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Black, White & Gray - Love Kills

2026-04-30T05:42:50Z

Bandbaajabarat: new

{{short description|Indian crime thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Black, White & Gray - Love Kills.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]] [[Mockumentary]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Pushkar Sunil Mahabal
 Yogendra Oke
| story =
| director = Pushkar Sunil Mahabal
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*
*[[Mayur More]]
*Palak Jaiswal
*Hakkim Shahjahan
*[[Deven Bhojani]]
*[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
}}
| narrated =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Saugata Mukherjee Anujeet Ghatak
| music = [[Meghdeep Bose]]
| producer = [[Swaroop Sampat]] Hemal Thakkar
| cinematography = Saee Bhope
| editor = Pushkar Sunil Mahabal
| screenplay =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Playtime Creation
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| network2 =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|05|02}}
| first_aired2 =
| last_aired2 =
}}

'''''Black, White & Gray – Love Kills''''' is a 2025 [[Hindi]]-language Indian [[Mockumentary]] [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[web series]] streaming on [[SonyLIV]]. It is directed by Pushkar Sunil Mahabal and produced by [[Swaroop Sampat]] and Hemal Thakkar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black, White & Gray – Love Kills: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about crime drama thriller|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-crime-drama-thriller/d57ab1511d28|access-date=2025-04-24|website=OTT Play|language=en|archive-date=2025-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424094109/https://www.ottplay.com/news/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-crime-drama-thriller/d57ab1511d28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-04-14|title=Black White & Gray Love Kills Trailer: Unpredictable Crime Series With Tigmanshu Dhulia, Mayur More To Release On THIS Date|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-trailer-unpredictable-crime-series-with-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-more-to-release-on-this-date-article-151422906|access-date=2025-04-15|work=Times Now|language=en-IN|archive-date=2025-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414145221/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-trailer-unpredictable-crime-series-with-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-more-to-release-on-this-date-article-151422906|url-status=live}}</ref>

It stars [[Mayur More]], Palak Jaiswal, Hakkim Shahjahan, [[Deven Bhojani]], [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Sony LIV Drops Trailer Of Black, White & Gray – Love Kills: Here's All You Need To Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sony-liv-drops-trailer-of-black-white-gray-love-kills-heres-all-you-need-to-know-aa-9300144.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415130341/https://www.news18.com/movies/sony-liv-drops-trailer-of-black-white-gray-love-kills-heres-all-you-need-to-know-aa-9300144.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sunanda|date=2025-04-28|title=Black, White & Gray – Love Kills On OTT: When And Where To Watch Thriller Series Online|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/black-white-gray-love-kills-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-thriller-series-online|access-date=2025-04-28|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=2025-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429034401/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/black-white-gray-love-kills-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-thriller-series-online|url-status=live}}</ref> and the series is released on 2 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=Black, White & Gray – Love Kills OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Tigmanshu Dhulia, Mayur More's crime docu-drama online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/black-white-gray-love-kills-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-mores-crime-docu-drama-online-1383876 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Pink Villa |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422224803/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/black-white-gray-love-kills-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-mores-crime-docu-drama-online-1383876 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
In a world where love can be lethal, a string of high-profile murders unravels into a tangled web of forbidden desires and betrayal. As the investigation deepens, it becomes clear — the truth does not come in black or white, but in dangerous shades of grey.

== Cast ==
*[[Mayur More]] as The Accused
*Palak Jaiswal as The Girl
*[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] as Officer Chauhan
*[[Deven Bhojani]] as Rao
*Hakkim Shahjahan as Sunny
*[[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Daniel Gray
*[[Kamlesh Sawant]]
*[[Anant Jog]]
*Kavita Ghai
*Jairoop Jeevan
*Nishant Shamaskar
*Abhishek Bhalerao
*Singh Rajni
*Abhinav Gupta
*Isha Mate
*Sanjay Kumar Sahu

== Release ==
It is released on 2 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black, White & Gray - Love Kills OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Tigmanshu Dhulia & Mayur More's series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-more-series-656835.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=India Times |date=14 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414120815/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tigmanshu-dhulia-mayur-more-series-656835.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "Patriarchy, parental opposition, class differences, power structures, are all present in this crime drama, reminding you of several others that have come before."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|date=2025-05-02|title=Black, White and Gray Love Kills review: A plot told with conviction, backed by solid performances|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-review-a-plot-told-with-conviction-backed-by-solid-performances-9978842/|access-date=2025-05-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503043522/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-review-a-plot-told-with-conviction-backed-by-solid-performances-9978842/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' also gave 3 stars out 5 and observed that "Black, White & Gray - Love Kills has a unique take on the standard murder mystery that may not be perfect but is very entertaining nonetheless"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanap|first=Mayur|date=2025-05-02|title=Review: Black, White & Gray: Love Kills Keeps You Hooked|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/black-white--gray-love-kills-review/20250502.htm|access-date=2025-05-02|website=Rediff.com|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503044718/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/black-white--gray-love-kills-review/20250502.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said "With its smart mockumentary format and sociopolitical depth, Black, White & Gray—Love Kills is an engrossing watch that provokes reflection as much as it entertains."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana|first=Archika|date=2025-05-02 |title=Black, White & Gray - Love Kills Season 1 Review : A love story gone wrong, told through a gripping mockumentary lens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/black-white-gray-love-kills/season-1/seasonreview/120733742.cms|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Anisha Rao of ''[[India Today]]'' said in her review that "'Black, White and Grey - Love Kills' is a mind game. It lures you in with its true-crime coat, then punches you in the gut with emotional depth and masterful storytelling. It's fiction, yes, but it'll haunt you like a cold case you never solved."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Anisha|date=2025-05-02|title=Black, White and Gray: The uncomfortable fiction of this highly rated crime series|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/black-white-and-gray-the-uncomfortable-fiction-of-this-highly-rated-crime-series-2722310-2025-05-10|access-date=2025-05-02|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510114401/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/black-white-and-gray-the-uncomfortable-fiction-of-this-highly-rated-crime-series-2722310-2025-05-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and said, "The crime thriller series starts well with the gripping plot, however, it loses its thrill in the middle. Meanwhile, Mayur More's acting is praiseworthy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar|first=Arpita|date=2025-05-02 |title=Black, White & Gray - Love Kills Review: Mayur More shines in poorly executed crime thriller that 'kills' its own suspense|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-review-mayur-more-shines-in-poorly-executed-crime-thriller-that-kills-its-own-suspense/5e26c56cfb635|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=OTT Play|language=en}}</ref>
Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and commented that "Writer-director Pushkar Mahabal creates a fictional documentary approach to a crime, and viewers watch as it spirals out of control. It is a gripping crime thriller with interesting take on standard mystery. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandya|first=Sonal|date=2025-05-02|title=Black, White And Gray Review: Gripping Crime Thriller With Interesting Take On Standard Mystery|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-review-gripping-crime-thriller-with-interesting-take-on-standard-mystery-review-151545401|access-date=2025-05-02|website=Times Now|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502075413/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-review-gripping-crime-thriller-with-interesting-take-on-standard-mystery-review-151545401|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' writes in his review that "The six-episode series is an inventive subversion of true-crime storytelling. Most docudramas are so preoccupied with showing (rather than suggesting) that they forget to read between the very lines they endorse. They adopt the glamour and distractions of fiction, the politics and insinuations of mythmaking. Everyone seems to be playing a role, including the makers who use creative ambiguity as an excuse for moral ambivalence. But once in a while, an audacious series like Black, White & Gray comes along and breaks the fourth wall."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai|first=Rahul|date=2025-05-02 |title='Black, White & Gray – Love Kills' Series Review: A Triumph of Form and Narrative Ambition|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/black-white-gray-love-kills-series-review-a-triumph-of-form-and-narrative-ambition|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Black, White & Gray is intense and involving for the most part, unpeeling its many layers with dexterity. The performances are excellent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2025-05-02 |title='Black White & Gray' review: A gripping dissection of the true crime genre|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1081698/black-white-gray-review-a-gripping-dissection-of-the-true-crime-genre|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur og ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said "The most nifty aspect of Black White And Gray Love Kills is how it stays true to the essence of the blueprint of a skillful thriller".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathur|first=Vinamra|date=2025-05-02|title='Black White And Gray Love Kills' web-series review: A unique, gripping, compelling thriller that's more than just a murder mystery|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-web-series-review-a-unique-gripping-compelling-thriller-thats-more-than-just-a-murder-mystery-13885057.html|access-date=2025-05-02|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503074557/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/black-white-and-gray-love-kills-web-series-review-a-unique-gripping-compelling-thriller-thats-more-than-just-a-murder-mystery-13885057.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes, "Is it perfect? Hardly. But perhaps slickness would have diluted its rage. In an era of algorithm-massaged narratives, this series dares to stay messy, raw, and defiantly uncomfortable—like the truths it seeks to unearth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ribeiro|first=Troy|date=2025-05-02 |title=Black, White & Gray – Love Kills Review: Mayur More, Palak Jaiswal's Series Explores Truth, Lies And The Spaces In Between|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/black-white-gray-love-kills-review-mayur-more-palak-jaiswals-series-explores-truth-lies-and-the-spaces-in-between|access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt35822727|title=Black, White & Gray: Love Kills}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black, White and Gray - Love Kills}}
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Shyam Sunder Bharti

2026-04-30T02:18:17Z

Bandbaajabarat: added entry...

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shyam Sunder Bharti
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Bachhrawan Assembly constituency|Bachhrawan]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ram Naresh Rawat]]
| successor =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Shyam Sunder Bharti''' is an Indian politician, farmer, and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Bachhrawan Assembly constituency]] of the [[Raebareli district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite news |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18177/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/shyam-sunder-bharti/ |title=Shyam Sunder Bharti, SP MLA from Bachhrawan |website=ourneta.com |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/shyam-sunder |title=Shyam Sunder |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="prs"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/raibareli/maharajganj/news/sp-nominated-former-mla-shyamsundar-shyam-sundar-bharti-129359427.html |title=बछरावां से सपा प्रत्याशी घोषित:सपा ने पूर्व विधायक श्यामसुंदर को श्याम सुंदर भारती को बनाया उम्मीदवार |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Shyam Sunder Bharti was born on 1 March 1959 in Thakurpur, [[Barabanki]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Bhagwandin.<ref name="upla"/> He married Chandrakali on 30 June 1985, and they had four children.<ref name="upla"/>

==See also==

*[[Samajwadi Party]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
*[[Bachhrawan Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Shyam Sunder}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Surya Parvai

2026-04-29T23:35:41Z

Bandbaajabarat: added a details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Suriya Paarvai.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sakthi Paramesh|Jagan]]
| writer = Jagan
| producer = Sreenivas Prasad
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]|Pooja}}
| cinematography = K. Prasad
| editing = Sai Prasad Babu Raj
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Moturi Creations
| released = {{Film date|1999|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Surya Parvai''''' ({{Translation|Solar vision}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Sakthi Paramesh|Jagan]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and newcomer Pooja. It was released on 14 January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya paarvai ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=surya%20paarvai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208162752/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=surya%20paarvai |archive-date=8 December 2012 |access-date=9 May 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film is an unauthorised remake of the 1994 French film ''[[Léon: The Professional]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C R |first=Balajee |date=1 February 2016 |title=Let's take a look at Kollywood's several attempts in remaking foreign films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202061104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2024}}
Vijay is a hitman who works for Sundaramoorthy. He kills anybody for a price, other than women and children, and lives alone in an apartment. Pooja, a young girl, studies in a boarding school and comes to her father's house for the holiday. Between her abusive father, selfish stepmother and an arrogant step-aunt, Pooja feels rather badly, but she treasures her lovely little brother Dinesh. Pooja tries to befriend Vijay, but Vijay is not interested. Her father is a drug smuggler. One day, Jayanth, the director of the [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] who secretly runs a drug empire, kills Pooja's family, including her brother. Vijay decides to accommodate Pooja, and Pooja compels him to teach her his skills as a hitman. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Vijay
*Pooja Priyanka as Pooja
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Jayanth
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Narayanan
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Sundaramoorthy
*[[Goundamani]] as Raj Bharath / Nattamai
*[[Senthil]] as Pichai Perumal / Sundaram
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Inspector Pichai Perumal
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Lakshmi
*Mahanadi Dinesh as Dinesh
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Sindhu
*[[Prasad Babu]] as Prakash, Pooja's father
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as Sheela
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi's mother
*[[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]] as Kannan, Jayanth's henchman
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Vijay (child)
*Vimalraj as George
*Rani
*Kavitha Sree
*Jaya Mani
*K. K. Soundar
*[[Kalaignanam]] (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film's story and screenplay were written by Arjun's assistant [[Sakthi Paramesh|Jagan]], who also made his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 1998 |title=Arjun's New Film |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/06-04-98/arjun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615070116/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/06-04-98/arjun.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Pooja Priyanka, daughter of actress [[Subhashini]] and niece of [[Jayasudha]], was cast in the lead role opposite Arjun, while she was still at school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gobichetipal |first=Chandra |date=19 March 1998 |title=Arjun's Dilemma |url=http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420145730/http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track17.html |archive-date=20 April 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Minnoviyam}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], with lyrics written by [[Palani Bharathi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Suriya Paarvai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/suriya-paarvai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581603577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240313151033/https://music.apple.com/in/album/suriya-paarvai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581603577 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:04
| title1 = Boom Blast It
| extra1 = [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Ganapathi Thatha
| extra2 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length2 = 4:02
| title3 = Hey Man
| extra3 = [[Annupamaa]]
| length3 = 4:57
| title4 = Kadhavai Thirakkum
| note4 = Male
| extra4 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length4 = 3:52
| title5 = Kadhavai Thirakkum
| note5 = Female
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 3:52
| title6 = Panirendu Vayasula
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length6 = 4:45
| title7 = Thotathu Pookkal
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. P. B. Pallavi
| length7 = 4:12
}}

== Critical reception ==
Reviewing the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Hello Friend'', a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Though the storyline is thin, the chock-n-block fisticuffs and slam-bang shoot-outs, along with the riveting performances by Arjun and Raghuvaran, keep you hooked onto a cinematic roller-coaster action ride. By hardly leaving any room for sentiment, it is quite obvious that Director Jagan seems to be influenced by the Hollywood action flicks. Even the action scenes are canned in that typical Hollywood style."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviews |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/739368CADEF7716D65256940004D9CCB?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214151422/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/739368CADEF7716D65256940004D9CCB?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Reviewing the same version, Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that the director Jagan enhanced the scope of the story with action scenes and song scenes to make the film appealing to the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=5 February 1999 |title=భీభత్సాల "హలో ఫ్రెండ్" సంగీతంలో కొత్త ట్రెండ్! |trans-title=Terrible "''Hello Friend''" is the new trend in music! |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Feb/5-feb-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913154505/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Feb/5-feb-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2022 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9, 11 |language=te}}</ref> The Tamil film was released in Malaysia under the title ''Kaavalan'' ({{Translation|Bodyguard}}). K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'', reviewing this version, called the story subpar but believed it would satisfy Arjun fans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=19 April 1999 |title=Only if you like action |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VPxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3953%2C1914095 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617103326/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VPxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3953%2C1914095 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s gangster films]]
[[Category:1999 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Luc Besson]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Prem Narayan Pandey

2026-04-29T19:56:05Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding some post w/ refs

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Narayan Pandey
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Ranipur,Tarabganj Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Tarabganj Assembly constituency|Tarabganj]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Awadhesh Kumar Singh]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| image =
}}
'''Prem Narayan Pandey''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Tarabganj Assembly constituency]] of [[Gonda district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18299/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/gonda/news/bjp-wins-tarabganj-seat-in-gonda-prem-narayan-pandey-defeated-ram-bhajan-choubey-of-sp-by-about-38-thousand-votes-scored-a-hat-trick-129492193.html |title=गोंडा में तरबगंज सीट BJP ने जीती:प्रेम नरायन पांडे ने सपा के राम भजन चौबे को करीब 38 हजार वोटों से हराया, लगाई हैट्रिक |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4225 |title=Prem Narayan Pandey(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- TARABGANJ(GONDA) |website=myneta.info |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Prem Narayan Pandey was born on 2 October 1957 in [[Ranipur, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Indrapal Pandey.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Vimla Devi, and they had four children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Tarabganj Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Prem Narayan}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (soundtrack)

2026-04-28T14:34:34Z

Bandbaajabarat: Biography

{{short description|2017 soundtrack album by M. M. Keeravani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox album|
| name = Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover = Baahubali 2- The Conclusion (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Telugu album cover
| released = {{plainlist|
*{{Start date|df=yes|2017|3|26}}
}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:59
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = {{plainlist|
*[[Lahari Music]]
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
}}
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]
| prev_year = 2017
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[Juvva]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

'''''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion''''' is the [[soundtrack album|soundtrack]] of the 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film of the [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|same name]]. The soundtrack album was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

==Production==
The soundtrack in Telugu was composed by MM Keeravani while the songs were sung by Daler Mahendi, Mounima, Sony, Deepu, Sreenidhi, V. Srisoumya, Kaala Bhairava and Keeravani.<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-2-conclusion-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1219281887|title=Baahubali 2 - The Conclusion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M. M. Keeravaani on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]] |date=26 March 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> In Tamil, [[Madhan Karky]] written the lyrics followed from part 1 of this film. Although the film was partially reshot in Tamil, no songs were reshot. For the dubbed Malayalam soundtrack, Mankompu Gopalakrishnan composed the lyrics while [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Yazin Nizar]] sang the songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/musicians-who-worked-in-malayalam-version-of-baahubali-2-the-conclusion/article18244699.ece|title=Music matters and Baahubali|first=Athira M, Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="apple.com1">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bahubali-2-conclusion-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id1229677121|title=Bahubali 2 - The Conclusion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M. M. Keeravaani on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]] |date=23 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed soundtrack featured a song by [[Kailash Kher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bahubali-2-kailash-kher-reveals-how-rajamouli-turned-greedy-during-song-recording/story-Zn9t4FyNPZUp9LzqmHtbfI.html|title=Baahubali 2: Kailash Kher reveals how Rajamouli turned greedy during song recording|date=9 May 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

[[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] acquired the audio rights of the Telugu and Tamil soundtracks in late October 2016 for an amount of ₹45 million, the highest sum paid by the company in its 37 years of operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lahari-music-snaps-baahubali-2-audio-news-tamil-qkzknJiidceii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028122454/http://www.sify.com/movies/lahari-music-snaps-baahubali-2-audio-news-tamil-qkzknJiidceii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2016|title=Lahari Music snaps Baahubali 2 audio!|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-song-for-the-record/article17539303.ece|title=A song for the record|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The audio rights of the Hindi and Malayalam soundtracks were acquired by [[Zee Music Company]] and [[Manorama Music]] respectively.<ref name=hindu/> The audio launch of the soundtrack, which also doubled as the pre-release event of the film, was held on 26 March 2017 at YMCA grounds <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/baahubali-2-music-released/article17899693.ece|title=Baahubali 2 music released|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> with [[Karan Johar]] as the chief guest.<ref name=F1>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-pre-release-event-and-audio-launch-was-a-celebration-of-team-spirit-3353648.html|title=Baahubali 2 pre-release event and audio launch was a celebration of team spirit|date=27 March 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Among the various events that took place at the launch, Keeravani sang a song dedicated to [[S.S. Rajamouli]], the director of the film.<ref name=F1/> Due to the success of the predecessor's album, there were expectations that the second installment of the album would also be successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/just-baahubali-aka-bahubali-2-audio-release-date-venue-revealed-music-album-hit-stores-next-720003|title=Baahubali aka Bahubali 2 Audio Released - Listen To Jukebox - Download Free Songs|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=19 March 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu<ref name="apple.com"/>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:57
| title1 = [[Saahore Baahubali]]
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], Mounima
| lyrics1 = K. Shivashakthi Datta, Dr. K. Ramakrishna
| length1 = 3:22

| title2 = [[Hamsa Naava]]
| extra2 = Sony, Deepu
| lyrics2 = Chaithanya Prasad
| length2 = 3:23

| title3 = Kannaa Nidurinchara
| extra3 = [[T. Sreenidhi]], V. Srisoumya
| lyrics3 = M. M. Keeravani
| length3 = 4:50

| title4 = Dandaalayyaa
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| lyrics4 = M. M. Keeravani
| length4 = 3:29

| title5 = [[Oka Praanam]]
| extra5 = Kaala Bhairava
| lyrics5 = M. M. Keeravani
| length5 = 2:53
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Tamil<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-2-conclusion-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1224879756|title=Baahubali 2 - The Conclusion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Maragadamani on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]] |date=9 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:10
| all_lyrics = [[Madhan Karky]]
| title1 = Bale Bale Bale
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], Mounima
| length1 = 3:24

| title2 = Orey Oar Ooril
| extra2 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]], Deepu
| length2 = 3:26

| title3 = Kanna Nee Thoongadaa
| extra3 = Nayana Nair
| length3 = 4:52

| title4 = Vandhaai Ayya
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| length4 = 3:32

| title5 = Oru Yaagam
| extra5 = Kaala Bhairava
| length5 = 2:56
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Hindi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bahubali-2-conclusion-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1223337622|title=Bahubali 2 - The Conclusion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M. M. Keeravaani on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]] |date=5 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:19
| all_lyrics = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| title1 = Jiyo Re Bahubali
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Sanjeev Chimmalgi]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 3:29

| title2 = Veeron Ke Veer Aa
| extra2 = Aditi Paul, Deepu
| length2 = 3:27

| title3 = Kanha Soja Zara
| extra3 = [[Madhushree]]
| length3 = 4:56

| title4 = Jay Jaykara
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length4 = 3:31

| title5 = Shivam
| extra5 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| length5 = 2:56
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Malayalam<ref name="apple.com1"/>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:04
| all_lyrics = [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| title1 = Bali Bali Bahubali
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:22

| title2 = Mukil Varna Mukunda
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:55

| title3 = Arkum Tholkathe
| extra3 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length3 = 3:31

| title4 = Ore Oru Raja
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length4 = 3:22

| title5 = Oru Jeevan Bahuthayagam
| extra5 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length5 = 2:54
}}

== Background score ==
All music is composed and conducted by [[M.M. Keeravani]].

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 1''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/undefined|title=undefined|website=undefined}}</ref>
| title1 = Mahendra Baahubali Must Live
| length1 = 2:55
| title2 = The Mask and The Soldier
| length2 = 2:07
| title3 = Tattoo
| length3 = 1:35
| title4 = Bhalla and Bison
| length4 = 1:11
| title5 = Volcanic Words
| length5 = 2:35
| title6 = Man and Woman
| length6 = 3:20
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 2''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Mahishmathi.. Brace Yourself
| length1 = 2:27
| title2 = Undying Glory
| length2 = 2:54
| title3 = Rage 1
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Rage 2
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = The King and His Sword
| length5 = 3:59
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 3''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Baahubali - The Story
| length1 = 2:02
| title2 = Sivagami
| length2 = 0:37
| title3 = True Colours
| length3 = 1:58
| title4 = Kaalakeyas
| length4 = 1:01
| title5 = Old Tools New Plan
| length5 = 2:04
| title6 = Wkkb
| length6 = 4:30
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 4''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Agni Prasthham
| length1 = 0:58
| title2 = The Saviour
| length2 = 1:13
| title3 = Poison
| length3 = 1:18
| title4 = Sniffer Dog
| length4 = 1:05
| title5 = The Tour
| length5 = 1:34
| title6 = Compensation
| length6 = 0:40
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 5''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_k2QBRPA-1dJG3A8sSlhj1qyYuJ7UpRZRs|title=Baahubali Ost Vol-5 - Album by M.M. Keeravaani|via=music.youtube.com}}</ref>
| title1 = Devasena
| length1 = 1:33
| title2 = Kunthala
| length2 = 1:22
| title3 = Lust
| length3 = 0:50
| title4 = Killer Beauty
| length4 = 0:35
| title5 = Wrong Path
| length5 = 0:58
| title6 = Word Against Sword
| length6 = 1:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 6''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Love At First Fight
| length1 = 1:52
| title2 = Master Plan
| length2 = 1:58
| title3 = He Is The Man
| length3 = 1:32
| title4 = Revealed Identity
| length4 = 1:14
| title5 = Royal Love
| length5 = 1:01
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 7''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Enter Mahishmathi
| length1 = 1:23
| title2 = The Court
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Greatest Honour
| length3 = 0:25
| title4 = My Wish Is Your Priority
| length4 = 1:29
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 8''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Please Leave Me
| length1 = 2:16
| title2 = Trap
| length2 = 2:04
| title3 = Stoned Heart
| length3 = 1:01
| title4 = Confession
| length4 = 1:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 9''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Lullaby Of Death
| length1 = 2:20
| title2 = Can You Ever Forgive Me?
| length2 = 0:58
| title3 = Birth Of An Avenger
| length3 = 3:56
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Baahubali (Original Soundtrack) - Volume 10''<ref name="auto"/>
| title1 = Message From Forgotten Past
| length1 = 2:12
| title2 = Hatha Praveera
| length2 = 0:38
| title3 = We Can't Afford To Lose
| length3 = 0:47
| title4 = Think Like Baahubali
| length4 = 1:23
| title5 = Sa Ho !
| length5 = 0:57
| title6 = Constitutional Advice
| length6 = 1:04
| title7 = War And Passion
| length7 = 1:04
| title8 = My Faith My Mentor
| length8 = 6:31
}}

==Critical reception==
''The Conclusion'' received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-the-conclusions-songs-are-raving-reviews/articleshow/57872081.cms|title='Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion's' songs are getting fantastic reviews - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 April 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''Firstpost'' writes, "It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that every song in the album is infused with so much emotion, pain and love that it's tough to handpick the best of the lot."<ref name=firstpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-music-review-keeravaani-weaves-magic-thats-as-grand-as-the-film-itself-3356248.html|title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion music review - Keeravaani weaves magic that's as grand as the film|date=28 March 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Further commenting on the theme, he writes, "One of the key aspects of the album is that each song is tied to a very particular situation in the film and it's unfair to alienate the song from what it tries to convey."<ref name=firstpost/> ''Bollywood Life'' rates the soundtrack 3.5/5 and writes, "Just as expected, MM Keeravani provides a majestic score for Baahubali 2, that suitably fits its grandeur and epicness."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/baahubali-2-music-review-mm-keeravani-composes-a-majestic-soundtrack-for-prabhas-and-rana-daggubatis-magnum-opus/|title=Baahubali 2 music review: MM Keeravani composes a majestic soundtrack for Prabhas and Rana Daggubati's magnum opus|first=Sreeju|last=Sudhakaran|date=28 March 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> ''India-West'' gives a rating of 3.5/5 and comments that the songs doesn't have the "instant appeal" and "lasting quality" of the songs in ''The Beginning'' but writes, "Overall, this is a better than the good score that will in all probability be perfect for the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie_reviews/bahubali-the-conclusion-music-review-immaculate-orchestration-sets-strong-melody/article_d80b22e6-2a9b-11e7-8904-9f96f93a3dca.html|title='Bahubali: The Conclusion' Music Review: Immaculate Orchestration Sets Strong Melody|first=R.M. VIJAYAKAR, Special to|last=India-West|work=India West|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221121815/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie_reviews/bahubali-the-conclusion-music-review-immaculate-orchestration-sets-strong-melody/article_d80b22e6-2a9b-11e7-8904-9f96f93a3dca.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vikram Venkateswaran of ''[[BloombergQuint]]'' claims that the songs are "infinitely better" than that of ''The Beginning'' and writes, "In keeping with the theme of the movie, the songs are simple, yet grand. The arrangement is devoid of unnecessary frills."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-music-review|title='Baahubali 2' Music Review: Saahore Daler Mehndi!|date=31 March 2017 |publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Prachi Kulkarni of ''[[Penske Media Corporation|India]]'' writes, "The audio juke box... will make you feel the wholeness of the film way before you see it on the silver screen."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/baahubali-2-music-review-prabhass-magnum-opus-music-is-vibrant-and-soulful-check-it-out-here-1996499/|title=Baahubali 2 music review: Prabhas's magnum opus' music is vibrant and soulful! (Check it out here)|first=Prachi|last=Kulkarni|date=5 April 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> Apoorva Nijhara of ''Pink Villa'' gave it a rating of 85/100 and writes, "From the setting of the musical arrangements to the singers, everything is just perfect."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/music/375198/baahubali-2-music-review-mm-keeravaani-kaala-bhairava-create-magical|title=Baahubali 2 Music Review: M.M. Keeravaani & Kaala Bhairava create a magical album for SS Rajamouli's film|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=27 March 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Baahubali}}{{M. M. Keeravani}}
[[Category:2017 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:M. M. Keeravani soundtracks]]
[[Category:Baahubali (franchise)]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Lahari Music soundtracks]]

Salguti Swarna Sudhakar

2026-04-26T12:45:31Z

Bandbaajabarat: added new article...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Salguti Swarna Sudhakar''' (born 1952)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amarchinta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/amarchinta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=S.Swarna Sudhakar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DEVARKADRA(MAHBUBNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=301 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She was a former Member of the Legislative Assembly from Amarchinta.

Swarna is from [[Mahabubnagar district]] of Andhra Pradesh. She married Sudhakar Reddy.<ref name=":1" />

Swarna became and MLA for the first time winning the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Amarchinta Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She polled 67,777 votes and defeated her nearest rival, K. Dayakar Reddy of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 13783 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Andhra Pradesh 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2004/andhra-pradesh/176/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2004/andhra-pradesh/176/27 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Assembly election]], she contested from [[Devarkadra Assembly constituency]] lost to [[Seetha Dayakar Reddy]] of the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-08 |title=Profile of Swarna Sudhakar – Devarakadra Constituency – hello ap |url=https://helloap.com/profile-swarna-sudhakar-devarakadra-constituency/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarna Sudhakar, Salguti}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram

2026-04-24T20:33:04Z

Bandbaajabarat: starting new info

{{Short description|43rd Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram (Retd)
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|43rd Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|M. M. Shrivastava]]
| term_start = 21 July 2025
| term_end = 27 September 2025
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|45th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 27 September 2024
| term_end1 = 20 July 2025
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 2013
| term_end2 = 26 September 2024
| education = B. Com., LLB., M.L.,
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]], Mumbai, [[King's College, London]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|09|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| website =
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala|S. V. Gangapurwala]]|[[R. Mahadevan]] {{small|(acting)}}|[[D. Krishnakumar]] {{small|(acting)}}}}
| successor1 = [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|M. M. Shrivastava]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram''' also known '''K.R.Shriram''' (born 28 September 1963) is a retired Indian judge who served as Chief justice of [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-07-21 |title=Justice KR Shriram assumes office as Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/justice-kr-shriram-assumes-office-as-chief-justice-of-rajasthan-high-court-1503460550.html |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre notifies appointment of Chief Justices for eight high courts |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-notifies-appointment-of-chief-justices-for-eight-high-courts/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> He has also served as a judge of [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2024/09/202409211166893007.pdf | accessdate=22 September 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Siriram was born on 28 September 1963 in [[Mumbai]] to Kalpathi Rajendran of Kerala state.<ref>https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTE5</ref> Siriram studied [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Financial Accountancy and Management) and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[University of Mumbai]]. He later obtained a master's degree in maritime law from [[King's College London|King's College]] [[London]].

==As lawyer==
Siriram enrolled as an advocate in the Maharashtra and Goa Bar Association on 3 July 1986, to practice law. Then he took practice with Senior Advocate S. Venkateswaran as a junior lawyer. In the next year, he individually attended cases related to commercial matters with specialization in Shipping and International Trade Law.<ref>{{cite web | title=JUSTICE K.R. SHRIRAM (KALPATHI RAJENDRAN SHRIRAM) |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTE5 |website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in/}}</ref>

==As judge==
Siriram was appointed as additional judge of the Bombay High Court on 21 June 2013 and confirmed as permanent judge of the Bombay High Court on 2 March 2016. The Centre notified the appointment of K. R. Shiriram as Chief Justice of Madras High Court on September 21, 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-notifies-the-appointments-of-chief-justices-in-eight-high-courts/article68668498.ece | accessdate=22 September 2024| title=Centre notifies the appointments of Chief justices in eight High Courts| newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-22 |title=Centre names CJs for eight high courts, day after Supreme Court prod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-names-cjs-for-eight-high-courts-day-after-supreme-court-prod/articleshow/113559410.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 26 May 2025 the Supreme Court collegium recommended swapping the chief justices of Rajasthan High Court and Madras High Court<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Tamil Nadu Bar federation thanks CJI, govt for justice K R Shriram's transfer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-bar-federation-thanks-cji-govt-for-justice-k-r-shrirams-transfer/articleshow/122491995.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and subsequently he was transferred<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=Madras high court Chief Justice KR Shriram transferred to Rajasthan HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-chief-justice-kr-shriram-transferred-to-rajasthan-hc/articleshow/122442878.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Chief Justice of [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-05-28 |title=Collegium Recommends Transfer Of Four HC Chief Justices |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/collegium-recommends-transfer-of-four-hc-chief-justices-enn25052802798 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Collegium Recommends Transfer of Chief Justices of Madras and Raj HC |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/sc-collegium-recommends-transfer-of-chief-justices-of-madras-and-raj-hc |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shriram, kalpathi rajendram}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]

Mrigendranath Dutta

2026-04-24T15:58:01Z

Bandbaajabarat: added some data w/ refs!

{{short description|Bengali revolitionary (1911-1933)}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrigendra Dutta
| image = Freedom fighter Mrigendra Nath Dutta.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|27 October 1915}}
| birth_place = Paharipur, [[Midnapore ]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age text|3 September 1933|27 October 1915}}
| death_place = [[Midnapore Medical College]], [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| known =
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| known for =
| citizenship =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mrigendranath Dutta''' (27 October 1915 – 3 September 1933) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019 {{Dead link|date=April 2026}}</ref>

== Family ==
Mrigen was born in Paharipur village, [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] in 1915. His father name was Beni Madhab Dutta. He completed his early education from [[Midnapore Town School]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements|last=Ujjwal Kumar Singh|date= 2009|publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352801626}}</ref>

== Revolutionary activities ==
After the murders of two previous [[District Magistrate]]s James Peddy and Robert Douglas, no British officer was ready to take charge of [[Midnapore district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|volume=I|first1=Subodhchandra |last1=Sengupta |first2=Anjali |last2=Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://biplabisabyasachi.com/paschim-medinipur/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/|title=Historic Day |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Bernard E. J. Burge was posted in [[Midnapore district]]. Members of the Bengal Volunteers: [[Ramkrishna Roy]], [[Brajakishore Chakraborty]], [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], Kamakhya Charan Ghosh, Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnananda Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury, Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo, Santi Gopal Sen, Sailesh Chandra Ghose, [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] and Mrigendra Dutta decided to assassinate him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার
|first= Madhumanti |last=Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= January 1, 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref> Roy, Chakraborty, [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]] and Dutta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> planned to shoot Burge dead while he was playing in a football match ([[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt|Bradley-Birt football tournament]] Corners Shield Competition.) at the police grounds of [[Midnapore]]. Actually the magistrate was a member of both Calcutta football Club and Calcutta cricket Club present time [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]].On 2 September 1933 during the half time of the football match on the police parade ground, Burge was shot and killed by Panja and Dutta. Panja was killed instantly by one of Burkes' bodyguards. Dutta was also shot and died in hospital the next day.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N. |last=Chopra |volume=I|year=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=9788123021805}}</ref> Anath Bondhu Panja and Mrigendra Dutta were acquitted on the charge of murder of Magistrate Burge,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rammanohar Lohia|volume=9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="midnapore-volunteers">{{cite web |title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html |website=www.midnapore.in |access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mrigendra Dutta died in the Midnapore Sadar Hospital now Midnapore Medical College and Hospital on the next day i.e. 2 September 1933.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2696808|title=Assassination Of Mr. B.E.J. Burge, I.C.S.|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-4): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961
|last= Srikrishan 'Sarala'|publisher=Ocean Books|year=1999|isbn=9788187100157 |location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Mrigendra}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Palam Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:49Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding the article basic info - done

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palam
| mla = [[Kuldeep Solanki]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 37
}}
'''Palam Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
The present geographical structure of Palam constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Palam is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] (Earlier it was under the erstwhile [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi parliamentary constituency]]) along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Dharam Dev Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Mahendra Yadav (Indian politician)|Mahender Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dharam Dev Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Kuldeep Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=1|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Palam<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Palam">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Palam |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0537.htm |access-date=18 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072109/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0537.htm |archive-date=18 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Palam Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Palam Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/palam |access-date=18 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/palam |archive-date=18 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kuldeep Solanki]]|votes=82,046|percentage=50.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Joginder Solanki|votes=73,094|percentage=44.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mange Ram Solanki|votes=4,697|percentage=2.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent |candidate=Prashant Chauhan |votes=302|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,119|percentage=0.69|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8,952|percentage=5.50|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,62,615|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Palam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| votes = 92,722
| percentage = 59.15
| change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Vijay Pandit
| votes = 60,010
| percentage = 38.26
| change = +3.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Geeta
| votes = 786
| percentage = 0.50
| change = -0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Nirmal Kumar Singh
| votes = 552
| percentage = 0.35
| change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 848
| percentage = 0.54
| change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 32,765
| percentage = 20.89
| change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,56,982
| percentage =63.37
| change = -1.64
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +3.19
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Palam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| votes = 82,637
| percentage = 55.96
| change = +29.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharam Dev Solanki
| votes = 51,788
| percentage = 35.06
| change = +1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Madan Mohan
| votes = 10,529
| percentage = 7.13
| change = -8.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ranbir Singh Solanki
| votes = 900
| percentage = 0.60
| change = -18.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Dalip Kumar
| votes = 488
| percentage = 0.33
| change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 475
| percentage = 0.32
| change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 30,849
| percentage = 20.90
| change = +14.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,47,708
| percentage =65.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +29.17
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Palam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharm Dev Solanki
| votes = 42,833
| percentage = 33.30
| change = -10.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Bhavna Gaur]]
| votes = 34,661
| percentage = 26.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Madan Mohan
| votes = 24,862
| percentage = 19.33
| change = -3.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vinay Mishra
| votes = 19,531
| percentage = 15.18
| change = -15.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Youth Party
| candidate = Neeraj Kr Sharma
| votes = 3,631
| percentage = 2.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 903
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,372
| percentage = 6.51
| change = -7.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,28,822
| percentage = 63.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -10.82
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Palam<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharam Dev Solanki
| votes = 40,712
| percentage = 44.12
| change = -3.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mahender Yadav
| votes = 28,119
| percentage = 30.47
| change = -14.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Madan Mohan
| votes = 21,014
| percentage = 22.77
| change = +18.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Bhairav Dutt Dhyani
| votes = 659
| percentage = 0.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahesh Kumar
| votes = 600
| percentage = 0.65
| change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samata Party
| candidate = Chanchal Sharma
| votes = 349
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Mohan Pal Sankhla
| votes = 307
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pawan Kumar
| votes = 259
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
| candidate = Deepak Kumar
| votes = 258
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,593
| percentage = 13.65
| change = +11.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 92,277
| percentage = 58.8
| change = +10.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -3.83
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Palam<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharam Dev Solanki
| votes = 43,521
| percentage = 47.95
| change = +7.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sumesh
| votes = 41,204
| percentage = 45.40
| change = -3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = L C Sharma
| votes = 3,496
| percentage = 3.85
| change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harish Chander Jha
| votes = 488
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (United)
| candidate = Anil Kumar Chand
| votes = 463
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Govind Singh Negi
| votes = 361
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Virendar
| votes = 263
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Labour Party (Secular)
| candidate = Kirpa Shankar Verma
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mam Chand Singh
| votes = 170
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajpal Singh Khokhar
| votes = 166
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
| candidate = Kiran Brahmi
| votes = 151
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Stephen Verghese
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahesh Kumar
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Krishan Lal
| votes = 72
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,317
| percentage = 2.55
| change = -5.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 90,754
| percentage = 48.77
| change = +2.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +7.58
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Palam<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mahender Yadav
| votes = 32,699
| percentage = 48.62
| change = +15.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharam Dev Solanki
| votes = 27,152
| percentage = 40.37
| change = -0.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jasbir Singh Solanki
| votes = 2,196
| percentage = 3.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sarnam Singh Pal
| votes = 1,889
| percentage = 2.81
| change = +0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Mahender Yadav
| votes = 1,869
| percentage = 2.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Avdesh Tiwari
| votes = 829
| percentage = 1.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Shivan Bansal
| votes = 473
| percentage = 0.70
| change = +20.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Swaroop
| votes = 126
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parveen Kumar
| votes = 25
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,547
| percentage = 8.25
| change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 67,258
| percentage = 46.31
| change = -12.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +15.49
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Palam<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dharam Dev Solanki

| votes = 20,671
| percentage = 41.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mukhtyar Singh
| votes = 16,613
| percentage = 33.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Sukhbir Singh Solanki
| votes = 10,655
| percentage = 21.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Tikam Singh
| votes = 1,233
| percentage = 2.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Rattan Doohan
| votes = 336
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 204
| percentage = 0.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Delhi Poorvanchal Party
| candidate = Madhav Pathak
| votes = 162
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Mukt Bharat
| candidate = Randhir Singh
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rama Shankar Singh
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sukhbir Singh
| votes = 60
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Shyam Sunder
| votes = 49
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,058
| percentage = 8.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 50,138
| percentage = 58.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.592|77.090|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Taoru Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:38Z

Bandbaajabarat: added a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
'''Taoru '''was an Assembly constituency in the [[Nuh district]] (then Mewat district) of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. It used to be under the [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Taoru
| type = SLA
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2005
| electors = 1,51,648
| mla = Constituency abolished
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district = [[Mewat district|Mewat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| reservation =
}}
The constituency was later merged into the [[Sohna Assembly constituency]] which under the [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]. The [[Political families of Haryana#Tayyab Husain Clan of Mewat|Tayyab Hussain clan]] had been elected from this constituency the greatest number of times.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kabir Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1984^ || rowspan=3 | [[Tayyab Husain]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress (J)]]
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1988^ || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Suraj Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Sahida || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|}

^By-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahida |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,194 |percentage=31.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zakir Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,230 |percentage=30.51% |change={{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,653 |percentage=22.64% |change={{decrease}}15.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,464 |percentage=7.77% |change={{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leela Wati |party=Independent politician |votes=7,534 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=791 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=964 |percentage=0.89% |change= {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,914 |percentage=71.82% |change= {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,648 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zakir Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,126 |percentage=49.82% |change={{increase}}28.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,916 |percentage=38.55% |change={{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,279 |percentage=4.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidayat Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,262 |percentage=4.71% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharamvir |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,786 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,210 |percentage=11.27% |change= {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,582 |percentage=73.12% |change= {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,261 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,995 |percentage=35.06% |change={{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zakir Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,480 |percentage=21.60% |change={{increase}}17.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aftab Ahmad |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=16,844 |percentage=19.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,054 |percentage=8.24% |change={{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,100 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh S/O Dhoop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,615 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamrudin |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,195 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Yakub Khan |party=Samata Party |votes=1,602 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,515 |percentage=13.46% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,564 |percentage=71.26% |change= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,909 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zakir Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=28,513 |percentage=39.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,613 |percentage=30.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Janata Party |votes=9,024 |percentage=12.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Yakub Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,716 |percentage=11.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,336 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanahiya Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=375 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,900 |percentage=8.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,117 |percentage=70.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,282 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Lokdal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= 1988 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election: Taoru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayab Hussain |party=Lokdal |votes=43,207 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,606 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Premi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,657 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habib |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,601 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayab Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,873 |percentage=53.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=30,839 |percentage=39.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subrabi Khan |party=Lokdal |votes=4,883 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,034 |percentage=13.99% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,846 |percentage=79.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,957 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= 1984 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election: Taoru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayab Hussain |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=25,570 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabir Ahmad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,387 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=11,919 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. M. Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,004 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabir Ahmad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,531 |percentage=30.50% |change={{increase}}7.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=13,687 |percentage=23.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hammid Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=12,079 |percentage=21.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,033 |percentage=10.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Raj Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=3,744 |percentage=6.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,509 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liaka |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usman Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=495 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dutt |party=Communist Party of India |votes=481 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Giasi |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,844 |percentage=6.69% |change= {{decrease}}27.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,477 |percentage=70.83% |change= {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,683 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}26.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Taoru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khurshed Ahmed |party=Janata Party |votes=27,167 |percentage=57.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayab Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,913 |percentage=23.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,642 |percentage=9.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal Dagar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,751 |percentage=7.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sopat Rai Bodh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=427 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,254 |percentage=34.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,454 |percentage=69.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,654 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|28.22|N|76.95|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Macherla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:31Z

Bandbaajabarat: added first stub more to come!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}{{About|the assembly constituency|the 2022 Telugu-language film|Macherla Niyojakavargam}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Macherla
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (101-Macherla highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Macherla Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| constituency_no = 101
| reservation = None
| electors = 250,330
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Macherla Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01101.htm|title=Assembly Election 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> He clinched victory with a record-breaking majority of 33,318 votes, marking the highest margin in the history of Macherla thus far. Additionally, this stands as the largest majority in General Elections within Palnadu district. As of 2019, there are a total of 250,330 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Macherla mandal|Macherla]]
|-
| Veldurthi
|-
| Durgi
|-
| Rentachintala
|-
| Karempudi
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Macherla Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q24949698,Q59203345,Q59203467,Q59203556,Q59203678"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Mandapati Nagi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mudavathu Kesavanayakudu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Venna Linga Reddy
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Julakanti Nagi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician) }}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Challa Narapa Reddy
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Korrapati Subba Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Nattuva Krishnamurthy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Nimmagadda Sivarama Krishnaprasad
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Kurri Punna Reddy (Palnadu Puli)
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Julakanti Durgamba
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Pinnelli Laxma Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Macherla">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01101.htm|title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Macherla|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024|accessdate=27 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627195330/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01101.htm|archivedate=27 June 2024}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link| YSR Congress Party
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
|votes = 1,22,413
|percentage = 55.62
|change = {{up}}13.62
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]|votes=89,095|percentage=40.48|change={{down}}11.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramachandra Reddy Yeramala|votes=2,237|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,746|percentage=0.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,318|percentage=15%|change={{up}}4.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,19,763|percentage=83.75|change={{down}}1.21}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,62,404|change = }} {{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing = {{up}}13.63
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]|votes=1,10,406|percentage=52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Annapureddy Anji Reddy|votes=88,488|percentage=42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,918|percentage=10.30%|change=|change}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=212,733|percentage=84.96|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,403|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu desam party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]|votes=94,249|percentage=48.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kommareddy Chalama Reddy|votes=90,714|percentage=47.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,535|percentage=1.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=193,482|percentage=81.21|change=+5.89}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,236|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Macherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]|votes=79,751|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chirumamilla Madhu Babu|votes=64,272|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,479|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pinnelli Ramakrishna Reddy]]|votes=66,953|percentage=44.03|change=-16.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]|votes=58720|percentage=37.60|change=+3.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Manganti Sudhakar|votes=16,386|percentage=10.78|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,785|percentage=6.43|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,861|change = }}
{{Election box turnout||votes=152,051|percentage=75.32|change=+5.28}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pinnelli Lakshma Reddy|votes=70354|percentage=60.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]|votes=39688|percentage=34.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30666|percentage=26.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=115,396|percentage=70.06|change=+3.88}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,721|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Julakanti Durgamba]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=54,128|percentage=50.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pinnelli Laxma Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=52,177|percentage=48.37%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,951 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=111,933|percentage=68.67%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,006|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kurri Punna Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=53,108 |percentage=50.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sundara Ramireddy Pinnelli]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=46,634|percentage=44.44%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,474 |percentage=6.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=107,672|percentage=69.34%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,284 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nimmagadda Sivarama Krishna Prasad]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=47,538 |percentage=51.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Krishnamurthy Nattuva]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,761|percentage=46.68%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,777 |percentage=5.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,644|percentage=62.78%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,744|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Krishnamurthy Nattuva]] |party= Indian National Congress|votes=40,822 |percentage=48.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayaramaiah Vattikonda]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=39,118|percentage=46.76%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,704|percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,702|percentage=71.05%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,215 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Korrapati Subba Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=45,206 |percentage=65.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Challa Narapa Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,040|percentage=27.58%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,166 |percentage=37.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=70,302|percentage=62.95%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,681 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Challa Narapa Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress (I)|votes=27,350 |percentage=39.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Karpurapu Kotaiah]]|party=Janata Party|votes=21,958|percentage=31.73%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nagireddy Julakanti]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=18,625|percentage=26.91%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,392 |percentage=7.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=71,318|percentage=68.59%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,970 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) |loser= Independent (politician) |swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nagireddy Julakanti]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=36,738 |percentage=58.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venna Linga Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,569|percentage=41.04%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,169 |percentage=17.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,704|percentage=69.35%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,858 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venna Linga Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,277 |percentage=41.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nagireddy Julakanti]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=23,197|percentage=41.58%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=80 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=58,929|percentage=68.19%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,420 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla (ST)<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Muadavathu Kesavanayakudu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=21,283 |percentage=54.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Madigani Devadattu]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=18,127|percentage=46.00%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,156 |percentage=8.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=41,121|percentage=55.96%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,479 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Macherla<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Mandapati Nagireddy]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=10,657 |percentage=36.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kurumula Rangamma]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,386|percentage=28.43%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,271 |percentage=7.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=29,497|percentage=54.53%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,095 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Palnadu district}}

{{coord|16.48|79.44|region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Palnadu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Koratagere-Madhugiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:07Z

Bandbaajabarat: starting new stub

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koratagere-Madhugiri
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Koratagere-Madhugiri Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || R. Chennigaramiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Mudduramaiah
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koratagere-Madhugiri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Chennigaramiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,590 |percentage = 22.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mudduramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,067 |percentage = 20.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Mukkannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,257 |percentage = 12.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bhimaiah |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,163 |percentage = 10.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Sivanna |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,986 |percentage = 10.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,477 |percentage = 8.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hanumanthaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,959 |percentage = 6.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. P. Nabhirajaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,742 |percentage = 5.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Sreenivasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,416 |percentage = 4.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,333 |percentage = 9.21% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,657 |percentage = 48.30% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,657}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,467 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.593957|77.235629|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

T Parimelazhagan

2026-04-13T07:00:57Z

Bandbaajabarat: added a article...

{{Short description|Indian botanist (born 1973)}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = T. Parimelazhagan
| image = Parimelazhagan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|16}}
| birth_place = [[Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu]], India
| field = Plant Physiology, Phytomedicine, Pharmacology, Bioprospecting of medicinal plants
| workplaces = [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]
| website = {{url|https://b-u.ac.in/}}
}}

'''T. Parimelazhagan (Dr Parimelazhagan Thangaraj)''' is currently working as a professor and head of the Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=http://irins.inflibnet.ac.in/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Parimelazhagan |url=https://b-u.ac.in/users/parimelazhagan}}</ref> He also serves as the director of the Centre for Research and Technology Development at Bharathiar University, overseeing research initiatives and fostering technological advancements. Additionally, he plays a key role as the Deputy Coordinator for RUSA, contributing to the academic development of his host institution.<ref name=":1" /> He is known for his expertise in phytomedicine and bioprospecting of medicinal plants.<ref name=":0" /> He has committed his research to analysing and isolating various phytocompounds and evaluating the valuable properties of traditional medicinal plants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Parimelazhagan Thangaraj |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=ixLdtSMAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Parimelazhagan completed his graduation (1990–1993) from St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Trichy and PhD from Bharathiar University under the guidance of Prof. K. Francis, a well known plant physiologist. After, he joined as a Scientist at Defence Research & Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Ladakh. He has also worked as a Scientist at Rubber Research Institute of India, Ministry of Commerce, Meghalaya. In 2008, he joined Bharathiar University as a Reader to fulfilling his dream of becoming a teacher. He was awarded the prestigious Raman Fellowship for Post-Doctoral Research in 2014 for Indian scholars in the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Hawaii by University Grand Commission, Govt. of India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He was recently awarded a Doctor of Science degree in botany from Periyar University, reflecting his distinguished achievements and expertise in the field. Added to the credits, he had authored quite a few books and book chapters in his field of specialisation. His innovative research outcomes were converted into patents,<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Feb 3, 2022 |title=pheomelanin: Bu Researchers Synthesise Pheomelanin Pigment From Bacteria, Granted Patent {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/bu-researchers-synthesise-pheomelanin-pigment-from-bacteria-granted-patent/articleshow/89309729.cms |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and three patents were granted to him. He has more than 110 research publications in international and national peer-reviewed journals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BotanyPh.D |first=Parimelazhagan ThangarajBharathiar University · Department of |title=Parimelazhagan THANGARAJ {{!}} Professor (Full) {{!}} Ph.D {{!}} Bharathiar University, Coimbatore {{!}} Department of Botany |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Parimelazhagan-Thangaraj |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-8949 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=orcid.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology,<ref>{{Cite web |author=K. Sambath Kumar|date=Oct 4, 2021 |title=Bharathiar University faculty member nominated as the fellow of Royal Society of Biology {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/bharathiar-university-faculty-member-nominated-as-the-fellow-of-royal-society-of-biology/articleshow/86756026.cms |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> London, U.K.
* Fellow of the Linnean Society (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof T. Parimelazagan - Elected as fellow of The Linnean Society of London {{!}} Bharathiar University |url=https://b-u.ac.in/prof-t-parimelazagan-elected-fellow-linnean-society-london |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=b-u.ac.in}}</ref> London
* National Science Day Medal 2005 by DRDO, India<ref name=":1" />
* Laboratory Scientist of the Year award 2005 by DRDO, India<ref name=":1" />
* Raman Post Doctoral Fellowship by University Grand Commission, Govt. of India<ref name=":1" />
* Mid - Career Award, University Grants Commission, New Delhi

== Books coauthored/edited ==
* S.K. Dwivedi & T. Parimelazhagan (Eds). 2009. Seabuckthorn ''Hippophae'' spp.: The Golden Bush. Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite book |title=Seabuckthorn (hippophae spp.) : the golden bush |date=2009 |publisher=Satish Serial Pub. House |others=Sanjai K. Dwivedi |isbn=978-81-89304-60-7 |location=Delhi |oclc=277477705}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan, S.Manian & M.Pugalenthi (Eds). 2011. Herbal perspectives: Present and Future. Satish Serial Publishing House, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Herbal perspectives : present and future |date=2011 |publisher=Satish Serial Pub. House |others=T. Parimelazhagan, S. Manian, M. Pugalenthi |isbn=978-81-89304-91-1 |location=Delhi |oclc=741247606}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2012. Herbal drug research: Recent Trends and Progress: A research close to nature. LAP LAMBERT [[Academic publishing|Academic Publishing]], Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Herbal drug research : recent trends & progress : a research close to nature. |date=2011 |publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Pub |others=Parimelazhagan Thangaraj |isbn=978-3-8465-5801-0 |location=Saarbrucken |oclc=795990022}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan (Ed.). 2013. Traditional Herbal Medicine. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Traditional herbal medicine |date=2013 |publisher=Pointer Publishers |others=T. Parimelazhagan |isbn=978-81-7132-743-0 |location=Jaipur |oclc=854947575}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2013. Turning Plants into Medicines – Novel Approach. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite book |title=Turning plants into medicines : novel approaches |date=2013 |others=T. Parimelazhagan |isbn=978-93-89571-64-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1243275186}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2013. Scientific Basis of Herbal Medicine. Astral International (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India<ref>{{Cite book |title=Scientific basis of herbal medicine |date=2013 |others=T. Parimelazhagan |isbn=978-93-5130-154-7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=864675624}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2015. Modern Methods in Phytomedicine. Astral International (P) Ltd, New Delhi. India<ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern methods in phytomedicine |date=2015 |others=T. Parimelazhagan |isbn=978-93-5124-663-3 |location=New Delhi |oclc=913461219}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2016. Pharmacological Assays of Plant - Based Natural Products. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thangaraj |first=Parimelazhagan |title=Pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products |date=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-26811-8 |location=Cham |oclc=933784422}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2018. Medicinal Plants: Promising Future for Health and New Drugs. [[CRC Press]], [[Taylor & Francis]] Group, Broken Sound Parkway, NW.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parimelazhagan |first=Thangaraj |title=Medicinal Plants : Promising Future for Health and New Drugs. |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-351-04651-0 |edition=First |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=1022758866}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan. 2020. Phytomedicine: Research and Development. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Phytomedicine : research and development |date=2020 |others=T. Parimelazhagan |isbn=978-1-003-01489-8 |edition=First |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=1152525823}}</ref>
* T. Parimelazhagan, L.J.Q. Junior & N. Ponpandian. 2022. Nanophytomedicine: An Emerging Platform for Drug Delivery. CRC Press.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ponpandian |first=Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo Jose Quintans Junior, N. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9781003231745/nanophytomedicine-parimelazhagan-thangaraj-lucindo-jose-quintans-junior-ponpandian |title=Nanophytomedicine: An Emerging Platform for Drug Delivery |date=2022-10-10 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-23174-5 |location=Boca Raton |doi=10.1201/9781003231745}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parimelazhagan, T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Bharathiar University]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2022}}

Preeti Singh Shaktawat

2026-04-11T19:54:36Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding first biography v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Preeti Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
| image =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]]
| term_start = November 2021
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = [[Gajendra Singh Shaktawat]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Preeti Singh Shaktawat''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Congress opts for MLA's spouse for Vallabhnagar bypoll, BJP goes for a new face |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/congress-opts-for-mla-s-spouse-for-vallabhnagar-bypoll-bjp-goes-for-a-new-face-101633615143383.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar constituency]] in [[Udaipur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS20155.htm?ac=155 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Panhala Bawda Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:39Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding the page and citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panhala Bawda
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 56,427
| mla = Sawant Atmaram Pandurang
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Panhala Bawda Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was added to [[Panhala Assembly constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sawant Atmaram Pandurang || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panhala Bawda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Atmaram Pandurang |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,158 |percentage = 30.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sasane Dnyanu Joti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,077 |percentage = 25.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sadashiv Doulatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,903 |percentage = 24.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raorane Appasaheb Atmaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,686 |percentage = 8.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rane Vasudeo Murari |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,575 |percentage = 7.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Namdeo Dnyanoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 590 |percentage = 2.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,081 |percentage = 5.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,989 |percentage = 35.42% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,989}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,427 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Sujay Solomon Sutherson

2026-04-07T20:39:57Z

Bandbaajabarat: added new stub

{{short description|Indian-born Singaporean convicted of killing his mother in 2012}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Sujay Solomon Sutherson
| image = Sujay Solomon Sutherson.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 2012 police mugshot of Sujay Solomon Sutherson
| birth_date = {{circa|1981}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2022|09|08|41}}
| death_place = [[Changi General Hospital]], Singapore
| resting_place =
| alias =
| allegiance =
| motive =
| charge = 1st charge: [[Murder]] of Mallika Jesudasan
| conviction = [[Manslaughter]] (one count)
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment in Singapore|Life imprisonment]]
| conviction_status = Died during incarceration in 2022
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents = Mallika Jesudasan (mother) Unnamed father
| children =
}}
'''Sujay Solomon Sutherson''' ({{circa|1981}} – 8 September 2022) was a [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] prisoner who was convicted of the manslaughter of his mother Mallika Jesudasan in 2012. Sujay, who was born in [[India]] but emigrated in Singapore at age 15, was charged with murdering his mother,<ref>{{cite news |title=男子被控杀母|language=zh |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao|date=30 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man charged with mother's murder at Bukit Batok |newspaper=The New Paper|date=30 May 2012}}</ref> after he was arrested for using three knives to slit his mother's throat before attempting to decapitate her, and disposed of her body in a suitcase. Sujay was found to be suffering from [[paranoid schizophrenia]] and it severely impaired his mental responsibility at the time of the murder, which allowed Sujay's murder charge to be reduced to manslaughter on the grounds of [[diminished responsibility]]. After a five-day trial in 2015, Sujay was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to [[Life imprisonment in Singapore|life imprisonment]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian-Origin Man Jailed for Life for Killing Mother in Singapore|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/indian-origin-man-jailed-for-life-for-killing-mother-in-singapore-1218213 |newspaper=NDTV|date=16 September 2015}}</ref> On 8 September 2022, seven years after he was sentenced, Sujay died at the age of 41 due to [[septicemia]] while serving his sentence at [[Changi Prison]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian-origin man guilty of killing mother dies in Singapore prison|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/indian-origin-man-guilty-of-killing-mother-dies-in-singapore-prison-497298 |newspaper=Tribune India |date=14 April 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
===Childhood and emigration to Singapore===
Sujay Solomon Sutherson, the eldest of three children, was born in [[India]] in 1981. His father was an affluent businessman based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], while his mother Mallika Jesudasan was an [[Indian Singaporeans|ethnic Indian-Singaporean]] who hailed from [[Singapore]]; his parents married through the arrangement of
Sujay's maternal grandparents in 1979, and his mother settled in India with her husband. Mallika's mother died in 1981 while Mallika's father, who remarried to a divorcee with three children, died in 2001.<ref name="My nephew">{{cite news |title='My nephew killed my sis but I can't blame him' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/my-nephew-killed-my-sis-but-i-cant-blame-him |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=30 August 2015}}</ref>

By the mid-1990s, the business of Sujay's father floundered, and due to this, Sujay's mother Mallika decided to move back to Singapore for better job prospects, and for the sake of providing her children better education, Sujay and his two younger siblings (a brother and sister) were brought back to Singapore by their mother; Sujay was 14 or 15 years old at the time when he first set foot into his mother's birth country, and he obtained [[Singaporean nationality law|Singapore citizenship]] sometime after emigrating there. Sujay, his siblings and mother were taken in by Mallika's younger sister Leela, and in addition to a domestic helper and Leela's elder son, the seven of them lived together in a four-room flat in [[Bukit Batok]], and Mallika became a church secretary. Sujay's parents divorced barely two years after Mallika and their children moved back to Singapore. At the time of her death in 2012, Mallika worked as a public relations coordinator.<ref name="My nephew"/>

Sujay, who was eloquent and had a love for [[cricket]], reportedly struggled in his late teens, but he eventually completed his university studies and graduated with an arts degree from the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS).<ref name="My nephew"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Man who slit his mum's throat sentenced to life imprisonment|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/man-who-slit-his-mums-throat-sentenced-life-imprisonment |newspaper=TODAY |date=15 September 2015}}</ref>

===Psychiatric problems===
According to his family, Sujay's behaviour began to change in 2005, and eventually, at age 26, Sujay was diagnosed with [[paranoid schizophrenia]], and although his family tried their best to help him and take care of him, it was reportedly a challenge as Sujay did not adhere to his medication and did not accept that he was mentally ill.<ref name="My nephew"/><ref name="SGHC 292">{{cite web|title=Public Prosecutor v Sutherson, Sujay Solomon [2015] SGHC 292|url=https://www.elitigation.sg/gdviewer/s/2015_SGHC_292 |website=Supreme Court judgements |date=6 November 2015}}</ref>

Based on hospital records, in May 2006, Sujay was first hospitalized at the [[Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)|Institute of Mental Health]] (IMH) for 11 days after he was arrested for waving knives at his uncle, and was prescribed with [[Antipsychotic|antipsychotic medication]]. Initially, after his discharge, Sujay regularly attended his follow-up sessions, but he began to default on them in October 2006. Sujay was once again taken by his family members to the IMH in June 2007, after they reported that he had behaved in a hostile manner towards them, and he was hospitalized for about a month. Sujay went for follow-up check-ups in the next three years and six months, but he once again skipped his treatment thereafter. In February 2011, Sujay's mother and uncle observed that he had a relapse, but Sujay refused to accept treatment or even antipsychotic injections. In the following months, Sujay's family found that Sujay's condition had deteriorated and that they suspected that he had not been taking his medication regularly.<ref name="SGHC 292"/>

==Murder of Mallika Jesudasan==
===Fatal stabbing===
On 27 May 2012, at their flat in [[Bukit Batok]], 31-year-old Sujay Solomon Sutherson murdered his 56-year-old mother Mallika Jesudasan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman murdered in her Bukit Batok flat |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

Sheena (aged 31 in 2015), Sujay's sister, last seen her mother alive at 6.30pm when she left the flat to meet a friend, and at that point of time, Mallika was left alone at home with her elder son Sujay. According to Sujay, Mallika asked him for money after they had their dinner on that fateful day, but he turned down her request and proceeded to the kitchen to wash his plate. Sujay said that when he did so, Mallika grabbed his hair and scratched him, and allegedly, Mallika tried to undress her son, wanting to get intimate with him, and this caused Sujay to react by picking up a knife with a blue handle from the kitchen counter and plunged the knife into Mallika's neck. Afterwards, with the knife still embedded in her neck, Mallika staggered back towards her bedroom and tried to reach for the phone. Sujay, who took a second knife from the kitchen and caught up with Mallika, and stabbed his mother in her throat in order to stop her from using the phone. The second stabbing causing her to collapse, but despite being mortally wounded, Mallika writhed on the floor for some time and spoke unintelligibly. Seeing this, Sujay once again headed to the kitchen to retrieve a silver butterfly knife and in Sujay's own words, he did not want to get "attacked again", and so he used the third knife to slit his mother's throat. As a result of her wounds, 56-year-old Mallika Jesudasan died on the spot.<ref name="SGHC 292"/><ref name="suitcase">{{cite news |title=Man accused of killing mum and stuffing her into suitcase|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-accused-killing-mum-and-stuffing-her-suitcase |newspaper=The New Paper |date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian-origin Singaporean found guilty of killing mother|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-origin-singaporean-found-guilty-of-killing-mother-115081200515_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard|date=12 August 2015}}</ref>

===Concealment of body and arrest===
After staring at her body for a period of time, Sujay decided to dispose of the body. He first wrapped Mallika in bedsheets and blankets, covered her with some old newspapers and poured alcohol from a vodka bottle and a bottle of rice wine, and used a stove lighter to set fire to his mother's corpse. However, it failed as the fire only could burn parts of Mallika's clothing before it died out. Undeterred by his failure, Sujay wrapped the body up in more bedsheets and blankets before he dragged the body from his mother's bedroom to his own bedroom. He finally hid the body under his bed after he re-arranged some of the items beneath the bed. Sujay mopped the floor in order to clear away the bloodstains from the flat. While he was in the midst of cleaning, his younger brother Sunil returned home and found the door locked from the inside. Although Sujay pacified his brother by stating that he would open the door once he finished cleaning the house, Sunil found it strange as Sujay never did any house-cleaning. After a few minutes, Sujay allowed his brother into the flat, and it was then dawned upon Sunil that his mother was missing, without knowing that his brother had killed their mother hours earlier.<ref name="SGHC 292"/><ref>{{cite news |title=精神病长子弑母图烧尸|language=zh |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao|date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

After failing to reach his mother by phone, Sunil contacted his sister and uncle and sought their help to look for Mallika, and according to Sujay's uncle, when he reached the flat, he noticed that his sister's bedroom floor was wet, and he also saw pieces of burnt fabric and paper in the kitchen. Despite his suspicions, Sujay's uncle and his sister's two younger children walked around the neighbourhood to search for Mallika, they were still unable to locate Mallika. Upon returning to the flat, Sujay's uncle detected a strong detergent-like odour coming from one of the rags found in the toilet. He also noticed blood on the hand of his elder nephew, who lied to his uncle that he last saw his mother at the [[void deck]] after he passed her the food he bought from downstairs. Subsequently, Sujay's uncle and brother both went into Sujay's bedroom (which he shared with his brother), and they noticed a suitcase from underneath Sujay's bed. Sujay arrived to stop his uncle, but it was too late as the uncle discovered a pair of Mallika's legs sticking from under the bed.<ref name="SGHC 292"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mentally ill man fatally stabs mother with three knives before hiding her body in suitcase|url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/mentally-ill-man-fatally-stabs-mother-three-knives-hiding-her-body-suitcase/ |newspaper=Coconuts |date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

After making the grisly discovery, Sujay's uncle immediately put two and two together and confronted Sujay, and told Sujay's siblings to call the police. However, Sujay turned violent and demanded that his uncle and siblings hand over their phones. Sujay's uncle got into a scuffle with Sujay while Sujay's siblings managed to slip away; Sheena hid in her bedroom and called the police while Sunil rushed to a nearby police station to seek help. A team of officers, led by Senior Staff Sergeant Mohamed Jasmani Bin Mohamed Hassan, arrived at the flat soon after the siblings lodged a police report. It was at that point, Sujay finally confessed that he actually murdered his mother over an argument, and for this, Sujay was arrested on suspicion of murdering his mother after another team of policemen, led by Senior [[Station inspector|Station Inspector]] Riduan Bin Hamid, arrived to apprehend Sujay for the crime.<ref name="SGHC 292"/><ref name="suitcase"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Accused: I stabbed mum in self-defence|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/accused-i-stabbed-mum-self-defence |newspaper=The New Paper |date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Many neighbours were shocked to hear about the murder, with one of them stating that Mallika was a "warm and friendly woman" who greeted them and would give them cookies during [[Chinese New Year]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Loud bangs' from flat of woman found murdered|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/today20120529-1.2.25.3 |newspaper=TODAY |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

==Murder charge==
On 29 May 2012, 31-year-old Sujay Solomon Sutherson was charged with the murder of his mother Mallika Jesudasan in a district court. Under Singaporean law, Sujay would be [[Capital punishment in Singapore|sentenced to death]] by [[hanging]] if he was found guilty of murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man charged with mother's murder |newspaper=The Straits Times|date=30 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lelaki dihadapkan ke mahkamah atas tuduhan bunuh ibu sendiri|language=Malay|newspaper=Berita Harian|date=30 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ELDEST SON ACCUSED OF KILLING WOMAN|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/today20120530-1.2.27.5.2 |newspaper=TODAY |date=30 May 2012}}</ref> On 5 June 2012, a week after he was first charged, Sujay was remanded for his pre-trial psychiatric evaluation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Psych test for murder accused |newspaper=The Straits Times|date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

On 2 October 2013, the charge of murder against Sujay was reduced to [[culpable homicide]] not amounting to murder (equivalent to manslaughter in Singapore's legal context), a lesser offence that warranted either [[Life imprisonment in Singapore|life imprisonment]] or up to 20 years' jail with a possible fine or [[caning in Singapore|caning]]. The reduction of the murder charge allowed Sujay to escape the death penalty for murdering his mother, although the prosecution requested for additional psychiatric tests to determine if he was of sound mind at the time of the killing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man accused of causing mother's death escapes gallows|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/man-accused-causing-mothers-death-escapes-gallows |newspaper=TODAY |date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==Trial and appeal==
===Trial hearing===
On 6 July 2015, three years after he killed his mother, 34-year-old Sujay Solomon Sutherson stood trial at the [[High Court of Singapore|High Court]] for the manslaughter of his 56-year-old mother Mallika Jesudasan.<ref>{{cite news |title=3把刀疯狂割喉弑母星洲精神分裂子受审|url=https://hk.on.cc/int/bkn/cnt/news/20150708/bknint-20150708171136841-0708_17011_001_cn.html|language=zh |newspaper=Oriental Daily News|date=8 July 2015}}</ref> The trial was presided over by [[Judicial Commissioner]] Hoo Sheau Peng (aged 45 in 2015), who was reportedly the first female judge of the High Court to preside over criminal cases in the High Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoo Sheau Peng scores a first for female judges|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hoo-sheau-peng-scores-a-first-for-female-judges |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=9 September 2015}}</ref> Sujay was not represented by a lawyer during his trial, while the prosecution was led by Deputy Public Prosecutor (DPP) Kumaresan Gohulabalan.<ref name="SGHC 292"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian-Origin Singaporean Found Guilty of Killing Mother|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/indian-origin-singaporean-found-guilty-of-killing-mother-1206455 |newspaper=NDTV|date=12 August 2015}}</ref>

During the trial itself, Dr Kenneth Koh, a government psychiatrist, presented his psychiatric report to the court. Dr Koh's report revealed that Sujay had suffered a relapse of his paranoid schizophrenia during the brutal attack, and having referred to Sujay's medical history, he found that the condition had severely deteriorated over the next few years since Sujay's first diagnosis in 2006, due to Sujay refusing to accept treatment, and Dr Koh also assessed that the condition had severely impaired his mental responsibility at the time of the murder, and Sujay, who appeared capable of concealing his symptoms in everyday life, was a "dangerous individual" who posed a risk to himself and others should he continue to not follow up on his treatment and medication. Sujay's younger brother Sunil (aged 28 in 2015) stated that he witnessed his brother throwing away his medication, flushing his pills down the toilet and throwing them into the rubbish chute. Dr George Paul, a forensic pathologist, testified that based on his autopsy findings, Mallika died from multiple stab wounds to the neck and either one of the injuries inflicted by Sujay on his mother would have been sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man accused of fatally stabbing mother in the neck|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-accused-of-fatally-stabbing-mother-in-the-neck |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="SGHC 292"/>

Sujay elected to give his defence when it was called. Sujay testified that on the date of the murder, his mother had started it all and hence he killed her. He testified that he was forced to kill her in self-defence due to Mallika scratching his face during the quarrel and wanted to undress him, and even disputed portions of his police statement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Errors in my police statement, says man accused of killing mum|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/errors-my-police-statement-says-man-accused-killing-mum |newspaper=The New Paper |date=9 July 2015}}</ref> However, the prosecution refuted Sujay's claims, stating that his testimony was ought to be rejected, given that there was no right to Sujay's claim of private defence against Mallika's alleged acts, and even if these acts really took place, it "did not cause the accused (Sujay) to reasonably apprehend death or grievous hurt", and Sujay could have simply chose to report the matter to the police rather than resorting to drastic violence. DPP Kumaresan also pointed out that Sujay had taken meticulous steps to conceal the body and clean up the home to hide the evidence, and even lied to his family members about the deceased's whereabouts, and they also brought the court's attention to the relapse which Sujay suffered at the time of the homicide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man guilty of fatally stabbing mum|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-guilty-fatally-stabbing-mum |newspaper=The New Paper |date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="SGHC 292"/>

===Conviction and life sentence===
On 11 August 2015, after a trial lasting five days, Judicial Commissioner Hoo Sheau Peng delivered her verdict. She found 34-year-old Sujay Solomon Sutherson guilty of the manslaughter charge, after she rejected Sujay's claims of having killed his mother in self-defence. She pointed out that even if Sujay's account was accepted, Sujay had no right to self-defence, and it was only entitled to those who faced with assault that is likely to cause death or grievous hurt. Judicial Commissioner Hoo also said that after stabbing his mother the first time, Sujay would have expected that his mother would die from the injury and would not have reasonably expected her to pose as a danger to him, and hence the second stabbing that happened afterwards could only point to the fact that Sujay had "deliberately" attacked and killed his mother in a sinister manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Prosecutor v Sutherson, Sujay Solomon [2015] SGHC 292|url=https://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/Portals/0/Docs/Judgments/[2015]%20SGHC%20292.pdf |website=Singapore Law Watch |date=6 November 2015|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man stabbed mum and slit her throat with 3 knives|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-stabbed-mum-and-slit-her-throat-with-3-knives |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=12 August 2015}}</ref> A sentencing hearing was scheduled to take place in September 2015, the following month after Sujay's conviction.<ref>{{cite news |title=弑母精神病男子罪成法官不接受自卫理由下月初判刑|language=zh |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao|date=12 August 2015}}</ref>

In their final submissions, the prosecution sought the maximum sentence of [[Life imprisonment in Singapore|life imprisonment]], arguing that the case had "shocked the conscience" due to the cruelty and violence, and Sujay was a danger to society as he was "unpredictable, lacked insight into his mental illness", and was able to disguise his symptoms due to his above-average intelligence. The brutal and grisly manner of the killing and the meticulous steps which Sujay took to conceal his mother's death, as well as Sujay's "callous disregard for human life" were among the aggravating factors highlighted by the prosecution in favour of a life sentence, and they cited that placing Sujay in a controlled environment would be essential to make sure he was given consistent treatment for his condition. In response, Sujay make his own arguments, repeating the defence he raised in court and also pointed out that the precedent cases cited by the prosecution for sentencing had a "level of premeditation that was not present" in his case.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siau|first1=Ming En|title=Man who slit his mum's throat sentenced to life imprisonment|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/cy-man-who-slit-mum-s/2129376.html|access-date=5 June 2024|agency=Channel NewsAsia|date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131104058/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/cy-man-who-slit-mum-s/2129376.html|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian-origin man gets life-term for matricide in Singapore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Indian-origin-man-gets-jail-for-matricide-in-Singapore/article60206714.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

On 15 September 2015, Judicial Commissioner Hoo issued her decision, sentencing 34-year-old Sujay Solomon Sutherson to life in prison. Judicial Commissioner Hoo found that the conduct of Sujay and nature of his offence was "grave enough to require a long sentence", and based on Sujay's "unstable character", his refusal to acknowledge his mental condition, and history of paranoid schizophrenia, the judge ruled that Sujay should be jailed for life for the protection of the public. In view of Sujay's psychiatric condition, Judicial Commissioner Hoo decided to not impose [[Caning in Singapore|caning]] for Sujay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man gets life sentence for fatally stabbing his mother|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-gets-life-sentence-for-fatally-stabbing-his-mother |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian-origin man jailed for life for killing his mother|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150916/world-asia/article/indian-origin-man-jailed-life-killing-his-mother |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=弑母毁尸精神病男子判终身监禁|language=zh |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao|date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

===Dismissal of appeal===
On 28 November 2016, Sujay appealed to the [[Court of Appeal of Singapore|Court of Appeal]] against his life sentence. Without a lawyer, Sujay made his own arguments before the appellate court's three-judge panel – [[Chief Justice of Singapore|Chief Justice]] and two Judges of Appeal [[Chao Hick Tin]] and [[Tay Yong Kwang]] – and asked that his sentence should be overturned. Not only did Sujay once again brought up the previous arguments of self-defence (which were raised during his trial), Sujay additionally accused his mother for having stabbed him in the head with a knife, and stated that it caused him to kill his mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man who slit his mother's throat loses appeal against lifetime jail
|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/man-who-slitted-his-mothers-throat-loses-appeal-against-lifetime-jail-124705230.html |newspaper=Yahoo News |date=28 November 2016}}</ref>

The prosecution refuted this new claim, stating that it was their first time hearing Sujay making this statement, and the judges concurred by pointing out that a medical examination found no injuries on Sujay at the time of his arrest, which disputed his claim of being stabbed by his mother, and hence they rejected this new claim, in addition to Sujay's trial defence. The Court of Appeal also ordered that Sujay's psychiatric condition should be monitored during his time of imprisonment, and agreed that a lengthy jail term was warranted to keep him institutionalized to ensure Sujay's compliance with his regime. Chief Justice Menon, in dismissing the appeal, described that the offence was "brutal in nature with disastrous consequences" and added that there was a "sufficient likelihood of recurrence" due to Sujay's psychiatric condition and hence, the appellate court confirmed both the manslaughter conviction and life sentence in Sujay's case.<ref>{{cite news|last1= Chelvan|first1=Vanessa Paige|title=Apex court upholds life sentence for man who slit mother's throat|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/apex-court-upholds-life-sentence-for-man-who-slit-mother-s/3324644.html|access-date=5 June 2024|agency=Channel NewsAsia|date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129143314/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/apex-court-upholds-life-sentence-for-man-who-slit-mother-s/3324644.html|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Imprisonment and death==
===Prison life and medical issues===
After his sentencing, Sujay Solomon Sutherson was incarcerated at [[Changi Prison]], where he was serving his life term, which was backdated to the date of his remand on 29 May 2012. Sujay was provided with medical care due to his psychiatric condition during his period of incarceration. Over the next seven years, Sujay would face another set of health problems, mainly [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], and [[sensory ataxia]] – a loss of body coordination due to a nerve impairment. Despite the weakness in his limbs, a prison officer noted that Sujay generally did not require physical assistance and had been independent, although he sometimes used a walking frame or wheelchair to move around.<ref name="Coroner">{{cite news |title=Coroner rules out foul play in death of inmate serving life term after killing mother |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/man-who-killed-mother-in-2012-dies-of-blood-poisoning-while-serving-life-sentence-coroner |first=Samuel|last=Devaraj|newspaper=The Straits Times |date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

In August 2022, the tenth year of his imprisonment, Sujay experienced a fall due to his weak limbs. Over the next two weeks, Sujay would have two more falls, and on 5 September 2022, he was referred to a doctor for his weakness of limbs; he told the doctor that he would feel dizzy before each fall and he also vomited three times that day, had speech difficulties, and found it hard to swallow. The prison doctor diagnosed Sujay with low blood pressure, and he found that not only did Sujay had weakness in his limbs, his face appeared to be deformed on the right side and he was dehydrated, and his speech was also slurred while his mouth was dry. Sujay was subsequently taken to [[Changi General Hospital]] (CGH) and admitted to the intensive care unit, where the doctors diagnosed him with [[septic shock]], which was caused by an infection as a result of Sujay's low blood pressure, and his blood pressure level was dangerously low.<ref name="Coroner"/>

===Death and coroner's inquiry===
On 6 September 2022, merely a day after Sujay was admitted to Changi General Hospital, the prison authorities were notified by the hospital staff that Sujay was critically ill. Despite the treatment for septic shock, Sujay's condition did not improve, and he was gravely ill to the extent that the doctors found it unsuitable for them to investigate the source of the sepsis. Sujay eventually died from [[multiple organ failure]] as induced by [[Sepsis|septicaemia]] (blood poisoning) on 8 September 2022. At the time of his death, Sujay Solomon Sutherson was 41 years old and he had served ten years, three months and ten days behind bars.<ref name="Coroner"/>

On 30 March 2023, a [[coroner]]'s inquiry was held to hear the case of Sujay's death and issued its verdict. State Coroner Adam Nakhoda ruled out the possibility of foul play in his judgement of Sujay's death, and concluded that Sujay died of natural causes while serving his life sentence. It was also reported that Sujay's uncle, who regularly visited his nephew once every three weeks, did not raise any issues regarding the medical attention Sujay underwent while in jail or his living conditions at Changi Prison, and Sujay's surviving kin did not raise any issues with regards to his hospitalization.<ref name="Coroner"/>

==Aftermath==
In the aftermath of Sujay's sentencing, Sujay's uncle Daniel Jesudasan agreed to speak to the media about his nephew. He stated that in spite of the horrific end his sister met, he still loved his nephew and described him as a "well-behaved child of above-average intelligence" who was thoughtful and considerate, and he revealed that despite the knowledge of his condition, the whole family was shocked over the violence that Sujay exhibited in the killing of his mother. Sujay's uncle, who was the only family member to be present in the courtroom during his nephew's sentencing trial, continued to visit him in prison up until Sujay's death in 2022. In the three years since the incident, Sujay's siblings have also renovated the flat and continued to live there; the both of them were unable to attend the sentencing hearing of their brother due to one of them having work commitments while the other was overseas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man jailed for life for killing mum was 'thoughtful', says uncle|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/man-jailed-life-killing-mum-was-thoughtful-says-uncle |newspaper=The New Paper |date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Life imprisonment for schizophrenic man who stabbed his mum and tried to decapitate her|url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/life-imprisonment-schizophrenic-man-who-stabbed-his-mum-and-tried-decapitate-her/ |newspaper=Coconuts |date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

Aside from this, Daniel, Mallika's younger sister Leela, their childhood friend Munidasa Winslow (a veteran psychiatrist) and a former IT professional Eric [[Lee Meng]] Kai set up a mental welfare group in November 2012, which advocated and raised the awareness of mental health in Singapore, and ran self-help support groups for those living with mental illness and addictions. Mallika's two siblings and Dr Winslow also set up a non-profit organization in memory of Mallika, and this group oversaw the construction of orphanages in [[Nepal]] to help the children in need.<ref name="My nephew"/>

==See also==
*[[Life imprisonment in Singapore]]
*[[List of major crimes in Singapore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Murder in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Singapore]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Singapore]]
[[Category:Life imprisonment in Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Singapore]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Singaporean people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Singaporean people convicted of manslaughter]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of matricide]]

Varanasi–Chhapra line

2026-04-05T15:08:00Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Short description|Railway route on the North Eastern Railway section of Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Varanasi–Chhapra line with Aunrihar–Mau–Phephna branch line
| image = Ballia Railway Station.jpg
| caption = [[Ballia railway station]] is an Important railway station lies on Varanasi–Chhapra line
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gangetic Plain]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}
| stations =
| open = 15 March 1909 (Main) 15 March 1899 (Branch)
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| linelength = Main line {{convert|206|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Aunrihar–Mau–Phephna branch line {{convert|118|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks =
| electrification = Yes
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| old_gauge = {{track gauge|1000mm}} [[Metre-gauge railway|Metre gauge]]
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation =
| map = {{Varanasi–Chhapra line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Varanasi–Chhapra line''' or '''Chhapra–Varanasi line''' is a railway route on the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] section of [[Indian Railways]]. This route plays an important role in rail transportation of [[Varanasi division]] and [[Azamgarh division]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state and [[Saran division]] of [[Bihar]] state.

The corridor passes through the [[Gangetic Plain]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] with a stretch of 206 km with consists of a branch line that starts from {{stnlnk|Aunrihar Junction}} with passing through {{stnlnk|Mau Junction}} and Ends at {{stnlnk|Phephna Junction}} with a stretch of 118 km.

==History==
The main railway line from {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Varanasi City}} was originally built by [[Bengal and North Western Railway]] company as [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge line]] during the 19th and 20th century also. This line was opened in different phases during the construction period.

* The first phase, between Chhapra Junction to Revelganj halt was opened on 15 April 1891.
* The second phase, between Revelganj Halt to Manjhi was opened on 1 April 1899.
* The third phase, between Manjhi to Bakulha was opened on 7 February 1912.
* The fourth phase, between Bakulha to Ballia was opened on 12 May 1899.
* The fifth phase, between Ballia to Phephna Junction was opened on 13 March 1899.
* The Sixth phase, between Phephna Junction to Ghazipur Ghat was opened on 10 March 1903.
* The Seventh Phase, between Ghazipur Ghat to Aunrihar Junction was opened on 15 March 1909.
* The Eighth Phase, between Aunrihar Junction to Varanasi City was also opened on 15 March 1909.

Whereas the branch line between Aunrihar Junction to Phephna Junction was opened in two phases during the construction period. The First phase between Aunrihar Junction to Mau Junction was opened on 15 March 1899 and the second phase between Indara Junction to Phephna Junction was also opened on 15 March 1899.<ref name=ner>{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650|title= Indian Railways history |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

After that, this line was transferred from the initial jurisdiction to Oudh Tirhut Railway, after the amalgamation of: [[Bengal and North Western Railway]], the Tirhut Railway, Mashrak-Thawe Extension Railway, Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway Company on 1 January 1943.{{fact|date=August 2021}}

Later, on 14 April 1952, this line was transferred to the jurisdiction of [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]], after the amalgamation of Oudh Tirhut Railway and Assam Railway Company.<ref>[https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,283 North Eastern Railway], Retrieved 17 May 2019</ref>

After that, the conversion into {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] was completed through different phases starting from the first phase between Varanasi City to Indara Junction at 1990, and the second phase between Aunrihar Junction to Chhapra Junction at 1996 and another phase between Indara Junction to Phephna Junction at 1999.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637 | title = Varanasi Division | publisher = North Eastern Railway | access-date = 24 May 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637 | archive-date = 9 January 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===Electrifiction===
The electrification trial and inspection on Varanasi–Chhapra line was completed in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 Dec 2018|title=छपरा से बलिया के बीच इलेक्ट्रिक इंजन का ट्रायल, ट्रेन ने 45 मिनट में पूरी की 66 किमी की दूरी|language=hi|work=[[Amar Ujala]] newspaper online edition|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/electric-engine-trial-from-chapra-to-ballia|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

==List of trains Passing through this line==
===Main===
* [[Lichchavi Express]]
* [[Chhapra–Lucknow Junction Express]]
* [[Ganga Kaveri Express]]
* [[Swatantra Senani Superfast Express|Swatantra Senani Express]]
* [[Darbhanga–Varanasi City Antyodaya Express]]
* [[Sadbhavna Express (via Sitamarhi)]]
* [[Sadbhavna Express (via Sagauli)]]
* [[Loknayak Express]]
* [[Tapti Ganga Express]]
* [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Weekly Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Darbhanga Pawan Express|Pawan Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh–Amritsar Express]]
* [[Harihar Express]]
* [[Sarnath Express]]
* [[Chhapra–Varanasi City Intercity Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express]]

===Branch===
* [[Chauri Chaura Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur–Manduadih Intercity Express]]
* [[Kashi Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur–Pune Weekly Express]]
* [[Durg–Nautanwa Express (via Varanasi)]]
* [[Krishak Express]]
* [[Shalimar (Howrah) Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Chhapra line}}
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Transport in Chhapra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]

Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew

2026-03-31T01:51:07Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Short description|British Civil servant who was killed by the retainers of Diwan Mulraj Chopra}}
{{Distinguish|Patrick Agnew (civil servant, born 1868)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew
| image = Patrick Vans Agnew, Ferezopore, photograph by John McCosh, 1848.jpg
| caption = Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew, photograph by [[John McCosh]] - Ferezopore 1848
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1822|04|21}}
| birth_place =
| alias =
| occupation =
| works =
| citizenship =
| relatives = Lt Col Patrick Vans Agnew (father)
| children =
| years_active =
| awards =
| signature =
}}
'''Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew''' (22 April 1822 – 21 April 1848) was a British civil servant of the [[East India Company]], whose murder in April 1848 during the [[Siege of Multan (1848–1849)|Siege of Multan]] by the retainers of [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Dewan Mulraj]] led to the [[Second Sikh War]] and to the British annexation of the [[Punjab region]].

==Background==
Vans Agnew was born on the 22nd of April 1822 and was the second son of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Vans Agnew, a [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] officer of considerable reputation, and afterwards a director of the East India Company.

==East India Company==
After a very successful career at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College#History|Haileybury College]], where he gave evidence of superior talent and of judgment and force of character in advance of his years, Agnew joined the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] civil service in March 1841, and in the following year commenced his official life as assistant to the commissioner of the [[Delhi Territory|Delhi Division]]. In December 1845 he was appointed assistant to Major [[George Broadfoot]], the superintendent of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]], and was present at the [[Battle of Sobraon]] early in 1846. He was subsequently employed in settling the boundaries of the territory of Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]], the new ruler of [[Kashmir]], and in a mission to [[Gilgit]].

===Annexation of Hazara===
At the conclusion of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846 the Lahore Durbar ceded the territories of Kashmir and Hazara to the [[East India Company]], the Company in turn were to turn over these territories to Gulab Singh, however in 1847 Gulab Singh formally returned Hazara to the Lahore government in exchange for territory near Jammu. The Lahore government was now under British control and influence and Captain James Abbott was appointed to assess, administer and pacify [[Hazara region|Hazara]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/gaz-hazara-1883/page/33/mode/2up - Gazetteer of the Hazara District 1883-4 Punjab by Punjab Government]</ref>

Vans Agnew's role in the region was to assist Abbott, take part in negotiations and help settle the border with Kashmir, in June 1847 Vans Agnew was en route to the area to settle with the [[Dhund (tribe)|Dhund tribe]] as part of the annexation - however in a journal entry dated 3 June 1847 Abbott wrote "Notice came to-day that Dewan Kurrum Chund having disobeyed the most positive prohibitions to move his troops further into the country of the Dhoonds, which Mr. Vans Agnew is actually en route to settle, had met with a shameful defeat from the armed peasantry." Abbott who was worried about this wrote the event could result in a general rising of the tribe.<ref>JOURNALS AND DIARIES OF THE ASSISTANTS TO THE RESIDENT AT LAHORE - No. 11.—Journal of Captain James Abbott, Boundary Commissioner, Punjaub, from 1st to llth June 1847.{{source-attribution}}</ref>

On 13 June Abbott, who had halted at the Hazara border town of [[Garhi Habibullah]] (claimed by Gulab Singh as part of Kashmir) for a few days, finally received Vans Agnew and wrote the following about this:
"I remained at this spot to enable Mr. Vans Agnew to rejoin me. During his absence all intercourse was cut off between us, for the Dhoonds, with whom that gentleman was negotiating, are too divided amongst themselves to be able to aid in the transmission of letters. I became rather anxious at Mr. Agnew’s protracted absence and silence, but on the evening of the 13th he joined my camp and gave me the particulars of his negotiation."<ref name="Abbott">JOURNALS AND DIARIES OF THE ASSISTANTS TO THE RESIDENT AT LAHORE - No. 12,—Journal of Captain James Abbott, Boundary Commissioner, Punjaub, from llth to 20th June 1847.{{source-attribution}}</ref>

After Vans Agnew provided details of the area and the relationship between the tribes, Abbott wrote "Mr, Vans Agnew recommends that roads be made along the ridges leading in two directions into the heart of the country so as to render the passage of an army comparatively certain. This appears to me very sound advice of its feasibility I can better judge when I shall know more of the country".<ref name="Abbott" />

According to Abbott - Vans Agnew described the Dhunds, with whom he been negotiating with as "intractable" and "conceited beyond measure".<ref name="Allen">Charles Allen, Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier, Hachette UK, 21 Jun 2012,</ref> Abbott noted in his journal that the tribes were "in a state of rebellion", and that the "[[Sayyid#South Asia|Syuds]] of the Dhoonds were [originally] conciliated by the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh Government]] with a jaghir and a yearly pension of 500 rupees, but this salary was extended to only two of the houses, and the third, Mhaitab Shah, was not provided for. He has come in to Mr. Agnew and lent him all the aid in his power, and I think it will be wise to follow Mr. Agnew’s suggestion and give him a salary of 250 rupees a year from the revenue of the Dhoond country on their return to allegiance."<ref name="Abbott" />

Abbott later updated his journal to record that he had heeded Agnew's advice - at "the suggestion of Mr. Vans Agnew, in which I concur, I have paid in advance to the Syuds, Syud Shah and Shuiff Shah, one half of their yearly pension commencing with the rain crops of the current year not yet collected and given them a [[wikt:پروانہ#Noun_2|purwana]] assuring them that, on the return to allegiance of the Dhoonds, their salary shall be punctually paid them. I have also granted a purwana to the Syud Mhaitab Shah promising him a salary of 250 rupees yearly on return of the Dhoonds to allegiance."<ref name="Abbott" />

==Deputation to Gilgit==
After settlings affairs in Hazara, which mainly seems to be negotiating with the Dhunds to ensure administration of the area remains peaceful and also providing Abbott with advice and recommendations (such as payments to the tribes, road widening for the army), Vans Agnew begins to leave the area en route to Gilgit.

On the 21 June 1847 Vans Agnew notes in his diary that he, "Marched in company with Captain Abbott from [[Agror]]e to Khakee in Pukli, having to cross a low pass," he stops at Khakee for the night with Abbott. The next day while Abbott took the road back to [[Mansehra]] Vans Agnew marched to "Gurhee in the Koonharaki-Durra, nearly 20 miles", he "found Maharajah Golab Singh’s forces on their way to Moozuffurabad".<ref name="Agnew">Diaries of Mr. P. A. Vans Agnew, Assistant to the Agent, Governor-General, North-West Frontier, On Deputation to Gilgit, in 1847.{{source-attribution}}</ref>

On 25 June Vans Agnew stopped at [[Muzaffarabad]] and was visited by Sooltan Hussein Khan, Agnew noted that Khan "complained that no attention had yet been paid to the grant of his [[Jagir|jageer]] and [[wikt:روزانہ#Noun|rozina]] obtained by me from Dewan Jowala Sahaie [Dewan Jwala Sahai] at Rawal Pindi. Saw Kurrurn Chand, Kardar, who admitted the fact. Reported on affairs here to the Agent."<ref name="Agnew" /> Dewan Jwala Sahai was Gulab Singh's Chief Minister.<ref>[https://ia600209.us.archive.org/6/items/gulabsingh179218031570mbp/gulabsingh179218031570mbp.pdf GULAB SINGH 1792- 1858 Founder of Kashmir BY K. M. PANIKKAR]</ref>

==Assassination in Multan==
[[File:Plate 3. The Edgah where Mr. Van Agnew & Lt. Andersen were murdered.jpg|thumb|The [[Eidgah|Eedgah]] under the walls of Multan, where Mr. Van Agnew & Lt. Anderson were murdered, sketched by John Dunlop MD of the 32nd Foot.]]
In the spring of 1848, being then assistant to the resident at [[Lahore]] [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Lawrence]], he was sent to [[Multan]] with instructions to take over the government of that province from [[Dewan Mulraj|Mulraj]], the [[Nazim]] or governor, who had applied to be relieved of it, and to make it over to Sardar Kahan Singh Mann, a Sikh noble sympathetic to British interests, remaining himself in the capacity of political agent to introduce a new system of finance and revenue. On this mission he was accompanied by Lieutenant William A. Anderson, of the [[Bombay Army|1st. Bombay Fusilier Regiment]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=G. |last2=Sudebar |first2=M. |title=The Expansion of British India (1818-1858) |date=1918 |publisher=G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. |pages=71 |url=http://ia801209.us.archive.org/5/items/lastdaysofcompan01andeuoft/lastdaysofcompan01andeuoft.pdf |access-date=8 June 2024 |quote=''Inscription on Monument in Multan'': Beneath this Monument lie the remains of PATRICK ALEXANDER VANS AGNEW, of the Bengal Civil Service and WILLIAM ANDERSON, Lieutenant, 1st Bombay Fusilier Regiment, Assistants to the Resident at Lahore, who, being deputed by the Governor to relieve, at his own request, Diwan Mulraj, Viceroy of Multan, of the fortress and authority which he held, were attacked and wounded by the garrison, on April 19, 1848; and being treacherously deserted by the Sikh escort, were, on the following day, in flagrant breach of national faith and hospitality, barbarously murdered in the Eedgah, under the walls of Multan. Thus fell these two young public servants at the ages of 25 and 28 years, full of high hopes, rare talents, and promise of future usefulness, even in their deaths doing their country honour. Wounded and forsaken, they could offer no resistance but hand in hand calmly awaited the onset of their assailants. Nobly they refused to yield, foretelling the day when thousands of Englishmen should come to avenge their death, and destroy Mulraj, his army and fortress. History records how the prediction was fulfilled. Borne to the grave by their victorious brother soldiers and countrymen, they were buried with military honours, here, on the summit of the captured citadel, on the 26th of January, 1849. The annexation of the Punjab to the British Empire was the result of the war, of which their assassination was the commencement.}}</ref> who had been his assistant on his mission to Gilgit, and also by Sardar Kahan Singh Mann, the governor designate, and an escort of Sikh troops. The mission reached Multan on 18 April 1848. On the following day Agnew and Anderson were visited by Mulraj, and some discussion, not altogether harmonious, took place as to the terms upon which the province should be given over, Agnew demanding that the accounts for the six previous years should be produced. On 20 April, the two English officers inspected [[Multan Fort]] and the various establishments, and on their return to their camp in company with Mulraj were attacked and wounded (Anderson severely) by the retainers of Mulraj, who immediately rode off at full speed to his country residence. The two wounded Englishmen were placed by their attendants in an idgah, or fortified mosque, where, on the following day, their Sikh escort having gone over to the enemy, they were brutally murdered by the adherents of Mulraj.
[[File:Plate 21. NE side of fort, Funeral procession of Vans Agnew and S. Andersen.jpg|thumb|NE side of the Multan fort, showing the funeral procession of Vans Agnew and Anderson.]]

Volume III of The History of India published in 1867 by Victorian historian and journalist [[John Clark Marshman]] describes the initial assault as follows:
"As they were returning from the fort and crossing the drawbridge, Mr. Agnew received a spear thrust under his arm, was thrown off his horse, and wounded in three places with a sword as he lay struggling with his assailant. Lieutenant Anderson was likewise suddenly surrounded and felled to the ground by assassins. Moolraj, who was riding side by side with Mr. Agnew at the time, immediately set spurs to his horse and rode off at full speed to his country residence, while the wounded officers were conveyed by their attendants to the Edgah. On the morning of the 20th, a brisk fire was opened upon it from the guns of the citadel, which was maintained throughout the day, and answered by the guns which had accompanied the party from Lahore. Mr. Agnew then despatched a letter appealing to the compassion of Moolraj, but he stated in reply that, although anxious to come to his assistance, he was restrained by the violence of his soldiery. He did not, however, refuse to allow them to fasten a war bracelet on his arm, and there could be no doubt of his complicity in this atrocious attempt to assassinate the British officers. Mr. Agnew and his companion were in hopes of being able to maintain their position until relief should arrive from Bunnoo or Bhawulpore, but their Sikh escort, which consisted of Goorkha soldiers, proved treacherous, and went" over to the enemy.<ref name="Marshman">The History of India VOL III by John Clark Marshman 1867 {{source-attribution}}</ref>

Marshman describes the men now abandoned by their escort "at the mercy of" what he describes as "a crew of howling savages", "Goojur Sing" is named as the man who "rushed upon Mr. Agnew, loaded him with the foulest abuse, and severed his head from his body at the third stroke, while the ruffians hacked Lieutenant Anderson to pieces. Their bodies were dragged out amid brutish yells; their heads were presented to Moolraj, and then tossed among the mob, filled with gunpowder, and blown to atoms."<ref name="Marshman" />

This incident, so important in its political results, produced a profound sensation throughout India. Both the murdered officers, though young in years (Agnew would have been twenty-six had he lived one day longer), had already established a high reputation in the public service. Anderson had some time previously attracted the favourable notice of Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]] in [[Sind Division|Sind]], and the duties upon which Agnew had been employed, including his last most responsible and, as the event proved, fatal mission, sufficed to show the high estimation in which his services were held. Nor was it only as a rising public servant that Patrick Vans Agnew's death was mourned. In private life his brave, modest, and unselfish nature had won the esteem and affection of all who knew him. "If," wrote Sir [[Herbert Edwardes]] to one of his nearest relatives, "few of our countrymen in this land of death and disease have met more untimely ends than your brother, it has seldom been the lot of any to be so honoured and lamented."

==Monument==
[[File:Patrick Alexender Monument.jpg|thumb|upright|Vans Agnew's monument and grave at Multan Fort.]]
{{main|Vans Agnew Monument}}
A monument was erected for Vans Agnew and Anderson, over their graves after the Siege of Multan. It stands in Ibne-Qasim Bagh, a park in [[Fort Kohna]], Multan, at {{coord |30|11|55|N|71|28|29|E|display=inline}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{DNB|wstitle=Agnew, Patrick Alexander Vans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnew, Patrick Alexander Vans}}
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]

[[Category:People murdered in 1848]]
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]

Amit Lodha

2026-03-28T21:18:54Z

Bandbaajabarat: Post

{{Short description|Indian author and police officer (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
|name = Amit Lodha
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|22 February 1974}}
|birth_place = [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India
|alma_mater = [[St Xavier's School, Jaipur]] [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
|notable_works = Bihar Diaries: The True Story of How Bihar's Most Dangerous Criminal Was Caught
|known_for = [[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]
|country = [[India]]
|cadre = [[Bihar]]
|service_years = 1998-present
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Additional director general of police]]
|spouse = {{Marriage|Komudi Tanu Lodha|1999}}
|badge_number = 19981029
|batch = 1998
|awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service. [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service. 
Police Antarik Suraksha Seva Padak
}}

'''Amit Lodha''' (born 22 February 1974) is a 1998 batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of [[Bihar]] Cadre, currently serving as Additional Director General of State Crime Record Bureau, assigned at [[Bihar]]. He has received several awards for his work. He is known for his book ''[[Bihar Diaries: The True Story of How Bihar's Most Dangerous Criminal Was Caught]].'' The web series ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]'' on [[Netflix]] is based on that book.<ref>{{Cite web |title=फिजिक्स और मैथ्स पसंद थे पर सपना था पुलिस अफसर बनने का IIT से पढ़े और बने IPS, राष्ट्रपति से भी मिल चुका अवॉर्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/story-of-ips-officer-amit-lodha-5931598.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodha |first=Amit |date=31 March 2021 |title=This IPS officer went from being an indifferent IIT student to (not) studying for the civil services |url=https://scroll.in/article/990988/this-ips-officer-went-from-being-an-indifferent-iit-student-to-not-studying-for-the-civil-services |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=3 December 2022 |title=बिहार के खाकी स्टार IPS अफसरबने सबके हीरो, अमित लोढ़ा की अनसुनी कहानी |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/videos/web-series-in-ott-platform-based-bihar-ips-officer-amit-lodha-bravery-au81-1589028.html |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Lodha: The IIT Grad Turned 'Super Cop' Behind Netflix's Khakee |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/web-stories/amit-lodha-the-iit-grad-turned-super-cop-behind-netflixs-khakee/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अपराधियों से लड़ते बनाई सुपर कॉप की छवि; जानिए कौन हैं बिहार के IPS अमित लोढ़ा, जिनके जीवन पर बनी वेब सीरीज - Web Series Khakee: Image of Super Cop created while fighting with criminals; Know who is IPS Amit Lodha of Bihar on whose real story of khakee web series Khakee- The Bihar Chapter made |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-image-of-super-cop-created-while-fighting-with-criminals-know-who-is-ips-amit-lodha-of-bihar-on-whose-life-web-series-is-made-23231826.html |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Lodha is a 1995 alumnus of [[IIT Delhi]] He joined the IPS in 1998. During his District Training, he was trained under IPS [[Gupteshwar Pandey]]. After the infamous Manikpur (Manipur) Village Massacre in 2006, Amit Lodha was posted in the newly created, [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura District]] of Bihar in 2006 by the then CM Nitish Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2006 |title=7 killed in village massacre - Four minors among dead |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/7-killed-in-village-massacre-four-minors-among-dead/cid/1644786 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2006 |title=After the killings, the transfers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/after-the-killings-the-transfers/articleshow/1540944.cms |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was instrumental in the nabbing and crackdown of Politically protected Ashok Mahto Gang during his tenure there. Lodha used his expertise in technology as an engineer to set-up Call Observation and Parallel Listening for members of the gang. During his investigation and intelligence gathering he discovered political backing by JDU leaders and party president [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]], Randhir Kumar Soni the then MLA of Sheikhpura to the [[Ashok Mahto gang|Ashok Mahto Gang]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the real Chandan Mahto, the dreaded gangster from Netflix's Khakee The Bihar Chapter? |url=https://www.dailyo.in/news/who-is-the-real-chandan-mahto-the-dreaded-gangster-from-netflixs-khakee-the-bihar-chapter-38067 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref> Mahto was arrested in 2006, while he was travelling to court; [[Bihar Military Police]] (BMP) officers carried out a procession in which Mahto, half-naked and bleeding, was dressed in garland of slippers. This incident proved controversial and the region's backward castes saw it as a punishment to the gangster for opposing Bhumihars. Mahto enjoyed considerable support among the [[Other Backward Class|backward classes]]; his public humiliation prompted questions such as; "Can the police humiliate an upper-caste gangster in a similar manner?".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2006 |title=On way to court, Bihar cops parade gangster with garland of slippers |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-court-bihar-cops-parade-gangster-with-garland-of-slippers/10698/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221204840/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/on-way-to-court-bihar-cops-parade-gangster-with-garland-of-slippers/10698 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

Amit Lodha was promoted to Deputy Inspector General of Police, CID in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2013 |title=IPS officers transferred in Bihar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ips-officers-transferred-in-bihar-113032600154_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Amit was also posted as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] and later promoted to IG in [[Border Security Force]] on central deputation in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2019 |title=जोधपुर निवासी अमित लोढ़ा ने राजस्थान फ्रंटियर के आईजी का पदभार ग्रहण किया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/bsf-rajasthan-frontier-head-office-at-jodhpur-ips-officer-amit-lodha-take-charge-as-ig-01574559.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2019 |title=Amit Lodha assumes charge as new BSF IGP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/amit-lodha-assumes-charge-as-new-bsf-igp/articleshow/69882228.cms |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Appointment of Shri Amit Lodha, IPS (BH:98), working as DIG BSF to the post of Inspector. General, BSF |url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/Amit106122018234.pdf }}</ref>

In March 2025, he was promoted to the rank of [[Indian Police Service|Additional Director General of Police]]. As of June 2025, Lodha is an [[Indian Police Service|Additional Director General of Police]] [ADG] rank officer at the State Crime Records Bureau in [[Bihar Police]].<ref>https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2025/03/bihar-govt-promotes-ips-amit-lodha-to-adg-rank/#:~:text=Patna%3A%20The%20Bihar%20government%20has,the%20State%20Crime%20Records%20Bureau.</ref>
[[File:Clare Mackintosh at Times LitFest in New Delhi with IPS officer Amit Lodha on left.jpg|thumb|right|[[Clare Mackintosh]] at Times LitFest in New Delhi with IPS officer Amit Lodha on left|230px]]

== Legal issues ==
In December 2022, Lodha was booked under several sections of [[Indian Penal Code]] and [[Prevention of Corruption Act]] for entering a commercial deal with [[Netflix India|Netflix]] as a government servant and writing the book ''Bihar Diaries'' without taking prior permission or approval from the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2022 |title=Khakee: The Bihar Chapter Review: बिहार के IAS और गैंगस्टर के बीच की जंग है 'खाकी', करण टैक्कर की जबरदस्त एक्टिंग ने जीता दिल |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/film-review/story/khakee-the-bihar-chapter-review-ips-amit-lodha-karan-tacker-bhojpuri-actor-ravi-kishan-avinash-tiwary-tmovb-1585895-2022-11-30 |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> Lodha has mentioned that he has done nothing wrong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Dipak |date=9 December 2022 |title=Bihar IPS officer who inspired 'Khakee' booked for Netflix deal, says 'did nothing wrong' |url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-ips-officer-who-inspired-khakee-booked-for-netflix-deal-says-did-nothing-wrong/1255713/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=Patna HC refuses to quash FIR against IPS officer Amit Lodha in DA case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/patna-hc-refuses-to-quash-fir-against-ips-officer-amit-lodha-in-da-case-101706012170723.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Controversy has also been created by the media that he was suspended but he has never been suspended, the government has also not released any statement regarding the suspension. He is still in service serving as Inspector General of Police, at State Crime Record Bureau, Bihar Police.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=IPS Officers of India |url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPS_Civillist_2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ips.gov.in/ips_civillist.aspx |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Indian Police Service |publisher=Ministry Of Home Affairs, Government of India |publication-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ashok Mahto gang]]
*[[Chandan Kushwaha]]
*[[Rajo Singh]]
*[[Anant Kumar Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodha, Amit}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Penguin Books people]]

Mehboob Kotwal

2026-03-28T18:13:53Z

Bandbaajabarat: added some info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian songwriter and poet}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehboob Kotwal
| image =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Bandra]] West, [[Mumbai]], India
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| occupation = Lyricist, writer
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'''Mehboob Kotwal''' (born 1961) known professionally simply as '''Mehboob''', is an Indian film lyricist.

==Early life==
Mehboob was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, where he also received his primary education, first in English and later in [[Urdu]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lyricist-mehboob-on-collaborating-with-ar-rahman-for-heropanti-2-working-with-him-is-like-working-with-a-brother/articleshow/83033663.cms?]</ref>

==Career==
In 1986, Mehboob met music composer [[Ismail Darbar]] who played violin in film orchestras those days. It was Darbar who taught him the difference between poetry and film lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981218/35250964.html |title=My First Break - Mehboob }}</ref> Darbar introduced Mehboob to filmmaker [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and he began his songwriting career with Varma's 1992 film [[Drohi (1992 film)|Drohi]] whose music was composed by [[R.D. Burman]]. He then worked with [[A.R. Rahman]] on Varma's [[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]. Rahman liked his work and introduced him to [[Mani Ratnam]] and Mehboob penned the lyrics for the Hindi (dubbed) version of [[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/16meh.htm The man who almost gave verse to Devdas]</ref> Mehboob went on to work with A.R. Rahman on films such as [[Thakshak]], [[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]] and Dubbed version of [[Kadhalar Dhinam|Dil Hi Dil Mein]]. He has also written lyrics for A.R. Rahman's non-film album [[Maa Tujhe Salaam (song)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]] as well as Mani Ratnam's [[Yuva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=9XM SoundcastE: Episode 106 With Mehboob Kotwal {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-news/9xm-soundcaste-episode-106-with-mehboob-kotwal/60bf4ea4e5c49b0e58cae5cc |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

Mehboob collaborated with Ismail Darbar on [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s 1999 film [[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]], and on [[Shakti - The Power]] in 2002. He has also written the lyrics for Kamaal Khan's Hindi pop album "Kal Raat" (2003) and [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]'s albums - [[Pal (album)|Pal]] and [[Humsafar (album)|Humsafar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title="People who listen to Hindi film music are craving for good poetry" – Mehboob |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/interviews/people-who-listen-to-hindi-film-music-are-craving-for-good-poetry-mehboob/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Planet Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*[[Drohi (1992 film)|''Drohi'']] (1992)
*[[Rangeela (1995 film)|''Rangeela'']] (1995)
*[[Bombay (1995 film)|''Bombay'']] (1995) - Hindi dubbed version
*[[Yash (1996 film)|''Yash'']] (1996)
*[[Daud (film)|''Daud'']] (1997)
*[[Vande Mataram (album)|''Vande Mataram'']] (1997) - Non-film album
*''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (1998)
*''[[Trishakti]]'' (1999)
*''[[Thakshak]]'' (1999)
*[[Rockford (film)|''Rockford'']] (1999)
*''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' (2000) - Hindi dubbed version
*''[[Khauff]]'' (2000)
*''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' (2001)
*''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' (2001)
*''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]'' (2001)
*''[[Bas Itna Sa Khwaab Hai]]'' (2001)
*''Desh Devi'' (2002)
*''[[Shakti - The Power]]'' (2002)
*''[[Baaz: A Bird in Danger]]'' (2003)
*''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Calcutta Mail]]'' (2003)
*[[Lakeer – Forbidden Lines|''Lakeer'']] (2004)
*''[[Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai|Uff Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai]]'' (2004)
*''[[Yuva]]'' (2004)
*''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) - Hindi dubbed version
*''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha]]'' (2006)
*[[Holiday (2006 film)|''Holiday'']] (2006)
*''[[Iqraar by Chance]]'' (2006)
*''[[Ek Chalis Ki Last Local]]'' (2007)
*''[[Apna Asmaan]]'' (2007)
*[[Contract (2008 film)|''Contract'']] (2008)
*''[[Tahaan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Halla Bol]]'' (2008)
*[[Sirf (film)|''Sirf'']] (2008)
*''[[Lamhaa]]'' (2010)
*''[[Muskurake Dekh Zara]]'' (2010)
*''Itra'' (2015)
*''[[Heropanti 2]]'' (2022)
*''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) - Hindi dubbed version

==Awards==
* 1996: [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent]] - ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0576392}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotwal, Mehboob}}
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

Frank McCallum (Indian Army officer)

2026-03-28T16:22:30Z

Bandbaajabarat: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[Brigadier]] '''Frank McCallum''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Military Cross|MC]], [[Deputy Lieutenant|DL]] (11 March 1900 – 14 July 1983) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer, landowner and local politician of [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent.

== Early life ==

Frank McCallum was born on 11 March 1900, the son of [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Donald McCallum, of [[Edinburgh]], an officer in the [[Royal Army Service Corps]]. He was educated at [[George Watson's College]], before entering the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]]. In 1932, he married Sybilla Mary de Symons, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]. She was a daughter of General Sir [[George Barrow (Indian Army officer)|George Barrow]], [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], and they had two sons, one of whom died before his father.<ref name="WhWaWh">[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U166979 "McCallum, Brig. Frank"], ''Who Was Who'' (online edition), Oxford University Press, 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</ref><ref>''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage'' (Kelly's, 1973), p. 2807
</ref> In 1961, their son George de Symons McCallum married Jennifer Cleland, daughter of Kenneth Cleland, of [[Bedford Park, London]].<ref>''The Times'' (London), 31 January 1961, p. 1</ref>

== Career ==

=== Indian Army ===
McCallum was commissioned into the [[British Army]] as an unattached [[second lieutenant]] on 20 December 1918; he was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] at the same rank on 31 March 1919, and was promoted to [[lieutenant]] that December.<ref name="half-yearly">[http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=89284125 ''Half-Yearly''], p. 428</ref> The same year, McCallum served in the [[Third Afghan War]], and subsequently in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier]] (1920–21, 1923, 1936 and 1937–39).<ref name="WhWaWh"/> Promotion to [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] on 20 December 1924 was followed by an appointment as [[aide-de-camp]] to the [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]] (October 1927 to March 1928).<ref name="half-yearly"/> Between 1934 and 1935, he was stationed at the Staff College in [[Quetta]],<ref name="WhWaWh"/> before being promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] in December 1936 and serving as a [[staff captain]] (February 1937 and December 1937) and a [[Brigade major|Brigade Major]] (December 1937 and December 1939).<ref name="half-yearly"/>

McCallum was a [[Staff (military)|general staff officer]] in the [[Meerut district|Meerut District]] from 1940 to 1941, before serving in [[Iraq]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Syria]] over the course of [[World War II]] and in 1946. In the meantime, he was a general staff officer with the [[8th Indian Division]] between 1941 and 1943 and, following promotion to [[brigadier]] in 1943, he commanded a brigade until 1946.<ref name="WhWaWh"/> From then until the following year, he was brigadier general staff in the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] at India and in 1947 served as director of staff duties at the Army Headquarters in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="times"/>

=== Local politics and later life ===
After retiring from the armed forces in May 1948, McCallum became involved in local politics. He was Assistant Regional Food Officer for the North Midlands between then and 1951, before serving as Regional Secretary for the [[Country Land and Business Association|Country Landowners Association]] until 1965. He was elected a County Councillor for [[Kesteven]] in 1952 and was elevated to the [[alderman]]ic bench in 1964, serving until the Council's dissolution in 1974.<ref name="WhWaWh"/> In 1965, he was appointed [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of [[Lincolnshire]].<ref name="times">''The Times'' (London), 21 July 1983, p. 12</ref>

For his service in the North-West Frontier, McCallum received the [[Military Cross]] (1923) and was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (1936); he was appointed a Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1947. McCallum died on 14 July 1983.<ref name="WhWaWh"/>

== Archives ==
* [[British Library]], Asian and African Studies Department ([https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/eede5d78-4826-4f94-a4ef-3732c2d43442 Mss Eur D1114]): papers of Brig. Frank McCallum (1900–1983), [[9th Gorkha Rifles|9th Gurkha Rifles]], 1918–48; of his father-in-law General Sir George de Symons Barrow (1864–1959), Indian Army, 1886–1929; and of Sybilla, Lady Barrow.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCallum, Frank}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Members of Kesteven County Council]]
[[Category:People educated at George Watson's College]]

M. Jagadesh Kumar

2026-03-24T18:28:04Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Short description|Indian academician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|04|08}}
| birth_place =Mamidyala, [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| education = [[Master of Science|M. Sc]] and [[PhD]] in [[Electrical Engineering]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]]
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| office = Chairperson of the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
| term_start = 5 March 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = Shrikrishna G. Kulkarni
| office2 = Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
| term_start2 = 4 February 2022
| term_end2 = 4 March 2026
| predecessor2 = [[D. P. Singh (naturalist)|D.P. Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Vineet Joshi]]
| office3 = [[List of vice-chancellors of the Jawaharlal Nehru University|Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| term_start3 = 28 January 2016
| term_end3 = 3 February 2022
| successor3 = [[Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sudhir Kumar Sopory]]
}}

'''Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar''' (born 8 April 1960)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-08 |title=M Jagadesh Kumar bids farewell to UGC: A look at his legacy and contributions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/m-jagadesh-kumar-bids-farewell-to-ugc-a-look-at-his-legacy-and-contributions/articleshow/120086978.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian academic, electrical engineer and [[education administrator]]. He is the former [[Chairman]] of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], serving from February 2022 to April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=JNU V-C M Jagadesh Kumar is new UGC Chairman|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jnu-v-c-m-jagadesh-kumar-is-new-ugc-chairman-101643964105639.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He served as a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://icmai.in/Global_Summit/Profile/M_Jagadesh_Kumar.pdf|title=Profile Prof. M. Jagadesh Kumar|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107064036/https://icmai.in/Global_Summit/Profile/M_Jagadesh_Kumar.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2020|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/iit-professor-jagadeesh-kumar-takes-over-as-jnu-vice-chancellor-1270757|title=IIT Professor Jagadeesh Kumar Takes Over As JNU Vice Chancellor|date=27 January 206|website=NDTV|agency=PTI|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> Kumar was the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] from January 2016 till 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/8/6579/RSS-Linked-IIT-D-Professor-Set-to-Be-Next-JNU-VC|title=RSS Linked IIT-D Professor Set to Be Next JNU VC ?|last=|first=|date=21 January 2016|website=The Citizen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107065804/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/8/6579/RSS-Linked-IIT-D-Professor-Set-to-Be-Next-JNU-VC|archive-date=7 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/jan/21/professor-from-iit-delhi-a-karate-expert-chosen-as-jnu-vice-chancellor-871361.html|title=Professor from IIT Delhi, a Karate Expert, Chosen as JNU Vice-chancellor|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

== Life, education and career ==
Kumar was born in Mamidala village in Tipparthi mandal, [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]]. He did his Masters and PhD in Electrical Engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], followed by post doctoral research at [[University of Waterloo]], [[Canada]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cense.iisc.ac.in/icee/docs/Plenary_Speakers/Jagadesh.pdf|title=Prof. M. Jagadesh Kumar|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107064919/http://www.cense.iisc.ac.in/icee/docs/Plenary_Speakers/Jagadesh.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2020|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> He works in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology (nano-electronic devices, nanoscale devices, device design and power semiconductor devices).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cscita.sfit.ac.in/assets/files/Technical%20Report%20CSCITA%202014.pdf|title=A detailed report on the IEEE International Conference on Circuits, Systems, Communication and Information Technology Applications (CSCITA 2014)|last=|first=|date=|website=St. Francis Institute of Technology (SFIT)|page=3|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204121057/https://cscita.sfit.ac.in/assets/files/Technical%20Report%20CSCITA%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is currently a fellow at [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] among others. He is Chairman of the governing body of [[National Council of Science Museums]]. He has received the "ISA-VSI TechnoMentor Award", with the award being presented by Dr. [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]] ([[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India]]).<ref name=":0" />

He was selected as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] from among four others including [[Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai]], [[Virander Singh Chauhan]] and [[Ramakrishna Ramaswamy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfo-india.in/cmsarticle/professor-m-jagadesh-kumar-appointed-jnu-vice-chancellor/|title=Professor M Jagadesh Kumar appointed JNU Vice Chancellor|website=CFO India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-09|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204121056/https://www.cfo-india.in/cmsarticle/professor-m-jagadesh-kumar-appointed-jnu-vice-chancellor/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During his tenure as VC, he has often been in the news for many controversies happening on his watch such as the [[JNU sedition row|2016 JNU sedition row]], the disappearance of a student [[Disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed|Najeeb Ahmad]] and the [[2020 JNU Attack|2020 JNU attacks]]. Critics say that he is "implementing the agenda of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]", the reason why he has been made VC in the first place.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/06/jnu-vc-jagadesh-kumar-and-his-many-controversies-jnusu-calls-for-his-resignation.html|title=JNU VC Jagadesh Kumar and his many controversies: Now, student union wants him out|last=|first=|authorlink=|date=6 January 2020|website=The Week|access-date=2020-01-07|quote=His detractors say the vice chancellor, who took charge in January 2016, is implementing the agenda of the RSS and has been brought in by the Union government specifically for this purpose. However, he has repeatedly disavowed associations with any organisation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/how-rss-infiltrating-india-intellectual-spaces|title=How the RSS is infiltrating India's intellectual spaces|last=Bal|first=Hartosh Singh|date=1 April 2019|website=The Caravan|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNU Students' Unions]] called for his resignation following the [[2020 JNU Attack|attacks on JNU in January 2020]].<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==
He has been awarded [[Padma Shri]] -2026 by the Government of India for his contribution in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf |website=Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Co-Authored three books with research students:

* Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar, Pratyush Pandey, and Rajat Vishnoi (November 2016). ''Tunnel Field-effect Transistors (TFET): Modelling and Simulation.'' [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley, UK]]
* Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar and Sneh Saurabh (November 2016). ''Fundamentals of Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors.'' [[CRC Press]] ([[Taylor & Francis]])
* Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar and Shubham Sahay (February 2019). ''Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation.'' [[Wiley-IEEE Press|Wiley-IEEE Press, USA]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jawaharlal Nehru University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, M Jagadesh}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Poovellam Kettuppar

2026-03-23T16:04:29Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding basic post basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Poovellam Kettuppar DVD Cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Vasanth]]
| writer = [[Crazy Mohan]] ({{small|Dialogue}})
| screenplay = Vasanth
| story = Vasanth
| producer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]] ({{small|Presents}})
| starring = [[Suriya]] [[Jyothika]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Production
| released = {{film date|df=y|1999|08|06}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Poovellam Kettuppar''''' ({{Translation|Ask all the flowers}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[musical film|musical]] film written and directed by [[Vasanth]]. It stars [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]]. [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Vadivelu]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] appear in supporting roles. The film was released on 6 August 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மாதேவன் |first=சந்தோஷ் |last2=ப |first2=பிரியங்கா. |date=6 August 2019 |title={{'}}' 'பூவெல்லாம் கேட்டுப்பார்' ஸ்பெஷல் படம்தான்; ஆனாலும் ஓர் ஏமாற்றம் ..!" - வசந்த் |trans-title="''Poovellam Kettuppar'' is a special film; but still a disappointment..!" - Vasanth |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vasanth-speaks-about-20-years-of-poovellam-kettuppar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260106165034/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vasanth-speaks-about-20-years-of-poovellam-kettuppar |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|section|date=November 2015}}

Two music directors, Bharathi and Kannan, used to be friends and composed music together. After Kannan has a fight with the director on a project, Bharathi decides to split from Kannan and compose the music by himself. He offers Kannan the chance to reconcile after the movie, but Kannan rejects the offer and gives details about the fallout to newspapers, causing Bharathi to lose the movie deal.

Kannan's daughter Janaki lives with her grandparents and mother in [[Bangalore]] while her father, struggles with his friend Ramanathan in [[Chennai]]. Janaki goes on a college tour and stays at a hotel, where Krishna, Bharathi's son, is staying. He falls in love with her and tries to woo her, but she rejects his advances. Four days later, Janaki misses her bus to college and she takes a public bus home. Krishna gets on the bus to impress her. After taking a ride from a drunk driver, Janaki lets Krishna drive.

On the way, the drunk driver becomes sober and leaves them stranded until Janaki stops another bus. On their journey, they learn their fathers' identities. Krishna takes Janaki back to her college and leaves, but they admit their feelings for one another. Krishna has to return to Chennai because his mother is in the hospital. He promises Janaki that he will speak to his father about their marriage, and Janaki has one condition: if they disapprove, she will not elope with Krishna without her parents' consent. Krishna agrees and goes to see his mother.

The doctor tells Krishna's mother that she will send a nurse to their home to help her. At the same time, Bharathi has a fallout with a prominent music director and Kannan is recruited to anger Bharathi. Kannan's music in the movie becomes successful and he becomes an overnight sensation — gaining fame and being flooded with offers. Bharathi is severely affected by the fallout and loses his status and offers, further angering him. In response, Krishna goes to Kannan's house as a driver while telling his parents that he went to [[Bombay]] to pursue further studies, and Janaki pretends to be the nurse that the family doctor sent and tells her parents that she has an extra class at college.

Krishna assumes the name of Driver Pandi while Janaki becomes Nurse Kalyani. Janaki impresses Krishna's parents while Krishna does the same with Janaki's. Problems arise when Krishna is kicked out of Kannan's house when he takes the blame for Kannan's father-in-law accidentally telling the media about Kannan's drinking. Janaki is kicked out as she stands up to Bharathi and tells him it is ironic that he is named after Bharathiyaar, who fought for women's rights, when he does not allow his wife to sing in public after their marriage.

Bharathi realises his mistake and invites Janaki back. Krishna, however, has to struggle much more to gain back Kannan's trust. Kannan has a fight with a director, which gives Kannan a bad image in the media. When Kannan realises that Krishna helped him out despite his anger, he invites him back to his house. Krishna and Janaki tell Kannan and Bharathi that they are in love and that their parents and their lover's parents are against it. They convince them to speak to the lovers' parents. The families arrive at a beach house. Krishna's parents accept the union, but Kannan storms off. Kannan's wife convinces the couple that Kannan will not miss his only daughter's wedding.

Kannan does not turn up for the wedding. Janaki and Krishna turn up at his house; Krishna tells him that they are not married and that they won't until he approves. Krishna claims that they will wait and remain lovers until Kannan gives his consent. As Krishna drives away, he comes to a sudden halt as Kannan and his family block his path. Kannan tells him that he better marry Janaki or else. Janaki then brings Bharathi while Krishna brings Kannan to him, and they reconcile.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as Krishna Bharathi/Palpandi
* [[Jyothika]] as Janaki Kannan/Kalyani
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as K. R. Bharathi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as C.R. Kannan
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Nirmala Bharathi
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Venu Mahadevan
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ramanathan
* [[Vadivelu]] as Shanmugam
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kasthuri
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Dr. Bala Thirupurasundari
* [[Maadhu Balaji]] as Balaji
* [[Dhamu]] as Dhamu
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Rathavelu
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Rangasamy
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Lakshmi
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as Nurse Kalyani
* Thadi Balaji as Reporter
* [[Raju Sundaram]] (special appearance in the song "Oh Senyoreeta")<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title='Livelihood a Question Mark': Dancer-Couple Out of Work Amid COVID |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tamil-nadu-dancer-couple-out-of-jobs-during-covid19-pandemic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604104748/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/tamil-nadu-dancer-couple-out-of-jobs-during-covid19-pandemic |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>
* [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] (special appearance in the song "CBI Enge")
* Japan Kumar (special appearance in the song "CBI Enge")
* [[Bhavatharini]] as herself (special appearance)
* [[Agathian]] as himself (special appearance)
* [[Ramki]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Ranjitha]] as herself (special appearance)
*[[Sonia Bose]] as herself (special appearance)
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as himself (special appearance)
* [[Parthiban]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as herself (special appearance)
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as herself (special appearance)
*[[Sarathkumar]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Revathi]] as herself (special appearance)
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as herself (special appearance)
* Ganesh (of [[Shankar–Ganesh]]) as himself (special appearance)
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Kushboo]] as herself (special appearance)
*[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]] as herself (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Romance'', but was later retitled ''Poovellam Kettuppar'' during production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOKUL'S TAMIL CINEMA NEWS |url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnapril.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100034/http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnapril.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=3 February 2012 |website=oocities.org}}</ref> ''Poovellam Kettupar'' was one of the working titles for the director [[Vasanth]]'s previous film ''[[Aasai]]'' (1995).<ref name="to">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=#25YearsOfAasai: For Aasai, I wanted another Arvind Swami, and I found Ajith: Vasanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofaasai-for-aasai-i-wanted-another-arvind-swami-and-i-found-ajith-vasanth/articleshow/77986763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200908082558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25yearsofaasai-for-aasai-i-wanted-another-arvind-swami-and-i-found-ajith-vasanth/articleshow/77986763.cms |archive-date=8 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vasanth considered changing the title again briefly to ''Thathi Thaavathu Manasu'', but eventually decided not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOKUL'S TAMIL CINEMA NEWS |url=http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/rangan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045858/http://www.geocities.ws/gokima/rangan.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=geocities.ws}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Bits & Pieces |url=http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005184906/http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=members.tripod.com}}</ref> During production, media speculation arose that the lead pair, [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]], were dating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=23 October 2002 |title=Fighting her way to success |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/23/stories/2002102300330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701123340/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/23/stories/2002102300330200.htm |archive-date=1 July 2003 |access-date=4 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was the first of seven films in which Suriya appeared alongside Jyothika, whom he married in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2014 |title=Suriya and Jyothika have done 7 films together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/suriya-and-jyothika-have-done-7-films-together/articleshow/35388362.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630045902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/suriya-and-jyothika-have-done-7-films-together/articleshow/35388362.cms |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film shared a similar storyline to several other Tamil films released during the same period including ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'', which incidentally had Vijayakumar and Nassar playing similar roles as patriarchs of feuding families. Likewise the films ''[[Minsara Kanna]]'' (1999) and ''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]'' (1999) were also noted for similarities in their plots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lack of script-writers? |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/lack.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181502/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/lack.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack features eight songs composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1999 |title=Poovellam Kettuppar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/poovellam-kettuppar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581440841 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616204953/https://music.apple.com/in/album/poovellam-kettuppar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581440841 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The album opened the opportunity for his first breakthrough in the industry and proved to be a major turning point in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2003 |title=Generation NEXT |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200060100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110173902/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200060100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2003 |access-date=9 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| total_length = 39:48
| title1 = CBI Enge
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length1 = 6:04
| title2 = Chudithar Aninthu
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 5:56
| title3 = Irava Pagala
| extra3 = Hariharan, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Poothathu
| extra4 = [[Bhavatharini]]
| length4 = 3:02
| title5 = Poove Poove
| extra5 = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:55
| note5 = female
| title6 = Poove Poove
| extra6 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length6 = 5:53
| note6 = male
| title7 = Oh Senyoreeta
| extra7 = P. Unnikrishnan
| length7 = 5:01
| title8 = Sevvaanam Vetkam Kondathu
| extra8 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length8 = 2:45
}}

== Reception ==
Rajitha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described the film as "a winner" and praised Vasanth's direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=7 September 1999 |title=Here comes the winner |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/07spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075241/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/07spice.htm |archive-date=28 November 2018 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the director, saying he "maintains a light vein right through, the humour escalating as the drama thickens".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=13 August 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Poovellam Kaettupaar/Kanavae Kalayathae/Malabar Police |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413132359/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/08/13/stories/09130225.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film's cast, humour and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=22 August 1999 |title=பூவெல்லாம் கேட்டுப்பார் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-22/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230126154527/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-22/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The-romantic part has little novelty, but Jyothika and Surya perform with bouncy exuberance. The absolutely enchanting musical score by Yuvan Shankar Raja (Ilayaraja's son) bears testimony to his 'Raja' surname. But like the edifice that crumbled due to an unstable pillar, the entire movie collapses under the weight of a debutant editor".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 1999 |title=Film: POOVELLAM KETTUPAAR (Tamil) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A194789BC4D9414965256941003DC8A7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152742/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/A194789BC4D9414965256941003DC8A7 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=20 August 2011 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Although the film performed well outside of India, it was received poorly domestically, which Vasanth attributed to when the film was released and the lack of publicity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=5 July 2000 |title='I don't mind falling, but I like to fall forward…' |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jul/05vas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020716/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jul/05vas.htm |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Vasanth's wife Renuga won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Costume Designer]] in 1999 for her work in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanth}}

[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 musical films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Kuttikalude Deepika

2026-03-20T00:21:42Z

Bandbaajabarat: starting details

{{Infobox magazine
| title = Kuttikalude Deepika
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = KuttikaludeDeepika Childrens Magazine Malayalam.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = [[comic book|Children's magazine]]
| frequency = [[Fortnightly]]
| circulation =
| publisher =
| founder =
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|df=yes|1952}}
| finaldate =
| finalnumber =
| company = Rashtra Deepika Ltd
| country = India
| based = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| website = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepika website |url=https://www.deepika.com/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.deepika.com}}</ref>
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Kuttikalude Deepika''''' is a [[Malayalam]] children's magazine published from [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]] by Rashtra Deepika Ltd..<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature:+A-Devo|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|accessdate=6 March 2013|isbn=9788126018031|author=Amaresh Datta|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw8bAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lalu+Leela%22|title=Press in India|accessdate=6 March 2013|year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDtiAAAAMAAJ&q=Social+impact+of+mass+media+in+Kerala |title=Social impact of mass media in Kerala|accessdate=6 March 2013|isbn=9788172140649|author=Joseph Velacherry|date=December 1993|publisher=CISRS, Bangalore }}</ref>

The magazine is one of the pioneering children's magazine in Malayalam, started in 1952 and still publishing print and online editions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KUTTIKALUDE DEEPIKA – Lucknow Digital Library |url=https://lucknowdigitallibrary.com/publications/kuttikalude-deepika |access-date=2025-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Children's literature}}

[[Category:Children's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Comics magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam comics]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

{{comics-mag-stub}}

Battle of Karnal

2026-03-17T08:33:10Z

Bandbaajabarat: added references

{{Short description|Part of the Afsharid invasion of India (1739)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=Az|otherarticle=Karnal döyüşü|date=February 2026}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Karnal (1739)
| partof = [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]]
| image = A painting in Chehel Sotoun2.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Painting of the Battle of Karnal from the palace of [[Chehel Sotoun]]
| date = 24 February 1739
| place = [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29|43|30|N|77|4|12|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| result = Afsharid victory<ref name="Dupuy711">Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History'', 4th Ed., (HarperCollinsPublishers, 1993), 711.</ref>
| territory = The Mughal capital of [[Delhi]] is occupied, and then sacked. All Mughal territories north of the [[Indus River]] are annexed by the Afsharid Empire.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Afsharid Empire]] {{flag|Kingdom of Kakheti}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|border=}} [[Hyderabad State]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Awadh.svg|border=}} [[Oudh]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Nader Shah]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Kakheti}} [[Heraclius II of Georgia|Heraclius II]]<ref name="lang">David Marshall Lang. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ITnRAAAAMAAJ&q=Erekle+II+india+georgian+contingent ''Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record''] Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the [[University of Michigan]]) p. 142.</ref><ref name="auto1">Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CxcjAQAAIAAJ&q=erekle+II+of+georgia+india "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution"] Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 {{ISBN|978-9994086160}} pp. 158, 278.</ref>
{{Collapsible list
|title = Afsharid officers
|{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Morteza Mirza Afshar (Nassrollah Mirza)|Nasrollah Afshar]]
|{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Tahmasp Khan Jalayer|Tahmasp Jalayer]]
|{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Fath Ali Khan Afshar|Fath Ali Afshar]]
|{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Lutf Ali Khan Afshar|Lutf Ali Afshar]]
|{{flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|border=}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Khan Abdali]]
}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}}[[Muhammad Shah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|border=}} [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Qamar Asaf Jah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Awadh.svg|border=}} [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]]{{POW}}
{{Collapsible list
|title = Mughal officers
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} [[Khan Dowran VII]]{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Sa'ad ud-Din Khan
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Nisar Muhammad Khan
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Khwaja Ashura
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Muzaffar Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Ali Hamid Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Muhataram{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Aslih Ali Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Ali Ahmad Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Shahdad Afghan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Yadgar Hasan Koka Kashmiri{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite book |title=A Mughal Statesman Of The Eighteenth Century |page=101 |author=Zahiruddin Malik |date=1973 }}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Ashraf Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Mirza Noor Beg Deccani{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Itibar Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Aqil Beg ''Kambalposh''{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Mir Kalu{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Jan Nisar Khan{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Ratan Rai Chand{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} Rao Bal Kishan{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=rao+balkishan+singh&pg=PA50 |title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India |last=Yadava |first=S. D. S. |date=2006 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 |language=en }}</ref>
}}
| strength1 = 55,000 with a war-camp of 160,000 (mounted and armed)<ref name="archive.org"/><ref>Floor, Wiilem(2009). ''The rise & fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports 1730–1747'', Mage Publishers.</ref><ref>Floor, Willem(1998). ''new facts on Nadir Shah's campaign in India'' in Iranian studies, pp. 198–219.</ref><ref name="Jaques 2006 512">{{Citation |last=Jaques |first=Tony |contribution=Karnal-1739-Nader Shah#Invasion of India |year=2006 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century |pages=512 |place=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood }}</ref> 
* Hundreds of cannons and [[zamburak]]s
| strength2 = 75,000<ref name="archive.org"/><ref name="books.google.com">Kaushik Roy, War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849, p. 32 [https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&dq=battle+of+karnal+"75,000"&pg=PA32].</ref><ref>A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772, p. 69 [https://books.google.com/books?id=1McKAQAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+karnal+"75,000"].</ref><ref>Sinha N.K, Bannerjee A.C., ''History of India'', p. 458 [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_G1AAAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+karnal+"75,000"].</ref> to 300,000 (including non-combatants)<ref name="Jaques 2006 512"/><ref>Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, Rare views of the world" 3 vols., Ed Amin Riahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374.</ref><ref>"History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, ''(Court Historian)''.</ref> 
* 2,000 [[war elephant]]s
* 3,000 [[cannons]]
| casualties1 = 1,100 to 2,500 with 5,000 wounded<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Sarkar, J. p. 51">Sarkar, J., Nadir Shah in India, p. 51 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107791/page/n47/mode/1up].</ref><ref name="Axworthy263">[[Michael Axworthy|Axworthy, Michael]] (2009). ''The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant'', p. 263. I. B. Tauris.</ref>
| casualties2 = 8,000–10,000<ref name="books.google.com"/> to 20,000–30,000<ref name="Axworthy254" />
}}
{{Campaignbox Nader}}

The '''Battle of Karnal''' ([[Persian Language|Persian]]: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-vii-relations-the-afsharid-and-zand-periods |title=India vii. Relations: The Afsharid and Zand – Encyclopaedia Iranica |work=iranicaonline.org |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228122428/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-vii-relations-the-afsharid-and-zand-periods |url-status=live }}</ref> was a decisive victory for [[Nader Shah]], the founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] of [[Persian Empire|Iran]], during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]]. Nader's forces defeated the army of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] within three hours,<ref>Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. ''A Study of Eighteenth Century India: Political history, 1707–1761'' Saraswat Library, 1976. (Volume 1 of A) original from the [[University of Virginia]]. p. 115.</ref> paving the way for the Iranian [[sack of Delhi]]. The engagement is considered the crowning jewel in Nader's military career as well as a tactical masterpiece.<ref name="Axworthy254">[[Michael Axworthy|Axworthy, Michael]] (2009). ''The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant'', p. 254. I. B. Tauris.</ref><ref>Quoted in Christopher Bellamy, The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice (London, 1990), 214.</ref><ref name="Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein 2008">Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein(2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab.</ref> The battle took place near [[Karnal]] in [[Haryana]], {{convert|110|km|mi}} north of [[Delhi]], India.<ref name="Dupuy711" /> As a result of the overwhelming defeat of the Mughal Empire at Karnal, the already-declining Mughal dynasty was critically weakened to such an extent as to hasten its demise. According to Axworthy, it is also possible that without the ruinous effects of Nader's invasion of India, European colonial takeover of the Indian subcontinent would have come in a different form or perhaps not at all.<ref name="Axworthy254"/>

==Nader's entry into the Mughal Empire==
{{main|Battle of Khyber Pass}}
The events at the [[Delhi]] court during Nadir’s invasion reveal a story of shocking inefficiency. News of Kabul’s loss in June 1738 reached [[Delhi]] in early July, yet nothing was done to secure the borders for many months. Even after [[Nadir Shah]] crossed the [[Khyber Pass]] in November, it was two months before any decisive action was taken. On 2 December 1738, the Emperor officially permitted his three top nobles—[[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan]] (the wazir), [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] (the regent), and [[Khan Dowran VII|Samsam‑ud‑daulah Khan Dauran]] (the military head)—to move against the invader and provided them with funds. Instead of promptly addressing the threat, however, they set up camp outside Delhi in the Shalimar Garden near Sarai Baoli and wasted an entire month.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah"/>

When news came on 10 January 1739 that [[Nadir Shah]] had crossed the river at [[Attock]], the imperial army was finally urged to act. The court still placed its hopes on Governor [[Zakariya Khan]] to make a stand, but when he proved unable to resist [[Nadir Shah]], some courtiers even accused him of treachery—alleging that he had surrendered [[Lahore]] fort to the Persians because of his shared background with Nadir.<ref name="archive.org"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond |title-link=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |author1-link=William Dalrymple |last2=Anand |first2=Anita |author2-link=Anita Anand (journalist) |year=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=52–60 |isbn=978-1408888827 }}</ref><ref name="SarkarNadirShah">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |title=Nadir Shah in India |year=1973 |publisher=Naya Prokash |pages=26–65 }}</ref>

At the first sign of Nadir Shah’s advance, the court recognised its own shortcomings and called on the experienced Nizam for advice. A veteran of Aurangzeb’s era, the Nizam was known for his wisdom and diplomacy, yet he was not given full command or the confidence of the Emperor, whose trust lay with Khan Dauran and the local faction. Khan Dauran, who admired Rajput bravery, even sent messengers to call on his protégés among the Hindu Rajputs, especially Sawai [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh]], to aid the Emperor. However, longstanding alienation had left the Rajput chieftains reluctant to act, with many now seeking independence and even inviting the Marathas to help dismantle the Empire. The Emperor eventually appealed to [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]] for help, and the Peshwa promised to send the Malwa force under leaders such as [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], Ranuji Sindhia, and Udaji Puar. Nevertheless, this expected assistance never arrived in time. Not only did no Dakhini force come to aid at [[Karnal]], but the Maratha envoy even fled, and [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]] later considered defending the [[Narmada]] line to block further advances by Nadir. A coordinated Maratha defence of northern India simply did not happen.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah"/>

The imperial forces spent the month of Ramzan (December 1738) outside [[Delhi]] without any significant action. Once it was confirmed that the Persians had crossed at [[Attock]], the three nobles finally began marching toward [[Lahore]] on 10 January 1739, urging the Emperor to join them immediately. Soon after, they reached [[Panipat]], where on that same day [[Muhammad Shah]] left [[Delhi]] and later joined his generals who had been waiting. By that time, news of Nadir’s capture of [[Lahore]] had already reached the court, making it impossible to save the city. It was then decided to set up camp and await the enemy at [[Karnal]], a location with abundant water from a canal and open plains suitable for manoeuvring large cavalry units. This pause also allowed time for additional forces, including 30,000 horsemen from the governor of [[Oudh]] and reinforcements from [[Rajputana]], to join. Advised by the Nizam, the Emperor’s counsellors decided to fortify their position at [[Karnal]] rather than risk an immediate battle. Under the direction of Sad‑ud‑din Khan Mir Atash, the camp was enclosed by a long mud wall with artillery arranged along it, and soldiers were stationed in trenches to keep constant watch.<ref>Axworthy, Michael (2009). ''The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant'', p. 255. I.B. Tauris.</ref><ref name="SarkarNadirShah" />

==Muhammad Shah gathers a large force==
{{main|Battle of Khyber Pass (1738)}}

Rustam Ali estimates that the Persian force at [[Karnal]] numbered about 55,000 mounted soldiers—a figure believed to be nearly accurate. According to Mirza Mahdi’s account, Nadir Shah had left Persia with around 80,000 men. Even though he recruited Afghans along the way and possibly got extra troops from his homeland, he had to set aside many soldiers to hold conquered forts, secure his long communication line, and escort his eldest son back to Persia. Hanway notes that when Nadir reached Tilawri (near Azimabad), he had 40,000 men with him, not counting those in his front and rear. In total, his camp contained roughly 160,000 people. About one-third of these were servants who were mounted—and some were fully armed—so they could help in raiding or protecting the baggage. There were also over 6,000 women, dressed in large crimson coats much like the men’s, making them hard to distinguish from afar.<ref name="Ghafouri, Ali 2008 p. 383">Ghafouri, Ali (2008). ''History of Iran's wars: from the Medes to now'', p. 383. Etela'at Publishing. {{ISBN? }}</ref><ref name="SarkarNadirShah"/>

Conquests by Nader's invading army had caused much consternation at the Mughal court of [[Muhammad Shah]] residing in [[Delhi]]. Nizam‑ul‑Mulk was summoned to the Emperor's presence, and many summons were sent out across northern India for the contribution of military forces. 13 December saw the Mughal army march out of Delhi to confront the invading forces to the north. The enormity of its size was such that the length of the column was 25 kilometres and the width was 3 kilometres. Muhammad Shah himself joined this army. Due to the cumbersome size of the Mughal army, Muhammad Shah could not take his forces any further than [[Karnal]], approximately 120 kilometres north of Delhi. In total, Muhammad Shah commanded a war‑camp of 300,000 troops—including non‑combatants—equipped with 3,000 guns along with 2,000 war elephants. Out of these, the forces deployed on the field numbered 75,000.<ref name="archive.org">Sarkar, J., Nadir Shah in India, p. 38 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107791/page/n47/mode/1up].</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy, War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849, p. 32 [https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&dq=battle+of+karnal+&pg=PA32 "75,000"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWmIXSu-LoAhVI73MBHa7dB_sQuwUIMTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false].</ref> Despite the large numbers at the Mughal's disposal, they suffered from obsolescent war materiel and antiquated tactical systems. Almost all of the guns in the army were far too large in calibre to be considered field artillery, as they were practically impossible to manoeuvre during battle and took such a long time to reload that they would have minimal effect even in cases of correct utilisation. In contrast, most of Nader's artillery was lighter and much more manoeuvrable than that of their Mughal counterparts, as well as the [[zamburak]]s, which provided extra mobile fire power. In contrast to the Mughal army's infantry, all of the 20,000 Persian musketeers ([[jazayerchi]]) were uniformed, drilled, and homogeneously organised. Although the 50,000 cavalry contingent in the Mughal army was of excellent quality, there was nothing to suggest a common and cohesive underlying military structure set out for their deployment and use. The Persian cavalry was composed of two parts: the state troops, which were trained and drilled via a uniform system, and the auxiliary troops, which were recruited into the Imperial army after the conquest of their homeland.<ref name="Ghafouri, Ali 2008 p. 383"/>

==Preparation==
[[Karnal]] is located on an ancient highway between [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]], positioned north of the Mughal capital and [[Panipat]] and just south of Taraori, a place known for many historic battles. [[Kurukshetra]], famous for the legendary war between the Pandavas and Kauravas, is nearby. This setting made [[Karnal]] a natural stage for a major battle between Indian and Persian forces.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="MehtaModernIndia">{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |year=2005 |isbn=9781932705546 |pages=149–152 }}</ref><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals">{{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |title=Later Mughals |volume=2 |year=1922 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |location=Calcutta |pages=330–360 }}</ref><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. R. |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788171568178 |pages=727–740 }}</ref>

The town is bordered on the east by a canal built by Ali Mardan Khan. Between this canal and the [[Yamuna|Jamuna]] lies a broad, flat plain suitable for large-scale cavalry maneuvers. [[Muhammad Shah]] had set up a fortified camp along the west bank of the canal, with Karnal lying immediately to its south. To the north, the land changes from a dense jungle to an open plain, offering natural protection: the jungle guarded the front while the canal defended the right side. The Mughal army was arranged with the Nizam in the lead, supported by artillery, the Wazir on the left, the Emperor in the center, and Khan Dauran on the right.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

In February 1739, [[Nadir Shah]] reached Sarai [[Azimabad]] early one morning. Elite horsemen from [[Kurdistan]], led by Haji Khan, had already scouted along both sides of the canal and gathered intelligence at the edge of the Mughal camp. With this information, [[Nadir Shah]] decided against a frontal attack. Instead, he moved east of Karnal, staying near the Jamuna for water, and planned to cut off the Mughal communication line with [[Delhi]] by taking [[Panipat]] from behind. His goal was to force [[Muhammad Shah]] either to leave his strong position and fight on Persian terms or to remain trapped while the Persians advanced toward Delhi.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

Before dawn the next day, the Persian army left Sarai Azimabad, crossed the canal well to the east of the town, and set up camp on a flat plain northeast of [[Karnal]], near [[Kunjpura]] and in sight of the Jamuna. At the same time, [[Nadir Shah]] rode close to the Mughal camp to assess its strength and layout before returning to his tents. Later that evening, he learned that [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] was arriving at [[Panipat]] with a large force of cavalry, artillery, and supplies to aid the Mughal Emperor. In response, the Persians sent one division to intercept him and another strong unit to threaten the camp’s eastern flank, while smaller groups of skirmishers moved in to cut off any potential reinforcements.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

==Battle==
[[File:Karnal battle based on Axworthy's interpretation.jpg|400px|thumb|A diagram of the battle of Karnal in its entirety based on Axworthy's ''The Sword of Persia''.]]
On the fateful Tuesday morning of February 13, 1739, the Persian army moved out in three separate groups along a wide plain between a canal and the [[Jamuna river]]. The center force, led by Prince Nasr-ullah, was ordered to leave the riverbank and take up a position directly north of the Mughal camp where it could face the division commanded by the Nizam. Meanwhile, [[Nadir Shah]], heading the lead group, first reached a point opposite the Mughal position along the canal. However, when he learned that Saadat Khan had joined the Mughal Emperor during the night, he quickly veered to his left and set up his camp on a large, open field a short distance east of the enemy and close to the river. His son soon arrived to join him at this new central position. By mid-morning, as the sun began to lower from its highest point, the Mughal soldiers unexpectedly emerged from their lines, ready to fight.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

Inside the Mughal camp, the situation was already tense. Responding to the Emperor’s urgent call for help, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] had left his home province of [[Oudh]] with 20,000 cavalry, along with artillery and war supplies. He had marched continuously for a month, stopping briefly only in Delhi on February 7 before quickly moving on. Covering a long distance in just a few days, he pushed on through [[Panipat]] and, on February 12, made a final determined effort to cover the last stretch, arriving at Karnal by midnight with the main force. Unfortunately, his baggage train lagged far behind in an unprotected line—a common issue with Indian armies.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

Meanwhile, Persian scouts had advanced from their camp and gathered clear information about Saadat Khan’s position. The Mughal intelligence, however, had failed to notice these movements and had not taken steps to safeguard their baggage. According to an account by Ghulam Husain, no one in the camp was aware of Nadir Shah’s imminent arrival from Lahore until some local fodder collectors, who had gone out to fetch food, returned injured and terrified after a sudden encounter with Persian scouts, crying out that “Nadir has come!” This news spread quickly, causing panic in the camp and increasing the urgency for reinforcements.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

[[File:Nader Shah, in Nader Shah's victory against the Indian Army at Karnal in 1739. Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan.jpg|thumb|Nader Shah, in Nader Shah's victory against the Indian Army at Karnal in 1739. Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan]]
Shortly after midnight on February 12, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] arrived near Karnal. Khan Dauran met him well before he reached the main camp and escorted him in. The next morning, after the usual greetings with the Emperor, a war council was held to discuss battle plans. During these discussions, word arrived that small groups of Persian skirmishers had attacked Saadat Khan’s baggage train and stolen 500 loaded camels. Reacting quickly, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] grabbed his sword—previously set aside before the Emperor—and asked for permission to immediately leave and engage the enemy. However, the Nizam advised waiting, arguing that the Oudh soldiers were exhausted from a month of constant marching and needed a rest to be battle-ready. He also pointed out that there were only a few hours of daylight left for fighting, and that the troops had not been alerted early enough to form proper battle lines. Khan Dauran added that without sufficient time to assemble and arm themselves, the soldiers would be at a disadvantage. Some courtiers even remarked that the loss of 500 camels was trivial compared to what Saadat Khan could achieve; if he managed to defeat [[Nadir Shah]] in a well-prepared battle the next day, they believed the entire Persian camp and its treasures would soon be captured.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

However, he refused to take the advice and insisted on rescuing his camp followers. He sent out heralds to announce that all his soldiers should gather and follow him, and he quickly moved toward the attack point with only his escort and the immediately available troops—about a thousand cavalry and a few hundred infantry—but without any artillery. Since each Indian cavalryman relied on his own horse, he was very cautious about risking or tiring it, especially after a month of continuous riding. As a result, many soldiers initially declined to move, arguing that since their leader had gone to see the Emperor, he could not have ordered them to fight. Nevertheless, around 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry eventually joined him.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

When [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] reached the field, the Persian light troops pretended to retreat. He chased after them, which drew him approximately two miles away from his own camp. Realizing the tactical situation, he immediately sent messengers to the Emperor asking for reinforcements to secure victory. [[Muhammad Shah]] then consulted the Nizam, who pointed out that since the battle was occurring on the eastern side of the camp, Khan Dauran—commanding the division closest to that area (the Right Wing)—should move forward. Khan Dauran promptly set out on an elephant without waiting to gather his entire force or arrange his artillery. His popularity was such that many soldiers, upon hearing he had taken the initiative, joined him in successive groups until he had around 8,000 horsemen with him.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

Later in the afternoon, the Emperor himself emerged from his tents with the Wazir and positioned himself with organized troops by the canal, but he appeared more as an observer than an active combatant. Due to delays in the start of the various divisions, the lack of a common battle plan, and the absence of a single leader directing operations, the three divisions ended up separated by more than a mile from one another. In this formation, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] led the Right Wing near the Jamuna, Khan Dauran’s division formed the Center in the middle of the plain, and the Wazir along with the Emperor constituted the Left Wing by the canal. Gradually, as more imperial troops arrived, they assembled into a large mass stretching from their camp to the battlefield, with noticeable gaps between the groups. The Left Wing, under the Emperor, had even drawn out their field artillery from behind the trenches and set up small tents for their officers, yet they did not engage the enemy.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

In summary, the Indian army resembled a disorganized mob without true unity or a clear command. Most of its forces remained inactive and distant from the fight, contributing little to the struggle; their overwhelming numbers only resulted in greater chaos during the retreat. Meanwhile, the agile Persian forces, led by the finest general in Asia, skillfully engaged or avoided the enemy as the situation demanded, and Nadir Shah’s strategic brilliance ultimately countered the Indians’ numerical advantage and the determined courage of many of their soldiers.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

A little after midday on February 13, 1739, news reached [[Nadir Shah]] that Saadat Khan’s army was coming out onto the plain. This pleased him greatly, for as his court historian noted, he had long awaited such an opportunity—a chance for a battle of maneuvers where his military skill could shine since the Indian army had been drawn out from its strong defensive position.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

[[Nadir Shah]] quickly put his plans into action so that his forces would finish their work before nightfall. He left one division behind to protect his camp, placed the center under the command of his son Nasr-ullah—who had many renowned warriors and a powerful artillery—and took charge of the vanguard himself. He arranged 3,000 of his finest soldiers into three separate bodies and hid them in ambush. In addition, he sent two smaller groups of 500 fast horsemen each toward Saadat Khan and Khan Dauran to lure them further into the field. Clad in full armor and wearing a decorated helmet, [[Nadir Shah]] then mounted a swift horse and led 1,000 carefully chosen Turkish horsemen from his own Afshar clan into battle to direct the fighting.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

The entire Persian army was made up of cavalry. Their artillery included long muskets or swivel-guns known as [[Jezail|jazair]]—about seven or eight feet long, each fitted with a support prong—as well as long swivel pieces called [[zamburak]]s that fired one- or two-pound balls. Each of these heavy pieces was mounted on a camel trained to lie down on command, so that when the guns were fired, the camel’s back could provide a stable firing platform. To counter the Indian [[war elephant]]s, which played an important role for them, [[Nadir Shah]] had special platforms built across two camels. These platforms were loaded with naphtha and other flammable materials, with orders to set them alight during the fight; the sight of approaching fire would scare the elephants, throwing the Indian army into disarray.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

Meanwhile, Persian skirmishers successfully covered their main position where [[Nadir Shah]] had arranged his 3,000 best troops. He had dismounted his swivel-guns and lined them up along the front, with their barrels resting on supports.<ref name="Jaques 2006 512"/><ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /> At just after one o’clock in the afternoon, the battle began with both sides releasing a volley of arrows. The Persian scouts pretended to retreat by turning back in their saddles while firing their bows and muskets—an echo of the "[[Parthian shot]]" tactic used by their ancestors. [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] gave chase, which led him into an ambush located three or four miles east of the imperial camp and away from the protection of its artillery. Suddenly, the Persian cavalry screen moved aside, and hundreds of swivel-guns opened fire at point-blank range. The foremost and bravest of Saadat Khan’s troopers were killed, and after enduring this fierce barrage for only a short time, his vanguard broke and fled. Despite this, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] held his ground with a loyal band of followers who fought until they were all killed. However, by early evening, he was forced to leave the field, and fighting on the extreme right of the Mughal army ended.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

A similar fate met Khan Dauran’s division in the center, though he managed to hold out a bit longer. The rapid-fire discharge from the Persian swivel-guns decimated his forces before they could even respond. Nadir Shah’s brilliant tactics, combined with the lack of effective leadership and poor planning among the Indian commanders, had split the three divisions of the imperial army by over a mile. This separation meant that each division could only hear the distant sound of fighting from the others and had no idea of the struggles facing their comrades. As a result, even though [[Khan Dauran]] wished to assist Saadat Khan, he could not coordinate his efforts. The Nizam, considered the most capable Mughal general, remained completely inactive throughout the day and offered no help—possibly because, as some suggest, he hoped to take over if his rivals perished. The Emperor, meanwhile, appeared almost lifeless on the extreme left. At the points where the armies met, the Mughal's were outnumbered and too far from their heavy artillery. Their commanders, riding on tall elephants, became easy targets for the enemy’s fire, while the quick Persian horsemen remained safely out of reach.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

For two hours, Nadir Shah’s gunners unleashed deadly fire. Although the Indians fought bravely, they lost many lives in a futile effort—“arrows cannot answer bullets,” as one contemporary put it. When the battle became utterly hopeless and most of their officers were killed, about 1,000 of Khan Dauran’s bravest soldiers dismounted and, following the Indian custom of tying the skirts of their long coats together, fought on foot until they all fell. Khan Dauran himself was mortally wounded in the face and fell unconscious on his backside. Yet a small group of his loyal retainers, led by his steward Majlis Rai, managed to surround his elephant and, through desperate fighting, bring him back to camp near sunset—though he died not long after.<ref>Axworthy, Michael, ''The Sword of Persia; Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant'', I B Tauris, 2009. p. 257.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ&q=even+if+he+was+imprudent+.+%27+Let+others+do+as+they+please |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707–1857 |page=195 |author=G. S. Cheema |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788173044168 }}</ref><ref>Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008). The Great Battles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab.</ref><ref name="Jaques 2006 512"/>

[[File:Battle of Karnal.jpg|330px|thumb|A dramatised scene from the battle woven into a Persian rug, (note the camels in the top corner of the rug with their backs on fire, referencing the myth of the [[Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia|Persian army]] using this tactic to scare the Mughal war elephants).<ref>Hanway, Jonas, An Historical Account of the British Trade, 1: 251–253.</ref>]]

For three months, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] suffered from a leg injury that made it impossible for him to walk or ride, so he was always conveyed in a chair or on an elephant. Even though he had already received two wounds in battle, he might have been able to withdraw safely if not for an unforeseen mishap. His situation worsened when the enraged elephant of his nephew, Nisar Muhammad Khan Sher Jang, charged his own elephant, forcing it into the Persian ranks despite his men’s desperate attempts to slow it down by stabbing it with swords and daggers. Surrounded by foes, [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] kept shooting arrows in a bid to avoid capture. At that moment, a courageous young Persian soldier from his native Naishabur rode up on an elephant, addressing him by the familiar name “Muhammad Amin” and shouting, “Are you mad? Whom are you fighting, and on whom do you continue to rely?” The soldier then fixed his spear into the ground, looped the reins of his horse around it, and climbed up to Saadat Khan’s howda using the rope hanging down from it. Consequently, the Khan surrendered and was taken to Nadir’s camp.<ref name="SarkarNadirShah" /><ref name="IrvineLaterMughals"/><ref name="SharmaMughalEmpire"/>

With these two leaders removed from the field, the Indian army broke apart, while Persian horsemen pursued them with heavy slaughter. The Emperor and his nobles had taken up a battle line beside a canal at the extreme west of the field, bracing themselves for an attack. However, [[Nadir Shah]] held his forces in reserve rather than assaulting the well-fortified position with its heavy artillery, since he had a more certain and easier method to force the Emperor’s submission. At sunset, [[Muhammad Shah]] retired to his camp, having done nothing to save his throne or protect his people. The battle, which began at the time of the [[Dhuhr|Zuhar prayer]] and ended at the [[Asr|Asar prayer]], lasted for less than three hours.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119114/page/n293/mode/2up?q=patronage |title=Parties And Politics At The Mughal Court |author=Satish Chandra |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1959 |page=245 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFrXAAAAMAAJ&q=department+was+filled+with+Turkish+and+Feringi+gunners+and+cannon+-+founders+,+while+the+musketeers+were+mostly+recruited+from+certain+. |quote=musketeers were mostly recruited from certain Hindu tribes, such as the Bundelas, the Karnatakis, and the men of Buxar |title=The Mughal Administration |author=Sir Jadunath Sarkar |date=1920 |page=17 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n89/mode/2up?q=sword+play |title=A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9 |author=Ghosh, D. K. Ed. |date=1978 |publisher=Orient Longmans |quote=The Indian muslims looked down upon fighting with muskets and prided on sword play. The best gunners in the mughal army were hindus }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=William Irvine |page=668 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |date=2007 |title=Later Muguhals }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNiAAgAAQBAJ&dq=matchlockmen+mughal&pg=PA161 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 |author=J.J.L. Gommans |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134552764 }}</ref><ref>"History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian).</ref><ref name="Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein 2008"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCSPDwAAQBAJ&dq=observe+how+the+deccan+monkey+dances&pg=PA202 |page=202 |title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant |author=Michael Axworthy |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780857724168 }}</ref>

===Losses and consequences===
[[File:Jahangusha-ye Naderi 10.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]]'s surrender after the ambush at Kanjpura, as he is brought captive to [[Nader Shah]] upon his elephant.]]
The Mughals suffered far heavier casualties than the Persians. Exact figures are uncertain as accounts of that period were prone to bombast. Various contemporary commentators estimated Mughal casualties being up to 30,000 men slain with most agreeing on a figure of around 20,000 and with Axworthy giving an estimate of roughly 10,000 Mughal soldiers killed. Nader himself claimed that his army slew 20,000 and imprisoned "many more".<ref>Brigadier-General Sykes, Sir Percy (1930). "A history of Persia, Vol. II", third edition, p. 260. Macmillan & Co.</ref> The number of Mughal officers slain amounted to a staggering 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teheran.ir/spip.php?article1970#gsc.tab=0 |title=La stratégie militaire, les campagneset les batailles de Nâder Shâh – La Revue de Téhéran – Iran |work=teheran.ir |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725080858/http://www.teheran.ir/spip.php?article1970#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though as a proportion of the entire Mughal army the actual casualties suffered were not excessive, this masks the fact that the casualties constituted the very best of the Mughal army, including an overwhelming number of its leaders.

The Mughals had been defeated in part due to their outdated cannons. In addition, Indian elephants were an easy target for Persian artillery and Persian troops were more skilled with a musket.<ref>{{harvnb|Axworthy|2009 }}</ref>

Recent scholarship gives an estimate of the total Persian casualties at a mere 1,100 including 400 killed and 700 wounded.<ref name="Axworthy263"/> This number comprised such a small fraction of the Persian army as to be negligible.

[[File:Jahangusha-ye Naderi 12.jpg|450px|left|thumb|The meeting between Shahanshah Nader Shah, and Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, as depicted by Nader's court historian [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]] in the [[Jahangusha-i Naderi]].]]

Although the meeting was initially tense, with the Mughal plenipotentiaries arriving with armour instead of plain clothing, Nader soon requested that he and Nizam-ul-Mulk be left alone to discuss matters more freely. Once alone with the Shah, Nizam-ul-Mulk humbly claimed that his life was entirely at his mercy. Nader impressed upon him the importance of Muhammad Shah agreeing to pay an indemnity to the Persian crown. Having convinced Nizam-ul-Mulk to request the Mughal Emperor's personal presence in the Persian camp, Nader sent him away.

26 February saw the Mughal Emperor travel to meet with his Persian counterpart amongst much pomp and circumstance. Nader paid Muhammad Shah the respect worthy of an Emperor and conversed with him in Turkic. After making obeisance, Nader Shah remarked, "Brother, you have three faithful servants, and the rest are traitors; those three are Nasir Khan, [[Khan Dowran VII|Khan-i Dauran Khan]] and Muhammad Khan; from these I have received no letters."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBtCAQAAMAAJ&dq=could+not+understand+a+single+word+of+Persian,+due+to+which+he+had+to+be+accompanied+by+one+of+his+sons&pg=PA332 |title=the Bangash Nawab of Farrukhabad |author=William Irvine |year=1878 |page=332 }}</ref> After the conclusion of the negotiations the Mughal party returned to their encampment west of Alimardan river.

==Mughal submission and sacking of Delhi==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Nadir Shah on the Peacock Throne after his defeat of Muhammad Shah. ca. 1850, San Diego MOA.jpg|thumb|330px|[[Nader Shah]] sitting upon the [[Peacock Throne]] after his victory at the Battle of Karnal. The [[Peacock Throne]] was brought back to Iran and thereafter became a symbol of Persian might.]]

===Mughal Uprising and sack of Delhi===
[[File:THE FIRST SIGHT THAT MET HIS GAZE WAS THE BODIES OF HIS MURDERED COUNTRYMEN..gif|300px|thumb|Nader shah, on route to [[Roshan-ud-Daulah|''Rowshan O-Dowleh Mosque'']], comes across the corpses of dead Persian soldiers.]]
Rumours began spreading amongst the populace of Delhi that a gratuitous levy was imminent. There were also tales of Muhammad Shah seizing Nader and or having him killed one way or another. When a rumour broke out that Nader himself had been assassinated, a posse of Delhi citizens gathered around a granary as a group of Persian soldiers had been sent to negotiate prices, and the posse attacked and killed five Persian soldiers. The event sparked an uprising, and bands of civilians swept through the city and targeted isolated Persian soldiers in succession. When news was taken to Nader, he was dismissive, believing his soldiers were seeking out a pretext to ransack the city. But after successive reports of lynchings, Nader sent one of his retainers to verify these claims. He sent another of his inner circle also, but both were killed by the baying crowds. Nader sent out a ''fowj'' (a thousand-strong unit) but ordered them to engage only those involved in the violence.<ref>Axworthy p. 8.</ref><ref name="Browne">{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001014&ct=33 |title=An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922) |page=33 |work=Edward G. Browne |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |location=London |access-date=24 September 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052417/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=90001014&ct=33 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, watercolour, 1852.jpg|300px|thumb|left|[[Roshan-ud-Daulah|''Rowshan O-Dowleh Mosque'']], where Nader gave the signal for the initiation of the massacre by raising [[Nader Shah's Sword|his sword.]]]]

Three thousand soldiers marched out of the mosque's courtyard and began a gruesome and blood-curdling mass killing. Nader Shah "sat with sword in hand, wearing a solemn face steeped in melancholy and lost in deep thought. No man dared break the silence."<ref>Malcom, ''History of Persia'', vol 2, p. 85.</ref> Smoke rose above the city with ceaseless sounds of suffering and pleading echoing throughout. There was sparse resistance and most people were killed with no fighting chance. Many men were arrested and taken to the river [[Yamuna]] where they were all beheaded in cold blood. The soldiers entered houses and killed all the inhabitants, plundered all the riches they found and then set fire to what remained. The murder and rapine was such that many men chose to kill both themselves and their families instead of being subjected and slaughtered by the Persian soldiery.

[[File:Croquis du Koh-i-Noor d'après Tavernier.jpg|thumb|Tavernier's illustration of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] under different angles]]

[[File:The Daria-e Noor (Sea of Light) Diamond from the collection of the national jewels of Iran at Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The [[Daria-i-Noor]] diamond.]]
Nader sent forth 1,000 cavalrymen to each district of the city to ensure the collection of taxes. But perhaps the greatest riches were plundered from the treasuries of the Mughal dynasty's capital. The [[Peacock Throne]] was also taken away by the Persian army, and thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the [[Koh-i-Noor]] ("Mountain of Light") and [[Darya-ye Noor]] ("Sea of Light") diamonds. It is estimated that the total worth of the treasures plundered came to perhaps 700 million rupees. This was roughly the equivalent to £90 million sterling at the time, or £8.2 billion sterling in the early 21st century.<ref>Axworthy, Michael, ''Iran: Empire of the Mind'', Penguin Books, 2007. p. 159. {{ISBN? }}</ref>

Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, also taking with them thousands of elephants, horses, and camels, all loaded with the booty they had collected. The plunder seized from India was so rich that Nader stopped taxation in Persia for a period of three years following his return.<ref>Cust, Edward, ''Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century'', (Gilbert & Rivington Printers: London, 1862), 228.</ref> On Nader's return to Iran, [[Sikhs]] fell upon Nader's army and seized a large amount of booty and freed the slaves in captivity.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Hari Ram Gupta]] |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGwwAQAAIAAJ |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121502481 |page=54 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Vidya Dhar Mahajan]] |title=Modern Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDscEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=2020 |publisher=S. Chand Limited |isbn=9789352836192 |page=57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Joseph |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3pZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3857 |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=9781483359908 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA118 |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |author=[[Rajmohan Gandhi]] |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1999 |pages=117–118 |isbn=9780140290455 }}</ref>
The Maathir-ul-Umara states that Khudayar Khan answered:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46908/page/n841/mode/2up?q=khudayar |title=The Maathir-ul-umara Vol. 1 |page=819 |author=Beveridge, H., Tr. |year=1941 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
"We from the time of our forefathers were the servants of the King of India, if we had shown an inclination for you, you would not have believed us."
</blockquote>

==Historic ramifications==
Nader Shah's victory against the crumbling [[Mughal Empire]] in the East meant that he could afford to turn to the West and face Persia's archrivals, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], once again. The Ottoman Sultan [[Mahmud I]] initiated the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)]] in which Muhammad Shah closely co-operated with the Ottomans, as well as after, until his death in 1748.<ref name="Farooqi1989">{{cite book |author=Naimur Rahman Farooqi |title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Muhammad+Shah |access-date=6 April 2012 |year=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli }}</ref> Nader's Indian campaign alerted the [[British East India Company]] to the extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility of expanding British imperialism to fill the power vacuum.<ref name="axworthy">Axworthy p. xvi.</ref>

As a result of the defeat of the Mughal Empire at Karnal, the already-declining Mughal dynasty was critically weakened to such an extent as to hasten its demise. According to Axworthy, it is also possible that without the ruinous effects of Nader's invasion of India, the European colonial takeover of the Indian subcontinent would have come in a different form or perhaps not at all, which would have fundamentally changed the history of the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="axworthy"/>

==See also==
* [[Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia]]
* [[Mughal dynasty]]
* [[Afsharid dynasty]]
* [[Battle of Khyber Pass]]
* [[Iranian Crown Jewels]]
* [[Nadir Shah's invasion of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author-link=Michael Axworthy |last=Axworthy |first=Michael |title=The Sword of Persia; Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant |publisher=I B Tauris |date=2009}}
* Cust, Edward, ''Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century'', Gilbert & Rivington Printers: London, 1862.
* Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History'', 4th Ed., HarperCollinsPublishers, 1993.
* Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, ''Rare views of the world'' 3 vols., Ed. Amin Riahi, Tehran, 3rd Ed., 1374
{{Mughal Empire|state=expanded}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050715074949/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/nadir.html Nadir Shah's invasion in India] (archived)
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313205326/http://haryana-online.com/History/battle_of_karnal.htm Battle of Karnal 1739 – History of Haryana]}} (archived)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Karnal}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1739]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Karnal 1739]]
[[Category:Battles involving Afsharid Iran|Karnal 1739]]
[[Category:Battles involving Georgia (country)|Karnal]]
[[Category:Karnal]]
[[Category:1739 in India]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:Campaigns of Nader Shah]]
[[Category:1730s in the Mughal Empire]]

Brahma

2026-03-15T04:37:46Z

Bandbaajabarat: formatting fix

{{short description|Creator god in Hinduism}}
{{About|the Hindu creation god|the genderless metaphysical concept of Ultimate Reality in Hindu philosophy|Brahman}}{{For|Buddhist version of Brahma|Brahma (Buddhism)}}
{{other uses}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Brahma, dal soffitto del tempio di huchchappaiyya gudi, aihole (balgakot), karnataka, VII secolo (cropped).jpg
| caption = 6th-century sculpture of Brahma
| name = Brahma
| devanagari = ब्रह्मा
| sanskrit_transliteration = Brahmā
| affiliation = [[Trimurti]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
| deity_of = Creator of the Universe God of Creation, Knowledge and the [[Veda]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/brahma |title=Brahma, Brahmā, Brāhma: 66 definitions |publisher=Wisdomlib.org |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805095313/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/brahma |url-status=live }}</ref>
| abode = [[Brahmaloka]]
| weapon = [[Brahmastra]], [[Brahmashirastra]]
| mantra = ॐ वेदात्मनाय विद्महे हिरण्यगर्भाय धीमही तन्नो ब्रह्मा प्रचोदयात्: ''{{IAST|[[Oṃ]] vedātmanāya vidmahe [[Hiranyagarbha|hiraṇyagarbhāya]] dhīmahī tan no brahmā pracodayāt}}''
ॐ ब्रह्मणे नम: ''{{IAST|Om Brahmane Namah}}''
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]], [[Vedas]], ''[[Japamala]]'', ''[[Kamandalu]]''
| consort = Savitri (identified with [[Sarasvati]] or [[Gayatri]])
| mount = [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]]
| festivals = [[Kartik Purnima]]
| member_of = [[Trimurti]]
| other_names = Svayambhu, Virinchi, [[Prajapati]]
| children = [[Mānasaputra|Mind-created children]] including: {{hlist|[[Agni]]|[[Ahalya]]|[[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]|[[Atri]]|[[Bhrigu]]|[[Chitragupta]]|[[Daksha]]|[[Himavan]]|[[Jambavan]]|[[Kamadeva]]|[[Kratu]]|[[Four Kumaras|Kumara]]s|[[Marichi]]|[[Narada]]|[[Pulaha]]|[[Pulastya]]|[[Shatarupa]]|[[Svayambhuva Manu]]|[[Vashishtha]]}}}}
{{Ayyavazhi}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hindu mythology}}{{Indonesian mythology and folklore}}
'''Brahma''' ({{langx|sa|[[wikt:ब्रह्मा|ब्रह्मा]]}}, {{IAST3|Brahmā}}) is a [[Hindu god]], referred to as "the Creator" within the [[Trimurti]], the [[triple deity|trinity]] of [[Para Brahman|supreme divinity]] that includes [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]].<ref name="davidwhite29">{{cite book|first=David|last=White|author-link=David Gordon White|year=2006|title=Kiss of the Yogini|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226894843|pages=4, 29}}</ref><ref name="gonda212">Jan Gonda (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 The Hindu Trinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425200435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 |date=25 April 2020 }}, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp. 212–226.</ref><ref name=":1">Jan Gonda (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 The Hindu Trinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425200435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 |date=25 April 2020 }}, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pp. 218–219.</ref> He is associated with creation of everything, knowledge, and the ''[[Veda]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12977|title=THE VAYU PURANA PART. 1|last=N.A|date=1960|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12977/page/n184 174] (26.31)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Charles Russell|last1=Coulter|first2=Patricia|last2=Turner|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&pg=PT240|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96397-2|page=240}}, Quote: "Brahma, a creator god, received the basics of his mythological history from Purusha. During the Brahmanic period, the Hindu Trimurti was represented by Brahma with his attribute of creation, Shiva with his attribute of destruction and Vishnu with his attribute of preservation."</ref><ref name="bruce86">{{cite book|first=Bruce|last=Sullivan|year=1999|title=Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120816763|pages=85–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Holdrege|year=2012|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1438406954|pages=88–89}}</ref> Brahma is prominently mentioned in [[Creation myth|creation legends]]. In some ''[[Purana]]s'', he created himself in a golden embryo known as the [[Hiranyagarbha]].

Brahma is frequently identified with the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic god]] [[Prajapati]].<ref name="david183">{{cite book |last=Leeming |first=David |title=Creation Myths of the World |year=2009 |isbn=978-1598841749 |edition=2nd |page=146 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |author-link=David Adams Leeming}}; David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195156690}}, page 54, '''Quote:''' "Especially in the Vedanta Hindu Philosophy, Brahman is the Absolute. In the Upanishads, Brahman becomes the eternal first cause, present everywhere and nowhere, always and never. Brahman can be incarnated in Brahma, in Vishnu, in Shiva. To put it another way, everything that is, owes its existence to Brahman. In this sense, Hinduism is ultimately monotheistic or monistic, all gods being aspects of Brahman"; Also see pages 183-184, Quote: "Prajapati, himself the source of creator god Brahma – in a sense, a personification of Brahman (...) [[Moksha]], the connection between the transcendental absolute Brahman and the inner absolute [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]."</ref> During the post-Vedic period, Brahma was a prominent deity and his sect existed; however, by the 7th century, he had lost his significance. He was also overshadowed by other major deities like [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], and [[Mahadevi]]<ref name = "Dalal1" /> and demoted to the role of a secondary creator, who was created by the major deities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achuthananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&q=in+which+sect+Brahma+is+considered+supreme|title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Relianz Communications Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Stella Kramrisch 1994 pages 205-206">{{cite book|first=Stella|last=Kramrisch|author-link=Stella Kramrisch|year=1994|title=The Presence of Siva|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691019307|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&q=devi+created+brahma+vishnu&pg=PA123|title=The Goddess in India:The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|date=September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-807-5|language=en}}</ref>

Brahma is commonly depicted as a red or golden-[[complexion]]ed bearded man with four heads and hands. His four heads represent the four [[Vedas]] and are pointed to the four cardinal directions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |collaboration=Authors |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |others=Edited by [[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=9780877790440 |location=United States |pages=140 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> He is seated on a lotus and his ''[[vahana]]'' (mount) is a ''[[hamsa (bird)|hamsa]]'' (swan, goose or crane). According to the scriptures, Brahma created his children from his mind and thus, they are referred to as ''[[Manasputra|Manasaputra]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT936|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|author-link=Roshen Dalal|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184753967|language=en}}</ref><ref name="turner258">Charles Coulter and Patricia Turner (2000), Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0786403172}}, page 258, Quote: "When Brahma is acknowledged as the supreme god, it was said that Kama sprang from his heart."</ref>

In contemporary Hinduism, Brahma does not enjoy popular worship and has substantially less importance than the other two members of the Trimurti. Brahma is revered in the ancient texts, yet rarely worshipped as a primary deity in India, owing to the absence of any significant sect dedicated to his reverence.<ref name=morris123>{{cite book|author-link1=Brian Morris (anthropologist)|first=Brian|last=Morris|year=2005|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521852418|page=123}}</ref> Few temples dedicated to him exist in India, the most famous being the [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar]] in Rajasthan.<ref name=chakravarti15>{{cite book|first=SS|last=Charkravarti|year=2001|title=Hinduism, a Way of Life|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120808997|page=15}}</ref> Some Brahma temples are found outside India, such as at the [[Erawan Shrine]] in [[Bangkok]], which in turn has found immense popularity within the [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Buddhist]] community.<ref name=ellenlondon74>{{cite book|first=Ellen|last=London|year=2008|title=Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-9812615206|page=74}}</ref>

==Origin and meaning==
The origins of the term {{IAST|brahmā}} are uncertain, partly because several related words are found in the Vedic literature, such as ''[[Brahman]]'' for the 'Ultimate Reality' and ''[[Brahmana|Brāhmaṇa]]'' for 'priest'. A distinction between the spiritual concept of ''brahman'' and the god Brahmā is that the former is a genderless abstract metaphysical concept in Hinduism,<ref>James Lochtefeld, Brahman, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, page 122</ref> while the latter is one of the many masculine gods in Hindu tradition.<ref>James Lochtefeld, Brahma, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, page 119</ref> The spiritual concept of ''brahman'' is quite old and some scholars suggest that the god Brahma may have emerged as a god and visible icon of the impersonal universal principle ''of brahman''.<ref name="brucesullivan">Bruce Sullivan (1999), Seer of the Fifth Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120816763}}, pages 82-83</ref> The existence of a distinct god named ''Brahma'' is evidenced in late Vedic texts.<ref name="brucesullivan" />

Grammatically, the nominal stem ''Brahma-'' has two distinct forms: the [[Grammatical gender|neuter]] noun ''bráhman'', whose [[nominative case|nominative singular form]] is ''{{IAST|brahma}}'' ({{lang|sa|ब्रह्म}}); and the [[Grammatical gender|masculine]] noun ''brahmán'', whose nominative singular form is ''{{IAST|brahmā}}'' ({{lang|sa|ब्रह्मा}}). The former, the neuter form, has a generalized and abstract meaning<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Madan|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|title=India through the ages|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=1990|editor=K.S. Gautam|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/79 79]}}</ref> while the latter, the masculine form, is used as the proper name of the deity Brahma.

However, Brahman was sometimes used as a synonym for Brahma's name during the time the [[Mahabharata]] was written.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |title=A History of God: The 4000-year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf Inc]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-679-42600-4 |location=New York |pages=85–86 |author-link=Karen Armstrong}}</ref>

==Literature and legends ==
===Vedic literature===
[[File:Brahma Bimaran casket.jpg|thumb|An early depiction of Brahma, on the [[Bimaran casket]], early 1st century CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>"The Bimaran Reliquary, a Gandharan work, which is now housed in the British Museum, London, is of great historical and iconographic significance. It shows Buddha in the centre, attended by Brahma to his right and Indra to the left." in {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Priyatosh |title=Central Asian art: new revelations from Xinjiang |date=2001 |publisher=Abha Prakashan |page=48 |isbn=9788185704241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iazpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Standing Buddha in the arched compartment, flanked by figures of Brahma and Indra standing in similar compartments, detail of the side of Bimaran gold casket" in {{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Prithvi Kumar |title=Early Indian Bronzes |date=1977 |publisher=Prithvi Prakashan |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZUrAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
One of the earliest mentions of Brahma with Vishnu and Shiva is in the fifth ''Prapathaka'' (lesson) of the ''[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]'', probably composed around the late 1st millennium BCE. Brahma is first discussed in verse 5,1, also called the ''Kutsayana Hymn'', and then expounded in verse 5,2.<ref name="hume51">{{citation|first=Robert Ernest|last=Hume|author-link=Robert Ernest Hume|title=The Thirteen Principal Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n443/mode/2up|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1921|pages=422–424}}</ref>

In the pantheistic ''Kutsayana Hymn'',<ref name="hume51" /> the Upanishad asserts that one's Soul is Brahman, and this Ultimate Reality, Cosmic Universal or God is within each living being. It equates the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|''atman'']] (Soul, Self) within to be Brahma and various alternate manifestations of Brahman, as follows, "Thou art Brahma, thou art Vishnu, thou art Shiva, thou art [[Agni]], [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]], [[Indra]], thou art All."<ref name="hume51" />

In verse (5,2), Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva are mapped into the theory of [[Guṇa|Guṇas]], that is qualities, psyche and innate tendencies the text describes can be found in all living beings.<ref name="maxmuller51">[[Max Müller|Max Muller]], The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/302/mode/2up Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages 303-304</ref><ref>Jan Gonda (1968), The Hindu Trinity, Anthropos, Vol. 63, pages 215-219</ref> This chapter of the ''[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]'' asserts that the universe emerged from darkness (''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]''), first as passion characterized by innate quality (''[[rajas]]''), which then refined and differentiated into purity and goodness (''[[sattva]]'').<ref name="hume51" /><ref name="maxmuller51" /> Of these three qualities, ''rajas'' are then mapped to ''Brahma'', as follows:<ref>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 344-346</ref>

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Now then, that part of him which belongs to ''tamas'', that, O students of sacred knowledge ([[Brahmacharya|Brahmacharins]]), is this Shiva.
That part of him which belongs to ''rajas'', that O students of sacred knowledge, is this '''Brahma'''.
That part of him which belongs to ''sattva'', that O students of sacred knowledge, is this Vishnu.
Verily, that One became threefold, became eightfold, elevenfold, twelvefold, into infinite fold.
This Being (neuter) entered all beings, he became the overlord of all beings.
That is the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) within and without – yea, within and without!
</poem>|[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]], 5.2|<ref name=hume51/><ref name=maxmuller51/>|source=[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]}}

While the ''Maitrayaniya Upanishad'' maps Brahma with one of the elements of ''the guṇas'' theory of Hinduism, the text does not depict him as one of the trifunctional elements of the Hindu ''Trimurti'' idea found in later Puranic literature.<ref>GM Bailey (1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269716 Trifunctional Elements in the theology of the Hindu Trimūrti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709145622/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269716 |date=9 July 2022 }}, Numen, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2, pages 152-163</ref>

===Post-Vedic, Epics and Puranas===
{{multiple image
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During the post-Vedic period, Brahma was a prominent god and his sect existed during the 2nd century CE to 6th century CE. Early texts like the [[Brahmanda Purana]] describe that there was nothing but an eternal ocean. From this, a golden egg called [[Hiranyagarbha]], emerged. The egg broke open and Brahma, who had created himself within it, came into existence (gaining the name [[Svayambhu]]). Then, he created the universe, the earth, and other things. He also created people to populate and live on his creation.<ref name = "ACK" >{{Cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Shalini|title=Stories of Creation|date=April 1971|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha private limited|isbn=8184826478}}</ref><ref name = "Fall" >{{Cite book|last=Achuthananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&q=Brahma|title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Relianz Communications Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "Dalal1" >{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Brahma|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en|pages=78–79}}</ref>

However, by the 7th century CE, Brahma lost his importance. Historians believe that some of the major reasons for Brahma's downfall were the rise of [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]], their replacement of him with [[Tridevi]] in the [[Smarta tradition]], and the frequent attacks by [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Hinduism|Hindus]] who worship [[Indra]] and all the other [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]].<ref name="Dalal1" /><ref name="Fall" />[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beeld van Brahma op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016204.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Brahma in [[Prambanan]], Java [[Indonesia]]|left]]Various Puranic legends mention various reasons for his decline in worship now. There are primarily two prominent versions of why Brahma lost his ground in worship popularly. The first version refers to the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', where Brahma and Vishnu argued about who was the greatest among them. While they debated, they saw a huge column of fire piercing through the sky which was Shiva as [[Lingodbhava]]. They decided to locate the beginning and end of this column of fire which is Shiva. Vishnu assumed the form of a boar as [[Varaha]] and journeyed towards the earth and Brahma assumed the form of a swan as [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]] and journeyed towards the sky. Vishnu found about his defeat, revealing that he had been unable to locate the end, which was at the end of the universe and he got tired before he reached that so he was defeated in it there. However, Brahma had recruited the ''[[Pandanus tectorius|ketaki]]'' flower which fell from Shiva's head by his powers to end the debate here now, which was at the beginning of the universe with his beginning at there now and he got tired before he reached that so he was defeated in it there and this came to him and he took him as a false witness to support his lie that he had located the beginning. Shiva then took his true form and cut off one of Brahma's five heads for his dishonesty, proclaiming that he would no longer receive an active following to his worship and would get a low status of popularity. Pleased with Vishnu's honesty, he offered him a high status of popularity and an active following dedicated to his worship and took the ketaki flower as an ornament on his head then and fused that head into him then. The second version refers to the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', where Vishnu created Brahma and Shiva from his navel and forehead respectively, thus making Brahma along with Shiva both as inferior to Vishnu, who created them both as the supreme god above them in all aspects of power in this universe and after that, when the creation of the universe was completed, Brahma lost all of his importance after his role as creator of the universe ended and was removed from worship by everyone in the world, while Shiva was always worshipped as the destroyer of the universe after his role of the destruction of the universe was always happening and Vishnu was always worshipped as he was the preserver of the universe and his preserving role in the universe was always happening and he was the supreme god of this universe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgO6TJhFDwC&pg=PT146 |title=Banaras: CITY OF LIGHT |date=2013-06-05 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-83295-5 |pages=146 |language=en |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102104632/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgO6TJhFDwC&pg=PT146 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The post-Vedic texts of Hinduism offer multiple theories of [[cosmogony]], many involving Brahma. These include ''Sarga'' (primary creation of the universe) and ''Visarga'' (secondary creation), ideas related to the Indian thought that there are two levels of reality, one primary that is unchanging ([[metaphysics|metaphysical]]) and other secondary that is always changing ([[empiricism|empirical]]), and that all observed reality of the latter is in an endlessly repeating cycle of existence, that cosmos and life we experience is continually created, evolved, dissolved and then re-created.<ref name=tpinchman125>Tracy Pintchman (1994), The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791421123}}, pages 122-138</ref> The primary creator is extensively discussed in Vedic cosmogonies with ''[[Brahman]]'' or ''[[Purusha]]'' or ''[[Prakṛti|Prakrti]]'' among the terms used for the primary creator,<ref name=tpinchman125/><ref>Jan Gonda (1969), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 The Hindu Trinity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425200435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40457085 |date=25 April 2020 }}, Anthropos, Bd 63/64, H 1/2, pages 213-214</ref> In contrast the Vedic and post-Vedic texts name different gods and goddesses as secondary creators (often Brahma in post-Vedic texts), and in some cases a different god or goddess is the secondary creator at the start of each cosmic cycle (''kalpa'', that is an aeon).<ref name="Stella Kramrisch 1994 pages 205-206"/><ref name=tpinchman125/>

Brahma is a "secondary creator" as described in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Puranas]], and among the most studied and described.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bryant|editor-first1=Edwin F.|title=Krishna : a sourcebook|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-514891-6|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=Nicholas|title=Religious doctrines in the Mahābhārata|date=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-1700-1|page=182|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>Asian Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy & Wendy Doniger. Page 46</ref> Vishnu-focused Puranas describe that Brahma was born from a lotus emerging from the navel of the god [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] was born from a fire emerging from the forehead of the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1098-3 |page=147 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahma-Hindu-god Brahma: Hindu god] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011101951/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahma-Hindu-god |date=11 October 2016 }} Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> In contrast, the [[Shiva]]-focused Puranas describe Brahma and [[Vishnu]] to be born from Shiva's right and left sides of his waist; and in other [[Puranas]], [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] were born from Brahma's right and left sides of his waist or Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons ([[Kalpa (time)|kalpas]]).<ref name="Stella Kramrisch 1994 pages 205-206"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty |title=Siva: The Erotic Ascetic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC |year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972793-3 |page=125 }}</ref> Yet others describe that the [[Tridevi]] created Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva,<ref name=kinsley137>{{cite book|author=David Kinsley |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins |url-access=registration |year=1988|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/137 137] }}</ref> and these texts then state that Brahma is a secondary creator of the world working respectively on their behalf.<ref name=kinsley137/><ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC&pg=PA205|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01930-4 |pages=205–206 }}</ref> Brahma creates all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself.<ref name=bryant18>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bryant|editor-first1=Edwin F.|title=Krishna : a sourcebook|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-514891-6|page=18}}</ref> Thus in most Puranic texts, Brahma's creative activity depends on the presence and power of a higher god or higher goddess.<ref name="Continuum">{{cite book|last1=Frazier|first1=Jessica|title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies | date=2011|publisher=Continuum|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0|page=72}}</ref> Further, the medieval era texts of these major theistic traditions of Hinduism assert that the ''saguna'' (representation with face and attributes)<ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564441-8|page=4}}</ref> Brahma is Vishnu,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark Juergensmeyer |author2=Wade Clark Roof |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5 |page=1335 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shiva,<ref>{{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Presence of Siva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC |year=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-01930-4 |page=171 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC |url-status=live }}</ref> or Tridevi,<ref>{{cite book|author=David Kinsley |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins |url-access=registration |year=1988|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/136 136] }}</ref> respectively.

In the post-Vedic Puranic literature,<ref name=pandeyp40>{{cite book|author=R. M. Matthijs Cornelissen|title=Foundations of Indian Psychology Volume 2: Practical Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkkgeKXyiOIC |year=2011|publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-81-317-3085-0 |page=40 }}</ref> Brahma creates but neither preserves nor destroys anything. He is envisioned in some Hindu texts to have emerged from the metaphysical [[Brahman]] along with Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer), all other deities, matter and other beings. In theistic schools of Hinduism where the deity Brahma is described as part of its cosmology, he is a mortal god like all deities and dissolves into the abstract immortal Brahman when the universe ends, and then a new cosmic cycle (kalpa) restarts and all of them are recreated.<ref name=pandeyp40/><ref name="Fowler2002p330">{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|page=330}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Sculpture of Brahma, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|A sculpture of Brahma flanked by [[Yama]] and [[Chitragupta]], [[Tamil Nadu]], 10th century CE, [[Mela Kadambur Amirthakadeswarar Temple|Melakadambur Amirtakadeshvarar Temple]]]]
In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Brahma is portrayed several times as the one who rises from the "[[Causal Ocean|Ocean of Causes]]".<ref name=richard>Richard Anderson (1967), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769398 Hindu Myths in Mallarmé: Un Coup de Dés] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001035235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769398 |date=1 October 2018 }}, Comparative Literature, Vol. 19, No. 1, pages 28-35</ref> Brahma, states this Purana, emerges at the moment when time and universe are born, inside a lotus rooted in the navel of Vishnu, along with Shiva, who emerged inside a fire rooted in the forehead of the god Vishnu. This Purana states that both Brahma and Shiva are drowsy, err, are temporarily incompetent as they put together the universe.<ref name=richard/> They then become aware of their confusion and drowsiness, meditates as two ascetics, then realizes Vishnu in their bodies, see the beginning and end of the universe, and then their creative powers are revived. Brahma and Shiva, states the Bhagavata Purana, thereafter combine ''[[Prakṛti|Prakriti]]'' (nature, matter) and ''[[Purusha]]'' (spirit, soul) to create a dazzling variety of living creatures, and a tempest of causal nexus.<ref name=richard/> The Bhagavata Purana thus attributes the creation of [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] to Brahma and Shiva,{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} wherein they creates for the sake of creation, imbuing everything with both the good and the evil, the material and the spiritual, a beginning and an end.<ref>Richard Anderson (1967), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769398 Hindu Myths in Mallarmé: Un Coup de Dés] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001035235/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769398 |date=1 October 2018 }}, Comparative Literature, Vol. 19, No. 1, page 31-33</ref>

The Puranas describe Brahma as the god creating time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} They correlate human time to Brahma's time, such as a [[Kalpa (time)|mahākalpa]] being a large cosmic period, correlating to one day and one night in Brahma's existence.<ref name="Continuum"/>{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The stories about Brahma in various Puranas are diverse and inconsistent. In [[Skanda Purana]], for example, the Tridevi are called the "mothers of the universe", and they are credited with creating Brahma, all the complete other gods including Vishnu, Shiva, the three worlds, the entire universe. They are the ones, states Skanda Purana, who combined the three ''Gunas'' - Sattva, Rajas, Tamas - into matter (''Prakrti'') to create the empirically observed world.<ref>Nicholas Gier (1998), The Yogi and the Goddess, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 279-280</ref>

The Vedic discussion of Brahma as a ''[[Rajas]]''-quality god expands in the Puranic and [[Tantra|Tantric]] literature. However, these texts state that his wife [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]] has ''[[Sattva]]'' (quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, holistic, constructive, creative, positive, peaceful, virtuous), thus complementing Brahma's ''Rajas'' (quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, action qua action, individualizing, driven, dynamic) with her ''Sattva qualities''.<ref>H Woodward (1989), The Lakṣmaṇa Temple, Khajuraho and Its Meanings, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 19, pages 30-34</ref><ref>Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237</ref><ref>[[Joseph Alter]] (2004), Yoga in modern India, Princeton University Press, page 55</ref>

====Sangam literature====

The [[Sangam literature]] mentions all [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic practices]] in [[Tamilakam]]. Tamilians considered the [[Vedas]] as books of Hinduism and used it to perform [[Yajna]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-362 | title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 362 by George L. III Hart | access-date=9 October 2023 | archive-date=26 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926135934/https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-362 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-15 | title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 15 by George L. III Hart | access-date=9 October 2023 | archive-date=30 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930223547/https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-15 | url-status=live }}</ref> Several Tamil Hindu kings and queens have performed Vedic sacrifices and worshipped various gods and goddesses of [[Hinduism]]. Several Sangam texts mention that Brahma as a creator god born from the navel of [[Vishnu]] along with [[Shiva]] as a destroyer god born from his forehead while he was the preserver god. As he is a direct biological ancestor of all royal families, the [[Chola Empire|Cholas]] said that Brahma and Shiva as their direct biological ancestors and Vishnu as their creator and the creator of this entire [[universe]].<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/129/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> [[Cilappatikaram]] also has several mentions of Brahma as the creator god.<ref>{{cite book |translator=R Parthasarathy |title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet (Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-303196-3 |ref={{harvid|R Parthasarathy (Translator)|2004}} |pages=6–8 |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131007/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = A roundel of Brahma.jpg
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| image2 = 6th century Brahma on Cave 3 ceiling, Badami Hindu cave temple Karnataka 3.jpg
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| caption2 =
| footer = Left: 19th century CE painting of four-headed Brahma as an aged man, holding lotus, manuscript (Vedas) and a [[Ladle (spoon)|ladle]]; Right: 6th century CE statue of Brahma as a middle-aged man in [[Badami cave temples]] holding a stylus, ladle, mala; Beneath of Painting and Badami statue: 10-11th century CE Chandela Era sculptor depicting Brahma and his consort Saraswati, Chitragupta (Surya) Temple, [[Khajuraho]].
| image3 = Brahma and his consort.jpg
}}

Brahma is traditionally depicted with four faces and four arms.<ref name="kenmorgan">Kenneth Morgan (1996), The Religion of the Hindus, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803879}}, page 74</ref> Each face of his points to a cardinal direction. His hands hold no weapons, rather symbols of knowledge and creation. In one hand, he holds the sacred texts of [[Vedas]], in the other hand, he holds a ''[[Japamala|mala]],'' symbolizing the time to create the universe, in the other hand, he holds a ''shruka,'' — a [[Ladle (spoon)|ladle]] symbolizing the means to feed sacrificial fire, and in the even another hand, a ''[[kamandalu]]'' – a utensil with water symbolizing the means from where all creation emits.<ref name="dalal2010p67">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA67|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|pages=66–67|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331130953/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Thomas E. Donaldson|title= Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA99|year= 2001|publisher= Abhinav|isbn= 978-81-7017-406-6|page= 99|access-date= 10 October 2017|archive-date= 31 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131027/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status= live}}</ref> His four mouths are credited with creating the four Vedas.<ref name="bruce86" /> He is often depicted with a white beard, implying his sage-like experience. He sits on lotus, dressed in white (or red and pink), with his vehicle ([[vahana]]) – [[Hamsa (bird)|hamsa]], a swan – nearby.<ref name="kenmorgan" /><ref>Philip Wilkinson and Neil Philip (2009), Mythology, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0756642211}}, page 156</ref>

Chapter 51 of the ''[[Manasara]]'', an ancient design manual in Sanskrit for making [[Murti|murtis]] and temples, states that a Brahma statue should be gold in color.<ref name="pkacharya50">PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL, {{oclc|898773783}}, page 50</ref> The text recommends that the statue have four faces and four arms, have ''jata-mukuta-mandita'' (matted hair of an ascetic), and wear a [[diadem]] (crown).<ref name="pkacharya50" /> Two of his hands should be in refuge granting and gift giving [[mudra]], while he should be shown with ''kundika'' (water pot), ''akshamala'' (rosary), a small ''shruka'' and a large ''shruka'' (two ladles used in yajna ceremonies).<ref name="pkacharya50" /> The text details the different proportions of the ''murti'', describes the ornaments, and suggests that the idol wear ''chira'' (bark strip) as a lower garment, and either be alone or be accompanied with goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]]. Brahma is associated largely with the Vedic culture of [[yajna]] and knowledge. In some Vedic [[yajna]], Brahma is summoned in the ritual to reside and supervise the ritual in the form of [[Prajapati]].

Brahma's wife is the goddess Sarasvati.<ref name="elizabeth204">Elizabeth Dowling and W George Scarlett (2005), Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0761928836}} page 204</ref><ref>David Kinsley (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520063392}}, pages 55-64</ref> She is the embodiment of his power, the instrument of creation and the energy that drives his actions.

==Epochs of Brahma==
Brahma, despite being believed to be the creator, is considered mortal according to scriptures. The Age of Brahma, according to [[Hindu cosmology]], spans vast epochs of time. A [[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]] is a day of Brahmā, and one day of Brahmā consists of a thousand cycles of four [[yuga]]s, or ages: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga. These four yugas, rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahmā, and the same number comprise one night. Brahmā lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These "hundred years" total 311 trillion 40 billion (311,040,000,000,000) earth years. Brahma's lifespan is 311.04 trillion solar years, and humanity is in the 28th Kali Yuga of the 51st year of the current Brahma's life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=W.J.|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=6–8 |isbn=9783642007378 |quote=Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131004/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Worship==
===India===
[[File:BrahmaPushkarGurjarPilgrimage.jpg|thumb|[[Brahma Temple, Pushkar|Brahma Temple]] in [[Pushkar]], [[Rajasthan]]]]
Very few temples in India are primarily dedicated to Brahma and his worship.<ref name=morris123/><ref name=":1" />
Legends tell that Savitri, Brahma's wife, pronounced a curse restricting his worship to Pushkara.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Sāvitrī’s curses and Gāyatrī’s boons
|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc364137.html#:~:text=Goddess%20(S%C4%81vitr%C4%AB)%20seeing%20that%20said,lady%20as)%20his%20wife?%E2%80%9D
|work=Wisdom Library
|access-date=4 January 2026
}}</ref>
The most prominent Hindu temple for Brahma is the [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar]].<ref name=chakravarti15/> Others include:
* Shri Kheteshwar Brahmadham Teerth, [[Asotra]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Rajasthan]]
* Adi Brahma Temple, [[Khokhan]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* Brahma Karmali Temple, Nagargao, [[Valpoi]], [[Goa]]
* Brahmaji Temple, [[Chhinch]], [[Banswara district|Banswara]], [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma]], [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]], [[Gujarat]]
* [[Brahma Kuti Temple]], [[Bithoor]], [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Kumbakonam Brahma Temple]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]

[[File:BRAHMAJI TEMPLE CHHINCH.jpg|thumb|12th century CE statue of Brahma in [[Chhinch]], [[Banswara]], [[Rajasthan]]]]

Brahma is also worshipped in temple complexes dedicated to the [[Trimurti]]. Some of these are: [[Thanumalayan Temple]],<ref>History of Suchindram temples". The Hindu. 29 January 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> [[Uthamar Kovil|Sri Purushothaman Temple]], [[Thripaya Trimurti Temple]], [[Mithrananthapuram Trimurti Temple]], [[Kodumudi Magudeswarar Temple]], [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]

In Kerala, there is also a shrine for Brahma in [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple|Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple]] where according to legend, Lord Shiva beheaded Brahma.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralamythology.blogspot.com/2016/11/legend-of-kandiyoor-mahadeva-temple.html | title=Kerala Mythology: Legend of Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple | date=11 November 2016 }}</ref>

Chaturmukeshvara temple at the temple town of [[Srikalahasti]] near [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] has an image of Lord Shiva with four faces and has bas-relief carvings. At this temple, Lord Brahma and Lord Shiva are both worshipped. According to a legend, this is the place where Lord Brahma regained His ability to create after He pleaded forgiveness from Lord Shiva for getting rid of His Sisihathya sins.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://srikalahasthitemple.com/about-temple/ | title=About Srikalahasti Temple - Temple Open Timings - Rahu Ketu Pooja }}</ref>

There is a Chaturmukha Brahma temple in [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]], Andhra Pradesh, and a seven feet height of Chatrumukha (Four Faces) Brahma temple at [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. In the coastal state of [[Goa]], a shrine belonging to the fifth century, in the small and remote village of [[Carambolim]], [[Sattari]] Taluka in the northeast region of the state is found.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/brahma-temple-at-carambolim.html | title=Brahma Temple at Brahma Carambolim in Goa, Brahma Temple in Goa, About Brahma Temple in Goa, Lord Brahma Goa Temple information }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/07/13/magazines/zest/the-rare-temple-of-sri-brahma-in-brahmakarmali/ | title=The rare temple of Sri Brahma in Brahmakarmali | the Navhind Times | Goa News | date=13 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://brah.ma/devalayam/brahma-karmali-mandir | title=🪔 Brahma Karmali Mandir देवालयं | Brah.ma }}</ref>

A famous icon of Brahma exists at [[Mangalwedha]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/09-09/features1483.htm | title=The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - September 2009 }}</ref> 52 km from the [[Solapur]] district of [[Maharashtra]] and in [[Sopara]] near [[Mumbai]]. Temples exist in [[Khokhan]], [[Annamputhur]] and [[Hosur]].

===Southeast and East Asia===
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 143
| width2 = 175
| width3 = 109
| width4 = 129
| footer = '''Left:''' The four-faced Brahma ([[Phra Phrom]]) statue, Erawan Shrine, [[Thailand]] '''Center''': 12th-century CE Brahma with missing book and water pot, [[Cambodia]] '''Right''': 9th-century CE Brahma Sculpture in [[Prambanan]] [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]
| image1 = Thai 4 Buddies.jpg
| image2 = Cambodian - The Hindu God Brahma - Walters 542734.jpg
| image3 = Brahma temple Prambanan 2017-08-02 (3).jpg
}}

A shrine of Brahma can be found in Cambodia's [[Angkor Wat]]. One of the three largest temples in the 9th-century CE [[Prambanan]] temples complex in Yogyakarta, central [[Java]] (Indonesia) is dedicated to Brahma, the other two to Shiva (largest of three) and Vishnu respectively.<ref>Trudy Ring et al (1996), International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1884964046}}, page 692</ref> The temple dedicated to Brahma is on the southern side of Shiva temple and Vishnu temple.

A statue of Brahma is present at the [[Erawan Shrine]] in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] and continues to be revered in modern times.<ref name="ellenlondon74" /> The golden dome of the [[Government House of Thailand]] houses a statue of [[Phra Phrom]] (Thai representation of Brahma). An early 18th-century CE painting at [[Wat Yai Suwannaram]] in [[Phetchaburi]] city of Thailand depicts Brahma.<ref>Chami Jotisalikorn et al (2002), Classic Thai: Design, Interiors, Architecture., Tuttle, {{ISBN|978-9625938493}}, pages 164-165</ref>

The name of the country [[Myanmar|Burma]] is derived from Brahma. In medieval texts, it is referred to as ''Brahma-desa''.<ref>Arthur P. Phayre (2013), History of Burma, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415865920}}, pages 2-5</ref><ref>Gustaaf Houtman (1999), Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, {{ISBN|978-4872977486}}, page 352</ref>

[[Brahmā (Buddhism)|Brahma in Buddhism]] is known in Chinese as ''Simianshen'' ({{lang|zh|四面神}}, "Four-Faced God"), ''Simianfo'' ({{lang|zh|四面佛}}, "Four-Faced Buddha") or ''Fantian'' ({{lang|zh|梵天}}), ''Tshangs pa'' (<big>ཚངས་པ</big>) in Tibetan, ''Phạm Thiên'' ({{lang|vi|梵天}}) in Vietnamese, ''[[Japanese Buddhist pantheon#Level 4: Heavenly deities (Ten-bu)|Bonten]]'' ({{lang|ja|梵天}}) in Japanese,<ref name=buswelllopez141>{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 |pages=141–142 }}</ref> and Beomcheon ({{lang|ko|범천,梵天}}) in Korean.<ref>
Korean Buddhist Sculpture: Art and Truth, Woo bang Kang</ref> In [[Chinese Buddhism]], he is regarded as one of the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty Devas]]'' ({{lang|zh|二十諸天}} ''Èrshí Zhūtiān'') or the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]]'' ({{lang|zh|二十四諸天}} ''Èrshísì zhūtiān''), a group of protective [[dharmapala]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|author1=Lewis Hodous|author2=William Edward Soothill|isbn=0-203-64186-8|location=London|oclc=275253538}}</ref>

[[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindus in Indonesia]] still have a high regard for Brahma ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Javanese language|Javanese]]: ''Batara Brahma'' and ''Sanghyang Brahma''). In [[Prambanan]] there is a special temple made for Brahma, side by side with Vishnu and Shiva, and in [[Bali]] there is Andakasa Temple dedicated to Brahma.<ref>{{citation |url= https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2017/08/24/9520/menyingkap-misteri-dewa-brahma-jarang-dipuja |title= Menyingkap Misteri Dewa Brahma Jarang Dipuja (Indonesian) |work= Baliexpress |access-date= 30 June 2021 |archive-date= 9 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181345/https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2017/08/24/9520/menyingkap-misteri-dewa-brahma-jarang-dipuja |url-status= live }}</ref>

In the past, although not as popular as Vishnu and Shiva, the name Brahma appeared on several occasions. In the legend that developed in [[East Java]] about Ken Arok, for example, Brahma is believed to be the biological father of [[Ken Arok]]. It is said that Brahma was fascinated by the beauty of Ken Arok's mother, Ken Endok and made her a lover. From this relationship was born Ken Arok.

The name Brahma is also used as the name of a mountain in the Tengger mountain range, Mount Bromo. Mount Bromo is believed to be derived from the word Brahma and there was once a sect that believed that Brahmaloka - the universe where Brahma resides - was connected to Mount Bromo. To this day, Mount Bromo is still considered a sacred place for Javanese Hindus, making it the location for the annual Yadnya Kasada or Kasodo ceremony. People around Mount Bromo will celebrate the Kasodo festival every year by presenting offerings such as vegetables, chickens and money that are revealed to the Gods and poured into the crater of Mount Bromo as a sign of gratitude to the Almighty.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://authentic-indonesia.com/activities/the-bromo-volcano/ | title=Java | the Bromo Volcano | Authentic-Indonesia }}</ref>

In the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] version of [[wayang]] (shadow puppet play), Brahma has a very different role from his initial role. When Hindu society began to disappear from [[Java]] and the era of [[Wali Sanga|Walisongo]]'s [[wayang kulit]] began to emerge, Brahma's role as creator in the shadow puppet standard was given to a figure named Sang Hyang Wenang, while Brahma himself was renamed to Brama (fire) where he was a ruling god. Brama, the son of the figure of [[Batara Guru]] (Shiva). The figure of Brahma in Javanese wayang is fused and mixed with the figure of Agni.<ref>{{citation|url=https://gamabali.com/dewa-brahma/|title=Dewa Brahma|work=GamaBali|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624064010/http://gamabali.com/dewa-brahma/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Brahma (Buddhism)]]
* [[Brahma Samhita]]
* [[Brahmastra]]
* [[Brahma from Mirpur-Khas]]
* [[Brahmakumari]]
* [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]
* [[Demiurge]]
* [[Svetovid]]
{{colend}}



==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahma-Hindu-god Brahma] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [http://www.oldandsold.com/articles25/hindu-23.shtml Hinduism - Brahma And The Trimurti]
* [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_069_0f_ManeepinPromsuthirak_HinduBrahmaInThaiLiterature.pdf Hindu Brahma in Thai Literature - Maneepin Phromsuthirak]
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Asea|Religion|History|Hyderabad|Arithmetic }}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Chaitanya sampradaya}}
{{Burmese nats}}
{{Melakarta ragas}}
{{Brahmanda}}
{{Names of God}}
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}
{{Hinduism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brahma| ]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Lokapala]]
[[Category:Trimurti]]
[[Category:Wisdom gods]]

Nalamasa Krishna

2026-03-15T02:43:47Z

Bandbaajabarat: added a info basic info!

{{Short description|Indian activist (born 1979)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nalamasa Krishna
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1979
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| other_names = Rathnamala
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = {{hlist|Social activist}}
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| alma mater = [[Osmania University]] [[English and Foreign Languages University]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Nalamasa Krishna''' is a [[left-wing]] social activist and a lawyer from [[Telangana]], India.

== Early life and education ==
Krishna was born in 1979 to a middle-class family in erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He then pursued his [[Master of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Osmania University]] and a doctoral degree from [[English and Foreign Languages University]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Career ==
Besides practicing law, he served as vice-president of [[Telangana Praja Front]], a [[Telangana movement|regional political movement]] which was formed as a Telangana separatist organisation, demanding statehood for the Telangana region that was then a part of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Indrajit |date=2020-09-07 |title=India: Tremors Of Sympathy In Telangana – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/08092020-india-tremors-of-sympathy-in-telangana-analysis/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Eurasia Review / South Asia Terrorism Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

In recent years, he was active in anti-Uranium mining struggle in [[Nallamala Forest]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2017-02-15 |title=Uranium mining in Nallamala opposed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-02-15/Uranium-mining-in-Nallamala-opposed/280768 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> area and also participated in public protests in the aftermath of [[Gauri Lankesh]]'s murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Journalists Takes out a Rally protesting Assassination of Gauri Lankesh |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/281671/Hyderabad-Journalists-Takes-out-a-Rally-protesting-Assassination-of-Gauri-Lankesh |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Krishna was arrested along with state president of Telangana Vidyarthi Vedika (TVV), Bandari Maddilet for in actively recruiting new members and collecting funds for the outlawed [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupavath |first=Prudhviraj |date=2019-10-18 |title=Telangana: What Is the Gadwal Conspiracy Behind 'Unlawful' Arrests |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Telangana-Gadwal-Conspiracy-Behind-Unlawful-Arrests |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[NewsClick]] |language=en}}</ref> They are also accused of supporting bandh calls and various activities conducted by their respective parties in urban areas of Telangana state.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-10-15 |title=TVV chief Maddileti, TPF vice-president Krishna arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tvv-chief-maddileti-tpf-vice-president-krishna-arrested/article29693378.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, the [[Telangana High Court]] deemed his arrest as unlawful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamshidhara |first=Vujjini |date=2019-10-18 |title=Krishna, Maddileti arrests illegal: Telangana High Court |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/181019/krishna-maddileti-arrests-illegal-telangana-high-court.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-18 |title=Cops ignored rules to arrest TPF, TVV men on Maoist 'link': HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cops-ignored-rules-to-arrest-tpf-tvv-men-on-maoist-link-hc/articleshow/71639562.cms |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Finally, in 2020, [[National Investigation Agency]] filed a chargesheet against Krishna under the Telangana Public Security Act and the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA Arrests Telangana Praja Front VP for 'Aiding Activities of CPI (Maoist)' |url=https://thewire.in/government/nia-arrests-telangana-praja-front-vp-for-aiding-activities-of-cpi-maoist |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> The charges were related to his involvement in a criminal conspiracy aimed at recruiting youth and generating funds for the Maoist party through affiliated organizations, including Telangana Vidyarthi Vedika and Telangana Praja Front.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2020-06-14 |title=NIA arrests vice-president of TPF |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nia-arrests-vice-president-of-tpf/article31828337.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=టీపీఎఫ్ వైస్ ప్రెసిడెంట్ కృష్ణను అరెస్ట్ చేసిన ఎన్ఐఏ... |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/telangana/nia-arrests-telangana-praja-front-vice-president-nalamasa-krishna-in-connection-with-maoists-in-khammam-ba-536896.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> He was later granted bail due to health issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2020-08-28 |title=NIA files charge-sheet against 4 for Maoist links |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nia-files-charge-sheet-against-4-for-maoist-links/article32469003.ece |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vudali |first=Srinath |date=2020-08-24 |title=TPF vice-president Nalamasa Krishna gets bail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tpf-vice-prez-gets-bail/articleshow/77709631.cms |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Nalamasa}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat

2026-03-13T18:47:30Z

Bandbaajabarat: stub

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat
| image = File:Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat at SPIC MACAY, 9th International Convention 2024, IIT Madras, Chennai
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = Sattriya artist
| employer =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = Padma Shri
}}

'''Gopiram Bargayn Burabhakat''' is a [[sattriya]] artist from [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Assam]], India. He is the recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] (2021).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/padma-awards-see-who-won-from-the-northeast/|title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=North East Live TV | access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> Bargayn was only five years old when he arrived at the Sri Sri Uttar Kamalabari Sattra in 1930. He remained an ardent supporter and promoter of Sattriya Dance since then.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://spicmacayintcon.in/speakers-detail.php?id=46 |title=Speakers Details|publisher=Spicmacayintcon | access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He has received various awards for his contribution to and promotion of Sattriya traditions. Some of the awards he received are as follows.

* Sangeet Natak Akademi award{{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=source needed}}
* Tagore Award
* [[Padma Shri]]<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/sudarshan-sahoo-narayan-debnath-among-recipients-of-padma-awards-101611638493064.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bargayn Burabhakat, Gopiram}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Gita Upadhyay

2026-03-13T07:14:16Z

Bandbaajabarat: new

{{Short description|Indian writer from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Gita Upadhyay
| image = Gita Upadhyay.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|02|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Gangmouthan, Darrang district (now Biswanath district), Assam, British India
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Handique Girls College]] (BA)
* Postgraduate degree (Political Science)
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Educator|Writer|Translator}}
| known_for = {{hlist|Contributions to Assamese and Nepali literature| Education}}
| notable_works = {{Plainlist|
* Translation of ''The Diary of Anne Frank'' into Nepali and Assamese
* ''Janmabhumi Mero Swadesh'' (novel)
* ''Jiwanlai Pharkera Herda'' (Autobiography)
}}
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chabilal Upadhyaya]] (Grandfather)
Tankanath Upadhyaya (father)
Swarup Upadhyaya, Ex-MP of Tezpur Constituency(Brother)
Late Justice Arun Chandra Upadhyaya, Ex-Judge of Gauhati High Court (Brother)
}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016)
}}
}}

'''Gita Upadhyay''' (born 14 February 1939) is an Indian educator, writer, and translator from [[Assam]].<ref name="indiatodayne2025list2">{{cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=Five from Assam conferred with prestigious Padma Awards on Republic Day 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/five-from-assam-conferred-with-prestigious-padma-awards-on-republic-day-2025-1160637-2025-01-25 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=India Today NE |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125174106/https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/five-from-assam-conferred-with-prestigious-padma-awards-on-republic-day-2025-1160637-2025-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is known for her contributions to both [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] literature, particularly through translation works aimed at fostering cultural understanding.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dist admin and local MLA congratulate Padma Shri Awardee Gita Upadhyay |url=https://www.thereveal.co.in/2025/01/dist-admin-and-local-mla-congratulate.html |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2025 in the field of literature and education.<ref name="timesindia2025list2">{{cite news |date=27 January 2025 |title=Padma awards 2025: 139 distinguished personalities conferred prestigious awards, 7 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri; see full list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-139-distinguished-personalities-conferred-prestigious-awards-7-padma-vibhushan-19-padma-bhushan-and-113-padma-shri-see-full-list/articleshow/117558881.cms |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=15 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315092800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-139-distinguished-personalities-conferred-prestigious-awards-7-padma-vibhushan-19-padma-bhushan-and-113-padma-shri-see-full-list/articleshow/117558881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221083811/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> She is noted as the first woman from the Gorkha community of Assam to obtain a post-graduate degree.<ref name="sahityapost2">{{cite web |title=Gita Upadhyaya: Padma Shri Awardee and Her Life Sketch |url=https://english.sahityapost.com/gita-upadhyaya-padma-shri-awardee-and-her-life-sketch/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=Sahityapost English|date=6 February 2025 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gita Upadhyay was born on 14 February 1939, in the village of Gangmouthan, then part of [[Darrang district]] (now [[Biswanath district]]) in Assam, British India.<ref name="sahityapost2" /><ref name="sikkimexpress2">{{cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Gita Upadhyaya: A Life Sketch |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/gita-upadhyaya-a-life-sketch |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=Sikkimexpress |archive-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131193703/https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/gita-upadhyaya-a-life-sketch |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the eldest daughter of Tankanath Upadhyay and Bhagirathi Devi, and the granddaughter of [[Chabilal Upadhyaya|Chabilal Upadhyay]], a prominent freedom fighter and the first president of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name="sahityapost2" /><ref name="sentinelassam2">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025: List Of Awardees From Assam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/ampstories/web-stories/padma-awards-2025-list-of-awardees-from-assam |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=The Sentinel}}</ref> Her father was a translator and reader.<ref name="sikkimexpress2" />

Upadhyay began her schooling at Gangmouthan Balika Prathamik Vidyalaya and completed her High School Leaving Certificate (HSLC) from Behali High School in 1955. She pursued higher education in Guwahati, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Handique Girls College]] in 1959. In 1964, she obtained a postgraduate degree in Political Science, becoming the first Gorkha woman from Assam to achieve these academic milestones.<ref name="sahityapost2" /><ref name="sikkimexpress2" />

== Career ==
Upadhyay joined Sibsagar College as a lecturer in 1965 after her master's degree. She taught at the institution for thirty-four years, before retiring as the Head of the Political Science Department in 1999.<ref name=":0" /> She later served as a member of the Board of Management at [[Tezpur University]].<ref name="TezpurBoM">{{cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=MINUTES OF THE EIGHTY FOURTH (84TH) MEETING OF THE BOARD OF MANAGEMENT(B.84/2017/4) HELD ON 10/11/2017 AT TEZPUR UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/statutory_bodies/Minutes-of-84th-BoM.pdf |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Tezpur University |page=1 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509192419/http://www.tezu.ernet.in/statutory_bodies/Minutes-of-84th-BoM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Upadhyay has also been actively involved in social and literary organisations. She has served as the President of Nepali Sahitya Parisad (Assam), Akhil Asom Lekhika Sanstha, and the Assam Branch of the [[Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh|Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangha]].<ref name="sikkimexpress2" /> Her work, particularly in translation, is recognised for promoting cultural exchange and understanding between linguistic communities.<ref name="sahityapost2" />

== Literary works ==
Upadhyay's literary career began alongside her academic profession. She is fluent in both Assamese and Nepali, and has authored and translated around two dozen books.<ref name="sikkimexpress2" /> Her work spans genres including poetry, fiction, essays, travelogues, biographies, and children's literature. Her writing often reflects the social, historical, and cultural contexts around her.<ref name="sahityapost2" /><ref name="sikkimexpress2" />

Her first published work was a Nepali translation of ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'' by [[Anne Frank]] in 1972. She co-translated the same book into Assamese with Basanti Laskar in 1975.<ref name="sahityapost2" /><ref name="sikkimexpress2" /> She translated Rupkonwar Jyoti Prasad Agarwala's play ''Karengor Ligiri'' from Assamese to Nepali under the title ''Darbarki Susare''. She also translated Nirupama Borgohain's ''Abhijatri'' into Nepali.<ref name=":0" /> Her notable translations into [[Assamese language|Assamese]] include ''Bhanubhaktar Ramayan'' (1987) and Lakshmiprasad Devkota's ''Muna-Madan'' (2000).<ref name="sahityapost2" />

Her [[Nepali language|Nepali]] novel ''Janmabhumi Mero Swadesh'', based on the life of her grandfather Chhabilal Upadhyaya,<ref name="SikkimReview">{{cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title='Janmabhumi Mero Swadesh': in a nutshell |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/janmabhumi-mero-swadesh-in-a-nutshell |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Sikkimexpress}}</ref> won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2016.<ref name="SA2016Press">{{cite web |date=21 December 2016 |title=PRESS RELEASE: Sahitya Akademi Award 2016 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2016.pdf |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi |page=1 |quote=Five award winning novelists are Jerry Pinto (English), Nasira Sharma (Hindi), Boluwaru Mohammad Kunhi (Kannada), Edwin J.F. D'souza (Konkani) and Gita Upadhyay (Nepali). |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813180230/https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Other original works include the biography ''Mahapurush Shankardev: Jeevan Ra Karma'' (2003), the travelogue ''Mandakini Ra Alakanandako Tiraitir Badri Kedarsamma'' (2003), and her autobiography ''Jiwanlai Pharkera Herda'' (2018).

=== Selected works ===
* ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'' (Nepali translation, 1972)
* ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'' (Assamese co-translation with Basanti Laskar, 1975)
* ''Aamaa Ma First Bhayen'' (Children's novel, 1997)
* ''Mahapurush Shankardev: Jeevan Ra Karma'' (Biography, 2003)
* ''Mandakini Ra Alakanandako Tiraitir Badri Kedarsamma'' (Travelogue, 2003)
* ''Kathanjali'' (Collection of short stories, 2005)
* ''Janmabhumi Mero Swadesh'' (Novel, 2013)
* ''Jiwanlai Pharkera Herda'' (Autobiography, 2018)

== Awards and recognition ==

* Padma Shri (2025)—awarded by the [[President of India]] for Literature and Education<ref name="timesindia2025list2" /><ref name="ndtv2025list2">{{cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Padma Awards 2025: 30 Awarded For Excellence In Literature And Education |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/padma-awards-2025-30-awarded-for-excellence-in-literature-and-education-7562091 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
* Padma Prasad Dhungana Award (2001)<ref name="sahityapost2" />
* Literary Pension by the Government of Assam (2003)<ref name="sahityapost2" />
* Parijat Miteri Samman (2007)<ref name="sahityapost2" />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2012)—for translating ''Karengor Ligiri'' into Nepali as ''Darbarki Susare''<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#NEPALI |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101505/https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#NEPALI |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016)—for her novel<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali |url=https://gorkhabooktrust.com/sahitya-akademi-award-winners-for-nepali/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Gita}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]

P-800 Oniks

2026-03-13T02:49:05Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = Yakhont/Oniks missile
| image = File:3M55 Yakhont Onyx SS-N-26 Armia 2018.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = A P-800 missile at Armia 2018
| origin = [[Soviet Union]] / [[Russia]]
| type = [[Cruise missile]] [[Air-launched cruise missile]] [[Submarine-launched cruise missile]] [[Anti-ship missile]] [[Surface-to-surface missile]] [[Land-attack missile]]
| used_by = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars = [[Syrian Civil War]] [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/14122149 | title=ВС РФ уничтожили гиперзвуковыми ракетами "Кинжал" подземный склад боеприпасов ВСУ - ТАСС }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}}
| manufacturer = [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]]
| unit_cost = $1.25 million<ref name=Forbes01>{{cite news|url=https://forbes.ua/inside/rosiya-za-vikhidni-vipustila-po-ukraini-raket-vartistyu-blizko-200-mln-otsinka-forbes-27062022-6838 |first1=Volodymyr |last1=Landa|first2=Konstantin|last2= Gnenny |title=Over the weekend, Russia launched missiles worth about $200 million over Ukraine., Росія за вихідні випустила по Україні ракет вартістю близько $200 млн.|language=uk|agency=[[Forbes]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
| propellant = [[jet fuel]]
| production_date = 1987–present
| service = 2002–present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npomash.ru/history/en/history.htm|title=MIC "NPO mashinostroyenia" - History|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605115327/http://www.npomash.ru/history/en/history.htm|archive-date=5 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| engine = [[Ramjet]]
| engine_power = 4 [[Ton-force|tons]] of thrust
| weight = 3,000 kg (6,614 lb)
| length = 8.9 m (29.2 ft)
| height =
| diameter = 0.7 m (2.3 ft)
| wingspan = 1.7 m (5.6 ft)
| accuracy = 1.5 m<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-threat-and-proliferation/missile-proliferation/russia/16962-2/|title=P-800 Oniks (SS-N-26 Strobile) – Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063129/http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-threat-and-proliferation/missile-proliferation/russia/16962-2/|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| speed = [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.9 ( 3180 km/h / 1998 mph / 884 m/s )
| vehicle_range = {{convert|600|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} (''Oniks'' version for Russia) {{convert|800|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} (''Oniks-M'' version for Russia) {{convert|120|to|300|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} depending on altitude (''Yakhont'' export version)
| ceiling = 14,000 m (46000 ft)
| altitude = 10 meters (32 ft) or higher
| filling = national ver. 300 kg semi-armour piercing HE, [[H-bomb|thermonuclear]]; for export 200 kg semi-armour piercing HE<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2019/russia-mod-launches-supersonic-anti-ship-oniks-p-800-cruise-missile|title = Russia MoD launches supersonic anti-ship "Oniks P-800" cruise missile| date=30 September 2019 }}</ref>
| guidance = midcourse [[inertial guidance]], [[active radar homing]]-[[passive radar]] seeker head
| detonation = delay fuze
| launch_platform = coastal installations, [[naval ship]]s, [[Fixed-wing aircraft]]
}}

The '''P-800 Oniks''' ({{langx|ru|П-800 Оникс}}; {{langx|en|[[Onyx]]}}), [[marketed]] in [[Rosoboronexport|export]] as the '''Yakhont''' ({{langx|ru|Яхонт}}; {{langx|en|[[ruby]]}}), is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]/[[Russia]]n [[supersonic]] [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missile]] developed by [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]] as a [[ramjet]] version of the [[SS-N-22|P-80 Zubr]]. Its [[GRAU]] designation is '''3M55''', the air launched '''Kh-61''' variant was planned but never built. The missile has the [[NATO codename]] '''SS-N-26 "[[wiktionary:strobile|Strobile]]"'''. Development commenced in 1983,<ref>{{cite web|title=P800 Oniks|website=militarytoday|url=https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/p800_oniks.htm|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117091056/https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/p800_oniks.htm}}</ref> and in the 1990s the anti-ship missile was tested on the [[Nanuchka-class corvette#Project 12347 (Nanuchka IV)|Project 1234.7 ship]]. In 2002 the missile passed the whole range of trials and was commissioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/nakat/index.php?print=Y|title=Nakat|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103044323/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/nakat/index.php?print=Y|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It is reportedly a replacement for the [[P-270 Moskit]], and possibly also of the [[P-700 Granit]].

==Operational history==
===Syria===
In 2010 Sergei Prikhodko, senior adviser to the Russian President, has said that Russia intends to deliver P-800 to [[Syria]] based on the contracts signed in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22565405|title=BBC News - Syria crisis: Russia 'sends sophisticated weapons'|work=BBC News|date=17 May 2013|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531193909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22565405|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/despite-israeli-protests-russia-won-t-halt-arms-sale-to-syria-1.310943|title=Despite Israeli protests, Russia won't halt arms sale to Syria|date=30 August 2010|work=Haaretz.com|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220644/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/despite-israeli-protests-russia-won-t-halt-arms-sale-to-syria-1.310943|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Syria received two Bastion missile systems with 36 missiles each (72 in total).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10315|title=Bastion missile systems to protect Russian naval base in Syria|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111163113/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10315|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The missiles' test was broadcast by Syrian state TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwTaOeurbQE|title=Syria Navy with Yakhont missile.flv|work=YouTube|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903012914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwTaOeurbQE|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2013, Russia continued the contract delivery to the Syrian government supplying missiles with an advanced radar to make them more effective to counter any future foreign military invasion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22578673|title=BBC News - Syria crisis: US rues Russian missiles sent to Damascus|work=BBC News|date=18 May 2013|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125110029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22578673|archive-date=25 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/middleeast/russia-provides-syria-with-advanced-missiles.html|title=Russia Sends More Advanced Missiles to Aid Assad in Syria|first1=Michael R.|last1=Gordon|first2=Eric|last2=Schmitt|work=The New York Times |date=16 May 2013|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307163913/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/middleeast/russia-provides-syria-with-advanced-missiles.html|archive-date=7 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A warehouse containing the Bastion missiles was destroyed by an Israeli air strike on [[Latakia]] on 5 July 2013, but US intelligence analysts believe that some missiles had been removed before the attack.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/world/middleeast/syrian-missiles-were-moved-before-israeli-strike-officials-say.html?_r=0 | title=Some Syria Missiles Eluded Israeli Strike, Officials Say | first=Michael R. | last=Gordon | newspaper=New York Times | date=31 July 2013 | access-date=28 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625151459/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/world/middleeast/syrian-missiles-were-moved-before-israeli-strike-officials-say.html?_r=0 | archive-date=25 June 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Oniks missiles were reportedly used in 2016 against [[ISIL]] targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veunTV1RUPQ|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818154935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veunTV1RUPQ|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-strikes-idUSKBN13A19Y|title=Russia uses aircraft carrier for big attack on Syrian rebels|newspaper=Reuters|date=15 November 2016|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518060830/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-strikes-idUSKBN13A19Y|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastobserver.org/2016/11/15/putin-orders-bombing-aircraft-carrier-syria-hours-after-call-with-trump/|title=Russian bombing by aircraft carrier in Syria, hours after Putin-Trump call|first=Mahmoud|last=Eskaf|date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Russian invasion of Ukraine===

{{see also|Russian invasion of Ukraine}}

The P-800 was used in the Russo-Ukrainian War. The [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Defense Ministry]] announced that it had used the missile in 1 May 2022; reportedly a number of Oniks missiles were used to destroy military equipment around the city of [[Odesa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-01 |title=Russia strikes U.S. weapons at airfield near Odesa, defence ministry says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-strikes-us-weapons-airfield-near-odesa-defence-ministry-says-2022-05-01/ |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref> On 9 May 2022 Russian missile forces in Crimea, launched 4 Onyx missiles on Odesa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3478782-zagarbniki-vdarili-po-odesi-cotirma-raketami-tipu-oniks.html |script-title=uk:російські війська 9 травня вдарили по Одесі з тимчасово окупованого Криму чотирма крилатими ракетами типу «Онікс». |work=Ukrinform|date=9 May 2022}}</ref> Russian MOD reported that their forces attacked Ukrainian helicopters located in Artsyz in the Odessa region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsru.co.il/world/09may2022/min_ru_126.html|script-title=ru:Минобороны РФ задержало публикацию "праздничного" отчета о боевых действиях против Украины|language=ru|date=9 May 2022|work=Newsru}}</ref> One Ukrainian [[Mi-24]] helicopter was destroyed in the ground and one person was killed.<ref name="CD12052022">{{cite web|url=https://verdictum.ligazakon.net/document/104266047|title=Ухвала від 11.05.2022 № 497/815/22 Болградський районний суд|language=Ukrainian|work=Bolgrod Tribunal of Odesa|date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

Ukrainian Air Force Spokesperson [[Yurii Ihnat]] mentioned that the flight profile of the missile is of particular concern: "Onyx missiles are designed to destroy watercraft, and ships, it flies at a speed of 3000 km per hour, that is, very fast,... On the march [cruising], it can rise high, and when entering the target, it can actually fly 10–15 meters above the water to destroy the ship." He concluded that it was "impossible" to shoot them down with available anti-air means,{{dubious|date=March 2024}} but he mentioned that some success was found when using [[electronic warfare]] against them; he mentioned that a missile attack on 23 September 2023 missed a military target and destroyed a "recreational area", adding that "something affected its flight."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orlova |first1=Alisa |title=Ukraine's Latest Missile Problem – How to Shoot Down Russia's 'Onyx' |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/19661 |website=Kyiv Post |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Supersonic speed and complex trajectory: Key insights into Oniks missiles and why they are hard to intercept |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/supersonic-speed-and-complex-trajectory-key-insights-into-oniks-missiles-and-why-they-are-hard-to-intercept/ar-AA1heWk8 |website=MSN |publisher=RBC Ukraine |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Russian sources reported on 27 March 2024 that the missile received a new active homing head in order to hit ground targets more precisely.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russians announced the development of a new seeker for the Oniks missile | website=Militarnyi | date=2024-03-27 | url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russians-announced-the-development-of-a-new-seeker-for-the-oniks-missile/ | language=en | ref={{sfnref | Militarnyi | 2024}} | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>

On 20 August 2024, at the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] for the first time announced data on how many weapons Russia has used since 2022, as well as how many were intercepted. The report said that only 12/211 (5.69%) of Onyx were intercepted by Ukraine's air defense<ref>{{cite web | url=https://global.espreso.tv/russia-ukraine-war-kovalenko-ukraines-missile-terror-has-turned-against-russia-what-analysis-of-strikes-for-entire-period-of-full-scale-war-shows?amp | title=Missile terror of Ukraine turns against Russia. Analysis of strikes }}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Kalibr and Onyx cruise missiles engage terrorists' objects in Syria.webm|thumb|[[Kalibr]] and Onyx cruise missiles hit targets in Syria, November 2016.]]

* Length: 8.9 m
* Diameter: 0.7 m
* Wingspan: 1.7 m
* Weight: 3,100 kg
* Speed at altitude: 750 m/s (Mach 2.6)
* Surface speed: Mach 2
* Engine: ramjet, weight 200 kg, 4 tons of [[thrust]]
* Range: 120–300 km / 600 km for Russian ship/sub deployed non-export model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbth.co.uk/science_and_tech/2013/08/08/russian_supersonic_missiles_behave_like_wolves_28781.html|title=Russian supersonic missiles behave like wolves|first=Dmitry|last=Litovkin|date=8 August 2013}}</ref>
* for the combined trajectory (hi-lo) – 300 km
* for low-altitude trajectory (lo-lo) – 120 km
* Flight altitude of 10,000–14,000 m
* Warhead: national version: 300 kg semi-armour piercing HE, thermonuclear; export version: 200 kg HE
* Fuel: jet fuel T-6

'''Radar homing head'''

* all-weather monopulse [[Active radar homing|active]]-[[Passive radar|passive]], with frequency hopping
* Immunity: high, from active spoofing, dipole clouds
* Range: 50 km active<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.granit-electron.ru/products/mil/complex/yahont_head/ |title=Концерн. Продукция. Продукция военного назначения |website=www.granit-electron.ru |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912062800/http://www.granit-electron.ru/products/mil/complex/yahont_head/ |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref>
* Launchable [[sea state]] – up to 7 points
* Warm-up time from power on: no more than 2 min
* Current consumption at 27 V circuit: up to 38 A
* Maximum angle of the target search: ± 45 °
* Homing weight: 85 kg

==Variants==
* 3M55 Oniks – Base version for Russia.
* P-800 Yakhont – Export version of Oniks. {{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* P-800 Yashma - Submarine-launched version of Yakhont.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* [[BrahMos]] – Co-developed with India, through [[BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited]], since 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title = Brahmos Missiles - The Hans India|url = http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/search_archivebase/2015-08-12/Brahmos-Missiles-169367|website = www.thehansindia.com|date = 12 August 2015|access-date = 2015-11-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151123080806/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/search_archivebase/2015-08-12/Brahmos-Missiles-169367|archive-date = 23 November 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=P-800 Oniks/Yakhont/Bastion (SS-N-26 Strobile) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-n-26/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[K-300P Bastion-P|Bastion-P]] – Coast mobile missile system. Officially entered service in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npomash.ru/press/ru/podrobnee020915.htm?l=0|title=ВПК "НПО машиностроения" - Новости|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083741/http://www.npomash.ru/press/ru/podrobnee020915.htm?l=0|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kh-61 - Air launched air to surface version. {{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* Oniks-M - version of Oniks with improved range (up to 800 km), accuracy and [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|ECCM]] capabilities.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Platforms==
===Naval===
;Current
*[[Buyan-class corvette|''Buyan-M''-class corvette]]
*{{sclass|Karakurt|corvette|1}}
*{{sclass|Steregushchiy|corvette|1}} (export version)
*{{sclass|Gremyashchiy|corvette|1}}
*{{sclass|Yasen|submarine|1}}
*{{sclass|Ahmad Yani|frigate|1}}
*{{sclass|Admiral Gorshkov|frigate|1}}

;Future
*{{sclass|Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier|1}}
*{{sclass|Kirov|battlecruiser|1}}
*{{sclass|Lider|destroyer|1}}
*{{sclass|Oscar|submarine|1}}

===Land===
Standard batteries of the K-300 [[Bastion-P]] (Бастион-П-'''П'''одвижный):
* 4 self-propelled launchers K-340P with 2 "Yakhont" missiles (crew of 3 persons)
* 1–2 Command and Control vehicles (ASBU) PBRK (crew of 5 persons)
* 1 security alert car (MOBD)
* 4 Transportation and loading vehicles (TLV K342P)

==Operators==
[[File:P-800 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map with P-800 operators in blue]]

* {{flag|Hezbollah}} – 12 missiles<ref>{{cite web |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|title=Missiles and Rockets of Hezbollah|website=Missile Threat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050730/https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> with diverse launching platforms.<ref>Amos Harel and Gili Cohen: ''Hezbollah: From terror group to army'', [[Haaretz]], 12 July 2016. Quote: "Hezbollah now [as compared to 2006] has Yakhont missiles with a longer range, better precision and diverse launching options." [https://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172911/http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2016/07/lebanon2/|date=17 September 2017}}. Retrieved 13 July 2016.</ref> However, reports suggest that Hezbollah does not have the means to launch the missile without Iranian and/or Syrian support.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|title=Missiles and Rockets of Hezbollah|website=Missile Threat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050730/https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/hezbollahs-rocket-arsenal/|archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{INA}} – 4 VLS ([[vertical launching system]]) mounted on {{sclass|Ahmad Yani|frigate|1}} {{ship|KRI|Oswald Siahaan|354}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/31052011-indonesia%E2%80%99s-anti-ship-missiles-new-development-in-naval-capabilities-analysis/|title=Indonesia's Anti-ship Missiles: New Development In Naval Capabilities – Analysis|author=Koh Swee Lean Collin|date=31 May 2011|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311192933/http://www.eurasiareview.com/31052011-indonesia%E2%80%99s-anti-ship-missiles-new-development-in-naval-capabilities-analysis/|archive-date=11 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{RUS}} – 3 "Bastion-P" complexes delivered in 2010, all the complexes taken into service with the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]]'s 11th Independent Coastal Missile-Artillery Brigade stationed near [[Anapa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rufox.ru/texts/2011/01/18/197401.htm|title=Ракетный комплекс "Бастион" будет защищать берега Анапы|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103113724/http://news.rufox.ru/texts/2011/01/18/197401.htm|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Project 1234.7 ''Nakat'', a one-off [[Nanuchka-class corvette|Nanuchka IV-class corvette]] commissioned in 1987 with 2x6 Oniks.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C&pg=PA625 |page=625 |title=The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems |first=Eric |last=Wertheim |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-59114-955-2 |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023062632/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C&pg=PA625 |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Bastion-P" is deployed by Russian forces in Crimea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/37829/russia-parades-bastion-p-in-crimea|title=Russia parades Bastion-P in Crimea|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103113508/http://www.janes.com/article/37829/russia-parades-bastion-p-in-crimea|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> One more Bastion-P was delivered in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1009/145031589/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В Национальном центре управления обороной страны под руководством С.Шойгу прошел Единый день приемки военной продукции|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123330/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1009/145031589/detail.shtml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 Bastion systems are in service with the Northern Fleet and at least one with Western Military District (Baltic Fleet).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/907916|title=Russian Navy received more than 100 Kalibr, Onix missiles in 3rd quarter|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025110435/http://tass.com/defense/907916|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} Newest class of Russian nuclear-powered attack submarines, [[Yasen-class submarine]], can also launch the missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russias-first-yasen-class-submarine-is-combat-ready|title=Russia's First Yasen-Class Submarine is Combat-Ready|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419155723/http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russias-first-yasen-class-submarine-is-combat-ready|archive-date=19 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Submarine-launched variant entered service in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/936090|title=Advanced anti-ship cruise missile systems enter service with Russian Navy|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022856/http://tass.com/defense/936090|archive-date=19 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} Two Bastion missile systems delivered in 2017 and one more in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12160216@egNews |title=National Centre for State Defence Control hosts Military Acceptance Day chaired by Russian Minister of Defence: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |publisher=Eng.mil.ru |date=2018-01-31 |access-date=2019-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181619/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12160216@egNews |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1014216|title=Russian Navy takes delivery of 49 cruise missiles|website=TASS|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617163416/https://tass.com/defense/1014216|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} Totally 4 Bal and Bastion systems in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12208613@egNews |title=В Москве под руководством Верховного Главнокомандующего Вооруженными Силами России Владимира Путина прошло расширенное заседание Коллегии Минобороны: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |publisher=Function.mil.ru |date=2018-12-18 |access-date=2019-06-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190126062637/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12208613@egNews |archive-date=26 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> One more system delivered for the Pacific Fleet in early 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/87221/russia-s-pacific-fleet-receives-new-divisional-set-of-bastion-mobile-coastal-defence-missile-system|title=Russia's Pacific Fleet receives new divisional set of Bastion mobile coastal defence missile system - Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0312/105051390/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Тихоокеанский флот получил новый дивизионный комплект подвижного берегового ракетного комплекса "Бастион"|website=www.armstrade.org}}</ref> Totally 3 Bastion systems and 55 Oniks were delivered in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1083915|title = Russia's Strategic Missile Force receives 9 ballistic missile systems since year start}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1114951|title = A total of 55 Oniks missiles shipped to Russian Navy in 2019}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} The Russian Defense Ministry concluded a contract at the Army-2020 forum for purchasing cruise missiles 3M55N Oniks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1193591|title = Defense Ministry concludes contract for purchasing cruise missiles Onix at Army-2020 forum}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} 3 more delivered during 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1324345|title = Over 200 weapon systems arrive for Russian troops in 2021 — defense chief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1390873|title = Russian troops receive over 5,000 advanced weapon systems in 2021 — defense chief}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}}
* {{SYR}} – 4 "[[Bastion-P]]" complexes delivered in 2011, 72 missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2011/12/01/bastion/|title=Lenta.ru: Наука и техника: Россия поставила Сирии противокорабельные комплексы "Бастион"|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103174019/http://lenta.ru/news/2011/12/01/bastion|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Report: Russia delivers supersonic cruise missiles to Syria|author=Haaretz|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 December 2011|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/report-russia-delivers-supersonic-cruise-missiles-to-syria-1.399048|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202034116/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/report-russia-delivers-supersonic-cruise-missiles-to-syria-1.399048|archive-date=2 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{VNM}} – at least 2 "Bastion-P" land-based coastal defense systems delivered with at least 40 missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/mainnews/2011/1024/100910082/detail.shtml|title=/ / |date=24 October 2011|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103112625/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/mainnews/2011/1024/100910082/detail.shtml|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/indonesia%E2%80%99s-anti-ship-missiles-new-development-in-naval-capabilities-analysis-31052011/|title=Indonesia's Anti-ship Missiles: New Development In Naval Capabilities - Analysis|work=Eurasia Review|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606082603/http://www.eurasiareview.com/indonesia%E2%80%99s-anti-ship-missiles-new-development-in-naval-capabilities-analysis-31052011/|archive-date=6 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{lwc|Kalibr (missile family)|3M-54 Kalibr}}
*{{lwc|3M-51 Alfa}}
*{{lwc|BrahMos}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141103114401/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/ss-n-26.htm SS-N-26] (Federation of American Scientists)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060820230233/http://ausairpower.net/ascms.pdf Sunburns, Yakhonts, Alfas and the Region] (Australian Aviation, Sept 2000) (PDF)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208050141/http://www.dtig.org/docs.asp www.dtig.org] Russian/Sovjet Sea-based Anti-Ship Missiles (pdf)
*[http://www.defencetalk.com/russia-in-300-million-dollar-missile-deal-with-syria-report-28823 Russia would supply Syria with P-800 Yakhont cruise missiles]

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Weapons of Russia]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of Russia|P-800]]
[[Category:Cruise missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Nuclear cruise missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Submarine-launched cruise missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles of the Soviet Union|P-800]]
[[Category:Ramjet-powered missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of Russia]]
[[Category:NPO Mashinostroyeniya products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Fire-and-forget weapons]]
[[Category:Supersonic cruise missiles]]

Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-10T06:27:17Z

Bandbaajabarat: added initial details needs work!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mahabubabad {{Small|TG-16}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Mahabubabad.map}}
| map_caption = Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency in Telangana
| established = 1957 Abolished in 1967 Re-established in 2009
| party = {{Party index link| Indian National Congress}}
| mp = [[Balram Naik]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| reservation = ST
| state = [[Telangana]]
| electors = 15,32,366 (2024)
| assembly_cons = [[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]] [[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] [[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] [[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]]
}}
[[File:Mahabubabad_LSC.png | thumb | right | Map of the Indian Loksabha constituency of Mahabubabad, Telangana]]
'''Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]]<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>

[[Balram Naik]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency for second time.

==History==
The constituency came into existence in 2008, following the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
|[[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|[[Murali Naik Bhukya|Dr. Murali Naik Bhukya]]
|-
|103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|[[Warangal District(R)|Warangal]]
|[[Donthi Madhava Reddy]]
|-
|109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]] (ST)
|[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|[[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya]]
|-
|110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Payam Venkateswarlu]]
|-
|111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]] (ST)
|[[Koram Kanakaiah]]
|-
|119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] (ST)
|Dr. [[Tellam Venkata Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-1957 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Etikala Madhusudan Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| 1965^
| [[Surendra Reddy]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1967-2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Balram Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Sitaram Naik|Azmeera Seetaram Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Balram Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General election, 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mahabubabad]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahabubabad">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mahabubabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2916.htm |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507063532/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2916.htm |archive-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Balram Naik|Balram Naik Porika]]|votes=612,774|percentage=55.27|change={{increase}}23.20}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Kavitha Maloth]]|votes=2,63,609|percentage=23.77|change={{decrease}}23.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Azmeera Seetaram Naik]]|votes=1,10,444|percentage=9.96|change={{increase}}7.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Mypathi Arun Kumar|votes=39,139|percentage=3.53|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Durga Palvancha|votes=10,199|percentage=0.53|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Burka Krishnaveni|votes=1,448|percentage=0.13|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Independent|candidate=Chanda Lingaiah|votes=5,100|percentage=0.46|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mokalla Muralikrishna|votes=4,062|percentage=0.37|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dharma samaj party|candidate=Ravva. Bhadramma|votes=2,244|percentage=0.2|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Padiga Yarraiah|votes=2,887|percentage=0.26|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Independent|candidate=Payam Singaraju|votes=3,196|percentage=0.29|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Gondwana Dandkaranya Party|candidate=Sode Venkateswarlu|votes=2172|percentage=0.2|change=''N/A''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=6,591|percentage=0.59|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=3,49,165|percentage=31.50|change={{increase}}16.58}}{{Election box turnout|votes=11,08,786|percentage=71.85|change={{increase}}2.79}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Mahabubabad<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-names-eight-candidates-for-telangana-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/68438010.cms?from=mdr |title=Congress names eight candidates for Telangana in Lok Sabha polls |date=2019-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.communistparty.in/blog/fifth-list-of-seats-to-be-contested-by-the-cpi-in-the-2019-lok-sabha-elections |title=Statements |website=CPI Official |language=en |access-date=2019-04-01 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401144522/https://www.communistparty.in/blog/fifth-list-of-seats-to-be-contested-by-the-cpi-in-the-2019-lok-sabha-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = Kavitha Maloth
|votes = 4,62,109
|percentage = 46.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balram Naik
|votes = 3,15,446
|percentage = 32.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Jana Samithi
|candidate = Arun Kumar Mypathi
|votes = 57,073
|percentage = 5.80
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kalluri Venkateswera Rao
|votes = 45,719
|percentage = 4.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jatothu Hussain
|votes = 25,487
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,46,663
| percentage = 14.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 9,83,707
| percentage = 69.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Mahabubabad<ref>[http://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/mahabubabad.html Mahabubabad LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Sitaram Naik|Prof. Azmeera Seetaram Naik]]
|votes = 3,20,569
|percentage = 28.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Balram Naik]]
|votes = 2,85,577
|percentage = 25.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =Banoth Mohanlal
|votes = 2,15,904
|percentage = 19.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Tellam Venkata Rao|Dr. Tellam Venkata Rao]]
|votes = 1,28,472
|percentage = 11.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate =Payam Chandhar Rao
|votes = 94,044
|percentage = 8.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 34,992
| percentage = 3.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,26,618
| percentage = 81.21
| change = +3.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Mahabubabad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Balram Naik]]
| votes = 3,94,447
| percentage = 39.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Kunja Srinivasa Rao
| votes = 3,25,490
| percentage = 32.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = D.T. Naik
| votes = 1,45,299
| percentage = 14.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate =Kechela Ranga Reddy
|votes = 43,164
|percentage =4.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 68,957
| percentage = 6.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 9,96,402
| percentage = 78.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
*[[Balram Naik]], former Union Minister represented the constituency in [[15th Lok Sabha]].

==See also==
* [[Warangal district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/mahabubabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mahabubabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.6|80.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]

Ami, Shey O Shakha

2026-03-07T06:23:23Z

Bandbaajabarat: Added

{{Short description|1975 Indian film by Mangal Chakraborty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ami, Shey O Shakha
| image = Ami, Shey O Shakha (1975) film poster.jpeg
| director = Mangal Chakravorty
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Based on
| data1 = ''Ami, Shey O Shakha'' by [[Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Kumar was fond of Ashutosh Mukherjee's novels |url=https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=6325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915152646/https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=6325 |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Social Research Foundation |quote=Based on the novel 'Ami Se O Sakha', a film was made in both Bengali and Hindi languages.}}</ref>
}}
| screenplay = Mangal Chakravarty
| story = Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay
| producer = [[Shyamal Mitra]] Deepen Bhattacharya
| starring = [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Anil Chatterjee]] [[Arati Bhattacharya]] [[Kaberi Bose]]
| narrator = Kaberi Bose
| cinematography = Bijoy Ghosh
| editing = Rabin Das
| music = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| studio = S. D. Productions
| distributor = Chandrima Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1975|04|11}}
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Ami, Shey O Shakha''''' ({{IPA|bn|ami, ʃe o ʃakʰa}} {{Translation|'''''Me, Him and Our Friend'''''}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by Mangal Chakravarty. Produced by [[Shyamal Mitra]] and Deepen Bhattacharya under the banner of S. D. Productions, the film is based on a novel of the same name by [[Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=Perspectives on Bengali Film and Literature |url=https://omnilogos.com/perspectives-on-bengali-film-and-literature/ |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref> It stars [[Uttam Kumar]] in [[Dual role|dual roles]], alongside [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Arati Bhattacharya]] and [[Kaberi Bose]] in lead roles.

The film plots a deprived person who is indebted for virtually everything he has, lands in a perplexing situation, finding himself in a situation where he has to give up his love and profession. It marks the fifth collaboration between Chakraborty and Kumar, and is also the second film of Kumar and Bhattacharya together. Filming took places in [[Kolkata]], [[Digha]] and [[Lucknow]]. Music of the film is composed by Mitra himself, with lyrics penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Bijoy Ghosh and Rabin Das respectively.

''Ami, Shey O Shakha'' theatrically released on 11 April 1975, opening to highly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Kumar Complimented Anil Chatterjee In Landmark Commercial Films |url=http://films.expertscolumn.com/article/uttam-kumar-complimented-anil-chatterjee-in-landmark-commercial-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819054648/http://films.expertscolumn.com/article/uttam-kumar-complimented-anil-chatterjee-in-landmark-commercial-films |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=films.expertscolumn.com |quote=Significantly Hrishikesh Mukherjee made his film ''Bemisal'' as a remake of Bengali film ''Ami Shey O Shakha''.}}</ref> It got appraisal for its screenplay, cinematography, score and the specific performance by Kumar in dual roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-24 |title=Simply peerless: Uttam Kumar, the undying aura of Bengali cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/simply-peerless-uttam-kumar-the-undying-aura-of-bengali-cinema/photostory/70357044.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Souvik |date=2009-11-26 |title=Station Hollywood: Review of Uttam Kumar's Ami Se O Sakha. |url=http://stationhollywood.blogspot.com/2009/11/review-of-uttam-kumars-ami-se-o-sakha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819052313/https://stationhollywood.blogspot.com/2009/11/review-of-uttam-kumars-ami-se-o-sakha.html |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Station Hollywood}}</ref> Gaining a [[Cult following|cult status]] over the years, ''Ami, Shey O Shakha'' was remade into [[Hindi]] by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] as ''[[Bemisal]]'' (1982), with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Vinod Mehra]] and [[Rakhee Gulzar]] playing the characters originally played Kumar, Chatterjee and Bose respectively. [[Ravi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]] also felicitated the film in his directorial ''[[Premi]]'' (2004), starring [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Jisshu Sengupta]].
== Cast ==

* [[Uttam Kumar]] in [[Dual role|dual roles]]
** Dr. Sudhir Dutta
*** Master Goutam as young Sudhir
** Adhir Dutta, Sudhir's elder brother
* [[Anil Chatterjee]] as Dr. Prashanta Roy, Sudhir's friend
** Master Swapan as young Prashanta
* [[Kaberi Bose]] as Chandrani Roy, Prashanta's wife
* [[Arati Bhattacharya]] as Moitreyee
*[[Basabi Nandi]] as Sulekha
*[[Asit Baran]] as Magistrate Roy, Prashanta's father
*[[Tarun Kumar (Bengali actor)|Tarun Kumar]] as Dr. Amal Bose
*Ardhendu Mukherjee as Mihir Kiran Chowdhury, Chandrani's maternal grandfather
*Basanti Chatterjee

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ami, Shey O Shakha
| type = soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Ami, Shey O Shakha''
| artist = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=6|s=35}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Shyamal Mitra
| prev_title = Phulu Thakurma
| prev_year = 1975
| year = 1975
| next_title = Rajbangsha
| next_year = 1977
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|3XdBaK1UUQg&list|Ami, Shey O Shakha Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

[[Shyamal Mitra]] composed music of the film in his first collaboration with Chakravarty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-24 |title=Uttam Kumar: বাবা বললেন সুপ্রিয়ার বাড়ি থেকে গৌরী দেবীর কাছে না ফিরলে ‘দেয়া নেয়া’-র শ্যুট বন্ধ করে দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mahanayak-saikat-mitra-disclosed-relationship-between-uttam-kumar-and-shyamal-mitra-dgtl/cid/1294463 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915150544/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mahanayak-saikat-mitra-disclosed-relationship-between-uttam-kumar-and-shyamal-mitra-dgtl/cid/1294463 |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-24 |title=Uttam Kumar: উত্তম-হেমন্ত বিবাদেই মহানায়কের ‘লিপ’-এ গাওয়ার সুযোগ পান মান্না দে, শ্যামল মিত্র? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uttam-kumar-uttam-kumar-hemant-mukherjees-conflict-gave-manna-dey-shyamal-mitra-a-chance-to-playback-sing-for-mahanayak-dgtl/cid/1294589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915150940/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uttam-kumar-uttam-kumar-hemant-mukherjees-conflict-gave-manna-dey-shyamal-mitra-a-chance-to-playback-sing-for-mahanayak-dgtl/cid/1294589 |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> The soundtrack consists of two tracks, each penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6:46
| title1 = Emon Swapna Kokhono Dekhini Age
| length1 = 3:35
| extra1 = [[Haimanti Shukla]]
| title2 = Ei Hashi Manay Naa To
| length2 = 3:11
| extra2 = Shyamal mitra
}}

== Remake ==
In 1982, [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] remade ''Ami, Shey O Shakha'' into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bemisal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray Chaudhuri |first=Shantanu |date=2023-07-24 |title=6 best remakes of Uttam Kumar's Bengali hits with Hindi filmstars filling in for him |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-best-remakes-of-uttam-kumars-bengali-hits-with-hindi-filmstars-filling-in-for-him/cid/1954194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703154849/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-best-remakes-of-uttam-kumars-bengali-hits-with-hindi-filmstars-filling-in-for-him/cid/1954194 |archive-date=2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> In the film, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] stepped into Kumar's shoes,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Praveen |date=2018-11-10 |title=Is Bemisal one of the best performances of Amitabh Bachchan? |url=https://praveenmenon73.wordpress.com/2018/11/10/is-bemisaal-one-of-the-best-performances-of-amitabh-bachchan/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=WordPress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Desh Premee: The tumultuous journey of Manmohan Desai's film with Amitabh Bachchan and Uttam Kumar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/desh-premee-the-tumultuous-journey-of-manmohan-desais-film-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-uttam-kumar/cid/2017693 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510072411/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/desh-premee-the-tumultuous-journey-of-manmohan-desais-film-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-uttam-kumar/cid/2017693 |archive-date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> while [[Vinod Mehra]] and [[Rakhee Gulzar]] portrayed the characters played by Chatterjee and Bose respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilingual E-archive Digital Platform for Bengal's Cinema |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suman |first=Abhisek |date=2013-09-26 |title=Hindi Films Based on Literary Works |url=https://abhiseksuman.blogspot.com/2013/09/hindi-films-adapted-from.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819053254/https://abhiseksuman.blogspot.com/2013/09/hindi-films-adapted-from.html |archive-date=2025-08-19 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=abhisek suman}}</ref>

[[Ravi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]] felicitated the film in ''[[Premi]]'' (2004), which was an adaptation of [[Moti Nandi]]'s story ''Aparajito Ananda''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Ranjan |date=2015-07-23 |title=Simply peerless |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/simply-peerless/article7456345.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915144214/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/simply-peerless/article7456345.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|title=Ami Shey O Sakha}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/ami_se_o_sakha}}
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:1975 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1970s prison drama films]]
[[Category:1975 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]
[[Category:Films about smuggling]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mangal Chakraborty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyamal Mitra]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian prison drama films]]

Rajadurai (film)

2026-03-03T04:56:44Z

Bandbaajabarat: minor corrected formatting for accuracy further and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajadurai (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| screenplay = S. A. Chandrasekhar
| story = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| producer = [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] [[Anandaraj]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = Goutham Raj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Rowther Films
| released = {{Film date|1993|9|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajadurai''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ə|θ|ʊr|aɪ}} {{translation|Royal Senate}}){{efn|Also the title character.}} is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] and produced by [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] and [[Anandaraj]]. It revolves around a police officer, whose son turns against him after being brainwashed by his father's enemy. The film was released on 11 September 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rajadurai, an honest police officer, arrests and humiliates a criminal Mayandi, who swears revenge. Once Mayandi gets out of prison, he kidnaps Rajadurai's son Vijay. He later brings him up as Arun along with his own son in such a way that Vijay would do anything for him. In fact, Mayandi uses him as a weapon against his own father.

Years later, Mayandi who has taken the name of Manohar is a large kingpin; a wolf in sheep's clothing who has a great influence in the government. Rajadurai is transferred to this area to control the crimes. His wife Uma spots an injured Vijay, recognizes him as her long-lost son, and takes him to the hospital, from where he manages to escape from the police in pursuit. Later, Rajadurai confronts his son when he tries to smuggle goods illegally as per Manohar's instructions. Rajadurai brutally beats his son when he refuses to reveal the truth. Manohar uses the situation to develop a grudge against Rajadurai inside Vijay.

Later, Vijay is married to a crook, Suriya, and Rajadurai is made the chief escort for the minister who is the main guest by Manohar humiliating the officer. After marriage, the couple is asked by Manohar to stay in Rajadurai's house. Though Uma welcomes them wholeheartedly, Rajadurai is suspicious and pretends to accept them. Suriya reforms and later turns against her own husband when he criticizes his own parents. Again a part of Manohar's game, Rajadurai and Uma leaves their house. Uma, whose health worsens, asks her husband to bring Vijay as her last wish. However, Manohar refuses to send him, due to which Rajadurai is forced to act as Vijay to fulfill his wife's wish, but his identity is revealed, and Uma dies instantly, heartbroken.

Having enough, Rajadurai sets out to nab Manohar and his son. At the last moment, Vijay understands his mistake and kills Manohar with the help of his father, after which he surrenders.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as [[Deputy commissioner#Police|DCP]] Rajadurai [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and Vijay Kumar / Arun
*[[Jayasudha]] as Uma
*[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] as Suriya
*[[Anandaraj]] as Mayandi / Manohar
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Srihari]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*[[Peeli Sivam]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*Thiraineethi Selvam
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Radha in a special appearance
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] in a guest appearance
*V. Gopalakrishnan in a guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
The song "Radha Radha" choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]] was initially picturised for another film starring Vijayakanth; since it was not included in that film it was used instead for ''Rajadurai''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரபுதேவா |author-link=Prabhu Deva |date=23 March 2017 |title=இதுதான் நான் 68: 'ரம்..பம்..பம்.. ஆரம்பம்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/217798-68.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619131353/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/217798-68.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajadurai |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/rajadurai/1440322/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209234234/http://www.hungama.com/album/rajadurai/1440322/ |archive-date=9 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Hungama}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Oosi Malakkadu" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:09
|-
| "Muthu Muthu Aani Muthu (Happy)" || Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Pulamaipithan]] || 05:08
|-
| "Muthu Muthu Aani Muthu" (Sad) || K. S. Chithra || 01:11
|-
| "Pillaikkoru Thagappanundu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Vaali || 04:59
|-
| "Kaadu Varai" || Deva || rowspan=2|[[R. V. Udayakumar]] || 00:35
|-
| "Oru Sandhana Meniyil" || S. Janaki, Mano || 04:56
|-
| "Radha Hey Radha" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 05:49
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, ".. the story being a rehash of earlier ones, the screenplay full of gaps and actor not quite carrying off the double role, the film [..] is a disappointment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 September 1993 |title=Not in trim |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said that, despite the son character being too similar to Vijayakanth's earlier roles, the actor showed new acting dimensions in his performance as the father.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=3 October 1993 |title=ராஜதுரை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-03/page/n35/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230619131640/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-03/page/n35/mode/2up |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=5 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=34 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== In other media ==
The story of ''Rajadurai'' became the basis for another Tamil film ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=17 October 2024 |title=Venkat Prabhu admits plot similarity between The GOAT and Rajadurai, expresses regret |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/venkat-prabhu-admits-plot-similarity-between-the-goat-and-rajadurai-expresses-regret/4df08c746f156/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241018071016/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/venkat-prabhu-admits-plot-similarity-between-the-goat-and-rajadurai-expresses-regret/4df08c746f156/ |archive-date=18 October 2024 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 action drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ibrahim Rowther]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=October 2024}}

Jai Singh I

2026-02-14T17:36:03Z

Bandbaajabarat: improve references per sources after review

{{Short description|Maharaja of Amber from 1621 to 1667}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Amir-ul-Umara Mirza Raja Jai Singh I
| title = [[Raja]]
| image = Jai Singh I.png
| caption = Portrait of Raja Jai Singh I from a Mughal folio
| reign = 13 December 1621 – 28 August 1667
| succession = [[Jaipur State#Rulers|Raja of Amber]]
| predecessor = [[Bhau Singh]]
| successor = [[Ram Singh I]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1611|07|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amer, India|Amber]], [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]] (present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1667|08|28|1611|07|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Khandesh Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)
| spouse = Rathorji (Jodhawatji) Mrig Kanwarji d.of [[Sur Singh]] of [[Marwar]] Jadonji Anand Kanwarji d.of Raja Mukund Das of [[Karauli]] Chandrawatji Roop Kanwarji of [[Rampura State|Rampura]] Rathorji (Bikawatji) Har Kanwarji d.of Kunwar Kishan Singh and grand-daughter of Raja [[Rai Singh of Bikaner]] Chauhanji Raj Kanwarji
| issue = [[Ram Singh I]] Kirat Singh Hari Singh Vijay Singh Bal Singh
| house = [[Kachhwaha]]
| father = Yuvraj Maha Singh{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=99}}
| mother = Sisodiniji Damyanti Deiji d.of Kunwar [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]] and grand-daughter of Maharana [[Udai Singh II]] of [[Mewar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Mirza Raja Jai Singh I''' (15 July 1611 – 28 August 1667) was the [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] ruler of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] as well as a senior most general and a high-ranking mansabdar at the imperial court of [[Mughal Empire]]. His predecessor was his grand uncle, [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]] [[Raja]] [[Bhau Singh]], the younger son of [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]] [[Raja]] [[Man Singh I]].

==Early life==
Jai Singh was born to Maha Singh and his wife Damiyanti, the granddaughter of Maharana Udai Singh of Mewar.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=99}}

== Accession and early career ==
[[File:Maharaja_Jai_Singh_of_Amber_and_Maharaja_Gaj_Singh_of_Marwar,_1630.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Maharaja Jai Singh of Amber and Maharaja [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Gaj Singh]] of [[Marwar]] - Folio from the Amber Album, {{Circa|1630}}.]]

At the age of 10, Jai Singh became the Raja of Amber and the head of the [[Kachhwaha]] [[Rajput]]s. His military career spans the full reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and the first decade of Aurangzeb's reign. {{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=99}}

Jai Singh's military career began during the accession of Shah Jahan as the Mughal emperor in 1627. Taking advantage of the change in sovereigns, Jai Singh's commander in the Deccan, [[Khan Jahan Lodi]], rebelled with his Afghan followers. However, Jai Singh brought away his own army to the north and then joined the campaign to defeat the rebels. Jai Singh was made a commander of 4000 for his service.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=100}}

Jai Singh, attached to Abdullah Khan's division, pursued Khan Jahan Lodi after he fled to the Deccan, accompanied by some of his followers. {{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=101}}

In 1630, Jai Singh fought in the Battle of Bir against Jahan Khan Lodi. In the end, the Afghans were routed, the Mughals pursued them, and Lodi was killed by Madho Singh Hada.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=101}}
===Campaign against Bijapur and Gond kingdoms===
The following year, Jai Singh served in the expedition against the Sultanate of Bijapur under Asaf Jahan but their campaign was thwarted by the [[Deccan famine of 1630–1632]]. In 1633, Jai led the Rajput vanguard in the second expedition against Parenda.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=103}} [[Shahaji]] was out on a raid near Daulatabad when he encountered a Mughal contingent. In the ensuing Battle of Parenda (1634), Shahaji was defeated and fled while being pursued by Jai Singh. Jadunath Sarkar states that Jai Singh captured "8,000 oxen loaded with provisions, arms, and rockets, besides 3,000 men" from the enemy. For this, he was made the commander of five thousand.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=103}}{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=47}}

In 1636 Shah Jahan organized a grand campaign against the [[Deccan sultanates]] in which Jai Singh played a leading part, serving as the leader of the Rajput vanguard in the invasion of Bijapur. Later this same army was sent to campaign against the [[Gondi people|Gond]] kingdoms. For his part in these successful ventures Jai Singh was promoted to the rank of five-hazari and given equal number of troops under his control and the Chatsu district in [[Ajmer]] was added to his kingdom. By defeating the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] robber tribes in the north of Amber, Jai Singh further increased the size of his ancestral kingdom. In 1641 he subdued the rebellion of Raja Jagat Singh [[Pathania]] of the hill-state of Mau-Paithan ([[Himachal Pradesh]]).{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=13}}

== Central Asian campaigns ==
In 1638 the fort of [[Kandahar]] was surrendered by its [[Safavid Empire|Safavid Persian]] commander, [[Ali Mardan Khan]], to Shah Jahan. The emperor's son [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], accompanied by Jai Singh, was sent to take possession of the important fort. To overawe the Persian Shah from interfering in this task, Shah Jahan assembled a 50,000 strong army in Kabul. On this occasion Jai Singh received the unique title of Mirza Raja from Shah Jahan, which had earlier been given to his grandfather Raja [[Man Singh I of Amber]] by [[Emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=104-106}}

In 1647, Jai Singh joined in Shah Jahan's invasions of [[Balkh]] and [[Badakhshan]] in [[Central Asia]].

In 1649, in another blow to Mughal prestige—Kandahar was recovered by [[Shah Abbas II]]. In the ensuing [[Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)|Mughal-Safavid War]] the Mughals twice attempted to eject the Persians from Kandahar under the command of Prince Aurangzeb (in 1649 and 1652) —on both occasions Jai Singh was present as an army commander, but the attempts failed due to the lack of adequate artillery and poor marksmanship of the Mughal gunners.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=106-7}}

A third grand attempt was made in 1653 under the command of Shah Jahan's oldest and favorite son [[Dara Shikoh]], a rival of Aurangzeb, and again Jai Singh was sent with this army. Dara Shikoh's campaign was marred by his military incompetence, including poor military advisors, and frequent clashes with officers who had taken part in the earlier campaigns under Aurangzeb. He repeatedly taunted Jai Singh for those failures. But when his own campaign ended with the same result, the Mughals finally gave up all attempts to recover Kandahar.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=107-9}}

Dara Shikoh continued his hostility towards Jai Singh on their return to Agra. No promotions or awards were given to the veteran general for skillfully covering the army's retreat. Instead [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] of the rival [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathor]] clan was made commander of 6000 and received the superlative title of [[Maharaja]].{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=110-111}}

== Mughal succession war ==
In 1657, Emperor Shah Jahan became incapacitated due to a serious illness. Dara Shikoh's three younger brothers made preparations to seize the throne. [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] in [[Bengal]] and [[Murad Baksh|Murad]] in [[Gujarat]] crowned themselves emperors, but Aurangzeb cleverly declared his intention of merely rescuing his father for the sake of Islam. In the face of these triple dangers, Dara Shikoh now remembered Jai Singh—and the Rajput chief was made commander of 6000 and sent east along with Dara's son [[Sulaiman Shikoh]] and the Afghan general [[Diler Khan]]{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=113-114}}

They triumphed over Shah Shuja at the Battle of Bahadurpur (24 February 1658)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Bahadurpur {{!}} Indian history [1658] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Bahadurpur |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and chased him back to Bengal (May). By that time Aurangzeb had won the [[Battle of Dharmat]] (15 April 1658) and the [[Battle of Samugarh]] (29 May 1658) and captured Agra (8 June). Jai Singh and his men were stuck far in the east while their homes and families in the west were at the mercy of Aurangzeb's troops—so Jai Singh and Diler Khan advised Sulaiman Shikoh to flee while they submitted to the new emperor. Jai Singh then advised [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] against helping Dara Shikoh to secure his position with Aurangzeb.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=115-116}}

Despite his victories Aurangzeb did not have a secure footing on the Mughal throne, still needing the support of the leading Muslim and Rajput generals. So he pardoned Maharaja Jaswant Singh who had fought him at Dharmat and promoted Jai Singh as a commander of 7000, the highest possible rank for any general.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=116-120}}

== Campaign against the Marathas==
{{Main|Battle of Purandar}}
[[File:The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg|thumb|Shivaji submits to Jai Singh ]]
The Deccan Wars between the Mughal Empire and the southern sultanates had been complicated by the rise of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] king [[Shivaji]]. In 1659, Shivaji killed [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a notable general of [[Bijapur Fort|Bijapur.]] In 1664, he sacked the wealthy port city of [[Surat]]. Raja Jai Singh, who had begun his own military career in the Deccan, was appointed to lead a 14,000 strong army against [[Deccan sultanates]] and the rising Marathas.{{sfn|Sarkar|1992|p=80}}

After winning several forts in Maharashtra from Shivaji, he [[Battle of Purandar|besieged]] the [[Purandar Fort]] and forced Shivaji to sign the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] in 1665. Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh "I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you to pardon or kill me at your pleasure." <ref name="EralyA"/> Jai Singh convinced Shivaji to come to terms and join him in an invasion of Bijapur which would be beneficial for both the Marathas and Mughals. According to Jadunath Sarkar, Jai Singh not only spared the prisoners of war but also gave rewards to those who fought bravely. For this triumph Jai Singh, already the highest ranking general, received rich gifts in gold and silver — both his sons, Ram Singh and Kirat Singh, were raised in rank. The latter was serving under his father, while the former was acting as his agent at the Mughal court.{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|pp=123—126}}

Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court but agreed to send his son [[Sambhaji]]. <ref name="lal" >{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

==Invasion of Bijapur==
The invasion of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] commenced in December 1665. Jai Singh now had an army of 40,000 to which Shivaji added 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. The Bijapuris melted away before this array and Jai Singh reached within 12 miles of Bijapur city. However, the [[scorched earth]] of the defenders exhausted Jai Singh's food supplies and forced him to begin his retreat in January 1666.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SETHUMADHAVRAO S. PAGADI |url=http://archive.org/details/Shivaji-Eng-SethumadhavraoS.Pagadi |title=SHIVAJI - ENG - SETHUMADHAVRAO S. PAGADI |pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=New Cambridge History of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4) |pages=28}}</ref>

== Declining influence and death ==
Aurangzeb held Jai Singh's son, [[Ram Singh I]], responsible for Shivaji's escape, took away Ram Singh's estates, banished him from the court. Ram Singh was later pardoned and sent away to fight the [[Battle of Saraighat]] (1671) in faraway Assam. After the failed invasion of Bijapur by Jai singh he fell in to disfavour of Aurangzeb. He was replaced by Muazzam as viceroy of Deccan. He was recalled to royal court. On the way Jai Singh died in [[Burhanpur]] on 28 August 1667. The fortunes of his family sank low in the next two generations, but were revived later by [[Jai Singh II]].{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=135-143}}
[[File:Raja Jay Singh Ki Chhatri.jpg|thumb|Interior of Raja Jai Singh's Chhatri built by Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]]]
Aurangzeb erected the ''Chhatri'' (cenotaph) at the bank of [[Tapti River]] in [[Burhanpur]] in honour of Jai Singh I, now called "Raja Ki Chhatri".{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=143}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Jai Singh I'''
|2= 2. Maha Singh, [[Raja]] of Garha<ref>Visheshwar Sarup Bhargava, ''Rise of the Kachhawas in Dhundhār (Jaipur): From the Earliest Times to the Death of Sawai Jai Singh (1743 A.D.)'' (1979), p.43</ref>
|3= 3. Damyanti Deiji
|4= 4. Jagat Singh
|5=
|6= 6. [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]]
|7=
|8= 8. [[Man Singh I]], [[Raja]] of [[Amer, India|Amber]]
|9= 5. Shringar Deiji of [[Jaitaran]] ([[Marwar]])
|10=
|11=
|12= 12. [[Udai Singh II]], [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]{{sfn|Sarkar|Simha|1994|p=99}}
|13= 13. Sujan/Suja Deiji of [[Todaraisingh|Toda]]
|14=
|15= }}

== See also ==
*[[List of Rajputs]]

== Notes & References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}
=== References ===
* {{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar | title=Shivāji and his times | publisher=Orient Longman | publication-place=Bombay | date=1992 | isbn=0-86125-609-3 | oclc=29616512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |last2=Simha |first2=Raghubīra |title=A history of Jaipur: c. 1503-1938 |publisher=Orient Longman |publication-place=Hyderabad |year=1994 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |oclc=312542101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC |orig-year=1984}}
*'''Haft Anjuman''', ''correspondence of Mirza Raja Jai Singh compiled by his secretary Ugrasen''.
* {{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_405.gif|title=Jaipur City (or Jainagar)|year=1909|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|pages=399–402}}
* {{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=13&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_388.gif|title=Jaipur State|year=1909|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|pages=382–399}}
* “A Mughal Icon Reconsidered,” Catherine Glynn and Ellen Smart. Artibus Asiae, Vol. LVII, 1/2, p. 5.
{{Jaipur}}
{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jai, I}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur|Jai 1]]
[[Category:1611 births]]
[[Category:1667 deaths]]

Kaushal Kishore (scientist)

2026-02-07T23:29:40Z

Bandbaajabarat: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian polymer chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kaushal Kishore
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|3|2|1942|12|31}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Polymer chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Lucknow University]] | [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| R. P. Rastogi }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[thermochemistry]] and combustion of polymers
| awards = {{ublist | 1988 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Kaushal Kishore''' (1942–1999) was an Indian polymer chemist and head of the department of inorganic and physical Chemistry at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc).<ref name="Kaushal Kishore – An obituary">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may10/articles33.htm |title=Kaushal Kishore – An obituary |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207145557/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may10/articles33.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was known for his researches on [[thermochemistry]] and combustion of polymers.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=341 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nasi.nic.in/deceased.htm |title=NASI Fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N99-1251 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810103644/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N99-1251 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kishore,_Prof._Kaushal |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1988, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:IISc Main Building.jpg|thumb|235px|IISc - Main Building]]
Kaushal Kishore, born on the last day of 1942 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], did his graduate studies in chemistry at [[Lucknow University]] and obtained his master's degree from the same institution before enrolling for doctoral studies at [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] where he studied under the guidance of R. P. Rastogi to secure a PhD for his thesis on ''mechanism of combustion of non-hypergolic propellants''.<ref name="Kaushal Kishore – An obituary" /> His career started at Gorakhpur University as a teaching faculty but he moved to the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1974 where he rose in ranks to head the department of inorganic and physical chemistry from 1994. His early researches were on thermochemistry and combustion of polymers with focus on the kinetics and thermodynamics of combustion, particularly with solid propellants.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> These researches assisted him in discovering ''autopyrolysis'', a term he coined for a phenomenon related to accelerated combustion caused by polyperoxides, details of which he published in one of his articles.<ref name="Synthesis, properties, and comparative analyses on the chain flexibility of an ultrastable vinyl polyperoxide">{{Cite journal |last=A. K. Nanda, K. Kishore |title=Synthesis, properties, and comparative analyses on the chain flexibility of an ultrastable vinyl polyperoxide |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=2002 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=2108–2114 |doi=10.1002/app.11189}}</ref> He was credited with developing ''Flammability Index'', a dimensionless quantity to assess the flammability of combustible materials.<ref name="New flame-retardant poly(pyromellitic imide aryl phosphoramide-ester)s">{{Cite journal |last=Palaninathan Kannan, Kaushal Kishore |title=New flame-retardant poly(pyromellitic imide aryl phosphoramide-ester)s |journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering |date=March 1993 |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1002/apmc.1993.052060106}}</ref> He also worked on [[plasticization]] and his studies have assisted in widening the understanding of [[plasticizers]] and flame-retardants containing phosphorus.<ref name="Kaushal Kishore – An obituary" /> He published several articles in peer-reviewed journals{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 165 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Kishore=3AKaushal=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He was associated with the [[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] as a member of their editorial board and sat on a number of councils and committees.

Kishore lived in [[Bengaluru]] and it was here he died on 2 March 1999, the day of the Indian festival [[Holi]], succumbing to a cardiac arrest at the age of 56.<ref name="Kaushal Kishore – An obituary" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Kishore the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1988.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He received the Indian Thermal Analysis Award of NICAR in 1991.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 1991 and the Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 1999.<ref name="Kaushal Kishore – An obituary" /> He was also a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="NASI Fellows" /> He was also associated with Indian Thermal Analysis Society, Indian High Energy Materials Society, Indian Polymer Society and Materials Research Society of India as their Life Member.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Palaninathan Kannan, Kaushal Kishore |title=New flame-retardant poly(pyromellitic imide aryl phosphoramide-ester)s |journal=Macromolecular Materials and Engineering |date=March 1993 |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1002/apmc.1993.052060106}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Gangadhara |author2=Kishore, Kaushal |title=Synthesis and characterization of photo-crosslinkable main-chain liquid-crystalline polymers containing bis(benzylidene)cycloalkanone units |journal=Polymer |date=1995 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1903–1910 |doi=10.1016/0032-3861(95)90938-X}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Murthy, K. Shanmugananda |author2=Ganesh, Kannan |author3=Kishore, Kaushal |title=Poly(styrene disulfide) and poly(styrene tetrasulfide) as chain transfer agents in the radical polymerization of styrene |journal=Polymer |date=1996 |volume=37 |issue=24 |pages=5541–5543 |doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00463-6}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Subramanian, K. |author2=Kishore, K. |title=Application of polystyrene peroxide as a curative in coating and molding compositions |journal=[[European Polymer Journal]]|date=1997 |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1365–1367 |doi=10.1016/S0014-3057(96)00141-3|bibcode=1997EurPJ..33.1365S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jayaseharan, J. |author2=Kishore, K. |title=Biomimetic aerobic polymerization of vinyl monomers |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=1998 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=825–826 |doi=10.1021/ja971335s|bibcode=1998JAChS.120..825J }}
* {{Cite journal |last=A. K. Nanda, K. Kishore |title=Synthesis, properties, and comparative analyses on the chain flexibility of an ultrastable vinyl polyperoxide |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=2002 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=2108–2114 |doi=10.1002/app.11189}}

== See also ==
* [[Plasticizer]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Kaushal}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Indian polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Suhas Khamkar

2026-02-01T00:51:26Z

Bandbaajabarat: added a data...

{{short description|Indian bodybuilder}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2015}}
{{cleanup|reason=Punctuation, capitalization, possibly translating into English, excessively long list?|date=December 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox bodybuilder
| name = Suhas Khamkar
| gender = male9

| image = Suhas Khamkar.jpg
| caption= Suhas Khamkar at [[Arnold Amateur]] 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra, India]]
| height = 5 ft 7 in
| weight = 85-90 kg
| firstproshow = Mr. India
| firstproshowyear = 2010
| bestwin = Mr. Amateur Olympia (Champion of Champion)
| bestwinyear = 2018
| predecessor =
| successor =
| yesorretiredyear =
}}

'''Suhas Madhukar Khamkar''' (born 9 August 1980) is a professional [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] from [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/Articles/suhas-khamkar/|title=Suhas Khamkar|publisher=Indian Bodybuilding|date=13 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/South-Eastern-Railway-tops-body-building-contest/article14937633.ece|title=South Eastern Railway tops body building contest|author= |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/search/suhas-khamkar|title=suhas khamkar : Latest News, Photos and suhas khamkar Videos - Mobile Site India TV News|website=m.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khamkar is a native of [[Kolhapur]] region and comes from a family of fitness experts and bodybuilders. His inspiration for bodybuilding traces back to his hometown Kolhapur, where he grew up watching wrestlers and bodybuilders
.<ref name="sport360.com">{{cite web|url=http://sport360.com/article/other/10931/day-withsuhas-khamkar-building-better-future/|title=A day with...Suhas Khamkar: Building for a better future - Article – Sport360|website=sport360.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2828725791.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074435/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2828725791.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2017|title=Dy Tehsildar Brings Glory to India: Panvel Resident Suhas Khamkar Wins a Bronze at the 6th IFBB Men's World Amateur Bodybuilding Championship|publisher=DNA : Daily News & Analysis|author= Shinde, Srishti |date=1 December 2012}}</ref> At age 16 Khamkar drew inspiration from [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and sought to become a world champion bodybuilder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/marathi/tv9+marathi-epaper-tvmvideo/borivali+dahi+handi+attend+by+bodybuilder+suhas+khamkar+tv9-newsid-57174573|title=Borivali Dahi Handi attend by Bodybuilder Suhas Khamkar-TV9 - TV9 Marathi - DailyHunt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.jagranjosh.com/search/suhas-khamkar_current-affairs|title=suhas khamkar - Current Affairs: All education, general knowledge, current affairs, career, information resources in the suhas khamkar Center|website=m.jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khamkar is the first Indian bodybuilder to win his pro card after winning the Mr. Amateur Olympia contest in October 2018.

In the 2012 Mr. India event, Khamkar placed 1st in the 80 kg category.<ref>{{cite news|title=MR. INDIA 2012.He was the student of bodybuilding legend pravin sakpal guruji.
|url=http://ibbfindia.com/mr-india2012/|access-date=1 October 2017|work=ibbfindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Ameesha-Patel-speaks-about-her-Marathi-connect-at-Marathi-Language-Day-event-in-Mumbai/articleshow/31466397.cms|title=Ameesha Patel speaks about her Marathi connect at Marathi Language Day event in Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Mr-India-aspirants-watch-their-diet-dumbbells/articleshow/19941796.cms |title=Mr India aspirants watch their diet, dumbbells |first=Kamini |last=Mathai|date= 8 May 2013}}</ref>

Khamkar was an employee of Central Railway of India. He was the first Indian bodybuilder to win a national level gold medal in the Railway national competitions. In 2010, Khamkar became the first Indian bodybuilder to win the [[Mr. Asia Contest|Mr. Asia]] contest. He placed second in the 2012 amateur [[Mr. Olympia]] held in Kuwait and placed second in the 2017 Amateur Asia Mr. Olympia contest.<ref name="sport360.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facemarathi.com/search/label/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%2B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%2B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%2B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%2B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%2B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF?max-results=7|title=Facemarathi: marathi actress celebrity hot sexy wallpaper kavita sms joke love prem sms}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
* Awarded the Shiv Chhatrapati Krida Puraskar by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 2008
*Shivpremi Rajya Gaurav Puraskar 2019.
* First Indian Bodybuilder to achieve PRO CARD.
* Mr. Amateur Olympia (2018)-Champion of Champion.
* Mr. Asia Body Building Title (2010).
* Mr. Olympia Amateur Body Building 1st Runner-up (2012).
* Mr. World Bodybuilding 1st Runner-up (2010–11).
* Ten-Time Mr. India Body Building Title (2004, 2006 To 2015).
* eight Times Mr.Maharashtra Title (2006 To 2008 & 2010 To 2014).
* Nine-Time Mr. All India Railway Gold (2004 To 2012).
* Four-Time Mr.Shivsena Body Building Title (2006, 2008 To 2010).
* Four-Time Mr.Mumbai Mayor Body Building Title (2002, 2003, 2007, 2008).
* Four-Time Mr.New [[Mumbai]] Mayor Body Building Title (2003, 2007, 2009, 2010).
* Five-Time Mr. Hindu Hruday Samarat Body Building Title (2005, 2008 To 2011).
* Mr. Goa Body Building Title (2006).
* Two-Times Mr.Mayor Kolhapur Body Building Title (2001, 2005).
* Mr. Mayor Ujjain (M.P.) Bodybuilding Title (2010).
* Three-Time Mr.Maharashtra Kamgar Body Building Title (1997 To 1999).
* Navi Mumbai mahapaur shree—participate (1996)
* pune festival shree—participate 1996
* Rajarampuri gym maryadit—1996 (Third rank)
* Junior Maharashtra shree pune—1996 (Third rank)
* Thane mahapaur shree—1996 participate
* [[Tarun Bharat]] shree—1996 participate.
* Youth Development club pattankodoli shree—1997 (Third rank)
* Shahu mohotsav shree—1997 (First rank)
* Maharashtra kamgar shree—1997 ( second rank)
* Desai health club raybag shree—1997 ( Third rank)
* Maratha shree—1997 (Third rank)
* Pattankadoli shree—1997 (Third rank)
* Vadange shree—1997( third rank)
* Nashik mahapaur shree—1997 participate
* Sangali mahapaur Shree—1997( fourth rank)
* Yuvakansha Mitra manual shree—1998 (Third rank)
* Sankeshvar shree—1998 (second rank)
* Colleage shree—1998 (Champion of Champions)
* Walawalkar shree—1998 (Champion)
* Vadange shree—1998 (Third rank)
* Maharashtra kamgar shree—1998 (Champion of Champions)
* Padli Khurda shree—1998 (second)
* Nanded mahapaur shree—1998 fourth
* Ashta Shree—1998 Champion
* Raybag shree—1998 second
* Kolhapur shree—1998 Champions of Champion
* Pacchim new Bharat shree—1998 second
* Yuvakansha Shree—1998 Champion
* Sangrul shree—1998 Third
* Maratha yuvak sanga shree—1998 Third
* Jr. Maharashtra shree—1998 Fourth
* International trial federation competition—1998 fifth
* Mumbai mahapaur shree—1998 participate
* Kumar ghat mahapaur shree—1998 third
* Shahu shree—1999 second
* Kamgar shree—1999 Champions of Champion
* Raybag shree—1999 Champion
* Maharashtra kamgar shree—1999 Second
* BPS Swatentradin shree—1999 Champions of champion
* Sangli mahapaur shree—1999 Champions of champion
* Thane mahapaur shree—1999 participate
* Patankar katha shree—1999 Champion
* Liberty shree—1999 third
* Valvalkar shree—1999 Champion
* Vasagde shree—1999 Champion
* Marathe yuvak sangh shree—1999 Third
* Ashta Shree—1999 Champion
* KD mangave Shree—1999 Champion
* Fighters Shree—1999 Champion
* Patan shree—1999 Champion
* Yuvakansha Shree—1999 Champion
* Shiv goda patil vikramnagar shree—1999 Champion
* Vaida patil shree—1999 Champion
* Kolhapur shree—1999 champion of champion
* Jr. Maharashtra shree—1999 Third
* Shinav kokan—1999 Champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—1999 Sixth
* Shankarrav shinde shree—1999 Champion
* Shinde sanskrutik mandal shree—1999 Champion
* Ekta shree—1999 Champion
* Pharli Shree—2000 second
* Sharad Powar shree—2000 Second
* Mr. Kolhapur—2000 Champions of champion
* College shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Utreshvar shree—2000 Champion
* Malkapur shree—2000 Champions of champion
* New Mumbai mahapaur shree—2000fourth
* Tarun Bharat shree—2000 fifth
* Shahu shree—2000 second
* Vishvashanti shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Valvalkar shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Dharmavir raje Sambhaji Shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Rotari shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Uttur shree—2000 second
* Kundal shree—2000 second
* Jamadar shree—2000 Champion
* Vikramnagar shree—2000 Champion
* Jr.maharashtra shree—2000 Second
* Practice shree—2000 Champion
* Vai Shree—2000 Champion
* Gokul shirgav shree—2000 Champion
* Jr. Maharashtra shree—2000 Second
* BPS sports shree—2000 Champions of champion
* SP group shree—2000 Champions of champion
* Subhrav gavli talim—2000 Champion
* Sangrul shree—2000 Champion
* Phonda ghat—2000 Champion
* Sangram siha Mohite patil shree—2001 Champion
* Shahu shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Man of body plus—2001 Champions of champion
* Kundal shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Major R.G patil shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Vijay siha shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Navratna shree shirgav—2001 Champions of champion
* Malkapur shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Bajirav appa shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Bheem shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Valavalkar shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Shahid Abhijeet shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Vijay Shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Shahu sugar shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Vivek shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Nangivali shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Kasbe Digraj shree—2001 champion
* SP group—2001 Champions of champion
* Bhosale vadi shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Hercules Gymnashiam—2001 Champions of champion
* Pattan kadoli—2001 Champions of champion
* Shahu shree BPS Kolhapur—2001 Champions of champion
* Pacchim Maharashtra shree—2001 champion
* Mahapaur shree—2001 Champion
* Bal Mitra shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Ranjeet shree—2001 Champions of champion
* College shree Shivaji vidyapitha—2001 Champions of champion
* [[Narayan Rane|Narayan rane]] shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—2001 fifth
* Kadgav shree—2001 Champions of champion
* All India interunivercity—2001 third
* Bhagva Rakshakakshi—2001 Champions of champion
* Jr. Maharashtra shree—2001 second
* Pattan kadoli shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Karad arban bank shree—2001 Champion
* Malkapur shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Fighter sports shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Tatysaheb kaur varna—2001 Champion
* Swastika shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Hercules Gymnashiam—2001 Champions of champion
* KD mangave Shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Vaigade Shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Utkarsh shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Vadgav shree—2001 Champions of champion
* Gokul shirgav shree—2001 champion
* Lokmanya shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Ishwar sports chashak—2002 Champions of champion
* Shree Bal hanuman shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Vyayam mandal shree—2002 Champions of champion
* College shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Hercules Gymnashiam—2002 Champions of champion
* Karad arban bank—2002 Champions of champion
* Shiv shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Vengurle Hercules—2002 Champions of champion
* Gajgeshvar shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—2002 Third
* Bhosale vadi shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Paltan festival—2002 champion
* Golden shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Malkapur shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Hutatma shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Mumbai mahapaur shree—2002 Champion
* Anil gujar shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Fedretion cup rashtriya—2002 Champions of champion
* All India university—2002 second
* Narayan rane shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Abhijeet shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Shahu shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Golden shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Karambali shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Rashtriya hawraha west Bangal—2002 Best of ten
* Open Congress shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Shrimanta Valavalkar shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Bal Mitra shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Lokmanya shree—2002 Champions of champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Shahu sakhar shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Shiv Samarth shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Golden shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Phonda ghat shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Prashant shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Bajirav appa shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Varna shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Lokmanya shree—2003 Champions of champion
* College shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Pachgav shree—2003 Champions of champion
* New Mumbai mahapaur shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Shree shivshankar shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Hutatma jotiram Chavgule—2003 Champions of champion
* Karambali shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Kai ani gujar shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Bal Bharat krida mandal icchalkaranji shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Fedretion shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Mumbai mahapaur shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Icchalkaranji shree—2003 Champions of champion
* Hatkalangle shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Kolhapur Hercules shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Kundal shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Zee Shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Atal shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Maharashtra shree—2004 second
* Raje Sambhaji Shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Sharad shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Babdev shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Mi kolhapur Hercules—2004 Champions of champion
* Pantha Valvalkar shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Sangram shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Sadguru shree—2004 Champions of champion
* Hindu hruday samratha—2005 Champions of champion
* Pacchim Maharashtra shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Sangharsh shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Charlies sports club—2005 Champions of champion
* Vile Parle shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Railway interdivision—2005 Champions of champion
* Parag shree—2005 Champions of champion
* All India Railway—2005 Champions of champion
* Om samartha Bharat shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Raje Maharashtra shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Hiral shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Ganesh shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Nagar vikas Shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Narayan rane shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Vasai shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Sada hasan shree—2005 Champions of champion
* North India champion—2005 Champions of champion
* Jay ambe shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Sadguru shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Khermode shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Jr. Maharashtra shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Sharad shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Atal shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Vile Parle shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Amravati mahapaur shree—2005 Champions of champion
* Maharashtra shree—2006 Champion
* Master Goa—2006 Champions of champion
* Pacchim Maharashtra shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Tarun Bharat shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Yashvant shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Parag shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Kolhapur mahapaur shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Sangrul shree—2006 Champions of champion
* All India Railway—2006 Second
* Manodhirya shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Bharat shree—2006 Third
* Balvan shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Shivneri shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Chunna bhatti shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Narayan shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Mora Bhai dar mahapaur shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Rashtra vadi shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Eksargav Devi shree—2006 Champions of champion
* Om samarth Bharat shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Hruday Samarth shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Poisir gym shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Rukadi shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Satam shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Mumbai shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Indian Railway—2007 Champions of champion
* Ma. Prakash awde shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Bharat shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Bharat shree—2007 second
* Pacchim Maharashtra shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Lahuji shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Navi Mumbai mahapaur shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Rashtravadi shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Amdar shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Rashtravadi shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Saheb shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Parle mohotsav shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Parle mohstav shree—2007 Champions of champion
* Rajypoisar gym shree—2008 Champions of champion
* Rajya Shivsena shree -2008 Champions of champion
* Rajya mavla shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Rajya hinduhruday samrat shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Ekta shree -2008 Champions of champion
* Gurudatt shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Rastrwadi shree -2008 Champions of champion
* Pimpleshwar mhadev hanuman shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Kalyan dombiwali mahapour shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Sudarshan shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Aamdar chashak-2008 Champions of champion
* All India Railway -2008 Champions of champion
* Mumbai mahapaur shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Parag shree -2008 Champions of champion
* Aarogyadham shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Aambedkar shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Shahu sakhar shree-2008 Champions of champion
* All India Railway -2008 Champions of champion
* Karya Samarath harishchandar kakde shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Aamdar shree-2008 Champions of champion
* Narayan koregav shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Gajanan shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Navi Mumbai mahapaur shree -2009 Champions of champion
* Shivsena mharasta shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Hindu hruday Samrath shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Kadiwali shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Chembur shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Mr. Stentat shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Parag shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Bhagva shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Parag shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Rastrawadi shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Parag shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Parle -2009 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree-2009 Champions of champion
* Parag shree -2009 Champions of champion
* Swarajya shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Aamdar shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Navi Mumbai mahapaur shree -2010Champions of champion
* Raj shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree -2010 Champions of champion
* Manse shree -2010 Champions of champion
* Anna patil shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Superim shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Shivsena shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Suprim shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Kandiwali shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Ambarnath navnirman shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Marathi Hruday Samarath shree-2010 Champions of champion
* jayant shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Manse boriwali shree -2010 Champions of champion
* Dharmveer shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Lokadhikar shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Kalyan dombiwali mahapaur shree -2010 Champions of champion
* Sachin Aahari shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Nagar Sevak shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Parag shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Shangri-la shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Bheem shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Shanta Cruz shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Aamdar shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Koregavkar shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Shivsai shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Satish sugar classic -2010 Champions of champion
* Mhapour shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Sainath shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Samrath Mahadik shree-2010 Champions of champion
* Dahisar shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Hinduhruday samratha shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Suprimo shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Badlapur shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Hinduhruday samratha shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Nagar Sevak shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Aamdar shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Hardcore shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Santakruz shree-2011 Champions of champion
* solapur shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Vashi mahapour shree-2011 Champions of champion
* Guru Datta shree-2011 Champions of champion

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
12.https://www.pudhari.news/news/Kolhapur/Flashback-2017-Kolhapur-Youth-Mileston-Achivment-in-this-Year-Read-It-Before-Good-Bye-2017-and-Welcome-New-Year-2018/m/

13. <nowiki>http://epaper.tarunbharat.com/m5/1618813/Aksharyatra/AKSHARYATRA#page/8/1</nowiki>

14. http://www.lokmat.com/other-sports/suhas-khamkars-1st-indian-bodybuilder-won-ifbb-pro-card/

15. http://www.livemarathi.in/?p=43150
Shivpremi Rajya Gaurav Puraskar 2019.

16.http://epaper.saamana.com/imageview_24582_1530379_4_71.html

17.http://epaper.mymahanagar.com/fullview.php?artid=AAPLAMAHAN_MUM_20190704_4_5

18.http://epaper.freepressjournal.in/m5/2226547/Navshakti/04-Jul-2019#page/2/1

19.http://product.sakaalmedia.com/portal/SM.aspx?ID=140105

20.http://epaper.patrika.com/m5/2228450/Mumbai/Mumbai#page/2/1

21. https://www.lokmat.com/other-sports/newcomers-can-get-government-assistance-if-bodybuilding-qualifies-olympics-say-suhas-khamkar-a681/

22. https://maharashtrawadi.blogspot.com/2024/11/blog-post_174.html

23. https://www.timemaharashtra.com/entertainment/action-packed-rajveer-trailer-launch-suhas-khamkar-in-the-lead-role/102796/

24.https://marathi.hindustantimesa.com/entertainment/bodybuilder-suhas-khamkar-s-debut-on-the-big-screen-will-be-seen-in-the-lead-role-in-the-marathi-film-rajveer-141731739296683.html

25. https://policenama.com/rajveer-marathi-movie-action-packed-rajveer-trailer-launch-suhas-khamkar-in-the-lead-role/

26. https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/suhas-khamkar-bodybuilder-mr-india-will-be-hindi-movie-rajveer-movie-watch-teaser-here-693541.html

27. https://bollywoodtimesindia.com/2947/

28. https://bollywoodtimesindia.com/2947/

29. http://batamiwala.com/2024/11/16/rajveer-marathi-movie-trailer-launched/

== External links ==
* [http://www.suhaskhamkar.in Official Website]
* [http://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/Articles/suhas-khamkar/ Suhas Khamkar] on ''IndianBodybuilding''
* [http://ibbfindia.com/suhas-khamkar Suhas Khamkar at various events of Indian Body Building and Fitness Federation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamkar, Suhas}}
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gopal Singh Engineer

2026-01-28T01:22:26Z

Bandbaajabarat: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ashta Assembly constituency|Ashta]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Raghunath Singh Malviya
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}'''Gopal Singh Engineer''' (born 1966)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gopal Singh Engineer(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ASHTA (SC)(SEHORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1125 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He became a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] winning the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Ashta Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in Sehore District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashta assembly election results 2023: Ashta Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/ashta-assembly-result-12157 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashta Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Ashta Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/ashta-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Engineer is from Ashta, [[Sehore district|Sehore District]], Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Uday Singh. He completed his bachelors in architecture in 1992 at Molana Azad College, [[Bhopal University]].<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Engineer won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 118,750 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kamal Singh Chauhan of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 7,903 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429328275 |title=Recent Advancement in Prodrugs |date=2020-05-13 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-32827-5 |editor-last=Shah |editor-first=Kamal |editor-last2=Chauhan |editor-first2=Durgesh Nandini |editor-last3=Chauhan |editor-first3=Nagendra Singh |editor-last4=Mishra |editor-first4=Pradeep}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopal Singh Engineer, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Gopal Singh Engineer, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/gopal-singh-engineer-12157-1 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ashta, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Ashta में Gopal Singh Engineer ने 7903 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/ashta-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830302-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the 2018 and 2013 Assembly elections as a Congress candidate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, Gopal Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Suryakantham (TV series)

2026-01-22T10:55:22Z

Bandbaajabarat: added new info...

{{Short description|2019 Indian Telugu language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Suryakantam.jpg
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|11|9|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|7|22|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| num_episodes = 1559
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[Anusha Hegde]] Prajwal PD
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''Sindura Bindu''
}}

'''''Suryakantham''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] drama series airing on [[Zee Telugu]] which premiered from 22 July 2019<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathya’s Telugu remake Suryakantham to premiere in July - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sathyas-telugu-remake-suryakantham-to-premiere-in-july/articleshow/69826583.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> to 9 November 2024. The show is an official remake of Odia TV series ''Sindura Bindu''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prajwal and Anusha Hegde starrer Suryakantham to premiere on July 22 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/prajwal-and-anusha-hegde-starrer-suryakantham-to-premiere-on-july-22/articleshow/70246856.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Anusha Hegde]] and Prajwal PD in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Sushant to play a brief cameo in daily soap 'Suryakantham'; watch promo - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actor-sushant-to-play-a-brief-cameo-in-daily-soap-suryakantham-watch-promo/articleshow/92801558.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An unexpected turn of events drives Surya, a tomboy, to marry Chaitanya, a rich man adored by his three elder sisters who do not approve of Surya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muthyala Muggu actor Prajwal’s look from soon-to-be-launched Suryakantham unveiled; watch promo - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/muthyala-muggu-actor-prajwals-look-from-soon-to-be-launched-suryakantham-unveiled-watch-promo/articleshow/70044109.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Anusha Hegde]] as Suryakantham aka Surya
* Prajwal PD as Chaitanya aka Chaitu

===Recurring===
* Hari Garu as Dhanunjay
* Manasa Narayan as Teja / Kranti
** Pooja Sri as Child Teja
* Gayathri as Pooja
** Yaadvi Sri as Child Pooja
* Kaushik Rama Patali as Kalyan
* Sahithi as Lalitha
* Mrudula as Purnima
* Sandya Rani as Pragati
* Prabhakar as Puli
* Mounika Guntuka as Pramila
* Teja Chowdary as Babji

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Sindura Bindu'' ସିନ୍ଦୁର ବିନ୍ଦୁ
| 7 March 2015
| Zee Sarthak
| 15 February 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bokul Kotha]]'' বকুল কথা
| 4 December 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 1 February 2020
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]'' சத்யா
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 October 2021
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Suryakantham'' సూర్యకాంతం
| 22 July 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 9 November 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]'' സത്യാ എന്ന പെൺകുട്ടി
| 18 November 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 17 April 2021
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|Sathya]]'' ಸತ್ಯ
| 7 December 2020
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 10 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'' मीत: बदलेगी दुनिया की रीत
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee TV]]
| 14 November 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|Shiva]]'' शिवा
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 8 August 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/suryakantham/0-6-1933 ''Suryakantham''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Palar, India

2026-01-18T16:19:38Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{other uses|Palar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.835|78.246|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 648<ref name=cen1/>
| area_magnitude =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = UK10
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Palar''' ([[Hindi]]: पालर), is a village in [[Uttarkashi district]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. Situated on the banks of [[Yamuna]] river and the terminating railway station on the [[Uttarkashi-Palar Yamunotri Railway]] route of [[Chota Char Dham Railway]] nearest to [[Yamunotri]].<ref name=char1>[https://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ Chardham to get rail connectivity; Indian Railways pilgrimage linking project to cost Rs 43.29k crore, India.com, 12-May-2017]</ref>

==Geography==
It is located close to [[Yamunotri]].

Near the RAAJGARHI.
PALAR is a village in district Uttarkashi of UTTARAKHAND situated on the bank of the river Yamuna and Kedar Ganga, which originated from the mountain Kedar Kantha.
The village is the central point of beauty of the area. The village is known for its Prosperity. The village is also selected for the terminating station for the railway line between Uttarkashi to Yamunotri.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], village has 135 families with a total population of 648.<ref name=cen1>[http://www.censusindia.co.in/villages/palar-population-uttarkashi-uttarakhand-40344 Palar Population, Census Commission of India, 2011]</ref>

===Adventure sports===
* White water rafting
* Trekking tracks
* Mountaineering

==See also==
*[[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*[https://uttarkashi.nic.in Uttarkashi district, Official website]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200714081804/http://www.uttarkashitourism.com/ Uttarkashi district Tourism]}}
*[https://www.naturecampsindia.com Resort in Uttarkashi]

{{Uttarkashi district}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi| ]]

Karzok

2026-01-07T18:00:35Z

Bandbaajabarat: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karzok
| other_name = Korzok
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Karzok Tso Moriri (cropped) 02.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| pushpin_map1 =
| pushpin_map_caption1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.968125|N|78.2639885|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nyoma]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/ | title=Villages | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 4595
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1291
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 899
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Karzok''' or '''Korzok''' (at an altitude of 14,995 ft or 4,570 m to 15,075 ft or 4,595 m above sea level),<ref>[[List of highest cities in the world]]</ref> on the northwestern shores of the [[Tso Moriri]] lake, is a village in the [[Rupshu]] region and a [[Community development block in India|block]] of the [[Leh district]] in [[Ladakh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref><ref name=hight1/>

Karzok is among the [[List of highest cities in the world|highest permanent settlements in the world]]. It is located 60 km southwest of [[Nyoma]],<ref name=hight1>Korzok | https://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/india/5683-korzok.html</ref> 40 km south of [[Puga]] separated by [[Salt Valley]], and 80-100 km northwest of [[Chumur]]. The [[Korzok Monastery]], of [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] lineage, is located here.

== History ==

Karzok was on the [[Central Asia]]n trade route until 1947 and was the headquarters of the [[Rupshu]] Valley. One of the kings, Rupshu Goba, who lived there with his family, built nine permanent houses there.<ref name=Jina>{{Cite book|last=Jina|first=Prem Singh|title= High pasturelands of Ladakh Himalaya|work=Korzok|page=49|access-date=2009-11-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2jv3ETBwBUC&q=Korzok&pg=PA49|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1995|isbn= 978-81-7387-026-2}}</ref>

The village has several houses, and the nomadic population who establish their tents (made of [[yak]] hair or skin) in summer, add to the agricultural operations in the region. The tents are provided with vents at the top to let out the smoke. [[Pashmina]] is the valuable product that the Changmas trade along with the salt that they extract from large salt fields in the area, such as the springs at Puga. They barter these two products for food grains and other necessities. In recent years, building activity is on the rise with the nomadic tribes changing their lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rangan-datta.info/Tso%20moriri.htm|title=Tso Moriri - Tea with Changpas|access-date=2009-11-23|publisher=The Statesman|date=2004-06-16}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Karzok in [[Changthang]] plateau lies on the northwest bank of the salt lake, Tso Moriri,<ref name=hight1/> north of which lies the [[Salt Valley]]. The Salt Valley has the [[Kyago Tso]] salt lake surrounded by several glaciated mountain peaks including the '''Karzok Kangri''' (6,110m/20,046ft, also called Korzok Kangri)<ref name=mount2>[https://peakvisor.com/peak/korzok-kangri.html Korzok kangri], accessed 21 April 2025.</ref> which lies immediate south of [[Spangnak Ri]] and northwest of Karzok.

== Demographics ==
[[File:Karzok.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Karzok village]]

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Karzok has 253 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 46.64%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1291 || 673 || 618
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 189 || 102 || 87
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 931 || 485 || 446
|-
| Literates || 514 || 292 || 222
|-
| Workers (all) || 813 || 450 || 363
|-
| Main workers (total) || 315 || 225 || 90
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 257 || 192 || 65
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 0 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Other || 49 || 31 || 18
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 498 || 225 || 273
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 224 || 117 || 107
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 7 || 3 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 126 || 19 || 107
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 141 || 86 || 55
|-
| Non-workers || 478 || 223 || 255
|}
[[File:Karzok welcome sign.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Welcome sign, Karzok]]

== Climate ==
Karzok has a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] Dfc) bordering on a [[Tundra|tundra climate]] (ET). Summers are cool with chilly nights, and winters are long and cold with highs below zero.

{{weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Karzok

| Jan high C =-7.2
| Feb high C =-5.4
| Mar high C =-1.2
| Apr high C =4.3
| May high C =9.2
| Jun high C =14.0
| Jul high C =16.9
| Aug high C =16.2
| Sep high C =12.9
| Oct high C =6.5
| Nov high C =1.2
| Dec high C =-3.5

| Jan mean C =-13.1
| Feb mean C =-11.2
| Mar mean C =-6.8
| Apr mean C =-1.5
| May mean C =2.9
| Jun mean C =7.4
| Jul mean C =10.7
| Aug mean C =10.2
| Sep mean C =6.4
| Oct mean C =-0.2
| Nov mean C =-5.6
| Dec mean C =-10.0

| Jan low C =-18.9
| Feb low C =-16.9
| Mar low C =-12.4
| Apr low C =-7.2
| May low C =-3.3
| Jun low C =0.9
| Jul low C =4.5
| Aug low C =4.2
| Sep low C =0.0
| Oct low C =-6.8
| Nov low C =-12.4
| Dec low C =-16.5

| Jan precipitation mm =22
| Feb precipitation mm =21
| Mar precipitation mm =24
| Apr precipitation mm =19
| May precipitation mm =19
| Jun precipitation mm =9
| Jul precipitation mm =28
| Aug precipitation mm =34
| Sep precipitation mm =23
| Oct precipitation mm =12
| Nov precipitation mm =7
| Dec precipitation mm =12

|source = climate-data.com
}}

==Transport==

From the north, Karzok is reachable via Sumdo, on the [[Salt Valley#MPSM|Miroo-Puga-Sumdo-Mahe Road]] (MPSM Road) which begins at [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]] ([[Miru, Ladakh|Miroo]]) and ends at [[Leh]]-[[Nyoma]] Road ([[Mahe, Ladakh|Mahe]]). From Sumdo, the Karzok is at the southern end of 40 km long Sumdo-Karzok Road.

From the south, the Karzok is reachable via Sumdo [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]] (in Himachal Pradesh) by the 125 km long [[Salt Valley#KKR|Kiato-Karzok Road]] via the [[Takling La]] being constructed by the [[Border Roads Organisation|BRO]] as the [[Tourism in Ladakh#Roads|fourth road to Ladakh]].<ref name=kart1>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/kyato-korzok-road-will-connect-himachal-to-ladakh-army-will-have-easy-access-to-china-border-2025-04-21?pageId=1
| title = Kyato-Korzok road will connect Himachal to Ladakh, army will have easy access to China border
| last =
| first =
| website = Amar Ujala
| date = 2025-04-21
| accessdate = 2025-04-22
}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{commons category|Korzok}}
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nyoma tehsil]]

SevenHills Hospital

2026-01-01T00:44:45Z

Bandbaajabarat: added new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = SevenHills Hospitals
| org_group = SevenHills Healthcare, Ltd.
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = 
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra and [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
| region =
| state =
| country = India
| healthcare = [[Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana]]
| funding =
| type = General
| affiliation =
| patron = Jitendra Das Maganti, founder and managing director
| network =
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 1,500 (Mumbai)
| speciality =
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| founded = 1986 (Vishakapatnam), 2010 (Mumbai)
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sevenhillshospital.com}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}

'''SevenHills Hospital''' is a group of three private hospitals, operating under central management, in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh, India. The Visakhapatnam branch opened in 1986, and the Mumbai branch opened in 2010. The Mumbai hospital was the result of a [[Rupee|Rs]] 10 billion [[public-private partnership]] between SevenHills and [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). At {{cvt|17|acres}} and {{cvt|2,000,000|sqft}} of built-up space, the Mumbai hospital was designed to be the country's largest hospital in a single location. A dedicated COVID-19 hospital was added in 2020.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==History and facilities==
In 2002, talks began between SevenHills and [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) to open a multi-specialty branch of the hospital in [[Mumbai]]. According to the resulting [[public-private partnership]] agreement, signed in 2005,<ref name=express2010 /> BMC gave SevenHills a 60-year lease on a {{convert|17|acre|adj=mid}} plot in the Mumbai suburb of [[Andheri]], near the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai International Airport]]. In exchange, SevenHills agreed to reserve 20% (300) of its 1,500 beds for low-income patients who come through the BMC healthcare system, charging them at the same rate as offered by public hospitals.<ref name=raghunath2010 />

The funding for the project came from private capital and bank loans, and the majority stakeholder is Jitendra Das Maganti, M.D., the founder and managing director of the hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Inc finds wealth in health|date=27 July 2009 |url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/27/india-inc-finds-wealth-in-health.htm|last=Jayakumar |first=P. B.|website=Rediff|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> The Mumbai hospital was inaugurated in July 2010 by the president of India, [[Pratibha Patil]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pratibhapatil.nic.in/sp040710.html |title=Speech by Her Excellency the President of India, Shrimati Pratibha Devisingh Patil at the Inauguration of the Seven Hills Hospital |website= pratibhapatil.nic.in |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> which caused controversy as the hospital space for low-income patients was not ready.<ref name="RaviC.2013">{{cite book|author1=Duggal, Ravi|author2=Kurian, Oommen C.|author3=Wagle, Suchitra|author4=Deosthali, Padma|title=Appropriate Role for the Private Sector in Health Care of India: Political Economy of Private Healthcare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nffwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Independent Commission on Development & Health in India and VHAI|pages=46–|id=GGKEY:NFZTFQJLXLZ}}</ref>

The Mumbai complex has a {{cvt|2,000,000|sqft}} bghuilt-up area with plans for 1500 beds (300 for [[critical care medicine|critical care]]), intensive care units for cardiology, burns, neonates, and paediatrics, and 36 operating rooms.<ref name=raghunath2010>{{cite web|last1=Raghunath|first1=Pamela|title=One of Asia's largest hospitals to open in Mumbai|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/one-of-asia-s-largest-hospitals-to-open-in-mumbai-1.649239|website=GulfNews|access-date=27 November 2017|date=2 July 2010}}</ref> The hospitals have services in over 30 specialties including Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cardiology, Oncology, Orthopedic Surgery, General Surgery and [[Laparoscopic Surgery]], Emergency Services, Pediatrics, [[Otorhinolaryngology]], [[Nephrology]] and [[Kidney Transplant]], and [[Liver Transplantation]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Financial difficulties and controversy==
The hospital began operations in phases; in the first phase, 300 beds were ready. However, all of the wards meant for BMC patients were still under construction, and a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) between BMC and the hospital had not been signed.<ref name=express2010>{{cite web|title=Seven Hills ready, not promised beds for BMC hospital patients|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/seven-hills-ready-not-promised-beds-for-bmc-hospital-patients/|agency= Express News Service |website=The Indian Express|date=5 July 2010 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> An expansion of the hospital (to open more of the 1,500 beds) was dependent upon the MOU. When the two parties could not agree on the terms, the matter was brought first to a civic house session (in 2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=Seven Hills Hospital controversy continues at BMC|last=Mhaske|first=Pandurang|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-seven-hills-hospital-controversy-continues-at-bmc-1410844|website=dna|access-date=27 November 2017|date=17 July 2010}}</ref> and then to the [[Bombay High Court]] (in 2011).<ref>{{cite web|title=Provide 20% medical facilities to poor for free: HC to SevenHills Hospital|agency=DNA Correspondent |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-provide-20-medical-facilities-to-poor-for-free-hc-to-sevenhills-hospital-1610244|website=dna|access-date=27 November 2017|date=10 November 2011}}</ref> Finally, in 2013, SevenHills agreed to provide 20% of all hospital beds (general and ICU) and facilities to poor patients, and to provide medicines at BMC rates. In addition, BMC was given power to "take over the hospital" if the hospital violated the agreement. An MOU between BMC and Seven Hills was signed in December 2013, and the hospital received a [[certificate of occupancy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finally, Seven Hills Hospital agrees to reserve 20% beds for the poor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-finally-seven-hills-hospital-agrees-to-reserve-20-beds-for-the-poor-1919449|website=dna|agency=DNA Correspondent|access-date=27 November 2017|date=15 November 2013}}</ref>

The delay in hospital expansion severely hampered the ability of SevenHills to raise revenue which, in turn, led to increased debt. In 2013, [[JPMorgan Chase]], through its Asia Infrastructure Fund, invested Rs 2.7 billion in SevenHills, allowing it to add 300 beds.<ref name=khan2013>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Zahra|title=SevenHills hospital to embark on next phase of expansion|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/9HfNpGzPZyQUDbGEDhdwuK/SevenHills-hospital-to-embark-on-next-phase-of-expansion.html|website=www.livemint.com/|access-date=27 November 2017|date=15 May 2013}}</ref> A subsequent investment made JP Morgan a 35% owner in the company. In addition, hospital lenders, including [[Axis Bank]], agreed to restructuring the hospital's debt of Rs 8 billion.<ref name=khan2013 /> Maganti remained the controlling shareholder.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In 2015–16, SevenHills reported revenue of Rs 2.3 billion and a loss of Rs 1.47 billion,<ref name=dhanjal2017 /> and the company continued to operate at 20% capacity. According to SevenHills's annual report, "The current level of operations of the company could not support the fixed overheads (finance costs, depreciation and [[Amortization (accounting)|amortization]] expenses) incurred for its Mumbai Hospital. Time overrun, coupled with substantial increase in cost and lower operational level, had put strain on the operational cash flows of the company, thereby resulting in liquidity problem for the company".<ref name=dhanjal2017>{{cite web|last1=Dhanjal|first1=Swaraj Singh|title=AION Capital in talks to buy Seven Hills Healthcare's $200 million debt|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/GajU6FKiL9NHeXQABTZrjO/AION-Capital-in-talks-to-buy-Seven-Hills-Healthcares-200-m.html|website=www.livemint.com/|access-date=27 November 2017|date=6 November 2017}}</ref> As of 2017, only 300 beds at the Mumbai hospital are operational.<ref name=gupta2017 />

The Mumbai High Court gave the hospital until 31 March 2017 to repay its debts.<ref name=shah2017>{{cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Sneha|title=JP Morgan PE, promoter try to buy each other out of SevenHills|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/jp-morgan-pe-promoter-try-to-buy-each-other-out-of-sevenhills/articleshow/57214308.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=27 November 2017|date=18 February 2017}}</ref> JP Morgan first tried to find a buyer for its holdings, then tried to gain control of the company. Other companies have also expressed an interest in buying out the hospital's debt, however, no agreements were reached.<ref name=shah2017 />

On 20 November 2017, the hospital's lenders filed for insolvency, which will force an auction of the hospital. The total liability is estimated at Rs 1,100–1,200 crore.<ref name=gupta2017>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Deepali|last2=Rajagopal|first2=Divya|title=Lenders file insolvency plea against SevenHills Hospital|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/lenders-file-insolvency-plea-against-sevenhills-hospital/articleshow/61717353.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=27 November 2017|date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

==Hospital outreach==
In 2010, the hospital launched a "Save a Heart" program for under-privileged children with congenital heart defects. In 2011, [[Bollywood]] actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] donated Rs 1.5 million for ten children who were in need of cardiac surgery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan to save 10 hearts - Times of India|last1=Dubey|first1=Bharti|last2=Masand|first2=Pratibha|date=29 January 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hrithik-Roshan-to-save-10-hearts/articleshow/7381989.cms?referral=PM|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2012, the British [[Deputy High Commissioner]] gifted a Mobile [[Diabetes]] Unit to SevenHills, the first such unit in Mumbai. The mobile clinic was named ''Amitabh'' in honor of actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], the international patron of [[Silver Star (charity)|Silver Star]], a charity that specialises in raising awareness of diabetes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan to receive mobile diabetes clinic as b'day gift - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-to-receive-mobile-diabetes-clinic-as-bday-gift/articleshow/16755515.cms|agency=PTI|date=10 October 2012|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

==COVID-19 hospital==
{{Infobox hospital
| name = COVID-19 hospital
| org_group = SevenHills Hospital
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| address =
| region = [[Mumbai]]
| state = Maharashtra
| country =
| healthcare =
| funding = Private
| type = Specialist
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| helipad =
| beds = 100
| speciality = COVID-19 patients
| opened = 2020
| closed =
| demolished =
| website =
| other_links =
| module =
}}

In 2020, a COVID-19 hospital was constructed as part of the Seven Hills Hospital group in [[Mumbai City]], [[India]]. It was constructed by [[Reliance Industries Limited]] for [[COVID-19]] patients. It is the first dedicated COVID-19 hospital in India<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Sets Up India's First COVID-19 Dedicated Hospital in Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/reliance-sets-up-indias-first-COVID-19-dedicated-hospital-in-mumbai-2548119.html |work=News18 |date=23 March 2020}}</ref> and managed by
[[Reliance Industries Limited]] AND Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation)

for SevenHills Hospital Group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Piyush |title=COVID-19 {{!}} Reliance sets up India's first dedicated coronavirus hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/reliance-sets-up-indias-first-dedicated-COVID-19-hospital/article31145158.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.sevenhillshospital.com/}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India|state=collapsed}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1986 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1986]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2010]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established for the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Pransukh Nayak

2025-12-31T07:59:21Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding some data w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian theatre actor, director, manager and playwright (1910–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pransukh Nayak
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|04|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jagudan, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|03|12|1910|04|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Stage actor, director, manager, playwright
| years_active = 
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| father = Manilal
| mother =
}}

'''Pransukh Manilal Nayak''' (23 April 1910 – 12 March 1989) was an Indian [[Gujarati theatre]] actor, director, manager, and playwright from [[Gujarat]], India. Born into a family of traditional theatre actors, he joined theatre troupes at a young age and rose to fame for his comic roles and female impersonations. His performances as a woman from [[Varanasi|Banaras]] in ''Kumali Kali'' and as Jivram Bhatt in ''[[Mithyabhiman]]'' were acclaimed. During his long career, he worked with many theatre companies and gave 22,455 performances, earning a listing in the 1989 ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]''.

== Early life ==
Pransukh Nayak was born on 23 April 1910 in a village called Jagudan,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Nayak|first=Chinubhai|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=1998|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|volume=X|location=Ahmedabad|pages=94–95|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name=":x" /> which is now in [[Mehsana district]], Gujarat, to a family of traditional [[Bhavai]] actors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0433#|title=The Oxford companion to Indian theatre|last=Jani|first=Dinkar B.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780199861248|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|location=New Delhi|oclc=607157336|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=909&at=1|title=Pransukh Manilal Nayak|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623064652/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=909&at=1|archive-date=23 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> His father Manilal Mulchand was a popular Bhavai actor and the people of nearby villages flocked to see his performances in ''vesha''s (acts) of ''[[Ramapir]]'' and ''[[Chhelbatau]]''. Pransukh had participated in one performance when he was around seven or eight years old. He studied two levels in a Gujarati school.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":x">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી રંગભૂમિ: રિદ્ધિ અને રોનક (Gujarati Rangbhoomi: Riddhi Ane Ronak)|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2004|editor-last=Choksi|editor-first=Mahesh|location=Ahmedabad|pages=214–216|trans-title=Compilation of Information regarding professional theatre of Gujarat|editor-last2=Somani|editor-first2=Dhirendra}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nayak was inspired by a performance by female impersonator [[Jaishankar Sundari]] to join a Bhavai troupe at the age of nine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20110724/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html|title=રંગભૂમિના ઈતિહાસનું એક ઝળહળતું સુવર્ણપૃષ્ઠ સ્વ. પ્રાણસુખ નાયક|last=Jadav|first=Joravarsinh|date=24 July 2011|publisher=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|language=gu|trans-title=The Golden Page of the History of Gujarati Theatre: Late Pransukh Nayak|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> He joined Deshi Natak Samaj{{efn|''Natak Samaj'' and ''Natak Mandali'' can be translated as 'drama society' and 'theatre group' (lit. 'circle').}} in [[Surat]], where he played female impersonator roles. He later worked with Aryaniti Natak Samaj—owned by [[Motilal Nandwana|Motiram Nandwana]]—and Vidyavinod Natak Samaj owned by Pyarelal Viththalrao Mehta.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":x" /> He later joined [[Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali]], where he was trained under Surajram Nayak, Jaishankar Sundari and [[Bapulal Nayak]].<ref name=":0" /> In Mumbai, he appeared in a supporting female role as Kashi—a woman from [[Varanasi|Banaras]]—in ''Kumali Kali'' (Delicate Bud, 1926), and later in ''College Kanya'' (College Girl, 1925), which brought him fame in the Bombay theatre circuit (now Mumbai) at the age of fifteen.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He received his nickname ''Lucknowri Tetar'' due to his role in ''Kumali Kali''.<ref name=":3" /> He later diversified his performances, mostly in comic roles.<ref name=":0" /> He also acted in ''Jugal Jugari'' (Jugal the Gambler, 1902), ''Vijya Kalyani'', ''Pavitra Leelavati'', ''Sattano Mad'', ''Uma Devdi'', ''Ramviyog'', ''Veenaveli'', ''Santanona Vanke'', ''Rukshamani Haran'', ''Sati Damayanti'' and ''Vijayavijay''.<ref name=":1" /> He played several comedic duos with Chhagan Romeo.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":x" />

When Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali became defunct, Nayak joined Palitana Bhaktipradarshak Mandali and Prabhat Kalamandal. When these troupes also became defunct, he went to [[Ahmedabad]] and joined Natmandal, which was operated by [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Here he was guided by [[Rasiklal Parikh]], Jaishankar Sundari and [[Dina Pathak]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> He received acclaim for his performance as a [[Brahmin]] in Rasiklal Parikh's ''Mena Gurjari'' (Mena of Gujarat, 1953) and as a comic role of Jivram Bhatt in [[Dalpatram]]'s ''Mithyabhiman'' (False Vanity, 1955).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":x" /> He also briefly worked with [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":x" /><ref name=":0" /> He taught theatre at Shreyas Foundation in Ahmedabad for some time.<ref name=":x" /> During the last years of his life, Nayak started a theatre troupe called Pran Theatre, which performed educational plays for schoolchildren.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":x" />

Nayak acted as a royal astrologer in the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Apart from acting and direction, Nayak wrote eight plays including ''Balotiyana Balela'', ''Bandh Chheepna Moti'', ''Birbalni Chhatri'' and ''Balbhakta Prahalad''. His notes on commercial theatre and its history, documentation on Bhavai acts and notes of his experiences are archived in the Theatre Media Centre. His few images are also archived in the Gujarat Lokkala Foundation.<ref name=":1" />

In ''Pransukh Nayak: Flashback'', Jitendra Thakkar notes that Pransukh Nayak made 1,050 performances with Deshi Natak Samaj, 400 with Vidhyavinod Natak Samaj, 205 with Aryaniti Natak Samaj, 325 in Hindi and 7,978 in Gujarati with Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali, 1,248 with Prabhat Kalamandal, 30 with Rangmandal, 531 with Natmandal, 412 with Darpana, 338 with Pran Theatre and 9,938 with other theatre companies—totalling 22,455 performances. The record was recorded in the 1989 ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Ahuja2012">{{cite book|last=Ahuja|first=Chaman|title=Contemporary Theatre of India: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDSHSkYp6M0C&q=Nayak|year=2012|publisher=[[National Book Trust]], India|isbn=978-81-237-6491-7|pages=146, 152}}</ref>

Pransukh Nayak died from cancer on 12 March 1989 in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==
He was awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1974.<ref name=":2" /> On 13 September 1963, he was felicitated in Ahmedabad by Gujarat State Sangeet Natak Akademi. His 60th year was celebrated under Vadilal Kamdar, [[Mayor of Ahmedabad]]. He was felicitated by [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] as well.<ref name=":x" />

== Acting career ==
{{expand list|date=August 2018}}
He acted in following plays:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Acting career<ref name=":x" />
!Title
!Role
!Date
!Writer
!Theatre company
|-
|''Jugal Jugari''
|Uko Marwadi
|26 August 1902
|[[Mulshankar Mulani]]
|[[Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali]]
|-
|''Saubhagyano Sinh''
|Parvati
|25 April 1925
|[[Bapulal Nayak]]
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Madandh Mahila Yane Noorjahan''
|Diwali
|1926
|Jayashankar Vaghjibhai Vyas
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kumali Kali''
|Kashi
|1926
|[[Harji Lavji Damani|Shayda]]
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Jamanano Rang''
|Indu
|1927
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Tarunina Tarang''
|Kishori
|1928
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kashmirnu Prabhat''
|Lalita
|1928
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kudaratno Nyay''
|Kusum
|21 February 1929
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Up-to-date Mawali''
|Shahera
|29 March 1929
|Joseph David
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Swamibhakti Yane Baji Deshpande'' ([[Hindi]])
|Tulsi
|1929
|Munshi Mohiyuddin Nazan
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kuldeepak''
|Mena
|9 January 1930
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Bapna Bol''
|Mithi
|October 1930
|Chimanlal Trivedi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kutil Rajneeti''
|Vijli
|January 1931
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Karmasanjog''
|Koyal
|21 January 1932
|Mugatlal Pranjeevan Oza
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Karyasiddhi'' (Hindi)
|Neelgangu
|1932
|Munshi Abbas Ali
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Gentleman Daku''
|Suman
|1932
|Joseph David
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kon Samrat?''
|Chandan
|9 September 1933
|'Manasvi' Prantijwala (adapted)
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Koni Mahatta?''
|Sarita
|1934
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kirtivijay''
|Sona
|1934
|'Manasvi' Prantijwala (adapted)
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Janjeerna Zankare''
|Veera
|13 September 1934
|Champshi Udeshi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Sachcha Heera'' ([[Urdu]])
|Mithi
|7 January 1935
|Munshi Mohiyuddin Nazan
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Mumbaini Badi''
|Sulochana
|20 March 1935
|Joseph David
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Gheli Guniyal''
|Rangili
|1 June 1935
|Champshi Udeshi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kevo Badmash?''
|Chanchal
|3 August 1935
|Joseph David
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kiritkumar''
|Manba
|January 1936
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Nepolean''
|Lucy
|February 1936
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Jobanna Jadu''
|Mohini
|30 July 1936
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Shetaranjna Dav''
|Madanika
|15 May 1937
|Jaman
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Garibna Ansu''
|Prabhavati
|7 August 1937
|Champshi Udeshi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Sinhasanna Shokh''
|Ganga
|December 1937
|Babubhai Kalyanji Oza
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Shrimant Ke Shaytan?''
|Lavangika
|5 February 1937
|Babubhai Kalyanji Oza
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Samar-Prabha''
|Manjula
|1938
|Gajendra Lalshankar Pandya
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Nyayi Naresh''
|Sundari
|23 September 1938
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Cinema ni Sundari''
|Nirmala
|29 October 1938
|Babubhai Kalyanji Oza
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Sukhi Sansar''
|Mohini
|19 November 1938
|Manilal 'Pagal'
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Rajadhiraj''
|Lalita
|7 December 1938
|Chimanlal Trivedi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kalankit Kon?''
|Lady Lalna
|19 March 1939
|Chimanlal Trivedi
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Kartavyapanthe''
|Kanti
|26 July 1939
|G. A. Vairati
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Khavindne Khatar''
|Keti
|5 September 1939
|Firozgar
|Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali
|-
|''Suvarnaprabhat''
|Babli
|16 January 1941
|Haribhai M. Bhatt
|Prabhat Kalamandal
|-
|''Narsinh Bhagat Yane Sorathno Sant''
|Zumku
|1941
|Haribhai M. Bhatt
|Prabhat Kalamandal
|-
|''Mena Gurjari''
|Brahmin
|1953
|[[Rasiklal Parikh]]
|
|-
|''[[Mithyabhiman]]''
|Jivram Bhatt
|19 June 1955
|[[Dalpatram]]
|
|-
|Vijaya
|Kalipad (servant)
|7 January 1956
|
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Pransukh}}
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Women's T20 Challenge

2025-12-18T04:15:54Z

Bandbaajabarat: cleanup

{{Short description|Defunct cricket tournament that operated from 2018 to 2022}}
{{For|the current women's tournament|Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Women's T20 Challenge
| image = Women's T20 Challenge Logo.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
| first = [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge|2018]]
| last = [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|2022]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and final
| participants = 3
| champions = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]
| most successful = [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]]
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| TV =
| website =
}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Seasons
| list =
* [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge|2018]]
* [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|2019]]
* [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|2020]]
* [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|2022]]
}}

The '''Women's T20 Challenge''', commonly known as '''WT20 Challenge''', was an Indian [[Women's Twenty20|women's Twenty20]] [[cricket]] tournament that was held between 2018 and 2022. The tournament featured three teams, playing a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] group followed by a final. [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] were the most successful team in the history of the tournament, with three title wins.

The tournament was replaced by a new franchise-based annual T20 tournament, the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]], which began in 2023.

==History==
The idea for a women's version of the [[Indian Premier League]] was suggested after the [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup]], where the [[India women's national cricket team]] finished second.<ref name=SK>{{cite web| url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/women-s-ipl-2020-the-origins-women-s-t20-challenge| title= Women's IPL 2020: The origins of the Women's T20 Challenge| publisher=Sportskeeda| date=2 November 2020| access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> The tournament was first introduced in [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge|2018]], as a single match held in Mumbai prior to one of the men's matches. The match featured teams named [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]] and [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/women-cricketers-excited-ahead-of-historic-ipl-exhibition-match-1755435.html|title=Women Cricketers Excited Ahead of Historic IPL Exhibition Match|date=2018-05-21|work=News18|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-2018-womens-t20-challenge-match-to-be-played-before-qualifier-1-in-mumbai-1852567|title=IPL 2018: Women's T20 Challenge Match To Be Played Before Qualifier 1 In Mumbai – NDTV Sports|last=NDTVSports.com|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=3 January 2020|language=en}}</ref>

In [[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|2019]], the Women's T20 Challenge was expanded to a three-team tournament instead of a one-off match, with a new team called [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]] competing alongside the Trailblazers and Supernovas,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/107679/bcci-confirms-three-team-womens-t20-challenge|title=BCCI confirms three-team Women's T20 challenge|last=Cricbuzz|work=Cricbuzz.com|access-date=3 January 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26677961/women-t20-challenge-step-towards-ipl-harmanpreet-mandhana-co |title=Women's T20 Challenge a step towards an IPL for Harmanpreet, Mandhana and Co |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format with the top two teams progressing to the final.<ref name=SK/>

The [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|2020 event]] was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and held in [[Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates, alongside the rearranged men's IPL.<ref name=SK21>{{cite news| url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/top-5-individual-performances-women-s-t20-challenge| title=Women's T20 Challenge: Top 5 individual performances | work=Sportskeeda| date=19 June 2021| accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref>

In November 2020, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] president [[Sourav Ganguly]] suggested an expansion of the Women's T20 Challenge to 7 or 8 teams in 2022.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.dnaindia.com/ipl/report-ipl-2021-in-india-7-8-team-women-s-league-in-2022-sourav-ganguly-2855198| title=IPL 2021 in India, 7–8 team women's league in 2022: Sourav Ganguly| work=[[DNA India]]| date=8 November 2020| accessdate=11 March 2021}}</ref> There were suggestions of adding a fourth team for the 2021 season,<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/apr/05/womens-t20-challengelikely-in-delhi-decision-on-fourth-team-soon-2285921.html| title=Women's T20 Challenge likely in Delhi, decision on fourth team soon| work=[[The New Indian Express]]| date=5 April 2021| accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref> but this was decided against due to the ongoing issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://thebridge.in/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-womens-t20-challenge-wipl-20705| title=IPL 2021: Why Women's IPL is still a distant dream?| publisher=The Bridge| date=11 April 2021| accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref>

The 2021 event was postponed along with the men's IPL, with no indication of a date for the women's event being played.<ref name=SK21/> It was not held at the same time as the rearranged men's event, as the dates clashed with [[India women's cricket team in Australia in 2021–22|India women's tour of Australia]].<ref name=FC22>{{cite web| url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/21578-womens-t20-challenge-to-be-held-in-may-2022-confirms-sourav-ganguly.html| title=Women's T20 Challenge to be held in May 2022, confirms Sourav Ganguly| publisher=Female Cricket| date=3 February 2022| accessdate=24 February 2022}}</ref> In March 2022, the BCCI announced plans to start a women's IPL by 2023, with five or six teams in the inaugural edition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI plans to start women's IPL by 2023; Women's T20 Challenge returns this season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-plans-to-start-women-s-ipl-by-2023-women-s-t20-challenge-returns-this-season-1307337 |access-date=2022-03-26 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The [[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|2022 event]] took place in May 2022, to coincide with the playoffs of the men's IPL.<ref name=FC22/>

In March 2022, BCCI announced a new franchise-based annual T20 tournament starting in 2023 to replace the Women's T20 Challenge,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121647/bcci-proposes-six-team-womens-ipl-from-next-year|title=BCCI proposes six-team women's IPL from next year|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=26 March 2022|language=en}}</ref> which was later named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Annesha |date=2023-02-03 |title='Game changer': why the Women's Premier League is a revolution for players and fans |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/feb/03/game-changer-why-the-womens-premier-league-is-a-revolution-for-players-and-fans |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team !! Wins !! Runners-up
|-
|[[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] || 3 || 1
|-
|[[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]] || 1 || 1
|-
|[[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]] || 0 || 2
|}

==Tournament results==
In the [[2018 Women's T20 Challenge|inaugural edition]], Supernovas won the match by 3 wickets in a last-over thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18714/scorecard/1146789 |title=2018 Women's T20 Challenge one-off match |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/692620|title=Suzie Bates, Ellyse Perry call the shots in last-ball cliffhanger |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 January 2020|language=en}}</ref> Supernovas beat Velocity by 4 wickets in the second edition and retained their title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1181892/game/1181896 |title=2019 Women's T20 Challenge Final |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 May 2019 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19201/report/1181896/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-womens-t20-challenge |title=Harmanpreet Kaur 51 sets up Supernovas' last-ball win in final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> In [[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|2020]], Trailblazers beat Supernovas by 16 runs in the third edition and won their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19201/report/1235589/trailblazers-vs-supernovas-final-womens-t20-challenge |title=Smriti Mandhana 68, Salma Khatun three-for lead Trailblazers to 2020 Women's T20 Challenge title |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114850/smriti-mandhana-spinners-clinch-maiden-title-for-trailblazers-supernovas-womens-t20-challenge-cricket |title=Mandhana, spinners clinch maiden title for Trailblazers |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> In 2022, Supernovas won their third title, beating Velocity by four runs in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-t20-challenge-2022-1314902/supernovas-vs-velocity-final-1314906/match-report |title=Dottin and Ecclestone bring the crown home for Supernovas |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan=3 |Final
! rowspan="2" |Final venue
|-
!Winner
!Result
!Runner-up
|-
|2018 ''[[2018 Women's T20 Challenge|Details]]''
|[[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] 130/7 (20 overs)
|'''Supernovas won by 3 wickets'''
|[[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]] 129/6 (20 overs)
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|-style="background:#eee;"
|2019 ''[[2019 Women's T20 Challenge|Details]]''
|[[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] 125/6 (20 overs)
|'''Supernovas won by 4 wickets'''
|[[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]] 121/6 (20 overs)
|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
|-
|2020 ''[[2020 Women's T20 Challenge|Details]]''
|[[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]] 118/8 (20 overs)
|'''Trailblazers won by 16 runs'''
|[[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] 102/7 (20 overs)
|[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
|-style="background:#eee;"
|2022 ''[[2022 Women's T20 Challenge|Details]]''
|[[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovas]] 165/7 (20 overs)
|'''Supernovas won by 4 runs'''
|[[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]] 161/8 (20 overs)
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup]]
* [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
* [[Indian Premier League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's T20 Challenge}}

[[Category:Women's T20 Challenge| ]]
[[Category:Defunct cricket leagues]]
[[Category:Defunct sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2018]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2022]]

Loyola High School, KD Peta

2025-12-13T17:12:43Z

Bandbaajabarat: rd

#REDIRECT [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Andhra Pradesh 2]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Bengali Hindu wedding

2025-12-11T20:06:54Z

Bandbaajabarat: fixed layout per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Bengali variant of Hindu wedding}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{tone|date=June 2025}}

'''Bengali Hindu wedding''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙালি হিন্দু বিবাহ}}) refers to the traditional [[Bengali Culture|Bengali cultural]] wedding,{{r|Das about}} typically conducted with Vedic (Hindu) rites and rituals native to the [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] which have been practised for centuries.<ref name="Samuel">{{cite journal |last1=Rozario |first1=Santi |last2 =Samuel |first2=Geoffrey |title=Gender, religious change and sustainability in Bangladesh |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |date=1 July 2010 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=354–364 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.009 |issn=0277-5395 |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027753951000018X |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{r|SAARC|BBA}}<ref name="Shahida Akhter">{{cite encyclopedia |date=17 June 2021 |orig-date=First published 2003|last1=Akhter |first1=Shahida |edition= 2nd revised |title=Gaye Halud |encyclopedia= Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gaye_Halud |language=en}}</ref>

==Pre-wedding rituals==
===Aiburobhaat===
''Aiburobhaat'' is a tradition in Bengali culture, particularly significant for unmarried young adults on the verge of marriage. This ritual, which combines ''Aiburo'' (unmarried individual) and ''Bhat'' (rice), marks the last meal of rice consumed by the bride or groom before they enter married life. The event celebrates love and care, with parents and relatives making significant efforts to organise an elaborate feast in honour of the occasion.{{r|SAARC|BBA}}

Fish plays a prominent role in the ceremony. From the rich ''doi maach'' to the flavourful ''maacher jhol'', fish dishes are selected and prepared to delight the guests. These dishes showcase the culinary heritage of Bengal and hold deep symbolic meaning. A notable part of the ritual involves presenting the fish head to the bride or groom, who takes a small bite before passing it on to a sibling. This act symbolises the transfer of marital blessings and is believed to bring good fortune, with the hope that the sibling will soon find a suitable partner.{{r|SAARC|BBA}}

''Aiburobhaat'', with its fish preparations and traditions, captures the essence of Bengali culture and the transition from single life to marriage.<ref name="SAARC" />
[[File:Gaye-Holud_ceremony_of_Bengali_groom.jpg|thumb|''Gaye Holud'' ceremony of Bengali groom|right]]

===Gaye Holud===
{{Main|Gaye Holud}}
''Gaye Holud'' ({{langx|bn|গায়ে হলুদ}}), meaning "applying turmeric to the body", is a traditional Bengali pre-wedding ritual where the groom's family, without the groom, visits the bride's house on the morning of the ceremony to celebrate and perform the turmeric ceremony. Both the bride's and groom's families apply turmeric paste during their respective ''Gaye Holud'' ceremonies on the wedding day. This tradition symbolises purification and marks the beginning of their new journey together.<ref name="SAARC">{{cite journal |first1= Nibedita |last1=Naskar|last2=Munshi |first2=Swayamdipta |title=Fishing the Fish from Bengali Rituals: An Ethno-historical Study |publisher=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |date=2023 |volume=9 |issue=2023 |url-status=live |pages= 106–127 |journal=SAARC Cultural Journal |url= https://www.academia.edu/122479590 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250220113832/https://www.academia.edu/122479590/SAARC_Culture_Journal_Vol_9_2023_240719_180752_1_ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Alam |first1=S. M. Nazmul |last2=Naser |first2=M. Niamul |chapter= 2. Role of traditional foods of Bangladesh in reaching-out of nutrition |title=Nutritional and Health Aspects of Food in South Asian Countries |date=2020 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-820011-7.00025-3 |publisher=Academic Press |chapter-url-access= subscription |url-status=live | chapter-url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128200117000253 |editor1=Jamuna Prakash |editor2=Viduranga Waisundara |editor3=Vishweshwaraiah Prakash |isbn=9780128200117 |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250128131349/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128200117000253 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url-status=live |last1= Alam |first1=Shariful |title=Nature and Causes of Conflict Regarding the Culture of Bangladesh and European Union (EU) |journal=BD Research Publications Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=157–166 |url= https://www.academia.edu/2291819 |issn= |language=en |archive-date =20 February 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250220111328/https://www.academia.edu/2291819/NATURE_AND_CAUSES_OF_CONFLICT_REGARDING_THE_CULTURE_OF_BANGLADESH_AND_EUROPEAN_UNION_EU_ }}</ref>

==Main wedding rituals==

===Mala badal===
[[File:Mala Badal - Bengali Hindu Wedding - Howrah 2015-12-06 7716.JPG|thumb|''Mala Badal'' – Bengali Hindu Wedding|right]]
{{Main|Mala badal}}
''Mala Badal'' ({{langx|bn|মালা বদল}}) is a significant ritual in traditional Bengali weddings, where the bride and groom exchange flower garlands. This ceremony traditionally marks the first time the bride and groom see each other, reflecting the custom of keeping the couple apart until the wedding. The ''Mala Badal'' symbolises their acceptance of one another and serves as a moment of connection during the wedding ceremony.<ref name="Das about">{{cite web |title=Bengali Wedding Rituals |last= Das |first=Subhamoy |url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/bengaliwedding.htm |department= Religion & Spirituality – Hinduism |website=About.com |date=2016 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161126101606/http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/bengaliwedding.htm |url-status=dead }}{{bsn|date=June 2025}}</ref>{{r|SAARC|BBA}}
[[File:Hindu Wedding Photo.jpg|thumb|''Khoi Porano'' in Bengali Wedding.|right]]

===Saat Paake Ghora===
{{See also|Saptapadi}}
''Saat Paake Ghora'', also known as ''Saat Paak'', is a crucial ritual in a traditional Bengali wedding, symbolising the bond between the bride and groom. The ritual begins with the bride, seated on a low wooden stool called ''pidi'', being gently lifted by her brothers and taken around the groom in seven complete circles. This act signifies the couple becoming securely intertwined, reflecting their commitment for life.{{r|Das about|BBA}} In the ''Agni'' ritual, the couple takes seven rounds around the sacred fire (''Yagna''), reaffirming their vows. Each circle represents a promise for a prosperous and harmonious life together. The ritual is an important moment in the wedding ceremony, representing the couple’s joint commitment and unity as they embark on their shared journey.{{r|Das about|BBA}}

===Khoi Porano===
''Khoi Porano'' is an important ritual in a traditional Bengali wedding, symbolising prosperity and unity. After completing ''Saptapadi'', the bride’s brother places ''khoi'' (puffed rice) in her hands. The groom, standing behind her, holds her hands as they extend their arms forward and offer the ''khoi'' into the sacred fire (''Yagna''). This act signifies their shared commitment to a harmonious married life. The burning of ''khoi'' represents the couple’s resolve to face life’s challenges together. It also highlights the bride’s family’s blessings for her new journey.{{r|Das about|BBA}}

===Sindoor Daan===
[[File:Bengali Hindu wedding DSCN1106 16.jpg|thumb|''Sindoor Daan'' in Bengali Wedding.|right]]
''Sindoor Daan'' is a significant ritual in a traditional Bengali wedding, marking the union of the bride and groom. During this ceremony at the ''Chadnatala'' (wedding altar), the groom applies [[sindoor]] (vermilion) to the bride’s hair parting using a ''konke'' (traditional rice measuring utensil), signifying her transition into married life. He then places a ''Lajja-Bostro'', a new saree from his family, over her head as a gesture of acceptance and protection. This ritual marks the conclusion of the wedding, establishing their bond as husband and wife. The ''sindoor'' serves as a lifelong symbol of commitment, respect, and marital devotion in Bengali tradition.{{r|Das about|BBA}}

==Post-wedding rituals==
[[File:Feet-in-alta.jpg|thumb|''Bou Boron'' – A new bride stands on a flat plate containing a mixture of [[Alta (dye)|alta]] (lac dye) and milk.|right]]
===Bou Boron===
{{Main|Bodhu Boron}}
Upon the bride and groom's arrival at the groom's house, the ''Bodhu Boron'' (or ''Bou Boron'') ceremony is performed to welcome them. The women involved in the ritual step outside the door, where one of them pours water from a brass pitcher (''kolshi'') onto the ground under the car. The mother (or eldest female relative) of the groom, along with other relatives, receives the couple with warmth. The mother or senior female member of the family also boils milk in a small earthen pot (''matir hari''), and the bride looks at it to symbolise prosperity and abundance in the new home. This act is part of the ''Dudh Ondh Lano'' ritual, where the flowing milk represents abundance, and the groom turns down the boiling milk using a betel nut cracker (''janti''), known as the ''Dudh-uthlano'' rite.{{r|Das about|BBA}}

The bride and groom then sit on a low wooden seat (''pidi''), and the groom's relatives perform the ''Baran'' ceremony. The bride, holding a brass pitcher (''kolshi'') with water, catches a live fish (''lyata''). Afterward, an elder woman from the groom’s family brings a flat stone plate containing a mixture of [[Alta (dye)|alta]] (lac dye) and milk. The elder woman holds the plate under the bride's feet, and the bride steps on a white cloth, leaving her footprints imprinted in red dye and milk. This symbolises the steps of Goddess Lakshmi, marking the arrival of prosperity and blessings into the new household.<ref name="BBA">{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1= Nabin |last2=Roy |first2= Ritendra |last3=Ghosh |first3= Ajoy |last4=Molla |first4=Sabiruddin |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354047966 |title=Beyond Belief: A Scientific Inquiry into the Myths and Looms of Hindu Rituals |journal=Educational Administration: Theory and Practice |date=May 2024 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=5670–5681 |doi=10.53555/kuey.v30i5.3393 |issn=2148-2403|archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128140649/https://www.kuey.net/index.php/kuey/article/view/3393 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

===Bhat kapor===
The ''Bhat kapor'' ritual is a significant tradition in Bengali weddings, performed the day after the ceremony. This ritual symbolises the groom’s commitment to caring for his bride by ensuring her well-being, including food, clothing, and overall support. As part of the tradition, the groom presents his bride with a saree, ''sindoor'', and other essentials for a married woman, along with a plate of traditional Bengali cuisine.{{r|Das about|BBA}}

===Bou Bhat===
{{Main|Bou Bhat}}
On the evening of the ''Bou Bhat'' ritual, the groom's family hosts a reception to introduce the new bride to their relatives, friends, and neighbours. Guests arrive, present gifts to the bride, and enjoy a meal. The bride’s family is honoured as the special guests of the occasion and arrives together in a procession known as ''Kone Jatri'' or the bridal party. The bridal party brings a list of items for the bride, groom, and the groom’s family, known as ''Phul Sajjar Tatwa''. This list includes dhotis for the elder male members, sarees for the elder female members, food, fruits, sweets, and cosmetics such as powder, perfume, lac dye, vermilion, and floral ornaments. After the guests depart, the bride and groom share a meal with the groom's family.<ref name="BBA"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-29 |title=12 Things That Happen At A Bengali Wedding |work = India Times |url-status = live |url= https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-that-happen-at-a-bengali-wedding-247614.html |access-date=2020-10-02 |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230929130500/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-that-happen-at-a-bengali-wedding-247614.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Riaz |last= Ripon |date= 18 December 2018 |work=Jugantor |access-date=28 January 2025 |language=bn |url-status=live |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/features/out-of-home/123350/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC |script-title=bn: বাঙালির বিয়ে উৎসব দেশের ভিন্ন ভিন্ন ধর্ম ও সম্প্রদায়ের বিয়ে উৎসব নিয়ে |trans-title=Bengali Wedding Festivities – The wedding festivals of different religions and communities in the country |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421152540/https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/features/out-of-home/123350/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Mehendi-clad_Hands_-_Bengali_Hindu_Bride_-_Howrah_2015-12-06_7393.JPG|Mehendi-clad hands – Hindu bride from Bengal
File:Fish and Sweet pot, parts of Bengali wedding মাছ ও মিষ্টির হাঁড়ি, বাঙালি বিবাহের অঙ্গ 20190621112836.jpg|Fish and Sweet pot, parts of Bengali wedding
File:Bengali Hindu wedding DSCN1106 14.jpg|Bengali Marriage Rituals
File:Bengali Hindu wedding DSCN1106 08.jpg|Konnadan – Bengali Marriage Rituals
File:Pre-marriage_rituals_of_a_Bengali_wedding_in_India.jpg|Pre-marriage rituals of a Bengali wedding in India
</gallery>

Other rituals may vary by region and circumstance, but the underlying spiritual connection remains central to these acts, enriching conjugal life.{{r|Das about}}

==See also==
* [[Bengali Muslim wedding]]
* [[Culture of Bengal]]
* [[Culture of West Bengal]]
* [[Culture of Bangladesh]]
* [[Jamai Sasthi]]
* [[Sadhbhakshan]]
* Shakha, Pola and Noa

==References==
{{Reflist|28em}}

{{Commons category|Bengali Hindu weddings}}
{{Bengali wedding}}
{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Culture of Bengal|Wedding Bengali Hindu]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Weddings by culture]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu cultures]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]

Sharmin Ali

2025-12-09T16:25:45Z

Bandbaajabarat: Redirect page

#redirect [[Artrightis Theatre Group]]

{{R from merge}}

Indian Institute of Rice Research

2025-11-29T15:46:23Z

Bandbaajabarat: starting a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}

'''The Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), formerly the Directorate of Rice Research,''' is a rice research institute located in [[Rajendranagar]] near [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].

The IIRR serves as a major centre for exchange of research material and information. The IIRR mainly coordinates multi-location testing at a national level to identify appropriate varietal and management technologies for all the rice ecosystems. It conducts various strategic and applied research in the major thrust areas of irrigated rice aimed at enhancement of production, productivity, profitability, and preserving environmental quality. It also initiates and coordinates research networks relating to problems of national and regional importance. As of January 2021, The Institute continues its multi-location All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project with an active partnership between 45 funded cooperating centers affiliated to State Agricultural Universities, State Departments of Agriculture, and other research institutes of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR). 90-100 voluntary centers participate in this multi-location testing project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linkage and Collaborations |url=https://icar-iirr.org/index.php/en/institute-research/iirr-linkage-and-collaborations |website=www.icar-iirr.org |publisher=Indian Institute of Rice Research |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

The rate of [[technology transfer]] at IIRR has been accelerated through the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). In July 2011, the IIRR launched the Rice [[Knowledge management|Knowledge Management]] Portal, which serves as an information highway for the rice sector in sharing rice knowledge through the latest ICT tools.<ref>{{cite web |title=15Meera.pdf |url=https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/14000/16/15Meera.pdf |website=www.krishi.icar.gov.in |publisher=Directorate of Rice Research |access-date=14 August 2024 |page=2}}</ref> Continuous linkages and partnerships are being developed with national, international and private organizations for collaborative research programme. IIRR also offers various consultancy services and undertakes contractual research.<ref name="rkmp.co.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.rkmp.co.in |title=Rice Knowledge Management Portal | - Rice, Paddy, Dhan, Chawal, Rice Research Domain, Rice Extension Domain, Rice Farmers Domain, Rice General Domain, Rice Service Domain, RKMP, Rice in India, Rice Government Schemes, Rice ITKs, Rice FLDS, Rice Package of Practices |accessdate=2011-12-23 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220050447/http://www.rkmp.co.in/ |archivedate=2011-12-20 }}</ref>

The name of the current director at the IIRR is Dr. Raman Meenakshi Sundaram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RM Sundaram named Director of Indian Institute of Rice Research|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/rm-sundaram-named-director-of-indian-institute-of-rice-research/article34478240.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=Telangana|title=Hyderabad: Dr. R.M.Sundaram appointed as Director of ICAR-IIRR|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-dr-r-m-sundaram-appointed-as-director-of-icar-iirr|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Message by Director|url=https://www.icar-iirr.org/index.php/about-iirr/iirr-director-message|access-date=2021-07-12|website=www.icar-iirr.org}}</ref>

==History==
The IIRR, formerly All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1965 with its national headquarters at Hyderabad to organize and coordinate multi-location testing of genetic lines and technologies for crop production and protection generated across the country. The Project was elevated to Directorate of Rice Research in 1983 with an added mandate of research in the thrust areas of irrigated rice.<ref>{{cite web |title=About IIRR |url=https://icar-iirr.org/index.php/en/about-iirr/about-iirr |website=www.icar-iirr.org |publisher=Indian Institute of Rice Research |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> In 2015, IIRR celebrated its 50th year of useful existence for its significant contribution in overall rice production front which has ensured food security for the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=RT14_2_content.pdf |url=http://books.irri.org/RT14_2_content.pdf |website=www.books.irri.org |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://icar-iirr.org/ Indian Institute of Rice Research]
* [http://www.drricar.org/ Directorate of Rice Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226012231/http://www.drricar.org/ |date=26 December 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

{{coord|17.3203|78.3938|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rice research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rice in India]]

Amin Suhrawardy

2025-11-13T06:53:04Z

Bandbaajabarat: Data

{{Short description|Bengali judge (1859–1894)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amin Suhrawardy
| native_name = আমিন সোহরাওয়ার্দী
| native_name_lang = bn
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| office = Sub Judge of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start = 8 June 1887
| term_end = 5 August 1891
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1859|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| father = [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1894|7|17|1859|1|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| relatives = [[Suhrawardy family]]
| spouse = Umme Khatun
| children = [[Begum Badar un nissa Akhtar]]
}}

'''Amin Suhrawardy''' was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[judge]], [[Academic staff|academic]] and a prominent [[Sorcerer (supernatural)|sorcerer]] of his time. He served as the subordinate judge of [[Calcutta High Court]] from 1887 to 1891. He was a professor of law at [[Calcutta University]]. Amin also had a parallel career in the field of [[stage magic]] and is regarded as one of the pioneers of the field in Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=International Women’s Day: Cuttack reformist who revolutionised women’s education |url=https://sambadenglish.com/international-womens-day-cuttack-reformist-who-revolutionised-womens-education/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biography ==

Amin Suhrawardy alias Aminuddin Al-Amin Suhrawardy was born into the English educated, well known and prominent Muslim family of Bengal, the [[Suhrawardy family]]. He was the youngest son of [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]], a notable writer and scholar, who contributed significantly to the [[Bengali Renaissance]] movement; and his second wife, Syeda Shamsunnihar Begum, whose father, Syed Hafiz Hossein, was the then deputy magistrate of Midnapur district. Amin was the half brother of [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]], a scholar and a writer; [[Hassan Suhrawardy]], a surgeon and the first Muslim vice chancellor of [[Calcutta University]]; [[Khujista Akhtar Banu]], a writer and a socialite; and Mehmood Suhrawardy. His full brother, Habib ur Rahman Suhrawardy was a Sufi mystic, who attempted to carry forward the family's spiritual legacy, but died untimely at the young age of 19. [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Chief Justice Abdur Rahim]] was Amin's maternal first cousin, while [[Zahid Suhrawardy]] was his paternal first cousin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Waqar A. |date=2020-11-09 |title=The Unforgettable Suhrawardys of Bengal |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-unforgettable-suhrawardys-bengal-1991705 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

He matriculated from [[Midnapore Collegiate School]]. Amin then attended Calcutta Madrasa and then Calcutta University from where he graduated in law. Amin taught law at Calcutta University as a professor for a good number of years. He then began his legal practice, beginning his career as a pleader in Midnapore sessions court. Amin later joined the bar and practiced as a lawyer at [[Calcutta High Court]], after which he was promoted to the rank of subordinate judge in 1887.<ref name=":0" />

Amin was married to Begum Umme Khatun, a sister of Yusufuddin Ahmed, the chief executive engineer of the PWD department in [[Bengal Presidency]]. Her family was a prominent land owning family of Chitwa, [[Burdwan]] and [[Midnapore]] with roots in Komarpur and [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. Umme Khatun's first cousins included Khan Bahadur Kabiruddin Ahmed, the father of [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]], the third [[Minister of Education (India)|Education Minister of India]]. While, Umme Khatun's nephew's daughter married [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]]'s son.<ref name=":2" />

Amin also emerged to be a prominent sorcerer of his time, something which his family never approved of. He was very passionate about magic and was drawn towards the field from his childhood. Amin had learned tricks from Jawaharlal Dhar. He subsequently befriended [[Ganapati Chakraborty]], who was exactly of Amin's age. They performed tricks in [[Calcutta]] and earned a lot of fame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bengal |first=Rising |date=2020-09-18 |title=যাদুগুরু গণপতি চক্রবর্তী ও তাঁর যাদু কথা |url=https://risingbengal.in/history-of-india/magician-ganapati-chakraborty-and-his-magic-words |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Rising Bengal |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Vyommitra

2025-11-04T12:31:20Z

Bandbaajabarat:

{{Short description|Indian robot astronaut}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox robot
| name = Vyommitra
| logo =
| logosize =
| logoalt =
| image = Vyommitra (Space friend), ISRO.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| inventor =
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| country = [[India]]
| year_of_creation = {{Start date and age|2020}}
| price =
| type = [[Humanoid robot]]
| purpose = Space-faring robot
| derived_from =
| replaced_by =
| current_supplier =
| last_production =
| website =
}}

'''Vyommitra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|Vyōma}} "space", {{lang|sa|Mitra}} "friend") is a [[humanoid robot]] with [[Gynoid|appearance of a woman]] designed for space travel. It was designed at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala and developed by [[ISRO]] to function aboard the spacecraft ''[[Gaganyaan]],'' a crewed orbital spacecraft. Vyommitra was first unveiled on 22 January 2020 at the Human Spaceflight and Exploration Symposium in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-vyommitra-talking-humanoid-isro-space-1639077-2020-01-22|title=Gaganyaan mission: Meet Vyommitra, the talking human robot that Isro will send to space|last=Dwarakanath|first=Nagarjun|date=22 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IAA-ISRO-ASI Symposium on Human Space Flight and Exploration was organised at Bangalore|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jan-2020/iaa-isro-asi-symposium-human-space-flight-and-exploration-was-organised-bangalore|website=www.isro.gov.in|date=2020-01-24|accessdate=2020-01-25|archive-date=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804152242/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jan-2020/iaa-isro-asi-symposium-human-space-flight-and-exploration-was-organised-bangalore|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Built mostly out of an aluminium alloy to withstand high pressure and vibrations,<ref name=":2">https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/isro-design-skull-humanoid-gaganyaan-mission-9534361/lite/</ref> It will accompany [[List of Indian astronauts|Indian astronauts]] on space missions and be a part of uncrewed experimental ''Gaganyaan'' missions before the crewed flights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-01-22 |title=Meet Vyom Mitra, first Indian 'woman' to ride to space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-send-lady-robot-vyomamitra-in-unmanned-gaganyaan-spacecraft-ahead-of-human-spaceflight/article30625261.ece |access-date=2020-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=24 Jan 2020 |title=ISRO to send humanoid Vyommitra in unmanned Gaganyaan spacecraft ahead of human spaceflight |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-send-humanoid-vyommitra-in-unmanned-gaganyaan-spacecraft-ahead-of-human-spaceflight/articleshow/73576959.cms |access-date=29 Aug 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> It was planned to take its first flight to space on the Gaganyaan G-2 mission in 2026, but was later decided to also fly on the Gaganyaan G-1 mission, which is now planned for Q4 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/india-delays-1st-gaganyaan-astronaut-launch-to-2027|title=India delays 1st Gaganyaan astronaut launch to 2027|lang=en|first=Josh|last=Dinner|website=Space.com|date=2025-05-08|access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref>

== Objectives and abilities ==
The robot is part of the ISRO's aim to substitute animals with humanoid robots on experimental missions, with the goal of better understanding the effects of prolonged exposure to radiation and [[Weightlessness|microgravity environments]] on the human body during space travel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48918280|title=Why is India sending robots into space?|date=2019-07-25|access-date=2020-01-25|language=en}}</ref>

Vyommitra can mimic human activity, recognise various humans, and respond to their queries<ref name=":0" /> in both Hindi and English. The robot is expected to be aboard uncrewed Gaganyaan missions to conduct experiments in microgravity environments and monitor module parameters. In crewed missions, it will also support astronauts by simulating human functions.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1st-glimpse-of-vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-gaganyaan-its-a-she/articleshow/73513989.cms|title=Gaganyaan mission: First glimpse of 'Vyommitra', the humanoid for Gaganyaan; it's a 'She' {{!}} India News |first1=Chethan |last1=Kumar |agency=TNN |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22 |date=22 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Vyommitra is ready to launch with Gaganyaan |url=https://ddkvaranasi.co.in/what-is-vyommitra/ |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-isros-mission-gaganyaan-dmp-82-2066411/|title='व्योममित्रा'ची पहिली झलक! भारताकडून 'ती' पहिल्यांदा जाणार अवकाशात|date=2020-01-22|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> It can handle [[Environmental control system|environment control]] and [[Life-support system|life support systems]],<ref name=":1" /> perform switch panel operations, and give environmental air pressure change warnings.<ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Isro unveils humanoid that will take Gaganyaan flight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-unveils-humanoid-that-will-take-gaganyaan-flight/story-zUzb78pyEK1hcZt4djQp2I.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The prototype models of Vyommitra have finished trials,{{when|date=March 2024}} and the engineering models are undergoing trials. The Vyommitra flight model to be used in the Gaganyaan missions is also being built by the ISRO.{{needs update|date=March 2024}}

Union Minister of State, [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]], said in early February 2024 that the uncrewed Vyommitra mission is scheduled for the third quarter of 2024, while the crewed mission is scheduled for launch in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Woman Robot Astronaut 'Vyommitra' Ready For Solo Space Mission Ahead Of ISRO's 'Gaganyaan' |url=https://www.news18.com/india/woman-robot-astronaut-vyommitra-ready-for-solo-space-mission-ahead-of-isros-gaganyaan-8766026.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Isro's woman robot astronaut 'Vyommitra' to fly into space in third quarter of this year: Minister Jitendra Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-woman-robot-astronaut-vyommitra-to-fly-into-space-in-third-quarter-of-this-year-minister-jitendra-singh/articleshow/107405651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Gaganyaan]]
* [[FEDOR (robot)|Fedor]]
* [[Kirobo]]
* [[Robonaut]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Humanoid space robots]]
[[Category:2020 robots]]

One Health Trust

2025-10-29T11:46:54Z

Bandbaajabarat: Adding first article basic info - done

{{Short description|Public health research organization}}
{{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date=June 2023}}
{{tone|date=June 2023}}}}
{{infobox organization
| image = OHT Mnemonic.png
| abbreviation =
| formation = {{Start date|2009}}
| headquarters = 5636 Connecticut Avenue NW,
PO Box 42735, Washington, D.C.
20015, U.S.A.
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| leader_title = Founder & President
| leader_name = [[Ramanan Laxminarayan]]
| website = {{URL|onehealthtrust.org}}
}}

'''One Health Trust''', formerly the '''Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy''', is a public health [[Research institute|research organization]] with offices in [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Bangalore|Bangalore, India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/global/one-health-trust |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=University of Pittsburgh Center for International Studies}}</ref>

Established in 2010, the organization announced its transition to becoming the One Health Trust in 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=CDDEP is becoming the One Health Trust |url=https://securesustain.org/abstract/one-health-trust/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=The Security & Sustainability Guide}}</ref> to reflect an expanded research focus. This shift broadened the organization's scope of to include One Health topics, such as [[Veterinary medicine|animal health]], [[planetary health]], and [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/one-health |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
The One Health Trust has a multidisciplinary team comprising [[Economist|economists]], [[epidemiologists]], [[social scientists]], [[Microbiologist|microbiologists]], [[Veterinarian|veterinarians]], [[medical doctors]], and disease modelers. The One Health Trust research areas include [[antimicrobial resistance]], [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] and [[Vector-borne diseases|vector borne diseases]], [[environmental health]], social determinants of health, [[Vaccine|vaccines]] and [[immunization]], and other topics related to the One Health approach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Areas |url=https://www.thelancet.com/series/antibiotic-resistance |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=The Lancet}}</ref>

==Primary activities==

=== WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance ===
The One Health Trust has been a [[World Health Organization collaborating centre|World Health Organization Collaborating Center]] for [[antimicrobial resistance]] since 2020. The One Health Trust's researchers support the [[WHO]] in writing country-specific policy and information briefs reviewing progress in implementing national action plans on antimicrobial resistance as a World Health Organization Collaborating Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Organization GLASS WHO AMR CC Network |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/glass/network |website=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Collaborating Centres |url=https://apps.who.int/whocc/Detail.aspx?zAdJQxqXdqM+yVTBgU9HwA== |website=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO- Mali National Action Plan on AMR |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240065468 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Antimicrobial Resistance Research in Africa ===
As part of the Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership consortium,<ref>{{cite web |title=MAAP-African Society for Laboratory Medicine |url=https://aslm.org/what-we-do/maap/ |website=African Society for Laboratory Medicine}}</ref> One Health Trust conducted [[Dataveillance|data surveillance]] and analysis in [[Africa]] to determine the extent of antimicrobial resistance in the continent. The consortium included the African Society for Laboratory Medicine, [[Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention|Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention |website=Wikipedia- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}} West African Health Organization, East Central & Southern Africa Health Community, [[IQVIA]],{{clarify|What is IQVIA?|date=November 2023}} and Innovative Support to Emergencies, Diseases and Disasters.

The project was funded by the Fleming Fund<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flemingfund.org/publications/announcing-the-mapping-antimicrobial-resistance-and-antimicrobial-use-partnership-maap-project/ |website=Fleming Fund |title=Announcing the Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> and involved data collection on antimicrobial resistance from public and private laboratories and [[Pharmacy|pharmacies]] throughout Africa. The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership consortium reviewed 819,584 antimicrobial resistance records from 2016-2019 from 205 laboratories across the 14 [[African Union member states|African Union Member States]] — [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cameroon]], [[Eswatini]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Kenya]], [[Malawi]], [[Nigeria]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Reports |url=https://africacdc.org/download/mapping-antimicrobial-resistance-and-antimicrobial-use-partnership-maap-country-reports/ |website=Africa CDC |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>

=== The OxygenForIndia Initiative ===
The OxygenForIndia initiative was launched by One Health Trust and partnering institutions to address critical [[medical oxygen]] shortages in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India’s Crisis Marks a New Phase in the Pandemic |url=https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/indias-crisis-marks-a-new-phase-in-the-pandemic |website=The New Yorker |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

In April 2021, during a medical oxygen supply crisis,<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical oxygen shortage underlines severity of India’s Covid crisis |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9b892baa-5b2a-41a6-8a71-9a46d9ac9262 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: Why India is facing oxygen shortage during 2nd Covid wave |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/explained-why-india-is-facing-oxygen-shortage-during-2nd-covid-wave-1793435-2021-04-21 |website=India Today |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> OxygenForIndia deployed 20,000 reusable oxygen cylinders and 3,000 [[Oxygen concentrator|oxygen concentrators]] in 57 urban and rural centers across India. Currently, OxygenForIndia is working to build a stable and reliable oxygen supply system<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcube enabling distribution of medical oxygen across India through OxygenForIndia initiative by CDDEP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/healthcube-enabling-distribution-of-medical-oxygen-across-india-through-oxygenforindia-initiative-by-cddep/articleshow/82431851.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> to avoid preventable deaths and improve [[pandemic]] preparedness. Researchers are evaluating fiscal initiatives and building India's health system capacities.<ref>{{cite web |title=No shortage in future: India unveils blueprint for a national medical oxygen grid |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/health/no-shortage-in-future-india-unveils-blueprint-for-a-national-medical-oxygen-grid/ |website=South First |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership ===
With funding from the [https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ Gates Foundation], the One Health Trust is a technical partner in the [https://www.amr-insights.eu/global-antibiotic-resistance-partnership-garp/ Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership], which was initiated in 2008 to help low- and middle-income countries develop country-led strategies and policies to address antimicrobial resistance.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) |url=https://www.ducitblue.com/the-garp-project/ |website=Ducit Blue Solutions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership |url=http://resistancecontrol.info/2016/rational-use-of-antibiotics/the-evolution-of-the-global-antibiotic-resistance-partnership/ |website=AMR Control- Overcoming Global Antimicrobial Resistance |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antibiotic resistance: AMR a health threat in Uganda |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/antibiotic-resistance-amr-a-health-threat-in-uganda-68932 |website=DownToEarth |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Could vaccines save us from antimicrobial resistance? |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/could-vaccines-save-us-antimicrobial-resistance |website=Gavi- The Vaccine Alliance |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Modeling Infectious Diseases in Healthcare Network (MInD – Healthcare) ===
One Health Trust was a member of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]'s MInD – Healthcare Network, which supported transmission modeling research to get insights on the drivers of healthcare-associated infections and [[antibiotic-resistant]] infections and estimate the benefits of preventive measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modeling Infectious Diseases in Healthcare Network (MInD – Healthcare) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/research/MIND-Healthcare.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>

=== Affordable Medicines Facility - Malaria ===
The Affordable Medicines Facility — Malaria grew from a 2004 Institute of Medicines (IOM) report co-authored by the One Health Trust's president Dr. Ramanan Laxminarayan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Medicines_Facility-malaria |website=Wikipedia- Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=A Global Subsidy: Key to Affordable Drugs for Malaria? |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.28.4.949 |website=HealthAffairs |access-date=November 27, 2009}}</ref> The project addressed the issue of rising [[Antimalarial medication|antimalarial drug]] resistance against the most commonly used [[malaria]] treatment at the time, [[chloroquine]], by finding ways to get [[Antimalarial medication|artemisinin-based combination therapies]] — the most effective malaria treatments known — into private pharmacies and village shops.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affordable Medicines Facility-Malaria (AMFm) - CDDEP |url=https://www.resources.org/common-resources/affordable-medicines-facility-malaria-amfm-cddep/ |website=Resources |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=For malaria, we just can’t afford to use cheap drugs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/30b83428-0dd2-11de-8ea3-0000779fd2ac |website=Financial Times}}</ref>

Through negotiating bulk orders and subsidies, the Affordable Medicines Facility - Malaria team worked to leverage existing private-sector infrastructure in Africa to get artemisinin-based combination therapies where there were none before, to lower prices of effective [[Antimalarial medication|antimalarials]] in rural Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subsidies Help Get Modern Malaria Drugs To Millions In Africa |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/18/161344518/subsidies-help-get-modern-malaria-drugs-to-millions-in-africa?sc=tw&cc=share/ |website=npr |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Effect of the Affordable Medicines Facility—malaria (AMFm) on the availability, price, and market share of quality-assured artemisinin-based combination therapies in seven countries: a before-and-after analysis of outlet survey data |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61732-2/fulltext |website=The Lancet |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref>

=== PhD program in Data Sciences for Global Health in partnership with [[BITS Pilani|Birla Institute of Technology & Science]], [[Pilani]] ===
The One Health Trust, in partnership with [[BITS Pilani|Birla Institute of Technology & Science]] (BITS) in [[Pilani]], India, has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] program in Data Sciences for Global Health to provide training in global health issues and research methodology with fieldwork and [[data analysis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani collaborates with Washington based One Health Trust to offer PhD in Data Sciences |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-bits-pilani-collaborates-with-washington-based-one-health-trust-to-offer-phd-in-data-sciences-2920323/ |website=Financial Express |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref> This program is full-time.<ref>{{cite web |title=BITS Pilani, One Health Trust invite applications for PhD in Data Science for Global Health; check eligibility, how to apply |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bits-pilani-one-health-trust-launch-phd-in-data-science-check-how-to-apply-eligibility-bitsadmission-com-8334488/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>

=== ResistanceMap ===
The One Health Trust's ResistanceMap is a collection of tools summarizing national and subnational data on antimicrobial use and resistance globally.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDDEP Maps Dangerous Trends in Antibiotic Resistance on a Global Scale |url=https://www.jpiamr.eu/cddep-maps-dangerous-trends-in-antibiotic-resistance-on-a-global-scale-for-the-first-time/ |website=jpiamr |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> Since its launch in 2010, ResistanceMap has been used to provide information on trends in drug resistance and antibiotic use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking global trends in the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy using the Drug Resistance Index |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/544635 |website=EurekAlert |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antibiotic Resistance Getting Worse Globally, But Fixes Could Be Simple |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/cddep-report-amr |website=National Geographic |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, ResistanceMap was updated with a new design interface, expanded tools, and the addition of antibiotic use and resistance data from several low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia and [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CDDEP releases "The State of the World's Antibiotics, 2015" Report |url=https://sidp.org/news/3536391 |website=SIDP- Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists |access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref>

=== One World, One Health Podcast ===
The One World, One Health podcast<ref>{{cite web |title=One World, One Health Podcast |url=https://news-decoder.com/a-differerent-kind-of-butterfly-effect/ |archive-date= |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=News Decoder}}</ref> by the One Health Trust was launched in 2022. The podcast is interview-style and the host, Maggie Fox, talks to scientific researchers about topics including pandemics, antimicrobial resistance, the impact of deforestation on human health, among other related issues.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.extendingthecure.org/ Extending the Cure (ETC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704192732/http://www.extendingthecure.org/ |date=2011-07-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110212155548/http://www.resistancestrategies.org/ Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:One Health Trust}}
[[Category:Medical research institutes in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]