky. A stubborn Siddharth still went ahead and brought the topic of [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] accusing him of eating too much 'dal'. Vida shooed him away from the scene by telling him that her friend's emotions are more important rather than his stupid childish behavior. Sky explains to [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]] that she needs to stop mediating as that lands her in trouble without her noticing. In sometime, an agitated Mahek lashes out at Sky for the embarrassment that he had caused her last night. She is extremely furious and abuses and accuses him of being totally inhuman. She is very aggressive and warns him by saying that she will stay and ensure that she teaches him a lesson for his misbehavior. Sky fights back and accuses her further and calls her a dustbin and walks off the situation. After all the trauma, torture & chaos the housemates are left in a very vulnerable state. Shonali the ex captain of the house is found extremely confused & spaced out. She sits on the dining table with Sky, Mandeep etc. and bursts into tears as she is absolutely clueless about what is happening in the house and doubts everybody's intentions. A while later, Sky and Siddharth are sitting in the verandah and discussing the post effects of the fight. Sky expresses that he hates Lakshmi Tripathi. Sky tells Siddharth that Lakshmi is purely a two faced woman and she just pretends to be fair all the time to gain everyone's attention. She is actually a diplomatic person who contradicts herself by bitching about others all the time & supporting her friends even when they are wrong. Also, he accuses Amar of being a sissy and staying out of the entire scene. Looks like the men in the house are no lesser in gossiping amongst themselves.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Pooja M. ''(Nominated by Shonali)''
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] ''(6 votes)''
* Mandeep ''(5 votes)''
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] ''(5 votes)''
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* While Leaving, Mandeep was asked to save one housemate from next week's nomination. Mandeep chose Siddharth and made him immune from Week 6 eviction.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Pooja M. and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] had 1 vote added to their count prior to the nominations according to the power given to [[Shakti Kapoor|Shakti]] while exiting.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 35''': Mandeep Bevli was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>[http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-34-breaking-news-mandeep-bevli-evicted-from-bigg-boss-house/ Bigg Boss 5- Day 34- Breaking News- Mandeep Bevli Evicted From Bigg Boss House | Kukikol -Daily Road Talks]</ref>
|-
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 6'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Shraddha Ki Riyaasat''': Shraddha will be treated as a queen and the rest will be her attendants.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 36''': The day starts with Sky and Siddharth feeling bad about Mandeep's eviction. The boys and most of the girls in the house are seen upset post her exit. After sometime, Bigg Boss asks all the housemates to assemble in the living area for the weekly nominations. The nominations take place and four unexpected names crop up in the nominations. Then, Siddharth and Pooja Misrra gang up against Shraddha, who's the captain of the house. They lash out at her for being an unfair captain. Sky instigates Pooja Misrra to fight with Shonali and Vida, before it gets too late. He explains to her that if she doesn't fight with either of them, then her chances of elimination would increase. He is apparently plotting this plan to eventually blame Shraddha and get her into a vulnerable state. After a while, Pooja Misrra is seen going crazy and shouting her lungs out at Vida. She yells at her for not giving her equal opportunity to use the kitchen when required. The fight gets really ugly and the housemates have to intervene and stop the fight. The day ends with Sky expressing his happiness, as his plan succeeds to some extent.
* '''Day 37''': The day started on a very positive note and everyone around was happy in the house on the eve of Eid. [[Sanjay Dutt]] sends special Eid greetings and sweets to the contestants and all the contestants are dressed up for this very special day. On the day of [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]], [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] wishes to be with her family and cries inconsolably throughout the day. All the contestants tried hard to stop her tears, but it seemed like nothing could stop them. Slowly as the day passes, Sky and Lakshmi had a small argument over playing unfair games and they soon patched up too. The day took another surprising turn when [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] and Sky discussed the issues that had happened a week ago and promised each other to forget everything and patch up. A very hilarious weekly task is then assigned by [[Bigg Boss]] to the housemates. Shraddha being the captain of the house orders Pooja Misrra to do a particular task which flares Pooja Misrra up and in turn she retaliates and refuses to do the task. This results in a small tiff between the two.
* ''' Day 38''': [[Agnivesh|Swami Agnivesh]] entered the house as a Houseguest.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_swami-agnivesh-draws-up-agenda-for-bigg-boss-house_1609097 Swami Agnivesh draws up agenda for Bigg Boss house – India – DNA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/REVEALED-Agnivesh-s-Bigg-Boss-5-agenda/Article1-766270.aspx |title=REVEALED! Agnivesh's Bigg Boss 5 agenda - Hindustan Times |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108174711/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/REVEALED-Agnivesh-s-Bigg-Boss-5-agenda/Article1-766270.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day started with the housemates waking up with the routine wake up track. In sometime, Pooja Misra is seen painting her T- shirt with her 'Kajal' & lipstick. She is seen in a very funny looking avatar which gets all the housemates amused. She also explains the reason behind her act. Amar and Vida are seen discussing Pooja Misrra's measure to attract attention. In a while, [[Bigg Boss]] calls Shraddha to the confession room and assigns her a secret task. Pooja Misrra who was upset with the captain initially in the day, walks into her room and clears her difference with Shraddha. Shraddha makes an effort to patch up with her and explains that she has no hard feelings for anyone. After sometime, the housemates finally experience yet another crazy fight. The fight was over a negligible issue but for Pooja it was a big deal and Laxmi blew it out of proportion. The fight was amusing for the rest of the housemates as this behavior was more or less a routine. Some peace was resolved as the housemates calm a furious Lakshmi down.
* '''Day 39''': The housemate behaved well in Swami's presence, smiled a lot, forgot the differences among themselves, worked harder and tried to impress Swami with their behavior. The activity of searching Garnier products hidden in the pool area and climbing the pole to drop tubes was conducted in good spirit with Team Amar winning outright. They work without hesitation and do not yell. PB and Juhi look too delighted and willingly contribute extra bit on orders of Shraddha. Shonali remained stuck to Swami. Sidharth chose to wear Swami's clothes. He does not realize that behaviors and habits can't be changed by wearing clothes of saints. Swami's views about gender inequality were challenged by Laxmi who felt that the bias of all was towards the ladies and trans genders did not get due respect and attention. Pooja Misrra was encouraged by Swami when he told her that she was right in her beliefs. Swami was not true in his comments. He told Sky that he was right in what he did and must keep it up. This was like fuelling him further to light up the house with his temper. Siddharth was also appreciated for his behavior in the house.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* [[Akashdeep Saighal|Akashdeep]] ''(Nominated by Shraddha)''
* Pooja M. ''(6 votes)''
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] ''(6 votes)''
* Laxmi ''(3 votes)''
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* While Leaving, Laxmi was asked to save one housemate from next week's nomination. Laxmi chose Mahek and made her immune from Week 7 eviction.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] and [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] were jailed by Shraddha for not following the rules of the weekly task and upsetting her.
|-
| '''Immunity''' ||
* Siddharth was immune from eviction, according to the power given to Mandeep while exiting, hence Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against him.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 41''': [[Agnivesh|Swami Agnivesh]] was asked to leave the house by the Bigg Boss after a visit of three days.
* '''Day 42''': [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>[http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-41-breaking-news-laxmi-evicted-from-bb-house/ Bigg Boss 5- Day 41- Breaking News- Laxmi Evicted From BB House | Kukikol -Daily Road Talks]</ref>
|-
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 7'''
| '''Task''' ||
*'''Raajneeti''': Housemates have to act like politicians and form two parties under two leaders who will have to convince members of the opposing party to form alliance with theirs.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
*'''Day 43''': On the night of Day 42, Pooja Misrra locked herself up inside the bathroom for close to three hours. This stuns the entire house. Since Sky is the captain of the house, he takes up the responsibility of approaching Pooja Misrra and questioning her about her act. Pooja Misrra tells him to get lost. That night, the entire house goes to sleep fearful that Pooja Misrra has been possessed by a ghost. The next day, Pooja Bedi talks to Sky about Pooja Misrra. She tells him that Pooja Misrra is angry with him. Sky puts his ego aside and walks up to Pooja Misrra and tries to clarify their differences. A stubborn Pooja Misrra walks away and says that she is not interested in talking to him. After sometime, Pooja Misrra is seen speaking about how people in the house are hypnotising her and turning her innocent soul into a violent one to get everyone against her. She is also seen bitching about Sky to Pooja Bedi, saying that he is instigating her to fight with Shraddha Sharma and [[Vida Samadzai]]. Pooja Misrra explains to Amar Upadhyay that she was only doing pranayam (breathing exercises) in the loo, but everyone misunderstood her and thought she is practising black magic. Siddharth Bhardwaj tries to reason with Pooja Misrra about her behaviour, but he just ends up feeling so frustrated that he yells at her that he will make sure nobody in the house talks to her. Weekly nominations take place. Captain Sky's special nomination turns out to be a surprise nomination for the entire house. Post the nominations the non-nominated contestants are seen bonding with each other and celebrating their victory of relief for the week. After a while, Siddharth goes to the smoking room where he finds Pooja Misrra. He tries to enter the room but Pooja Misrra slams the door really hard on his face. Siddharth loses his temper and runs in to the house to tell everyone what happened. He warns everybody to stay away from him as he is going to get back at her. The two get into a very nasty fight, so much so that Siddharth almost kicks her. The housemates intervene and with great difficulty calm Siddharth down. Post this violent outburst, Pooja M. goes to her bed and starts meditating. [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] comes to offer her support. She consoles Pooja M. by saying that she can understand what she is going through right now and just wants her to know that she will be there if she needs a person to talk to. After that, Vida informs the green room inhabitants that Pooja Misrra is changing her room. Everyone breathes a sigh of relief. The day ends and all the housemates go to sleep but restless and tense.
* '''Day 44''': It is a new morning and a fresh start in the [[Bigg Boss]] house and as the day begins, Pooja Misrra is seen starting on a new note about yesterday's fight. Pooja Misrra sits along with [[Pooja Bedi]] and vents out her anger about yesterday's fight with Sidharth. She points out how Sidharth misbehaved with her first and abused her family to which Pooja Bedi replied that it was partly Pooja Misrra's fault too that Sidharth's anger aggravated. As the day progresses, Bigg Boss announces a weekly task for which the entire house is seen working in unison. The contestants are then seen preparing for their weekly task and await further announcements from Bigg Boss to carry out the task. Pooja Bedi, Sky and Juhi are seen bonding with each other during the afternoon and talk of how the weekly task can be a great way of breaking Amar down. Shonali is seen upset ever since the nominations. She finds a consoling shoulder in Sidharth and tells him how Sky has been playing double and unfair games. She expresses her grief to Sidharth and soon Vida is seen joining the two and consoling Shonali. Shonali tells Sidharth that ever since day one, she knew what games Sky has been playing and that all her predictions for Sky have been coming true. Sidharth asks Shonali to go and talk to Sky about all of this. Sidharth asks Shonali not to feel so bad about the nominations. Shonali also confronts Sidharth and asks him, why he did not stop Sky from nominating for her name. Bigg Boss then gives out the Code of Conduct letter to the housemates re-iterating the rules of the house. The code of conduct letter is given to the house to tell the housemates that apart from these rules, they need to come up with 10 more rules which would be followed by the entire house. The entire house is seen enthusiastic about the task and everyone is seen working peacefully in their teams for the task. The entire house is in the task mode and are seen enjoying the task and are seen enjoying the team work. Pooja Misrra almost gets jailed as she defies a captain's rule made by Sky. Sky asks Pooja Misrra to go in the jail, but soon rethinks his decisions and thinks it would be best if he does not mess with her anymore. After dinner, Shonali is seen crying again over the nominations issue. She is still unable to digest the fact that Sky has nominated her name for next week's evictions. This shows that Shonali really wants to be a part of the Bigg Boss house and cannot see herself out of the house within a few weeks of coming in.
* '''Day 45''': The day starts with the routine wake up song and all the housemates are up and awake. Pooja Misrra is picked on by Sky and Siddharth especially for consuming too many eggs on a regular basis. Sky being the house captain tells Pooja Misrra that if she doesn't stop this bad habit then he would send her to jail. An angry Pooja Misrra retaliates by announcing to the rest of the housemates that she will be on 'maun vrath' the entire day in order to stop being everyone's target. Vida approaches Amar and tells him that she wants to clarify a few things regarding her nomination. While they both get into an intense conversation, the bad boys aka Siddharth and Sky interfere and start instigating Amar against Vida. The duo has some success as Vida gets a little emotional. Post their departure Amar manages to convince Vida a little bit. After sometime, Sky and Shonali are seen chilling in the captain's room and discussing the happenings of the house. While both are at it, Pooja Misra storms into the captain's room and barges into the restroom without his permission. An angry Sky comes out and tells the rest of the housemates that going into the captain's restroom without prior permission is against the Bigg Boss house rules. So he walks back into his room, enters the restroom and forcefully gets her out and tells her that her behavior is just not accepted. An angry Pooja Misrra walks out and complains to Amar that her elbow was hurt when Sky forcefully opened the door on her. Amar intervenes and tells her that she needs to take the captain's permission for using his loo. Pooja creates a big scene as usual and shouts out saying that she will make everyone suffer for this brutal behavior against her. An agitated Sky being the captain sends her to jail as a punishment for her obnoxious behavior. In a bit, Bigg Boss calls the phone assigned in the house for the "Rajneeti" task. Coincidentally Sky receives the phone call and figures that he needs to send one of his party members to the other party. In sometime, Pooja Misrra is released from the jail. The daily task is introduced in the house and all the housemates get excited to perform the task. Post the task, Siddharth and Mahek get into a very ugly fight. Mahek instigates Siddharth by saying a few nasty things about his family and that gets Siddharth extremely angry. The housemates intervene and calm things down. The day comes to an end as Sky and Pooja Bedi hug and make up with Pooja Misrra. The diplomatic duo seems to keep everyone in their control.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bigg Boss asked [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] to bring along a member of his choice to the confession room. [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] chose [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] to assist him in deciding the four names to place against the public vote. As a result, the four names decided with their consensus were as below:
* Shraddha
* Pooja M.
* [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]]
* [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]]
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* While leaving [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] was asked to nominate two housemates for eviction on Week 8 according to the power giving to her as ''Bigg Bomb''. Vida chose Shraddha and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] adding 1 vote for each of them in the upcoming nomination.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* '''Day 45''' : Pooja M. was jailed by [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] for entering the Captain's lounge without his permission.
*'''Day 46''': [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] were jailed by [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] respectively for shouting and abusing each other which was against the rules laid down by their parties in accordance with the weekly task.
|-
| '''Immunity''' ||
* Mahek was immune from eviction, according to the power given to Laxmi while exiting, hence Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against her.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 49''': [[Vida Samadzai]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>[http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-48-breaking-news-vida-evicted-from-house/ Bigg Boss 5-Day 48- Breaking News- Vida Evicted From House | Kukikol -Daily Road Talks]</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 8'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Haseena teri Misaal kahan''': Titles are given to the beauties of the house with the three boys as their mentors. The title holders have to enact the title for the week.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 49 - 50''': Famous Indo-Canadian Porn-star [[Sunny Leone]] entered the house as a female wild card entry.<ref>[http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/11/bigg-boss-5-sunny-leone-enters-the-house/ Bigg Boss 5: Sunny Leone enters the house ]</ref> After the evictions Sky, Juhi, [[Pooja Bedi]] and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] have a casual chat when Amar enters and Sky tells [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] that the way Vida had been behaving throughout the show with [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] has depicted Amar in a negative light and showed that he is characterless. Both the men enter into an argument when Mahek comes and pulls Amar away and asks him not to stoop down to Sky's level and have an unnecessary argument with [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]]. Juhi comments on this act of Mahek saying she is the one who is seen fighting and pouncing in the house half the times and she acting like a peace-maker now looks just so contradictory. In the evening we see beautiful Sunny entering the Bigg Boss house in a grand manner. She is seen dancing on a Bollywood number and is wearing a fine traditional Indian outfit. The housemates are extremely excited as they think she is their 'New Vida' and think her to be the perfect replacement for Vida. Sky does not miss his chance of luring Sunny to be a part of his room, when the entire house was still just trying to know her well. The housemates are seen quite happy with their new fellow contestant and are seen bonding with her really well. Early in the morning as the day begins, [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] and Shonali have a huge argument. Sky thinks that Shonali is upset with him as he had nominated her the previous week for evictions where as Shonali says that she has forgotten it all long back. Sky is generally irritated with Shonali and has been behaving upset ever since the 'Rajneeti' task ended. Sky does not leave a chance to mock at her and calls her dumb and keeps repeating that she has an image of changing her rooms and forgetting all the wrong that she has done in the past. Sunny tries interfering and stopping the two, but nothing works. Sky goes on to tell Shonali that she is doing nothing but aping Mahek. Shonali could not listen to all that [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] was saying about her and broke down. Amar, Mahek and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] manage to console her and calm her down. As the day ends, we see [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] chatting with Pooja Misrra and Sunny and telling them how he does not like anything going wrong around him. While Sidharth is seen saying this outside, [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] bitches to Pooja Bedi and Juhi telling them that [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] has changed all of a sudden. When Juhi tells him that it's all because of the game, Sky says that it is not because of the game, but it is generally how Sidharth. He also tells them how Sidharth had made a plan against Juhi and Pooja Bedi and Sky was the one who stopped him and told him he does not want to listen to any of it.<ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bigg-Boss-5-Day-49-and-50-Colours-change-when-its-Sunny-inside/5293842785 Bigg Boss 5: Day 49 & 50 'Colours change when it's Sunny inside!']</ref>
* '''Day 51''': Housemates dance to the wake up song. However, things take a turn for the worse a little later. [[Amar Upadhyay]] is working out in the exercising area when [[Mahek Chahal]], Sky and [[Juhi Parmar]] come there too. Sky starts taunting Amar by saying nasty things about his failed career before the show. Amar does not react. Sky then tells him that he will still continue to suffer once he gets out of Bigg Boss 5. Amar still does not react. Sky then mocks the way Mahek speaks. He then insinuates that Amar is having an affair with Shraddha Sharma. Amar finally loses his cool and yells that all the girls in the house are just his friends. Sky then announces that Amar is also seeing Vida as the two were very friendly. Later in the day, Sky, [[Siddharth Bhardwaj]] and [[Sunny Leone]] are seen hanging out near the bathroom area. Later in the day, Sky talks to Amar in the captain's room. Sky fakes an apology for his earlier behaviour and starts bitching about Siddharth to him. Sky goes on to call Siddharth's behavior childish and says his immaturity in dealing with girls is visible. Both Amar and Sky discuss how Siddharth has been switching his loyalties among different groups without realising its consequences. Meanwhile, Sunny, Juhi, [[Pooja Bedi]] and Siddharth are seen chilling in the garden area, discussing Sunny and her good looks. Juhi comments that Sunny is perfect for Bollywood as she has a charming face, she is cute and innocent and brings much-needed freshness with her. Everyone agrees with Juhi. Sunny smiles and explains that she would love to work in Bollywood, but she knows it is not easy. The others encourage her by saying that she will learn everything on the job and there is no need for her to worry. Sunny and Siddharth mop the floor. Bigg Boss announces the weekly task to the housemates. The housemates have a hearty laugh and move on. The day ends on a happy note, where Sunny is admired and complimented by Juhi and Sky for winning all their hearts. Sky assures her that none of them will vote for her nominations because she is really cute.
* '''Day 53''': Sunny is seen sitting with Pooja Bedi on the dining table. She brings up [[Kim Kardashian]]'s topic and asks Pooja if she knows her real claim to fame. Pooja Bedi gives a witty smile as she responds by saying she knows what Sunny is talking about. Sunny slyly asks her if the Indian audience would accept such a celebrity who is also from an Indian origin. Pooja Bedi tells her that the Indian audience is very conservative and may not support such an act. On the other side Sky, [[Pooja Bedi]] and Pooja Misrra strike a conversation. Sky taunts Pooja Misrra by asking her to apologize for the mistakes she had made in the past. Pooja Misrra says she has already apologized whenever she needed to and tells Sky that even he needs to apologize for calling her a dumb woman etc. Pooja Bedi intervenes and tells both of them to calm down and say sorry to each other. The duos agree, say sorry and make up. Mahek is seen gossiping with Sunny in the pink room. Mahek makes Sunny understand that she is not like the others and doesn't feel the need to force her to get her vote for captaincy. She still requests Sunny to feel free and vote for her only if she feels Mahek deserves to be the captain. Meanwhile, in the green room a different game was being played where Siddharth was being assaulted by Sky, Pooja Bedi and [[Juhi Parmar]]. After the fight, the captain nominations take place. The new captain for the coming week is appointed. Sky taunts Mahek for being desperate to be captain. He also accuses her of going back on her word of appointing Pooja Misrra as the new captain and teases her by saying that her cruel intentions were caught by him. Mahek gets extremely pissed off and lashes out at Sky's demeaning words. Mahek then breaks down and ides herself in the bathroom. Juhi, Shonali & Amar go and console her. After things cool down a little, [[Sunny Leone]] performs a sensual pole dance for all the housemates on a nice and slow track. The housemates have a ball in watching Sunny perform at her best.
* '''Day 54''': As soon as the day starts, Siddharth is seen cribbing about how he would not want to follow the orders of the new captain – Pooja Misrra. He tells her how he would not want to do the dishes and would instead take up the responsibility of making lunch with the help of another person. Pooja Misrra sorts this out with Amar and Pooja Bedi and asks Sidharth to cook lunch and not do the dishes instead. Pooja Bedi and Sunny are seen sitting in the garden together when Pooja Bedi asks Sunny to take care of Sky once she is out of the house. Sid and Sky end up having an argument and Sky tells Sidharth what a big 'Copy cat' he is. Sky taunts Sidharth again about the comments that Salman had made last weekend and tells him that how can he still be a part of the house even after so much humiliation. Seeing this Pooja Bedi walks inside the kitchen and asks Siddharth not to find reasons to fight with everyone early in the morning. As the day progresses, [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]] is called in the confession room to talk about her stay in the house. She breaks down while talking about her family and says that she misses them a lot. She says that the contestants inside the house are nothing more than just fellow contestants and that she is hiding her true identity because people around are too judgmental and that if she reveals anything about her life, they will immediately draw a negative image about her. Amar, Shonali, Sidharth and Mahek are seen sitting and imitating Sky, Juhi and Pooja Bedi. Amar and Sidharth imitate how Pooja Bedi advises Sky and Mahek imitates the animated conversation that Juhi and [[Pooja Bedi]] always have with each other.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] ''(Nominated as punishment by Bigg Boss as a result of losing the weekly task)''
* [[Pooja Bedi|Pooja B.]] ''(Nominated by Amar)''
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] ''(6 votes)''
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] ''(4 votes)''
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* While Leaving, [[Pooja Bedi|Pooja B.]] was asked to save one housemate from next week's nomination. Pooja B. chose Juhi and made her immune from Week 9 eviction.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Shraddha and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] had 1 vote added to their count prior to the nominations according to the power given to [[Vida Samadzai|Vida]] while exiting.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 55''': Pooja Misrra was ejected from the house by the [[Bigg Boss]] after physically assaulting [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]].
* '''Day 56''': [[Pooja Bedi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>[http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-55-eviction-day-26-nov-pooja-bedi-evicted-from-bb-house/ Bigg Boss 5-Day 55-Eviction Day-26 Nov- Pooja Bedi Evicted From BB House? | Kukikol -Daily Road Talks]</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 9'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Vodafone 123''' : Housemates have to play roles according to the services provided to Vodafone customers on dialling 123 on their mobile phones.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 57''': The day starts with Sky talking to the housemates post Pooja Misrra's forceful exit about nominating Mahek as the new captain. The housemates start discussing the new nominee for captaincy. While the housemates are debating the same, Bigg Boss announces the new captain of the house according to his discretion. The housemates are a little shocked but accept it without arguing. Post the announcement, the weekly nominations take place where in Bigg Boss calls the captain first to directly nominate a candidate. After that Bigg Boss calls all the boys in the confession room and asks them to nominate two names for direct nomination. This creates confusion amongst the boys, as they find it hard to come to a common conclusion. Finally after a while, the three boys come to a conclusion and arrive at a decision. As usual post the nominations the housemates start the blame game and begin to justify reasons behind the nominations. The housemates keep arguing as they feel it was unfair on the boys to randomly nominate people based on their personal likes and dislikes. In sometime, after things cool down a little Sunny and Sky are seen discussing something rather personal. Sunny whispers to Sky and tells him that he is a really close friend of hers and she can't lie to him anymore. Shonali & Siddharth are then seen in the green room confronting each other. Siddharth blames Shonali for playing a very diplomatic double game with the housemates. He feels that Shonali is very good with twisting her words with time. Shonali retaliates by justifying that she expresses her feelings only to people she is comfortable with. They both argue for a while until Siddharth gets fed up of her nonsense and walks off.
* '''Day 58''': The early morning song cheers up everyone in the house. Amar, Sidharth and Sky are seen sitting in the garden and talking when Sky starts pulling Sidharth's leg. He tells Sidharth that he saw Shraddha and Sidharth talk hand in hand and mock unnecessary fun at him. Sidharth retaliates saying it was nothing but a very friendly gesture from Shraddha's side and Sky should not unnecessarily make fun of it. Sidharth walks out of the conversation getting irritated since Sky begins to get personal. After Sidharth goes inside he talks to Shraddha and tells her what had just happened in the garden. He tells Shraddha that Sky is doing nothing but spoiling his image. Mahek is also seen giving tips to Shraddha in a while and tells Shradhha that it is Juhi and Sky who are playing a double game. Seeing this Sky gets irritated with Sidharth and calls Sidharth an 'evil guy' and tells him that now even he will reveal what all Sidharth has spoken about other contestants in the house. Seeing the confusion, Juhi asks Shraddha to confront Sky and cool the matter down. When Shraddha talks to Sky, she understands that the actual was different from what was being portrayed and ends up getting confused and breaks down. Sky tells Shraddha that it was all nothing but a joke. After all the confusion, Shraddha lashes out at Sky and both end up having a huge argument to which the entire house becomes a witness. Sky is so agitated that he threatens to leave the home, to which Sunny adds saying it would not be difficult for Sky to leave the house, but his mother who is watching the show would want him to stay back and fight for his right. Juhi tries calming both down but nothing works. As the day progresses, the entire house is seen upset with all that had happened in the morning. But of all, Sky seemed the most irritated and refuses to do any task. This is when Mahek approaches him to cook dinner and when he refuses, Mahek asks him to cook his own food and eat if he wants to. He asks Mahek to get out of the room which irritates Mahek and she lashes out on him. He disgusts Mahek by calling her names and calling her a loser. To this Sunny says that she can't help smiling and laughing at all these fights. As the day ends, Sunny is seen sitting in the garden with Juhi and Sky trying to tell them about her real identity, but they both refuse to listen and ask her to keep shut. They tell her that whatever she might be, she is their friend at the end of the day and that they love her no matter what.
* '''Day 60''': The day begins with everyone in the house waking up in a jolly mood and dancing to the tunes of 'Jadu hai nasha hai' from the movie Jism. Sidharth's hunger strike continues as he does not eat anything and walks around the house in the same gloomy mood. He is called inside the confession room by Bigg Boss in a while and is asked to eat food and break his fast. He confesses to Bigg Boss about how he had felt bad about not being given a fair chance of sorting his fights out with the fellow contestants. Bigg Boss pacifies Sidharth by saying that there is no reason why Sidharth would be treated unequal in the house and that Bigg Boss had no intentions of making him feel so. Soon Sidharth's anger melts away and he breaks his fast by eating fruits. He goes out and talks to Sky about all that had happened in the confession room. As everyone in the house is preparing for lunch, [[Bigg Boss]] calls Sunny in the confession room and introduces her to [[Mahesh Bhatt]] who has come to the Bigg Boss house to talk to her about '[[Jism 2|Jism]] 2'. Sunny takes Mahesh Bhatt out of the confession room into the house and Mahesh Bhatt meets the other contestants of the house. Mahesh Bhatt greets everyone in the house with a lot of warmth and gratitude and carries along a lot of energy inside the house. He starts conversing with everyone in the house and observes everyone's faces. He greets Sky in a manner that leaves Sky spell bound and joyous throughout the day. Soon Mahesh Bhatt leaves the house and the housemates discuss how it was great to have someone like him amidst them. As the day ends, Sky is seen in a very light and happy mood. He is seen chatting with Sidahrth in the evening talking about how that there are a lot of vibes in the house, but it all depends on them how they take it. In the night, he hugs Juhi, Sunny and Shonali and waves them a Good Night.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] ''(Nominated by Mahek)''
* Bigg Boss asked [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]], [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] to come to the confession room and asked them to nominate two housemates, [[Akashdeep Saighal|Sky]] protested to the names given by [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] and refuse to be a part of the decision. As a result, the two names decided with the majority consensus were as below:
* Shraddha
* [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]]
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* Prior to her Exit, Shraddha was asked to nominate two names for captaincy in Week 11. She chose [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] and [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]].
|-
| '''Immunity''' ||
* [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] was immune from eviction, according to the power given to Pooja B. while exiting, hence Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against her.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 63''': Shraddha Sharma was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss-5-day-62-saturday-03-dec-shradha-sharma-evicted-from-bb-house/ | title=Bigg Boss 5-Day 62- Saturday- 03 Dec- Shradha Sharma Evicted from BB House | date=3 December 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 10'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Jailor Ki Jay Jay Kaydi Ki Haye Haye''': The house is turned into a jail with Housemates playing roles of convicts and jailors.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 66''': The weekly task of 'Jailer ki jay jay, kaidi ki haye haye' seems to have taken a toll on the contestants. Their involvement in the task has reached nauseating heights. Early in the morning, Mahek tries stealing the locker keys, but due to Sidharth's tight security she fails at doing what she wants to and the two teams end up having an argument. While the two teams were busy arguing, Amar slyly steals the keys and goes to sleep. It is only after sunrise that Shonali and Sidharth realize that the keys have been missing. As the two report the incident to Juhi, Juhi gets agitated and argues over it with Amar, Sky and Mahek. She points a finger at Mahek and Sky saying they are not playing a fair game. Soon Sidharth is very happy since they get a letter from Bigg Boss stating that Amar should return the keys. Once they get the keys back, Sunny gets a heat stroke and starts feeling giddy. Soon Sunny gets out of the jail to sit in the shade for a while and while she's out, she winks at the prisoners inside so that they can utilize this as their chance and steal the keys. Sky makes use of the opportunity and runs to get the keys from the drawer when Shonali runs behind him and asks him to leave the keys. Soon there is a big ruckus created out of the key being stolen and the housemates enter into a huge argument. When the prisoners are asked about the keys, all of them refuse and say that they do not have the keys. In the entire ruckus, Sky throws the keys at Mahek and Juhi assures that Mahek has the keys but she cannot physically go and get the keys. Sunny is seen sitting near the water filter shivering due to her heat stroke when Juhi comes to her and tells her that her act of winking to the prisoners would turn out to be futile for her own self. [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]] replies back to this saying this is a game and that to make her team survive she needed to do it. And also assures Juhi that her heat stroke was not a part of the game plan but it was something really genuine. The day ends on a gloomy note where the all contestants are seen unhappy with the task and refuse to carry on with the task.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bigg-Boss-5-Day-66-All-is-fair-in-love-and-war/5306013790|title=Bigg Boss 5: Day 66 'All is fair in love and war'}}</ref>
*'''Day 67''': Juhi & Mahek are seen in the kitchen area where Juhi is preparing some tea. Mahek tries to clear out the previous night's misunderstandings. Initially, Juhi refuses to talk but eventually they discuss as to how the situation in the house is changing steadily and people are becoming immune to any kind of emotional attachments and considering every little thing as a part of the game. Meanwhile, as Mahek and Juhi walk out to the activity area, Mahek slyly tries to steal the locker's keys from the jailers. Unfortunately she doesn't find it in the top drawer, much to Shonali's and Juhi's excitement! As they had intentionally hid it in the second drawer. Mahek laughs at herself and goes into the bathroom. In sometime, Bigg Boss sends out a letter for [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] to read in front of all the housemates. The letter declared the completion of the weekly task. The jailers were extremely excited whereas the prisoners weren't too happy as the locker keys with the jailers. The housemates get involved with their day-to-day activities. While all are in the house, an announcement is made wherein a flight from Sydney has landed in the activity area. The housemates run to see the face of the latest entrant in the house. The flight opens up and Andrew Symonds walks out of the personal charter. The housemates welcome him with applause, hugs & handshakes. Siddharth of all the housemates is the most excited to see him. A sporting Andrew offers to help the housemates by willing to clean the carpet. The hulky cricketer volunteers to help and does clean the carpet in the verandah. Now that is something nobody in the house has ever done. Sky commented on this behavior by Andrew as he tells Sunny that all this attention he is enjoying would hardly last for than more a week. After sometime all the housemates clarify from Andrew if he was actually a contestant or a guest entry, to which he replies with much assurance. Bigg Boss then announces that he is sending Andrew a gift in the form of a translator. All the housemates get curious to know who or what the translator is. Their inquisitiveness is put to rest as they enter the storeroom to find a sealed wooden box. Amar & Sky open the box to see Pooja Misrra in the box. She was wearing a joker attire. The housemates literally take a step back, especially Siddharth who is astonished to see her. Everyone bursts into laughter and welcome Pooja Misrra back to the house with hugs and embraces. After she meets and greets all the housemates she starts talking about her image in the outside world due to her stay in the big Boss house.
* '''Day 68''': The housemates enjoyed the morning via water aerobics in the pool. All were having a hearty laugh and Andrew Symonds too had a ball with his newly made friends. Post the swimming session, Sky and Shonali are seen in the bathroom area. Sky reaches out to Shonali, hugs her and apologises for his rude behavior during the jail task. The two hug and sort out their differences like mature adults. After that Sky and Juhi sit in the captain's room and chat. Sky here convinces Juhi that he did not mean to lie or cheat her at any point of time. He explains to her that it was all for the sake of winning the task. Juhi gets emotional and comments about how she gets affected emotionally only when Sky is in the picture, hearing which Sky apologizes and gives her a tight hug. The duo makes up and things are cool with them again. Little later Pooja Misrra, Sky, Amar & Juhi are hanging out in the captain's room. Here the housemates are all discussing about Pooja Misrra's image that has been created in the outside world. Pooja Misrra tells her side of the harsh reality that she faced after leaving the Bigg Boss house. She adds that, she is an unmarried girl and that is just too much to handle in a society like ours. She also went about how people were comparing her knack of violence with the likes of KRK. She also adds her bit on the embarrassment faced by her family and friends. In a while, the house phone rings, Siddharth is the first one to pick it up so Bigg Boss gives him a special task. After this the captain nomination takes place. A new captain is declared by an election. The daily task was introduced in the form of a small barbecue party organized by Bigg Boss in order to welcome Andrew Symonds and appreciate the completion of the Jail task successfully. Post the party, Mahek bitches about Juhi's self-obsessed nature and how she can stoop to any level in order to demean or degrade anyone. Meanwhile, Siddharth is seen defending his stand on the whole issue and tries to prove his innocence. In the end Siddharth is extremely nervous and goes to Pooja Misrra and apologizes over and over again.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Housemates were asked to nominate two housemates to make them immune from eviction. Housemates saved [[Akashdeep Saighal|Akashdeep]] and [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]]. Contrary to the result, the remaining housemates who were put up for eviction are listed below:
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]]
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]]
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]]
* [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]]
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb''' ||
* Prior to her exit, [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] was asked to choose one housemate to whom she would succeed her captaincy to. Mahek picked Siddharth.
|-
| '''Immunity''' ||
* [[Akashdeep Saighal|Akashdeep]] and [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]] were granted immunity from eviction contrary to the result of the weekly nominations.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 70''': [[Mahek Chahal]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Mahek-Chahal-evicted-from-Bigg-Boss/Article1-780706.aspx |title=Mahek Chahal evicted from Bigg Boss - Hindustan Times |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211004433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Mahek-Chahal-evicted-from-Bigg-Boss/Article1-780706.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 11'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Hookumat-e-Symonds''': Housemates had to please and fulfill [[Andrew Symonds]]'s wishes.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 69 - 70''': The day starts with the post-eviction drama in the Bigg Boss house. All the housemates are seen spell bound and astonished as Mahek Chahel was evicted by the public votes. The housemates were expecting Shonali to bid goodbye to the house, thus they were all left in a state of shock. Shonali herself felt that she was getting evicted. Well at the end of the day, it is the public vote that really counts. Amar And Sky are seen bitching about Siddharth and his childlike behavior. After sometime, the housemates are stunned by a new entry from the confession room. It was Siddharth's own mother. Siddharth was speechless as he could not believe his eyes. He got to meet his mother after a few years and that too in the Bigg Boss house. Siddharth hugged his mom really tightly and greeted her with much love. Siddharth's mom was welcomed by all the housemates with much love and respect. Everyone offered her something to eat and drink and made sure she felt comfortable in the house. Siddharth's mother was sitting in the living area of the house along with all the housemates. Sky was at the kitchen counter and he offers Siddharth's mom bread and butter, to which Siddharth's mom responds quite rudely by saying that she doesn't need any buttering and that Sky can come and sit with the rest of the others. After a while, they all are seen in the garden area, and Siddharth's mother picks on Sky yet again and asks his as to why he was so quiet. Sky responds by saying that it was just a gesture of respect for the elders. Siddharth then feels a little uncomfortable about his mom's over protective nature and requests her not to fight his battle. While everyone is amidst something or the other, Bigg Boss calls Sunny into the confession room. He then introduces Sachin Shroff who happens to be Juhi Parmar's husband. Sunny sees him and jumps up with joy! Sunny then goes running into the house, gets Juhi and tells her to keep her eyes closed as she has a surprise for her. In sometime, Madhu who happens to be Sky's sister walks into the house. She meets Sky and the rest of the housemates and spreads loads of joy and happiness in the house. She spreads a message of peace and walks out of the house, after making an impression on each housemate. The next in line was Shiaz - Shonali's boy friend. The young artist came into the house and surprised Shonali completely as she expected her family to visit her. The couple are seen sitting in her room and catching up thoroughly. The couple is interrupted every now and then by Siddharth who is more bothered about his image in the outside world. While everyone is in the relaxing zone, Hetal who is Amar's wife walks into the house. Juhi and Siddharth spot her first and welcome her to the house. The couple who have been married for roughly 13 years meet after two and a half months! Amar is overjoyed to see his better half and doesn't restrain from expressing his emotions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bigg-Boss-5-Day-69-and-70-Family-fervor-in-the-house/5309583433|title=Bigg Boss 5: Day 69 & 70 'Family fervor in the house'}}</ref>
*'''Day 72''': The day starts with a classic wake up song. Sky and Pooja Misrra are relaxing in the garden area and bitching about Sidharth's unruly behavior and negative attitude. Siddharth walks in to the garden area and Sky abuses him in front of all. He calls him names and threatens to beat him up outside the Bigg Boss house in front of the whole world. Siddharth says he is not scared of his dirty threats and shouts back at him. Juhi intervenes and tells both the boys to back off and stop fighting early in the morning. Sky tells Siddharth to back off and finally the duo are detached from each other as Shonali and Amar intervene and push them apart. After this fight, Sky and Amar unite and decide to discontinue the task assigned to them. They blame Siddharth for ruining their sleep and for being a bad captain and decide to boycott the task so that the captain realizes his mistake. Sunny who is the king's (Symonds) advisor informs the same to the king. Siddharth tries to convince Amar to help him with the task as he doesn't have any personal grudges with him. Amar denies his request and expresses his anger as he could sleep only for one hour due to the erratic fight late at night. The king then calls Amar and Sky in front of Sunny and asks them if they would continue the task assigned to them. Both the boys express that they would do all the household chores but not the task as they had decided to boycott the captain. Symonds is seen rehearsing for the task along with Siddharth, Juhi, Amar and Sky. Everyone teaches Symonds his dialogues so he can be prepared at the time of the task. Sunny is dressed as ''Mehbooba''. She performs a sensual dance which brings a smile to all the housemates. The rest of the housemates too perform their acts in an impressive manner. The housemates have a blast during the task. Post the task all the housemates are tired and go to sleep. Sky, Suuny, Amar, Pooja Misrra and Shonali take an apple, put a candle in it and surprise Juhi for her birthday. Everyone sings for her, wish her and leave the room.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Before leaving the Family/Friends of the housemates, who came for a short visit to meet their loved ones, were asked to nominate two names for eviction excluding Pooja Misrra, [[Siddharth Bhardwaj]] and [[Andrew Symonds]]. The two housemates which got the most votes were as following:
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] ''(4 votes)''
* [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]] ''(3 votes)''
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] was removed as Captain for not dedicating enough commitment towards the duties and responsibilities of his captaincy.
* Bigg Boss announced that according to his observations the post of the house captain is only being taken upon as an excuse for escaping nominations and gaining special rights for the week which he strictly dislikes and as a result, captaincy wouldn't be allocated to any housemate until his further notice.
|-
| '''Bigg Bomb'''||
* When leaving, [[Shonali Nagrani|Shonali]] was giving a special power by the name of 'Bigg Bomb' and had to choose one housemate to cook food for everyone for the rest of the week. Shonali chose [[Akashdeep Saigal|Sky]].
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 77''': [[Shonali Nagrani]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kukikol.com/bigg-boss5-day-75-eviction-day-saturday-17dec-shonali-evicted-from-bigg-boss-house/ | title=Bigg Boss5-Day 76-Eviction Day -Saturday-17Dec- Breaking News SHONALI Evicted from Bigg Boss House | date=17 December 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 12'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Dhinchak Dhinchak Dhinchak Dhin''': Housemates had to dance on their respective songs on a round platform when the songs are played.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 77 & 78''': Everyone in the house is seen sad and gloomy after evictions since Salman Khan spoke to each contestant personally and showed them a mirror. After the grilling session, the housemates say that they would not do anything in the house except for actively participating in the tasks. Carrying on in the gloomy mood, Amar and Pooja Misrra are seen bitching bout Juhi and her self-centeredness in the pink room. Soon Symonds and Pooja Misrra are asked to lease the house since they were not contestants but were guests on the show. While Andrew is ready and is waiting for Pooja Misrra, Sidharth manages to get time to talk to Symonds and Symonds advises Sidharth to play the game sensibly henceforth and act a little matured and live up to all that Salman has advised him to. While Pooja Misrra packs her bags, Sunny and Amar tell her that this time she can strut out with her head held high. While the two are seen leaving, Juhi asks Symonds to enact '''Aati kya Khandala''' once again and Andrew does it perfectly this time to which all the contestants are seen applauding. As the day progresses and eviction nominations take place, post which a little negative vibe is felt in the house. Amar and Sidharth bitch about Sky the trio - Juhi, Sunny and Sky, whereas the trio is seen bitching about Amar and the double games he has been playing. Sky then confronts Amar and asks him of what games is her trying to play to which Amar replies back saying he is not here to make relationships or friends, but to play a game and is doing just that. He says that he is playing games and is quite open about the fact. At the end of the day, Bigg Boss announces that the now since there are only 5 members in the house, the contestants can all stay together in the Pink room and the green Room will remain shut. Sky, Sunny and Juhi are seen cribbing about it but Amar is seen quite happy as he takes this to be lesson for the trio who would have never wanted to leave their green room and come. As the day ends, we see Sunny and Juhi having a dialogue with the camera where Sunny enacts kicking all the boys out of the house and surviving until the end of the show saying women are no less and are strong enough contenders to win the show.
* '''Day 81''': The day begins in the Bigg Boss house and Juhi, Sunny and Sky are seen giving each other a group hug and are happy to see each other around. After breakfast, Sky and Juhi are seen sitting in the garden area talking about Amar and his "wanna-be" nature. Soon, Amar joins the two and Sky turns the tables and tells Amar that he was just discussing him Juhi and was all praises about him. In a short while, all the five contestants are lounging out in the garden when Amar and Sky subtly start arguing carrying on with last night's argument. Sky did not like the way Amar stole his thunder last night and started performing on his song wearing Sky's clothes. Sky picked this up as an opportunity to pounce on Amar. Once Sky move out of scene, Amar and Sidharth get talking about how Sky has now overdone his stay in the house. Amar tells Sidharth that his jokes are completely nonsensical and that his time on the show has ended and that soon, it should be his turn to pack bags and go back. As the day progresses, the entire house is seen getting into the task mood. Juhi and Sunny end up enacting a mock fight as they are in the task fervor. The two are then seen taking Sidharth and Amar's case. As the day progresses, Sunny, Sky and Juhi discuss about Amar and his touchy mannerisms. Sunny tells Sky that she does not like the way Amar was being touchy with the girls during the task. Sky replies back in affirmative saying there was no need of him to do so. As the day ends, Juhi and Sunny are seen picking on the men again and enact the fight Sky and Amar have in the morning. The two hilariously take the center stage and repeat all that had been boiling between Amar and Sky by making every contestant in the house laugh.
* '''Day 82''': The day begins on a very chirpy note in the house. Amar is seen grooving while Sunny and Sky exchange pleasantries. Sidharth and Amar are seen discussing how both of them have been playing games lately and have been doing all of it for their own good. All five are sitting in the garden discussing Amar and Juhi's dance when Sky pulls Amar leg by asking the women if Amar's dance looked desperate or no. Amar takes it up from here stating that the girls will obviously agree and starts pointing out at the chemistry the trio (Juhi, Sky and Sunny) share. Sky, continuing with the humor plays around with Amar when the two are just chilling in the afternoon playing with the phones that have been given to them as props. Sky quizzes Amar on what would Amar do if he wins finale and tries to pull Amar down. As Amar enters the pink room in the afternoon, Sky is seen sitting there chatting with the girls. Once Amar enters, Sky points it out to the girls that Amar thinks of the girls in the house to be weaklings which Amar pounces back saying Sky is the one who has disrespected women the most on the show. Sky again invites Juhi and Sunny to comment on the topic and Juhi takes no time to jump into the argument and agree to the fact that Amar has been calling the women of the house as weaklings. Amar walks out of the scene and accuses Sky of creating unnecessary drama in the house. Sky laughs it off and pays no attention to what Amar has been saying. Sidharth tries to gain momentum in the fight and tries to talk to Amar about the issue, but Amar plays smart and does not open up much with him. The three boys are seen sitting outside and talking and Sky behaves as if he has forgotten everything. Seeing this Juhi says she can never understand Sky's behavior. The contestants are seen discussing the same argument entire evening apart from their tasks and the day comes to an end with all the contestants in the house being divided into groups and trying to play their own games.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]] ''(3 votes)''
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] ''(3 votes)''
* [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]] ''(2 votes)''
* [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]] ''(2 votes)''
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* [[Akashdeep Saigal|Akashdeep]] had to cook food for all housemates alone according to the power given to Shonali while exiting.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 78''': [[Andrew Symonds]] and Pooja Misrra were asked to leave the house by the Bigg Boss after staying for eleven days inside the house.
* Voting lines were closed, hence, no housemate was evicted as a present from Bigg Boss on Christmas Eve.
|-
! rowspan=4 style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 13'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Paathshaala Ka Bol Baala''': The house is turned into a school. [[Juhi Parmar]] was made the Head-mistress of the school and other contestants played students and teachers.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 84''': Earlier evicted housemate [[Mahek Chahal]] returned to the house, through a "''Wildcard Voting Contest''", disguised as a [[Santa Claus]].
* '''Day 87''': The day opens on a very lively song 'Tunak Tunak' to which every contestant is seen grooving. The Punjabi song hits off a conversation between the two Punjabi kudis in the house – Mahek and Sunny, as Mahek starts asking Sunny about which part of Punjab does she belong to and the two discuss about Sunny's extended family staying in a remote part of Punjab. As the day progresses, Amar, Sidharth and Mahek discuss who will leave the house this weekend. Mahek starts talking about Sky and his self-centeredness. The trio continues to discuss about how Sky would use steroids once out of the house to get back in shape since after coming into the house, he's lost his bulky figure. Sunny, while talking to Sky mentions how she watched the show before entering and how she would only and solely watch fights throughout the show. The three discuss that while the fight, Pooja Misrra was all calm and very composed and managed herself well throughout the fight. Bigg Boss gives the housemates a chance to watch one of their moments in the house, when Amar gets to watch his fight with Pooja Misrra over bangles. After watching the clip, Amar starts feeling bad and is upset over how he fought with Pooja Misrra. He apologizes to the entire house and repents his fights with everyone and says that he totally agrees with Salman when Salman spoke of how these fights look pathetic. Soon after Amar apologizes to the trio, he walks out of the garden area to the room as he begins to feel awkward. Sky goes behind him and pacifies him saying all of them have behaved just the same and that he does not need to feel awkward about any of it. As the day ends, Sky is seen suspecting Amar and Sidharth of receiving a secret task and talks of same to Juhi. Sky is seen going to sleep with suspicion in mind about Amar's secret task and spreads it across to Juhi as well.
* '''Day 89''': As the day begins, starts Sidharth's and Amar's picking on Sky. The two again fool Sky by a fake secret task. As the scene shifts, we see Mahek bitching about Amar to Sidharth and called him spineless while reiterating the fact that he is just too desperate to win the show. In the afternoon, Amar is seen bitching to Sky about Sidharth. The two talk about how Sidharth is way too aggressive and childish in his behavior. The two get talking about how much he has lied on the show. Amar tells Sky that he regrets backing Sidharth. Looking at the two men talking, Sidharth tells Juhi and Mahek that the 'Jai and Veeru' bonding is back in action. Once Amar comes back into the room, Sidharth asks Amar if he has gone and spoken any of their discussions to Sky. Amar immediately retaliates listening to this and says he was not sitting with Sky to talk about others. Mahek tells him that he has played double-faced earlier and hence this doubt now. The trio ends up having an argument over the same. As the day progresses, Sunny tells Juhi that Sidharth has not completed his part of house cleaning which stops her from finishing her work. Juhi takes this up with Sidharth and soon the entire house is seen rolling into it. Mahek and Juhi have an argument and Sky has an argument with Sidharth over the issue. Soon Mahek takes Sidharth to the pink room and calms him down, but when Sidharth comes out, he sees Sunny and Sky doing his part of the house cleaning. This irritates him all the more but he makes sure that since he hasn't done his work, he compensates by cooking dinner. In the evening, Sidharth is seen going up to Juhi and patching up with her. The two hug and apologize to each other and forget all their differences. After the patch up, Juhi is seen discussing it with Amar over dishwashing saying she does not understand Sidharth. Amar said it was all nothing but an emotional ride for Sidharth in which he came up to Juhi and patched up with her. As the day ends, Sky and gang are seen sitting in the garden area and discussing about the evening drama. Juhi tells Sky that she is happy being with him as he is such a clean-hearted man. The two also discuss about how Sidharth is good only from a distance. Juhi tells Sky that in case anything pops up in the future with Sidharth, she will just put Sky on the front to sort it out with him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bigg-Boss-5-Day-89-Friends-for-Benefit/5322983204|title = Bigg Boss 5: Day 89 'Friends for Benefit?'}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* Bigg Boss nominated all housemates to give them all an equal chance of going to the final week. Hence, the nomination process was not opted. Housemates nominated for the week were as follows:
* [[Akashdeep Saigal|Akashdeep]]
* [[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]]
* [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]]
* [[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]]
* [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]]
* [[Sunny Leone|Sunny]]
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 91''': [[Sunny Leone]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/porn-star-sunny-leone-evicted-from-bigg-boss-5-88065-2011-12-31|title = Porn star Sunny Leone evicted from Bigg Boss 5}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=8 style="width: 6%;" | '''Final {{nowrap|Week 14}}'''
| '''Task''' ||
* '''Kamaal Kursi Ka''': Housemates had taken control of a Royal Chair and once any one of them has sat on it, other housemates shall become his/her servants. The task was cancelled before it could come to its end due to Mahek and Siddharth's breaking of task rules and uncivil behaviour towards other housemates during their rules.
* '''Lollipop Se Karo Talk''': Lollipop stand with the photos of evicted housemates were provided to the finalists. Each housemate had to equip at least one lollipop stand and had impersonate the housemate whose photo is depicted on it and talk through it to other housemates.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 90 & 91''': As Sunny leaves the house, the final five contestants are seen rejoicing and are happy as they have entered the finale list. Soon, the men are made to dress up for their Bigg wrestle and once the men see the giant sumo they would wrestle, all of them end up giving scared reactions. Sidharth is assigned the task of attending to the special guest in the house. Sidharth soon starts interacting with Yama and manages to become friends with him. In the evening, as the contestants relax after dinner, they ask Yama to sing a Japanese song. He very cutely sings a Japanese song for the contestants and soon everyone in the house starts singing with him. They teach him 'Aati Kya Khandala' and he repeats after them. After the singing, they teach him how to dance and he grooves with them too. They teach him to do Salman's step from the movie 'Dabangg'. As the next day begins, the wake up song 'Sayonara' makes Yama happy and he begins humming the song. He soon jumps into the swimming pool, and Amar and Sky cannot help but make fun of the way all the water splashed out of the swimming pool. The two tell him how it felt like a mini tsunami once he jumped inside the swimming pool. In the afternoon, Yama's lunch is sent inside the house. The entire house is shocked to see how Yama's food is sent in steel buckets. Looking at the way Bigg Boss has sent lunch, Yama is shocked. In the evening, the contestants start talking to Yama about his love life back in Japan. In a while, Sidharth takes a red balloon and starts teasing Yama after Yama talks about his love life. The two have fun and are seen enjoying the moment. In the night, Bigg Boss sends in dinner for Yama and asks all the contestants to serve him food the Indian way. Yama enjoys being treated well but at the same time very sweetly asks all the other contestants to enjoy their dinner too. In the night, Sky taunts Amar along with Juhi about how Amar is always happy when a contestant is asked to pack bags and leave the house.
* '''Day 93''': The day begins with an apt number of 'Paisa Paisa' with the TV displaying '5 days to go' and '1, 00, 00,000/-'. As the contestants walk outside, they notice a bag filled with cash put in the garden area, and soon they understand that they have an open option of walking out with the cash in case any of them think they are not going to win. Seeing this Siddharth discusses with Mahek how the money would increase by the day so that it will tempt them more to leave. As the day progresses, [[Siddharth Bhardwaj]] and Sky aka [[Akashdeep Saigal]] are seen getting into a small banter and due to a task. Mahek Chahal, Juhi Parmar and Amar Upadhyay roll into the banter too and soon each of them are seen supporting their friends on the show. As a result of the argument that happened in the afternoon, Mahek and Sky start arguing about how each of them have been after each other's lives always. Sky taunts Mahek about her coming back at Sky for all that he had done to her earlier on the show. Sky tells Mahek that she should stop avenging him. Mahek returns the favor back to Sky by telling him that he should stop accusing her for things she is not doing. In the evening, since the entire house had a very negative day, all of them sit down to discuss about their best experiences in the house. Siddharth talks about how his best moment was when Mahek told him that he has managed to win her heart. Juhi discusses about her best moment being her husband walking into the house and being with her. Sky discusses how his best moment was when Pooja Bedi showed that concern for him while he was down and the entire house was pointing a finger at him but only Pooja Bedi was the one who asked him to stand strong. As the day ends, Sid and Mahek are seen discussing Amar and his spineless behavior. Sid tells Mahek that just a few days back it was Sky who was taunting Amar and making fun about his family, wife and kids and now Amar has turned out to be gelling well with the man again. Sid tells Mahek that he feels ashamed of supporting Amar while all of this was going on. He says, that now when Sky is being sweet, it took no time for Amar to stop being with them and bitching about them to Sky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/bigg-boss-5-siddharth-sky-mahek-juhi-amar-banter-040112.html|title=Bigg Boss 5: Siddharth, Sky, Mahek, Juhi, Amar get into banter|date=4 January 2012|access-date=9 February 2019|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221719/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/bigg-boss-5-siddharth-sky-mahek-juhi-amar-banter-040112.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Day 94''': The day begins on a very competitive song of 'Muqqabla' as it is an indication for the housemates that the show is nearing its end and soon a winner will be announced. The house continues on the same note as last night's. The trio – Juhi Parmar, Amar Upadhyay and Sky aka Akashdeep Saigal, continue to be irritated with Mahek Chahal and Siddharth Bhardwaj after all that had happened the day before. Sid continues to throw weight around and orders Juhi to get him tea and Amar to wash his cup to which both revolt and soon Sky joins them in too. Soon, Mahek and Sid head to their room and the trio follow them trying to listen to their conversation and taunt them. While Juhi, Amar and Sky taunt them, Sid maintains his stance of not getting into a fight unnecessarily with anyone around. The entire house remains silent for a while but very soon starts interacting and having fun with each other. They all imitate the evicted contestants and recall old memories of how each one would fight over something or the other. In the evening, Sid is seen apologising to Amar and Sky about all the wrongs he has done so far in the show. Amar reacts well and is warm and apologises back while he also taunts him saying Sid has actually hurt him a lot. When Sid approaches Sky, Sky is little cold but smiles and agrees to forget everything too. As time passes, Sky has an outburst where he thinks Sid did not respect him and vents it out first in front of Juhi and Amar and tells them that he will go and clear the same out. Juhi and Amar try to stop him and ask him not to unnecessarily approach Sid and elongate the drama, but he does not listen. Sky goes out and tells Sid how he was the one who saved Sid from kicking Pooja Mishra and getting out of the show for being violent. Sky tells him that if it wasn't for him, Sid would not have been a part of the show any more. Seeing all Sky's outburst, Juhi cribs about how she tried stopping him and tried talking to him but he just would not listen. The day ends on a very awkward note where all the housemates are seen not talking or interacting with each other and suddenly the lights go off.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/bigg-boss-5-juhi-amar-sky-fight-mahek-siddharth-040112.html|title = Bigg Boss 5: Har Pal Badalte rang in the house|date = 4 January 2012|access-date = 9 February 2019|archive-date = 4 October 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224759/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/bigg-boss-5-juhi-amar-sky-fight-mahek-siddharth-040112.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Finalists''' ||
* During the final week the public voted for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss. The finalists for the title were as following:
*[[Akashdeep Saigal|Akashdeep]]
*[[Amar Upadhyay|Amar]]
*[[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]]
*[[Juhi Parmar|Juhi]]
*[[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]]
|-
|style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" | '''Winner''' ||style="background:; text-align:center;" |[[Juhi Parmar]]
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"| '''Runner-Up''' || style="background:; text-align:center;" |[[Mahek Chahal]]
|-
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;"| '''Third Place''' || style="background:; text-align:center;" | [[Siddharth Bhardwaj]]
|-
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;"| '''Fourth Place''' || style="background:; text-align:center;" |[[Akashdeep Saigal]]
|-
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;"| '''Fifth Place''' || style="background:; text-align:center;" | [[Amar Upadhyay]]
|}

== Weekly tasks ==
{| class="wikitable"


|-
! style="width: 10%;" | Task No.
! style="width: 15%;" | Date given
! style="width: 60%;" | Description
! style="width: 15%;" colspan="2"| Result
|-
! 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 4 October 2011 (Day 02)
| '''Pahiya Ghumao Kismat Chamkao''' The task involves contestants teaming up for the rest of the week to fulfill the objective and earn points that will help determine their budgeting and rationing for the coming week. The task involves them riding a rickshaw and taking it to different cities that are marked on a map that is provided to the contestants. The contestants will then perform an act based on the peculiarities of the city that they have reached. In between the performances, at all times i.e. 24x7, someone will have to lead the rickshaw and keep pedaling so that the street lamp placed beside the cycle rickshaw remains lit. (100% bet of weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" colspan="2"|''' Passed'''
|-
! 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 10 October 2011 (Day 7)
| '''Jiska Kaam Usi Ko Saanjhay''' All the contestants were allotted some official household duties. Juhi was made the PR of Bigg Boss and it is her duty to keep a track of everyone's performance. Gulabo was the head cook and had two kitchen assistants to help her. Shakti and Vida were in charge of security. Amar, Shonali and Raageshwari became the washroom attendants. Mahek and Shraddha were supposed to clean the house and the garden area. Pooja Bedi and Pooja Mishra formed the dishwashing team. (0% bet of the weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" colspan="2"|''' Failed'''
|-
! 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 18 October 2011 (Day 16)
|'''Mai Chotta Sa Nanha Sa Bachcha Hu''' All the contestants were allotted a role of a parent or a child. A Parent will have to take care of their respective child. Amar, Pooja M, Laxmi, Shonali, Vida and Mahek were given the role of parents whereas Shakti, as applauded on her outstanding performance during the task, however, Siddharth, Pooja Misrra and Shraddha displayed inconsistent performances. As a result, their luxury budget points (200 pts. from each) were cut. Shakti and Shonali were also told of their irregular roles in the task and hence 100 pts from both were not allotted. The housemates, overall, managed to grab 1800 points out of 2600. (70% bet of the weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
! 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 25 October 2011 (Day 23)
|'''Diya Jalay Tou Diwali Nahi Jalay Tou Diwala''' To celebrate Diwali, the contestants were split into teams of two and asked to make candles (Diyaas). The team that will achieve the target of making 500 candles first, will be declared winner of the task. The housemates have to make 2000 diyas in one week. They have been provided a machine for the same. They were given a demonstration on the procedure of using the machine. Only one housemate can make diyaas on the machine at a time. The diyaas can be shaped from the wet clay even manually. Team 1 : Amar, Pooja B., Shonali, Shakti, Vida, Juhi. Team 2 : Siddharth, Laxmi, Pooja M., Shraddha, Mandeep and Akaashdeep. (??% bet of the weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
! 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 1 November 2011 (Day 30)
|'''Lambee Hai Dooree, Chadhhna Zarooree''' Bigg Boss house was converted to an army camp where the housemates were trainees and Mandeep was made the Drill instructor. The task is associated with Wall climbing and a crash obstacle course was set up for the housemates. Housemates had to cover 12000 ft hiking on a 20 feet wall created in the Activity area inside the house. Housemates are also instructed to wear [[Recruit training|Boot Camp]] uniforms as a part of the task. Bigg Boss announced that housemates have failed to accomplish the task due to the in-cooperative behavior of Mandeep as [[Colonel]]. [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] also inhibited irrelevant traits as opposed to the task i.e. Sleeping. Bigg Boss also stated that the only people who tried to do justice to the weekly task were Pooja B. and Amar. (0% bet of the weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;" colspan="2"| '''Failed'''
|-
! 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 8 November 2011 (Day 37)
|'''Shraddha Ki Riyaasat''' Shraddha will be treated as a queen and the rest will be her attendants. They've to call her ''Rajkumari''. Every morning when Shraddha wakes up two of the housemates have to come to her and take her blessings. All her orders are essential to be acted upon otherwise the housemates might be locked into the jail as punishment. Every night all housemates have to line up to her room and praise her one by one. Sky was praised on performing the task with consistency, however, Shraddha was detested by the [[Bigg Boss]] due to her incorrect role play as the [[:wikt:Queen|Queen]]. Bigg Boss rewarded 2200 points to the housemates. (100% bet of the weekly luxury budget)
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
| style="background:silver;" colspan="3"|
! style="width: 7%;" | Team Amar
! style="width: 7%;" | Team Sky
|-
! 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 15 November 2011 (Day 44)
|'''Raajneeti''' Housemates formed two teams - Team Amar and Team Sky. Pooja M., Pooja B., Shraddha and Mahek under the leadership of Amar formed a team namely ''No Jhagra No bayhes, We are Shanti in Progress''. On the other hand, Juhi, Siddharth, Vida and Shonali joined Akashdeep's team ''Band Mutthi Haath ki''. According to the phone call from [[Bigg Boss]], which Akashdeep (Sky) attended, Shonali was told to form alliance with Amar's team. On Day 47, Amar's team with the majority of votes won the election with the vote count 6 - 4. As a result, Amar was rewarded by being made the captain of the house for the coming week and his team granted full luxury budget.
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed'''
|-
! 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 22 November 2011 (Day 51)
| '''Haseena Teri Misaal Kahan''' Boys are made mentors and have to form three teams. Amar selects Juhi, Shonali and Shraddha. Sky chooses Pooja M. and Pooja B. and Siddharth chose Mahek and Sunny. Girls referred as "Beauties" are given titles and have to wear sashes with their title label on it for the whole week. Bigg Boss granted 1500 points to the housemates.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:80%; font-size:90%;"
! '''Titles allotted as per the Task'''
! style="width: 30%;" | Beauty
|-
| Miss Meethi chhuri || align="center" bgcolor="hotpink"|[[Pooja Bedi]]
|-
| Miss Namkeen || align="center" bgcolor="#FBF373" |[[Sunny Leone]]
|-
|Miss Patakha || align="center" bgcolor="#ACE1AF" | Shraddha Sharma
|-
|Miss Hasmukh ||align="center" bgcolor="hotpink" |Pooja Misrra
|-
| Miss Mirchi||align="center" bgcolor="#ACE1AF"|[[Shonali Nagrani]]
|-
|Miss Chikni chupri|| align="center" bgcolor="#FBF373"|[[Mahek Chahal]]
|-
| Miss Nakhrail ||align="center" bgcolor="#ACE1AF" |[[Juhi Parmar]]
|-
|
:{{color box|#ACE1AF}} Team Amar {{color box|hotpink}} Team Sky {{color box|#FBF373}} Team Siddharth
|}
| align="center" bgcolor="#7fff00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
! 9
| style="text-align:center;"| 30 November 2011 (Day 58)
| '''Vodafone 1 2 3''' The task involves housemates to play various roles such as astrologer, match-making, chef, [[sports commentator]] and spicy gossip reporter by dialling 123 on the Vodafone Applet stored inside the house. (100% bet of weekly luxury budget)
| align="center" bgcolor="#7fff00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
| style="background:silver;" colspan="3"|
! style="width: 7%;" | Jailors
! style="width: 7%;" | Convicts
|-
! 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 7 December 2011 (Day 65)
|'''Jailor Ki Jay Jay Kaydi Ki Haye Haye''' Bigg Boss has turned the house into a jail. All the contestants have been provided appropriate costumes for the task. The criminals are supposed to sleep in the new jail created in the garden area. One of the jailers has to awake and keep an eye on the prisoners. The prisoners have been asked to steal an envelope from jailer's cupboard, and the jailers are supposed to stop them.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:70%; font-size:90%;"
! '''Jailors'''
! style="width: 50%;" | Convicts
|-
| [[Juhi Parmar]] ||[[Mahek Chahal]]
|-
| [[Shonali Nagrani]]||[[Sunny Leone]]
|-
|[[Siddharth Bhardwaj]]||[[Amar Upadhyay]]
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#ccc" | ||[[Akashdeep Saighal]]
|}
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed'''
|-
! 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 12 December 2011 (Day 72)
| '''Hookumat-e-Symonds''' As a part of their weekly task, housemates have to please and fulfill Andrew Symonds's wishes.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:70%; font-size:90%;"
|+ Part 1
! '''Housemates'''
! style="width: 50%;" | Role Played
|-
| [[Andrew Symonds]] || align="center"| King
|-
| [[Sunny Leone]] || align="center"| Personal Advisor
|-
| [[Juhi Parmar]] || rowspan="3" ; align="center"| Servants
|-
| [[Shonali Nagrani]]
|-
| Pooja Misrra
|-
|[[Siddharth Bhardwaj]]|| rowspan="3" align="center" ; | Soldiers
|-
| [[Amar Upadhyay]]
|-
| [[Akashdeep Saighal]]
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:70%; font-size:90%;"
|+ Part 2
! '''Housemates'''
! style="width: 50%;" | Character
|-
| [[Andrew Symonds]] || align="center"| Gabbar
|-
| [[Sunny Leone]] || align="center"| Kabeli Dancer
|-
| [[Juhi Parmar]] || align="center"| Kaaliya
|-
| [[Shonali Nagrani]]|| align="center"| Saamba
|-
| Pooja Misrra|| align="center"| Basantii
|-
|[[Siddharth Bhardwaj]]|| align="center" | Thaakur
|-
| [[Amar Upadhyay]] || align="center"| Veeru
|-
| [[Akashdeep Saighal]] || align="center"| Jayy
|}
Bigg Boss rewarded 1600 points to the housemates. (100% of the weekly luxury budget)
| align="center" bgcolor="#7fff00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
! 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 December 2011 (Day 79)
| '''Dhinchak Dhinchak Dhinchak Dhin''' Housemates were told to dance on solo and group on songs on a round platform in front of the pool facing the camera. Each housemate was given a specific song according to the theme which changed daily.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:50%; font-size:90%;"
! '''Day'''
! style="width: 70%;" |Theme
|-
| align="center"| 1 || Regional
|-
|align="center"| 2 || Adlaa Badlii
|-
|align="center"| 3 || Tarak Bharak Nazaray
|-
|}
| align="center" bgcolor="#7fff00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
! 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 27 December 2011 (Day 86)
| '''Paatshaala Ka Bol Baala''' The House was turned into a school and housemates students. Desks and a blackboard were placed in the garden area. Uniforms were provided and Juhi was made the headmistress. Other housemates were to take turns in acting as teachers for the subjects allocated. Occasionally Quiz competitions took place as a part of the class.
| align="center" bgcolor="#7FFF00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|-
!rowspan=2| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 3 January 2012 (Day 93)
| '''Kamaal Kursi Ka''' Housemates were provided a Royal Chair which was placed in the garden area near the pool. The housemate who sits on the chair is made the King/Queen of the house and all other inmates his/her servants. If for any particular reason the housemate leaves the chair, anyone else can claim possession of it and the rule of the latter will begin with the rule of the preceder coming to an end. The housemate with the most favorable rule is awarded by the [[Bigg Boss]]. However, due to consistent breaking of rules by [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]] and [[Siddharth Bhardwaj|Siddharth]] and their unsuccessful rule on their temporary kingdoms the task was cancelled and Bigg Boss decided to deprive both of them of any awards promised.
| align="center" bgcolor="gray" colspan="2"| '''Cancelled'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 4 January 2012 (Day 94)
| '''Lollipop Se Karo Talk''' Housemates were provided lollipop stands, each with a photo of an evicted housemate. The stands were placed in the garden area. Each housemate had to equip at least one lollipop stand and impersonate the housemate whose photo is depicted on it and talk through it to other housemates.
| align="center" bgcolor="#7FFF00" colspan="2"| '''Passed'''
|}

==Nominations table==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}}
! rowspan="1" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" style="background:gold;" | Week 14
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! colspan="2" style="background:#C2DFFF;" | '''Nominated for Captain'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| Amar Mandeep
| Pooja B Shonali
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| Pooja M Shraddha
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| Mahek Pooja M
| Juhi Sunny
| <s>Amar</s> Maheh Sidharth
| colspan="5" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Post Abolished as Punishment''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" | '''House Captain'''
| colspan="2" | '''Shakti'''
| '''Mandeep'''
| colspan="2" | '''Shonali'''
| '''Shraddha'''
| '''Akashdeep'''
| '''Amar'''
| '''<s>Pooja M</s> Mahek'''
| '''Juhi'''
| '''<s>Mahek</s> Sidharth'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Captain's Nominations
| Laxmi Gulabo Pooja M Nihita
| Mandeep (to save)
| Mahek
| Mahek
| Pooja M
| Akashdeep
| Shraddha Pooja M Vida Shonali
| Pooja B
| Akashdeep
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Refused to vote''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|- style="background:#ECEBBD;" |
! colspan="2" | Jail Punishment
| '''Mandeep'''
| '''{{nowrap|Pooja B}}'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| '''Sidharth'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| '''Amar Vida'''
| '''{{nowrap|Pooja M}}'''
----'''Amar Mahek'''
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Vote to:
! colspan="9" | Evict
! Save
! None
! Evict
! None
! colspan="3" | '''''WIN'''''
|-
| colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
| style="background:#FF6600" |
! Juhi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Nihita
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| Amar Laxmi
| Shraddha Mandeep
| Amar Mandeep
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mahek
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sidharth Amar
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 98)
|-
! colspan="2" | Mahek
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| Shonali Juhi
| style="background:#959FFD;"|Shakti {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Shraddha Mandeep
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shonali
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Not eligible''
| Shonali Sidharth
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Akashdeep Sunny
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 98)
|-
| style="background:#CC0000" |
! Sidharth
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Exempt''
| Shraddha {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Amar Mahek
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Mahek Amar
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| Shraddha Mahek
| Shraddha Sunny
| Mahek Sunny
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sunny Juhi
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up'''''}} (Day 98)
|-
| style="background:#6600CC" |
! Akashdeep
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Amar Mahek
| style="background:#959FFD;"|Laxmi Mahek
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mahek
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Refused to vote''
| Sunny Amar
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sidharth Amar
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" | {{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''}} (Day 98)
|-
| style="background:#087830" |
! Amar
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Exempt''
| Juhi Shonali
| {{nowrap|Pooja B}} Shakti
| Mandeep Sidharth
| {{nowrap|Pooja M Pooja B}}
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Shraddha Sunny
| Sunny Akahsdeep
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sunny Juhi
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" | {{nowrap|'''''4th runner-up'''''}} (Day 98)
|-
! colspan="2" | Pooja M
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Not eligible''
| {{nowrap|Pooja B}} Mahek
| style="background:#959FFD;" |{{nowrap|Pooja B}} Mahek
| Shakti {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Akashdeep Mahek
| Mahek Laxmi
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Not eligible''
| Sidharth Mahek
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFE08B;" | ''Ejected'' (Day 60)
| colspan="6" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |{{nowrap|''Guest'' (Day 67–98)}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Sunny
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Exempt''
| style="background:#ccc;" | ''Not eligible''
| Akashdeep Shonali
| style="background:#818589;" | ''Not eligible''
| Sidharth Amar
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
| style="background:#0000CC" |
! Shonali
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shraddha
| Mahek Amar
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Mahek, Laxmi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mahek
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |Sunny Amar (to evict)
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! colspan="2" | Shraddha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Laxmi Nihita
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mandeep
| Laxmi Shonali
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Juhi
| Mandeep Mahek
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| Juhi Sidharth
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FA8072" |Mahek Amar (to evict)
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! colspan="2" | Pooja B
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Nihita
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shraddha
| Amar Mahek
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shraddha
| Amar Mandeep
| Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Mahek Shonali
| style="background:#FA8072" |Juhi (to save)
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! colspan="2" | Vida
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mandeep
| Amar Shraddha
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shraddha
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shraddha
| {{nowrap|Pooja M Pooja M}}
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FA8072" |Shraddha Sidharth (to evict)
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! colspan="2" | Laxmi
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Gulabo
| Shonali Juhi
| Shakti {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Mandeep {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shonali
| style="background:#FA8072" |Mahek (to save)
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! colspan="2" | Mandeep
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Laxmi {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Laxmi Juhi
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Juhi
| Amar Mahek
| style="background:#FA8072" |Sidharth (to save)
| colspan="10" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! colspan="2" | Shakti
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Mahek Juhi
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Juhi
| style="background:#FA8072" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Amar (to evict)
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! colspan="2" | Raageshwari
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Nihita
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mandeep
| style="background:#959FFD;"|Amar Mahek
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! colspan="2" | Gulabo
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Mandeep
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! colspan="2" | Sonika
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Pooja M}} Nihita
| colspan="15" style="background:#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 8)
|-
! colspan="2" | Nihita
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! colspan="18" | Family Members
|-
| style="background:#CC0000" |
! Anuradha
| colspan="10" rowspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |Akashdeep Amar
| rowspan="5" colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|-
| style="background:#087830" |
! Hetal
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |Shonali Juhi
|-
| style="background:#6600CC" |
! Madhu
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |Amar Shonali
|-
| style="background:#FF6600" |
! Sachin
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |Amar Shonali
|-
| style="background:#0000CC" |
! Shiraz
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |Sunny Amar
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
| ''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! colspan="2" | Against Public Vote
| Nihita {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Gulabo <s>Mandeep</s> {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Amar Juhi Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Raageshwari Shonali
| Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shakti Shraddha
| Amar Mahek Mandeep {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| Akashdeep Laxmi Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja M}}
| {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Shonali Shraddha Vida
| Akashdeep Mahek {{nowrap|Pooja B}} {{nowrap|Pooja M}} Sidharth
| Akashdeep Shraddha Sunny
| Amar Mahek Sidharth Shonali
| Amar Shonali
| Amar Juhi Sidharth Sunny
| Akashdeep Amar Juhi Mahek Sidharth Sunny
| colspan="3" | Akashdeep Amar Juhi Mahek Sidharth
|-
! colspan="2" | {{nowrap|Re-entered}}
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''{{nowrap|Pooja M}}'''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Mahek'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! colspan="2" | Guest
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''{{nowrap|Pooja M}}'''
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! colspan="2" | Walked
| colspan="1" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Sonika'''
| colspan="14" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! colspan="2" | Ejected
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''{{nowrap|Pooja M}}'''
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Nihita'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Gulabo'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Raageshwari'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shakti'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Mandeep'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Laxmi'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Vida'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''{{nowrap|Pooja B}}'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shraddha'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Mahek'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shonali'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Sunny'''
| style="background:#FF69B4" |'''Amar'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD" |'''Akashdeep'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4" |'''Sidharth'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF" | '''Mahek'''
| style="background:#73FB76" | '''Juhi'''
|}
</blockquote>

'''Color Key'''
::''The '''colors''' are used to denote the housemate and their family member used for nomination in week 11.''
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was in the caravan or secret room.
: {{Color box|#E9FFDB|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate entered as a wild card entrant.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the third runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the fourth runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.
: {{Color box|#818589|border=darkgray}} indicates Sunny's family didn’t come to meet her I’m week 11, hence no one could nominate two housemates for eviction on her behalf.

===Nomination notes===
{{smalldiv|1=
* {{note|1|1}}: Shakti as captain was asked to appoint four names from the remaining housemates who would be Up for Nomination. As a result of being chosen Laxmi, Gulabo, Nihita and Pooja M. were exempt from nominating for this week, however, the remaining 9 housemates were allowed to cast their votes. Remaining housemates nominated Pooja M. and Nihita.
* {{note|2|2}}: Housemates nominated Pooja M., Gulabo and Mandeep however, according to the power given to Shakti as captain, he was able to save a nominated housemate from eviction. Shakti chose Mandeep.
* {{note|3|3}}: Pooja M. and Raageshwari were nominated by Bigg Boss as a punishment. Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against them. Mandeep as captain nominated Mahek directly placing her against public vote. Remaining housemates nominated Amar, Juhi and Shonali.
* {{note|4|4}}: Shonali was safe as captain, Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against her. Shonali nominated Mahek directly placing her against public vote. Remaining housemates nominated Shakti, Shraddha and Pooja B.
* {{note|5|5}}: Shonali was safe for another week as captain, Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against her. Shonali nominated Pooja M. directly placing her against public vote. Remaining housemates nominated Mahek, Mandeep and Amar.
* {{note|6|6}}: Shraddha was safe as captain and Sidharth was immune from nominations because Mandeep took his name when Bigg Boss asked her to save one housemate from eviction on week 6 while she was leaving the house. Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against them. Shraddha nominated Akashdeep directly placing him against public vote. Remaining housemates nominated Pooja M., Mahek and Laxmi.
* {{note|7|7}}: Akashdeep was safe as captain and Mahek was immune from nominations because Laxmi took her name when Bigg Boss asked her to save one housemate from eviction on week 7 while she was leaving the house. Hence, they were immune from nomination. Akashdeep, taking assistance from Siddharth nominated Shraddha, Pooja M., Vida and Shonali directly placing them against public vote.
* {{note|8|8}}: Amar was safe as captain and nominated Pooja B, directly placing her against public vote. Akashdeep was nominated for eviction by the Bigg Boss as a result of losing the weekly task. Sunny was exempt from nomination. Remaining housemates nominated Mahek and Sidharth.
* {{note|9|9}}: Mahek was made the captain after Pooja M. (the reigning captain was ejected) and, hence, was safe for nominations. She nominated Akashdeep directly placing him against public vote. Akashdeep, Sidharth and Amar were called in the confession room to decide two names to directly place against the public vote. The trio came up with Shraddha and Sunny.
* {{note|10|10}}: Instead of nominating two housemates to place against the public vote, Bigg Boss asked the housemates to give two names whom they would save from eviction. Housemates saved Akashdeep and Sunny. Contrary to the result, the remaining housemates were put up for eviction.
* {{note|11|11}}: Before leaving the Family/Friends of the housemates, who came for a short visit to meet their loved ones, were asked to nominate two names for eviction excluding Pooja M., Sidharth and Andrew. Hence, Amar and Shonali got nominated.
* {{note|12|12}}: Captain's post was abolished by the Bigg Boss as punishment. Housemates nominated Amar, Sidharth, Juhi and Sunny. Voting lines were closed for the week, however, housemates were unaware of this. Mahek returned to the house via "Wildcard Voting Contest".
* {{note|13|13}}: Housemates weren't asked to give names to nominate for eviction. Bigg Boss nominated all housemates to give each an equal chance to secure their position in the final week.
* {{note|14|14}}: During the final week the public voted for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss, the housemates with the fewest votes were evicted on day 97 (the finale) with the winner revealed on the same night.
}}

== Controversies ==
The participation of the pornographic actress [[Sunny Leone]] was criticised by the Indian Artistes and Actors Forum (IAAF), who sent a request to the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Ambika Soni]], to take action against Colors for indirectly encouraging and promoting pornography in India via the introduction of an adult entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Bigg-Boss-5-in-trouble-over-Sunny-Leone/Article1-776022.aspx |title=Bigg Boss 5 in trouble over Sunny Leone - Hindustan Times |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201072453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-5-in-trouble-over-sunny-leone/article1-776022.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The hosts Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt were accused of intimidating behaviour towards some of the housemates,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2011/bigg-boss-5-pooja-bedi-salman-khan-sky-281211.html|title = Bigg Boss 5: Pooja Bedi lashes out at Salman Khan|date = 28 December 2011|access-date = 28 December 2011|archive-date = 5 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305130258/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2011/bigg-boss-5-pooja-bedi-salman-khan-sky-281211.html|url-status = live}}</ref> and some of the evicted housemates also accused Khan of favouring Mahek Chahal over other contestants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mahek-chahal-may-re-enter-bigg-boss-pooja-mishra-alleges-favouritism_1628924|title = Pooja Mishra claims Akashdeep gave her a lovebite in 'Bigg Boss' house|date = 22 December 2011}}</ref> and Sanjay Dutt.

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111003030704/http://biggboss.in.com/ Official website of ''Bigg Boss'']

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|05]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki

2026-03-03T23:54:18Z

Banti: update formatting per standard format and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|1984 film by Babbar Subhash}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki
| image = Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Babbar Subhash]]
| producer = Babbar Subhash
| writer = Rahi Masoom Reza (Dialogues)
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story = Babbar Subhash
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Salma Agha]] [[Amrish Puri]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]] [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = B. Subhash Film Unit
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|11|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹1.40 Crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}₹5.50 Crore
}}
'''''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki''''' ({{Translation|Promise on the one who birthed me}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] produced and directed by [[Babbar Subhash]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] (in double role), [[Smita Patil]], [[Salma Agha]], [[Karan Razdan]], [[Geeta Siddharth]] and [[Amrish Puri]]. It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as [[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|''Mangamma Sabadham'']] (1985).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |date=2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=439}}</ref>

==Plot==
Satish Kumar is the only heir to a vast estate, managed by his uncle Udaybhan Singh. Udaybhan has conditioned Satish from childhood to be afraid of him, and this fear persists into Satish's adulthood, leaving him unable to stand up for himself.

Satish is devastated to learn that his wife Aarti had married him only to rob him of cash and jewels. Aarti is thrown out by Udaybhan, but Satish goes after her and they reconcile. Udaybhan kills Satish and convinces the police it was suicide. Aarti swears vengeance via Satish's unborn son whom she is pregnant with.

Years later, Udaybhan is now living with his son Chandrabhan in the mansion formerly owned by Satish, when Aarti and her grown son Avinash surface again. Avinash files a court case to prove his paternity from Satish, but due to an outburst in court is jailed briefly. Avinash's girlfriend Neena gets Chandrabhan drunk and records him on audio admitting that Udaybhan killed Satish.

Avinash plays the recording to Udaybhan in an attempt to make Udaybhan confess to the police, but Udaybhan kidnaps Neena instead and Avinash has to rescue her. Avinash then kidnaps Chandrabhan to make Udaybhan confess, but Udaybhan kidnaps Aarti and Neena and also kills Avinash's aunt. Udaybhan arranges with Avinash for a hostage exchange. After getting back Chandrabhan in the exchange, Udaybhan attempts to kill Neena and Aarti. A huge fight scene ensues, during which Chandrabhan and all their henchmen are killed. Avinash kills Udaybhan with the same knife that Udaybhan killed Satish with, thereby completing Aarti's vengeance. Avinash and Neena celebrate romantically.

== Cast ==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Satish Kumar and Avinash S. Kumar (Double Role)
* [[Smita Patil]] as Aarti S. Kumar
* [[Salma Agha]] as Neena
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Udaybhan Singh
* [[Gita Siddharth]] as Satish's Daimaa
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Judge
* [[Karan Razdan]] as Chanderbhan U. Singh
* Master Subramanium as Child Mithun Chakraborty
* [[Bob Christo]] as Udaybhan's Assistant
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Bansilal
* Gurbhachan Singh as Banke
* [[Manik Irani]] as Ballu Dada
* [[Viju Khote]] as Hotel Owner
* [[Jankidas]] as Secretary

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Anjaan
| all_music = Bappi Lahiri

| title1 = Dance Dance (Jhoom Jhoom Jhoom Baba)
| note1 = I
| extra1 = [[Salma Agha]]

| title2 = Jeena Bhi Kya Hai Jeena
| note2 = I
| extra2 = [[Bappi Lahiri]], Salma Agha

| title3 = Come Closer
| extra3 = [[Salma Agha]]

| title4 = Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki
| extra4 = [[Vijay Benedict]]

| title5 = Jeena Bhi Kya Hai Jeena
| note5 = II
| extra5 = Bappi Lahiri, Salma Agha

| title6 = Dance Dance
| note6 = II
| extra6 = Bappi Lahiri, Salma Agha
}}

==Popular culture==
''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki'' features a dance sequence called ''Jeena Bhi Kya Hai Jeena Teri Ankhon Ke Bina'' clearly modeled on [[Michael Jackson]]'s video "[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Thriller]]", in which the ghoulish characters do a synchronised dance in a graveyard. The soundtrack of this song is inspired by Michael Jackson's "[[Billie Jean]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rabe |first=Nate |date=August 22, 2019 |title=A camp Bappi Lahiri song is inspiring musicians from Italy to France |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/930083/a-camp-bappi-lahiri-song-is-inspiring-musicians-from-italy-to-france |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927100325/https://scroll.in/magazine/930083/a-camp-bappi-lahiri-song-is-inspiring-musicians-from-italy-to-france |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film has recently gained attention for the ''[[filmi]]'' [[funk]]/[[jazz]]/[[soul music|soul]] song "Come Closer", produced by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and sung by the film's actress [[Salma Agha]]. The song has been [[sampling (music)|sampled]] in various (particularly [[hip hop]]) songs in recent years, including "[[Two/Three|My Life]]" (2006) by [[Dabrye]] featuring [[Showbiz and A.G.]], "[[The Medicine (Planet Asia album)|The Medicine]]" (2006) by [[Planet Asia]], "The Hitman ([[Kutmasta Kurt]] Remix)" (2006) by Create & Devastate featuring [[Masta Ace]] and [[Stricklin]] (2006), "Saanks Mä Murista Sun Muffinssiin" (2008) by [[:fi:Edu Kehäkettunen|Edu Kehäkettunen]] and [[:fi:DJPP|DJPP]] featuring [[Stig Dogg]], "Cattivi e buoni" (2006) by [[Club Dogo]] and Come Closer (2009) by [[Onra]].<ref name=":0" /> It also features in the movie [[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=February 16, 2022 |title=Jhoom Baba to Jimmy Jimmy, Bappi Lahiri's iconic music added spunk to Hollywood films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jhoom-baba-to-jimmy-jimmy-bappi-lahiri-s-iconic-music-added-spunk-to-hollywood-films-1913689-2022-02-16 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927100322/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jhoom-baba-to-jimmy-jimmy-bappi-lahiri-s-iconic-music-added-spunk-to-hollywood-films-1913689-2022-02-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Box office==
The film was released on 15 November 1984 at the budget of (₹1.40 cr). Opening day it collected (₹16 lkh) and opening week it collected (₹1.23 cr). India net box office collections were (₹3.56 cr) and worldwide gross collections were (₹5.50 cr). Overseas gross collection's were (₹5.50 cr) and it was [[box-office bomb|Superhit]] at [[Box Office India]]

It was rated at 5.7/10 stars it was ninth highest grossing film of India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0362798}}
{{Thriller (album)}}

[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Michael Jackson]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babbar Subhash]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

H. Lalzirliana

2026-03-01T16:56:10Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''H. Lalzirliana''' (born 4 January 1970)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Mamit Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Mamit district|Mamit District]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Mizo National Front.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mamit Election Result 2023 Live: Mnf Candidate H. Lalzirliana Wins From Mamit |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mamit-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-mnf-mizoram-assembly-election-results-news-1647622 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lalzirliana is born in [[Mamit district|Mamit]], Mizoram. He is the son of late. H. Thanzauva. He married C. Lalfamkimi and they have two daughters and a son.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/16 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> He completed his B.Tech. in 1996 at North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. Lalzirliana(MNF):Constituency- MAMIT(MAMIT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/mizoram2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=204 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lalzirliana won from Mamit Assembly constituency representing the [[Mizo National Front]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,167 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Lalthanzama of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,792 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamit assembly election results 2023: Mamit Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram/mamit-assembly-result-16003 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], defeating John Rotluangliana of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 407 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H Lalzirliana, MNF Candidate from Mamit Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/mizoram/h-lalzirliana-s16aed2008a003e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamit Constituency Election Results 2023: Mamit Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram/constituency-show/mamit |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalzirliana, H}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

Shamlaji

2026-02-24T15:43:48Z

Banti: basic expand article to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir
| image = Shamlaji Temple2 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = The temple from behind
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|23|41|17|N|73|23|13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = India
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| district = [[Aravalli district]]
| location = Shamlaji
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]] as Gadadhar Shamlaji
| festivals = Annual fair on Kartik Poornima
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 11th century
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Shamlaji''', also spelled '''Shamalaji''', is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in [[Aravalli district]] of [[Gujarat]] state of India. The Shamlaji temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Shamlaji Temple {{!}} Shree Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir Trust|url=https://www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org/about_temple.html|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513095539/https://www.shreeshamlajivishnutemple.org/about_temple.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several other [[Hindu temple]]s are located nearby.

The present temple dedicated to Shamlaji, a form of [[Vishnu]] was perhaps started in the 11th century in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Chaulukya style]],<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2">{{cite web |title=Shamlaji Fair |url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/fairs-festivals/major-festivals/shamlaji-fair |access-date=8 December 2015 |website=Gujarat Tourism |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211042249/http://www.gujarattourism.com/fairs-festivals/major-festivals/shamlaji-fair |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} but the present structure dates from the 15th-16th centuries. The sculpture of Vishnu in the sanctuary is probably seventh-8th century, and the small temple opposite houses a sixth-century sculpture of Shiva.<ref name="Michell, 307">Michell, 307</ref> The oldest intact temple is the small ninth-century Harishchandrani Chauri Temple, with a gateway nearby.<ref name="Michell, 307"/> Several ruins of temples, scattered idols and old brick-works surrounding the place establishes antiquity of the place.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1">{{cite web | title=Around Shamlaji, Shamlaji Temple, North Gujarat, Tourism Hubs, Gujarat, India | website=Gujarat Tourism | url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/70 | access-date=8 December 2015 | archive-date=11 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211062923/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/70 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Michell, 307"/>

A fourth-century [[Buddhist]] monastery and [[stupa]] at [[Devnimori]] is about {{convert|2|km|spell=in}} away, but is now under by the waters of the Meshvo Reservoir.<ref>Michell, 307-308</ref> This site dates to the [[Mauryan]] period, and a much older [[microlith]] site known as Dhek-Vadlo locally was found near Shamlaji.<ref name="Malik 1966 p=162">{{cite journal | last=Malik | first=S. C. | title=The Late Stone Age Industries from Excavated Sites in Gujarat, India | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=28 | issue=2/3 | pages=162–174 | year=1966 | doi=10.2307/3249352 | jstor=3249352 }}</ref>

Shamlaji was an important Hindu centre in the sixth century, probably the home of a sculpture workshop whose creations are found as far away as [[Mumbai]], where the [[Parel Relief]] was found. Most of the ancient sculpture found at Shamlaji, in blueish [[schist]], has now been removed to museums, especially to Mumbai and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Michell, 307"/>

==Shamlaji temple==
[[File:Shamlaji Temple1.jpg|thumb|Shamlaji temple - side view]]

{{Split|Shamlaji Vishnu Mandir|date=May 2021}}

Shamlaji temple is located on the banks of the Meshvo river in the valley surrounded by well wooded hills.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}}<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schastok, Sara L.|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000078000|title=Shamalaji|volume=1|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t078000|access-date=2018-07-25|via=[[Oxford Art Online]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |url-access=subscription}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> It is also referred to as ''Dholi Dhajawala'' due to white silk flag fluttering on top of the temple.

The temple of Śāmalājī aka Śāmḷājī houses an idol of Viṣṇu in Trivikrama form. Idols of the Trivikrama form of Viṣṇu hold a [[Gada (mace)|gadā]] (mace), cakra (discus), padma (lotus), and śaṁkha (conch) in each of the four arms. The mace is notably larger than normal, leading to the image's other name as Gadādhara Viṣṇu. Recently however, the temple and idol has been slightly [[Krishnaism|Krishnaized]], and a small golden flute was added to his right hand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rangarajan |first=Haripriya |title=Spread of Vaiṣṇavism in Gujarat up to 1600 A.D. (A Study with Special Reference to the Iconic Forms of Viṣṇu) |publisher=Somaiya Publications |publication-date=1990 |pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallison |first=Françoise |title=Bhakti in Current Research, 1979-1982, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Early Devotonal LIterature in New Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |year=1983 |editor-last=Thiel-Horstmann |editor-first=M. |pages=245–55 |chapter=Development of Early Krishnaism in Gujarat: Viṣṇu-Raṇchoḍ-Krishna}}</ref>

On the outer wall there are carvings of Viṣṇu, Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa, and various episodes from the ''Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' and ''Rāmāyaṇa''.<ref name=":0" />

There is an inscription on the base of a Garuḍa image dating to 1584, and the temple itself is dated to the 15th-16th centuries CE.<ref name=":0" />

==Other places of interest==
[[File:Shamlaji 13.jpg|thumb|Relief of Krishna and [[jali]] screens on the main temple]]
Near the Shamlaji temple the river forms deep pools, much resorted to by persons bewitched or devil-possessed. To the north the waters of the Karmanu pond, and the Surya reservoir have the property of washing away sin.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}}

Nearby Old Shamlaji temple is said to have been the original temple. The temple dedicated to Somnarayan, is, except the adytum, open on all sides, with a flat ceiling, surmounted by a pyramidal roof, supported on plain square stone pillars with carved capitals. Part of the shrine walls seem to have been formed of a series of upright stone slabs with sculptured figures in low relief. Many of these still remain. The most curious thing about the building is that, at the front and rear and both sides, in the centre of the facade the roof ends in a triangular pediment composed of boldly sculptured figures. Inside the building near the shrine, and, on the left hand as one faces it, is a remarkable human head in high relief standing out from the base of the span of an arch. The features are more human-looking than those generally seen in Hindu temples, and the arrangement of the hair is curious. There is a corresponding face on the other side but it is much worn or broken, while this is fresh and clear in its lines. In the shrine, part of the original altar or image seat still remains. It has been roughly heightened by bricks loosely piled on it, and on the raised superstructure stands a slab with a representation said to be of Somnarayan. This slab probably originally formed part of the outer wall of the shrine.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}}
[[File:Shamlaji 5.jpg|thumb|[[Pranala]] in the form of a [[makara]]]]

Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev temple, is seven feet below ground level and its pyramidal roof rise to the level of the land round it. It is entered through a gateway by a gradually deepening passage. Perhaps the temple was originally built in a hollow which has filled up. It
looks old though not so old as Somnarayan' s the most ancient looking building in the place. In a small shrine between the Shamlaji temple and the river, late-Gupta period idol of standing [[Ganesha]] is worshiped.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} Trilokeshwar is a small temple opposite the Shamlaji temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] having idol with [[trident]]. On the opposite bank of the river, there is a temple dedicated to Ranchhodji, another form of Krishna.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/>

The temple at [[Harishchandra]] ni Chori dates back to tenth century. The structure is enclosed within courtyard with lost walls except the ornamental gateway (''Torana''). There is a rectangular sanctum and a large pavilion in front of it.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/>

[[Devni Mori]], {{cvt|2|km}} from Shamlaji, has remains of a Buddhist monastery dated to third-fourth century. The inscribed casket with body relics of [[Buddha]] was found from the [[Stupa]] excavated here.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/>

The tomb of Navgaja Pir, a maulvi, is revered by many tribals.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism1"/>

Shyamalvan is a theme-based garden developed by Forest Department of [[Government of Gujarat]]. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]], on 18 July 2009.

==Fair==
{{main|Shamlaji fair}}
A large annual fair is held on Kartik Sud 15th (October).{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=440-442}} The tribal community revers the Shamlaji as ''Kaliyo Dev'' or the Dark Divine. The large number of devotees visit the place and bathe in the river. Silver ornaments, metalwares, clothes and household items are sold during the fair.<ref name="Gujarat Tourism2"/>

==Connectivity==
Shamlaji is around 20 km from [[Bhiloda]] and 29 km from [[Modasa]]. Located off [[National Highway 8]], Shamlaji is frequented by state transport buses from [[Himmatnagar]] and [[Ahmedabad]].

'''Train''' : '''[[Shamlaji Road railway station]]''' is nearest (14 km) railway station to Shamlaji. There are two daily passenger trains operated by the Indian railways on meter gauge track.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Shamlaji 23.jpg|A temple from the front
File:Shamlaji 15.jpg|Carved plinth of the main temple
File:Shamlaji 8.jpg|Main temple carvings
File:Shamlaji Shiva.tif|Sculpture of [[Shiva]] from Shamlaji.
File:Meshvo Dam.jpg|Meshvo Reservoir at Shamlaji

</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880| ref={{sfnref | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha''| 2015}}|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=440–442}} {{PD-notice}}
*Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
*Sara L. Schastok, ''The Śāmalājī Sculptures and sixth Century Art in Western India'', Brill, 1985, {{ISBN|9004069410}}.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Villages in Aravalli district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

Raimona National Park

2026-02-24T06:29:40Z

Banti: reworked formatting also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|National park in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Raimona National Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image = ৰাইমনা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Western parts of Raimona National Park
| image_size =
| map = India Assam#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| location = [[Gossaigaon]], [[Kokrajhar District]], [[Assam]]
| nearest_city = [[Gossaigaon]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.65972|N|89.97611|E|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| coords_ref =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| area_km2 = 422
| created = 9 June 2021
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of Assam]]
| url =
}}

'''Raimona National Park''' is located in extreme western part of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is spread across [[Gossaigaon]] and [[Kokrajhar]] subdivisions of [[Kokrajhar district]] of [[Bodoland Territorial Region]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://raimonagoldenlangur.org/ |title=Raimona becomes Assam's sixth national park
|author= |date=2021 |work=The News Mill |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>

==History==
Raimona National Park was initially recommended as Ripu-Chirang Wildlife Sanctuary being part of Ripu Reserved Forest and Chirang Reserved Forest being adjacent a part of it was also mooted to be within. Those were made owing to its significance for conservation of Asian elephants, gaur or Indian "bison" and golden langur, all of which have large populations in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=1999 |title=Status and conservation of the Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in north-eastern India |journal=Mammal Review |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=141–173}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=2002 |title=Distribution and conservation of the gaur ''Bos gaurus'' in the Indian Sub-continent |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=199–226}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=2002 |title=Golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'' threatened by habitat fragmentation |journal=Zoo's Print Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=699–703}}</ref>

Raimona National Park was declared a [[national park]] on 5 June 2021 by the announcement of the [[Chief Minister of Assam]] on the occasion of [[World Environment Day]] at Gandhi Mandap, [[Guwahati]]. On 9 June 2021, its national park status was announced in Assam Gazette Notification no.FRW.02/2021/27 dtd. 8 June 2021.{{cn|date=January 2025}}
It is a part of a contiguous forest patch with an area of {{cvt|422|km2}} covering the northern part of the notified Ripu Reserve Forest with {{cvt|508.62|km2}}, which forms the westernmost buffer to Manas Tiger Reserve in the foothills of [[Eastern Himalaya|Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Geography==
Raimona National Park is located in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills. Its boundary is marked by the [[Sankosh River]] in the west, along the border between [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]], Saralbhanga River in the north and east, and part of Ripu Reserve Forest on the south.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Biodiversity==
=== Flora ===
Raimona National Park harbours 380 varieties of plants and orchids.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===Fauna===
[[File:Wild elephant Raimona National Park.jpg|thumb|Wild elephant]]
[[File:Spotted deer raimona-national-park.jpg|thumb|Spotted deer]]
Raimona National Park is home to [[slow loris]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[Rhesus monkey]] and [[golden langur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1989 |title=Primates of Assam: their distribution, habitat and status |publisher=Gauhati University |location=Guwahati}}</ref> It also harbours [[Chinese pangolin]], [[dhole]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[crab-eating mongoose]], [[jungle cat]], [[leopard cat]], [[Asian golden cat]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[gaur]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[hog deer]], [[barking deer]], [[Himalayan porcupine]] and [[hispid hare]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=2013 |title=The mammals of North East India |publisher=Gibbon Books and the Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India |location=Guwahati |isbn=978-9380652023}}</ref>

===Avifauna===
Raimona National Park is an important bird and biodiversity area.<ref>Rahmani, A.R. et al. (2016). Important Bird & Biodiversity Areas in India. Vol. 1. Bombay Natural History Society and Bird Life International.</ref>
Avifauna includes [[white-bellied heron]], [[swamp francolin]], [[pheasant]], [[grey peacock pheasant]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[Oriental darter]], [[lesser adjutant]], [[collared falconet]], [[slender-billed vulture]], [[white-backed vulture]], [[besra]], [[black baza]], [[Jerdon's baza]], [[osprey]], [[Bengal florican]], now perhaps extirpated, [[ibisbill]], [[green imperial pigeon]], [[mountain imperial pigeon]], [[red-breasted parakeet]], [[great pied hornbill]], occasional [[Rufous-necked hornbill|rufous-necked]] and [[Indian grey hornbill]]s, [[wreathed hornbill]], [[hill myna]] and [[scaly thrush]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=2000 |title=The birds of Assam |publisher=Gibbon Books and the WWF-India NE Region Office |location=Guwahati |isbn=8190086618}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Assam]]
[[Category:Kokrajhar district]]

B K Model High School

2026-02-22T10:57:27Z

Banti: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = B K Model High School
| native_name =
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| grades = 10 th ([[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board|SSLC]])<ref name=kseebcenter>{{cite web|title=District wise taluq wise center code and address | url=http://kseeb.kar.nic.in/docs/statistics/DIST_WISE_TALUK_WISE_CENTER_ADDRESS.pdf| author=Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board Malleshwaram, Bengaluru, India}}</ref><ref name=kseebresult>{{cite web|title=April 2018 School wise results Belgaum division - Karnataka | url=http://kseeb.kar.nic.in/docs/statistics/BELGAUM%20DIVISION.xlsx| author=Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board Malleshwaram, Bengaluru, India}}</ref>
| address =
| city = [[Belagavi]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
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| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|51|4|N|74|30|30|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
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'''B K Model High School''' is a [[co-educational]] [[high school|school]] located in the [[Cantonment]] area in [[Belagavi]], near the Head [[India Posts|Post Office]] of [[Belagavi]], [[India]]<ref name=kseebcenter/><ref name=inspiredst>{{cite web|title=Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) student list | url=http://www.inspire-dst.gov.in/karnataka.pdf| author=Ministry of Science & Technology, Department of Science & Technology, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim boy from Karnataka's Belagavi gets full mark in Class 10 Sanskrit paper |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/may/27/muslim-boy-from-karnatakas-belagavi-gets-full-mark-in-class-10-sanskrit-paper-1819952.html|access-date=27 May 2018|newspaper=The New Indian Express | author = Amit S Upadhye | location=Karnataka, India}}</ref> and is regulated and supervised by [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board]]. Near by educational institutions are [[St. Mary's School, Belgaum|St Mary's High School]], and [[St. Paul's School, Belgaum|St. Paul's High School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgaum gets an 'A' in RTE |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15511493.cms | accessdate= 12 March 2012 | newspaper=Times of India |location=HUBBALLI, India | author=R Uday Kumar }}</ref>

==History==
{{Empty section|date=April 2019|section= }}

==Academic standing==
{{Empty section|date=April 2019|section= }}

===Co curricular activities===
B K Model hosted State Science Exhibition, 2015, where students from primary schools and high schools participating, organized by [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[New Delhi]]; Directorate of State Educational Research and Training;<ref>{{cite web | title= Department of State Education Research and Training |url= http://www.dsert.kar.nic.in }}</ref> [[Belagavi]] [[District Councils of India|Zilla Panchayat]]; and [[Karnataka#Education|Department of Public Instruction]].<ref>{{cite news |title=State science exhibition begins in Belagavi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/state-science-exhibition-begins-in-belagavi/article7910702.ece |accessdate=15 November 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Karnataka, India}}</ref> BK Model High School Ground was host of Belgaum [[Zee Marathi#Current broadcast|Home Minister]], 2018 contest organized by Niyati Foundation, an [[NGO]], where [[Sonali Kulkarni]] was a guest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sonali Kulkarni to be guest at contest for women |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62938004.cms | accessdate= 15 February 2018 | newspaper=Times of India |location=HUBBALLI, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Minister Laxman Savadi elected to DCC bank board of directors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/exminister-laxman-savadi-elected-to-dcc-bank-board-of-directors/article7314320.ece |accessdate=14 June 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Karnataka, India}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{Empty section|date=April 2019|section= }}

==Notable alumni==
* Malhar Bhatt Joshi, cinematographer in the South Indian film industry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Belagavite is a lead cinematographer in the South Indian film industry |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60842825.cms | accessdate= 27 September 2017 | newspaper=Times of India |location=HUBBALLI, India | author = Sunil Patil}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B K Model High School}}
[[Category:Schools in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Schools in Belgaum]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]

{{India-school-stub}}

Dr. Reddy's Laboratories

2026-02-22T08:39:52Z

Banti: updated details

{{short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}
{{Redirect|RDY|the radar system|Radar Doppler Multitarget}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd.
| image = Dr. Reddys development center in Hyderabad.jpeg
| logo = Dr. Reddy's Laboratories logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|DRREDDY}} {{BSE|500124}} {{NYSE|RDY}} [[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1984|p=y}}
| founder = [[Anji Reddy]]
| location = [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|
[[G. V. Prasad]] ([[Vice Chairman|co-chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])
|[[Kallam Satish Reddy]] ([[chairman]])
|Erez Israeli ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE089A01023}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Pharmaceutical]]s| [[generic drug]]s| [[over-the-counter drug]]s| [[vaccine]]s| [[Medical diagnosis|diagnostics]]| [[biologics]] | [[dietary supplement]]s }}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|33741|c|lk=on}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|7657|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|5930|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|49426|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|33927|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 24,832 (March 2023)
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.drreddys.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Audited Financial Results For The Quarter And Year Ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.drreddys.com/cms/cms/sites/default/files/2025-05/INDAS%20Consolidated%20Q4%20FY%202024-25.pdf |publisher=Dr. Reddy's Laboratories |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.''' is an Indian multinational [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] company based in [[Hyderabad]], with U.S. [[headquarters]] in [[East Brunswick, New Jersey|East Brunswick]], [[New Jersey]]. The company was founded by [[Kallam Anji Reddy]], who previously worked in the mentor institute{{Definition needed|date=November 2025}} [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drreddys.com/media/pdf/HBL-Pharmas-Free-Radical-mar-23.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200953/http://www.drreddys.com/media/pdf/HBL-Pharmas-Free-Radical-mar-23.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> Dr. Reddy manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals in India and overseas. The company produces over 190 medications, 60 [[active pharmaceutical ingredient]]s (APIs) for drug manufacture, diagnostic kits, [[Intensive care medicine|critical care]], and [[biotechnology]].

Dr. Reddy's began as a supplier to Indian drug manufacturers, but it soon started exporting to less-regulated markets that had the advantage of not having to spend time and money on a [[Factory|manufacturing plant]] that would gain approval from a drug licensing body such as the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA). By the early 1990s, the expanded scale and profitability from these unregulated markets enabled the company to begin focusing on getting approval from drug regulators for their formulations and bulk drug manufacturing plants – in more-developed economies. This allowed their movement into regulated markets such as the US and [[Europe]].

By 2007, Dr. Reddy's had seven FDA plants producing active pharmaceutical ingredients in India and seven [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-inspected and [[ISO 9001]] (quality) and [[ISO 14001]] (environmental management) certified plants making patient-ready medications – five of them in India and two in the UK.<ref>[http://www.marketreports.com/TOC-SP/Visiongain/DrReddy.pdf/ '' Dr Reddy's Laboratories 2007-2012'' – MarketReports.com 2007 life sciences research report, Technology Networks, Sudbury, Essex, UK] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119165358/http://www.marketreports.com/TOC-SP/Visiongain/DrReddy.pdf/ |date=19 January 2010 }}.Accessed: 22 August 2007.</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2018}}
Dr. Reddy's originally launched in 1984 producing [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]]. In 1986, Reddy's started operations on branded formulations. Within a year Reddy's had launched Norilet, the company's first recognised brand in India. Soon, Dr. Reddy's obtained another success with Omez, its branded [[omeprazole]] – gastrointestinal ulcer and [[reflux oesophagitis]] medication – launched at half the price of other brands on the Indian market at that time.

Within a year, Reddy's became the first Indian company to export the active ingredients for pharmaceuticals to Europe. In 1987, Reddy's started to transform itself from a supplier of pharmaceutical ingredients to other manufacturers into a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products.{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=Seems contradictory}} In 1999, Dr. Reddy's joined the [[Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance]] as a founding member in an effort to promote the development of generic drugs in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dec 22 |first=PTILast Updated |date=2022-12-22 |title=Indian pharma sector set for 'volume to value leadership' journey in 2023 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-sector-set-for-volume-to-value-leadership-journey-in-2023/articleshow/96407749.cms |access-date=2023-08-06 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805170626/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/indian-pharma-sector-set-for-volume-to-value-leadership-journey-in-2023/articleshow/96407749.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing IPA- Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance |url=https://www.ipa-india.org/about-ipa/introduction/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=IPA, Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409041116/https://www.ipa-india.org/about-ipa/introduction/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===International expansion===
The company's first international move took it to [[Russia]] in 1992. There, Dr. Reddy's formed a joint venture with the country's biggest pharmaceuticals producer, [[Biomed]]. They pulled out in 1995 amid accusations of scandal, involving "a significant material loss due to the activities of Moscow's branch of Reddy's Labs with the help of Biomed's chief executive".<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/08-02-2005/7711-0/ ''Dr. Reddy's Laboratories will no longer produce its medicines in Russia'' – Pravda.ru 8 February 2005].Accessed: 28 November 2011.</ref> Reddy's sold the joint venture to the Kremlin-friendly Sistema group.
In 1993, Reddy's entered into a joint venture in the [[Middle East]] and created two formulation units there and in Russia. Reddy's exported bulk drugs to these formulation units, which then converted them into finished products. In 1994, Reddy's started targeting the US generic market by building state of art manufacturing facility.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

===New drug discovery===
[[File:Dr. Reddys Finished Dosage Facility III.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Biopharma Finished Dosage Unit III in Hyderabad]]
[[File:Dr reddys formulation units.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Biopharma Finished Dosage Unit I in Hyderabad]]
Reddy's path into new drug discovery involved targeting speciality generics products in western markets to create a foundation for drug discovery. Development of speciality generics was an important step for the company's growing interest in the development of new chemical entities. The elements involved in creating a speciality generic, such as innovation in the laboratory, developing the compound, and sending the sales team to the market, are also stages in the development of a new speciality drug. Starting with speciality generics allowed the company to gain experience with those steps before moving on to creating brand-new drugs.

Reddy's invested heavily in establishing R&D labs and is the only Indian company to have significant R&D being undertaken overseas. Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation was established in 1992 and in order to do research in the area of new drug discovery. At first, the foundation's drug research strategy revolved around searching for analogues. Focus has since changed to innovative R&D, hiring new scientists, especially Indian students studying abroad on doctoral and post-doctoral courses. In 2000, the Foundation set up an American laboratory in [[Atlanta]], dedicated to discovery and design of novel therapeutics. The laboratory is called Reddy US Therapeutics Inc (RUSTI) and its main aim is the discovery of next-generation drugs using [[genomics]] and [[proteomics]]. Reddy's research thrust focused on large niche areas in western markets – anti-[[cancer]], anti-[[diabetes]], [[cardiovascular]] and anti-infection drugs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Reddy's international marketing successes were built on a strong manufacturing base which itself was a result of [[inorganic growth]] through acquisition of international and national facilities. Reddy's merged Cheminor Drug Limited (CDL) with the primary aim of supplying active pharmaceutical ingredients to the technically demanding markets of [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. This merger also gave Reddy's an entry into the value-added generics business in the regulated markets of APIs.

===Expansion and acquisition===

By 1997, Reddy's made the transition from being an API and bulk drug supplier to regulated markets like the US and the UK, and a branded formulations supplier in unregulated markets like India and Russia, into producing generics, by filing an [[Abbreviated New Drug Application]] (ANDA) in the USA. The same year, Reddy's out-licensed a molecule for [[clinical trial]]s to [[Novo Nordisk]], a [[Denmark|Danish]] pharmaceutical company.

It strengthened its Indian manufacturing operations by acquiring American Remedies Ltd. in 1999. This acquisition made Reddy's the third largest pharmaceutical company in India, after [[Ranbaxy]] and [[Glaxo]] (I) Ltd., with a full spectrum of pharmaceutical products, which included bulk drugs, intermediates, finished dosages, chemical synthesis, diagnostics and biotechnology.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Reddy's also started exploiting Para 4 filing as a strategy in bringing new drugs to the market at a faster pace. In 1999 it submitted a Para 4 application for [[omeprazole]], the drug that had been the cornerstone of its success in India. In December 2000, Reddy's had undertaken its first commercial launch of a generic product in the US, and its first product with market exclusivity was launched there in August 2001. The same year, it also became the first non-Japanese pharmaceutical company from the [[Asia-Pacific]] region to obtain a [[New York Stock Exchange]] listing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

In 2001 Reddy's became the first Indian company to launch the generic drug, [[fluoxetine]] (a generic version of [[Eli Lilly and Company]]’s [[Prozac]]) with 180-day market exclusivity in the USA. Prozac had sales in excess of $1 billion per year in the late 1990s. [[Barr Laboratories]] of the U.S. obtained exclusivity for all of the approved dosage forms (10 mg, 20 mg) except one (40 mg), which was obtained by Reddy's. Lilly had numerous other patents surrounding the drug compound and had already enjoyed a long period of patent protection. The case to allow generic sales was heard twice by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit|Federal Circuit Court]], and Reddy's won both hearings. Reddy's generated nearly $70 million in revenue during the initial six-month exclusivity period. With such high returns at stake, Reddy's was gambling on the success of the litigation; failure to win the case could have cost them millions of dollars, depending on the length of the trial.

The fluoxetine marketing success was followed by the American launch of Reddy's house-branded [[ibuprofen]] tablets in 400, 600 and 800 mg strengths, in January 2003. [[Direct marketing]] under the Reddy's brand name represented a significant step in the company's efforts to build a strong and sustainable US generic business. It was the first step in building Reddy's fully-fledged distribution network in the US market.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

In 2015, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories bought the established brands of Belgian drugmaker UCB SA in South Asia for {{INR}}8 billion ($128.38 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/ucb-sa-dr-reddys-deals-idINKBN0MS3HK20150401|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161837/http://in.reuters.com/article/ucb-sa-dr-reddys-deals-idINKBN0MS3HK20150401|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Dr Reddy's to buy some UCB brands for $128 million|website=reuters.com|date=20 May 2023 }}</ref> Dr. Reddy's Laboratories also signed a licensing pact with XenoPort for their experimental treatment to treat plaque [[psoriasis]]. As per the agreement, Dr. Reddy's will be granted exclusive US rights to develop and commercialise XP23829 for all indications for an upfront payment of $47.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/bc0RFQvlEnfo3oUy8DqAWM/Dr-Reddys-enters-into-inlicensing-pact-with-USbased-XenoP.html|title=Dr Reddy's enters into licensing pact with US-based XenoPort|first=Viswanath|last=Pilla|date=28 March 2016|website=livemint.com|access-date=29 March 2016|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410130350/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/bc0RFQvlEnfo3oUy8DqAWM/Dr-Reddys-enters-into-inlicensing-pact-with-USbased-XenoP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2024, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories partnered with Pharmazz Inc. to bring life-saving Centhaquine (Lyfaquin) to India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pilla |first1=Viswanath |title=Dr Reddy's enters licensing pact to market Pharmazz novel therapy Centhaquine in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/dr-reddys-enters-licensing-pact-to-market-pharmazz-novel-therapy-centhaquine-in-india/articleshow/108710555.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Reddy's to market U.S. firm Pharmazz's hypovolemic shock drug in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/dr-reddys-to-market-us-firm-pharmazzs-hypovolemic-shock-drug-in-india/article67980461.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529113328/https://www.thehindu.com/business/dr-reddys-to-market-us-firm-pharmazzs-hypovolemic-shock-drug-in-india/article67980461.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===American IPO and expansion into Europe===

In 2001, Reddy's completed its US [[initial public offering]] of $132.8 million, secured by [[American Depositary Receipt]]s. At that time the company also became listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. Funds raised from the initial public offering helped Reddy's move into international production and take over technology-based companies.

In 2003, Reddy's also invested $5.25 million (USD) in [[Ownership equity|equity capital]] into Bio Sciences Ltd.

Auriegene Discovery Technologies, a [[Contract research organization|contract research company]], was established as a fully owned subsidiary of Reddy's in 2002. Auriegene's objective was to gain experience in drug discovery through contract research for other pharmaceutical companies. Reddy's entered into a venture investment agreement with [[ICICI Bank]], an established Indian banking company. Under the terms of the agreement, ICICI Venture agreed to fund the development, registration and legal costs related to the commercialisation of [[Abbreviated New Drug Application|ANDAs]] on a pre-determined basis. Upon commercialisation of these products, Dr. Reddy's pays ICICI Venture royalty on net sales for a period of 5 years.

===Global expansion===

The company elected to expand globally, and acquired other entities. In March 2002, Dr. Reddy's acquired BMS Laboratories, [[Beverley]], and its wholly owned subsidiary Meridian Healthcare, for €14.81 million. These companies deal in oral solids, liquids and packaging, with manufacturing facilities in [[London]] and [[Beverley]] in the UK. Recently{{When|date=September 2023}}, Dr. Reddy's entered into an R&D and commercialisation agreement with Argenta Discovery Ltd., a private drug development company based in the UK, for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Dr. Reddy's entered into a 10-year agreement with Rheoscience A/S of [[Denmark]] for the joint development and commercialisation of Balaglitazone (DRF-2593), a molecule for the treatment of type-2 [[diabetes]]. Rheoscience holds this product's marketing rights for the [[European Union]] and China, while the rights for the US and the rest of the world will be held by Dr. Reddy's. Dr. Reddy's conducted clinical trials of its cardiovascular drug RUS 3108 in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], in 2005. The trials were conducted to study the safety and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug, which is intended for the treatment of atherosclerosis, a major cause of cardiovascular disorders.

Dr. Reddy's entered into a marketing agreement with Eurodrug Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company based in [[Netherlands]], for improving its product portfolio for respiratory diseases. It introduced a second-generation xanthine bronchodilator, [[doxofylline]], which is used for the treatment of [[asthma]] and COPD patients.

In 2004, Reddy's acquired Trigenesis Therapeutics Inc; a US-based private dermatology company. This acquisition gave Reddy's access to proprietary products and technologies in the [[dermatology]] sector.

Dr. Reddy's Para 4 application strategy for generic business received a severe setback when Reddy's lost the patent challenge in the case of [[Pfizer]]’s drug [[Norvasc]] ([[amlodipine maleate]]), a drug indicated for the treatment of [[hypertension]] and [[Angina pectoris|angina]]. The cost involved in patent litigation as well as the unexpected loss of the patent challenge affected Reddy's plans to start speciality business in the US generic markets.

In March 2006, Dr. Reddy's acquired Betapharm Arzneimittel GmbH from [[3i]] for 480 million Euros. Betapharm is Germany's fourth-largest generics pharmaceutical company, with a 3.5% [[market share]], including 150 active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Reddy's has promoted India's first integrated drug development company Perlecan Pharma Pvt Ltd together with ICICI ventures capital fund management company Ltd and [[Citigroup]] [[Venture capital|Venture Capital]] International growth partnership [[Mauritius]] Ltd. The combined entity will undertake clinical development and out-licensing of [[new chemical entity]] assets.

Dr. Reddy's is presently{{When|date=September 2023}} licensed by [[Merck & Co.]] to sell an authorised generic version of the popular drug [[simvastatin]] ([[Zocor]]) in the USA. Since Dr. Reddy's has a licence from Merck, it was not subject to the exclusivity period on generic simvastatin,<ref>[http://genericdrugslist.com/reddys-receive-rights Dr. Reddy’s receives exclusive rights for Zocor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222232741/http://genericdrugslist.com/reddys-receive-rights |date=22 February 2006 }}</ref> which ended in 2006.

As of 2006, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories exceeded US$500 million in revenues, flowing from their APIs, branded formulations and generics segments; the former two segments account for almost 75% of revenues. Dr. Reddy's deals in and manages all the processes, from the development of the API to the submission of finished dosage dossiers to the regulatory agencies.

In 2010, the family-controlled Dr Reddy's denied<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/keyDevelopments?symbol=REDYf.NS&pn=2 ''Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited Says Not To Sell Any Business-DJ'', Reuters news agency, 23 March 2010]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.Accessed 2 October 2010.</ref> that it was in talks to sell its [[generic drug|generics business]] in India to US pharmaceutical giant [[Pfizer]],<ref>[http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/pfizer-in-talks-to-buy-drls-formulations-business-in-india-27175 ''Pfizer in talks to buy DRL’s formulations business in India'', NDTV, New Delhi, 23 February 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162421/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/pfizer-in-talks-to-buy-drls-formulations-business-in-india-27175 |date=14 July 2011 }}.Accessed 2 October 2010.</ref> which had been suing the company for alleged patent infringement after Dr Reddy's announced that it intended to produce a generic version of [[atorvastatin]], marketed by Pfizer as [[Lipitor]], an anti-[[cholesterol]] medication.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/dr-reddy%5Cs-develops-generic-versionpfizer%5Cs-lipitor/375630/ ''Dr Reddy's develops generic version of Pfizer's Lipitor'', Business Standard, New Delhi and Mumbai, 7 November 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108194720/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/dr-reddy%5Cs-develops-generic-versionpfizer%5Cs-lipitor/375630/ |date=8 November 2009 }}.Accessed 2 October 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.stockwatch.in/pfizer-sues-dr-reddy-s-over-cholesterol-drug-lipitor-24251 ''Pfizer Sues Dr Reddy’s Over Cholesterol Drug ‘Lipitor’ '', Stock Watch, Mumbai, 12 November 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520220913/http://stockwatch.in/pfizer-sues-dr-reddy-s-over-cholesterol-drug-lipitor-24251 |date=20 May 2011 }}.Accessed 2 October 2010.</ref> Reddy's was already linked to UK pharmaceuticals multinational [[Glaxo Smithkline]].<ref>[http://pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/Manufacturing/AstraZeneca-Partners-with-Indias-Torrent-Pharmaceu/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/661513 ''AstraZeneca Partners with India's Torrent Pharmaceuticals'', Pharmaceutical Technology, Iselin, NJ and Chester UK] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711003329/http://pharmtech.findpharma.com/pharmtech/Manufacturing/AstraZeneca-Partners-with-Indias-Torrent-Pharmaceu/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/661513 |date=11 July 2011 }}.Accessed 2 October 2010.</ref>

In September 2020, the company partnered with the [[Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation|Russian Direct Investment Fund]] to conduct phase 3 trials of the [[Sputnik V vaccine|Sputnik V]] [[COVID-19 vaccine]] in India, and manufacture and distribute up to 100 million doses of the vaccine in India via its subsidiary Hetero Biopharma once approved by the [[Drugs Controller General of India|Drugs Controller General]] (DCGI).<ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2020|title=Russia's sovereign wealth fund partners with Dr Reddy's for trials and distribution of Sputnik V vaccine in India|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russia-s-sovereign-wealth-fund-partners-with-dr-reddy-s-for-trials-and-distribution-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-india/story-SPPpdsi7Bzd6mnA2rhZqRN.html|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430023720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russia-s-sovereign-wealth-fund-partners-with-dr-reddy-s-for-trials-and-distribution-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-india/story-SPPpdsi7Bzd6mnA2rhZqRN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2020|title=Russia inks pact to test, supply Sputnik V vaccine to India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/russia-inks-pact-to-test-supply-sputnik-v-vaccine-to-india/article32624204.ece|archive-date=21 October 2021|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021224233/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/russia-inks-pact-to-test-supply-sputnik-v-vaccine-to-india/article32624204.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The vaccine moved to late-stage trials in January 2021,<ref name="reuters-20210111">{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Aftab|last2=Kumar|first2=Anuron Mitra|date=11 January 2021|title=Russia's Sputnik V vaccine found safe in India mid-stage trial - Dr.Reddy's|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-vaccine-idUSL4N2JM2XA|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205084636/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-vaccine-idUSL4N2JM2XA|url-status=live}}</ref> and was approved for emergency use on 12 April 2021 after phase 3 trials concluded with results comparable to the late-stage trial in Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Nigam Prusty, Krishna N.|date=12 April 2021|title=Indian panel gives emergency approval for Russia's Sputnik V vaccine|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-vaccine/india-approves-russias-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine-economic-times-idUSKBN2BZ11Y|archive-date=12 April 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412113050/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-india-vaccine/india-approves-russias-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine-economic-times-idUSKBN2BZ11Y|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 April 2021|title=India says its safety study of Sputnik V vaccine comparable to Russian trial|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN2M517R|archive-date=13 April 2021|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413184126/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN2M517R|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Patient-centric initiatives==
In September 2016, Dr. Reddy's launched “Purple Health” in India, a patient centric platform to deliver solutions that address unmet needs of patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/dr-reddys-launches-purple-health/53962738|title=Dr. Reddy's launches patient-centric Purple Health initiative - ET HealthWorld|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|website=ETHealthworld.com}}</ref> Purple Health will address unmet needs of patients involving four segments: awareness, access (access to medication), adherence (adherence to therapy) and experience (simplified medication experience).<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/India-Business/Dr-Reddys-launches-patient-friendly-packaging-on-certain-medicines/articleshow/53967168.cms|title=Dr Reddy's launches 'patient-friendly' packaging on certain medicines - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=September 2016 }}</ref>
The first step in this program will be the launch of new patient friendly packaging for its top 25 best-selling brands, which will be rolled-out in a phased manner over the next six months. The packaging has been designed such that blister packs would have extra space for brand name which ensures easy identification at the pharmacy, a tab at the bottom with expiry date clearly mentioned, and a pictorial representation of the time the medicine needs to be taken. In case of bottles, the measuring cup is now easy to read, and neck of the bottle has been modified to ensure minimal spillage.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/drl-rolls-out-patientcentric-purple-health-initiative/article9060623.ece?ref=wl_news|title=Beyond the pill: Dr Reddy's rolls out patient-centric Purple Health initiative|website=thehindubusinessline.com|date=September 2016 }}</ref> Purple Health also includes patient support services. For example, someone taking medicines for an advanced kidney condition would be supported by messages and counselling on diet, medicine and so on.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/>

==Issues and recalls==

===Drug discovery problems===

In September 2005, Dr. Reddy's spun off its drug discovery and research wing into a separate company called Perlecan Pharma Private Limited. At the time, this was hailed as an innovative move, but in 2008, the company had to be wound down due to funding constraints.<ref name="livemint.com">[http://www.livemint.com/Articles/2008/10/17001901/Perlecan-highlights-RampD-tr.html ''Perlecan highlights R&D travails of Indian pharma '', 17 October 2008].Accessed: 18 October 2009.</ref> Dr. Reddy's was the first Indian pharma company to attempt such an effort to de-couple risk of drug discovery from the parent company by creating a separate company with an external source of funding. Perlecan Pharma was partially funded by ICICI Venture Capital and Citigroup Venture International, both of which held a 43% stake in Perlecan for an estimated $22.5 million. However, the company was forced to buy back the Perlecan shares from ICICI and Citigroup due to doubts regarding the commercial viability of the drug candidates that were in Perlecan's pipeline. At that point, Perlecan became a wholly owned subsidiary. In the board meeting of 23 October 2008, the company chose to amalgamate/absorb Perlecan, thereby making it an in-house research facility, as it was before 2005.<ref name="livemint.com"/>

In 2009, the company did a U-turn and has handed over discovery research and related intellectual property to its [[Bangalore]]-based subsidiary, with the possibility of spinning it off as a different entity altogether. "The company may be hoping to find a strategic partner in the future to share the risks and research funding."<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Articles/2009/05/22002532/DRL-moving-research-arm-to-Ban.html '' DRL moving research arm to Bangalore unit '' 22 May 2009]. Accessed: 20 August 2009.</ref>

===2011 recalls of Simvastatin and Toprol products===

In June 2011, certain lots of Dr. Reddy's generic Simvastatin tablets were recalled due to tablets having a "musty" or "moldy" smell.<ref>[Recall Notice, listserv, California Board of Pharmacy, 10 June 2011]</ref>

On 24 June 2014, the New York Times published an article "Warning Unheeded, Heart Drugs Are Recalled" in which it said another large Indian manufacturer and "Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, have announced recalls over the past two months totalling more than 100,000 bottles" of "a widely used heart drug, Toprol XL" "because their products were not dissolving properly".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Katie |title=Warning Unheeded, Heart Drugs are Recalled |access-date=2 December 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624051512/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/health/warning-unheeded-heart-drugs-are-recalled.html |archive-date=24 June 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/health/warning-unheeded-heart-drugs-are-recalled.html}}</ref>

===2014 FDA Form 483===

In December 2014 the FDA issued a [[Form FDA 483|Form 483 letter]] over concerns discovered during an inspection of its [[Srikakulam]] facility. No specific violations were mentioned in the letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiercepharmamanufacturing.com/story/fda-slaps-dr-reddys-form-483/2014-12-01|title=FDA slaps Dr. Reddy's with a Form 483 - FiercePharma|website=www.fiercepharmamanufacturing.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in-pharmatechnologist.com/Ingredients/Dr-Reddy-s-API-plant-receives-USFDA-483-with-nine-observations|title=Dr Reddy's API plant receives USFDA 483 with nine observations|website=in-pharmatechnologist.com|date=27 November 2014|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709144718/http://www.in-pharmatechnologist.com/Ingredients/Dr-Reddy-s-API-plant-receives-USFDA-483-with-nine-observations|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019 recall of Ranitidine products===

In 2019, Dr. Reddy's recalled all ranitidine products in the US market due to contamination with the [[carcinogen]] [[N-nitrosodimethylamine]] (NDMA).<ref>[https://www.drreddys.com/media/904612/cder-press-release-ranitidine-recall-final-v3.pdf '' Dr. Reddy's confirms its voluntary nationwide recall of all Ranitidine products in the U.S. Market '' 23 October 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024210441/https://www.drreddys.com/media/904612/cder-press-release-ranitidine-recall-final-v3.pdf |date=24 October 2019 }}. Accessed: 24 October 2019.</ref> Months later, all brands of ranitidine were recalled and it was taken off the US market, as the carcinogen was an unavoidable byproduct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=FDA Requests Removal of All Ranitidine Products (Zantac) from the Market |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-requests-removal-all-ranitidine-products-zantac-market |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=FDA |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328103217/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-requests-removal-all-ranitidine-products-zantac-market |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2020 recalls of Nitrofurantoin and Aripiprazole products ===

In 2020 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (UK) Ltd recalled a specific batch of nitrofurantoin 50 mg tablets from pharmacies and wholesalers due to dissolution during routine stability testing and a specific batch of aripiprazole due to the potential for small particles of aripiprazole active material to be present which may affect the efficacy of the product.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-nitrofurantoin-50-mg-tablets-pl-08553-0087-el-20-a-28 Class 2 Medicines Recall: Nitrofurantoin 50 mg Tablets, PL 08553/0087, EL (20)A/28.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-aripiprazole-1mg-ml-oral-solution-el-19-a-21 |title=Class 2 Medicines Recall: Aripiprazole 1mg/ml oral solution EL (19)A/21 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128145322/https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/class-2-medicines-recall-aripiprazole-1mg-ml-oral-solution-el-19-a-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pollution ===
Dr. Reddy's has been accused of polluting agricultural land surrounding its plant in [[Nalgonda district]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=24 November 2014|title=Villagers seek closure of drug unit in Peddadevulapally|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/villagers-seek-closure-of-drug-unit-in-peddadevulapally/article6630389.ece|access-date=27 March 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Operations in Russia ===
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories has faced significant criticism for its continued operations in Russia, despite the ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] and the imposition of international sanctions on the country. While many global pharmaceutical companies have ceased or drastically reduced their presence in Russia in response to the invasion, Dr. Reddy's has remained steadfast in maintaining its business there. In May 2022, the company reported a surge in sales, with revenues in Russia increasing by 70% year-over-year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Kevin |date=2022-05-19 |title=Dr. Reddy's to launch new brands in Russia |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/business-booming-russia-dr-reddys-plans-launch-new-products-there |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}</ref> The company's leadership declared that operations were continuing "as usual," and even announced plans to launch new products in the Russian market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Reddy's Laboratories |url=https://leave-russia.org/dr-reddys-laboratories |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=leave-russia.org |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107152013/https://leave-russia.org/dr-reddys-laboratories |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Over 1,000 Companies Have Curtailed Operations in Russia—But Some Remain {{!}} Yale School of Management |url=https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/over-1000-companies-have-curtailed-operations-russia-some-remain |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=som.yale.edu |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616082544/https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/over-1000-companies-have-curtailed-operations-russia-some-remain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Kevin |date=2022-05-19 |title=Dr. Reddy's to launch new brands in Russia |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/business-booming-russia-dr-reddys-plans-launch-new-products-there |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107152013/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/business-booming-russia-dr-reddys-plans-launch-new-products-there |url-status=live }}</ref> This decision has sparked widespread ethical concerns, as Dr. Reddy's has been accused of prioritizing profits over the human suffering caused by the war. Despite the global condemnation of Russia's actions and the continued killings of civilians in Ukraine, Dr. Reddy's refusal to withdraw from Russia has raised questions about its commitment to international norms and human rights. The company has also faced backlash for its ties to the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), which has backed the Sputnik V vaccine, further complicating its position amid the conflict. By continuing operations in Russia, Dr. Reddy's is seen as contributing to the Russian economy and, by extension, supporting a regime responsible for war crimes and aggression. The company's continued presence in Russia stands in stark contrast to the actions of many of its Western counterparts, who have pulled out or scaled down their operations to align with global sanctions and the broader call for economic isolation of Russia. As the conflict in Ukraine rages on, Dr. Reddy's decision to remain in Russia raises serious concerns about the ethical implications of doing business with a country under international sanctions, while the rest of the world seeks to hold Russia accountable for its actions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Kevin |date=2022-03-09 |title=India's hesitance to condemn Russia puts the country's pharma industry in compromising position {{!}} Fierce Pharma |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/indias-hesitance-condemn-russia-puts-countrys-pharma-industry-compromising-position |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=Dr Reddy's Pressing On In Russia, China Approvals Add Spark |url=https://insights.citeline.com/SC146424/Dr-Reddys-Pressing-On-In-Russia-China-Approvals-Add-Spark/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Insights |language=en}}</ref> Other viewpoints, particularly those outside the European and American centric western viewpoint, take the position that denying life saving pharmaceutical treatment by seeking to stop the flow of pharmaceutical goods to the common people in those countries whose actions are perceived as hostile, violent and inappropriate, such as Russia, is a deeply immoral act, and that by continuing to provide lifesaving medication to everyday citizens who have no connection to their government's foreign policy Dr. Reddy is acting in a deeply ethical way.

== Key products ==

=== Top active pharmaceutical ingredients{{Cn|date=September 2023|reason=I presume/bet/hope ranitidine is no longer manufactured; I think it's been pulled from all major markets.}} ===
{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[Abiraterone Acetate]]
* [[Canagliflozin]]
* [[Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride]]
* [[Ramipril]]
* [[Terbinafine HCI]]
* [[Ibuprofen]]
* [[Sertraline Hydrochloride]]
* [[Ranitidine HCI Form 2]]
* [[Naproxen Sodium]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Atorvastatin]]
* [[Montelukast]]
* [[Nelfinavir Mesylate]]
* [[Losartan Potassium]]
* [[Sparfloxacin]]
* [[Nizatidine]]
* [[Fexofenadine]]
* [[Ranitidine Hydrochloride Form 1]]
* [[Clopidogrel]] (Not in US due to 2007 patent case)
* [[Razo: Rabeprazole]]
* [[Omeprazole]]
* [[Finasteride]]
* [[Sumatriptan]]
* [[glimepiride]]
*[[Stolin gum astringent]]
* [[Senquel f]]
* [[Stolin r]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Reddy's Laboratories}}
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Generic drug manufacturers]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

St. Agnes PU College, Mangaluru

2026-02-21T10:06:15Z

Banti: started details!

{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| image_size =
| name = St. Agnes Pre University College
| motto = {{langx|la|Deus fortitudo mea }} {{langx|en|God is my strength}}
| established = 1921<ref name="year">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/st-agnes-college-to-launch-centennial-year-celebrations-on-january-12/articleshow/62433805.cms|title=St Agnes College to launch centennial year celebrations on January 12|access-date=28 August 2018|date=9 January 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Jaideep Shenoy}}</ref>
| type = Pre-University College
| campus = Urban
| principal = Sr.Norine DSouza A.C.
| enrollment =
| grades =
| address = Bendore
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| publication = Agnesians
| mascot = Lamb with the victory palm
| information =
| footnotes =
}}
'''St. Agnes PU College''' is an educational institution in the city of [[Mangaluru]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is in the Bendore area, where the élite of the city reside. It is next door to [[St. Sebastian]]'s Church. It was founded primarily for the education of [[Catholic]] women. The original college was started by the [[Apostolic Carmel]] sisters in 1921.<ref name="year"/> It was the first Catholic women's college in [[South India]] and the second in the country.

St. Agnes PU College was bifurcated from St. Agnes First Grade College in 2001. The college now has a separate building, which was inaugurated on 14 December 2004.

From 1921 to 2025, the Pre-University College was strictly girls-only. Starting in the 2025-2026 academic year, the college began accepting boys to promote inclusivity.

== History ==
St. Agnes First Grade College was started by the Apostolic Carmel sisters, a congregation founded by [[Mother Veronica of the Passion]] (1823-1906) in [[Bayonne]], [[France]], in 1868.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=656477|title=Mangaluru: '100 years of giving' - St Agnes College on eve of centennial celebrations|date=24 December 2019|accessdate=8 March 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> It was established in Mangalore in 1870.

It was started to promote all-girls education, and was one of the first colleges in South India to do so.

In 2001, according to the orders of the [[Government of Karnataka]], the then existing St. Agnes College had to be split into St. Agnes Pre-University and Degree Colleges. It had generated a major overhaul of staff, facilities and space. Thus, the decision to construct a new building was taken and executed. Students moved into their new block in the academic year 2004–2005. The new building was inaugurated by Sr. Agatha Mary A.C.

From 2025 onwards, the institution became co-educational.

== College crest ==
The crest has three parts.

'''The crown on top:''' 
The crown set in gold is encrusted with jewels and precious stones. In past centuries, kings regarded the crown as a symbol of power, prestige and glory. The crown in the crest acquires a different meaning, symbolising the golden age of India's material wealth and cultural splendour. Today, through the education of her women, St. Agnes College endeavours to recrown [[Bharat Mata]] (Mother India). Educated and self-reliant women are jewels in the crown of Mother India.

'''The shield in the centre:''' 
The shield has three partitions. In the first is depicted a cross atop a mountain with three stars on three sides. The mountain is a symbol of prayer and contemplation; the cross is a reminder that the education provided by the college is imbued with the teachings of [[Christ]] and the spirit of his person. The three stars signify the historical Carmelite heritage of the Apostolic Carmel congregation.

In the second partition is engraved a [[coconut]] palm on the shoreline. It stands for the foundation of the Apostolic Carmel along the western coast of [[South India]] in 1870. The coconut tree is symbolic of the quiet dependability and usefulness of the educational mission of the college.

In the third partition, the lamb with the victory palm together represent the patroness of the college, [[Agnes of Rome|St. Agnes]] and her spiritual victory. The palm is the symbol of victory over evil. It signifies the power of prayer to help control carnal desires and stand strong against temptation.

'''The scroll below:''' 
The scroll upholds the college motto ''Deus fortitudo mea'' ([[Latin]]: God is my strength).

== Streams offered ==
The college offers three streams: science, commerce and arts.

Science stream has four combinations. 
PCMB - physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology 
PCMC - physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science 
PCMS - physics, chemistry, mathematics, statistics 
PCME - physics, chemistry, mathematics, electronics

PCBH - physics, chemistry, biology, homescience

Commerce stream has five combinations. 
BEBA - basic mathematics, economics, business studies, accountancy 
BSBA - basic mathematics, statistics, business studies, accountancy 
CSBA - computer science, statistics, business studies, accountancy 
SEBA - statistics, economics, business studies, accountancy 
CEBA - computer science, economics, business studies, accountancy

Arts stream has 2 combinations. HEPP- History, Economics, Political science and Psychology

H.ScEPP- Home Science, Economics, Political Science Psychology.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Agnes Pu College, Mangalore}}
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1920]]
[[Category:Carmelite educational institutions]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]

Shri Guru Nanak Public School

2026-02-21T09:50:53Z

Banti: minor edit

{{one source|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| logo =
| caption =
| name = Shri Guru Nanak Public School
| motto =
| established = June 1995
| type = [[Private School]]
| motto_translation =
| principal = Mr. Rajeev Pathak
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| staff =
| address =
| location =
| region =
| city = [[Jagdalpur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postal_code =
| coordinates =
| school_board = [[Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education]] for Class 9th to 12th and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] for Nursery to 8th.
| language = English
| gender =
| publication =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shri Guru Nanak Public School''' (often known as '''SGNPS''') is one of the oldest schools in [[Jagdalpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. This is an [[English-medium education|English medium]] Higher Secondary School, which was founded in June 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHRI GURUNANAK PUBLIC H.S. SCHOOL JDP - Jagdalpur District Baster (Chhattisgarh) |url=https://schools.org.in/baster/22153308631/shri-gurunanak-public-h-s-school-jdp.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> The syllabus is based on Chhattisgarh Board of Secondary Education course for the students from 9th standard to 12th standard, and for the students of nursery to 8th class, the syllabus is based on the Central Board of Secondary Education.

The Principle since the year 2015-16 is Mr. Rajeev Pathak, former head of school.

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/sgnps.jagdalpur Shri Guru Nanak Public School] on [[Facebook]]

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-school-stub}}

Joshimath

2026-02-20T20:18:10Z

Banti: refined references further and improved wording for consistency

{{about|the town|the monastery|Jyotir Math}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Page numbers needed| article |date=September 2010}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Joshimath
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Jyotirmath
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Joshimath.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Jyotirmath from Narsingh Temple
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|33|18|N|79|33|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Jyotirmath
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 48202<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joshimath Tehsil Population Chamoli, Uttarakhand, List of Villages & Towns in Joshimath Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttarakhand/chamoli/joshimath-population.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246443<ref name="pincode">{{cite web |url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/joshimath-pin-code/160598/ |title=Joshimath Pin code |publisher=pin-code.net |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185947/https://pin-code.net/in-loc/joshimath-pin-code/160598/ }}</ref>
| registration_plate = UK-11
| website = {{URL|http://chamoli.nic.in}}
}}
'''Joshimath''', also known as '''Jyotirmath''', is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Chamoli District]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. Located at a height of 6,150 feet (1,875 m),<ref name=joshi>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=V.P. Flt.Lt. |title=Himalayan Journal 1967-68 |url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/n-d-a-expedition-to-the-kumaon-himalayas-1968/ |publisher=The Himalayan Club |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226113147/https://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/n-d-a-expedition-to-the-kumaon-himalayas-1968/ }}</ref> it is a gateway to several [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountain climbing expeditions, trekking trails and pilgrim centres like [[Badrinath]].<ref name=trisul>{{cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Meena |title=The Ascent of Trisul, 1970 |url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/the-ascent-of-trisul-1970/ |publisher=The Himalayan Club |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226113003/https://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/the-ascent-of-trisul-1970/ }}</ref> It is home to one of the four cardinal ''pītha''s believed by tradition to be established by [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyotirmath |url=http://chamoli.nic.in/pages/display/80-joshimath |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

Since 7 February 2021, the area was severely affected by the [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]] and its aftermath. The town is confirmed to be sinking due to its geographic location being along a running ridge.<ref name="Tripathi 2023">{{cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |title=Why is Joshimath sinking? Alarm bells in hill town ringing since 1976 |website=India Today |date=6 January 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/why-is-joshimath-sinking-alarm-bells-in-hill-town-ringing-since-1976-2318223-2023-01-06 |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sinking land forces hundreds to leave Indian temple town |website=AP NEWS |date=7 January 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-politics-india-climate-and-environment-67400f2375f10986e026545f66d38923 |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E., [[Katyuri kings]] ruled the area of varying extent from their capital at "Katyur" (modern day [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]) valley in Kumaon. The Katyuri dynasty was founded by Vashudev Katyuri. The ancient Basdeo temple at Joshimath is attributed to Vasu Dev.<ref name=handa>O.C.Handa, 2002, History of Uttaranchal, Indus Publishing Company. {{ISBN|9788173871344}}.</ref> Vasu Dev was of Buddhist origin, but later followed Brahminical practices and the brahminical practices of Katyuri kings in general is sometimes attributed to a vigorous campaign of [[Adi Shankara]] (788-820 CE).<ref name=handa/>

According to [[Badri Datt Pandey]] in his book ''Kumaon Ka Itihas'', Joshimath was the original capital of the Katyur dynasty before it moved to Kartikeyapur (modern day [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]). According to the story, king Vasudev was a devotee of [[Narasimha|Narsingh]] (avatar of lord Vishnu). One day he went hunting and lord Narsingh came to his home disguised. His wife offered food to the god. After eating the food the god went in the king's room for some rest. When the king returned from hunting he got angry after seeing a man sleeping in his bed. He took his sword and cut the left hand of god. Instead of blood, milk started flowing from the wound. After seeing this, the king realised the disguised person was not a common man. He asked for forgiveness from the god. The god said he came because he was happy with his kingdom but after this incident he cursed the king to move to a new location (Baijnath). Because of this wound, the statue in the temple will also have a weak left hand. When the statue's hand will fall off, this will be the end of his dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍe |first=Badarī Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXZwQgAACAAJ |title=History of Kumaun: English Version of "Kumaun Ka Itihas" |date=1993 |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85865-01-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Katyuri kings were displaced by the [[Garhwal Kingdom#Rulers of Garhwal|Panwar dynasty]] in the 11th century AD.<ref name="handa" />

==2021 glacial outburst flood and aftermath==
{{Main article|2021 Uttarakhand flood}}

A part of the [[Nanda Devi glacier]] broke off in [[Nanda Devi National Park]] in Uttarakhand's Chamoli district on 7 February 2021, causing flash flood in [[Rishiganga]] and [[Dhauliganga River]], devastating among others the village [[Rini, Uttarakhand|Rini]], the [[Dhauliganga Dam]], the Rishi Ganga dam, [[Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant]], killing and endangering people. According to media, at least 31 people were confirmed to have been killed and around 165 were reported missing after the flash flood. A PTI report put the number of workers missing at 150.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the aftermath of the floods, residents began noticing cracks in homes; eventually over 600 houses were evacuated after a local temple collapsed.<ref>{{Citation |website=ABC News |date=January 7, 2023 |author=B. Banerjee |title=Sinking land forces hundreds to leave Indian temple town |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sinking-land-forces-hundreds-leave-indian-temple-town-96283860 |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |website=BBC News |date=January 5, 2023 |title=The scenic Indian town in danger of sinking |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-64172954 |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> Eventually over 700 of approximately 4,400-4,600 structures would show cracking and the streets and paved areas in the affected area also showed cracking.<ref>{{Citation |author=Masih, N. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Himalayan town sinks, leaving residents to count costs of rapid development |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/12/joshimath-sinking-india-town-himalayas/ |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Soutik Biswas |author2=Raju Gusain |date=9 January 2023 |title=Joshimath: The trauma of living in India's sinking Himalayan town |website=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64201536 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> Hundreds of residents were able to evacuate and authorities classified zones within the town as "danger", "buffer" and "completely safe" areas; demolition work began on 9 January 2023.<ref>{{Citation |website=Al Jazeera |date=10 January 2023 |title=Demolitions begin in India's 'sinking' Joshimath, hundreds moved |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/10/demolitions-begin-in-indias-sinking-joshimath-hundreds-moved |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64201536 | title=Joshimath: The trauma of living in India's sinking Himalayan town | work=BBC News | date=9 January 2023 }}</ref>

A two year study released in 2023 by the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] used satellite sensing to determine the area was sinking {{cvt|6.5|cm|in}} each year.<ref>{{Citation |website=NDTV |date=11 January 2023 |title=Joshimath, Neighbouring Areas, Sink 2.5 Inches Every Year: New Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/every-year-joshimath-and-neighbourhoood-sinks-by-2-5-inch-study-finds-3680887 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Joshimath subsidence: Satellite-based preliminary |url=https://www.nrsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/DMSP/Joshimath_landslide_11Jan2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112080218/https://www.nrsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/DMSP/Joshimath_landslide_11Jan2023.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], there are total 3,898 families residing in Joshimath city. The total population of Joshimath is 16,709 out of which 9,988 are males and 6,721 are females. Thus the Average Sex Ratio of Joshimath is 673.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Joshimath Population, Caste Data Chamoli Uttarakhand - Census India |url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/towns/joshimath-population-chamoli-uttarakhand-800291 |website=www.censusindia.co.in |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="c2011">{{cite web |title=Joshimath City Population Census 2011 - Uttarakhand |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800291-joshimath-uttarakhand.html |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Joshimath city is 2103 which is 13% of the total population. There are 1127 male children and 976 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Joshimath is 866 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (673).<ref name="census" /><ref name="c2011" />

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Joshimath is 91.3% up from 77% in 2001. Thus Joshimath has a higher literacy rate compared to the 82.7% of its own district, Chamoli. The male literacy rate is 95.2% and the female literacy rate is 85.2% in Joshimath.<ref name="census" /><ref name="c2011" />

Joshimath had a population of 13,202 in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:JyothirMutt.JPG|right|thumb|150px|[[Jyotir Math]] monastery]]
Jyotirmath is the ''uttarāmnāya [[matha]]'', or northern monastery, one of the four cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankara, the others being those at [[Shringeri]], [[Govardhana matha|Puri]], [[Dwarka]]. Their heads are titled "[[Shankaracharya]]". According to the tradition initiated by Adi Shankara, this matha is in charge of the [[Atharvaveda]]. Jyotirmath is close to the pilgrimage town of [[Badrinath]]. This place can be a base station for travellers going to Guru Gobind Ghat or the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. The temple Narasimha, is enshrined Badrinarayan along with a pantheon of deities. The presiding deity Lord [[Narasimha]] is believed to have been established by Adi Sankara. It is one of the "[[Divya Desams]]", the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by the 12 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet-saints or [[Alvars]], and god and goddess are known as Parimalavalli sametha Paramapurusha Perumal.<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref>

==Joshimath Cantonment==
Joshimath Cantonment is one of the important military stations of [[Indian Army]], present in Uttarakhand. It is the permanent station of "The Garhwal Scouts", the scout battalion of the [[Garhwal Rifles]]. It is the closest army station to the Indo-Tibetan Border. It was used as a base camp for the rescue of the victims of 2013 Kedarnath Floods.

==Tourist attractions==
===Shankaracharya Math===
This is the math established by Adi Shankaracharya in North India. The math has temples of Badrinarayan and Rajrajeshwari Devi. It has a sacred cave where Adi Shankaracharya supposedly undertook [[tapasya]].

===Narsingh Temple===
This is an ancient temple of Lord Vishnu in Narsingh [[Avatar]] and main temple of Joshimath. It has an idol of Lord Narsingh, which is considered established by Shankaracharya. As per local belief, the left hand of this idol has become as thin as hair. On the day when it will break, the mountains Nar - Narayan (नर - नारायण)(which are situated on a way to Badrinath) shall join and become one and Lord Badrinath of Badrinath temple will disappear from the present temple and re-appear as black stone ([[Shaligram]]) at new place called Bhavishya Badri, which is situated at a distance of 10 km from Joshimath. During the period when Badrinath temple remains closed during winter every year, an idol of Lord Badri is brought to Narsingh temple and worshiped for six months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavishya Badri {{!}} Chamoli District Website {{!}} India |url=https://chamoli.gov.in/tourist-place/bhavishya-badri/ |access-date=2021-02-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Bhavishya Kedar Temple===
As per local belief, present Kedarnath will disappear along with Badrinath and re-appear in Bhavishya Kedar temple at Joshimath. This temple has a small shivling.

===Tapovan===
[[File:... Tapovan near Joshimath (7752121336).jpg|thumb|Tapovan]]
Tapovan is situated 10 km from Joshimath. It has natural [[Hot spring|hot water springs]]. The river Dhauliganga is visible from this spot.

===Ropeway===
A ropeway to [[Auli, India|Auli]] is popular among tourists and one of the longest ropeways in Asia. It is open only during the winter season (November to March) and costs ₹1000 for two way journey. The ropeway is the fastest means for tourists to go to Auli.

===Gari Bhawani Temple===
A temple is located 6 km away from the main town of Joshimath toward Rishikesh highway.

===Kalpeshwer===
{{Main|Kalpeshwar}}

Kalpeshwar is situated near the village called Urgam, which is located in a valley. Urgam is off the highway NH-58 and is reached from Helang which is situated at about 18 km from Joshimath. There are sometimes shared vans from Helang to Nyari/Urgam before noon. Public bus transportation is available everyday from Joshimath to Helang from 05:00 to 19:00.

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Jyotirmath (1971–2000, extremes 1958–1987)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 21.6
| Feb record high C = 21.1
| Mar record high C = 28.6
| Apr record high C = 30.6
| May record high C = 31.9
| Jun record high C = 34.2
| Jul record high C = 30.2
| Aug record high C = 29.9
| Sep record high C = 30.0
| Oct record high C = 28.0
| Nov record high C = 25.1
| Dec record high C = 21.2
| year record high C = 34.2
| Jan high C = 11.0
| Feb high C = 11.8
| Mar high C = 17.3
| Apr high C = 21.3
| May high C = 23.5
| Jun high C = 24.8
| Jul high C = 23.3
| Aug high C = 23.0
| Sep high C = 22.3
| Oct high C = 22.0
| Nov high C = 16.9
| Dec high C = 13.4
| year high C = 19.1
| Jan low C = 2.0
| Feb low C = 3.0
| Mar low C = 6.7
| Apr low C = 10.7
| May low C = 13.6
| Jun low C = 16.3
| Jul low C = 16.9
| Aug low C = 16.6
| Sep low C = 14.5
| Oct low C = 10.7
| Nov low C = 6.7
| Dec low C = 3.9
| year low C = 9.9
| Jan record low C = -15.1
| Feb record low C = -4.3
| Mar record low C = -4.0
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 4.9
| Jun record low C = 6.0
| Jul record low C = 10.0
| Aug record low C = 12.6
| Sep record low C = 8.0
| Oct record low C = 1.8
| Nov record low C = 0.1
| Dec record low C = -3.1
| year record low C = -15.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 57.1
| Feb rain mm = 93.5
| Mar rain mm = 118.7
| Apr rain mm = 51.3
| May rain mm = 72.9
| Jun rain mm = 93.3
| Jul rain mm = 224.6
| Aug rain mm = 201.6
| Sep rain mm = 111.1
| Oct rain mm = 43.2
| Nov rain mm = 10.2
| Dec rain mm = 26.8
| year rain mm = 1104.1
| Jan rain days = 3.8
| Feb rain days = 5.7
| Mar rain days = 7.4
| Apr rain days = 4.1
| May rain days = 6.0
| Jun rain days = 7.5
| Jul rain days = 15.4
| Aug rain days = 15.3
| Sep rain days = 9.1
| Oct rain days = 2.9
| Nov rain days = 1.0
| Dec rain days = 1.6
| year rain days = 79.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 55
| Feb humidity = 52
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 51
| May humidity = 51
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 59
| Nov humidity = 50
| Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 60
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215220604/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281971-2000%29.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281971-2000%29.pdf |title=Station: Joshimath Climatological Table 1971–2000 |work=Climatological Normals 1971–2000 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 2011 |pages=367–368 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M225 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Transportation==
[[File:Ropeway at Joshimath, Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Ropeway from Joshimath to [[Auli, India|Auli]]]]
The nearest airport is the Jolly Grant Airport near [[Dehradun]] {{cvt|293|km}} away.

The nearest railway station is at [[Rishikesh]], which has a small railway terminal. [[Haridwar]] railway junction, 24 km farther from Rishikesh, has train connections to most of the major cities in India.

Joshimath lies on national highway [[National Highway 58 (India)|NH58]] that connects Delhi with [[Badrinath]] and [[Mana Pass]] in Uttarakhand near the Indo-Tibet border. Therefore, all the buses and vehicles that carry pilgrims from New Delhi to Badrinath via Haridwar and Rishikesh in the pilgrim season of the summer months pass through Joshimath. Rishikesh is the major starting point for a road journey to Joshimath. Regular buses operate from Rishikesh bus station to Joshimath. The road distance from Rishikesh to Joshimath is {{cvt|251|km}} via [[Rudraprayag]] and [[Chamoli]].

==See also==
*[[Adi Shankara]]
*[[Shankaracharya]]
*[[Kalady|Kalady, Kerala - the holy birthplace of Jagadguru Adi Shankaracharya]]
*[[Govardhana matha|Govardhan Peetham (East), Puri, Odisha]]
*[[Dvaraka Pitha|Dwarka Sharada Peetham (West), Dwarka, Gujarat]]
*[[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Shri Sringeri Sharada Peetham (South), Sringeri, Karnataka]]
*[[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Gaudapada|Gauḍapāda]]
*[[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]
*[[Shri Gaudapadacharya Math]]
*[[Mandukya Upanishad]]
*[[Advaita Vedanta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Joshimath}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150713212218/http://www.joshimath.org/ Joshimath Portal] (archived 13 July 2015)
*[https://archive.org/details/CentralHimalayanGeology/mode/1up Central Himalaya] – Geological Observations of The Swiss Expedition 1936 by Arnold Heim and August Gansser (on [[Internet Archive]])

{{Shankara mathas}}

{{Chamoli district}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Adi Shankara]]

Udhwa

2026-02-18T22:22:50Z

Banti: started new data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udhwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Udhua
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.969278|N|87.856278|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Saint [[Uddhava]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13139
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Udhwa (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = 5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816108
| registration_plate =JH
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Udhwa''' (also spelled Udhua) is a village in the [[Udhwa (community development block)|Uddhwa]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]].

==Etymology==
Udhwa is named after saint [[Uddhava]] of [[Mahabharat]] times, a friend of God [[Krishna]] and philosopher of [[Sankhya Yoga]]. It is believed that Udhwa was the place of Saint Uddhava.

==History==
[[File:Bridge at Oodooanulla, India. Coloured etching by William Ho Wellcome V0050405.jpg|thumb|Bridge at Oodooanulla, drawn in 1781. A coloured etching by [[William Hodges]]]]

===Battle of Udhwa nala===
The Battle of Udhwa nala between [[Mir Qasim]], and the British (1763) was centered here. Mir Qasim was [[Nawab]] (King) of [[Bengal]] (including areas of present days [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]n states [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]). Nawab Mir Qasim was defeated by the British and fled with his family to the [[Rohtas district|Rohtas, Bihar]], but was not able to hide at the [[Rohtasgarh Fort]], which the Diwan of Rohtas, Shahmal, finally handed over to British captain Goddard.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=Udhwa (R)|shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|40|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Udhhwa is located at {{coord|24.969278|N|87.856278|E|display=inline}}.

Udhua has an area of {{convert|320|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

==Udhwa Bird Sanctuary==
Udhwa Bird Sanctuary, spreading in 5.65 square kilometers is the only bird sanctuary of [[Jharkhand]] state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/Tourism.html |title=Tourism, Sahibganj, Jharkhand |website=sahibganj.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170047/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/Tourism.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/udhwa-bird-sanctuary-set-to-get-a-facelift.html |title=Bird sanctuary set to get a facelift |publisher=www.dailypioneer.com |access-date=2020-03-29 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002065525/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/udhwa-bird-sanctuary-set-to-get-a-facelift.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This avian habitat comprises two backwater lakes over river [[Ganges]] (Ganga) namely Patauda and Berhale.<ref name="wildlifeinindia.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeinindia.in/images/udhwa.html|title=:: Wildlife in India :: [Udhwa Bird Sanctuary]|website=www.wildlifeinindia.in|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060124/http://www.wildlifeinindia.in/images/udhwa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.holidayiq.com/Udhwa-Lake-Bird-Sanctuary-Sahibganj-Sightseeing-950-15666.html|title=Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Sahibganj - Video Reviews, Photos, History - HolidayIQ|last=HolidayIQ.com|website=m.holidayiq.com|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730050246/http://m.holidayiq.com/Udhwa-Lake-Bird-Sanctuary-Sahibganj-Sightseeing-950-15666.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Migratory birds reach here every winter from several parts of the World, including [[Siberia]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="wildlifeinindia.in"/> The main birds include the [[pratincole]], [[egret]], [[wagtail]], [[plover]], [[lapwing]], [[stork]], [[ibis]] and [[heron]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/>

Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, is an ecologically significant wetland formed as a Ganga backwater wetland, which helps in water regulation by releasing excess water back into the river. It was formed as part of the oxbow lake concept from the River Ganga, making it naturally interlinked with the river. Due to this interconnection, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has taken special interest in its conservation and management. Recognizing its ecological importance, Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary was declared a Ramsar site on 1 February 2025.

According to the Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) Report – 2024, conducted from 20 to 22 January 2024, a total of 58 species of wetland birds belonging to 16 families were recorded at Pataura, Behale, and Purulia. Of these, 45 species were classified as water birds, while 13 were wetland-dependent birds. Additionally, the recorded species included 18 resident birds, 18 resident migrants, and 22 migratory birds. A total of 18,009 birds were observed at Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary during the census, and notably, six globally threatened species were recorded.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Udhua had a total population of 13,139, of which 6,719 (51%) were males and 6,420 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,744. The total number of literate persons in Udhua was 5,382 (51.77% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of the Udhwa CD block is at Udhwa village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Sahibganj on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ganges]](Ganga) River
* [[Barharwa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Santhal Parganas Division|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Sahibganj district]]

Port Kollam Church

2026-02-14T19:12:44Z

Banti:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Purification Church
| other name = '''Port Kollam Church'''
| image = Kollamportchurch1.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| founded date = CE 52
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| membership = Approx. 5200
| bells = 1
| dedication = Our Lady Of Purification
| otherdedication = [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| functional status = Active
| parish = Port Kollam
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Trivandrum]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| vicar = Fr. Vincent Machado
| asstpriest =
| bishop = [[Paul Antony Mullassery]]
| archbishop = [[Thomas J. Netto]]
| language(s) = [[Malayalam]]
| map caption = Location in Kerala, India
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|8|52|52|N|76|34|3|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| tradition = [[Roman Rite]]
| relics = [[Thomas the Apostle]] [[Mother Teresa]]
| events = [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|The feast of presentation]] (February 2) Feast of Saint Thomas (July 3) [[Assumption of Mary]] (August 15)
}}

'''Our Lady of Purification Church''' also known as the '''Port Kollam Church''' is a historic [[Roman Catholic]] church near [[Kollam Port]] in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]]. According to ecclesiastical tradition the church was established by [[Thomas the Apostle]] in 52 CE along with six other churches in [[Kerala]] and these churches together are called [[Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ]].<ref name="a"/><ref name="b"/><ref name="c"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Places Kollam |url=https://kerala.me/districts/kollam/kollam_religiousplaces |website=Kerala me}}</ref> The church follows [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]] and is in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]].<ref name="c"/>

==History==

[[File:HolyAltarofKollamportchurch2.jpg|thumb|Holy Altar of Kollam port church]]

Tradition holds that in AD 52, [[Thomas the Apostle]] travelled to Kerala's coast.<ref name="g"/><ref name="h"/> For people who were baptized by Thomas to worship, a [[Church (building)|church]] was built in [[Kollam]] between CE 52 and 78. However, Violent [[Coastal erosion|sea erosion]] destroyed this church. The believers built a second church for worship with the King of Kollam's approval, but it was also destroyed by sea erosion. The ruins of the second church are still visible in the sea during [[Tide|low tides]]. The name "''Pallikallu''" given to it by the local [[fishermen]] literally translates as "''the stone of the great church''". A group of local [[Underwater diving|divers]] retrieved a rock from the submerged church ruins in February 2021, and it was then installed in the church as a symbol of the community's unwavering faith.
The [[Pope John XXII]] designated Kollam (Quilon) as the first diocese in India in 1329 and there was a church called Kollam church before the arrival of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century.<ref name="e"/><ref name="f"/> Later, the Portuguese constructed a number of additional churches in the area, leading to the renaming of Kollam Church as "Port Kollam Church". The Port Kollam parish was also blessed by the visit of [[Francis Xavier]] as part of his [[missionary]] activities along the [[Malabar coast]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The life and letters of St. Francis Xavier |date=1886 |publisher=London, Burns and Oates |page=246 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofstf01cole/page/n246/mode/1up?q=Quilon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Travancore: A Guide Book for the Visitor |date=1933 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=245 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63280/page/n245/mode/2up?q=245}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=St. Francis Xavier's Gifts to Kerala |url=https://medium.com/@alphyblog/st-francis-xaviers-gifts-to-kerala-209e9f3a702b}}</ref> A new church, constructed in 1912 and dedicated to Our Lady of Purification, stood for more than 70 years, and at the end of the 20th century, a reconstruction plan was started to build the church present today. The foundation stone for the reconstruction was blessed by [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 8 February 1986 during his Apostolic Pilgrimage to [[India]].<ref name="d"/> The church was finally blessed on 23 January 1993 by the Bishop of Kollam, [[Joseph Gabriel Fernandez|Joseph G. Fernandez]].

==Liturgy Timings==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Weekly Liturgy Schedule
|-
! Day !! Time !! Liturgy
|-
| Sunday || 6.00 am 7.30 am 9.00 am || [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] Mass Mass for Children
|-
| Monday || 6.30 am 5.00 pm || Mass Mass + [[Novena]] to [[Thomas the Apostle]]
|-
| Tuesday || 6.30 am || Mass
|-
| Wednesday || 6.30 am || Mass
|-
| Thursday || 6.30 am || Mass
|-
| Friday || 6.30 am || Mass
|-
| Saturday || 6.30 am || Mass + [[Novena]] to [[Our Lady of Perpetual Help]]
|}

==Annual Events==
Along with other universal festivities of [[Christendom]], three great feasts are revered and fervently observed in the church each year by the faithful.

===Feast of Our Lady of Purification===

Thousands of followers of all faiths and religions flock to the feast of Our Lady of Purification ({{lang|ml|'''പരിശുദ്ധ ശുദ്ധീകരണമാതാവിൻ്റെ കോൺഫ്രിയ തിരുനാൾ മഹോത്സവം'''}}), which is celebrated annually from '''January 23 to February 2'''.<ref name="Feast Of Our Lady Of Purification">{{cite web |title=Feast Of Our Lady Of Purification |url=https://www.dtpckollam.com/feast-our-lady-purification/55 |website=dtpc Kollam}}</ref> The legend behind this celebration is that, in accordance with the [[Old Testament]], a mother would bring her son to the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] 40 days after his birth in order to present herself for purification and to present the child to God ([https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0312.htm#1 Leviticus 12]). When [[Jesus]] was a newborn, [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] took him to the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Jerusalem Temple]] where they offered Him to God as an offering ([https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:22%E2%80%9340&version=nrsv Luke 2:22–40]). So, every year a feast is held to remember this occasion. As a result, the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Holy Mother]] in this occasion is also known as '''''Kanikka Mathavu''''' ({{lang|ml|'''കാണിക്ക മാതാവ്'''}}). 
The [[Church (building)|Church]] will be illuminated and decorated with vibrant lights beginning with a ceremony to hoist the flag on January 23 to announce the start of the festival. During the festive days, religious discourses such as Bible conventions and special prayers will be held. On February 1, there will be a large [[procession]] ({{lang|ml|പ്രദിക്ഷണം}}) that will cover most of Port Kollam, and people will decorate the streets with [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother Mary]] statues in a lovely backdrop that has been enhanced with [[candle]]s, lights, and flowers. A special ritual takes place on the feast day (February 2). Women with their newly born babies (below 2 years) come to the church and submit them before [[Saint Mary]] as an offering.<ref name="Feast Of Our Lady Of Purification"/>

===Feast of Saint Thomas===
Tradition holds that on July 3, AD 72, at [[Chennai]]'s [[St. Thomas Mount]], [[Thomas the Apostle]] was speared to death.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc |location=US |page=418 |isbn=978-0199596607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zJJtvK2_KsC&pg=PA418}}</ref> Every year on July 3, the Port Kollam Church commemorates this martyrdom by celebrating [[Thomas the Apostle]]'s [[pilgrimage]] feast ({{lang|ml|'''വിശുദ്ധ തോമാശ്ലീഹായുടെ തീർത്ഥാടന തിരുനാൾ'''}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Feast Of St.Thomas, Our Lady Of Purification Church |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals/index.php/preview/festival_info?fest_id=177 |website=Kerala tourism}}</ref> On the eve of the feast day, there is a [[procession]] carrying the [[relic]] of [[Thomas the Apostle]] covering places beyond the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Port Kollam [[parish]]. On the feast day, a jubilant holy [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] is conducted, and most commonly, the mass will be a [[pontifical mass]] led by a [[bishop]]. The rededication of the relic on the altar and the subsequent lowering of the raised flag mark the conclusion of the feast.

===Feast of Assumption of Mary===
The [[Assumption of Mary|feast of the assumption]] ({{lang|ml|'''പരിശുദ്ധ കന്യകാമാറിയത്തിൻ്റെ സ്വർഗ്ഗാരോപണ തിരുന്നാൾ മഹോത്സവം'''}}) is fervently observed in the Port Kollam church on August 15 each year. The celebration of Assumption Day commemorates the doctrine that Mary, the [[Theotokos|mother of Jesus Christ]], was believed to have had both her body and soul taken up into heavenly glory at death. Flag hoisting, special liturgies, and a prayerful procession are all part of the Assumption celebrations. It's interesting that [[India]]'s [[Independence Day (India)|independence day]] and the feast of assumption both fall on the same day. The [[Indian national flag|Flag of India]]'s colours will be used to usually decorate the altar with flowers.

==Relics==
[[Thomas the Apostle]]'s remains were sent to a number of locations after his death, but the majority of them were eventually interred in the [[Basilica of San Tommaso Apostolo, Ortona|Basilica di San Tommaso]] in [[Ortona]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Relics of the Apostle St. Thomas |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/relics-of-the-apostle-st-thomas |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> In 1958, [[Jerome M. Fernandez]], the then Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Kollam]], brought the relics of [[Thomas the Apostle]] from [[Ortona]], [[Italy]], and placed them in the Bishops' House of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Quilon Diocese]]. On June 30, 2006, this relic was taken from the bishop's house and, after a devout reception from various parishes along the coastal region, it was finally enshrined in the altar of the Port Kollam church. The altar of the Port Kollam church also holds a relic of [[Mother Teresa]].

==Shrines==
Within the church's premises, there are two shrines. The oldest [[shrine]] is dedicated to Friday devotion to '[[Ecce Homo]]' (Kaiketty Easho, {{lang|ml|കൈകെട്ടി ഈശോ}}). This shrine's statue was delivered to this parish in 1806. On Fridays, a large number of people gather to pray for all of their intentions. Devotees have shared testimonials of the miracles they have experienced through Kaiketty Easho. The new shrine dedicated to Saint Thomas was consecrated in 2006 by the then [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|kollam]] bishop, [[Stanley Roman]].

==List of Parish Priests==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name of the Priests
|-
| 1879–1886 || Fr. J. Alleluia B. V. Louza
|-
| 1886–1894 || Fr. B. Gonsalves
|-
| 1894–1903 || Fr. Haveriar
|-
| 1903–1905 || Fr. Augustin
|-
| 1905–1907 || Fr. Mary Ephraem Gomes
|-
| 1907–1908 || Fr. Dominic
|-
| 1908–1909 || Fr. Franciscus X Periera
|-
| 1909–1910 || Fr. Marcelline Mendez
|-
| 1910–1917 || Fr. Antony Fernadez
|-
| 1917–1920 || Fr. M. Koiparambil
|-
| 1920– || Fr. E. Dias
|-
| 1920–1925 || Fr. G. J. Arooja
|-
| 1925–1929 || Fr. Bernard Ben Fernandez
|-
| 1929–1934 || Fr. G. J. Arooja
|-
| 1934–1939 || Fr. Bernard Ben Fernandez
|-
| 1939– || Fr. Morris
|-
| 1939–1941 || Fr. B. Fernandez
|-
| 1941–1946 || Fr. Seraphine
|-
| 1946–1952 || Fr. A. J. Comeons
|-
| 1952–1956 || Fr. Marian Dominic
|-
| 1956–1967 || Fr. Valerian Fernandez
|-
| 1967–1969 || Fr. Christopher Morris
|-
| 1969–1974 || Fr. S.S. Netto
|-
| 1974–1979 || Fr. Abraham Joseph
|-
| 1979–1983 || Fr. Richard Fernandez
|-
| 1983–1988 || Fr. Jose Puthenveedu
|-
| 1988–1990 || Fr. Richard Fernandez
|-
| 1990–1993 || Fr. Silvie Antony
|-
| 1993–2002 || Fr. Lazar S. Pattakadavu
|-
| 2002–2006 || Fr. James Puthenpura
|-
| 2006–2011 || Fr. Alphonse S
|-
| 2011– || Fr. Prem Grehary
|-
| 2011– || Fr. Lawrence Abel
|-
| 2011–2013 || Fr. Sephrin K.B.
|-
| 2013–2016 || Fr. George Mathew
|-
| 2016–2018 || Fr. Vincent Machado
|-
| 2018–2021 || Fr. Xavier Lazar
|-
| 2021–2022 || Fr. Shani Francis
|-
| 2022–2024 || Fr. Jackson James
|-
| 2024–2026 || Fr. Franklin Francis
|-
| 2026- ||Fr. Vincent Machado
|}

==List of Presidente==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name of Presidente !! Place !! Name of Procurador
|-
| 1951 || Antony Cruz Planther || Pallipurayidom || J. Isaac
|-
| 1952 || Joseph Kurusappan || Kaikkara || Viscri Anthomy
|-
| 1953 || Joseph Thambi || Kaikkara || Janees Zarocky
|-
| 1954 || Manual Francis || Vadakkupuram || Thomas Lewis
|-
| 1955 || Jusa Augustin || Kaikkara || Augustin Peter
|-
| 1956 || Anthony Cruz Marcelle || Vadakkupuram || Anthony Joseph
|-
| 1957 || Pichapetty Joseph || Sangam Purayidom || Joseph Sebasthy
|-
| 1958 || Thomas Pancruz || Kaikkara || Rocky Joseph
|-
| 1959 || Janis Sebasthy || Vadakkupuram || Gracian Antony
|-
| 1960 || Thomas Louis || Kaikkara || Thomas Julian
|-
| 1961 || Janis Philip || Pallipurayidom || Philip Joseph
|-
| 1962 || Kurishuvareeth Marian || Poor Colony || Marian Stephen
|-
| 1963 || Thomas Julian || Kaikkara || Joseph Sebasthy
|-
| 1964 || Kurishu Anthony || Kaikkara || Sebasthy Muthayya
|-
| 1965 || Kurishupilla Pawel || Kaikkara || Sebasthy Jacob
|-
| 1966 || Jusa Sebasthy || Kaikkara || Augustin Alexander
|-
| 1967 || Jusa Angel || Kaikkara || Angel Carlos
|-
| 1968 || Jusa Augustin || Kaikkara || Vareethkutty George
|-
| 1969 || Rocky Joseph || Kaikkara || Pancruz Isaac
|-
| 1970 || Dominic Isteph || Sangam Purayidom || George Isteph
|-
| 1971 || Agustin Peter || Kaikkara || Agustin Clement
|-
| 1972 || Joseph Albert || Kaikkara || Albert Joseph
|-
| 1973 || Silvester Joseph || Kaikkara || J. Saltreek
|-
| 1974 || Sebasthy Joseph || Depo Purayidom || Sebasthy Simon
|-
| 1975 || Francis Simon || Vadakkupuram || Francis David
|-
| 1976 || Anthony Joseph || Pallipurayidom || Vareeth Joseph
|-
| 1977 || Ambrose Thomas || Pallipurayidom || Simon Francis
|-
| 1978 || Sebasthy Stephen || Depo Purayidom || Leons Gabriel
|-
| 1979 || Planther Laboy || Pallipurayidom || Francis Stephen
|-
| 1980 || Francis David || Fishermen Colony || Sebasthy Nazareth
|-
| 1981 || A. Martin || Kaikkara || T. Jacob
|-
| 1982 || Gabriel Barnabas || Depo Purayidom || Sebasthy Antony
|-
| 1983 || Albert Joseph || Kaikkara || Pancruz Carmayas
|-
| 1984 || Silvester George || Vadakkupuram || Sebasthy Pious
|-
| 1985 || George Antony || Vadakkupuram || Antony Norbert
|-
| 1986 || Anthonypilla Antony || Kaikkara || Antony Peter
|-
| 1987 || S. Mathiyas || Fishermen Colony || S. Clement
|-
| 1988 || Isteph Stephen || Vadakkupuram || Stephen Antony
|-
| 1989 || Janis Isaac || Pallipurayidom || Jose James
|-
| 1990 || Nicolas George || Kaikkara || Nicolas Franklin
|-
| 1991 || Thomas Sebastian || Kaikkara || Sebastian Ansel
|-
| 1992 || T. George || Depo Purayidom || Elias Francis
|-
| 1993 || Laboy Paul || Depo Purayidom || Francis Hillary
|-
| 1994 || Antony Julian || Kaikkara || Peter Joseph
|-
| 1995 || Thomas Jacob || Kaikkara || M. Ansel
|-
| 1996 || Isteph Lawrence || Vadakkupuram || Lawrence Augustin
|-
| 1997 || Marian Alex || Kaikkara || Sebasthy Johnny
|-
| 1998 || Simon Alphonse || Fishermen Colony || Simon Bosco
|-
| 1999 || Francis Stephen || Fishermen Colony || Stephen Sunil
|-
| 2000 || Antony Francis || || Manual Joseph
|-
| 2001 || Simon Francis || || Francis Joseph
|-
| 2002 || Janiskutty Cyril || Fishermen Colony || Cyril Sunil
|-
| 2003 || Leons Gabriel || Depo Purayidom || Barnabas Samson
|-
| 2004 || Ernest David || Fishermen Colony || Donbosco David
|-
| 2005 || Francis Hillary || || Johnny Sajan
|-
| 2006 || Simon Raymond (Jerald) || Vadakkupuram || Johnny Samson
|-
| 2007 || Joseph Peter || Kaikkara || Stephen Julian
|-
| 2008 || Simon Cyril || || Thomas Cyril
|-
| 2009 || Martin Ansel || || Jacob David
|-
| 2010 || Johnny Leons || || Johnny Job
|-
| 2011 || Augustin Lawrence || || Augustin John
|-
| 2012 || Isaac John Gilbert || || John Gilbert Jithu
|-
| 2013 || Martin Ambrose || ||
|-
| 2014 || Antony Manian || || Benchamin Clement
|-
| 2015 || Simon Bosco || Vadakkupuram || Alphonse Ashwin
|-
| 2016 || Ansel Joseph || || Peter
|}

==References==
<references>

<ref name="a">{{cite journal|title=The People: Religion: Christianity|journal=[[Malabar Manual]]|volume=I|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/18/mode/2up|first=Logan|last=William|author-link=William Logan (author)|page=199|isbn=9781976845260}}</ref>
<ref name="b">{{cite web | url = https://www.trcmst.org/seven-and-half-churches/ | title = St Thomas the Apostle and His Seven and a Half Churches}}</ref>
<ref name="c">{{cite web | url = https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?ytopt=parish_details&listId=12| title = Parish details of Diocese of Quilon}}</ref>
<ref name="d">{{cite web | url = https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1986/travels/documents/trav_india.html| title = Apostolic Pilgrimage to India}}</ref>
<ref name="e">{{cite web | url = https://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=89| title = HISTORY & HERITAGE}}</ref>
<ref name="f">{{cite web | url = https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-quilon/115| title = Diocese of Quilon}}</ref>
<ref name="g">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC| title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Vol. 5| isbn = 9780802824172| last1 = Fahlbusch| first1 = Erwin| last2 = Lochman| first2 = Jan Milic| last3 = Bromiley| first3 = Geoffrey William| last4 = Mbiti| first4 = John| last5 = Pelikan| first5 = Jaroslav| last6 = Vischer| first6 = Lukas| date = 14 February 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="h">{{cite web | url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/| title = The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India}}</ref>

</references>

{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Churches in Kollam district]]

Zain Khan Durrani

2026-02-12T06:22:10Z

Banti: started new data!

{{short description|Indian actor and poet|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zain Khan Durrani
| image = Zain Khan Durrani at Mukhbir Screening 2022 (Front).JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, poet
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = [[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]]
| notable_works = Mukhbir (2022), Bell Bottom (2021), Kuch Bheege Alfaz (2018)
}}

'''Zain Khan Durrani''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor and poet, known for ''[[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]]'', ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'', and ''[[Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/worst-part-about-growing-up-in-a-tumultuous-state-is-that-you-get-used-to-the-violence-kashmiri-actor-zain-khan-durrani/story-xuEFRN61SLl7tGFrCYNh5O.html|title=Worst part about growing up in a tumultuous state is that you get used to the violence: Kashmiri actor Zain Khan Durrani|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 February 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/worst-part-about-growing-up-in-a-tumultuous-state-is-that-you-get-used-to-the-violence-kashmiri-actor-zain-khan-durrani/story-xuEFRN61SLl7tGFrCYNh5O.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Durrani was born in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India into a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family. He studied at [[Burn Hall School]], and [[Delhi Public School Rohini|Delhi Public School]] and graduated from [[Zakir Hussain College]], [[Delhi University]]. He did stage acting in school, and has written poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/to-bagh-e-mehtaab-issue-44-vol-09-164301/|title=To Bagh-e-Mehtaab|work=Kashmir Life|last=Shakeel|first=Zulfika|date=2 February 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030758/https://kashmirlife.net/to-bagh-e-mehtaab-issue-44-vol-09-164301/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Zain was seen in the acclaimed 2022 series [[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]], where he played the lead as Harfan Bukhari. The series was very well received by the critics and audience alike. In 2017, Durrani worked the [[clapperboard]] for the film ''[[Shab (film)|Shab]].'' In 2018 Zain debuted to acquire a cult fan-base with his lead role as Alfaaz in the movie [[Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz]].

Zain was a radio jockey on the programme ''Lamhey with Zain'' on [[Big 92.7 FM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/actor-zain-khan-turns-radio-jocky/1253568|title=Actor Zain Khan turns Radio Jockey|work=Free Press Journal|date=9 April 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613195621/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/actor-zain-khan-turns-radio-jocky/1253568|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020 he played Lateef in [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s film [[Shikara (2020 film)|Shikara]]. He also played the role of hijacker Daljeet Singh Dodi in the 2021 film [[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]].

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" cellpadding="1"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetanjali Thapa in Onir's love saga - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/geetanjali-thapa-in-onirs-love-saga/articleshow/60002075.cms |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211130745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/geetanjali-thapa-in-onirs-love-saga/articleshow/60002075.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Alfaaz || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
|2020
| [[Shikara (2020 film)|''Shikara'']]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=2020-02-07 |title='Shikara' movie review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra's film is too simplistic and tepid |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shikara-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopras-film-is-too-simplistic-and-tepid/article30761524.ece |access-date=2022-09-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171433/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shikara-movie-review-vidhu-vinod-chopras-film-is-too-simplistic-and-tepid/article30761524.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Lateef Lone||
|-
| 2021|| [[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|''Bell Bottom'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=BellBottom review: Akshay Kumar delivers a racy, pacy entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bellbottom-movie-review-akshay-kumar-delivers-a-racy-pacy-entertainer-7460741/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172838/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bellbottom-movie-review-akshay-kumar-delivers-a-racy-pacy-entertainer-7460741/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Daljeet||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Songs of Paradise]]'' || Azaada Maqbool Shah || Hindi/Kashmiri ||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan]]'' || Abhinav Grover || Hindi
|-
|2025 || ''[[Gustaakh Ishq]]'' || Young Aziz || Hindi/Urdu
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Platform
|-
|2022
| ''[[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Satyadeep Mishra, Zain Khan Durrani, and Adil Hussain roped in for ZEE5 web series, Mukhbir |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-satyadeep-mishra-zain-khan-durrani-and-adil-hussain-roped-zee5-web-series-mukhbir |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173551/https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-satyadeep-mishra-zain-khan-durrani-and-adil-hussain-roped-zee5-web-series-mukhbir |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Harfan Bhukari || Hindi || [[ZEE5]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=9408794}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durrani, Zain Khan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male actors]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Zakir Husain Delhi College alumni]]

V. S. Sunder

2026-02-12T03:19:58Z

Banti: added info

{{short description|Indian mathematician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Vaikalathur Shankar Sunder
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = 6 April 1952
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Subfactor]]s, [[operator algebra]]s, [[functional analysis]]
|work_institutions = [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]], [[Chennai]]
|alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]], [[Indiana University Bloomington]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Paul Halmos]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}
'''Vaikalathur Shankar Sunder''' (born 6 April 1952) is an Indian mathematician who specialises in [[subfactor]]s, [[operator algebra]]s and [[functional analysis]] in general.

In 1996, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], the highest science award in India, in the mathematical sciences category.

Sunder is one of the first Indian operator algebraists. In addition to publishing about sixty papers, he has written six books including at least three monographs at the graduate level or higher on [[von Neumann algebra]]s. One of the books was co-authored with [[Vaughan Jones]], an operator algebraist, who has received the [[Fields Medal]].<ref name=List>{{cite book|author1=Sukumar Mallick |author2=Saguna Dewan |author3=S C Dhawan |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners (1958–1998)|year=1999|publisher=Human Rsource Development Group, [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]]|location=New Delhi|pages=118|url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=2800 Professor Sunder] at the [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]].</ref>

He received a Doctor of Philosophy from [[Indiana University Bloomington]] in 1977.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P04-1378 Indian National Science Academy database]
*[http://www.imsc.res.in/~sunder/ V.S. Sunder]

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunder, Vaikalathur Shankar}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]

{{India-mathematician-stub}}

Mili (TV series)

2026-02-05T18:11:46Z

Banti: started a article added tags

{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Priyanka Seth
| story = Anshuman Pratyush
| director = Pijush Ghosh
| creative_director = Anshuman Pratyush
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Kheyali Mondal
* Anubhav Kanjilal
}}
| open_theme = "Ek tukro bhalobashar naam Mili"
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Pratik Kundu
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Avi Roy (Screen Players) Sromona Ghosh Shreya Guha Suchandra Basu (Zee Bangla)
| producer = Kanak Bhattacharya
| editor = Krishnendu Datta
| cinematography = Gourango Mitra
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime =
| company = Screen Players
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 148
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|09|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|04|05|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
}}
'''''[[Vibeo xx|Mili]]''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]] television series that released on 25 September 2023 on [[Zee Bangla]]. The series is produced under the banner of Screen Players. It stars Kheyali Mondal and Anubhav Kanjilal in lead roles.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/new-bengali-serial-mili-to-be-aired-on-zee-bangla-promo-out-now/articleshow/103128634.cms|title=বিয়ের মন্ডপে বন্দুক দেখিয়ে বউ নিয়ে পালানো, অন্য প্রেমের গল্প বলতে আসছে 'মিলি'|website=Eisamay}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/new-bengali-serial-mili-to-be-aired-on-zee-bangla-photos-are-here/photoshow/103864896.cms|title=Mili Bengali Serial : ভুল মানুষের সঙ্গে বিয়ে! ছাদনাতলায় কিডন্যাপ নতুন বউ, অন্য প্রেমের গল্প মিলি|website=Eisamay}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-new-serial-mili-promo-out-starring-kheyali-mondal-and-anubhav-kanjilal-31693202179574.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828104932/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-new-serial-mili-promo-out-starring-kheyali-mondal-and-anubhav-kanjilal-31693202179574.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2023|title=Mili serial: হটকে লাভ স্টোরি বলতে জুটি বাঁধছেন খেয়ালি-অনুভব, ‘আলতাফড়িং’ এবার ‘মিলি’ হয়ে ধরা দিতে আসছে|website=Bangla Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anubhav-kanjilal-kheyali-mondal-team-up-for-new-show-mili/articleshow/103172031.cms|title=Anubhav Kanjilal-Kheyali Mondal team up for new show 'Mili'|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/how-kheyali-mondal-turns-new-bride-upcoming-serial-mili-promo-shoot-video-bts-is-here/articleshow/103577140.cms|title=চন্দনের ফোঁটায় নতুন বউয়ের সাজ, বেনারসী আর গয়নায় কী ভাবে আলতা ফড়িং থেকে মিলি হলেন খেয়ালি?|website=Eisamay}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/bengali-upcoming-serial-mili-title-track-recorded-by-anwesha-kushal-dattagupta-watch-the-bts/articleshow/103930435.cms|title=কয়েক ঘণ্টার অপেক্ষা, সম্প্রচারের আগে দেখুন অন্বেষার কণ্ঠে মিলির টাইটেল ট্র্যাক তৈরির মুহূর্ত|website=Eisamay}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* Kheyali Mondal as Mili Sanyal (née Sinha)- A [[IPS officer]], Arjun's wife, Rahul's former love interest. (Female Lead)
* [[Anubhav Kanjilal]] as Arjun Sanyal aka Robinhood - A criminal, Pushpendu and Neelima's son, Chandra's brother, Mili's husband. (Male Lead)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-anubhav-kanjilal-going-to-debut-in-new-bengali-serial-dgtl/cid/1449216|title=বড় পর্দা, সিরিজ়ের পর এ বার বাংলা সিরিয়ালের নতুন নায়ক অনুভব কাঞ্জিলাল! নায়িকা কে?|website=Anandabazar}}</ref>
** Ankit Majumdar as Young Arjun Sanyal

===Recurring===
* Dhrubajyoti Sarkar as Rahul Roy Barman (Former Antagonist) : Social media influencer, Mili's lover, Arjun's enemy, Papri's husband
* Sandip Chakraborty as Koushik Roy Barman: Rahul's father, Rupsha's husband
* Swarnakamal Dutta as Rupsha Roy Barman: Rahul's mother, Koushik's wife
* Saptarshi Ray as Kamalesh Roy Barman (Antagonist): Rahul's uncle, Anuj and Rinku's father
* Swagata Basu as Sucheta Roy Barman: Rahul's aunt, Anuj and Rinku's mother
* Sayanta Modak as Anuj Roy Barman : Rahul's elder brother, Chandra's husband
* Mayna Banerjee as Neelima Sanyal (née Bhaduri) aka Nelu : Chandra and Arjun's mother.
* Sreetama Baidya as Titli Rani : Arjun's friend, Mili's rival
* Oindrila Bose as Papri Roy Barman (née Bhaduri) (Former Antagonist) : Arjun's younger cousin sister, Kishore and Aparna's daughter, Rahul's wife, Mili's college rival.
* Prriyam Chakraborty as Chandra Roy Barman (née Sanyal) : A mentally retarted girl, Arjun's elder sister, Anuj's wife
* Biplab Banerjee as Nabin Bhaduri: Neelima's eldest brother
* Manoj Ojha as Kishore Bhaduri: Arjun's maternel uncle, Papri's father, Aparana's husband, Neelima's elder brother
* Sahana Sen as Aparna Bhaduri: Arjun's maternal aunt, Papri's mother, Kishore's wife
* Mafin Chakraborty as Rekha Bhaduri: Arjun's maternal aunt
* Arnab Banerjee as Prabin Bhaduri: Arjun's maternal uncle, Neelima's youngest brother
* Suchandra Chowdhury as Chandra, Arjun and Papri's grandmother
* Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee as Abinash Sinha: Mili's father, A police officer.
* [[Soma Banerjee]] as Sabitri aka Boya: Mili's aunt
* Ishani Sengupta as Ridhima aka Rinku (née Roy Barman) - Rahul's cousin sister, Kamalesh's daughter, Anuj's elder sister, Arjun's namesake sister and well-wisher.
* Sayan Banerjee as Anirban: Rinku's husband, A lawyer.
* Kaushiki Guha as Anirban's mother, Rinku's mother-in-law
* Rhine Ghosh as Priyanka Bhaduri aka Priya : Arjun's cousin sister

===Guest appearance ===
* Arunima Halder as Titir Basu from [[Mon Dite Chai]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

Zahoorabad Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T23:37:32Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Zahoorabad
| map_image = 377-Zahoorabad.svg
| mla = [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Om Prakash Rajbhar.jpg
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,07,091
| constituency_no = 377
}}

'''Zahoorabad''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Zahoorabad in the [[Ghazipur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Zahoorabad is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 377 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=ZahoorabadElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/zahoorabad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Raghubir
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Raghubir
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jairam
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Surendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Virender Singh
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Surendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Isteyak Ansari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ganesh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Kalicharan Rajbhar
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Saiyyada Shadab Fatima]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Zahoorabad<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:114860}}
|percentage = 46.45
|change = {{increase}}8.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalicharan Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:69228}}
|percentage = 28.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saiyyada Shadab Fatima
|votes = {{formatnum:53144}}
|percentage = 21.49
|change = {{decrease}}8.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1834}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = {{increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45632}}
|percentage = 18.45
|change = {{increase}}10.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247266}}
|percentage = 60.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] candidate ''Om Prakash Rajbhar'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate ''Kalicharan'' by a margin of 18,081 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Zahooraba<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:86583}}
|percentage = 37.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kalicharan
|votes = {{formatnum:68502}}
|percentage = 29.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mahendra
|votes = {{formatnum:64574}}
|percentage = 28.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Kanhaiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2681}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1500}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18081}}
|percentage = 7.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230520}}
|percentage = 61.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25|44|55.64|N|83|42|47.12|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ghazipur district]]

Nargis Bagheri

2026-01-08T00:38:49Z

Banti: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{infobox person
| name = Nargis Bagheri
| image = Nargis Bagheri at Garodia International School Annual Day.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|06|10}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress,
| years active = 2005–2010
| spouse =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater = Mount Carmel Convent High School (Pune)
}}
'''Nargis Bagheri''' (born 10 June 1981), known mononymously as '''Nargis''', is an Indian former actress who acted in [[Bollywood]] and [[Kollywood]] films.

==Biography==
Bagheri hails from [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/pune/Nargis-Bagheri/articleshow/1144539.cms
|title=THE NAMESAKE
|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2019
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the women in Garam Masala
|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/22gm4.htm
|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Rediff.com
}}</ref> ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' was her debut film which was released in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/11795/nargis-bagheri-believes-slow-steady.html
|title=Nargis Bagheri believes in slow but steady growth
|date=4 July 2009|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-the-gorgeous-women-akshay-launched/20150929.htm
|title=PIX: The GORGEOUS women Akshay launched
|date=29 September 2015|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Rediff.com
}}</ref> Her [[Kollywood]] film ''[[Ninaithaley]]'' was released in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14ssnina.htm
|title=Ninaithale suffers from a weak story
|date=14 May 2007|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Rediff.com
}}</ref> Her next [[Bollywood]] film ''Pranali: The Tradition''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranali - The Tradition Movie Photos {{!}} Pranali - The Tradition Movie Stills {{!}} Pranali - The Tradition Bollywood Movie Photo Gallery - ETimes Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/bollywood/pranali-the-tradition/articleshow/2967789.cms |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pranali-the-tradition-10497/cast-crew
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024112420/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pranali-the-tradition-10497/cast-crew
|url-status=live
|archive-date=24 October 2019
|title=PRANALI: THE TRADITION
|access-date=24 October 2019|website=Cinestaan
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=1327
|title=PRANALI - THE TRADITION
|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Box Office India
}}</ref> Then, her film ''[[Morning Walk]]'' was released in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=1093
|title=MORNING WALK
|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Box Office India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/morning-walk/cast/
|title=Morning Walk Cast & Crew
|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama
}}</ref> In this film, she also sang a song titled "Nach Le".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaan-is-all-praise-for-Nargis/articleshow/4772431.cms
|title=Shaan is all praise for Nargis
|date=14 July 2009|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2019
}}</ref> Her last film was ''[[Kushti (film)|Kushti]]'' was released in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=977
|title=KUSHTI
|accessdate=24 October 2019|website=Box Office India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kushti-10830/cast-crew
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024113918/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kushti-10830/cast-crew
|url-status=live
|archive-date=24 October 2019
|title=KUSHTI
|access-date=24 October 2019|website=Cinestaan
}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' || Puja || Debut film, credited as Nargis
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ninaithaley]]'' || Rupa || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film, credited as Nargis
|-
| 2008 || ''Pranali: The Tradition'' || Pranali || credited as Nargis
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Morning Walk]]'' || Anjali || credited as Nargis, also playback singer for song "Nach Le"
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kushti (film)|Kushti]]'' || Laadli || credited as Nargis
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagheri, Nargis}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Narath

2026-01-06T05:29:14Z

Banti:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narath
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.940045|N|75.394932|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Narath Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.29
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13,092
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-13
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narath''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Narath had a population of 13,092, which constitutes 5,979 (45.7%) males and 7,113 (54.3%) females. Narath [[Census Town]] spreads over an area of {{cvt|8.29|km2}} with 2,557 families residing in it. The male female sex ratio was 1,190 higher than state average of 1,084.
In Narath, 12.6% of the population is under 6 years of age. Narath had overall literacy ratio of 93%, higher than the national average of 74% and lower than the state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 97.3% and female literacy at 90.5%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=186,187 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|India Census]], Narath [[census town]] had total population of 13,092, among which 53.34% are Hindus, 46.14% are Muslims and 0.52% others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The national highway passes through [[Valapattanam]] town. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Kannur]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Mattanur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Villages near Mayyil]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

Aroor–Thuravoor Elevated Highway

2026-01-06T01:04:22Z

Banti: new some article basic info

{{Short description|Elevated highway under construction in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| name = Aroor–Thuravoor Elevated Expressway
| translation = അരൂർ–തുറവൂർ ആകാശപാത
| lang = ml
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_notes =
| length_km = 12.75
| established =
| history =
| districts = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]
| terminus_b = [[Aroor]]
| cities = [[Cherthala]], [[Kochi]]
| photo =
| photo_notes =
| junction =
| formed =
}}

The '''Aroor–Thuravoor Elevated Highway''' is a {{convert|12.75|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, six-lane, elevated highway envisaged to decongest the suburb of [[Kochi]] city and currently under construction in [[Alappuzha]] district of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-12-08 |title=India's longest elevated 6-lane flyover to come up in Kerala |url=https://www.siasat.com/indias-longest-elevated-6-lane-flyover-to-come-up-in-kerala-2474663/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Upon completion, this would be the longest elevated highway in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aroor Thuravoor Flyover : ആലപ്പുഴയിലേത് ഏറ്റവും ചെലവേറിയ ദേശീയപാത; ഒറ്റവരിത്തൂണിൽ ആറുവരി ഹൈവേ; 1675 കോടിയുടെ നിർമാണം തുടങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/nhai-plans-to-build-aroor-thuravoor-flyover-as-an-elevated-highway-on-single-line-pillars/articleshow/97032768.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> It begins from [[Aroor]] and ends at [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]].

==Overview==
In 2021, Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] revealed that central government is planning for a six-lane elevated highway from [[Aroor]] to [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]. In December 2022, it was announced that the construction work will begin in 2022 and will be completed in three years. The construction work was finally started in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aroor Thuravoor Elevated Highway: 'അരൂര്‍-തുറവൂര്‍ 13 കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ ആകാശ പാത; 3 വര്‍ഷത്തില്‍ പണി തീര്‍ക്കും' {{!}} AM Ariff arif mp facebook post on aroor thuravoor elevated highway construction |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/am-ariff-arif-mp-facebook-post-on-aroor-thuravoor-elevated-highway-construction-r4gufb |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref>

The six lane elevated highway will be constructed in a length of 12.75 km from just before Aroor to south of Thuravoor at a width of 26 meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12.75 കി.മീ. നീളം, 26 മീറ്റർ വീതി; അരൂർ മുതൽ തുറവൂർ വരെ വരുന്നത് രാജ്യത്തെ ഏറ്റവും നീളം കൂടിയ ഉയരപാത |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2023/02/01/aroor-thuravoor-elevated-road-will-acquire-land.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> The construction contract has been taken over by the Ashoka Buildcon Company of Maharashtra for ₹1,668.50 crore. The highway will be constructed by installing large pillars in the center of the existing four-lane road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Construction of India's longest elevated highway between Aroor and Thuravoor to begin in January |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=975480&u=construction-of-india%E2%80%99s-longest-elevated-highway-between-aroor-and-thuravoor-to-begin-in-january |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> It will be also one of the longest single-pillared skyway in the country and is expected to be opened in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title='അരൂർ മുതൽ തുറവൂർ വരെ ആകാശപാത; 3 വർഷം കൊണ്ട് പൂർത്തിയാക്കും' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/12/21/aroor-thuravoor-elevated-highway-construction-to-begin-before-mid-2022.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kochi Bypass]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Roads in Alappuzha district]]

Baldev Raj Sharma

2026-01-05T13:21:32Z

Banti: new basic bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Baldev Raj Sharma''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Baldev Raj Sharma defeats Independent candidate Jugal Kishore with 1995 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/shri-mata-vaishno-devi-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612935-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi FINAL Election Result 2024: Baldev Raj Sharma of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shri-mata-vaishno-devi-final-election-result-2024-2-9079355.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Baldev Raj}}
[[Category:People from Reasi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Suman Shah

2025-12-31T08:00:59Z

Banti: started new pg!

{{Short description|Indian critic, short story writer, novelist, essayist, editor and translator (Born:1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Suman Shah
| image = Writer Suman Shah.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Suman Shah at [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] in August 2015
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Sumanchandra Govindalal Shah
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1939|11|1}}
| birth_place = [[Dabhoi]], [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| occupation = Critic, short story writer, novelist, essayist, Editor, translator
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
* Master of Arts
* Ph.D
| alma_mater =
{{plainlist|
* [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M.S University, Vadodara]]
* [[Gujarat Vidyapith]]
}}
| period = postmodern [[Gujarati literature]]
| genres = [[Short story]], [[Novel]], [[Essay]], [[Criticism]]
| subject =
| movement = [[Existentialism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Modernism]], [[Postmodernism]], [[Structural linguistics|Structuralism]], [[Post-structuralism]], [[Postcolonial literature|Postcolonialism]]
| notableworks =
{{plainlist|
* ''Suresh Joshi thi Suresh Joshi'' (1978)
* ''Khadaki'' (1987)
* ''Sahityaman Adhunikata'' (1988)
* ''Bajbaji'' (1989)
* ''Avarshunkelub'' (1992)
* ''Jenti-Hansa Symphony'' (1992)
* ''Fatfatiyun'' (2006)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Rashmita|1965|2016|end=her death}}
| children = Purvarag, Madir
| awards =
{{plainlist|
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2008)
* [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] (2013)
* [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (2014)
}}
| signature = Autograph of Writer Suman Shah.svg
| years_active = 1957 - present
| website = {{official website}}
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = Mohanbhai Patel
| thesis_title = Suresh Joshi: His Literature and its Impact upon Modern Gujarati Literature
| thesis_year = 2000
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/200979
}}
}}

'''Suman Shah''' is a [[Gujarati language]] critic, short story writer, novelist, essayist, editor and translator from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2008 for his short story collection ''Fatfatiyun''. He has written both in the modern and in the postmodern eras in Gujarati literature. He has authored more than 74 books, including 2 novels, 6 short story collections, 4 collections of creative essays, 6 translations into Gujarati from English and Hindi, 22 books on literary criticism and around 23 edited works of literary theory and modern Gujarati short stories and poems. He was honorary editor of ''[[Shabdasrishti]]'' from 1983 to 1986 and an editor of ''Khevna'', a literary journal, from 1987 to 2009.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Shah Sumanchandra Govindlal |encyclopedia= Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature)|year=1996 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|volume=2|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shah was born on 1 November 1939 in [[Dabhoi]], [[Vadodara district]], [[Gujarat]], to Govindlal and Kundanbahen. He took his primary education in Dabhoi Prathamik Shala. He finished his secondary education from Vibhag High School, Dabhoi in 1957. He joined [[M. S. University]] to obtain a [[Bachelor of Commerce]], but left it for the Arts College in Dabhoi in 1959. He was graduated in 1962 with a major in [[Gujarati literature]] and a minor in [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]]. In 1964, he completed his [[Master of Arts]] in Gujarati and Sanskrit literature from M. S. University in Vadodara. Under the guidance of Mohanbhai Shankarbhai Patel, he obtained a PhD degree for his thesis ''Suresh Joshi: His Literature and its Impact upon Modern Gujarati Literature'' in 1978 from [[Gujarat Vidyapith]].<ref name= "ss">{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |date=2008 |title=Gujarati Sahityakar Parichaykosh |location= Gandhinagar |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |page=654 |isbn=9789383317028 }}</ref><ref name= "sw"/><ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3946|accessdate=12 January 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3946}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shah taught Gujarati literature in various schools, universities and colleges for 42 years (1962 to 2004). He started his career in 1962 as a secondary school teacher for Gujarati language and literature at Dayaram Sharada Mandir, Dabhoi. He taught Gujarati literature from 1966 to 1972 at Municipal Arts College in [[Kapadvanj]]. In 1972, he joined T.C. Kapadia Arts College in [[Bodeli]] as Professor of Gujarati Literature and served as principal of the college until 1977. In 1977, he joined the Department of Gujarati Language and Literature at the School of Language at [[Gujarat University]] in [[Ahmedabad]], and headed the department from 1992 to 2002. He served as a Professor Emeritus appointed by the [[University Grant Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]] for two years. He also served as a Writer-In-Residence at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in the United States.<ref name= "ss"/><ref name= "sw"/>

== Literary career==
Shah started his writing career in 1957. In 1958, he published a short story in ''Aaram'', a Gujarati magazine edited by Pitanbar Patel. Subsequently, he published in other Gujarati literary magazines including ''[[Shabdasrishti]]'', ''Tathapi'', ''Samipe'', ''Etad'' and ''Farbus Traimasik''. He is a founder member of several literary and educational organization such as ''Suresh Joshi Sahityavichar Forum'' (SJSF) since 1989. The SJSF is dedicated to seminars and workshops for short story writing. He is also a founding member of two other educational organizations: ''Sannidhan'' (since 1991) and ''Punarapi'' (since 2011). ''Sannidhan'' is dedicated to teaching programs in connection with university curricula while ''Punarapi'' is dedicated to training programs for college and university teachers.

== Works ==

=== Novel ===
His first novel, ''Khadki'', was published in 1987, followed by ''Bajbaji'' (1989). ''Salam Amarica Urfe Mari Vidyayatra'' (1996), a travelogue, is an account of his travel across the United States.<ref name= "sw">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=319–320|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

=== Short story ===
His short stories dealt with the complexity of human lives, especially the kind that exists between a married couple, as evident in his collection ''Jenti - Hansa Symphony'' (1992). ''Avarshunkelub'' (1976), his first collection of short stories, reflected his modernist tendencies. The stories are experimental in nature with phenomenological and absurdist backdrops, although some of the stories, such as "Kakajini Bodhkatha", are notable for their mixture of experimentalism and traditional storytelling. His second collection of short stories, ''Jenti Hansa Symphony'' (1992), is a work which is considered a breakthrough in Shah's literary career. From modernist tendencies he went to adapt postmodern sensibilities with regard to world view and style. Shah noted that he became most concerned about narration and narratology. ''Fatfatiyun'', published in 2006, further enhanced the reputation of Shah as a chief short story writer of his era. The stories stand up for the variety of themes and lighthearted treatment while dealing with social issues like an earthquake ("Cement"), rape ("Khanjar") and riots ("E.E.W"). Stories like "Two Twenty Thousand Lagi" and "Lemon Tea ane Biscuit" revolve around urban life. ''Kagarol Unlimited'' (2010), his fourth collection, is a work which marks a major departure in Shah's literary world. For the first time he gets socially concerned, breaking his own world of urban characters, mainly an upper-middle class married couple. As in the title story, he mixes fantasy with narrative to depict the harsh reality of the villagers in contemporary India and how they are impacted by political goons. Some of the stories in this collection contain his earlier characters ''Jenti'' and ''Hansa''. In these, Shah explores the theme of writerly crisis, mainly whether to write about others' pain, as there is a lot of suffering in this world, or to write about one self, as true writing can never be done without looking into one's own self. His other collections of short stories are ''No Idea, Get Idea'' (2013) and ''DhisoomDhisoom'' (2014), which contain various themed stories like "Kanchan Thodo Giligili Chhe" (urban bisexuality), "Ae ane Territorial Birds" (suffering of migrants) and "Wolkswagon Chhokro ane Renault Duster Chhokri" (impact of market on urban sexual fantasy).<ref name= "sw"/>

=== Criticism ===
Shah has worked both in theoretical and applied criticism.

He is noted in [[Gujarati literature]] for his works of theoretical criticism ''Sartra No Sahityavichar'' (1980), ''Sahityama Adhunikta'' (1988) and ''Anu-adhunikta Ane Apane'' (2008). His other works of theoretical criticism include ''Vivechan: Char Mudda'' (1975), ''"Navya Vivechan" Pachhi'' (1977), ''Sahityik Sanshodhan Vishe'' (1980), ''Khevna'' (1984), ''Saranchana Ne Saranchan'' (1986), ''Adhunik Gujarati Kavita Ane Sarjakchetna'' (1988), ''Sangyan'' (1991), ''Sahityik Artha No Koyado'' (2000), ''Katha-Siddhanta'' (2002) and ''Siddhante Kim?'' (2008). His works of applied criticism include ''Chandrakant Bakshi Thi Fero'' (1973), ''Suresh Joshi Thi Suresh Joshi'' (1978, PhD thesis), ''Niranjan Bhagat'' (1981), ''Umashankar: Samagra Kavitana Kavi: Ek Profile (1982)'', ''Kavi-Vivechak Eliot'' (1987), ''Kathapad'' (1989), ''Kavyapad'' (2002), ''Vishwanavalkatha'' (2007), ''Nisbatpurvak'' (2011), ''Khevnapurvak'' (2011) and ''Bhakta-Kavi Dayaramni Kavyasrushti'' (2012)<ref name= "sw"/>

=== Essay ===
''Wait a beat'', his first collection of essays, was published in 1987, followed by ''Byline'' (1990), ''Media-Message'' (1993), ''Vastusanchar'' (2005) and ''Sahitya Sahitya'' (2015).<ref name= "sw"/>

=== Translation ===
He has translated several works from English into Gujarati: [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]]'s ''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]'' as ''Tran Baheno'' (1965), [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]]'s ''[[A Gentle Creature|The Meek One]]'' as ''Vinita'' (1985), [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]'s ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'' as ''Godoni Raahma'' (1990), M.k Naik's ''History of Indian English Literature'' as ''Bharatiy Angreji Sahitya No Itihaas'' (1999) and [[Harold Pinter]]'s ''[[A Slight Ache]]'' as ''Bhamri'' (2007). He has also translated ''Nisarg'', a novel by Kannad writer Mirgy Anna Ray from Hindi.<ref name= "sw"/><ref name="Rao2004">{{cite book|author=D. S. Rao|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : a Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&pg=PA53|accessdate=2 December 2017|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|page=53}}</ref>

=== Editing ===
He has introduced some literary forms by editing seven books: ''Atmakatha'' (autobiography), ''Jivankatha'' (biography), ''Navalkatha'' (novel), ''Tunki Varta'' (short story), ''Sonnet'' ([[sonnet]]), ''Lalit Nibandh'' (essay) and ''Khandakavya'' (narrative poetry) published during 1983 to 1987. He edited some short story collections including ''Suresh Joshi Thi Satyajit Sharma'' (1975), ''Ketlik Vartao'' (1992), ''Ketlik Gujarati Tunki Vartao'' (1993; in collaboration with Gulabdas Broker), ''1995:Ketlik Vartao'' (1995), ''Ujhani'' (2004; collection of stories of writers from Suresh Joshi Sahitya Forum) and ''Varta Re Varta'' (2015; Collection of 47 short stories with editorial note). His other significant works of editing include ''Aathma Daykani Kavita'' (1982), ''Aatmanepadi'' (1987; collection of interviews of [[Suresh Joshi]]) and ''Vansaladi'' (1990; collection of articles written on Dayaram's poetry).<ref name= "sw"/>

== Recognition ==
He received Ravindra Chandrak in 1961 and the Hargovindadas Kantawala Gold Medal in 1964. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2008 for his short story collection ''Fatfatiyun''.<ref name= "sw"/> ''Fatfatiyun'' was also awarded the Raman Pathak Shashtipurti Prize (2006–2007) instituted by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. He is also a recipient of the Ramprasad Premshankar Bakshi Prize (2002–2003) for his work ''Kathasiddhanta'', [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] (2013) and [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] (2014).<ref>{{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Dr. Ramesh M. |date=2015 |title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Adarsh Prakashan |isbn=978-93-82593-88-1}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shah married Rashmita in 1965 and they have two sons, Purvarag and Madir. His wife died in 2016.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Gbooks-author|Sumana Śāha}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Rajendra Shukla (poet)|Rajendra Shukla]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati]] | years = 2008}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Shirish Panchal]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Suman}}
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gujarat University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Translators of Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]

Pranav Pandya

2025-12-31T07:59:28Z

Banti: Starting Details

{{Short description|Gujarati poet from India}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pranav Pandya
| image = Gujarati Poet Pranav Pandya.jpg
| birth_name = Pranav Vinodbhai Pandya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1976|3|16}}
| birth_place = [[Amreli]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = writer, poet and columnist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = M.A., M.Phil.
| awards = [[Ravji Patel]] Award (2013) [[Shayda Award]] (2019)
| years_active = 1998–present
}}{{For|religious leader|Pranav Pandya (AWGP)}}
'''Pranav Vinodbhai Pandya'''<ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2019">{{cite news |first=Raghuveer |last=Chaudhari |author-link=Raghuveer Chaudhari |title=પ્રણવના પિતા: નાનાની મોટાઈનું મોટું ઉદાહરણ |newspaper=[[Divya Bhaskar]] | date=1 April 2019 |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/RDHR-RACH-HDLN-article-by-raghuvir-chaudhari-gujarati-news-6041622-NOR.html |language=gu}}</ref> is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] writer, poet and columnist from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. In 2013, he received Kavi [[Ravji Patel]] Yuva Sahitya Pratibha Award, instituted by [[Gujarat Samachar]].<ref name="Swarsetu News Digest">{{cite magazine |title=Ravji Patel Award 2013 |magazine=Swarsetu News Digest |date=March 2013 |editor=[[Shyamal-Saumil]] |language=gu |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=14–16}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Indian National Theatre]] awarded him the [[Shayda Award]] for his contribution to [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati poetry]].<ref name="Akila News 2019">{{cite web | title=ઉદયન ઠકકર અને પ્રણવ પંડ્યાને આઈએનટીનો એવોર્ડ અપાશેઃ ૩ ઓગષ્ટના કાર્યક્રમ | website=Akila News | date=30 July 2019 | url=https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/30-07-2019/111802 | language=gu | access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pranav Pandya was born on 16 March 1976, on the day of [[Holi|Dhuleti]], in [[Amreli]]. He completed his primary and secondary education in Amreli. He graduated from Pratapray Arts College, Amreli in 1997, and completed his Master of Arts from the department of English of [[Saurashtra University]] in 1999, with English literature. He received B.Ed. from D.G.T. College, Aliyabada. In 2006, he earned M.Phil. for his thesis {{'}}''Angreji ane Sanskrut Kavyashastra Ma Prastut Kavya Vyakhya, Hetu ane Prayojanano Tulanatmak Abhyas''{{'}} submitted to Saurashtra University.<ref name="Phulchhab">{{cite news |script-title=gu:કાવ્ય સંચાલનમાં પ્રવીણ : પ્રણવ પંડ્યા |title=Kavya Sanchalan Ma Pravin: Pranav Pandya |newspaper=[[Phulchhab]] |date=8 February 2021 |page=13 |language=gu}}</ref><ref name= "Saksharno Sakshatkar">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |author-link=Radheshyam Sharma |date=2016 |title= Saksharno Sakshatkar (Question-based Interviews with biographical literary sketches) |volume=23 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |pages=300–305 |isbn=978-93-5200-310-5 |language=gu}}</ref>

From 2002, Pandya has been working as an assistant teacher in Shri M.K.C. Girls High School, [[Chalala]].<ref name="Phulchhab"/> He is one of the trustees of [[Narsinh Mehta]] Sahitya Nidhi Trust, [[Junagadh]].<ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2019"/>

==Works==
Pandya started writing poetry in 1993.<ref name= "Saksharno Sakshatkar"/> ''Kavita Thi Vadhu Kai Nahi'', his collection of poems was published in 2013. It contains 55 [[ghazal]]s, 20 [[Geet (song)|geets]], and 5 free verse. The book was critically acclaimed by [[Ramesh Parekh]] and [[Ankit Trivedi]].<ref name="Phulchhab"/>

He edited the three volumes of ''Manpanchamna Melama'' (2013), collected poetry of [[Ramesh Parekh]], in collaboration with [[Sanju Vala]] and Arvind Bhatt. It was published by [[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]].<ref name="Swarsetu News Digest"/> He also edited ''...Ne Sambhare Kalapi'' (2002) which was based on poet [[Kalapi]].<ref name="Swarsetu News Digest"/>

Since 2014, Pandya has been writing a weekly column, ''Shwaas Nu Recharge'', in ''[[Phulchhab]]''. He has been writing columns in ''[[Janmabhumi]]'' and ''[[Kutchmitra]]'' since 2016. The articles published in ''Phulchhab'' were later compiled and published in his book ''Shwaas Nu Recharge'' (2015). The next volumes of these articles was published under the title ''Man No Talktime'' in 2016 by [[Navajivan Trust|Navajivan Publications]].<ref name="Phulchhab"/> Both books were reviewed by [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]] in ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', who praised it for author's study of contemporary Gujarati literature.<ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2019"/><ref name="Divya Bhaskar">{{cite news |last=Chaudhari |first=Raghuveer |author-link=Raghuveer Chaudhari |title=સાહિત્ય વિશેષ:સુવિચારનો વિસ્તાર, વિચારની રચના-'મનનો ટોકટાઈમ' |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/area-of-good-thought-thought-formation-128078781.html |date=3 January 2021 |language=gu}}</ref>

For Pandya's poetry, Gujarati poet [[Ramesh Parekh]] noted that "Pranav Pandya has to be noted in [[Gujarati literature]] for his concrete poetic voice".<ref>{{cite book |last=Parekh |first=Ramesh |title=કવિતા એટલે આ... (Critical appreciation of contemporay Gujarati poetry) |author-link=Ramesh Parekh |oclc=228633980 |pages=232–233 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2019, the [[Indian National Theatre]] awarded him the [[Shayada Award]] for his contribution in Gujarati poetry. In the same year, he was awarded Rajvi Kavi [[Kalapi]] Sanman.<ref name="Phulchhab"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Parmar |first=Snehi |title=અમરેલી ઘરાનાના ઓજસ્વી કવિના પોંખાણ |newspaper=[[Phulchhab]] |date=13 January 2019 |language=gu |page=5}}</ref> He is also a recipient of Kavi [[Ravji Patel]] Yuva Sahitya Pratibha Award (2013), instituted by [[Gujarat Samachar]].<ref name="Swarsetu News Digest"/>

==Publications==
* ''...Ne Sambhare Kalapi'' (2002), based on poet [[Kalapi]]
* ''Kavita Thi Vadhu Kai Nahi'' (2013), collection of poems
* ''Manpanchamna Melama'' (2013), collected poetry of [[Ramesh Parekh]] (co-edited with [[Sanju Vala]] and Arvind Bhatt)
* ''Shwaas Nu Recharge'' (2015), collection of essays
* ''Man No Talktime'' (2016), collection of essays

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Pranav}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]

Gneiss

2025-12-18T04:27:39Z

Banti: adjusted citations and updated info

{{short description|Common high-grade metamorphic rock}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox rock
|name= Gneiss
|type= Metamorphic
|coordinates=
|image= Gneiss.jpg
|alt=
|caption= Sample of gneiss exhibiting "gneissic banding"
}}
'''Gneiss''' ({{IPAc-en|n|aɪ|s}} {{respell|NYSE}}) is a common and widely distributed type of [[metamorphic rock]]. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of [[igneous]] or [[sedimentary rock]]s. This rock is formed under pressures ranging from 2 to 15 [[kbar]], sometimes even more, and temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands and without a distinct [[Cleavage (geology)|cleavage]].

Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of [[Continental Shield|continental shields]]. Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as the [[Acasta Gneiss]].

==Description==
[[image:Orthogneiss Geopark.jpg|thumb|Orthogneiss from the Czech Republic]]
In traditional English and North American usage, a gneiss is a coarse-grained [[metamorphic rock]] showing compositional banding ([[gneissic banding]]) but poorly developed [[schistosity]] and indistinct [[Cleavage (geology)|cleavage]]. In other words, it is a metamorphic rock composed of mineral grains easily seen with the unaided eye, which form obvious compositional layers, but which has only a weak tendency to fracture along these layers. In Europe, the term has been more widely applied to any coarse, [[mica]]-poor, high-grade metamorphic rock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yardley |first1=B. W. D. |title=An introduction to metamorphic petrology |date=1989 |publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical |location=Harlow, Essex, England |isbn=0582300967 |page=22}}</ref>

The [[British Geological Survey]] (BGS) and the [[IUGS|International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS) both use ''gneiss'' as a broad [[Texture (geology)|textural]] category for medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rock that shows poorly developed schistosity, with compositional layering over {{convert|5|mm||sp=us}} thick<ref name="BGS">{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=S. |title=BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks |journal=British Geological Survey Research Report |date=1999 |volume=RR 99-02 |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3226/1/RR99002.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |ref={{harvid|British Geological Survey|1999}}}}</ref> and tending to split into plates over {{convert|1|cm||sp=us}} thick.<ref name="schid-etal=2007">{{cite book |last1=Schmid |first1=R. |last2=Fettes |first2=D. |last3=Harte |first3=B. |last4=Davis |first4=E. |last5=Desmons |first5=J. |year=2007 |chapter=How to name a metamorphic rock. |title=Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=3–15 |url=https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/12/12.115/www/12.114%20Papers/BGS/Metamorphic/DetailedMetamorphic/1%20How%20to%20name%20a%20metamorphic%20rock.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Neither definition depends on composition or origin, though rocks poor in platy [[minerals]] are more likely to produce gneissose texture. Gneissose rocks thus are largely [[Recrystallization (geology)|recrystallized]] but do not carry large quantities of micas, [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] or other platy minerals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blatt |first1=Harvey |last2=Tracy |first2=Robert J. |title=Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |date=1996 |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn=0716724383 |edition=2nd |page=360}}</ref> Metamorphic rock showing stronger schistosity is classified as schist, while metamorphic rock devoid of schistosity is called a [[granofels]].<ref name="BGS"/><ref name="schid-etal=2007"/>

Gneisses that are metamorphosed igneous rocks or their equivalent are termed [[granite]] gneisses, [[diorite]] gneisses, and so forth. Gneiss rocks may also be named after a characteristic component such as [[garnet]] gneiss, [[biotite]] gneiss, [[albite]] gneiss, and so forth. '''Orthogneiss''' designates a gneiss derived from an [[igneous rock]], and '''paragneiss''' is one from a [[sedimentary rock]].<ref name="BGS"/><ref name="schid-etal=2007"/>
Both the BGS and the IUGS use ''gneissose'' to describe rocks with the texture of gneiss,<ref name="BGS"/><ref name="schid-etal=2007"/> though ''gneissic'' also remains in common use.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0922152349 |edition=Fourth |chapter=Gneissic}}</ref> For example, a gneissose metagranite or a gneissic metagranite both mean a granite that has been metamorphosed and thereby acquired gneissose texture.

===Gneissic banding===
[[File:Pure shear.png|thumb|Pure shear deformation of rock producing gneissic banding. The undeformed rock is shown at upper left, and the result of pure shear deformation at upper right. At lower left is the stretching component of the deformation, which compresses the rock in one direction and stretches it in the other, as shown by the arrows. The rock is simultaneously rotated to produce the final configuration, repeated at lower right.]]
The minerals in gneiss are arranged into layers that appear as bands in cross section. This is called gneissic banding.<ref name="Marshak 2009">{{Cite book | last = Marshak | first = Stephen | year = 2013 | title = Essentials of Geology | edition = 4th | publisher = W.W. Norton | isbn = 978-0-393-91939-4 |pages=194–95; Figs. 7.6a–c}}</ref> The darker bands have relatively more [[mafic]] minerals (those containing more [[magnesium]] and [[iron]]). The lighter bands contain relatively more [[felsic]] minerals (minerals such as feldspar or [[quartz]], which contain more of the lighter elements, such as [[aluminium]], [[sodium]], and [[potassium]]).{{sfn|Yardley|1989|p=22}}

The banding is developed at high temperature when the rock is more strongly compressed in one direction than in other directions (''nonhydrostatic stress''). The bands develop perpendicular to the direction of greatest compression, also called the shortening direction, as platy minerals are rotated or recrystallized into parallel layers.{{sfn|Blatt|Tracy|1996|p=359}}

A common cause of nonhydrodynamic stress is the subjection of the [[protolith]] (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction.<ref name="Marshak 2009"/> These forces stretch out the rock like a [[Plasticity (physics)|plastic]], and the original material is spread out into sheets. Per the [[polar decomposition theorem]], the deformation produced by such shearing force is equivalent to rotation of the rock combined with shortening in one direction and extension in another.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fossen |first1=Haakon |title=Structural geology |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781107057647 |page=38 |edition=Second}}</ref>

Some banding is formed from original rock material (protolith) that is subjected to extreme temperature and pressure and is composed of alternating layers of [[sandstone]] (lighter) and [[shale]] (darker), which is metamorphosed into bands of [[quartzite]] and mica.<ref name="Marshak 2009"/>

Another cause of banding is "metamorphic differentiation", which separates different materials into different layers through chemical reactions, a process not fully understood.<ref name="Marshak 2009"/>

===Augen gneiss===

{{See also|Augen}}
[[File:Augen-gneiss.jpg|thumb|Augen gneiss from {{Lang|pt|[[Leblon]]|italic=no}}, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil]]
[[File:Orthogneiss oeillé - Ras Prat Cabrera (Canigou).jpg|thumb|Ordovician augen gneiss outcrop, [[Canigó]] massif, eastern Pyrenees, France]]
'''Augen gneiss''', from the {{langx|de|Augen}} {{IPA|de|ˈaʊɡən|}}, meaning "eyes", is a gneiss resulting from metamorphism of granite, which contains characteristic elliptic or [[Lens (geology)|lenticular]] shear-bound grains ([[porphyroclast]]s), normally [[feldspar]], surrounded by finer grained material. The finer grained material deforms around the more resistant feldspar grains to produce this texture.{{sfn|Blatt|Tracy|1996|pp=358-359}}

===Migmatite===
{{Main|Migmatite}}
Migmatite is a gneiss consisting of two or more distinct rock types, one of which has the appearance of an ordinary gneiss (the ''mesosome''), and another of which has the appearance of an [[intrusive rock]] such as [[pegmatite]], [[aplite]], or granite (the ''leucosome''). The rock may also contain a ''melanosome'' of mafic rock complementary to the leucosome.{{sfn|British Geological Survey|1999|p=11}} Migmatites are often interpreted as rock that has been partially melted, with the leucosome representing the silica-rich melt, the melanosome the residual solid rock left after partial melting, and the mesosome the original rock that has not yet experienced partial melting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sawyer |first1=E. W. |title=Atlas of migmatites |date=2008 |publisher=NRC Research Press |location=Ottawa, Ontario |isbn=978-0660197876}}</ref>

==Occurrences==
[[File:Road Cutting - geograph.org.uk - 820828.jpg|thumb|Dark dikes (now [[Foliation (geology)|foliated]] [[amphibolite]]s) cutting light grey Lewisian gneiss of the Scourie complex, both deformed and cut by later (unfoliated) pink granite dikes]]
[[File:Yttre Ursholmen Kontakt Kosterdiabas i Nebulitisk-migmatitisk sedimentgnejs.jpg|thumb|Contact between a dark-colored [[diabase]] dike (about 1100 million years old)<ref name="hageskov">Bjørn Hageskov (1985): [http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull34-03-04-151-197.pdf ''Constrictional deformation of the Koster dyke swarm in a ductile sinistral shear zone, Koster islands, SW Sweden.''] Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 34 (3–4): 151–97</ref> and light-colored [[Migmatite|migmatitic]] paragneiss in the [[Kosterhavet National Park]] in the [[Koster Islands]] off the western coast of Sweden.]]
[[File:Gnaisse Sete Voltas - Bahia - Brasil.jpg|thumb|Sample of Sete Voltas gneiss from [[Bahia]] in Brazil, the oldest rock outcropping in the crust of South America, {{circa}} 3.4 billion years old (Archean)]]
Gneisses are characteristic of areas of [[regional metamorphism]] that reaches the middle [[amphibolite]] to [[granulite]] [[metamorphic facies]]. In other words, the rock was metamorphosed at a temperature in excess of {{convert|600|C||sp=us}} at pressures between about 2 to 24 [[kbar]]. Many different varieties of rock can be metamorphosed to gneiss, so geologists are careful to add descriptions of the color and mineral composition to the name of any gneiss, such as ''garnet-biotite paragneiss'' or ''grayish-pink orthogneiss''.{{sfn|British Geological Survey|1999|pp=5-6}}

===Granite-greenstone belts===
[[Shield (geology)|Continental shields]] are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of [[Archean]] age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The [[greenstone belt]]s contain [[Metavolcanic rock|metavolcanic]] and [[metasedimentary rock]] that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of {{cvt|350-500|C||}} and pressures of {{cvt|200-500|MPa|bar}}. The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over {{cvt|500|C||}}) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in Archean [[craton]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kearey |first1=P. |last2=Klepeis |first2=Keith A. |last3=Vine |first3=Frederick J. |title=Global tectonics. |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=9781405107778 |page=350 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

===Gneiss domes===
Gneiss domes are common in [[orogenic belts]] (regions of mountain formation).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whitney |first1=D.L |last2=Teyssier |first2=C. |last3=Vanderhaeghe |first3=O. |year=2004 |chapter=Gneiss domes and crustal flow |editor-last1=Whitney |editor-first1=D.L. |editor-last2=Teyssier |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Siddoway |editor-first3=C.S. |editor3-link= Christine Siddoway|title=Gneiss domes in orogeny: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 380 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309201751 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> They consist of a dome of gneiss intruded by younger granite and migmatite and mantled with sedimentary rock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teyssier |first1=Christian |last2=Whitney |first2=Donna L. |title=Gneiss domes and orogeny |journal=Geology |date=1 December 2002 |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1139–1142 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1139:GDAO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2002Geo....30.1139T }}</ref> These have been interpreted as a [[geologic record]] of two distinct mountain-forming events, with the first producing the granite basement and the second deforming and melting this basement to produce the domes. However, some gneiss domes may actually be the cores of [[metamorphic core complex]]es, regions of the deep crust brought to the surface and exposed during extension of the [[Earth's crust]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yin |first1=A. |year=2004 |chapter=Gneiss domes and gneiss dome systems |editor-last1=Whitney |editor-first1=D.L. |editor-last2=Teyssier |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Siddoway |editor-first3=C.S.|editor3-link= Christine Siddoway|title=Gneiss domes in orogeny |publisher=Geological Society of America |id=Special Paper 380 |location=Boulder, Colorado|pages= 1–14 |url=https://faculty.epss.ucla.edu/~yin/05-Publications/papers/085-Yin-2004-GSA%20Special%20papers.pdf |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

===Examples===


* The [[Acasta Gneiss]] is found in the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]], on an island about {{convert|300|km||sp=us}} north of [[Yellowknife]]. This is one of the most ancient intact crustal fragments on Earth, metamorphosed 3.58 to 4.031 billion years ago.<ref>[http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/Isotope_geochemistry/Acasta_Concordia_Bowring.pdf Bowring, S.A., and Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3–16]</ref>
*The [[Lewisian complex|Lewisian gneiss]] is found throughout the [[Outer Hebrides]] of Scotland, on the Scottish mainland west of the [[Moine Thrust Belt|Moine Thrust]], and on the islands of [[Coll]] and [[Tiree]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillen |first1=Con |title=Geology and landscapes of Scotland |date=2003 |publisher=Terra |location=Harpenden |isbn=1-903544-09-2|page=44}}</ref> These rocks are largely igneous in origin, mixed with metamorphosed [[marble]], quartzite and mica schist with later intrusions of [[basaltic]] [[Dike (geology)|dikes]] and granite magma.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKirdy |first1=Alan |title=Land of mountain and flood : the geology and landforms of Scotland |date=2007 |publisher=Birlinn |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84158-357-0|page=95}}</ref>
*The [[Morton Gneiss]] is an Archean-age gneiss exposed in the [[Minnesota River]] Valley of southwestern [[Minnesota]], United States. It is thought to be the oldest intact block of continental crust in the United States.<ref name=Aber>{{cite web |last=Aber |first=James S. |title=Morton Gneiss, Minnesota |url=http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/tectonic/morton_gneiss/morton.htm |publisher=Emporia State University |year=2012 |accessdate=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2014-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126003847/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/tectonic/morton_gneiss/morton.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Peninsular Gneiss]] is a sequence of Archean gneisses found throughout the [[Indian Shield]] and ranging in age from 3400 to 2500 million years old.<ref name=monument>{{cite web|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title=Peninsular Gneiss|publisher=Geological Survey of India|accessdate=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161351/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= GSI>{{cite journal|title=National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss, page29-32|journal=Special Publication Series|publisher=Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016|issn=0254-0436|year=2001|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|archive-date=2009-03-30|access-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330120907/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''gneiss'' has been used in English since at least 1757.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henckel |first1=Johann Friedrich |title=Pyritologia, or a History of the Pyrites … |date=1757 |publisher=A. Millar and A. Linde |location=London, England |page=308 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129945#page/336/mode/1up}} From p. 308: " … to which we may add this conjecture, that the black vein-stone, or rock, usually called ''kneiss'', at Friberg, … "</ref> It is [[Loanword|borrowed]] from the German word {{Lang|de|Gneis|italic=no}}, formerly also spelled {{Lang|de|Gneiss|italic=no}}, which is probably derived from the [[Middle High German]] noun {{lang|gmh|gneist}} "spark" (so called because the rock glitters).<ref name=etymonline>{{cite web |editor-last1=Harper |editor-first1=Douglas |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gneiss&searchmode=none |title=Gneiss |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

==Uses==
Gneiss is used as a building material, such as the Facoidal gneiss. It's used extensively in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castro |first1=Nuria Fernández |last2=Mansur |first2=Kátia Leite |last3=Frascá |first3=Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira |last4=Silva |first4=Rosana Elisa Coppedê |title=A heritage stone of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): the Facoidal gneiss |journal=Episodes |date=1 March 2021 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=59–74 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2020/0200s13|doi-access=free }}</ref> Gneiss has also been used as [[construction aggregate]] for [[asphalt pavement]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zongwu |last2=Wu |first2=Shaopeng |last3=Wen |first3=Jin |last4=Zhao |first4=Meiling |last5=Yi |first5=Mingwei |last6=Wan |first6=Jiuming |title=Utilization of gneiss coarse aggregate and steel slag fine aggregate in asphalt mixture |journal=Construction and Building Materials |date=September 2015 |volume=93 |pages=911–918 |doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.070}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rock types]]
* [[Glossary of geology]]
* {{portal-inline|Geology}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Murray |first1=W.H. |author1-link=W. H. Murray |year=1966 |title=The Hebrides |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |asin=B0000CMWPC}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gneiss}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gneiss |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Gneiss|year=1906 |short=x}}
{{Rock type}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gneiss| ]]
[[Category:Metamorphic rocks]]
[[Category:Industrial minerals]]

Helicia

2025-12-18T02:24:20Z

Banti: creating initial details needs work

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ss|date=September 2021}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=April 2013}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon (Plate LXXIX) (6430659811).jpg
| image_caption = ''Helicia ceylanica''
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Helicia
| authority = [[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]
| type_species = ''[[Helicia cochinchinensis]]''
| type_species_authority = Lour.<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 115 – see text
| synonyms = {{genus list |Castronia |Noronha
|Cyanocarpus |F.M.Bailey
|Helittophyllum |Blume}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Helicia''''' is a [[genus]] of 115 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family [[Proteaceae]]. They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], including [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]] to [[New Guinea]] and as far south as [[New South Wales]].

== Conservation ==
Many ''Helicia'' species are threatened to various degrees, as officially recognised by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either [[critically endangered]], [[endangered species|endangered]], [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] or [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]] (see [[#Species|Species list]] for details).

==Naming and classification==
In 1790, notable pioneer botanist [[João de Loureiro]] described this genus as ''Helicia'' in his publication ''[[Flora Cochinchinensis]]''.<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/> The [[Type species#In botany|type species]] for the genus was ''Helicia cochinchinensis'', the [[Type specimen#Types in botany|type specimen]] of which was collected in [[Cochinchina]], [[Vietnam]].<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/> The genus name derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word "{{lang|grc|έλιξ}}" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called [[tepals]], spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at [[anthesis]] (the flowering time when the [[Stamen|anthers]] open).<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=Foreman-1995/><ref name=Flickr-H.-formosana-flowers-closeup/>

In 1831, botanist [[Nathaniel Wallich]] named ''Helicia robusta'' for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India,<ref name=Wallich-1831/> based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name ''Roupala robusta'' by [[William Roxburgh]].<ref name=Roxburgh-1814/> Roxburgh's [[Calcutta]] botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist [[Ferdinand von Mueller]] formally [[species description|described]] several new Australian species.<ref name=Mueller-1857/><ref name=Mueller-1860/><ref name=Mueller-1862/> In the late 1800s and early 1900s [[Frederick Manson Bailey|Frederick M. Bailey]] concentrated further on additional [[Queensland]] species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.<ref name=Bailey-1899/><ref name=Bailey-1901/><ref name=Bailey-1913/>

In 1939, [[Hermann Otto Sleumer|Hermann O. Sleumer]] described many additional [[Malesia]]n species, especially in New Guinea.<ref name=Sleumer-1939/> In 1955, he published a revision of the genus.<ref name=Sleumer-1955/> In 1956, his treatment of the genus in ''[[Flora Malesiana]]'' was published.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}} From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist [[Don B. Foreman]], who was based in [[Papua New Guinea]] and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;<ref name=Foreman-1984-Australia/><ref name=Foreman-1985-PNG/><ref name=Foreman-1986-Australia/><ref name=Foreman-1988-NG/> notably in the authoritative ''Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea'' (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}} and in the authoritative [[Flora of Australia (series)|''Flora of Australia'' (1981–, 60 volume series)]] he wrote the treatment of ''Helicia''.<ref name=Foreman-1995/>

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in [[Borneo]].<ref name=Chung-2001/><ref name=Chung-1998/> In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.<ref name=Weston-2006/><ref name=Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Website/><ref name=Mabberley-2008/>

[[Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson|Lawrie Johnson]] and [[Barbara G. Briggs]] grouped ''Helicia'' with ''[[Xylomelum]]'' in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily [[Grevilleoideae]] in their 1975 monograph "[[On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family]]".<ref name=Johnson-Briggs-1975/> However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between ''[[Hollandaea]]'' and ''Helicia'', and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.<ref name=Weston-2006/>

==Diversity and description==
[[File:Helicia glabriflora Coffs Harbour Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left| ''[[Helicia glabriflora]]'' from New South Wales, Australia]]
''Helicia'' plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to {{Convert|30|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name = Wrigley-1991/>

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name=Weston-2006/> The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some ''Helicia'', in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. ''H. cochinchinensis'' has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name for this species, {{Nihongo3||山もがし|Yama-mogashi}}, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family.<ref name=Oi-1965-Fl.-Japan/> In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name=Weston-2006/> In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils,<ref name = Wrigley-1991/> especially in the farthest south region of ''Helicia'''s global distribution, the [[Illawarra]], [[New South Wales]], south of Sydney, where only one species ''H. glabriflora'' occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-H.-glabriflora/><ref name=Bofeldt-Illawarra-plants-at-risk/>

==Cultivation==
In India and east Asia, Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s.<ref name=Roxburgh-1814/> In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species.<ref name = Wrigley-1991/> In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.<ref name=Elliot-Jones-1992/>

==Species==
{{As of|2025|10}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the following 115 species:{{R|POWO}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|
*''[[Helicia acutifolia]]'' {{small|Sleumer}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-acutifolia}}
*''[[Helicia affinis]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia albiflora]]'' {{small|Sleumer}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-albiflora}}
*''[[Helicia amplifolia]]'' {{small|Sleumer}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-amplifolia}}
*''[[Helicia archboldiana]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia arguta]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia attenuata]]'' {{small|(Jack) Blume}}
*''[[Helicia australasica]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-australasica}}
*''[[Helicia biformis]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia blakei]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia bullata]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia calocoma]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-calocoma}}
*''[[Helicia cameronii]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}}
*''[[Helicia carrii]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia cauliflora]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
*''[[Helicia celata]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia celebica]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia ceylanica]]'' {{small|Gardner}}
*''[[Helicia clemensiae]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia clivicola]]'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}}
*''[[Helicia cochinchinensis]]'' {{small|Lour.}}
*''[[Helicia coeruleopurpurea]]'' {{small|P.Royen}}
*''[[Helicia commutata]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia danlagunzadii]]'' {{small|Malabrigo, Eduarte, A.G.Umali, A.B.Tobias & Navidad}}
*''[[Helicia dentellata]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia dongxingensis]]'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}}
*''[[Helicia elephanti]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia excelsa]]'' {{small|(Roxb.) Blume}}
*''[[Helicia falcata]]'' {{small|C.Y.Wu}}
*''[[Helicia ferruginea]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}}
*''[[Helicia finisterrae]]'' {{small|Lauterb.}}
*''[[Helicia forbesiana]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}}
*''[[Helicia formosana]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
*''[[Helicia fragilis]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia fuscotomentosa]]'' {{small|Suess.}}
*''[[Helicia glabrescens]]'' {{small|C.T.White}}
*''[[Helicia glabriflora]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}}
*''[[Helicia graciliflora]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
*''[[Helicia grandifolia]]'' {{small|Lecomte}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-grandifolia}}
*''[[Helicia grandis]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
*''[[Helicia grayi]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia hainanensis]]'' {{small|Hayata}}
*''[[Helicia hypoglauca]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia insculpta]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia insularis]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – endangered{{R|IUCN-insularis}}
*''[[Helicia kjellbergii]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia kwangtungensis]]'' {{small|W.T.Wang}}
*''[[Helicia laiagamensis]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia lamingtoniana]]'' {{small|(F.M.Bailey) C.T.White ex L.S.Sm.}}
*''[[Helicia latifolia]]'' {{small|C.T.White}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-latifolia}}
*''[[Helicia lauterbachiana]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia ledermannii]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia lewisensis]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia longespicata]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia longipetiolata]]'' {{small|Merr. & Chun}}
*''[[Helicia loranthoides]]'' {{small|C.Presl}}
*''[[Helicia macrostachya]]'' {{small|Lauterb.}}
*''[[Helicia maxwelliana]]'' {{small|Gibbs}}
*''[[Helicia microcarpa]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia microneura]]'' {{small|C.T.White}}
*''[[Helicia microphylla]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia moluccana]]'' {{small|(R.Br.) Blume}}
*''[[Helicia neglecta]]'' {{small|Diels ex Sleumer}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-neglecta}}
*''[[Helicia nilagirica]]'' {{small|Bedd.}}
*''[[Helicia nortoniana]]'' {{small|F.M.Bailey}}
*''[[Helicia obovatifolia]]'' {{small|Merr. & Chun}}
*''[[Helicia obtusata]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia odorata]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia olivacea]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia oreadum]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia pallescens]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia paucinervia]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
*''[[Helicia peekelii]]'' {{small|Lauterb.}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-peekelii}}
*''[[Helicia peltata]]'' {{small|C.T.White}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-peltata}}
*''[[Helicia petelotii]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
*''[[Helicia petiolaris]]'' {{small|Benn.}}
*''[[Helicia platyphylla]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia polyosmoides]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-polyosmoides}}
*''[[Helicia pterygota]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia purpurascens]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia pyrrhobotrya]]'' {{small|Kurz}}
*''[[Helicia recurva]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia rengetiensis]]'' {{small|Masam.}}
*''[[Helicia reticulata]]'' {{small|W.T.Wang}}
*''[[Helicia retivenia]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia retusa]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-retusa}}
*''[[Helicia rigidiflora]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia robusta]]'' {{small|(Roxb.) R.Br. ex Blume}}
*''[[Helicia rostrata]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-rostrata}}
*''[[Helicia rufescens]]'' {{small|Prain}}
*''[[Helicia saruwagedica]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia saurauioides]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia schlechteri]]'' {{small|Lauterb.}}
*''[[Helicia sellae-montis]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia serrata]]'' {{small|(R.Br.) Blume}}
*''[[Helicia sessilifolia]]'' {{small|R.C.K.Chung}}
*''[[Helicia shweliensis]]'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} – endangered{{R|IUCN-shweliensis}}
*''[[Helicia silvicola]]'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}}
*''[[Helicia sleumeri]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia stelechantha]]'' {{small|Diels}}
*''[[Helicia stenophylla]]'' {{small|Merr.}}
*''[[Helicia subcordata]]'' {{small|Foreman}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-subcordata}}
*''[[Helicia symplocoides]]'' {{small|R.C.K.Chung}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-symplocoides}}
*''[[Helicia teysmanniana]]'' {{small|Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia tibetensis]]'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}}
*''[[Helicia torricellensis]]'' {{small|Lauterb.}}
*''[[Helicia tsaii]]'' {{small|W.T.Wang}}
*''[[Helicia uganensis]]'' {{small|Diels ex Sleumer}}
*''[[Helicia vanroyenii]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia versteeghii]]'' {{small|Foreman}}
*''[[Helicia vestita]]'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}}
*''[[Helicia wollastonii]]'' {{small|Ridl.}}
*''[[Helicia woxvoldiana]]'' {{small|W.N.Takeuchi}}
*''[[Helicia yangchunensis]]'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}}
*''[[Helicia yingtzulinia]]'' {{small|S.S.Ying}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|26em|refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32922-1 |title=''Helicia'' Lour. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ>
{{Cite book | last= Loureiro | first= João de | author-link= João de Loureiro | year= 1790 | contribution= ''Helicia'': ''Helicia cochinchinensis'' | title= Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes | volume= 1 | page= 83 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/653282 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 | publisher= Typis, et expensis academicis }}
</ref>

<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&name=Helicia&inc.scientific=on&max=100&display=apni&search=true |title=''Helicia'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1995>
{{Cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Don B. |year= 1995a |editor1-last=McCarthy |editor1-first=Patrick |contribution=Helicia |chapter-url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45173 |title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 |series=Flora of Australia series |url=|pages=393–399|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=978-0-643-05692-3}}
</ref>

<ref name=Flickr-H.-formosana-flowers-closeup>
{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2067794388/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007}} 
{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/foggy_forest/8431594275/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012}} 
{{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2066985263/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007}}
</ref>

<ref name=Wallich-1831>
{{Cite book | last1= Wallich | first1= Nathaniel | author-link= Nathaniel Wallich | year= 1831 | contribution= no. 2702 ''Helicia robusta'' | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1481044 | title= Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta | location= London | publication-date= 1828–1849 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1917 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Roxburgh-1814>
{{Cite book | last1= Roxburgh | first1= William | year= 1814 | contribution= ''Roupala robusta'' Roxb. | contribution-url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/83.jpg | last2= Carey | first2= William | title= Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. (Hort. Bengal.) | location= Serampore | publisher= Mission Press | page= 83 | url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ |via=wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1857>
{{Cite journal |last1=Mueller |first1= Ferdinand von |year=1857 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/784897#page/24/mode/1up |title=Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in Plagis Australiae Intratropicis nuperrime detecta: Helicia australasica |journal= Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany |volume=9 |page=22 |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}}
</ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1860>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1860 |publisher=Joannis Ferres |location=Melbourne |volume=2 |page=91 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760878 |lang=la |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1862>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1862 |publisher=Joannis Ferres |location=Melbourne |volume=3 |page=37 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/759679 |lang=la |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1899>
Bailey, F.M., (1899) Contributions to the Flora of Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal 5(4) 
</ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1901>
Bailey, F.M., (1901) The Queensland Flora 4 
</ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1913>
Bailey, F.M., (1913) Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants 
</ref>

<ref name=Sleumer-1939>
{{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1939 | title= Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Proteaceen Papuasiens | journal= Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik | volume= 70 | issue= 1 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Sleumer-1955>
{{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1955 | title= Studies in old world Proteaceae, 5, A revision of the genus ''Helicia'' Lour. | journal= Blumea | volume= 8 | pages= 7–79 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1984-Australia>
{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1984 | title= A review of the genus ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) in Australia | journal= Brunonia | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | doi=10.1071/bru9830059 | page=59}}
</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1985-PNG>
{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1985 | title= Seven new species of ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) from Papua New Guinea | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 79–92 | doi= 10.5962/p.184061 | s2cid= 251004331 | doi-access= free }}
</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1986-Australia>
{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1986 | title= A new species of ''Helicia'', new combinations and lectotypification in ''Triunia'' (Proteaceae) from Australia. | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | at= pp. 193–96, fig. 1 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1988-NG>
{{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1988 | title= New species of ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya | journal= Kew Bulletin | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 669–681 | doi=10.2307/4110485| jstor= 4110485 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Chung-2001>
{{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 2001 | title= Taxonomic notes on the Bornean ''Helicia'' and ''Heliciopsis'' (Proteaceae) | journal= Journal of Tropical Forest Science | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 534–547 |url= http://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v13n3/534-547.pdf | access-date= 24 Apr 2013 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Chung-1998>
{{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 1998 | title= New species of ''Helicia'' Lour. and ''Heliciopsis'' Sleumer (Proteaceae) from Borneo | journal= The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore | volume= 50 | pages= 151–160  | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43660447 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 29 Jan 2014 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Website>
{{Cite web | url= http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/protealesweb.html#Proteaceae | last1= Stevens | first1= Peter F. | orig-date= 2001 onwards | date= Sep 2013 | title= Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Proteaceae | version= Version 13, 28 Sep 2013 with updates | quote= ''Helicia'' (100) | access-date= 7 Dec 2014 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Mabberley-2008>
{{Cite book
| last = Mabberley | first = David J.
| date = May 2008
| title = Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classifications, and Uses
| edition = 3rd, revised, illustrated
| location = Cambridge, UK
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| page = 396
| isbn = 978-0-521-82071-4
| quote= ''Helicia'' Lour. Proteaceae (V 1). c. 100 Indomal., Pac.
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Johnson-Briggs-1975>
{{Cite journal | last1= Johnson | first1= Lawrie A. S. | author-link1= Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson | last2= Briggs | first2= Barbara G. | author-link2= Barbara G. Briggs | year= 1975 | title= On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family | journal= Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany | volume= 70 | pages= 83–182 | doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x | issue= 2}}
</ref>

<ref name=Weston-2006>
{{Cite journal|last1=Weston |first1=Peter H. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel P. |year=2006 |title=A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera |journal=Telopea |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=314–344 |doi=10.7751/telopea20065733 |doi-access=free }}
</ref>

<ref name=Wrigley-1991>
{{Cite book | last1= Wrigley | first1= John | last2= Fagg | first2= Murray | title= Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year= 1991 | publisher= Angus & Robertson | location= Sydney | isbn= 978-0-207-17277-9 | pages= 414–16 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Oi-1965-Fl.-Japan>
{{Cite book | last1= Oi | first1= Jisaburo | year= 1965 | orig-date= 1953 | contribution= Proteaceae: ''Helicia'' | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30046305 | editor1-last= Meyer | editor1-first= Frederick G. | editor2-last= Walker | editor2-first= Egbert H. | title= Flora of Japan (in English): combined, much revised and extended translation by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957) | location= Tokyo, Japan | publisher= National Science Museum | pages= 394–5 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95083 }}
</ref>

<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-H.-glabriflora>
{{Cite web | url= http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Helicia~glabriflora | last1= Harden | first1 = Gwen J. | year= 2001 | title= ''Helicia glabriflora'' – New South Wales Flora Online | work= PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System | location= Sydney, Australia | publisher= The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust | version= 2.0 | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }}
</ref>

<ref name=Bofeldt-Illawarra-plants-at-risk>
{{Cite tech report | last1= Bofeldt | first1= Anders | year= 2011 | contribution= Table 1: ''Helicia glabriflora'' | contribution-url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Table-1.-Plants-at-risk-in-the-Illawarra-region.pdf | title= Plants at Risk in the Illawarra: Introduction to Table 1 | url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Intro-to-table-1-by-Anders.pdf | version= Online via LandcareIllawarra.org.au | location= NSW | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }}
*{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Tribute to Anders |website=Landcare Illawarra |url=http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719084613/http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-date=2012-07-19}}</ref>

<ref name=Elliot-Jones-1992>
{{Cite book | last1= Elliot | first1= Rodger W. | last2= Jones | first2= David L. | last3= Blake | first3= Trevor | title= Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go | year= 1992 | page= 285 | publisher= Lothian Press | location= Port Melbourne | isbn= 978-0-85091-213-5 }}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-acutifolia>
{{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia acutifolia'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32945A123130541 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32945A123130541.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-albiflora>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia albiflora'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32940A9743886 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32940A9743886.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-amplifolia>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia amplifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32931A9743214 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32931A9743214.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-australasica>
{{cite iucn |author=Benwell, A. |author2=Ford, A. |author3=Forster, P. |author4=Griffith, S. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia australasica'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T38142A123114975 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38142A123114975.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-calocoma>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia calocoma'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37605A10065406 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37605A10065406.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-grandifolia>
{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia grandifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T35958A9964266 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-insularis>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia insularis'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38143A10102333 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38143A10102333.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-latifolia>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia latifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38144A10102386 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38144A10102386.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-neglecta>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia neglecta'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38145A10102446 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38145A10102446.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-peekelii>
{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia peekelii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37610A10065914 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37610A10065914.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-peltata>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia peltata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32936A9743538 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32936A9743538.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-polyosmoides>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia polyosmoides'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37609A10065785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37609A10065785.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-retusa>
{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia retusa'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37608A10065677 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37608A10065677.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-rostrata>
{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia rostrata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37606A10065491 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37606A10065491.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-shweliensis>
{{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia shweliensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32409A139922029 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32409A139922029.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-subcordata>
{{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia subcordata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37614A10066305 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37614A10066305.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
</ref>

<ref name=IUCN-symplocoides>
{{cite iucn | author1=Tsen, S. |author2=Felix, E. C. |author3=Julia, S. |author4=Khoo, E. |author5=Maycock, C.R. |author6=Nilus, R. |author7=Sugau, J. |author8=Pereira, J.T. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Helicia symplocoides'' |article-number=e.T138790767A168341546 |year=2022 |access-date=17 February 2024}}
</ref>
}}

=== Cited works ===
{{Div col|colwidth=31em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Don B. |year=1995 |chapter=Proteaceae |editor1-last=Conn |editor1-first=Barry J. |title=Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea |volume=3 |pages=221–270 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Melbourne University Press |url=http://www.pngplants.org |via=www.pngplants.org |access-date=22 Mar 2013}}
* {{Cite web |last1=LaFrankie |first1=J. V. |year=2011 |title=''Helicia'' |work=Flora of the Philippines: Proteaceae [draft] |publisher=University of the Philippines |version=Flora of the Philippines online, updated 3 Sept 2012 |url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229053235/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013 |via=philippineflora.info}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=114876 |last1=Qiu |first1=Huaxing |last2=Weston |first2=Peter H. |year=2004 |title=''Helicia'' Lour. |work=Flora of China |version=Online version |location=Beijing and St. Louis, MO |publisher=Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press |access-date=21 Apr 2013}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sleumer |first1=Hermann O. |author1-link=Hermann Otto Sleumer |year=1956 |contribution=Helicia |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228447 |title=Flora Malesiana Vol. 5: Proteaceae |series=Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants |pages=164–190 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University |access-date=21 Apr 2013  |title-link=Flora Malesiana}}
* {{cite web |title=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home |first1=F.A. |last1=Zich |first2=B.P.M |last2=Hyland |first3=T. |last3=Whiffen |first4=R.A. |last4=Kerrigan |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]], Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO) |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html |access-date=22 Mar 2021}}
{{Div col end}}

{{Proteaceae genera}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1088638}}

[[Category:Helicia| ]]
[[Category:Proteaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Proteales of Australia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by João de Loureiro]]

Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2013–14

2025-12-17T13:32:46Z

Banti:

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2013–14
| team1_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team1_name = New Zealand
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 19 January 2014
| to_date = 18 February 2014
| team1_captain = [[Brendon McCullum]]
| team2_captain = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 4
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kane Williamson]] (361)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (291)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] (10)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Mohammed Shami]] (11)
| player_of_ODI_series =
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Brendon McCullum]] (535)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (215)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Tim Southee]], [[Neil Wagner]] (11)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ishant Sharma]] (15)
| player_of_test_series =
}}

The [[India cricket team]] toured [[New Zealand]], playing a five-match [[One Day International]] (ODI) series and two [[Test cricket|Test matches]] against the [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand national team]] from 19 January to 18 February 2014. New Zealand won both the Test (1–0) and ODI series (4–0).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/content/series/667633.html?template=fixtures |title=India tour of New Zealand, 2013/14 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| date= 5 January 2014| access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
! colspan="2" |ODIs
! colspan="2" |Tests
|-
!{{cr|NZ}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munro out of New Zealand ODI squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/colin-munro-out-of-new-zealand-odi-squad-709959 |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand One-Day Squad - New Zealand Squad - India tour of New Zealand, 2014 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-667633/new-zealand-one-day-squad-709955/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bennett replaces Milne in NZ ODI squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bennett-replaces-milne-in-new-zealand-odi-squad-711717 |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=India One-Day Squad - India Squad - India tour of New Zealand, 2014 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-667633/india-one-day-squad-705757/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ishwar Pandey gets maiden India Test call-up |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ishwar-pandey-gets-maiden-india-test-call-up-705705 |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|NZ}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Squad - 1st Test - India tour of New Zealand, 2014 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-667633/new-zealand-squad-1st-test-712903/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Squad - 2nd Test - India tour of New Zealand, 2014 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-667633/new-zealand-squad-2nd-test-717999/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Test Squad - India Squad - India tour of New Zealand, 2014 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-667633/india-test-squad-705751/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Brendon McCullum]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c &]] [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kane Williamson]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]
* [[Martin Guptill]]
* [[Mitchell McClenaghan]]
* [[Nathan McCullum]]
* [[Kyle Mills]]
* [[Adam Milne]]
* [[James Neesham]]
* [[Luke Ronchi]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jesse Ryder]]
* [[Tim Southee]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Hamish Bennett (cricketer)|Hamish Bennett]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Ishwar Pandey]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Varun Aaron]]
|
* [[Brendon McCullum]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c &]] [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kane Williamson]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]
* [[Trent Boult]]
* [[Doug Bracewell]]
* [[Peter Fulton]]
* [[Hamish Rutherford]]
* [[Jesse Ryder]]
* [[Ish Sodhi]]
* [[Tim Southee]]
* [[Ross Taylor]]
* [[Neil Wagner]]
* [[BJ Watling]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishwar Pandey]]
|}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 19 January 2014
| daynight = yes
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 292/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 268 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 71 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 4/55 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 123 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] 4/68 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 24 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/engine/current/match/667641.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]
| umpires = [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus) and [[Derek Walker (cricketer)|Derek Walker]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 January 2014
| daynight = yes
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 271/7 (42 overs)
| score2 = 277/9 (42 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 77 (87)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/55 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 78 (65)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 4/72 (9 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 15 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667643.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kane Williamson]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| rain = Rain reduced the match to 42 overs per side and revised India's target to 293 runs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
| notes = With this defeat, India lost their [[ICC ODI Championship]] number-one ranking to [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/content/story/711935.html |title=India down 2-0, lose No. 1 ranking |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |date=22 January 2014 |publisher=ESPN |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> However, with Australia's defeat against England in their [[English cricket team in Australia in 2013–14#4th ODI|4th ODI on 24 January]], India regained the number-one ranking.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 January 2014
| daynight = yes
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 314 (50 overs)
| score2 = 314/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Martin Guptill]] 111 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 66[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets2 = [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] 5/63 (10 overs)
| result = Match tied
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667645.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was 250th international match for [[MS Dhoni]] as both captain and wicket-keeper of India.
*''[[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] (NZ) claimed his maiden five-wicket haul in ODIs.''<ref name="3rdODI">{{cite web |title=High-scoring ties, and a new high for Anderson |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21566406 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 January 2019 |language=en |date=25 January 2014}}</ref>
*''India's [[Batting order (cricket)|number]] 6, 7 and 8 batsmen scored half-centuries, the first such instance in ODIs.''<ref name="3rdODI"/>
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 January 2014
| daynight = yes
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 278/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 79[[Not out|*]] (73)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/36 (10 overs)
| score2 = 280/3 (48.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ross Taylor]] 112[[Not out|*]] (127)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Shami]] 1/61 (8 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/engine/match/667647.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ross Taylor]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Stuart Binny]] made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut for India.
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 January 2014
| daynight = yes
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 303/5 (50 overs)
| score2 =216 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Ross Taylor]] 102 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Aaron]] 2/60 (10 overs)
| runs2 =[[Virat Kohli]] 82 (78)
| wickets2 =[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] 4/38 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 87 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/engine/match/667649.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Westpac Stadium]], [[Wellington]]
| umpires = [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
| motm =[[Ross Taylor]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut for New Zealand, and finished with the third-best debut figures for a New Zealand ODI player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/content/story/714213.html |title=Taylor, Williamson seal 4-0 win |publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date= 4 February 2014 }}</ref>
}}

==Tour matches==
{{Test match
| date = 2–3 February 2014
| time = 10:30
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL|name=New Zealand XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 262/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (78 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robert O'Donnell (cricketer)|Robert O'Donnell]] 80 (124)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishwar Pandey]] 3/42 (14 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 313/7 (93 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 60 (97)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shawn Hicks]] 1/8 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Cobham Oval]], [[Whangārei]]
| toss = New Zealand XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Phil Jones (umpire)|Phil Jones]] (NZ) and [[Derek Walker (umpire)|Derek Walker]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667639.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
}}

==Test series==

===1st Test===

{{Test match
| date = 6–10 February 2014
| time = 11:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 503 (121.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Brendon McCullum]] 224 (307)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 6/134 (33.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 202 (60 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 72 (120)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Neil Wagner]] 4/64 (11 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 =105 (41.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Ross Taylor]] 41 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 3/28 (10.2 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 366 (96.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Shikhar Dhawan]] 115 (211)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Neil Wagner]] 4/62 (25 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Brendon McCullum]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/667651.html Scorecard]
| result = New Zealand won by 40 runs
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd Test===

{{Test match
| date = 14–18 February 2014
| time = 11:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 192 (52.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 47 (100)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 6/51 (17 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 438 (102.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 118 (158)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/93 (20 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 680/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (210 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Brendon McCullum]] 302 (559)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/170 (51 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (52 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 105[[not out|*]] (135)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/50 (16 overs)
| venue = [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Brendon McCullum]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667653.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| rain = [[Zaheer Khan]] played his last international cricket match.
| notes = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] and [[James Neesham]] (NZ) made Test debuts.
*''[[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind) scored his first century in Tests.''
*''[[Brendon McCullum]] and [[BJ Watling]] (NZ) set a record for the highest sixth-wicket partnership in Tests (352 runs).''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/26222623 |title=New Zealand v India: Brendon McCullum leads recovery |publisher=BBC Sport| date= 17 February 2014| access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
*''[[James Neesham]]'s 137* was the highest score on debut for a number eight batsman in a Test match.''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/26235975 |title=Brendon McCullum hits 302 as New Zealand draw with India |publisher=BBC Sport| date= 18 February 2014| access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
*''New Zealand's score of 680 for 8 was also a new record score for the third innings in Tests.''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140123190020/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-series/india-in-new-zealand-2013-14 India in New Zealand 2013-14 on Wisden India]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/content/current/series/667633.html India in New Zealand on ''ESPNcricinfo'']

{{International cricket in 2013–14}}
{{International cricket tours of New Zealand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2013-14}}
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of New Zealand]]
[[Category:2013–14 New Zealand cricket season]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2013–14]]
[[Category:2014 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{NewZealand-cricket-tour-stub}}

Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port

2025-11-27T04:54:07Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Bus station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port
| name_lang = gu
| type = Bus Terminus
| other_name = Palanpur Bus Port
| style =
| image = Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Palanpur]]
| borough = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.172537|N|72.420491|E|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation|Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC)]]
| line =
| bus_operators = *[[GSRTC]]
*[[RSRTC]]
| other = [[Palanpur Junction railway station]]
| structure = At-grade
| platforms = 25
| bus_routes = *[[Gujarat]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu ]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 4th June 2022
| accessible = yes
| owned = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| former =
| passengers =
| website = {{URL|www.gsrtc.in}}
}}
The '''Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port''' or '''Palanpur Bus Port''' is the [[bus station]] serving [[Palanpur]] city in [[Banaskantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="divyabhaskar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/banaskantha/news/the-palanpur-bus-port-constructed-at-a-cost-of-rs-3728-crore-will-be-inaugurated-by-the-chief-minister-on-june-4-129884349.html|title=મુસાફરોને રાહત: 37.28 કરોડના ખર્ચ નિર્માણ પામેલા પાલનપુર બસ પોર્ટનું 4 જૂને મુખ્યમંત્રી લોકાર્પણ કરશે|date=2 June 2022|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=Gujarati|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==History==

Palanpur has two main bus stations:
*'''Palanpur Bus Station'''(Palanpur Old Bus Station)
*'''Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port'''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/banaskantha/banaskantha-iconic-bus-port-like-palanpur-airport-passengers-happy-with-facilities-au14483-537737.html |title=Banaskantha : પાલનપુરનું એરપોર્ટ જેવું આઈકોનિક બસપોર્ટ, સુવિધાઓથી મુસાફરો ખુશ
|website=tv9gujarati.com|language=Gujarati}}</ref>
• '''Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port''': This is
the main bus terminal in Palanpur for long- distance and inter-state buses operated by the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC).

'''Palanpur GSRTC Bus Port''' was built under a [[public-private partnerships in India|public-private partnership]] between the [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC) and realty firm M.V.Omni Shayona BIPL Palanpur (P) Ltd.<ref name="divyabhaskar" />
Chief Minister [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] dedicated the new bus port on 4 June 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/banaskantha/cm-bhupendra-patel-in-palanpur-dedication-of-new-busport-at-palanpur-find-out-how-many-crores-spent/gj20220604190824585585229|title=CM Bhupendra Patel in Palanpur : બસપોર્ટનું લોકાર્પણ થયું, જાણો કેટલા કરોડ ખર્ચાયા|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=4 June 2022|website=ETV Bharat News|language=Gujarati}}</ref> built at a cost of Rs 37.82 crore across 29700 square meter area.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Banaskantha district]]

Manimuthar Dam

2025-11-24T22:18:23Z

Banti:

{{Short description|Dam in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox dam
| name = Manimuthar Dam
| name_official =
| image = Manimuthar Dam f.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = Tamil Nadu
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location of the Manimuthar Dam in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|8.653804|N|77.413418|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Manimutharu]], [[Tirunelveli District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| purpose = Irrigation
| status =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1958
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| dam_height = {{convert|118|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation= {{convert|150|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_length = {{convert|9,268|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses =
| spillway_count = 7
| spillway_type = Chute
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name = Manimuthar reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|5.51|Gcuft|acre feet|0|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Manimuthar Dam''' is located in [[Manimutharu]] {{convert|50.8|km}} away from [[Tirunelveli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the biggest reservoir of the [[Tirunelveli district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/papanasam-dam-filling-up-finally/article19158808.ece|title=Papanasam dam filling up, finally|date=28 June 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Manimuthar_Dam_D00969|title=Manimuthar Dam D00969 -|website=India-wris.nrsc.gov.in|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/reserviors.html|title=Water Reservoirs|website=Nellai.tn.nic.in|accessdate=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/manimuthar-dam-overflows/article6712527.ece|title=Manimuthar dam overflows|date=21 December 2014|accessdate=12 December 2017|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
This dam was built in 1958 near [[Singampatti and Kallidaikurichi]], by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[K. Kamaraj]], and K T Kosalram MP to prevent the drainage of surplus rainwaters with the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the rainy season. It can hold water up to 118 feet. The dam's storage capacity is 5,511 million cubic feet (5.5 Tmcft). The total length of the dam is 3 km
It irrigated around 65,000 acres of areas in the northern part of the [[Nanguneri]] Taluk and [[Thisayanvilai]] and southern [[Veeravanallur]], Karispalpatti, which are not irrigated by Pachaiyaaru in Tirunelveli district. The downstream joins River Thamirabarani in Kallidaikurichi after 6 km of its journey.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE/article7557041.ece | title=பாபநாசம், மணிமுத்தாறு, சேர்வலாறு: படியளக்கும் அணைகள் பாதுகாக்கப்படுமா? | publisher=தி இந்து | website=Tamil.thehindu.com | date=2015-03-19 | accessdate=8 November 2017 | author=அ.அருள்தாசன்}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Manimuthar Dam}}

{{stack|{{Portal|Water}}}}
{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Dams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{TamilNadu-stub}}
{{India-dam-stub}}

Parveen Hooda

2025-11-22T08:00:30Z

Banti: Starting A Pg

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox boxer
| height = 1.72 m<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamath|first=Amit|date=19 May 2022|title=After World Championships bronze medal, weight and watch for boxer Parveen Hooda|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/after-world-championships-bronze-medal-weight-and-watch-for-parveen-hooda-ahead-of-birmingham-cwg-and-paris-2024-171222|access-date=26 May 2022|website=News9Live}}</ref>
| birth_date ={{birth-date and age|15 April 2000}}
| birth_place =[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| style = [[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parveen Hooda|url=https://boxrec.com/en/amateurboxer/917304|access-date=26 May 2022|website=[[BoxRec]]}}</ref>
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[IBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2022 Istanbul]]|[[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight|63kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Boxing Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Boxing Cup|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Boxing Cup#Finals|60kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2022 Amman]]|[[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships#Women|63kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[2019 South Asian Games|60kg]]}}
}}
'''Parveen Hooda''' (born 15 April 2000) is an Indian [[Amateur boxing|amateur boxer]]. She is the [[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2022 Asian Champion]] and has won bronze medal at the [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight|2022 World Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Razzaqui |first=Samreen |date=2022-11-14 |title=Asian Boxing C’ships: Parveen gets back on track with golden run in Jordan after CWG setback |url=https://scroll.in/field/1037291/asian-boxing-cships-parveen-gets-back-on-track-with-golden-run-in-jordan-after-cwg-setback |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/bronze-at-boxing-worlds-a-sign-of-great-things-to-come-for-parveen-7924363/ | title=How an underweight Rohtak girl Parveen got a World Boxing bronze | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Nitin Sharma | date=19 May 2022 | accessdate=24 May 2022}}</ref> She serves as an [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant sub-inspector]] in the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]].

Hooda was suspended by the [[International Testing Agency]] for whereabouts failure in the period between April 2022 and March 2023 and was stripped off the [[Boxing at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's 57 kg|2022 Asian Games bronze medal]] as per the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] rules.<ref name="n360">{{cite web | last=Hussain | first=Sabi | title=India loses Asiad medal due to Parveen's suspension | website=The Times of India | date=20 May 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/india-loses-asiad-medal-due-to-parveens-suspension/articleshow/110280971.cms | access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hooda, Parveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in boxing]]

Land Where I Flee

2025-10-29T03:31:35Z

Banti: started basic info initial version

{{Short description|2013 novel by Prajwal Parajuly}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Land Where I Flee.jpg
| author = [[Prajwal Parajuly]]
| language = English
| country = India
| genre = Contemporary fiction
| published = November 14, 2013
| publisher = [[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus]]
| isbn = 9781780872971
| pages = 266
| caption = First edition
| media_type = Print, E-book
| preceded_by = [[The Gurkha's Daughter]]
| set_in = [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
}}

'''''Land Where I Flee''''' is a novel by a Nepali speaking Indian writer [[Prajwal Parajuly]]. It was published on November 14, 2013, by [[Quercus (publisher)|Quercus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Land Where I Flee': Prajwal Parajuly writes a tale of relationships, love and fear|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-land-where-i-flee-prajwal-parajuly-writes-a-tale-of-relationships-love-and-fear-2070896|access-date=2021-12-13|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> It is the first novel and the second book of the author who had previously published a collection of short stories titled ''[[The Gurkha's Daughter]]'' which was shortlisted for [[Dylan Thomas Prize]].

== Synopsis ==
The book centres on a Nepali-Indian family from the state of [[Sikkim]]. Chitralekha Neupaney, an 84-year-old woman, is the matriarch of the family and has raised her grandchildren since the death of their parents. On the occasion of her 84th birthday (Chaurasi), there is a family reunion of the four grandchildren who live in different parts of the world. Prasanti is the eunuch maid of the house who is very domineering. The novel deals with several themes such as identity and family. <ref name=":0" />

== Characters ==

* Chitralekha Neupaney, an 84 year old matriarch of the house
* Prasanti, the eunuch help of the household
* Bhagwati, one of the four grandchildren
* Agastya, one of the four grandchildren
* Ruthwa, one of the four grandchildren
* Manasa, one of the four grandchildren

== Translation ==
It was translated into French as ''Fuir et Revenir'' by Benoîte Dauvergne.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Prajwal Parajuly's Land Where I Flee shortlisted for France's Emile Guimet Prize|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/prajwal-parajuly-land-where-i-flee-shortlisted-france-emile-guiment-prize-6610144/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The French translation of the book was nominated for France's [[Prix du Premier Roman|First Novel Prize]]. The book was also longlisted for the [[Émile Guimet Prize for Asian Literature|Emile Guimet Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-09|title=Indian author Parajuly's book 'Land where I Flee' nominated for France's First Novel Prize|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/09/09/indian-author-parajulys-book-land-where-i-flee-nominated-for-frances-first-novel-prize/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref> Manjula Narayan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the book as "one of the best novels of the year' in his review.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-21|title=Book Review: Land Where I Flee|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/book-review-land-where-i-flee/story-uAYBI2ZTZLAFMKaFfUUbpN.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Jane Housham called it as "a caustic look at family life" in her review for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-23|title=Land Where I Flee by Prajwal Parajuly review – a caustic look at family life|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jan/23/land-where-i-flee-by-prajwal-parajuly-review|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[The Gurkha's Daughter]]''
* ''[[Faatsung]]''
* [[The Wayward Daughter (novel)|''The Wayward Daughter'']]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels about gay topics]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Quercus (publisher) books]]