Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Southern South Asia

2023-10-05T18:10:07Z

Bamilaw222:

{{Infobox
| image =
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Southern South Asia
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 =
| label1 = Area
| data1 =
| label2 = Population
| data2 =
| label3 = Population density
| data3 =
| label4 = GDP (PPP)
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| label5 = GDP (nominal)
| data5 =
| label6 = GDP per capita
| data6 =
| label7 = HDI
| data7 =
| label8 = religions
| data8 =
| religions_year = 2011
| religions_ref =
| label9 = [[Demonym]]
| data9 = [[Desi|Southern South Asian]]
| label10 = Countries
| data10 = {{flag|India}} ([[South India]]) {{flag|Maldives}} {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| label15 = Largest city
| data15 =
| label11 = Languages
| data11 = [[Languages of South Asia|Most common first languages]]: {{hlist

|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
| label12 = Time zones
| data12 = [[UTC+5:30]]; [[UTC+5:45]]; [[UTC+06:00]]
| label13 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]]
| data13 = [[.in]]
| label14 = [[Calling code]]
| data14 = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9]]
| label16 = Religions
| data16 = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Irreligion]], [[Animism|Tribal]], [[Jainism]]
| label17 = [[Ethnic groups]]
| data17 = [[Aryan people|Aryan]], [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]]
}}
'''Southern South Asia''' is a geographical area in [[South Asia]], and is the southern region of [[the subcontinent]]. Depending on definition, it includes the countries of India (particularly [[South India]]), the [[Maldives]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=Hugo |title=The synchrony and diachrony of an Asian-Portuguese causal morpheme |url=https://www.academia.edu/76842442/The_synchrony_and_diachrony_of_an_Asian_Portuguese_causal_morpheme |journal=Academia}}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/balances-and-benefits-in-the-southern-south-asia/ Balances and benefits in Southern South Asia: The Maldives and Sri Lanka in 2021] https://www.orfonline.org/ Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy</ref> It is predominantly [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]].<ref>[https://www.asianz.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Future-Potential-and-the-Invisible-Diaspora-New-Zealand-and-South-Asia-diaspora.pdf Future potential and the invisible diaspora: New Zealand and South Asia diasporas] https://www.asianz.org.nz/ Robert Didham</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurasian Literature through the Eighteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12757 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>

Southern South Asia is noted for being the most culturally distinct region of South Asia from [[Northern South Asia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=The Geopolitics of South Asian Political Stability |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-geopolitics-of-south-asian-political-stability/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> with greater gender equality.<ref>[http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/asiavol4.pdf Encyclopedia of Modern Asia] http://www.sabrizain.org/ David Levinson and Karen Christensen</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agarwal |first=Bina |date= |title=Women's Land Rights and the Trap of Neo-Conservatism: A Response to Jackson |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0366.00067 |journal=Journal of Agrarian Change |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=571–585 |doi=10.1111/1471-0366.00067 |issn=1471-0358}}</ref> There is significant competition between India and China for influence over the island nations of the region.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Southern South Asia was a hub of global trade in ancient times because of its position in the important [[Indian Ocean]] corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Roberts Made National Geographic 'Explorer' |url=https://www.shh.mpg.de/1827734/patrick-roberts-nat-geo-explorer-grant |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.shh.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref> For example, a significant number of [[Roman commerce|Roman products]] have been discovered in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoppál |first=Krisztina |last2=Bellina |first2=Bérénice |last3=Dussubieux |first3=Laure |date=2023-09-07 |title=Southeast Asia and the Mediterranean World at the Turn of the First Millennium ce: Networks, Commodities and Cultural Reception |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/southeast-asia-and-the-mediterranean-world-at-the-turn-of-the-first-millennium-ce-networks-commodities-and-cultural-reception/1F34EB90DD00A9F1045137BA977D2531 |journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |language=en |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1017/S0959774323000264 |issn=0959-7743}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=Garum Masala {{!}} William Dalrymple |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/04/20/garum-masala-indian-ocean-trade-in-antiquity-cobb/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref>

Governments throughout Southern South Asia adopted [[Sanskrit]] for public political expression beginning around 300 CE and ending around 1300, resulting in greater integration into the broader [[Greater India|South Asian cultural sphere]].<ref>[http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/bj001564378.pdf Comparing East Asian and Southeast Asian Buddhism: Looking at Traditional China from the Margins] http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/ John R. McRae</ref> This significantly influenced the languages of the region, making all of the major Dravidian languages except for Tamil highly [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Setting the record straight |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/johnson/2013/05/13/setting-the-record-straight |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-01-07 |title=Sanskrit is the mother of all Indian languages: Bhyrappa |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sanskrit-is-the-mother-of-all-indian-languages-bhyrappa/article66350430.ece |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Artisanal production of handicraft articles, metal-working (see [[Wootz steel]]) and cloth production were historically important features of the economy in Southern South Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mielants |first=Eric H. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt31n |title=The Origins of Capitalism and the "Rise of the West" |date=2007 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-575-2}}</ref>

Tamil influence in the region is quite significant, with prominent empires such as the [[Chola dynasty]] taking Tamil culture to Sri Lanka and beyond South Asia, and Sri Lanka having an ancient [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil minority]] and a Dravidian-influenced majority language of [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020 |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Perera |first=Sasanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzBREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |title=Against the Nation: Thinking Like South Asians |last2=Pathak |first2=Dev Nath |last3=Kumar |first3=Ravi |date=2021-12-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-33-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=2022-03-23 |title=How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1020026/how-a-unique-tamil-dialect-survived-among-a-fishing-community-in-sri-lanka |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Chola innovations include various techniques for water resource management,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angelakis |first=Andreas N. |date=2014 |title=Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries |url=https://www.academia.edu/26736892/Evolution_of_Sanitation_and_Wastewater_Technologies_through_the_Centuries |journal=Water Intelligence Online |volume=13 |issn=1476-1777}}</ref> some of which are used today to restore lakes throughout India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=‘Lake Man’ relies on ancient methods to ease water crisis |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lake-man-relies-on-ancient-methods-to-ease-water-crisis/articleshow/103916870.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During British rule, [[Madras]] (now Chennai) became the center of the region, and a stability was created that benefitted Tamils throughout the region; Tamils were also favoured by the British in Sri Lanka over the Sinhalese people of the island. This laid the foundation for resentment and later [[Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka|ethnic conflict]] in Sri Lanka which lasted for decades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1502 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival, Volumes 1-4 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[South India]]
** [[Tamilakam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:South Asia]]

Northern South Asia

2023-10-05T15:38:08Z

Bamilaw222: Created page with '{{Infobox | image = 250px | bodyclass = geography | above = Northern South Asia | captionstyle = text-align:left | caption1 = | label1 = Area | data1 = | label2 = Population | data2 = ~500,000,000 (2022) | label3 = Population density | data3 = | label4 = GDP (PPP) | data4 = | label5 = GDP...'

{{Short description|The northern region of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Northern south asia.jpg|250px]]
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Northern South Asia
| captionstyle = text-align:left
| caption1 =
| label1 = Area
| data1 =
| label2 = Population
| data2 = ~500,000,000 (2022)
| label3 = Population density
| data3 =
| label4 = GDP (PPP)
| data4 =
| label5 = GDP (nominal)
| data5 =
| label6 = GDP per capita
| data6 =
| label7 = HDI
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| label8 = religions
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| religions_year = 2011
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| label9 = [[Demonym]]
| data9 = [[Desi|Northern South Asian]]
| label10 = Countries
| data10 = {{flag|Afghanistan}} {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|India}} ([[North India]] and [[Northeast India]]) {{flag|Nepal}} {{flag|Pakistan}}
| label15 = Largest city
| data15 =
| label11 = Languages
| data11 = [[Languages of South Asia|Most common first languages]]: {{hlist

|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|[[Hindi–Urdu]]
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
}}
| label12 = Time zones
| data12 = [[UTC+5:30]]; [[UTC+5:45]]; [[UTC+06:00]]
| label13 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]]
| data13 = [[.in]], [[.bd]], [[.np]], [[.bt]]
| label14 = [[Calling code]]
| data14 = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 8 & 9]]
| label16 = Religions
| data16 = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Irreligion]], [[Animism|Tribal]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Judaism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]
| label17 = [[Ethnic groups]]
| data17 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Tibeto-Burman]], [[Kolarian]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]]
| data18 = [[Hindustan]],
[[Aryavarta]]
| label18 = Historical names
}}
'''Northern South Asia''' is a geographical area in [[South Asia]], and is the northern region of [[the subcontinent]]. Depending on definition, it includes some or all of the countries of [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (specifically [[North India]] and [[Northeast India]]), and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" /> Northern South Asia is predominantly [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivani |first=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=30 August 2021 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/216529/ |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ishii |first=Hiroshi |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Dynamics_in_Northern_South_Asia.html?id=PmVKvwEACAAJ |title=Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia |last2=Gellner |first2=David N. |last3=Nawa |first3=Katsuo |date=2007 |publisher=Manohar |language=en}}</ref> though there are diverse linguistic communities near the Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daurio |first=Maya |last2=Turin |first2=Mark |date=2020 |title=“Langscapes” and language borders: Linguistic boundary-making in northern South Asia |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083475 |journal=Eurasia Border Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.14943/ebr.10.1.21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=David Bradley, Panchanan |title=Sociolinguistics of South Asia: Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic and other languages |date=2023 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |work=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World |access-date=4 October 2023 |edition=2 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |isbn=978-1-003-19834-5}}</ref> Until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Northern South Asia had a significant degree of cultural and political unity;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=The Geopolitics of South Asian Political Stability |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-geopolitics-of-south-asian-political-stability/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> the 1947 partition, along with the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|secession of Bangladesh]] from Pakistan, resulted in significant inter-migration in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFP: ECSAS panel, "Imagining the city: Literary and religious practices of urbanity in early modern and modern South Asia," proposals due Jan 22 {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/discussions/12190438/cfp-ecsas-panel-imagining-city-literary-and-religious-practices |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref> Since the end of colonial rule in the region, some of its borders have been heavily contested (primarily between India and its neighbours [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]] and [[Sino-Indian border dispute|China]], as well as [[Insurgency in Northeast India|separatist movements]] in Northeast India), resulting in a significant military presence in the region and negative consequences for local peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31797 |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |editor-last=Gellner |editor-first=David |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=In the North of South Asia, an arc of peace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/in-the-north-of-south-asia-an-arc-of-peace-101666705026927.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chowdhory |first=Nasreen |last2=Mohanty |first2=Biswajit |date=4 July 2023 |title=Dispossession, Border and Exception in South Asia: An Introduction |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |issn=0886-5655}}</ref> This tension in the region has also contributed to difficulties in sharing river waters among Northern South Asian countries;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Doug |title=Alternative Institutional Arrangements: Managing Transboundary Water Resources in South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/3096107/Alternative_Institutional_Arrangements_Managing_Transboundary_Water_Resources_in_South_Asia |journal=Academia}}</ref> [[Climate change in South Asia|climate change]] is projected to contribute significantly to this and other problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crow |first=B. |last2=Singh |first2=Nirvikar |date=2008 |title=The management of inter-state rivers as demands grow and supplies tighten: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-management-of-inter-state-rivers-as-demands-and-Crow-Singh/06e7e4247450fb2cc7b5796e17f30673b1fc7ef6 |journal=Semantic Scholar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Putting policy into practice to clean up South Asia’s dirty air (commentary) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/putting-policy-into-practice-to-clean-up-south-asias-dirty-air-commentary/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Northern South Asia is home to about half a billion people and is the poorest region of the subcontinent.<ref name=":0" /> It also has more gender inequality and constrictions on women's rights than other parts of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheikh |first=Saba M. |last2=Loney |first2=Tom |date=13 July 2018 |title=Is Educating Girls the Best Investment for South Asia? Association Between Female Education and Fertility Choices in South Asia: A Systematic Review of the Literature |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00172/full |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2018.00172 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=6054002 |pmid=30057895}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=Women’s Seclusion and Men’s Honor |url=https://uapress.arizona.edu/book/womens-seclusion-and-mens-honor |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=UAPress |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2011/wp107_2011.pdf Food Crises and Gender Inequality] https://www.un.org/ Bina Agarwal</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jejeebhoy |first=Shireen J. |last2=Sathar |first2=Zeba A. |date=2001 |title=Women's Autonomy in India and Pakistan: The Influence of Religion and Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695183 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=687–712 |issn=0098-7921}}</ref>

Northern South Asia is a Muslim-majority region, being the area with the most historical [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Hindu-Muslim contact]] and having birthed [[Sikhism]], a religion with historical relations and similarities to both Hinduism and Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3.3 Belief Systems of Land-Based Empires |url=https://library.fiveable.me/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=library.fiveable.me}}</ref>

== History ==
The sixteen "[[mahajanapada]]" dynasties flourished in Northern South Asia starting in the sixth century BC. They were conquered by the [[Maurya Empire]] starting in the late fourth century BC. This was then replaced by a number of competing polities that fought over territory until the development of robust states starting in the fourth century AD. Throughout the first millennium AD, regional political dynasties emerged that formed alliances and controlled vast swathes of the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Monica L. |title=Caste as a Cooperative Economic Entitlement Strategy in Complex Societies of the Indian Subcontinent and Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/11060780/Caste_as_a_Cooperative_Economic_Entitlement_Strategy_in_Complex_Societies_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_and_Sub_Saharan_Africa |journal=Academia}}</ref>

From the tenth century CE until about the eighteenth, Northern South Asia was invaded and ruled by Muslims from Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia. [[Persian language|Persian]] became the language of the courts, and influenced [[Languages of South Asia|vernacular languages]]; this is when [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], two prominent modern-day languages in South Asia, first started to emerge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‪“Hit It With a Stick and It Won’t Die”: Urdu Language, Muslim Identity and Poetry in Varanasi, India‬ |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=VX0OAKoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=VX0OAKoAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]], religious nationalism led to a starker divide between Hindi and Urdu, which were respectively modified to have a greater share of their vocabularies come from Sanskrit and Perso-Arabic sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arac |first=Jonathan |date= |title=From north Indian vernaculars to a new world philology Introduction: From north Indian vernaculars to a new world philology |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8705.2010.01957.x |journal=Critical Quarterly |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=60–62 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8705.2010.01957.x}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[North India]]
* [[South India]]
* [[Eastern South Asia]]
* [[Northwestern South Asia]]
* [[Southern South Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:South Asia]]

Northwestern South Asia

2023-10-05T10:02:53Z

Bamilaw222: Created page with '{{Infobox | image = | bodyclass = geography | above = Northwestern South Asia | captionstyle = text-align:left | caption1 = | label1 = Area | data1 = | label2 = Population | data2 = | label3 = Population density | data3 = | label4 = GDP (PPP) | data4 = | label5 = GDP (nominal) | data5 = | label6 =...'

{{Short description|Geographical area in South Asia}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox
| image =
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| above = Northwestern South Asia
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| label15 = Largest city
| data15 =
| label11 = Languages
| data11 = [[Languages of South Asia|Most common first languages]]: {{hlist

|[[Urdu]],
[[Punjabi]],
[[Dari]]
}}
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| data12 = [[UTC+5:30]]; [[UTC+5:45]]; [[UTC+06:00]]
| label13 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]]
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| label14 = [[Calling code]]
| data14 = [[List of country calling codes|Zone 9]]
| label16 = Religions
| data16 = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Irreligion]], [[Sikhism]]
| label17 = [[Ethnic groups]]
| data17 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burmese]]
}}
'''Northwestern South Asia''' is a geographical area in [[South Asia]], and is the northwestern region of [[the subcontinent]]. It includes the entirety of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]], with India and China controlling parts of the disputed [[Kashmir region]] within this part of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kachmar |first=Oleh |date=18 June 2020 |title=China Joins India and Pakistan in the Kashmir Battlespace |url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/strategic-competition/china/china-joins-india-and-pakistan-in-the-kashmir-battlespace/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=New Lines Institute |language=en}}</ref> Some notable regions of Northwestern South Asia include the [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].

Northwestern South Asia is the site of many of the first civilisations in South Asia, such as the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) |url=https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Climate in Arts and History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Thornton |first=Christopher P. |title=Introduction: Between Two Civilizations |date=2016 |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/20329 |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |language=en |isbn=978-1-934536-06-3 |last2=Cable |first2=Charlotte}}</ref> It was historically the most-conquered region of South Asia because it is the first region that invading armies coming from the west had to cross to enter South Asia;<ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/120933/2010_08_South%20Asias%20Geography%20of%20Conflict_Robert%20D.%20Kaplan_0.pdf South Asia’s Geography of Conflict] https://www.files.ethz.ch/ Robert D. Kaplan</ref> notable conquests include the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]] in the fourth century BCE and several [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent#First phase (8th to 10th centuries)|Muslim invasions]] from the 8th century CE to the 18th century.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thornton |first=Christopher P. |title=Introduction: Between Two Civilizations |date=2016 |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/20329 |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |language=en |isbn=978-1-934536-06-3 |last2=Cable |first2=Charlotte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anjum |first=Tanvir |date=2007 |title=The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839068 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=217–240 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> Because of these many invasions, Northwestern South Asia has significant influences from various sources outside of South Asia, mainly from the [[Muslim world]]. Prior to Islamic influence, the region was largely Hindu and Buddhist, and was home to hotbeds of Buddhist activity such as [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/38155 |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-19458-8 |language=English}}</ref>

All countries in the region have border disputes with each other, with Afghanistan and Pakistan disputing the validity of the [[Durand Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Pakistan says two killed after cross-border firing from Afghan forces in Chaman |url=https://arab.news/r8nbp |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Durand Line |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/durand-line |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lines of (In)Convenience: Sovereignty and Border-Making in Postcolonial South Asia, 1947–1965 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-abstract/76/4/963/324792/Lines-of-In-Convenience-Sovereignty-and-Border |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=read.dukeupress.edu}}</ref>

== History ==
Greek invasions of Northwestern South Asia over 2,000 years ago produced the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] and a syncretised culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behrendt |first=Kurt |date=1 January 2004 |title=The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhāra |url=https://brill.com/view/title/8608 |journal=Semantic Scholar |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789047412571 |isbn=978-90-04-13595-6}}</ref>

[[Sindh]] was the first region of South Asia to be conquered by Muslims, falling to the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the first Islamic century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Colonial Myths About the Arrival of Muslims in Sindh Still Divide the South Asian Mind |url=https://thewire.in/history/how-colonial-concept-sindh-muslim-arrival |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref> During the subsequent Muslim invasions of the region, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, producing a warrior class with affinities to both Hindus and Muslims that was persecuted by and that fought against the invaders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Sikhism: Exploring the Notion of a Righteous War (Dharam Yudh) |date=2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-religion-and-war/sikhism/0A283203A454F718136DE6773769835F |work=The Cambridge Companion to Religion and War |pages=141–163 |editor-last=Kitts |editor-first=Margo |access-date=5 October 2023 |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-88407-5}}</ref> Buddhism [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent|vanished]] from the region during Muslim rule, prompted by persecution and conversions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |date= |title=The Power of the Islamic Sword in Narrating the Death of Indian Buddhism |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/696567 |journal=History of Religions |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=406–435 |doi=10.1086/696567 |issn=0018-2710}}</ref>

The end of colonial rule in the region saw most Indian Muslims in Northwestern South Asia become part of the new nation of Pakistan during the 1947 [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=Why the Partition of India and Pakistan still casts a long shadow over the region |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/partition-of-india-and-pakistan-history-legacy |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=History |language=en}}</ref>

The 20th and 21st centuries saw Afghanistan invaded several times, with the Taliban having intermittently been in charge of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2011 |title=A historical timeline of Afghanistan |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Northern South Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:South Asia]]

Sqay

2023-09-29T05:50:08Z

Bamilaw222: Created page with ''''Sqay''' is a South Asian martial art from Kashmir which involves fighting with a sword and shield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=Sqay: Reviving an ancient Kashmiri Warfare Art Form |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/sqay-reviving-an-ancient-kashmiri-warfare-art-form/3112826/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> == Name == Sqay is believed to be a word from [...'

'''Sqay''' is a [[South Asian martial arts|South Asian martial art]] from [[Kashmir]] which involves fighting with a sword and shield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=Sqay: Reviving an ancient Kashmiri Warfare Art Form |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/sqay-reviving-an-ancient-kashmiri-warfare-art-form/3112826/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
Sqay is believed to be a word from [[Persian language|Persian]] meaning "knowledge of war".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=From Sqay’s Mythical Origins to Afreen Hyder’s Taekwondo Triumph |url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2023/09/16/from-sqays-mythical-origins-to-afreen-hyders-taekwondo-triumph/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Kashmir Images Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Sqay was historically practiced as a way to hunt and protect against wild animals, as well as for fighting invaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ateet |date=2023-05-19 |title=Indian Army empowers Kashmiri girls to break barriers, embrace strength |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/india-news/indian-army-empowers-kashmiri-girls-to-break-barriers-embrace-strength-143272.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Indianarrative |language=en}}</ref> It dates back to at least 4000 BCE.<ref name=":0" /> Kashmiri soldiers were required to practice sqay during the Muslim rule over Kashmir from 1325 to 1819 CE. In those times, sqay fell under the category of martial arts known as ''shamsherizen''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101213/cth2.htm |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=m.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohvzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=Indian Art & Culture |date=2018-04-20 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-5094-484-4 |language=en}}</ref> During British rule and afterwards, sqay's popularity greatly declined.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=K. R. |date=2023-05-27 |title=SQAY – an ancient martial art of Kashmir |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/05/28/sqay-an-ancient-martial-art-of-kashmir/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Nazir Ahmad Mir, a sqay grandmaster, played a significant role in reviving the martial art's popularity; he began promoting sqay from the 1980s onwards in Kashmir, and did international demonstrations in various countries. He eventually started an organisation which helped promote sqay globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazir Ahmad Mir: Athlete who introduced Kashmir’s Sqay martial arts to world |url=http://risingkashmir.com/nazir-ahmad-mir-athlete-who-introduced-kashmirs-sqay-martial-arts-to-world-5b2c74a5-dad0-40bf-b9e1-0567e62c6621 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=risingkashmir.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SQAY Federation Congratulates Grandmaster |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/sqay-federation-congratulates-grandmaster |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

Sqay will be included in the [[2023 National Games of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=National Games: Record 43 disciplines get nod, beach football to debut, lagori is demo sport |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/national-games-record-43-disciplines-get-nod-beach-football-to-debut-lagori-is-demo-sport/articleshow/100286408.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KHAN |first=ABID |date=2023-05-15 |title=37TH NATIONAL GAMES {{!}} ‘Inclusion of Pencak Silat, Sqay disciplines will benefit J&K athletes’ |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/37th-national-games-inclusion-of-pencak-silat-sqay-disciplines-will-benefit-jk-athletes |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=K. R. |date=2023-09-03 |title=J&K Sqay Association conducts selection trials for 37th National Games |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/09/04/jk-sqay-association-conducts-selection-trials-for-37th-national-games/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
The sword used in Sqay, known as a ''tura'', is made of bamboo with a leather cover. The shield, known as a ''bargula'', is made of leather.<ref name=":0" />

=== Variants ===
Sqay has two variants - a combative variant known as ''Loba'' and an artistic variant. The artistic variant can be performed without music (known as ''khawanky'') and the other with music (''aerosqay'').<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:South Asian martial arts]]

Kakkan

2023-09-17T16:02:17Z

Bamilaw222: Published a new article outline.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kakkan
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prabhu Manikkam
| writer =
| producer = Joseph Baby
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Joseph Baby
*Kumar Manigandan
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|08|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kakkan''''' is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language biographical film directed by Prabhu Manikkam and starring Joseph Baby and Kumar Manigandan in the lead roles. It is based on the life of politician [[P. Kakkan]], and was released on 25 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title='Kakkan' biopic to hit screens shortly |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/kakkan-biopic-to-hit-screens-shortly-726139 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=dtnext.in |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917143326/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/fin-min-cautions-banks-not-to-adjust-kmut-honorarium-toward-bank-charges-736866?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Joseph Baby
*Kumar Manigandan

==Production==
In July 2023, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] released the film's soundtrack at a ceremony, with Kakkan's daughter Kasthuri Bai and his granddaughter and IPS Rajeshwari, in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stalin releases Kakkan biopic trailer, audio |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-releases-kakkan-biopic-trailer-audio/articleshow/102108426.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727051739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-releases-kakkan-biopic-trailer-audio/articleshow/102108426.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=TN govt offers entertainment tax exemption for Kakkan biopic |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tn-govt-offers-entertainment-tax-exemption-for-kakkan-biopic-731772 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=dtnext.in |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917143327/https://www.dtnext.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=736866 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 25 August 2023 across theatres in Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Vikatan]]'' praised the political aspects of the film but drew suspicion of the historical accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=கக்கன் விமர்சனம்: எளிமையான அரசியல் ஆளுமை; வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு சரியாகப் படமாக்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறதா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vikatans-kakkan-tamil-movie-review |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901152250/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vikatans-kakkan-tamil-movie-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

Post-release, the Tamil Nadu government granted a tax exemption for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=tn govt grants tax exemption for kakkan movie |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-grants-tax-exemption-for-kakkan-movie/article67228426.ece |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826140936/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-grants-tax-exemption-for-kakkan-movie/article67228426.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|28490443}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]

Anu Malik discography

2023-09-15T07:30:04Z

Bamilaw222: Created an influential manuscript.

[[File:Anu Malik.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Malik in 2016.]]
'''Anwar Sardar "Anu" Malik''' (born 2 November 1960) is an Indian [[music director|music composer]], singer, music arranger and [[score composer]]. He is an [[Indian National Award]] and [[Filmfare Award]] winning musician, who primarily composes music for the [[Hindi film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/my-talent-stands-vindicated-anu-malik-on-national-awards-winning-song/story-OSZ7zHpvMtmec38eOfS6AN.html |title=My talent stands vindicated: Anu Malik on National Awards-winning song |work=hindustantimes.com/ |access-date=20 November 2017 }}</ref>

Malik started composing in Bollywood with the song "Zulm O Sitam Par Itrane Wale" for the film ''Hunterwali 77'' (1977), before composing his full soundtrack for ''Poonam'' (1981). He was noticed for his critically acclaimed music for [[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|''Sohni Mahiwal'']] (1984) and got his initial breakthrough with [[Mard (1985 film)|''Mard'']] (1985). After a few years of success, Malik began to fade due to new style of compositions and new music directors in the 1990s. Malik reinvented his style of composition with fresh music in ''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]'' (1993) and ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]'' (1993), before getting a major breakthrough with ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993). He followed up with several successful soundtracks during the 1990s and early 2000s as one of the top music directors for Bollywood.

Malik has composed soundtrack for more than 300 films and various private albums from 1977 till date and has worked with many lyricists including [[Anand Bakshi]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], [[Qateel Shifai]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], [[Gulzar]], [[Poovachal Khader]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].
==Film soundtracks==
===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''Hunterwali 77''||Only one song "Zulm O Sitam Par Itrane Wale"
|-
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''Poonam''|| Film released 1 year later
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Aapas Ki Baat]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1982 || ''[[Mangal Pandey (1983 film)|Mangal Pandey]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
| ''Paagal Premee''||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1983 || ''Ek Jaan Hain Hum''||
|-
|''[[Aasmaan]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1984 || [[Love Marriage (1984 film)|''Love Marriage'']] ||
|-
| ''Ram Tera Desh''||
|-
|[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|''Sohni Mahiwal'']]|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]'' ||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 ||[[Mard (1985 film)|''Mard'']]||
|-
| ''Apna Jahan''||Television film
|-
| ''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1986 ||''[[Ek Chadar Maili Si]]''||
|-
|[[Angaaray (1986 film)|''Angaaray'']]||
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Pal]]'' ||
|-
| [[Allah Rakha (film)|''Allah Rakha'']] ||
|-
|[[Begaana (1986 film)|''Begaana'']]||
|-
| ''Karamdaata''||
|-
| [[Jaal (1986 film)|''Jaal'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Haque]]'' ||
|-
|[[Dadagiri (film)|''Dadagiri'']]||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987 ||''[[Hawalaat]]''||
|-
|''[[Mera Lahoo]]''||
|-
|''[[Awaargi]]''|| Film released 3 years later
|-
|''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]''||
|-
|''[[Naam O Nishan]]''||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988 ||''Shukriya''||
|-
|''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]''||
|-
|''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]''||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]''||
|-
|''[[Maalamaal]]''||
|-
| rowspan="16" | 1989 || ''[[Meri Zabaan]]'' ||
|-
|''Ustaad''
|-
|''[[Zordaar]]''|| Film released 7 years later
|-
|''[[Kalpana House]]''||[[Malayalam]] film
|-
|''[[Ladaai]]''||
|-
|[[Toofan (1989 film)|''Toofan'']]||
|-
| ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Daana Paani]]''||
|-
|''[[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]]''||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]''||
|-
| [[Vardi (film)|''Vardi'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Dav Pech]]'' ||
|-
| ''Jaaydaad''||
|-
|''[[Mujrim]]''||
|-
|''[[Taaqatwar]]''||
|-
| ''[[Khatarnaak]]''||
|-
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990 || ''Zimmedaar''||
|-
|[[Madam X (1994 film)|''Madam X'']]|| Film released 4 years later
|-
| ''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''||
|-
|''[[Paap Ki Kamaee]]''||
|-
|[[Gunahon Ka Devta (1990 film)|''Gunahon Ka Devta'']]||
|-
| ''[[Tejaa]]''||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1991 || ''[[Bhabhi (1991 film)|Bhabhi]]''||
|-
|''Naag Mani''||
|-
|''[[Ramgarh Ke Sholay]]''||
|-
|''[[Naamcheen]]''||
|-
|''[[Shikari: The Hunter]]''||
|-
| ''[[Maa (1991 film)|Maa]]''||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1992 ||''[[Chamatkar]]''||
|-
|''Dil Ne Ikraar Kiya''||
|-
| ''[[Tahalka]]''||
|-
|[[Police Officer (film)|''Police Officer'']]||
|-
| ''[[Laat Saab]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Radha Ka Sangam]]''||
|-
| [[Virodhi (1992 film)|''Virodhi'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1993 ||''[[Baazigar]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''Shabnam''||
|-
|[[Namak (film)|''Namak'']]|| Film released 3 years later
|-
|''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]''||
|-
|[[Sir (1993 film)|''Sir'']]||
|-
|''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]''||Television film
|-
|''[[Jaanam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Tahqiqaat]]''||
|-
|''[[Imtihaan]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
|''[[Khuddar]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1994 ||''[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]''||
|-
|''[[Miss 420]]''|| Film released 4 years later
|-
|''[[Zaalim]]''||
|-
|''[[Yaar Gaddar]]''||
|-
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Naaraaz (1994 film)|''Naaraaz'']]||
|-
|''[[Vijaypath]]''||
|-
|[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|''Aa Gale Lag Jaa'']]||
|-
|''Gopalaa''||
|-
|[[Jawab (1995 film)|''Jawab'']]||
|-
|[[The Gentleman (1994 film)|''The Gentleman'']]||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1995 ||''[[Ram Shastra]]''||
|-
|[[Yaraana (1995 film)|''Yaraana'']]||
|-
|''[[Gundaraj]]''||
|-
|[[Hulchul (1995 film)|''Hulchul'']]||
|-
|[[Takkar (1995 film)|''Takkar'']]||
|-
|[[The Gambler (1995 film)|''The Gambler'']]
|-
|[[Baazi (1995 film)|''Baazi'']]||
|-
|[[Haathkadi (1995 film)|''Hathkadi'']]||
|-
|''[[Naajayaz]]''||
|-
|''[[Ahankaar]]''||
|-
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Ram Jaane]]''||
|-
|[[Surakshaa (1995 film)|''Surakshaa'']]||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1996 ||[[Ghatak: Lethal|''Ghatak'']]|| Only one song "Koi Jaaye To Le Aaye"
|-
|''[[Sapoot]]''||
|-
|''[[Beqabu]]''||
|-
|''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''||
|-
|''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]''||
|-
|[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|''Krishna'']]||
|-
|[[Daraar (film)|''Daraar'']]||
|-
|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''||
|-
|[[Chaahat (1996 film)|''Chaahat'']]||
|-
|''[[Diljale]]''||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1997 ||''[[Ankhon Mein Tum Ho]]''||
|-
|[[Ishq (1997 film)|''Ishq'']]||
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]''||
|-
|''Dil Kitna Nadan Hai''||
|-
|''[[Auzaar]]''||
|-
|[[Border (1997 film)|''Border'']]|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Dhaal]]''||
|-
|''Dil Deewana Maane Na''||
|-
|''[[Hamesha]]''||
|-
|''[[Himalay Putra]]''||
|-
|''[[Judwaa]]''||
|-
|[[Tamanna (1997 film)|''Tamanna'']]||
|-
|[[Virasat (1997 film)|''Virasat'']]||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1998 ||[[Wajood (1998 film)|''Wajood'']]||
|-
|''[[Prem Aggan]]''||
|-
|''[[Hero Hindustani]]''||
|-
|[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|''Soldier'']]|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Angaaray (1998 film)|''Angaaray'']]||
|-
|''[[Iski Topi Uske Sarr]]''||
|-
|''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]''||
|-
|[[Duplicate (1998 film)|''Duplicate'']]||
|-
|''[[Chhota Chetan]]''||
|-
|[[China Gate (1998 film)|''China Gate'']]||
|-
|''[[Kareeb]]''||
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1999 ||[[Baadshah (1999 film)|''Baadshah'']]||
|-
|''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Biwi No.1]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Sooryavansham]]''||
|-
|''[[Kartoos]]''||
|-
|''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]''||
|-
|''[[Aarzoo]]''||
|-
|[[Chehraa (1999 film)|''Chehraa'']]|| Television film
|-
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2000 ||[[Champion (2000 film)|''Champion'']]||
|-
|''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]''||
|-
|''[[Fiza]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Aaghaaz]]''||
|-
|''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''||
|-
|[[Refugee (2000 film)|''Refugee'']]||[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] [[Filmfare Special Award]] Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Josh (2000 film)|''Josh'']]|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Hum To Mohabbat Karega]]''||
|-
|[[Jung (2000 film)|''Jung'']]||
|-
|[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|''Hera Pheri'']]||
|-
|''[[Khauff]]''||
|-
|''[[Badal]]''||
|-
|[[Mela (2000 film)|''Mela'']]||
|-
|[[Gang (film)|''Gang'']]||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2001 ||[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|''Ajnabee'']]||
|-
|[[Lajja (2001 film)|''Lajja'']]||
|-
|[[Asoka (2001 film)|''Asoka'']]||
|-
|[[Aks (2001 film)|''Aks'']]||
|-
|[[Yaadein (2001 film)|''Yaadein'']]||
|-
|''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]''|| Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Rahul (film)|''Rahul'']]||
|-
|''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''||
|-
|''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]''||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2002 ||''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]''||
|-
|''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''||
|-
|''[[Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein]]''||
|-
|''[[Awara Paagal Deewana]]''||
|-
|''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]''||
|-
|''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin]]''||
|-
|''[[Ab Ke Baras]]''||
|-
|''[[Filhaal...]]''||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2003 ||''[[Munnabhai MBBS]]''||
|-
|''[[LOC: Kargil]]''||Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|[[Inteha (2003 film)|''Inteha'']]||
|-
|''[[Sssshhh...]]''||
|-
|''[[Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost]]''||
|-
|[[Saaya (2003 film)|''Saaya'']]||
|-
|''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''||
|-
|''[[Ishq Vishk]]''||
|-
|[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|''Khushi'']]||
|-
|''[[Kucch To Hai]]''||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2004 ||''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo]]''||
|-
|''[[Bride & Prejudice]]''||
|-
|''[[Dobara]]''||
|-
|''[[Fida]]''||
|-
|[[Love (2004 film)|''Love'']]||[[Kannada]] film
|-
|[[Garv: Pride and Honour|''Garv'']]||
|-
|''[[Aan: Men at Work]]''||
|-
|''[[Main Hoon Na]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Krishna Cottage]]''||
|-
|[[Murder (2004 film)|''Murder'']]||Nominated–[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Love in Nepal]]''||
|-
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''||One song "Jeene Ke Hain Chaar Din"
|-
|[[Hanan (film)|''Hanan'']]||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2005 ||[[Kalyug (2005 film)|''Kalyug'']]||
|-
|''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]''||
|-
|''[[Chehraa]]''||
|-
|''[[Shaadi No. 1]]''||
|-
|''[[No Entry]]''||
|-
|[[Fareb (2005 film)|''Fareb'']]||
|-
|''[[Bachke Rehna Re Baba]]''||
|-
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]''||
|-
|[[Waqt: The Race Against Time|''Waqt'']]||
|-
|''[[Tango Charlie]]''||
|-
|[[Jurm (2005 film)|''Jurm'']]||
|-
|[[Elaan (2005 film)|''Elaan'']]||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2006 ||[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|''Umrao Jaan'']]||
|-
|''[[Jaan-E-Mann]]''||
|-
|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''||
|-
|''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]''||
|-
|[[Aatma (2006 film)|''Aatma'']]||
|-
|''[[Pyare Mohan]]''||
|-
|''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''||
|-
|''[[My Bollywood Bride]]''||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007 ||''[[Undertrial]]''||
|-
|''[[Anamika (2008 film)|Anamika]]''||Film released 1 year later
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2008 ||''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''||
|-
|''[[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam]]''||
|-
|''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''||
|-
|''[[Love Story 2050]]''||
|-
|''[[Don Muthu Swami]]''||
|-
|''[[Woodstock Villa]]''||
|-
|''[[Hastey Hastey - Follow Your Heart]]''||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 ||''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''||
|-
|''[[Teree Sang]]''||
|-
|''[[Chal Chala Chal]]''||
|-
|''7 Days in Slow Motion''||
|-
|[[Victory (2009 film)|''Victory'']]||
|-
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 ||''[[Hisss]]''||
|-
|''[[Toonpur Ka Superhero]]''||
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Yamala Pagla Deewana]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 ||''[[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]]''||
|-
|''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]''||
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| Three songs
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 ||''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]''||
|-
|[[Welcome Back (film)|''Welcome Back'']]
| Two songs
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 ||''[[Begum Jaan]]''||
|-
|''[[Judwaa 2]]''
|Two songs "Chalti Hai Kya" and "Unchi Hai Building" along with [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|-
|''[[Indu Sarkar]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|[[Paltan (film)|''Paltan'']]||
|-
|''[[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]]''||One song- "Gold Tamba"
|-
|''[[Sui Dhaaga]]''||
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Hungama 2]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar]]''
|One song "Faraar"
|-
|}

==Non-film work==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song !! Singers !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="8"|1985 || rowspan="8"|''Jadoo'' || "Jadoo Part 1" || [[Alisha Chinai]] || rowspan="8"|[[Alisha Chinai]]'s first [[Indipop]] album
|-
|"Khuda" || [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|"Mon Cheri" || [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"My Angel Blue" || [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|"Rootho Naa Humse" || [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|"Kabhi Na Raat Jaye" || [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tum Meri Zindagi Ho" || [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|"Jadoo Part 2" || [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
| rowspan="8"|1986 || rowspan="8"|''Ham Sabko Salaam Karte Hain'' || "Ham Aur Tum" || [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]] || rowspan="8"|Composed tracks with Abu Malik and [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]]
|-
|"Ham Sabko Salaam Karte Hain" || [[Anu Malik]], Abu Malik, [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]]
|-
|"Jane Jana" || [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]]
|-
|"Kya Ada Hai" || Abu Malik
|-
|"Mujhe Aaj Gale Se Lagale" || [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Teri Yaad Sataye" || Abu Malik
|-
|"Tu Bane Mera Dil" || Abu Malik
|-
|"Tu Meri Jaan Hai" || [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="8"|1994 || rowspan="8"|''Dilli Ki Billi'' || "Fire Circle" || Instrumental composed by [[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="8"|
|-
| "Dilli Ki Billi" || [[Anu Malik]], [[Ravi Khote]]
|-
|"Saat Suron Ki" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Vivek Varma
|-
| "Sab That Dhaara Slow" || Vivek Varma
|-
| "Africano" || [[Ravi Khote]]
|-
| "Shor Ki Dhoop" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Vivek Varma
|-
| "Sab That Dhaara Fast" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Vivek Varma
|-
| "Dheere Dheere" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Vivek Varma
|-
| rowspan="7"|1995 || rowspan="7"|''Tera Chehra'' || "Bashinda" || [[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="7"|
|-
|"Honge Nahin Majboor"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Jaane Ke Liye Mat Aana"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Kyun Mehki Fiza"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Saanwli Si Ek Ladki"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tera Chehra"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tum Aao"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="11"|1996 ||rowspan="11"|''Eyes'' || "My Heart Goes Boom" ||[[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="11"|
|-
|"I Have No Dollars"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Watch"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"You Look To Me A Virgin"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Momma"||[[Anu Malik]], Deepa Singh
|-
|"Eyes"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Last Dance (One More Dance)"||[[Anu Malik]], Andrea Smith
|-
|"Passing By Your Street"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Forever"||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"I Have No Dollars" (Special Mix)||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Watch" (Special Mix)||[[Anu Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="9"|1997 || rowspan="9"|''Lafda Na Ho Jaye'' || "I Yai Yo" || [[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="9"|
|-
| "Jaana Nahin"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Baarish"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tu Mile Na Mile"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Dil Churake"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Shililili"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tu Jo Kahe"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Lafda Na Ho Jaye"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tu Mile Na Mile" (Remix)|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|1999 || rowspan="8"|''Ho Raha Hai Sama'' || "Dhuan Dhuan"|| [[Anu Malik]] || rowspan="8"|
|-
|"Pagal Pagal"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Le Kasam"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Sun Sign"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tum Jo Aate Nahin"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Bindiya"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"O My God" (Ho Raha Hai Sama|| [[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Dil Mein Aake Jaana Na"|| [[Anu Malik]]
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''Kasam Li Hai'' || From the collaborative album ''A Reason To Smile'' featuring various songs by different singers and music directors
|-
| 2015 || ''Lamhein'' || rowspan="2" | Sung by [[Anmol Malik]]
|-
| 2018 || ''Tum Hi Toh Ho''
|-
| 2019 || ''Monday'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Happy Happy Rehne Ka Please Don’t Worry'' ||
|-
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

K Muralikrishna

2023-09-12T06:43:22Z

Bamilaw222: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Similar names|Murali Krishna (disambiguation){{!}}Murali Krishna}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K Muralikrishna
| image =
| years_active = 2016–present
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''K Muralikrishna''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who is known for his works in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia Film Industry ]]. He is known for directing films like ''[[Abhaya (film)|Abhaya]]'', ''[[Agastya (film)|Agastya]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/body-slider/abhay-music-launched-at-patha-utsav-219860 | title=Abhay music launched at Patha Utsav | work=Odisha TV | date=22 July 2021</ref> and ''Gajapati''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pragativadi.com/babushaan-celebrates-birthday-with-fans-cuts-cake-announces-new-odia-film-gajapati/ | title=Babushaan Celebrates Birthday With Fans, Cuts Cake; Announces New Odia Film “Gajapati” | work=Pragativadi | date=31 July 2022</ref>

==Career==
Muralikrishna worked as an assistant and associate director in various film industries across India, before making a debut with Rangila Toka in 2012.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Note
|-
| rowspan="1"|2012 ||Rangila Toka ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 ||Kehi Jane Bhala Lagere||
|-
|''Chowka Chhaka'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 ||Gapa Hele Bi Sata||
|-
|''Jaga Atare Paha'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 ||[[Baby (2016 film)|Baby]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=20305&todo=news | title=Baby odia movie of Anubhav and Jhilik to release in Durga Puja-2016 | work=Nua Odisha | date=31 July 2016</ref>||
|-
|''[[Agastya (film)|Agastya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 ||Mu Paradesi Chadei ||
|-
|''[[Abhaya (film)|Abhaya]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://odialive.com/top-reasons-to-watch-abhay-odia-film/ | title=Top reasons to watch Abhay Odia Film | work=Odialive | date=11 June 2017</ref> ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 ||Champion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=24536&todo=news | title=Champion Odia Movie of Archita Sahu in Lead role as Boxer-2018| work=Nua Odisha | date=02 July 2018</ref> ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 ||{{pending film|Pratha}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/others/pratha-official-trailer/videoshow/103288258.cms | title=Pratha - Official Trailer | work=Times Of India | date=21 September 2023</ref>||
|-
|{{pending film|Gajapati}} ||
|-
|{{pending film|Bali}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://odishabytes.com/ollywood-movie-bali-the-saviour-to-hit-odisha-theatres-in-december/ | title=Ollywood Movie ‘Bali-The Saviour’ To Hit Odisha Theatres In December | work=OdishaBytes | date=20 November 2021</ref> ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11730079}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, murali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bangalore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]]

Kaala (TV series)

2023-09-08T04:08:51Z

Bamilaw222: Generated a new page format.

{{Short description|Indian Crime thriller television series}}
{{About|the television series|the 2017 Sinhalese film|Kaala (2017 film)|the 2018 Indian film|Kaala (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| creator = Bejoy Nambiar
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]]
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
* [[Taher Shabbir]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]
}}
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar]]|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Kaala''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] television series created and directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]]. Produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar]] and [[Bejoy Nambiar]] under the banner of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], it deals with [[Hawala|reverse hawala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/filmmaker-bejoy-nambiar-on-kaala-i-was-keen-to-explore-the-concept-of-reverse-hawala | title=Filmmaker Bejoy Nambiar on Kaala: I Was Keen to Explore the Concept of 'Reverse Hawala' }}</ref> and stars [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Taher Shabbir]] and [[Hiten Tejwani]].<ref name="cast" /> It is scheduled to premiere on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/video/disney-hotstar-t-series-kaala-trailer-bejoy-nambiar/ | title='Kaala' Trailer: Bejoy Nambiar's Crime Thriller for Disney+ Hotstar, T-Series Sets Launch Date for September 15 | date=September 2023 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot}}

== Cast ==
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]]
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
* [[Taher Shabbir]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]

== Production ==
In August 2023, the series was announced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/disney-hotstar-unveils-new-series-kaala-from-filmmaker-bejoy-nambiar-8905454/ | title=Disney+ Hotstar unveils new series 'Kaala' from filmmaker Bejoy Nambiar | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Taher Shabbir]] and [[Hiten Tejwani]] joined the cast.<ref name="cast" >{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/disney-plus-hotstar-t-series-first-tv-streaming-drama-kaala-1235524951/ | title='Kaala': Disney+ Hotstar Unveils T-Series First OTT Streaming Drama | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-the-real-reason-avinash-tiwary-doesnt-talk-to-the-media-often/4a3cb2e3f6700 | title=Exclusive! The REAL reason Avinash Tiwary doesn't talk to the media often }}</ref> The launch event for the series was held on 31 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/feature/bejoy-nambiar-avinash-tiwary-others-attend-kaala-trailer-launch/1740754/ | title=Bejoy Nambiar, Avinash Tiwary, others attend 'Kaala' trailer launch | date=31 August 2023 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Ujawal Jha

2023-07-19T02:14:26Z

Bamilaw222: Added article draft.

{{Short description| Nepal social worker}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Ujawal Jha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Ujawal.jpg
| caption = Ujawal Jha
| office1 =
| termstart1 =
| termend1 =
| predecessor1 =
| constituency1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|09|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Nepalis|Nepalese]]
| party = [[Nepal Communist Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| residence = [[Mahottari District]], Nepal
| alma_mater = [[Tribhuvan University]]
| occupation = Youth leader and social worker
| office =
| termstart =
| termend =
| governor =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| predecessor =
}}

'''Ujawal Jha''' (Nepali: उज्वल झा; (born 14 September 1992)) is a Nepali Social worker and youth leader based in [[Mahottari District |Mahottari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immense Impacts Of A Social Worker |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/immense-impacts-of-a-social-worker/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=The Sun Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social worker Ujawal jha has taken a significant step towards making a positive impact on the lives of needy people |url=https://socialnewsdaily.com/339843/social-worker-ujawal-jha-has-taken-a-significant-step-towards-making-a-positive-impact-on-the-lives-of-needy-people/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Social News Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Nepal Social Worker expanding his initiative in over 20 countries |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/01/07/young-nepal-social-worker-expanding-his-initiative-in-over-20-countries/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=P.M. News Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==

Jha attended basic and secondary education at Shree Janata Primary School Dhamaura ward no.4, Mahottari and Shree Janata Secondary School Banauta, Mahottari respectively before furthering in [[Tribhuvan University]] for his higher degree. <ref name="E">{{Cite web |title=A Story of Dedication and Leadership |url=https://leadership.ng/ujawal-jha-a-story-of-dedication-and-leadership/|access-date=2022-09-09 |website=leadership Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==

Ujawal Jha has worked to combat poverty and fight for gender equality in Nepal.<ref name="N">{{Cite web |title=Buhari lauded for signing social work bill |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-lauded-for-signing-social-work-bill/|access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="young">{{Cite web |title=Young Nepal Social Worker expanding his initiative in over 20 countries |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/01/07/young-nepal-social-worker-expanding-his-initiative-in-over-20-countries/ |website=pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref>

In 2020, he became the first in his community to engage with policy makers and advocate for policies which promote social justice, equality, and inclusivity. He later gained recognition for this from the government.<ref name="social">{{Cite web |title=Immense Impacts Of A Social Worker |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/immense-impacts-of-a-social-worker/ |website=sunnewsonline.com}}</ref><ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to stop dowry system suggestion |url=https://filmdaily.co/news/how-to-stop-dowry-system-suggestion-of-ujawal-jha//|access-date=2021-04-18 |website= Film daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has contributed to social work programs in Mahottari and including neighboring countries.<ref name="young" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chiangraitimes.com/business/ujawal-jha-a-beacon-of-inspiration-in-social-work/|title= A Beacon of Inspiration in Social Work|website= chiangraitimes.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How does ujawal jha serve people as a social worker |url=https://moralstory.org/how-does-ujawal-jha-serve-people-as-a-social-worker/|access-date=2023-04-20 |website= Moral Story|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Politics==
Jha is a member of [[Nepal Communist Party]] Maoist Centre. He is currently the ward committee president.<ref name="E"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ujawal, Jha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Nepalese people]]
[[Category:Nepalese activists]]
[[Category:Nepalese social workers]]
[[Category:People from Mahottari District]]
[[Category:Tribhuvan University alumni]]

Aahil Khan

2023-07-18T19:01:01Z

Bamilaw222: Published a well-researched resource.

{{Short description|Indian actor (Born 1995)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan}}
{{Notability}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Aahil Khan
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|06|04}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| years active =
| notable_works = ''[[Dear Dia]]''
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Aahil Khan''' (born June 4, 1989) is an [[India]]n model and actor, who made his [[Bollywood]] debut from movie ''[[Dear Dia]]'', which was a remake of [[Kannada]] movie [[Dia (film)|''Dia'']]. He had already raised fame in Television industry by playing 'Van Devta' in [[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/tv-shows-mahakali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-gauri-is-re-born-meets-mahadev-and-the-story-begins-again-1526965.html|title=Mahakali Anth Hi Aarambh Hai is reborn meets Mahadev and story begins again|work=www.news18.com|author= News18}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aahil Khan is from Lucknow, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He started modelling at a young age before moving into acting. Later he started doing acting in Television and did a [[Doordarshan]] TV show ''Beti Ghar Ka Ujala'' in lead. [[Colors TV]] show [[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]] gave him recognition in Television industry and then he, then turned to film actor by featuring in the film [[Dear Dia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/brandspot/pr-spot/aahil-khan-to-be-seen-in-urvashi-rautelas-upcoming-film-dil-hai-grey-along-with-vineet-kumar-singh-1205273.html|title=Aahil Khan to be seen in Urvashi Rautela's upcoming film Dil Hai Grey along with Vineet Kumar Singh|work=www.deccanherald.com|author=Deccan Herald|accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aahil-khan-on-his-dreams-to-become-an-actor-since-childhood-says-i-was-always-inspired-by-watching-shah-rukh-khan-to-act/articleshow/92131882.cms|title=Aahil Khan on his dream to become an actor since childhood says i was always inspired by watching Shah Rukh Khan|work=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|author=Times Of India|accessdate= 10 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/aahil-khan-is-going-to-shoot-for-his-upcoming-film-dia-in-hyderabad-23189903|title=Aahil Khan is going to shoot for his upcoming film Dia in Hyderabad|work=www.mid-day.com|author=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mediahindustan.com/dear-dia-actor-aahil-khan-bags-lead-role-in-an-untitled-upcoming-film/|title=Dear Dia actor Aahil Khan bags lead role in an untitled upcoming film|work=www.mediahindustan.com|author=MediaHindustan}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Baal Krishna]]'' || Sugam || [[Big Magic]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)]]'' || - || [[Star Bharat]]
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'' || Van Devta || [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]'' || - || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2021 || ''Beti Ghar Ka Ujala'' || - || [[Doordarshan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/television/aahil-khan-is-ready-to-knock-on-the-small-screen-from-beti-ghar-ka-ujala-2012563|title=Aahil Khan is ready to knock on the small screen from Beti Ghar Ka Ujala|work=www.ndtv.in|author=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/tv-serial-beti-ghar-ka-ujala-is-based-on-beti-bachao-beti-padao-4285635/|title=Aahil Khan is ready to knock on the small screen from Beti Ghar Ka Ujala|work=www.patrika.com|author=Patrika|accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/another-superhit-remake-from-south-dear-dia-is-set-to-strike-a-chord-122051001196_1.html|title=Another superhit remake from South Dear Dia is set to strike a chord|work=www.business-standard.com|accessdate=10 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vighnaharta Ganesh]]'' || - || [[Sony TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/tv-show-vighnaharta-ganesh-actors-share-why-ganesh-chaturthi-is-important-for-them-2392727.html|title=TV Show Vighnaharta Ganesha actor Aahil Khan shares why Ganesh Chaturthi is important for them|work=www.zeenews.india.com|author=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' || Vayu Dev || [[Star Bharat]]
|}

==Movies==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2022
!scope="row"|''Dear Dia''
| staring [[Pruthvi Ambaar]], [[Mihika Kushwaha]]
|-
| 2023
!scope="row"|''Dil Hai Gray''
| staring [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|13037413}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aahil}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Desh Sevak Sena

2023-07-18T04:03:11Z

Bamilaw222: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|A private Punjabi militia created to keep peace during the Partition of India.}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Desh Sevak Sena
| native_name = ਦੇਸ਼ ਸੇਵਕ ਸੈਨਾ देश सेवक सेना
| native_name_lang =
| caption = Tiger from the [[Azad Hind Fauj]]
| image = Azad_Hind_Gov._emblem.png
| founder = [[Mohan Singh (general)|General Mohan Singh]]
| leader_title = Senapati
| leaders = [[Mohan Singh (general)|General Mohan Singh]]
| active = 21 October 1947- 6 August 1948
| split =
| merged_into = National Volunteer Corps
| allegiance = [[Azad Hind]]
| clans =
| headquarters = Majithia House, [[Amritsar]]
| area =
| ideology = Anti-India, [[Islamophobia]]
| position =
| slogan = Desh Sevak Sena, Sada Jeev
| status = Disbanded
| size =
| partof =
| battles = Second Battle of Kasur, Montgomery Massacres
| war = [[Partition of India]], [[Sikhistan Liberation War]]
| flag =
| colours = Mazri and Maroon
| website =
| predecessor =
| successor =
}}
The '''Desh Sevak Sena''' (D.S.S.) was a private military created by the founder of the [[Indian National Army]], named [[Mohan Singh (general)|General Mohan Singh]] to protect the [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] during the [[Partition of India]] from the armed Muslim groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly (Legislative) |first=India Constituent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjIdyQtTjNoC&dq=desh+sewak+sena&pg=PA333 |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Mohindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUluAAAAMAAJ&q=soldiers+story+1947 |title=1947, a Soldier's Story |publisher=Military Studies Convention |language=en}}</ref> It was staunchly an Indian nationalistic volunteer group although in time General Mohan Singh devised a plan to attack [[Shimla|Simla]] as an act to promote [[Sikh nationalism]] and start the Proposed Sikhistan Liberation War,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Lionel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZUDwAAQBAJ&dq=desh+sewak+sena&pg=PT661 |title=Towards a Ceasefire in Kashmir: British Official Reports from South Asia, 18 September – 31 December 1948 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-95854-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> although he was reprimanded and the Desh Sevak Sena was quickly absorbed into the National Volunteer Corps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Nonica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPQtDwAAQBAJ&dq=desh+sewak+sena&pg=PT58 |title=Violence, Martyrdom and Partition: A Daughter's Testimony |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908804-1 |language=en}}</ref> They were inspired by the various private militia of the [[Sikhs]] such as the Akal Regiment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Mohindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUluAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=1947, a Soldier's Story |publisher=Military Studies Convention |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

It was [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] who had originally given land to General Mohan Singh in [[Gurgaon]], [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]] and [[Rohtak]] to train his army along with other bases in [[Bombay]] and [[Jodhpur]], although their main soldiers came from other areas in [[Punjab]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=CHOPRA |first=P. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urqvDQAAQBAJ&dq=desh+sewak+sena&pg=PA1839 |title=WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS VOL.I |publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-2180-5 |language=en}}</ref> General Mohan Singh performed the inaugural ceremony of the Desh Sevak Sena,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Vallabhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zA6AQAAIAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Sardar Patel's Correspondence, 1945-50 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> on the fourth anniversary of the [[Provisional Government of India]],<ref name=":7" /> and although the Indian Government helped them;<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> they were against [[India]] and instead fought for [[Azad Hind]].<ref name=":7" /> General Mohan Singh and other [[Indian National Army]] leaders decided to start a press at [[Ludhiana]] under the charge of Colonel Gurdial Singh Dhillon was made the Chief of Staff and published the "Hamara Desh."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Vallabhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSJuAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Sardar Patel's Correspondence, 1945-50: Patel-Nehru differences, assassination of Gandhi, services reorganised, refugee rehabilitation |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> An important amendment was made in the constitution of Desh Sevak Sena and Azad Hind.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvIdAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 7 April 1948 to 21 June 1948 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund |language=en}}</ref>

== During the Partition of India ==
On 21 October 1947, in the presence of about 500 persons at [[Amritsar]], General Mohan Singh declared the Desh Sevak Sena as a volunteer force to protect [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] from [[Muslim]] armed gangs, they had an alliance with the [[Congress Seva Dal]], Punjab Home Guards and Punjab Raksha Dal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanwar |first=Raghuvendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giduAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Reporting the Partition of Punjab, 1947: Press, Public, and Other Opinions |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-674-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He called for "Sons of the [[Sikh gurus|Gurus]] and [[Kshatriya]]s" to come to him to save India from [[Islam]], generally Sikhs joined, although they did have some [[Jats|Jat Hindus]] as well in the force.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpKKAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Who's who |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> The uniform of the Desh Sevak Sena was to be a Mazri shirt and trousers and a turban or a cap of similar color.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_2ECA4GhQ0C&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |language=en}}</ref> ''Desh Sevak Sena Sada Jeev'' (Long live Desh Sevak Sena) was the main slogan that they had and the soldiers generally had and the [[Lee–Enfield|Lee-Enfield Rifle]] was the standard rifle of the force;<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mushirul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59pjAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=India Partitioned: The Other Face of Freedom |publisher=Lotus Collection |isbn=978-81-7436-013-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] both supported him despite his anti-India standpoint. [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] supplied him with monetary funds to create a grenade factory in [[Amritsar]] which was supplied to other ''Sikh Jathas'' as well.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Journal of Indian History |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |language=en}}</ref>

A pledge taking ceremony of Desh Istri Sena, the women's wing of the D.S.S., was held on 30 November at the Majitha House.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkinson |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX0PAAAAMAAJ&q=desh+sewak+sena |title=Split Focus: An Involvement in Two Decades |publisher=Hart-Davis |isbn=978-0-246-64468-8 |language=en}}</ref> There was some resentment in INA leaders over the inclusion of Colonel Narinjan Singh Gill in the set up of D.S.S. as Colonel Siri Ram and Colonel Fauja Singh and others felt that Narinjan Singh Gill was suspected of being a British agent when he was working in the Indian National Army, and considered that he should not be given authority.<ref name=":5" /> Although all of them managed to save thousands of lives in East and [[West Punjab]], they cooperated with the 123 Infantry Regiment under [[Major General]] Mohindar Singh Chopra to create a boundary and peacefully allow both sides to migrate,<ref name=":5" /> although the D.S.S. had also supported the Sikh Jathas in certain cases, which Mag. Gen. Chopra did not agree with.<ref name=":5" /> The force did get radicalized in two isolated cases, specifically the Second Battle of Kasur and the Montgomery Massacres, where they massacred Muslims and ate pork in mosques.

== After the Partition of India ==
On 6 August 1948 after a plan created by [[Yadavindra Singh|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh]] to conquer [[Lahore]] and declare Sikhistan, General Mohan Singh in a speech in [[Bombay]] saying that in 1948 itself he would declare war on India, conquer Simla and announce it as the capital of Sikhistan.<ref name=":6" /> This information was given to [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] who took immediate action and absorbed it into the National Volunteer Corps.<ref name=":9" /> Colonel Bhan Singh who fought in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Burma campaign|Burma]] for India was shot and killed by [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] as he tried to reestablish the Desh Sevak Sena in the Shimla Group of states.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized}}

[[Category:Partition of India]]

Bangladesh genocide

2023-07-17T16:48:29Z

Bamilaw222: Composed an original article.

{{short description|Genocide of Bengalis by the Pakistan Army}}

{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Redirect|Gonohotta}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image = File:Dead bodies of Bengali intellectuals, 14 December 1971.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war started, showing bodies of Bengali nationalist intellectuals (''Image courtesy: [[Rashid Talukdar]], 1971'')
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates =
| motive = {{hlist|[[Hinduphobia]]|[[Racism]]}}
| date = 26 March – 16 December 1971 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Deportation]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = 300,000–3,000,000
| perps = [[Pakistan Army]]
* President. [[Yahya Khan]]
* Lt Gen. [[Tikka Khan]]
* Lt Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.A.K Niazi]]
* Maj Gen. [[Rao Farman Ali|Rao Farman]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Nagorik Shanti Committee]]
* [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
}}
{{Genocide}}
{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Persecution of Bengali Hindus}}{{History of Bangladesh}}
The '''Bangladesh genocide''', also known as '''the Gonohotta''' ({{lang-bn|গণহত্যা|translit=Gaṇahatyā}}), was the genocide of [[Bengalis]] of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. It began on 25 March 1971 with the launch of [[Operation Searchlight]], as the government of [[Pakistan]] under [[Yahya Khan]], dominated by [[West Pakistan]], began a military crackdown on [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) to suppress [[Bengali people|Bengali]] calls for self-determination. During the nine-month-long war, members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan)|Jamaat-e-Islami]] killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women, in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]]. The genocide mainly targeted the [[Hindu]] population in East Pakistan, leading to the killing and displacement of a large number of [[Bengali Hindus]] from the region. [[International Commission of Jurists|The International Commission of Jurists]] concluded that the genocide involved the attempt to exterminate or forcibly remove a significant portion of Hindus from the country.

The [[Government of Bangladesh]] states 3,000,000 people were killed during the genocide, making it the [[List of genocides by death toll|largest]] genocide since [[the Holocaust]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]].

The Pakistani elite believed that Hindus were behind the revolt and that as soon as there was a solution to the "Hindu problem" the conflict would resolve. For Pakistanis, the violence against Hindus was a strategic policy.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=101}} Muslim Pakistani men believed the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed to fix the national malaise.<ref>Yasmin Saikia, Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh : Remembering 1971, pg. 52</ref> Imams and Muslim religious leaders declared the women "war booty”.{{sfn|Siddiqi|1998|p=208}}{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} A fatwa from West Pakistan during the war asserted that women taken from Bengali Hindus could be considered war booty.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}}<ref name="Siddiqi1998p208-209">{{harvnb|Siddiqi|1998|pp=208–209|ps=: "Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," ''Daily Star'' (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7."}}</ref> Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide while others moved to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Islam|2019|p=175}}: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide"</ref>

As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million refugees [[East Bengali refugees|fled the country]] to seek refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced out of 70 million. During the war, there was also [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|ethnic violence]] between Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistani|Urdu-speaking Biharis]]. Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias, and from 1,000 to 150,000 were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a [[genocide]]; however, many Pakistanis disagree that the killing was a genocide.

== Background ==
[[File:21 Feb 1953 Dhaka University female students procession.png|thumb|left|250px|Female students of [[Dhaka|Dacca]] university marching on Language Movement Day, 21 February 1953.]]

Following the [[partition of India]], the new state of Pakistan represented a geographical anomaly, with two wings separated by {{convert|1000|mi|km|order=flip}} of Indian territory.{{sfn|Brecher|2008|p=169}} The wings were not only separated geographically, but also [[Culture of Bengal|culturally]]. The authorities of the West viewed the Bengali Muslims in the East as "too 'Bengali'" and their application of Islam as "inferior and impure", believing this made the Bengalis unreliable "co-religionists". To this extent politicians in West Pakistan began a strategy to forcibly assimilate the Bengalis culturally.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009|p=51}}

The Bengali people were the demographic majority in Pakistan, making up an estimated 75 million in [[East Pakistan]], compared with 55 million in the predominantly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking [[West Pakistan]].{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=340}} The majority in the East were Muslim, with large minorities of Hindus, Buddhists and Christians. The West considered the people of the East to be second-class citizens, and [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], who served as head of the Pakistani Forces in East Pakistan in 1971, referred to [[Bengalis]] as inferior to [[Pathans]] and [[Punjabis]].

In 1948, a few months after the creation of Pakistan, [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] declared [[Urdu]] as the national language of the newly formed state,{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=42}} although only four per cent of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu at that time.{{sfn|Shah|1997|p=51}} He mentioned that the people of [[East Bengal]] could choose what would be its provincial language, and branded those who were against the use of [[Urdu]] as the national language of Pakistan as [[Communism|communists]], [[Treason|traitors]] and enemies of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=txt_jinnah_dacca_1948|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>{{sfn|Hossain|Tollefson|2006|p=245}} The refusal by successive governments to recognise [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the second national language culminated in the [[Bengali language movement]] and strengthened support for the newly formed [[Awami League]], which was founded in the East as an alternative to the ruling [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]].{{sfn|Molla|2004|p=217}} A 1952 protest in [[Dhaka]], the capital of East Pakistan, was forcibly broken up, resulting in the deaths of several protesters. Bengali nationalists viewed those who had died as martyrs for their cause, and the violence led to calls for secession.{{sfn|Harder|2010|p=351}} The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] caused further grievances, as the military had assigned no extra units to the defence of the East.{{sfn|Haggett|2001|p=2716}} This was a matter of concern to the Bengalis who saw their nation undefended in case of Indian attack during the conflict of 1965,{{sfn|Hagerty|Ganguly|2005|p=31}}{{sfn|Midlarsky|2011|p=257}} and that [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], the [[President of Pakistan]], was willing to lose the [[East Pakistan|East]] if it meant gaining [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Riedel|2011|p=9}}

The slow response to the [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]] which struck on 12 November 1970 is widely seen as a contributing factor in the December 1970 [[1970 Pakistani general election|general election]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Biswas|first1=Sravani|last2=Daly|first2=Patrick|title=Cyclone Not Above Politics' : East Pakistan, disaster politics, and the 1970 Bhola Cyclone|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000293|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=55|issue=4|pages=1382–1410|s2cid=224892294 }}</ref> The East Pakistan-based Awami League, headed by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], won a national majority in the first democratic election since the creation of Pakistan, sweeping East Pakistan. But, the West Pakistani establishment prevented them from forming a government.{{sfn|Roy|2010|p=102}} President [[Yahya Khan]], encouraged by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html|title='The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass|last=Filkins|first=Dexter|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611054151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html|url-status=live}}</ref> banned the Awami League and declared [[martial law]].{{sfn|Sisson|Rose|1992|p=141}} The Pakistani Army demolished [[Ramna Kali Mandir]] (temple) and killed 85 Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ|title=Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Abhijit|last2=Togawa|first2=Masahiko|last3=Barkat|first3=Abul|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132107668|page=147|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212234749/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 February 1971, General Yahya Khan is reported to have said "Kill three million of them, and the rest will eat out of our hands."<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Hensher |first=Philip |title=The war Bangladesh can never forget |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012649/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC|title=Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson, and the Rise of Washington's Scandal Culture|last=Feldstein|first=Mark|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429978972|page=8|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213073824/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewitt |first=William L. |year=2004 |title=Defining the Horrific: Readings on Genocide and Holocaust in the 20th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qZIAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Pearson Education |page=287 |isbn=978-0-13-110084-8 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212185806/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qZIAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some Bengalis supported a united Pakistan and opposed secession from it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig|author-link = Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |publisher=Westview Press |page=88 |isbn=978-0-813-33632-9 |quote=The Pakistanis had armed some groups, Bihari and Bengali, that opposed separation.}}</ref> According to Indian academic Sarmila Bose, these pro-Pakistan Bengalis constituted a significant minority, and included the Islamic parties. Moreover, many Awami League voters who hoped to achieve provincial autonomy may not have desired secession.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=41 |pages=4463–4471 |jstor=4417267 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, some Bengali officers and soldiers remained loyal to the Pakistani Army and were taken as prisoners of war by India along with other West Pakistani soldiers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |title=The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/jgr%20vol%2013%20no%204%202011.pdf |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=398 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.625750 |s2cid=38668401 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075759/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/jgr%20vol%2013%20no%204%202011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, according to Sarmila Bose, there were many pro-regime Bengalis who killed and persecuted the pro-liberation fighters.<ref name=":1" /> [[Sydney Schanberg]] reported the formation of armed civilian units by the Pakistani Army in June 1971. Only a minority of the recruits were Bengali, while most were Biharis and Urdu speakers. The units with local knowledge played an important role in the implementation of the Pakistani Army's genocide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/09/21/demolition-ramna-kali-temple-march-1971-part-ii|title=The Demolition of Ramna Kali Temple in March 1971 |work=Asian Tribune |access-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923175041/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/09/21/demolition-ramna-kali-temple-march-1971-part-ii |archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> American writer Gary J. Bass believes that the breakup of Pakistan was not inevitable, identifying 25 March 1971 as the point where the idea of a united Pakistan ended for Bengalis with the start of military operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/gary-bass/|title=Last Word: Gary J. Bass|website=Newsweek Pakistan|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012659/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/gary-bass/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to John H. Gill, since there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern-day Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of 1971 Indian-Pakistan war-the Creation of Bangladesh|last=Gill|first=John H|publisher=NESA|year=1994|pages=66}}</ref>

==Operation Searchlight==
[[Operation Searchlight]] was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistani Army to curb elements of the separatist Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971.<ref name="BoseAoV">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301084941/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |archive-date=1 March 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}}{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} The Pakistani state justified commencing Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.<ref name="D' Costa 2011 103">{{Cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|last=D' Costa|first=Bina|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|pages=103}}</ref> Ordered by the government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz which had been launched in November 1970. On 1 March 1971 East Pakistan governor Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|Syed Mohammed Ahsan]] was replaced after disagreeing with military action in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1072331/gen-agha-mohammad-yahya-khan-4|title=Gen Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan – 4|last=Cowasjee|first=Ardeshir|work=Dawn|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061014/http://www.dawn.com/news/1072331/gen-agha-mohammad-yahya-khan-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahsan,_Vice_Admiral_Syed_Muhammad|title=Ahsan, Vice Admiral Syed Muhammad |website=Banglapedia |access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012613/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahsan%2C_Vice_Admiral_Syed_Muhammad|url-status=live}}</ref> His successor [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Sahibzada Yaqub Khan]] resigned after refusing to use soldiers to quell a mutiny and disagreement with military action in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/world/asia/sahabzada-yaqub-khan-dies-at-95-pakistani-diplomat-obituary.html|title=Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, Pakistani Diplomat, Dies at 95|last=Roberts|first=Sam|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211120817/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/world/asia/sahabzada-yaqub-khan-dies-at-95-pakistani-diplomat-obituary.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1235591|title=Sahibzada Yaqub Khan|last=Editorial|work=Dawn|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012638/https://www.dawn.com/news/1235591|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Indian academic<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/|website=Sarmila Bose|title=Bio – Sarmila Bose|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose|newspaper=The Guardian|last1=Mookherjee|first1=Nayanika|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012613/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarmila Bose, the postponement of the National Assembly on 1 March led to widespread lawlessness spread by Bengali protesters during the period of 1–25 March, in which the Pakistani government lost control over much of the province. Bose asserts that during this 25-day period of lawlessness, attacks by Bengalis on non-Bengalis were common as well as attacks by Bengalis on Pakistani military personnel who, according to Bose and Anthony Mascarenhas, showed great restraint until 25 March, when Operation Searchlight began.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bose|first=Sarmila|title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971|url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=4464–4465|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Bose also described the atrocities committed by the Pakistani Army in her book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/804314/smriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose|title='Smriti Irani misrepresented my work in her speech': Oxford researcher Sarmila Bose|last=Bose|first=Sarmila|website=Scroll.in|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404135141/http://scroll.in/article/804314/smriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Anthony Mascarenhas, the actions of the Pakistani Army compared to the violence by Bengalis was "altogether worse and on a grander scale".<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the night of 25 March 1971 the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight. ''Time'' magazine dubbed General [[Tikka Khan]] the "Butcher of Bengal" for his role in Operation Searchlight.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/ |title=No lessons learnt in forty years |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024093415/http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Targets of the operation included [[Jagannath Hall]] which was a dormitory for non-Muslim students of Dhaka University, Rajarbagh Police Lines, and [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]], which is the headquarters of [[East Pakistan Rifles]]. About 34 students were killed in the dormitories of Dhaka University. Neighbourhoods of old Dhaka which had a majority Hindu population were also attacked. Robert Payne, an American journalist, estimated that 7,000 people had been killed and 3,000 arrested in that night.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Black Night that still haunts the nation |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012616/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260 |url-status=live }}</ref> Teachers of Dhaka University were killed in the operation by the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandan |first=Md Shahnawaz Khan |title=The Heroes of a Forgetful Nation |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410205814/http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheikh Mujib was arrested by the Pakistani Army on 25 March.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|title=The Middle East and South Asia 2015–2016|last=Russell|first=Malcolm|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4758-1879-6|page=219|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180057/https://books.google.com/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ramna Kali Mandir]] was demolished by the Pakistani Army in March 1971.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abhijit Dasgupta |author2=Masahiko Togawa |author3=Abul Barkat |title=Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0766-8 |page=147 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060705/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sālik |first=Ṣiddīq |title=Witness To Surrender |pages=63, 228–229 |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |year=1997 |isbn= 978-984-05-1373-4}}</ref> within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance was not anticipated by Pakistani planners.<ref>Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3</ref> The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May. The countryside still remained almost evenly contested.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |year=2003 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC |publisher=Yale University Press |page=169 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213040731/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first report of the Bangladesh genocide was published by West Pakistani journalist [[Anthony Mascarenhas]] in ''The Sunday Times'', London on 13 June 1971 titled "Genocide". He wrote: "I saw Hindus, hunted from village to village and door to door, shot off-hand after a cursory '[[short-arm inspection]]' showed they were uncircumcised. I have heard the screams of men bludgeoned to death in the compound of the Circuit House (civil administrative headquarters) in Comilla. I have seen truckloads of other human targets and those who had the humanity to try to help them hauled off 'for disposal' under the cover of darkness and curfew."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html|title=Pakistan's State of Denial|last=Anam|first=Tahmima|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This article helped turn world opinion against Pakistan and decisively encouraged the Government of India to intervene.<ref name=":0" /> On 2 August 1971, ''Time'' magazine correspondent sent a dispatch that provided detailed description of the Pakistani army-led destruction in East Pakistan. It wrote that cities have whole sections damaged from shelling and aerial bombardments. The dispatch wrote: "In Dhaka, where soldiers set sections of the Old City ablaze with flamethrowers and then machine-gunned thousands as they tried to escape the cordon of fire, nearly 25 blocks have been bulldozed clear, leaving open areas set incongruously amid jam-packed slums." It quoted a senior US official as saying "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/|title=Forty Years After Its Bloody Independence, Bangladesh Looks to Its Past to Redeem Its Future|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012700/https://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878408,00.html|title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320052641/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878408,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Archer Blood|Archer K. Blood]], American diplomat wrote in the Blood Telegram addressing [[Richard Nixon]] administration's disregard for the situation: "with support of the Pak military, non-Bengali Muslims are systematically attacking poor people's quarters and murdering Bengalis and Hindus."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahtab |first=Moyukh |title=The burden of remembrance |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31">U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082405/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf }}, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp</ref>

== Estimated killed ==
[[File:Human Remains and War Materiel from 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826731774).jpg|thumb|Human remains and war materiel from 1971 genocide in [[Liberation War Museum]]]]
On the high end, Bangladeshi authorities claim that as many as 3 million people were killed; the lowest estimate comes from the controversial [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]], the official Pakistani government investigation, which claimed the figure was 26,000 civilian casualties.<ref name="vanSchendel2009">{{cite book |author=Willem van Schendel |year=2009 |title=A History of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=173 |isbn=978-1-316-26497-3 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180022/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="deathcount-pakistani">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |title=Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33) |work=Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The figure of 3 million has become embedded in [[Bangladeshi culture]] and [[Bengali literature|literature]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last1=Bergman|first1=David|title=Questioning an iconic number|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece|access-date=28 September 2016|work=The Hindu|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Sayyid A. Karim, Bangladesh's first [[Foreign Secretary (Bangladesh)|foreign secretary]] alleges that the source of the figure was ''[[Pravda]]'', the news-arm of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref name=":7" /> Independent researchers have estimated the death toll to be around 300,000 to 500,000 people while others estimate the casualty figure to be 3 million.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh">{{cite book|last1=Alston|first1=Margaret|title=Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-68486-2|page=40|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide">{{cite book |last=Debnath |first=Angela |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Bangladesh Genocide: The Plight of Women |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=55 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55 |url-status=live |quote=estimates of the death toll vary between 1-3 million victims.}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Social Psychology 4E">{{cite book|last=Myers|title=Exploring Social Psychology 4E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269|year=2004|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-070062-8|page=269|access-date=17 May 2016|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213071323/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269|url-status=live}}</ref> Midway through the genocide, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[State Department]] conservatively estimated that 200,000 people had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/|title=The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|access-date=18 June 2022|last=Boissoneault|first=Lorraine|quote=By halfway through the nine-month genocide, the U.S Central Intelligence Agency gave a conservative estimate of 200,000 Bangladeshis murdered.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html|last=Bass|first=Gary J.|title=Nixon and Kissinger's Forgotten Shame|access-date=18 June 2022|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Midway through the bloodshed, both the C.I.A. and the State Department conservatively estimated that about 200,000 people had died (the Bangladeshi government figure is much higher, at three million).}}</ref>

[[File:Bones of Victims of 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826761704).jpg|thumb|Pile of bones of those killed in the Bangladesh Genocide]]
According to [[Sarmila Bose]]'s controversial book ''[[Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War]]'', the number lies somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011">{{cite news |title=Controversial book accuses Bengalis of 1971 war crimes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jack |first=Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide |title=It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention |work=The Guardian |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231312/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide |url-status=live }}</ref> However, her book was the subject of strong criticism by journalists; writer and visual artist [[Naeem Mohaiemen]]; Nayanika Mookherjee, an anthropologist at [[Durham University]]; and others.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" /><ref name="DR-002">{{cite news |title=Bose is more Pakistani than Jinnah the Quaid |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid |access-date=9 December 2013 |newspaper=The Sunday Guardian |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212073930/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DR-003">{{cite news |last=Mohaiemen |first=Naeem |title=Flying Blind: Waiting for a Real Reckoning on 1971 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=205005 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213210628/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=205005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose|title=This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012641/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1976 the [[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]] undertook a comprehensive population survey in [[Matlab (Bangladesh)|Matlab, Noakhali]] where a total of 868 excess wartime deaths were recorded; this led to an estimated overall excess number of deaths in the whole of Bangladesh of nearly 500,000.<ref name=":7" /> Based on this study, the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou which estimated that 125,000–505,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict;<ref name=":7" /> the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 by Uppsala University and the Peace Research Institute, Oslo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Obermeyer |first=Ziad |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–1486 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 |pmid=18566045 |pmc=2440905}}</ref> This figure is supported by the statements of Bangladeshi author [[Ahmed Sharif]] in 1996, who added that "they kept the truth hidden for getting political advantages".<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080757/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2015|title=An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif|website=News from Bangladesh|publisher=Daily News Monitoring Service|last1=Mukhopadhay|first1=Keshab|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> American political scientists Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose give a low-end estimate of 300,000 dead, killed by all parties, and they deny that a genocide occurred, while American political scientist [[Rudolph Rummel|R. J. Rummel]] estimated that about 1.5 million people were killed in Bangladesh.<ref name="Beachler">{{cite book|last1=Beachler|first1=Donald W.|title=The genocide debate : politicians, academics, and victims|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-230-11414-2|page=16|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian journalist Nirmal Sen claims that the total number killed was about 250,000 and among them, about 100,000 were [[Bengalis]] and the rest were [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]].<ref name=":8" />

A 2018 paper by Christian Gerlach concluded that overall deaths due to the war in East Pakistan slightly exceeded half a million and could not have exceeded 1 million,<ref name="gerlach2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gerlach |first1=Christian |title=East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1971–1972: How Many Victims, Who, and Why? |journal=The Civilianization of War the Changing Civil–Military Divide, 1914–2014 |pages=116–140 |doi=10.1017/9781108643542.007|isbn=9781108643542 }}</ref> adding that the majority of death were rural dwellers who died of "hunger, want, and exhaustion" with many deaths occurring in the year following the conflict.<ref name="gerlach2018"/> Out of 200,000 member of the Awami League the paper states 17,000 were killed with the leaders of the league experiencing a death ratio of 15 to 20 out of 167.<ref name="gerlach2018"/> The paper also denies based on statistical evidence that there was a coordinated attempt to exterminate the Bengali intelligentsia stating: "if one accepts the data published by the Bangladesh propaganda ministry, 4.2 per cent of all university professors were killed, along with 1.4 per cent of all college teachers, 0.6 per cent of all secondary and primary school teachers, and 0.6 per cent of all teaching personnel. On the basis of the aforementioned Ministry of Education data, 1.2 per cent of all teaching personnel were killed. This is hardly proof of an extermination campaign."<ref name="gerlach2018"/>

Many of those killed were the victims of radical religious paramilitary militias formed by the West Pakistani Army, including the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)|Al-Shams]] and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] forces.<ref name="2006-06-18">Many of the eyewitness accounts of relations that were picked up by "Al Badr" forces describe them as Bengali men. The only survivor of the Rayerbazar killings describes the captors and killers of Bengali professionals as fellow Bengalis. See 37 Dilawar Hossain, account reproduced in 'Ekattorer Ghatok-dalalera ke Kothay' (Muktijuddha Chetona Bikash Kendro, Dhaka, 1989)</ref><ref name="2005-12-14">{{cite news |first=Asadullah |last=Khan |title=The loss continues to haunt us |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |type=Point-Counterpoint |access-date=5 April 2006 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011706/http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There are many mass graves in Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah|title=Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur|author=Tahmima Anam|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=6 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206145334/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimes-tribunal/|title=Crimes of War – Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal? |work=crimesofwar.org |access-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120222424/http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimes-tribunal/|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and more are continually being discovered (such as one in an old well near a mosque in Dhaka, located in the [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur region]] of the city, which was discovered in August 1999).<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Deutsche Presse Agentur|DPA]] report |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7 |title=Mass grave found in Bangladesh |newspaper=[[The Chandigarh Tribune]] |access-date=5 April 2006 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dhaka to the United States State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of Dhaka University and other civilians.<ref name="TheTilt">{{cite web |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |title=The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 |editor-first=Sajit |editor-last=Gandhi |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012644/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 2002, the [[George Washington University]]'s [[National Security Archive]] published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and [[United States Information Service|USIS]] centres in Dhaka and India, and officials in Washington, D.C.<ref name="TheTilt" /> These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms ''selective genocide''<ref name="SelectiveGenocide">{{cite web|title=Cable from U.S. Consulate in Dacca: Selective Genocide |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf |work=National Security Archive |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf Telegram 959 From the US Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, 28 March 1971, 0540Z] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf }} ("Selective Genocide")</ref> and ''genocide'' (see [[Blood telegram]]) to describe events they had knowledge of at the time. The complete chronology of events as reported to the [[Nixon administration]] can be found on the Department of State website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm|title=Office of the Historian|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012643/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Islamist militias ==
The [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |publisher=Westview Press |page=123 |isbn=978-0-813-33632-9 }}</ref> as well as some other pro-Pakistani Islamists opposed the Bangladeshi independence struggle and collaborated with the Pakistani state and armed forces out of Islamic solidarity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf|title=Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh|last=LINTNER|first=BERTIL|year=2004|page=418|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211447/https://apcss.org/Publications/Edited|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-136-51641-2|pages=168|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220205449/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bass">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide|title=Looking Away from Genocide|last=Bass|first=Gary|newspaper=The New Yorker|issn=0028-792X|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121105/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=23 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263 |title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-24550-4 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to political scientist [[Peter Tomsen]], Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|secret service]], in conjunction with the political party [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]], formed militias such as Al-Badr ("the moon") and the Al-Shams ("the sun") to conduct operations against the nationalist movement.{{sfn|Schmid|2011|p=600}}{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}} These militias targeted noncombatants and committed rapes as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Local [[Collaborationism|collaborators]] known as [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] also took part in the atrocities. The term has since become a [[pejorative]] akin to the western term "[[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]".{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009|p=49}}

Members of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]], [[Nizam-e-Islam]], Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, who had lost the election, collaborated with the military and acted as an intelligence organisation for them.{{sfn|Ḥaqqānī|2005|p=77}} Jamaat-e-Islami members and some of its leaders collaborated with the Pakistani forces in rapes and targeted killings.{{sfn|Shehabuddin|2010|p=93}} The atrocities by Al-Badr and the Al-Shams garnered worldwide attention from news agencies; accounts of massacres and rapes were widely reported.{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=History (from Bangladesh) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71 |access-date=11 June 2013 |last=Tinker |first=Hugh Russell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Killing of intellectuals ==
{{Main|1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals}}

During the war, the Pakistani Army and its local collaborators, mainly [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat e Islami]] carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.<ref name="Blood9782">{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180019/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="roy02homage">[[Ajoy Roy]], [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm "Homage to my martyr colleagues"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015022357/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm }}, 2002</ref> However, the most extreme cases of [[targeted killing]] of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. Professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers and writers were rounded up by the Pakistani Army and the Razakar militia in Dhaka, blindfolded, taken to torture cells in Mirpur, [[Mohammadpur Thana|Mohammadpur]], [[Nakhalpara]], Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city to be executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur.<ref name="nyt12-19-1971">{{cite news| title = 125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9| work = [[The New York Times]]| location = New York, NY, USA| page = 1| date = 19 December 1971| access-date = 4 January 2008| quote = At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited| archive-date = 28 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143516/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="massacre-intel">{{cite journal| last = Murshid| first = Tazeen M. |year = 1997 | title = State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh | journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–34 | issn = 1479-0270| doi = 10.1080/00856409708723294}}</ref><ref name=BangInt>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Killing of Intellectuals |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180022/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Shaiduzzaman (14 December 2005), [http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html "Martyred intellectuals: martyred history"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html }}, ''The Daily New Age'', Bangladesh</ref> Allegedly, the Pakistani Army and its paramilitary arm, the Al-Badr and Al-Shams forces created a list of doctors, teachers, poets, and scholars.<ref name="askari05star">{{cite news |last=Askari |first=Rashid |title=Our martyerd intellectuals |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Editorial |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723161252/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hasan01onneshon">Dr. M.A. Hasan, ''Juddhaporadh, Gonohatya o bicharer anneshan'', War Crimes Fact Finding Committee and Genocide archive & Human Studies Centre, Dhaka, 2001</ref>

During the nine-month duration of the war the Pakistani Army, with the assistance of local collaborators, systematically executed an estimated 991 teachers, 13 journalists, 49 physicians, 42 lawyers, and 16 writers, artists and engineers.<ref name=BangInt/> Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December there were reports of killings being committed by either the armed Pakistani soldiers or by their collaborators. In one such incident, notable filmmaker [[Jahir Raihan]] was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by armed Beharis. In memory of the people who were killed, 14 December is observed in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh ("Day of the Martyred Intellectuals").<ref name="2005-12-14" /><ref name=BangInt/><ref>Shahiduzzaman ''[http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html No count of the nation's intellectual loss] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html }}'' The New Age, 15 December 2005</ref>

Notable intellectuals who were killed from the time period of 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include Dhaka University professors Dr. [[Govinda Chandra Dev]] (philosophy), Dr. [[Munier Chowdhury]] (Bengali literature), Dr. [[Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury]] (Bengali Literature), Dr. [[Anwar Pasha]] (Bengali Literature), [[Dr Abul Khair|Dr M Abul Khair]] (history), Dr. [[Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta]] (English literature), Humayun Kabir (English literature), [[Rashidul Hasan]] (English literature), [[Ghyasuddin Ahmed]], [[Sirajul Haque Khan]], [[Faizul Mahi]], Dr [[Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya]]<ref name=Gallows>{{cite news |title=Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012709/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf |url-status=live }}</ref> and Saidul Hassan (physics), Rajshahi University professors Dr. Hobibur Rahman (mathematics), Prof Sukhranjan Somaddar (Sanskrit), Prof Mir Abdul Quaiyum (psychology) as well as Dr. [[Mohammed Fazle Rabbee]] (cardiologist), Dr. [[AFM Alim Chowdhury]] (ophthalmologist), [[Shahidullah Kaiser]] (journalist), [[Nizamuddin Ahmed]] (journalist),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56|title=Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71's war|work=Adnan's Den|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232606/http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Selina Parvin]] (journalist), [[Altaf Mahmud]] (lyricist and musician), [[Dhirendranath Datta]] (politician), [[Jahir Raihan]] (novelist, journalist, film director) and [[Ranadaprasad Saha]] (philanthropist).<ref name="daily-sun2">{{cite news|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen,-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |title=ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman|work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104105107/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="DS-Tamanna">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Tamanna |title=It was matricide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106200142/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Violence ==

=== Against women ===
{{main|Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War}}

The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/>{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=120}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Kajalie Shehreen |year=2012 |title=Breaking Down the ''Birangona'': Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=6 |page=2131 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306 |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520076655 |page=306 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the rape victims of the Pakistani Army and its allies were Hindu women.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul R. |editor1-link=Paul R. Bartrop |editor2-last=Jacobs |editor2-first=Steven Leonard |editor2-link=Steven Leonard Jacobs |year=2014 |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1866 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=1866 |isbn=978-1-61069-364-6}}</ref><ref name="Bass2">{{Cite news |last=Bass |first=Gary |title=Looking Away from Genocide |newspaper=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121105/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide |archive-date=14 February 2019 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book |author1=Samuel Totten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295 |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |author2=William S. Parsons |author3=Israel W. Charny |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-94430-4 |pages=295– |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180018/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book |author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction |author2=Maneshka Eliatamby |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8 |pages=23– |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213758/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera2">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide while others moved to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Islam|2019|p=175}}: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide"</ref> During the war, a so-called [[fatwa]] originating in [[West Pakistan]] declared that the Hindu women could be taken as the "booty of war".<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dina M. |year=1998 |chapter=Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh |editor1-last=Bodman |editor1-first=Herbert L. |editor2-last=Tohidi |editor2-first=Nayereh Esfahlani |title=Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity |publisher=Lynne Rienner |pages=208–209 |isbn=978-1-55587-578-7 |quote=Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," ''Daily Star'' (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7.}}</ref>{{sfn|Bodman|Tohidi|1998|p=208}} Imams and Muslim religious leaders of Pakistan publicly declared that the Bengali Hindu women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of these women by the Pakistani Army.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.<ref name="American news video about rapes">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |title=BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview |via=YouTube |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=139}} A 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers, was also documented.

<blockquote>Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed ... In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string cot unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|pp=121–122}}</blockquote>

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of [[war-babies]]. The soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|razakars]] also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref name="time.oct25-1971">{{Cite magazine |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Among other sources, [[Susan Brownmiller]] refers to an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 women raped.<ref name="susanbrownmiller">{{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Brownmiller |year=1993 |orig-year=First published 1975 |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape |publisher=Ballantine Books |page=81 |isbn=0-449-90820-8}}</ref> Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though they have not denied that rape incidents occurred.<ref>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm Chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm }}, Paragraphs 32,34</ref> Brownmiller writes:<ref name="BrownmillerExtract">{{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Brownmiller |year=1993 |orig-year=First published 1975 |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape |publisher=Ballantine Books |pages=82–83 |isbn=0-449-90820-8}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammedpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.}}

In a ''New York Times'' report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<ref name="NYTimes.oct10-1971">{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |work=The New York Times |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wrote:

{{blockquote|text=One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.}}

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,
{{blockquote|text=Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in looting and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author2=(translation by Kushal Ibrahim) |title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First |isbn= 978-984-458-210-1| page = 30}}</ref>}}

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref>Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971</ref><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote>

Pakistani Major General [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘''Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga'' (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".<ref name="Genocide they wrote">{{cite news |title=Genocide they wrote |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is ''Ami Birangona Bolchhi'' ("I, the heroine, speak") by [[Nilima Ibrahim]]. The work includes in its name from the word ''Birangona'' (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society.{{Citation needed}}

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army.<ref name=":3" /> The US based [[Women Under Siege Project]] of the [[Women's Media Center]] have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?|website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|url-status=live}}</ref> Australian Speedwriter Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were (sic) sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened! But the evidence clearly showed that it did happen."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History|website=Forbes|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable.}}

In October 2005, [[Sarmila Bose]] published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<ref name="BoseAoV" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|title=Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review|last=Woollacott|first=Martin|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|url-status=live}}</ref> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=Sarmila Bose rewrites history|last=Khatun|first=Salma|work=Drishtipat}}</ref>



Historian [[Christian Gerlach]] states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=262}}

=== Against Hindus ===
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout |magazine=TIME |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim, Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture, and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|pp=144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla, Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas, regarding Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off. [...] Of course [...], we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted to US Consul Archer Blood that they came "to kill Hindus". A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims [sic]. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|pp=144–145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31" /><ref name="Blood9782"/> US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=145–146}} Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],<ref name="shakeel">{{cite news|script-title=bn:ঠাকুরগাওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস উদ্‌যাপন |first=Mohammad Shakeel |last=Ahammed |url=http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653 |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118000209/http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2013 |newspaper=bdreport24.com |access-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="karatoa">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঠাকুরগাঁওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস পালিত |url=http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463 |newspaper=Dainik Karatoa |language=bn |access-date=22 January 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928123440/http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Co. |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony, dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |title=Genocide |newspaper=The Times |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked throughout the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Jones 2003 170">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=170 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was a written order to kill Hindus, and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<ref name="Jones 2003 170"/>

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{blockquote|text=The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM DEATH BY GOVERNMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM |date=18 January 2019 }}, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994</ref>}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well).{{citation needed}} Missionaries in Bangladesh reported to Schanberg that massacres occurred on a nearly daily basis. One reported the slaughter of over a thousand Hindus in the southern district of Barisal in a single day. According to another, a [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]] in northeastern Sylhet district called residents together. Troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schanberg |first1=Sydney H. |title=West Pakistan Pursues Subjugation of Bengalis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/west-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |year=2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |page=478}}</ref>

== Persecution of Biharis ==
{{Main|Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh}}In 1947, at the time of partition and the establishment of the state of Pakistan, Bihari Muslims, many of whom were fleeing the violence that took place during partition, migrated from India to the newly independent East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html|title=In Pictures: Plight of Biharis in Bangladesh|last=Hasan|first=Bijoyeta Das, Khaled|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524210015/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Borhan Uddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |author2=Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631609163 |editor=Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |archive-date=24 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> These Urdu-speaking people were averse to the Bengali language movement and the subsequent nationalist movements because they maintained allegiance toward West Pakistani rulers, causing anti-Bihari sentiments among local nationalist Bengalis. After the convening of the National Assembly was postponed by Yahya Khan on 1 March 1971, the dissidents in East Pakistan began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}}<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book |author=George Fink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 |title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-381382-4 |pages=292 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64 |title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227010-9 |pages=64 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011706/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MAR-1" />

In early March 1971, 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} The Government of Pakistan used the 'Bihari massacre' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March,{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} when it initiated its infamous Operation Searchlight. When the war broke out in 1971, the Biharis sided with the Pakistani Army. Some of them joined Razakar and Al-Shams militia groups and participated in the persecution and genocide of their Bengali countrymen, in retaliation for atrocities committed against them by Bengalis,{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} including the widespread looting of Bengali properties and abetting other criminal activities.<ref name="Blood9782"/> When the war finished Biharis faced severe retaliation, resulting in a counter-genocide and the displacement of over a million non-Bengalis.<ref name="vanSchendel2009" />

According to the [[Minorities at Risk]] project, the number of Biharis killed by Bengalis was reportedly about 1,000.<ref name="MAR-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh |work=The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project |access-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |archive-date=2 June 2010 }}</ref> [[Rudolph Rummel]] gives an estimate of 150,000 killed.<ref name="Rummel1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|title=Death by Government|last=Rummel|first=R.J.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-1-56000-927-6|pages=334|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220223228/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|url-status=live}}</ref> International estimates vary, while some have put the deaths as several thousands; Biharis faced reprisals from the Mukti Bahini and militias,<ref>{{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |title=A History of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-26497-3 |page=173}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2010 p101" /> and from 500,000<ref name="MAR-1" /> to 550,000<ref>{{cite book |last=Fink |first=George |title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 |year=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-381382-4 |pages=292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po - Z, index. 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64 |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227010-9 |pages=64}}</ref> were killed.
Bihari representatives claim a figure of 600,000 Biharis killed.{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148 148]}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334|title=Death by Government|last=Rummel|first=R.J.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9781560009276|pages=334}}</ref>

After the war the Government of Bangladesh confiscated the properties of the Bihari Population. There are many reports of massacres of Biharis and alleged collaborators that took place in the period following the surrender of the Pakistani Army on 16 December 1971.<ref>ICJ EAST PAKISTAN 1971 REPORT, supra note 5, at 44–45, quoted in S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205.</ref> In an incident on 18 December 1971, captured on camera and attended by members of the foreign press, [[Abdul Kader Siddiqui]], together with [[Kader Bahini|Kaderia Bahini]] guerrillas under his command and named after him,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |title=Old images from a long-ago war |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012705/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960 |archive-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> bayoneted and shot to death a group of prisoners of war who were accused of belonging to the Razakar paramilitary forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stanhope |first=Henry |title=Mukti Bahini Bayonet Prisoners After Prayers |newspaper=The Times |location=London |page=4 |quote=[Dateline: Dec 19] Four ''Razakar'' prisoners, who were bayoneted publicly after a rally yesterday ... The leader of the Mukti Bahini ... took part, casually beating the prisoners with has swagger stick before borrowing a bayonet to lunge at one of the trussed-up men. The leader, Mr Abdul Qader Siddiqui, the Mukti commander-in-chief for Dacca, Tangail, Mymensingh and Pusur, whose 'troops' are known as the ''Qaderi'' ... Mr Saddiqui's Mukti guards ... fixed bayonets and charged at the prisoners ... They stabed [sic] them through the neck, the chest, the stomach. One of the guards, dismayed at having no bayonet, shot one of the prisoners in the stomach with his sten gun. The crowd watched with interest and the photographers snapped away.}}</ref><ref>International Commission of Jurists, the Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study by the Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists 9 (1972)</ref>

==International reactions==
''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported a high US official as saying of the slaughter of the East Pakistanis by their West Pakistani enemies, "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."<ref name="PakistanThe">{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=29 January 2009 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="WPP 2017">{{cite web |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat}}</ref>{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}}<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /> [[Genocide]] is the term that is used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh;<ref name="Dr. N.Rabbee">{{cite news |last=Rabbee |first=N. |title=Remembering a Martyr |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm |work=Star Weekend Magazine |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027095320/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bangladeshobserver">{{cite news |title=The Jamaat Talks Back |url=http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer]] |type=Editorial |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123033307/http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |archive-date=23 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the term is defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group"<ref>{{cite book |last=Funk |first=T. Marcus |title=Victims' Rights and Advocacy at the International Criminal Court |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-973747-5 |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/PublicInternationalLaw/InternationalCriminalandHumanita/?view=usa&ci=9780199737475 |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022045912/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/PublicInternationalLaw/InternationalCriminalandHumanita/?view=usa |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 1972 report by the [[International Commission of Jurists]] (ICJ) noted that both sides in the conflict accused each other of perpetrating genocide. The report observed that it may be difficult to substantiate claims that the "whole of the military action and repressive measures taken by the Pakistani Army and their auxiliary forces constituted genocide' that was intended to destroy the Bengali people in whole or in part, and that 'preventing a nation from attaining political autonomy does not constitute genocide: the intention must be to destroy in whole or in part the people as such." The difficulty of proving intent was considered to be further complicated by the fact that three specific sections of the Bengali people were targeted in killings committed by the Pakistani Army and their collaborators: members of the [[Awami League]], students, and East Pakistani citizens of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religion. The report observed, however, that there is a strong ''prima facie'' case that particular acts of genocide were committed, especially towards the end of the war, when Bengalis were targeted indiscriminately. Similarly, it was felt that there is a strong ''prima facie'' case that crimes of genocide were committed against the Hindu population of East Pakistan.<ref name=ICJ>International Commission of Jurists, "The Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study By The Secretariat Of The International Commission Of Jurists" 9 (1972), p. 56–57., cited in S. Linton, "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation," Criminal Law Forum (2010) 21:191–311, p. 243.</ref>

As regards the massacres of non-Bengalis by Bengalis during and after the Liberation War, the ICJ report argued that it is improbable that "spontaneous and frenzied mob violence against a particular section of the community from whom the mob senses danger and hostility is to be regarded as possessing the necessary element of conscious intent to constitute the crime of genocide," but that, if the ''[[dolus specialis]]'' were to be proved in particular cases, these would have constituted acts of genocide against non-Bengalis.<ref name=ICJ/>

After the minimum 20 countries became parties to the [[Genocide Convention]], it came into force as [[international law]] on 12 January 1951. At that time however, only two of the five [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]] of the [[UN Security Council]] were parties to the treaty, and it was not until after the last of the five permanent members ratified the treaty in 1988, and the [[Cold War]] came to an end, that the international law on the crime of genocide began to be enforced. As such, the allegation that genocide took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the [[United Nations]].{{Citation needed}}

[[Rudolph Rummel]] wrote, "In 1971, the self-appointed president of Pakistan and commander-in-chief of the army General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals prepared a careful and systematic military, economic, and political operation against East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). They planned to murder that country's Bengali intellectual, cultural, and political elite. They planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |author-link=Rudolph Rummel |year=1994 |title=Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG315 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=315 |isbn=978-1-56000-145-4 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180021/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The genocide is also mentioned in some publications outside the subcontinent; for example, ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' lists the atrocities as one of the largest five genocides in the twentieth century.<ref name="Guinness genocide">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YnAAAACAAJ|title=Guinness World Records 2007|last=[[Guinness World Records]]|publisher=Guinness World Records Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=978-1-904994-12-1|location=London|pages=118–119|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012716/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YnAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===US complicity===
[[File:Yahya and Nixon.jpg|thumb|200px|left|President of Pakistan Yahya Khan with United States President Richard Nixon, 1970.]]
President [[Richard Nixon]] viewed Pakistan as a [[Cold War]] ally and refused to condemn its actions. From the White House tapes: "The President seems to be making sure that the distrusted [[U.S. Department of State|State Department]] would not, on its own, condemn [[Yahya Khan|Yahya]] for killing [[Bengal]]is."<ref name="Bass" /> Nixon and China tried to suppress reports of genocide emanating from East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/us-china-suppressed-genocide-reports-during-bangladesh-liberation-war_1567599.html|title=US, China suppressed genocide reports during Bangladesh liberation war|website=Zee News|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012623/https://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/us-china-suppressed-genocide-reports-during-bangladesh-liberation-war_1567599.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nixon also relied on Americans not paying close attention to events in Asia: "[[Biafra]] stirred up a few Catholics. But you know, I think Biafra stirred people up more than Pakistan, because Pakistan they're just a bunch of brown goddamn Moslems."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3|title=Unholy Alliances|last=Mishra|first=Pankaj|newspaper=The New Yorker|issn=0028-792X|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161402/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

The US government secretly encouraged the shipment of weapons from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Jordan]] to Pakistan, and reimbursed those countries for them<ref name="cb756">Black, Conrad, "Richard Nixon: A Life in Full" ([[New York City|New York]]: [[PublicAffairs]], 2007), p. 756.</ref> despite Congressional objections.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rao|first=P.V.|title=The US Congress and the 1971 Crisis in East Pakistan|journal=International Studies|volume=43|issue=1|doi=10.1177/002088170504300104|pages=73–91|s2cid=154328910 |quote=The US government's continued shipping of arms to Pakistan, despite suspension, angered the Congress and India.}}</ref>

A collection of declassified US government documents, mostly consisting of communications between US officials in [[Washington, D.C.]] and in embassies and USIS centers in [[Dhaka]] and in India, show that US officials knew about these mass killings at the time and, in fact, used the terms "genocide" and "selective genocide," for example, in the "[[Blood Telegram]]."<ref name="TheTilt" /> They also show that President Nixon, advised by [[Henry Kissinger]], decided to downplay this secret internal advice, because he wanted to protect the interests of Pakistan as he was apprehensive of India's friendship with the [[USSR]], and he was seeking a closer relationship with China, which supported Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB21.pdf |title=Memorandam for the Record |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his book ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]'', [[Christopher Hitchens]] elaborates on what he saw as the efforts of Kissinger to subvert the aspirations of independence on the part of the Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theweek.com/articles/452419/toxic-cult-americas-national-interest|title=The toxic cult of America's national interest|website=theweek.com|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012652/https://theweek.com/articles/452419/toxic-cult-americas-national-interest|url-status=live}}</ref> Hitchens not only claims that the term genocide is appropriate to describe the results of the struggle, but also points to the efforts of Henry Kissinger in undermining others who condemned the then-ongoing atrocities as being a genocide. Hitchens concluded, "Kissinger was responsible for the killing of thousands of people, including [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nabi |first=Waheed |title=America's role in Mujib murder |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/americas-role-in-mujib-murder |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012625/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/americas-role-in-mujib-murder |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some American politicians did speak out. [[U.S. Senate|Senator]] [[Ted Kennedy]] charged Pakistan with committing genocide, and called for a complete cut-off of American military and economic aid to Pakistan.<ref name=KennedyGenocide>{{Cite news |title=Kennedy Charges Genocide in Pakistan, Urges Aid Cutoff |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822192747/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2011 }} [http://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/ Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Shahid Kader |title=Age, Gender and Religion of the Victims of the Bangladesh Genocide: A Case Study |url=https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/11_1_399.pdf |journal=Jagannath University Journal of Arts |location=[[Dhaka]] |publisher=[[Jagannath University]] |volume=11 |access-date=18 June 2022 |quote=The intensity of genocide, i.e. persecuting 3 million within just nine months on such a small geographical area, is unprecedented in history. The intensity is comparable to the Holocaust during World War II. |number=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |title='Never again': aesthetics of 'genocidal' cosmopolitanism and the Bangladesh Liberation War Museum |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume=17 |pages=S71–S91 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01690.x |jstor=23011426}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Discussion in UN: Recognition of 1971 genocide sought |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/discussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940 |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |quote=Ambassador Sovaan Ke termed the 1971 genocide as the second largest genocide in the history after the holocaust.}}</ref>

==War crimes trial attempts==
As early as 22 December 1971, the [[Indian Army]] was conducting investigations of senior Pakistani Army officers connected to the massacre of intellectuals in Dhaka, with the aim of collecting sufficient evidence to have them tried as war criminals. They produced a list of officers who were in positions of command at the time, or were connected to the Inter-Services Screening Committee.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dring |first=S. |title=Pakistani officers on list for war crimes trials |newspaper=The Times |location=London |page=5}}</ref>

===1972–1975===
On 24 December 1971, Home minister of Bangladesh [[A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman]] said, "war criminals will not survive from the hands of law. Pakistani military personnel who were involved with killing and raping have to face tribunal." In a joint statement after a meeting between Sheikh Mujib and [[Indira Gandhi]], the Indian government assured that it would give all necessary assistance for bringing war criminals into justice. In February 1972, the government of Bangladesh announced plans to put 100 senior Pakistani officers and officials on trial for crimes of genocide. The list included General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A. K. Niazi]] and four other generals.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 face genocide charges |newspaper=The Times |location=London |page=7}}</ref>

After the war, the Indian Army held 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf |title=Case Concerning Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India): Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection |first=J. G. |last=Kharas |work=International Court of Justice |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502182659/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 195 of whom were suspected of committing war crimes. All 195 were released in April 1974 following the tripartite [[Delhi Agreement]] between Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and repatriated to Pakistan, in return for Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Linton |first=Suzannah |year=2010 |title=Completing the circle: accountability for the crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh war of liberation |journal=Criminal Law Forum |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=203 |doi=10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 |ssrn=2036374|hdl=10722/124770 |s2cid=143939929 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Pakistan expressed interest in performing a trial against those 195 officials. Fearing for the fate of 400,000 Bengalis trapped in Pakistan, Bangladesh agreed to hand them over to Pakistani authorities.<ref name=BangInt/>

The Bangladeshi Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972 was promulgated to bring to trial those Bangladeshis who collaborated with and aided the Pakistani Armed forces during the Liberation War of 1971.<ref>President's Order No. 8 of 1972 (1972) (Bangl.); Collaborators (Special Tribunals)
Order (1972) (Bangl.).</ref> There are conflicting accounts of the number of persons brought to trial under the 1972 Collaborators Order, ranging between 10,000 and 40,000.<ref name="S. Linton 2010 p. 205">S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205.</ref> At the time, the trials were considered problematic by local and external observers, because they appear to have been used for carrying out political vendettas. R. MacLennan, a British MP who was an observer at the trials stated that 'In the dock, the defendants are scarcely more pitiable than the succession of confused prosecution witnesses driven (by the 88-year-old defence counsel) to admit that they, too, served the Pakistani government but are now ready to swear blindly that their real loyalty was to the government of Bangladesh in exile.'<ref>A. Mascarenhas, 'Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood', Hodder and Stoughton, 1986, p. 25.</ref> In May 1973, the Pakistani government detained Bengali civil servants stranded in Pakistan, as well as their family members, in response to Bangladesh's attempt to try POWs for genocide.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/|title=How We Shortchanged Bangladesh|website=Newsweek Pakistan|access-date=31 March 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan unsuccessfully pleaded five times to the International Court of Justice to contest Bangladesh's application of the term "genocide".<ref name=":4" />

The government of Bangladesh issued a general amnesty on 30 November 1973, applying it to all persons except those who were punished or accused of rape, murder, attempted murder or arson.<ref name="S. Linton 2010 p. 205"/> The Collaborators Order of 1972 was revoked in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-15426|title=Existing evidence enough to try killers|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|last1=Ahsan|first1=Zayadul|last2=Liton|first2=Shakawat|access-date=18 June 2022|quote=To resume the trial process, the jurists said, the government could enact a new law, or revive the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972, which was revoked on December 31, 1975, burying the process of trial of the killers.}}</ref>

The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973 was promulgated to prosecute any persons, irrespective of nationality, who were accused of committing crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, "violations of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid out in the Geneva Conventions of 1949" and "any other crimes under international law".<ref>S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 206.</ref> Detainees held under the 1972 Collaborators Order who were not released by the general amnesty of 1973 were going to be tried under this Act. However, no trials were held, and all activities related to the Act ceased after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh|title=Gwynne Dyer: Genocide trials in Bangladesh|website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143821/http://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are no known instances of criminal investigations or trials outside Bangladesh of alleged perpetrators of war crimes during the 1971 war. Initial steps were taken by the [[Metropolitan Police]] to investigate individuals resident in the United Kingdom who were alleged to have committed war crimes according to a [[Channel 4]] documentary film aired in 1995. To date, no charges have been brought against these individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torture in Bangladesh 1971–2004: Making International Commitments a Reality and Providing Justice and Reparations to Victims |publisher=[[Redress (charitable organisation)|REDRESS]] |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4bf3a6e92.html |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012628/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4bf3a6e92.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1991–2006===
[[File:Sculpture of Refugees from 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826707374).jpg|thumb|Memorial of clay of refugees of the Bangladesh genocide.]]
On 29 December 1991 [[Ghulam Azam]], who was accused of being a collaborator with Pakistan in the war of 1971, became the chairman or Ameer of the political party [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Bangladesh, which caused controversy. This incident prompted the creation of a 'National Committee for Resisting the Killers and Collaborators of 1971', in the footsteps of a proposal by writer and political activist [[Jahanara Imam]]. A mock people's court was formed, which on 26 March 1992 found Ghulam Azam guilty in a widely criticised trial, which sentenced him to death; he ultimately died in prison in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115|title=Ghulam Azam dies in prison|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=18 June 2022|last1=Adhikary|first1=Tuhin Shubhra|last2=Khan|first2=Mahbubur Rahman}}</ref>

A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on 20 September 2006 for alleged crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. Raymond Solaiman & Associates, acting for the plaintiff Mr. Solaiman, released a press statement which among other things said:<ref name="SYG_2672_2006">[http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm Raymond Faisal Solaiman v People's Republic of Bangladesh & Ors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214084924/http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm }} In The Federal Magistrates Court of Australia at Sydney.</ref>
{{blockquote|text=We are glad to announce that a case has been filed in the Federal Magistrate's Court of Australia today under the Genocide Conventions Act 1949 and War Crimes Act. This is the first time in history that someone is attending a court proceeding in relation to the [alleged] crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. The Proceeding number is SYG 2672 of 2006. On 25 October 2006, a direction hearing will take place in the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, Sydney registry before Federal Magistrate His Honor Nicholls.}}

On 21 May 2007, at the request of the applicant leave was granted to the applicant to discontinue his application filed on 20 September 2006.<ref>This judgement can be found via the [http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/ Federal Court of Australia home page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903215345/http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/ }} by following the links and using SYG/2672/2006 as the key for the database</ref>

===2007–present===
[[File:Protesters at Shahbag with candle.JPG|thumb|Demonstrators hold a candles for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide]]
On 30 July 2009, the Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of Bangladesh stated that no Pakistanis would be tried under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973.<ref name="S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum 2010 p. 228">S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 228.</ref> This decision has drawn criticism from international jurists, because it effectively gives immunity to the commanders of the Pakistani Army who are generally considered to be ultimately responsible for the majority of the crimes that were committed in 1971.<ref name="S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum 2010 p. 228"/>

[[File:Shahbag Projonmo Square Uprising Demanding Death Penalty of the War Criminals of 1971 in Bangladesh 05.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators hold torches for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide]]
The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] (ICT) is a war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the [[Pakistan Army]] and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Wierda">{{cite book |last=Wierda |first=Marieke |title=International Prosecutors |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199554294 |author2=Anthony Triolo |editor=[[Luc Reydams]] |editor2=Jan Wouters |editor3=Cedric Ryngaert |page=169 |year=2012}}</ref> During the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]], the [[Awami League]] (AL) pledged to try war criminals.<ref name="Kibria">{{cite book| last=Kibria |first=Nazli |year=2011 |title=Muslims in Motion: Islam and National Identity in the Bangladeshi Diaspora |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=19 |isbn=978-0813550565 |quote=The landslide victory of the Awami League in the 2008 election included a manifesto pledge to prosecute the war criminals of 1971.}}</ref>

The government set up the tribunal after the Awami League won the general election in December 2008 with more than two-thirds majority in parliament. The [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]], tasked to investigate and find evidence, completed its report in 2008, identifying 1600 suspects.<ref name="Rahman">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Syedur |title=Historical dictionary of Bangladesh |year=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8108-6766-6 |page=289 |edition=4th |author2=Craig Baxter}}</ref><ref name="Montero">{{cite news |last=Montero |first=David |title=Bangladesh arrests are opening act of war crimes tribunal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0714/Bangladesh-arrests-are-opening-act-of-war-crimes-tribunal |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=27 March 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012638/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0714/Bangladesh-arrests-are-opening-act-of-war-crimes-tribunal |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the formation of the ICT, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] offered assistance in 2009 on the tribunal's formation.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=144}} In 2009 the parliament amended the 1973 act that authorised such a tribunal to update it.<ref name=dwonparty>{{cite news |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=28 February 2012 |url=http://www.dw.de/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674 |title=Will ban on Islamic party heal wounds? |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012717/https://www.dw.com/en/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout the years, tens of thousands of mostly young demonstrators, including women, have called for the death penalty for those convicted of war crimes. Non-violent protests supporting this position have occurred in other cities as the country closely follows the trials. The first indictments were issued in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4276 |title=Bangladesh: Implications of Jamaat-e-Islami's Indictment |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Rupak |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

By 2012, nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami, the largest Islamist party in the nation, and two of the [[Bangladesh National Party]], had been indicted as suspects in war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678|title=Bangladesh Islamic party leaders indicted on war crimes charges|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=30 July 2019|agency=Associated Press|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012710/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678|url-status=live}}</ref> Three leaders of Jamaat were the first tried; each were convicted of several charges of war crimes. The first person convicted was [[Abul Kalam Azad (Bachchu)|Abul Kalam Azad]], who was [[trial in absentia|tried ''in absentia'']] as he had left the country; he was sentenced to death in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21118998|title=Bangladesh cleric Abul Kalam Azad sentenced to die for war crimes|last=Mustafa|first=Sabir|year=2013|work=BBC News|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21118998|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Protest against War Crimes at Shahabag Square (8459696133).jpg|thumb|240px|[[2013 Shahbag protests]] demanding the death penalty for the war criminals of the 1971 war]]
While human rights groups<ref name="Adams">{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Brad |title=Letter to the Bangladesh Prime Minister regarding the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402111542/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act |url-status=live }}</ref> and various political entities<ref name="Haq">{{cite book|last=Haq|first=M. Zahurul|title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9067048101|edition=1st|editor=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=T. McCormack|page=463|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Ullah">{{cite news |last=Ullah |first=Ansar Ahmed |title=Vote of trust for war trial |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-221052 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-221052 |url-status=live }}</ref> initially supported the establishment of the tribunal, they have since criticised it on issues of fairness and transparency, as well as reported harassment of lawyers and witnesses representing the accused.<ref name="Adams" /><ref name="Adams2">{{cite news | last = Adams | first = Brad | title = Bangladesh: Stop Harassment of Defense at War Tribunal | url = http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bangladesh-stop-harassment-of-defense-at-war-tribunal | publisher = Thomson Reuters Foundation | date = 2 November 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130415235147/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bangladesh-stop-harassment-of-defense-at-war-tribunal | archive-date = 15 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Karim">{{cite book|last=Karim|first=Bianca|title=International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199694907|author2=Tirza Theunissen|editor=Dinah Shelton|page=114|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Ghafour">{{cite news|last=Ghafour|first=Abdul|title=International community urged to stop 'summary executions' in Bangladesh|newspaper=Arab News}}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami supporters and their student wing, Islami Chhatra Shibir, called a general strike nationwide on 4 December 2012 in protest against the tribunals. The protest leaders demanded that the tribunal be scrapped permanently and their leaders released immediately.<ref name="Attack_star-1">{{cite news |title=Jamaat, Shibir go berserk |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=257274 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012632/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-257274 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="attack_newage-1">{{cite news|title=Jamaat-Shibir men run amok|url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-11-14&nid=30049|access-date=26 January 2013|newspaper=New Age|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041249/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-11-14&nid=30049#.UQPTkPJ5eSq|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="attack_sun-1">{{cite news|title=Jamaat desperately on the offensive|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_09-11-2012_Jamaat-desperately-on-the-offensive_314_1_1_1_7.html|access-date=26 January 2013|newspaper=The Daily Sun|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515115950/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_09-11-2012_Jamaat-desperately-on-the-offensive_314_1_1_1_7.html|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>

One of the most high profile verdicts was of [[Abdul Quader Molla|Abdul Quader Mollah]], assistant secretary general of Jamaat, who was convicted in February 2013 and sentenced to life imprisonment, which culminated in the massive [[2013 Shahbag protests|Shahbag protests]]. The government, although initially reluctant, eventually appealed the verdict in the Supreme Court, which then sentenced Mollah to death. Abdul Quader Mollah was subsequently executed on Thursday 12 December 2013, amidst controversies on the legitimacy of the war tribunal hearings, drawing wide criticisms from countries such as the US, UK and Turkey, as well as from the UN. A period of unrest ensued. The majority of the population, however, was found to be in favour of the execution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollah Execution: Social sites explode, global media abuzz |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/debate-over-quader-mollah-execution/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012713/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/debate-over-quader-mollah-execution |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] was convicted of war crimes due to his involvement in mass killings, rape, arson, looting and forced conversion of [[Hindus]] to Islam. He was sentenced to death by hanging;<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh war crimes trial: Delwar Hossain Sayeedi to die |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769 |work=BBC News}}</ref> his sentence, however, was later commuted to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Haroon Habib |title=Top Jamaat leader Sayedee to be in prison until death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

[[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] was hanged on 11 May 2015 for 16 charges of genocide, rape and torture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence.|title=Bangladesh Hangs Another Islamist Leader|author=Roshni Kapur|newspaper=The Diplomat|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>

[[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury]] and [[Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mujahid]], both of whom had been convicted of genocide and rape, were hanged in Dhaka Central Jail shortly after midnight on 22 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece|title=Two top Bangladesh war criminals hanged|author=Haroon Habib|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128041343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html|title=Bangladesh Hangs 2 Leaders Convicted of War Crimes|work=The New York Times|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December 2016, business tycoon [[Mir Quasem Ali]], convicted of crimes against humanity for torturing and killing suspected Bangladeshi liberationists, was hanged at Kashimpur Prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html |title=Bangladesh executes last prominent Jamaat leader |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, a draft of the Digital Security Act was finalized and placed for cabinet approval. The law proposed to declare any propaganda against the War of Liberation as cognizable and non-bailable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/|title=The Digital Security Act, 2016 (Draft) : A Sneak Peek |website=The FutureLaw Initiative |access-date=17 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033240/http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beachler |first=D. |url= |title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-33763-3 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloxham |first=Donald |url= |title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-157260-9 |pages=468 |language=en}}</ref>

==Views in Pakistan==
{{Denial of Mass Killings}}
The [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] set up by the Pakistani government following the war noted various atrocities committed by the Pakistani military, including: Widespread arson and killings in the countryside; killing of intellectuals and professionals; killing of Bengali military officers and soldiers on the pretence of mutiny; killing Bengali civilian officials, businessmen and industrialists; raping numerous Bengali women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture; deliberate killing of members of the Bengali Hindu minority; and the creation of [[mass grave]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report |title=The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report |work=Story of Pakistan |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012634/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hamoodur Rahman Commission wrote: "[I]ndiscriminate killing and looting could only serve the cause of the enemies of Pakistan. In the harshness, we lost the support of the silent majority of the people of East Pakistan.... The [[Comilla Cantonment massacre]] (on 27th/28th of March, 1971) under the orders of CO 53 Field Regiment, Lt. Gen. Yakub Malik, in which 17 Bengali Officers and 915 men were just slain by a flick of one Officer's fingers should suffice as an example".<ref name="Genocide they wrote"/> The commission's report and findings were suppressed by the Pakistani government for more than 30 years, but were leaked to the Indian and Pakistani media in 2000. However, the commission's lowly death toll of 26,000 was criticised as an attempt to whitewash the war.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166 |quote=Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.}}</ref>{{sfn|Payaslian}}

Several former West Pakistani Army officers who served in Bangladesh during the 1971 war have admitted to large-scale atrocities by their forces.<ref name="Genocide they wrote" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Inam |last2=Liton |first2=Shakhawat |title=The blueprint for massacre |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012702/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Inam |last2=Liton |first2=Shakhawat |title=Partners in the genocide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012719/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government of Pakistan continues to deny that the 1971 Bangladesh genocide took place under Pakistan's rule of [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Pakistan]]) during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as [[Anthony Mascarenhas]]) who reported on the genocide of being "enemy agents".<ref>"His article was – from Pakistan's point of view – a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda."{{cite news |author=Mark Dummett |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News |access-date=27 December 2011 |author-link=Mark Dummett |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012640/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Donald W. Beachler, professor of [[political science]] at [[Ithaca College]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc |title=Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh |author=Donald W. Beachler |website=Institute for the Study of Genocide |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074152/http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|The government of Pakistan explicitly denied that there was genocide. By their refusal to characterise the mass-killings as genocide or to condemn and restrain the Pakistani government, the US and Chinese governments implied that they did not consider it so.}}
Similarly, in the wake of the [[2013 Shahbag protests]] against [[war criminals]] who were complicit in the genocide, English journalist [[Philip Hensher]] wrote:<ref>{{cite news|title= The war Bangladesh can never forget|author= Philip Hensher|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html#|newspaper= [[The Independent]]|access-date= 26 February 2013|author-link= Philip Hensher|archive-date= 28 December 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The genocide is still too little known about in the West. It is, moreover, the subject of shocking degrees of denial among partisan polemicists and manipulative historians.}}

In the 1974 [[Delhi Agreement]], Bangladesh called on Pakistan to prosecute 195 military officers for [[war crime]]s, [[crimes against humanity]], and genocide under relevant provisions of [[international law]]. Pakistan responded that it "deeply regretted any crimes that may have been committed".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/|title=Text of the tri-patriate agreement of Bangladesh-Pakistan-India|work=Bangladesh Genocide Archive|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012708/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> It failed to bring the perpetrators to account on its own soil, as requested by Bangladesh. The position taken by Pakistan was reiterated by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in 1974, when he simply expressed "regret" for 1971, and former Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2002, when he expressed regret for the "excesses" committed in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf boosts Bangladesh ties |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2157891.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2157891.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] set up by Bangladesh in 2009 to prosecute surviving collaborators of the pro-Pakistani militias in 1971 has been the subject of strong criticism in Pakistani political and military circles. On 30 November 2015, the government of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] retreated from earlier positions and said that it denies any role by Pakistan in atrocities in Bangladesh.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news |last1=Karim |first1=Rezaul |last2=Adhikary |first2=Tuhin Shubhra |title=Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pak-statement-creates-outrage-180628 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205151039/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pak-statement-creates-outrage-180628 |url-status=live }}</ref> A statement of the Pakistani Foreign Ministry, after summoning the Acting Bangladeshi High Commissioner, said that "Pakistan also rejected insinuation of complicity in committing crimes or war atrocities. Nothing could be further from the truth".<ref name="thedailystar.net"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/world/news/843926|title=Pakistan denies war crimes in Bangladesh|work=Arab News|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012637/https://www.arabnews.com/world/news/843926|url-status=live}}</ref> The statement marked a growing trend of [[genocide denial]] in Pakistan, which picked up pace after controversial Indian academic [[Sarmila Bose]] accused the [[Mukti Bahini]] of war crimes. Bose asserts that there is greater denial in Bangladesh of war crimes which were committed by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" />

Many in Pakistan's [[civil society]] have called for an unconditional apology to Bangladesh and an acknowledgement of the genocide, including noted journalist [[Hamid Mir]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tusher |first=Hasan Jahid |title=Pakistan must offer unconditional apology |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pakistan-must-offer-unconditional-apology/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093936/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pakistan-must-offer-unconditional-apology/ |url-status=live }}</ref> former Pakistani ambassador to the United States [[Husain Haqqani]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/former-pakistani-diplomat-calls-official-apology-bangladesh-1971-genocide-2069089|title=Former Pakistani diplomat calls for official apology to Bangladesh for 1971 genocide|access-date=24 August 2021|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> human rights activist [[Asma Jahangir]],<ref name="thedailystar.net1">{{cite news |last=Tusher |first=Hasan Jahid |title=Genocide 1971 – Apology not made due to army factor |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/apology-not-made-due-to-army-factor/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302143504/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/apology-not-made-due-to-army-factor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> former Pakistan Air Force chief [[Asghar Khan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/docs/hamoodur/articles/akhtar_apology.htm|title=[Genocide/1971] Hasan Akhtar: "Pakistan should apologize to BD for '71 tragedy"|work=globalwebpost.com|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021023532/http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/docs/hamoodur/articles/akhtar_apology.htm|archive-date=21 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> cultural activist [[Salima Hashmi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-pakistan.com/2013/04/01/pakistan-should-apologize-to-bangladesh-salima-hashmi/|title=Pakistan should apologize to Bangladesh: Salima Hashmi|work=new-pakistan.com|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012721/http://new-pakistan.com/2013/04/01/pakistan-should-apologize-to-bangladesh-salima-hashmi/|url-status=live}}</ref> and defence analyst Muhammad Ali Ehsan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/471715/why-pakistan-should-apologise-to-bangladesh/|title=Why Pakistan should apologise to Bangladesh|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012736/https://tribune.com.pk/story/471715/why-pakistan-should-apologise-to-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> Asma Jahangir has called for an independent United Nations inquiry to investigate the atrocities. Jahangir also described Pakistan's reluctance to acknowledge the genocide a result of the Pakistani Army's dominant influence on foreign policy.<ref name="thedailystar.net1"/> She spoke of the need for closure on the 1971 genocide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/dec/03/asma-jahangir-un-body-investigate-genocide-1971|title=Asma Jahangir for UN body to investigate genocide in 1971|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012647/https://www.dhakatribune.com/error|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistani historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash described the actions of the Pakistani Army during the Bangladesh Liberation war as a "rampage".<ref name=":2" />

==Documentaries and films==
* [[Stop Genocide]] (1971) documentary film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIK_mi-SJT4|title=Stop Genocide, Documentary film by Zahir Raihan|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIK_mi-SJT4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The making of Stop Genocide and disappearance of Zahir Raihan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67680|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012650/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67680|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Major Khaled's war (1971) documentary film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsjTQLtIHEI|title=Khaled's war - English (Full)|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012724/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsjTQLtIHEI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84481853|title=Major Khaled's war|publisher=Wikidata|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012739/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84481853|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh (1972) documentary film<ref>{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Saurav|title=9 Months To Freedom|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/9-months-to-freedom|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608061231/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/9-months-to-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AKDE/info|title=Nine Months To Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh|publisher=Indian Cine|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012653/https://indiancine.ma/AKDE/info|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War (2014)]] a film portraying the atrocities in the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide.
* Merciless Mayhem: The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes (2018) [[TV movie]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8581384/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl|title=Merciless Mayhem:The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes (2018 TV Movie)|publisher=IMDB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voT8MPAQyh0|title=Merciless Mayhem:The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes|publisher=YouTube|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012715/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voT8MPAQyh0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Genocide}}
* [[1971 Dhaka University massacre]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Akhira massacre]]
* [[Bakhrabad massacre]]
* [[Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day]]
* [[Burunga massacre]]
* [[Jinjira massacre]]
* [[Chuknagar massacre]]
* [[The Concert for Bangladesh]], the first major [[benefit concert]]
* [[Movement demanding trial of war criminals of Bangladesh : 1972 to present]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War Library and Research Centre]], a Digital Library, working to 'preserve and publicly distribute' the historical documents regarding the Liberation War of Bangladesh and Genocide of Innocent Bengali People in 1971.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|3}}
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* {{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and Its Impact on Women |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction |pages=219–248 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Riedel | first = Bruce O. | title = Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad | year = 2011 | publisher = Brookings Institution | isbn = 978-0-8157-0557-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Rituparna | title = South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh | year = 2010 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | isbn = 978-90-8964-245-5 | edition = 1st }}
* {{cite book | last = Saikia | first = Yasmin | year = 2011 | title = Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-5038-5 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Schmid | editor-first = Alex | title = The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-41157-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Shah | first = Mehtab Ali | title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 | year = 1997 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 978-1-86064-169-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharlach|first=Lisa|title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda|journal=New Political Science|year=2000|volume=1|issue=22|pages=89–102|doi=10.1080/713687893|s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book | last = Shehabuddin | first = Elora | editor1-last = Riaz | editor1-first = Ali | editor1-link = Ali Riaz |editor2-last = Fair |editor2-first = C. Christine | title = Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh | chapter = Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-57673-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sisson | first1 = Richard | title = War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh | year = 1992 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-07665-5 |first2=Leo E.|last2=Rose }}
* {{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Philip|title=Genocide Since 1945|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book | last = Tomsen | first = Peter | title = The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers | year = 2011 | publisher = Public Affairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-763-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = H R. | title = Language and National Identity in Asia | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-926748-4 | editor = Andrew Simpson}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Genocides in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]

Bijnor Rural

2023-07-09T15:06:48Z

Bamilaw222: Page crafted.

{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijnor Rural
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Uttar Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1890}}
| founder =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 9000.13
| population_total = 3432
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| coordinates =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246701
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] , [[Urdu]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
}}
'''Bijnor Rural''' is a large village in [[Bijnor district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is part of [[Bijnor]] and Gram Panchayat. According to a 2011 census, its population is 3432.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Rural Village Population - Bijnor - Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/112334-bijnor-rural-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Census of India 2011 - Uttar Pradesh - Series 10 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Bijnor |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1188 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Rural Village |url=https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/bijnor/bijnor-rural.html |url-status=live |website=Maps of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Rural, Bijnor, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India - Geolysis Local |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/up/bijnor/bijnor/bijnor-rural |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

Gujjar

2023-05-08T07:58:15Z

Bamilaw222: Published a captivating publication.

#REDIRECT[[Gurjar]]

Member of parliament (India)

2023-01-08T14:18:59Z

Bamilaw222: Wrote an insightful write-up.

#REDIRECT [[Member of Parliament (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from alternate capitalisation}}
}}

Bishnumati River

2022-12-10T13:33:09Z

Bamilaw222: Created an influential manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Bisnumati River]] {{R from alternative spelling}}

Andy Marino (British writer)

2022-05-31T18:44:53Z

Bamilaw222: New page outline.

{{short description|British writer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
'''Andy Marino''' is a British writer. He is the author of ''Narendra Modi; A Political Biography'', published by HarperCollins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-am-sad-about-Gujarat-riots-but-have-no-guilt-Narendra-Modi-in-biography/articleshow/32675740.cms |title=Narendra Modi: I am sad about Gujarat riots, but have no guilt: Narendra Modi in biography|work=Times of India|accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allaboutnarendramodi/i-found-modi-to-be-very-good-company-andy-marino/article1-1195704.aspx |title=I found Modi to be very good company: Andy Marino - Hindustan Times |accessdate=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508084334/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allaboutnarendramodi/i-found-modi-to-be-very-good-company-andy-marino/article1-1195704.aspx |archivedate=8 May 2014}}</ref> His biography on Modi is remarkable because he was "the only foreigner known to have unfettered access to Mr. Modi".{{citation needed}} A book review published on the website of CNN-IBN said, "Marino’s book is indeed no hagiography; neither is it coldly objective. It warms up to Modi but is not dazzled by him".<ref name="ibnlive">{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/books/narendra-modi-a-political-biography-warms-up-to-modi-but-not-dazzled-by-him/466195-40.html|title='Narendra Modi, A Political Biography' warms up to Modi but not dazzled by him-BooksNews - IBNLive Mobile|publisher=m.ibnlive.com|accessdate=12 May 2014}}</ref> Andy Marino has previously written two other biographies: ''A Quiet American'', about [[Varian Fry]], and ''Herschel: The Boy Who Started World War Two'' about [[Herschel Grynszpan]].{{citation needed}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marino, Andy}}
[[Category:British biographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

All India Services

2022-01-25T19:47:47Z

Bamilaw222: Wrote an inspiring manuscript.

{{Short description|Government services in India}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

The '''All India Services''' ('''AIS''') comprises two of the [[Civil service|union civil services]] ''group 'A' gazetted designations'' known as [[Indian Administrative Service]] and [[Indian Police Service]] and one of the [[Natural resources|union natural resources services]] ''group 'A' gazetted designations''
known as the [[Indian Forest Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=FAQs {{!}} UPSC|url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/divisions/all-india-services-ais-branch/faqs|url-status=live|access-date=2 January 2022|website=www.upsc.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Laxmikanth 2014 p. 7-PA5">{{cite book | last=Laxmikanth | first=M. | title=Governance in India | publisher=McGraw-Hill Education | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-392-0478-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_BkBAAAQBAJ&pg=SA7-PA5 | access-date=2022-01-02 | page=7-PA5}}</ref><ref name="All India Services">{{cite web|title=All India Services|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/profile/the-union/public-services.php|website=Know India Official website of Government|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413090302/https://knowindia.gov.in/profile/the-union/public-services.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A unique feature of the All India Services is that the members of these services are recruited by the centre (Union government in federal polity), but their services are placed under various State cadres, and they have the ability to serve both under the State and under the centre.<ref name="All India Services"/> Because of the [[Federal political system|federal polity]] of the country, this is considered one of the tools that makes [[union government]] stronger than state governments. Officers of these three services comply to the All India Services Rules relating to pay, conduct, leave, various allowances etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=AlS rules|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_ActRules_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Index.asp|access-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213190156/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_ActRules_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Index.asp|archive-date=13 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[All India Services Act, 1951]], provides for the creation of two more All India Services, namely, the [[Indian Engineering Service|union engineering services]] and the [[Combined Medical Services Examination|union medical science services]], both of ''Group 'A' gazetted designations''.<ref name="legislative.gov.in">https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1951-61_0.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref name="164.100.47.4">http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/103_1962_LS_Eng.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref name="interstatecouncil.nic.in">http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERVIII.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|title=The All India Services Act, 1951 (Act no. 61 of 1951)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205607/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1951/A1951-61.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] is the cadre controlling authority for the Indian Administrative Service, The [[Ministry of Home Affairs]] is the cadre controlling authority for the Indian Police Service and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] for the Forest Service. The examination for recruitment of IAS and IPS is conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) on the basis of the annual [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]], a common civil service examination, and for the Indian Forest Service on the basis of the [[Indian Forest Service|Forest Service Examination]]. Since 2012 onwards, the preliminary (first test) of the two examinations are combined. These officers are recruited and trained by the Central Government, and then allotted to different State cadres.

==History==
The history of All India Services dates back to the British era when initially Civil Servants were appointed by the Court of Directors of the British East India Company. The service in those times was known as 'Covenanted Civil Service'. With time, they came to be known as [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS).

In 1947, with India gaining independence, ICS was replaced by Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police (IP) was replaced by [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) and were recognised by the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] as All-India Services.
In 1963, Indian Forest Service (IFS) was created and it came into existence in 1966.<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Laxmikanth
| first1 = M.
| title = Indian Polity
| publisher = McGraw-Hill Education
| isbn = 9352604881
}}</ref>

==Power, purpose and responsibilities==
The All India Services Act, 1951 empowers the government of India to make, after consultation with state governments, rules for the regulation of recruitment and conditions of service of the persons appointed to an All India Service. All India Service is governed by All India Service (Conduct) Rules, 1968 which specifies the code of conduct for Civil Servant in general. The All India Service (Conduct) Rules, 1968<ref>{{cite web|title=The All India Service (Conduct) Rules, 1968|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_I_Rule_10.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119195338/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_I_Rule_10.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Revised All India Services Rules (Vol.-I)|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_ActRules_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Index.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213190156/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_ActRules_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Index.asp|archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> were amended latest by Govt. of India by notification published in official Gazette of India on 10 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163600.pdf|title=The Gazette of India|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>

===Nature of work===
Responsibilities vary with the seniority of the civil servant. Junior officers begin with probation and move up in the hierarchy. At the district level the responsibilities are concerned with district matters as well as all developmental affairs while at the divisional level the responsibilities focus on law and order also. Policy framing is carried on at the State and Central levels.

==Allocation, division and cadres==
=== Cadre allocation policy ===
The [[Government of India|central government]] announced a new cadre allocation policy for the All India Services in August 2017, touting it as a policy to ensure national integration of the bureaucracy and to ensure an All India character of the services.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/AIS1/Docs/cadrepolicy2017.pdf|title=Cadre Allocation Policy for the All India Services-IAS/IPS/IFoS – Reg.|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910183803/http://persmin.gov.in/AIS1/Docs/cadrepolicy2017.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-finalises-new-allocation-policy-for-ias-ips-officers/story-N22dUxnK9bGU73JaNoC3xN.html|title=IAS, IPS allocation policy rejigged for 'national integration of bureaucracy'|oclc=231696742|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221545/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-finalises-new-allocation-policy-for-ias-ips-officers/story-N22dUxnK9bGU73JaNoC3xN.html|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AIS New Cadre Policy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-amends-cadre-allocation-policy-to-protect-national-character-of-all-india-services-2536413|title=New cadre Policy which focuses on National Integration of All India Services|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|oclc=801791672|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824143417/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-amends-cadre-allocation-policy-to-protect-national-character-of-all-india-services-2536413|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing twenty-six{{Nbsp}}cadres were to be divided into five{{Nbsp}}zones by the Department of Personnel and Training.<ref name="New Cadre Policy">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-4810709/|title=New cadre policy for IAS, IPS|oclc=70274541|website=[[The Indian Express]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173501/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-4810709/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x5gb1MTwzWCn35dsdBKRqI/Govts-proposed-cadre-policy-for-IAS-IPS-officers-draws-ire.html|title=Govt's proposed cadre policy for IAS, IPS officers draws ire|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|website=[[Live Mint]]|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234423/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x5gb1MTwzWCn35dsdBKRqI/Govts-proposed-cadre-policy-for-IAS-IPS-officers-draws-ire.html|archive-date=19 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/govt-finalises-new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-officers/1/1032277.html|title=Govt finalises new cadre policy for IAS, IPS officers|editor-last=Shrivastava|editor-first=Ashwini|issn=0254-8399|website=[[India Today]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828065505/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/govt-finalises-new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-officers/1/1032277.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240817/government-finalises-new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-officers.html|title=Central government finalises new cadre policy for IAS, IPS officers|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180812/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240817/government-finalises-new-cadre-policy-for-ias-ips-officers.html|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the new policy, a candidate first selects their zones of preference, in descending order, then indicates a cadre preference from each preferred zone. The candidate indicates their second cadre preference for every preferred zone subsequently. The preference for the zones and cadres remains in the same order and no change is permitted.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name="AIS New Cadre Policy" />

Officers remain in their allocated cadre or are deputed to the [[Government of India]].<ref name="All India Services" /><ref name="ifs.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://ifs.nic.in/deputation/con-depu%20guide.pdf|title=Consolidated Deputation Guidelines for All India Services|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|language=en|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064440/http://ifs.nic.in/deputation/con-depu%20guide.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Zones under the current cadre allocation policy
!Zone
!Cadres
|-
!Zone-I
|AGMUT ([[Arunachal Pradesh]]-[[Goa]]-[[Mizoram]] and [[Union territory|Union Territories]]), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]]
|-
!Zone-II
|[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]
|-
!Zone-III
|[[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
!Zone-IV
|[[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]]-[[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]] and [[Nagaland]]
|-
!Zone-V
|[[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]
|}

===Indian Administrative Service===
{{main|Indian Administrative Service}}
IAS Officers are trained to handle Government affairs. This being the main responsibility, every civil servant is assigned to a particular office which deals with policy matters pertaining to that area. The policy matters are framed, modified, interpreted in this office under the direct supervision of the Administrative Officer in consultation with the Minister. The implementation of policies is also done on the advice of the Officer. The [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] stands at the top of the government machinery involved in policy making followed by Secretary/Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, Director, Under Secretary and Junior Scale Officers in that order. These appointments are filled by civil servants according to seniority in the Civil Services. In the process of decision making, a number of officers give their views to the Minister who weighs the matter and makes a decision considering the issue involved.

The implementation process involves supervision and touring. The allocation of enormous funds to and by the field officers calls for supervision and the officials concerned have to reply to queries made in the Parliament for which they must remain well informed.

The Civil servant has also to represent the Government in another country or in International forums. At the level of Deputy Secretary, they are even authorized to sign agreements on behalf of the Government.

A civil servant begins their career in the state with two years in probation. This period is spent at training schools, Secretariat, field offices or in a [[District Magistrate]]'s office. They are given the position of Sub-Divisional Magistrate and have to look after the law, order and general administration including developmental work in the area under their charge. After the probation and 2 years of services as a junior scale officer, the officer is put in the senior scale. Then they may function as District Magistrate, Managing Director of a Public Enterprise or Director of a Department. Senior Scale comprises the Senior Time Scale (Joint Secretary), Junior Administrative Grade (Additional Secretary) and the Selection Grade (Special Secretary). Selection Grade is given on promotion after 13 years of regular service. The next promotion within the State is that of a Commissioner-cum-Secretary after 16 years. This promotion also entitles them to the Super Time Scale. Then after 24 years of regular service an IAS officer may be promoted to Above super time scale who is designated as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretaries]]/Financial Commissioners in some states

Each State has many Secretaries/Principal Secretaries and only one [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]. Some appointments of Secretaries are considered more prestigious than others, e.g., the Finance Secretary, Development Commissioners, Home Secretary and hence they enjoy the salary of a Principal Secretary. the Chief Secretary in the State is the top ranking civil servant and may be assisted by Additional Chief Secretaries. In some cadres/States e.g. New Delhi, Financial Commissioner and other high ranking secretaries such as Additional Chief Secretaries enjoy the pay of the Chief Secretary .

In the District, the administrative head is the [[District collector|Collector]] or Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate. The DM/Collector/DC handle the affairs of the District including development functions. They necessarily tour all rural sectors inspecting specific projects, disputed sites and look into the problems of people on the spot also.

At the divisional level, the Divisional Commissioner is in charge of their division. Their role is to oversee law and order and general administration and developmental work. Appeals against the Divisional Commissioner are heard by the Chairman of the Board of Revenue.

===Indian Forest Service===
{{main|Indian Forest Service}}

India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce scientific forest management. In 1864, the British Raj established the [[Indian Forest Service#Imperial Forest Service (IFS)|Imperial Forest Department]]. In 1866 Dr. [[Dietrich Brandis]], a German forest officer, was appointed Inspector General of Forests. The Imperial Forest Service (IFS) was organized in 1867.

IFS Officers appointed from 1867 to 1885 were trained in [[Germany]] and [[France]], and from 1885 to 1905 at [[Royal Indian Engineering College|Cooper's Hill]], [[London]], which was a noted professional college of forestry. From 1905 to 1926, the [[University of Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge]], and [[University of Edinburgh]] undertook the task of training Imperial Forestry Service officers.

From 1927 to 1932, forest officers were trained at the Imperial [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI) at [[Dehradun]] (established in 1906). Later The [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Indian Forest College]] (IFC) was established in 1938 at [[Dehradun]], and officers recruited to the Superior Forest Service by the states and provinces were trained there. [[Forestry]], which was managed by the federal government until then, was transferred to the "provincial list" by the Government of India Act 1935, and recruitment to the Imperial Forestry Service was subsequently discontinued.

The modern Indian Forest Service was established in 1966, after independence, under the ''All India Services Act 1951'', for protection, conservation, and regeneration of forest resources.

India has an area of 635,400 km designated as forests, about 19.32 percent of the country. Forest is included in the [[Concurrent List]].

Ranks of the Indian Forest Service are as follows: Assistant Conservator of Forests - Probationary Officer, Divisional Forest Officer (DFOs),
Deputy Conservator of Forests,
[[Conservator of Forests]] (CFs),
Chief Conservator of Forests (CCFs),
Additional [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] (Addl.PCCFs),
[[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] (PCCF) & Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (HoFF) - highest post in a State,
[[Director General of Forests (India)]] - highest post at Centre, selected from amongst the senior-most PCCFs of states.

The training at [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] is designed in such a way that a Forest Service officer after completion of the probation, should be hardened enough to serve in the most difficult terrains of India. Another remarkable feature of this service is that it needs keen technical knowledge along with excellent administrative capacity to deliver the duty. Government of India is also providing Hari Singh fellowships to Forest Service officers to get specialized in the field of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System from the [[ISRO]]'s [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]], [[University of Twente]]/[[ITC Enschede|ITC]] [[Netherlands]] and in Wildlife Management from the [[Wildlife Institute of India]]. The Forest Service officers also work in various International and National organizations related to management of forests, wildlife and environment such as [[Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations]], [[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development]], SAARC Forestry Centre, [[Forest Survey of India]], [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] (ICFRE), [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), Directorate of Forest Education, [[Wildlife Crime Control Bureau]] (WCCB), etc. besides getting entrusted with senior positions in the Central Secretariat, State Secretariats and various assignments under the Central Staffing Scheme.

===Indian Police Service===
{{main|Indian Police Service}}

The Indian Police Service more popularly known as the 'IPS', is responsible for internal security, public safety and law and order. In 1948, a year after [[India]] gained [[Partition of India|independence]] from [[British Raj|Britain]], the Imperial Police (IP) was replaced by the Indian Police Service. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right; rather it is the body to which all senior police officers belong regardless of the agency for whom they work.

An IPS officer is subjected to and faces several life-threatening, crucial, complicated and harsh conditions. They are entrusted with the overall internal security of the entire State as the Director General of Police and entire Districts as its Superintendent of Police, and in Metropolitan Cities as Deputy Commissioner or the entire City as the Commissioner of Police. As Commissioner of Police they enjoy magisterial powers.

The IPS officer takes charge as an [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] of a Sub-division/circle after probation of 2 years. The tenure of this post is normally 3 years. The next appointment is as [[Superintendent of Police]] or [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] after 4 years, they get promoted to Junior Administrative Grade after 9 years, then they serve as [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] and get pay of Selection Grade (Level 13) in 12–14 years, then as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] or [[Additional Commissioner of Police]] in 15 years, an [[Inspector General of Police]] in 18 years, [[Additional Director General of Police]] in 25 years and finally, the [[Director General of Police]] after 30 years in service.

IPS officers also work in national government agencies such as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Research and Analysis Wing]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], etc. IPS officers also get highly placed in several PSUs such as GAIL, SAIL, Indian Oil Corporation Limited etc. at the State Secretariat the Central Secretariat under the Central Staffing Scheme and in CAPFs at leadership positions of National Security Guards, Border Security Force, the Indo-Tibetan Border Police, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and the [[Central Industrial Security Force]], etc. An IPS officer has vast opportunities to work in several International Organisations such as Interpol, International Cricket Council, the United Nations, Consulates (Foreign Missions) and Embassies all over the World in various capacities such as First Secretary, [[Consul (representative)|Consul]], [[Consul General]], Deputy High Commissioner, Minister, [[High Commissioner]] and [[Ambassador]].

The [[Director General of Police]] and [[Commissioner of Police]] is the head of the entire police force of the State or Metropolitan City (e.g. [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] etc.) and below him is the Additional DGP/Special Police Commissioner. The [[Inspector General#India|Inspector General]] or [[Joint Commissioner of Police]] is at the head of certain specialised police force like [[Criminal Investigation Department]], Special Branch, etc.

==Reforms and changes==
In January 2012, the Government amended All India Services Rule 16 (3) which permits the Central Government in consultation with the State Government to retire in the public interest, incompetent and non-performing Officers after a review on their completion of 15 years or 25 years of qualifying service or attaining the age of 50.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Retire-non-performing-bureaucrats-Centre-to-states/Article1-881583.aspx| title= Retire non-performing bureaucrats: Centre to states| date= 1 July 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120701135717/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Retire-non-performing-bureaucrats-Centre-to-states/Article1-881583.aspx| archive-date= 1 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="AIS lazy retire">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lazy-and-incompetent-babus-to-retire-early/1/162137.html |title=Lazy and incompetent babus to retire early|publisher=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="corruption compulsory retirement">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/graft-taint-may-lead-to-retirement-for-babus/1/179684.html |title=Corruption taint may lead to compulsory retirement for babus|publisher=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="AIS retire 15 incompetence">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/proposal-to-retire-incompetent-officers-after-15-year-service/20111130.htm |title=Proposal to retire incompetent officers after 15-year service|publisher=Rediff News |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref>

On recommendation by [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], from year 2014 state civil servants are required to clear 1000 marks four-stage process including a written exam and interview conducted by Union Public Service Commission to get promoted to the three all India services which was previously based solely on basis of seniority and annual confidential reports.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/exams-for-state-civil-services-officers-for-promotion-to-ias-462676| title=Exams for state civil services officers for promotion to IAS| date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Exams-for-state-civil-services-officers-for-promotion-to-IAS/articleshow/27861653.cms| title=State civil services officers for promotion to IAS| date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Expected Reforms ===
Creating the remaining two All India Services, as provided by the [[All India Services Act, 1951]]:<ref name="legislative.gov.in"/><ref name="164.100.47.4"/><ref name="interstatecouncil.nic.in"/>
* [[Indian Engineering Service]]
* [[Combined Medical Services Examination|Indian Medical Service]]

==See also==
* [[Civil Services of India]]
*[[Special Duty Allowance (SDA)]]
*[[Indian Forest Service]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091220111744/http://www.upsc.gov.in/ais/index.htm All India Services official website]
* [http://upsc.gov.in/ Union Public Service Commission official website]
* [http://persmin.nic.in/ Indian Administrative Service official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060945/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=346 Indian Police Service official website]
* [http://ifs.nic.in/ Indian Forest Service official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927174347/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/StartQryERS.asp List of IAS officers]

[[Category:All India Services| ]]

Dhaka Tribune

2022-01-05T22:46:04Z

Bamilaw222: Crafted a unique article.

{{Short description|Bangladeshi English-language daily newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Dhaka Tribune
| motto = ''Breaking News. Breaking Barriers.''
| logo = Logo of Dhaka Tribune.svg
| image = Dhaka Tribune Frontpage 22 March 2022.jpg
| caption = Front-page for 22 March 2022
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet (newspaper)|Broadsheet]]
| owners = 2A Media Limited
| publisher = [[Kazi Anis Ahmed]]
| editor = [[Zafar Sobhan]]
| foundation = 2013
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| headquarters = FR Tower, 8/C Panthpath, Shukrabad, Dhaka 1207.
| website = {{URL|https://www.dhakatribune.com/}}
}}
The '''''Dhaka Tribune''''' is a major [[Bangladeshi]] English-language daily newspaper based in [[Dhaka]], the country's capital and largest city.<ref>[https://fojo.se/en/change-in-control-and-attitude-essential-for-bangladesh-medias-survival/ Change in control and attitude essential for Bangladesh media's survival - Fojo Media Institute]</ref> It also operates an online portal ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] version) known as the ''[[Bangla Tribune]]''. The newspaper has a strong readership in Bangladeshi cities, particularly among the young generation, the diplomatic community, and expatriates; as well as a wide readership in [[South Asia]] and internationally. The newspaper is notable for its highly diverse [[op-ed]] content, with contributions from leading Bangladeshi, South Asian and international columnists. It also organizes the [[Dhaka Literary Festival]].

The newspaper is notable for being the fastest-growing English-language news media in Bangladesh's history,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/person/zafar-sobhan/ |title=Zafar Sobhan - Maurice R. Greenberg World Fellows Program |publisher=Worldfellows.yale.edu |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> catering to the country's business community, middle class, public and private universities, and English medium schools. Several award-winning journalists have worked with the newspaper. Its print version is often found at lobbies of luxury hotels of Bangladesh.

==History==
The newspaper began publication on 19 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/apr/19/dhaka-tribune-launched|title=Dhaka Tribune launched |work= Dhaka Tribune |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> The newspaper started as a broadsheet before going [[Compact (newspaper)|compact]] on 1 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/mar/01/introducing-compact-dhaka-tribune|title=Introducing the compact Dhaka Tribune|work= Dhaka Tribune |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> Since 1 May 2019, it has reverted to broadsheet editions, as is common among Bangladeshi newspapers.<ref>{{Citation|title=From this May, Dhaka Tribune is switching to Broadsheet to have more space for more stories. We understand some stories simply need more! |url=https://www.facebook.com/DhakaTribune/videos/from-this-may-dhaka-tribune-is-switching-to-broadsheet-to-have-more-space-for-mo/414572706027552/|language=en|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> Since 2015, it has been the media partner of the Dhaka Literary Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhakalitfest.com/story.html|title=Dhaka Lit Fest|last=DESIGNARIUM|website=dhakalitfest.com|language=en-US|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/dhaka-lit-fest-opens-thursday-1823680 |title=Dhaka Lit Fest opens Thursday |publisher=The Daily Star |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=theluxembourgreview |url=https://theluxembourgreview.org/tag/dhaka-tribune/ |title=Dhaka Tribune |publisher=The Luxembourg Review |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cosmosbooks.com.bd/index.php?route=blog/article&article_id=6 |title=8th Dhaka Lit Fest |publisher=Cosmosbooks.com.bd |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/entertainment/9th-edition-of-dhaka-lit-fest-kicks-off-1573116903|title = 9th edition of Dhaka Lit Fest kicks off}}</ref> Dhaka Tribune won the Most Innovative Special Supplement award at the ''Bangladesh Media Innovation Awards 2022'' held in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2022/09/27/dhaka-tribune-wins-most-innovative-special-supplement-award|title=Dhaka Tribune wins most innovative special supplement award|access-date=30 September 2022|work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

==Owners and staff==
[[Gemcon Group]] is the largest shareholder in the ''Dhaka Tribune''. Gemcon is run by the family of [[Kazi Nabil Ahmed]], a member of Bangladesh's parliament from the ruling [[Awami League]]. Gemcon is also the owner of the [[University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh]] (ULAB). The newspaper's founding and chief editor is [[Zafar Sobhan]], a 2005 [[Young Global Leader]] and 2008 [[Yale World Fellow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/young-global-leaders/zafar-sobhan|title = The Forum of Young Global Leaders}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://worldfellows.yale.edu/zafar-sobhan|title = Zafar Sobhan}}</ref> Sobhan previously worked at ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' for seven years and was the editor of ''[[Forum (Bangladesh)|Forum]]'' magazine for four years; he formerly worked at ''[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]]'', ''[[Dhaka Courier]]'' and ''Shokaler Khobor''.<ref name="iidbd1">{{cite web|url=http://iidbd.org/team/zafar-sobhan/ |title=Zafar Sobhan – IID |publisher=Iidbd.org |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> Sobhan became Bangladesh's first internationally syndicated columnist with articles published in many newspapers and magazines, including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',and ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' among others.<ref name="iidbd1" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> The business editor at ''Dhaka Tribune'' is Esha Aurora, who also writes about feminism and discrimination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/soc/mmm/krz/esa.html | title=Esha Aurora }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/author/esha-aurora | title=Esha Aurora | date=26 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp24ltAsRYE | title=Tasnuva Ahmed & Esha Aurora I University of Chittagong & DW Akademie I Young Feminism [Bangla] | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> The publisher of the newspaper is [[Kazi Anis Ahmed]], an author of [[Bangladeshi writing in English]] and a well known commentator on Bangladesh in international media. Ahmed's articles have been published in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/search?query=K.+Anis+Ahmed|accessdate=1 April 2019|title=Articles by K. Anis Ahmed |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> ''Time'',<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/4400495/bangladesh-dhaka-holey-terrorism/|title=Beating Terrorism in Bangladesh Requires Public and Personal Commitment |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/the-writing-life-around-the-world-by-electric-literature/2015/dec/09/things-we-dont-write-k-anis-ahmed-on-the-murdered-writers-of-bangladesh|title=Things we don't write: K Anis Ahmed on the murdered writers of Bangladesh|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303916904577375631414377796|title=Bangladesh's Vanishing Justice|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> ''Nikkei Asian Review'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Viewpoints/K.-Anis-Ahmed/Bangladesh-faces-growing-strain-in-Rohingya-crisis|title=Bangladesh faces growing strain in Rohingya crisis|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> and ''Politico''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/modest-migration-proposal-greek-germans-merkel-syrians-european-hospitality/|title='Tis but a modest migration proposal|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> Abu Sayeed Asiful Islam serves as associate editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/reality-check/will-hunt-down-anti-hindu-attackers-bangladesh-pm-606380 |title=Will Hunt Down Anti-Hindu Attackers: Bangladesh PM |publisher=Ndtv.com |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> Its bureau chief in [[London]] is solicitor [[Niaz Alam]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Niaz |last=Alam |url=https://hcommons.org/members/niazalam/ |title=Niaz Alam – Humanities Commons |publisher=Hcommons.org |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref>

==Columnists==
Some of the paper's columnists include American economist Forrest Cookson,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/author/Forrest%20Cookson |title=Articles by Forrest Cookson |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> British economist [[Tim Worstall]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/author/Tim%20Worstall |title=Articles by Tim Worstall |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Bangladeshi writer [[Syed Badrul Ahsan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/author/Syed%20Badrul%20Ahsan |title=Articles by Syed Badrul Ahsan |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Jordan's [[Prince Hassan bin Talal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/author/hrh-prince-el-hassan-bin-talal|title = Articles by HRH Prince el Hassan bin Talal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/03/20/one-minute-from-midnight|title = One minute from midnight| date=20 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/05/15/op-ed-protecting-and-preserving-jerusalem-s-identity-is-an-international-responsibility|title=OP-ED: Protecting and preserving Jerusalem's identity is an international responsibility}}</ref> and Bangladeshi climate scientist [[Saleemul Huq]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/03/02/making-our-voices-heard|title=Making our voices heard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2017/03/31/open-letter-bangladesh-american-people|title=An open letter from Bangladesh to the American people}}</ref>

==Editorial content==
The ''Dhaka Tribune'' is known for a relatively [[Liberalism|liberal]] editorial policy which allows a wide range of views and promotes coverage of [[Bangladesh-India relations]], [[Bangladesh-United States relations]], [[Bangladesh-China relations]], [[women's rights]], and [[LGBTQ]] rights. It is one of the few publications in Bangladesh to allow articles calling for the decriminalization of LGBTQ rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://76crimes.com/2013/08/29/bangladesh-newspaper-urges-repeal-of-anti-gay-law/|title=Bangladesh newspaper urges repeal of anti-gay law|work=76 CRIMES|access-date=9 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the newspaper interviewed Ukrainian foreign policy adviser [[Svitlana Zalishchuk]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/video/dt-exclusive/2022/03/05/ukraine-reaches-out-as-fighters-dig-in-for-the-next-round|title = Ukraine reaches out, as fighters dig in for the next round}}</ref> and the Russian ambassador in Dhaka later accused the Bangladeshi media of being biased.<ref>[https://bdnews24.com/media-en/2022/03/14/russian-ambassador-decries-bias-in-bangladesh-media-on-ukraine-war Russian ambassador decries 'bias' in Bangladesh media on Ukraine war | bdnews24.com]</ref>

===Syndicate===
The newspaper has content sharing agreements with [[Project Syndicate]], [[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]], and [[Scroll.in]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/topic/55712/view-from-bangladesh |title=View From Bangladesh |publisher=Scroll.in |accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref>

===Rohingya refugees===
In 2014, [[Myanmar]] summoned Bangladesh's ambassador over an article in the ''Dhaka Tribune'' calling for a referendum in [[Rakhine State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/03/25/myanmar-upset-at-dt-article|title = Myanmar upset at DT article|date = 25 March 2014}}</ref> The article also sparked protests by Buddhist nationalists in [[Yangon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/yangon/10001-protestors-lash-out-over-dhaka-newspaper-op-ed.html|title=Protestors lash out over Dhaka newspaper op-ed |work=[[The Myanmar Times]] }}</ref> During the 2017 military crackdown in Myanmar against the [[Rohingya]], the newspaper was one of the few English-language media reporting directly from the [[Bangladesh-Myanmar border]] to a global audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/09/arakan-rohingya-militants-watch-refugees-myanmar|title = Myanmar: Rohingya insurgents declare month-long ceasefire|website = [[The Guardian]]|date = 10 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/opinion/strip-aung-san-suu-kyi-of-her-nobel-prize.html|title = Opinion | Strip Aung San Suu Kyi of Her Nobel Prize|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 7 September 2017|last1 = Judah|first1 = Jacob}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/02/rohingya-fleeing-myanmar-tales-ethnic-cleansing Thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar amid tales of ethnic cleansing | Rohingya | The Guardian]</ref> The newspaper is a leading provider of news and commentary concerning [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh]], publishing articles by diplomats, NGO leaders, lawyers, and activists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/longform/2022/03/05/please-dont-forget-them|title=Please don't forget them}}</ref>

===Human rights===
The newspaper regularly publishes articles on human rights issues in Bangladesh, including repealing [[Section 377]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/04/27/bangladesh-stand-lgbt-issue|title = Where does Bangladesh stand on LGBT issue?|date = 27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2019/09/23/can-we-decriminalize-homosexuality|title = Can we decriminalize homosexuality?|date = 23 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2020/06/16/op-ed-a-law-out-of-step-with-the-times|title=Op-Ed: A law out of step with the times}}</ref> inheritance under [[Hindu law]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/03/23/reform-for-the-differently-abled|title=Reform for the differently abled}}</ref> and [[press freedom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/editorial/2021/05/03/ed-freedom-of-the-press-is-freedom-of-the-people|title = ED: Freedom of the press is freedom of the people|date = 3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/05/19/op-ed-with-rozina-islam-we-all-suffer|title = OP-ED: With Rozina Islam, we all suffer|date = 19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/08/29/op-ed-let-s-not-kill-the-spirit-of-journalism|title = OP-ED: Let's not kill the spirit of journalism|date = 29 August 2021}}</ref> On women's issues, the newspaper has reported that 97% of sex offences in Bangladesh go unreported.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/women-can-internalise-patriarchy-too-2986921 Nothing is more alarming than when women do patriarchy's work for it | The Daily Star]</ref>

===Censorship and defamation===
In 2019, a ''Dhaka Tribune'' journalist was arrested and sued under the [[Digital Security Act]] for reporting voting irregularities in a [[by-election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/khulna-journalist-arrested-under-digital-security-act-1681558|title = Digital Security Act: Two journos sued in Khulna over 'false info' on polls results|date = 2 January 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/949892/Bangladesh-Journalists-CPIN-v2.0-_January_2021_.pdf Bangladesh-Journalists-CPIN-v2.0]</ref> The paper has cited Bangladesh's [[defamation]] laws as an obstacle to reporting about corruption in the country's security forces.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/gowher-rizvi-on-conflict-zone/av-56527538|title=Gowher Rizvi on Conflict Zone | DW | 01.09.2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Its editorial in response to a documentary about corruption in the country's army was cited by journalist [[Tim Sebastian]] during an interview with Bangladesh government advisor [[Gowher Rizvi]] on [[Deutsche Welle|DW]].<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/editorial/2021/02/03/ed-why-the-silence|title = ED: Why the silence?|date = 3 February 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Gemcon Group Media}}
{{Newspapers of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Dhaka]]