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Religion in Kiribati

2026-05-08T11:13:52Z

Balaji15: made basic post basic info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Kiribati (2020 census)<ref name="Census 2020a">{{cite book |title=Kiribati Census 2020 |url=https://nso.gov.ki/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?juwpfisadmin=false&action=wpfd&task=file.download&wpfd_category_id=117&wpfd_file_id=2022&token=&preview=1 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism in Kiribati|Catholic Church]]
|value1 = 58.9
|color1 = Purple
|label2 = [[Kiribati Uniting Church|Uniting Church]]
|color2 = lightblue
|value2 = 21.2
|label3 = Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
|color3 = dodgerblue
|value3 = 16.1
|label4 = [[Baháʼí Faith]]
|color4 = yellow
|value4 = 2.1
|label5 = Other / None
|color5 = Grey
|value5 = 1.7
}}
[[File:Koinawa-cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of the Rosary Church, Koinawa|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary]] in [[Koinawa]], [[Abaiang]]]]
[[Christianity]] is the predominant '''religion in Kiribati''', with [[Catholicism]] being its largest denomination.

[[Kiribati]] is a [[secular state]] and the freedom of religion is enshrined in its constitution.

==Overview==
According to 2020 government statistics, [[Christians|Christian]] groups form about 96% of the [[Kiribati]] population, most of whom are either [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] or members of the new [[Kiribati Uniting Church]] (redenominated in 2015) and [[Kiribati Protestant Church]].<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sites/default/files/Census-Report-2010-Volume-1_3.pdf|title=Report on the Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing - Volume 1: Basic Information and Tables|publisher=National Statistics Office|date=August 2012|access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044211/http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sites/default/files/Census-Report-2010-Volume-1_3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Persons with [[Nonreligious|no religious affiliation]] account for about 0.1% of the population.<ref name="Census 2020" /> Members of the Catholic Church are concentrated in the northern islands, while [[Protestantism|Protestants]] are the majority in the southern islands.<ref name="report">{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2014: Kiribati|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238302|website=United States State Department|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

[[Missionaries]] introduced Christianity into the area in the mid-19th century.<ref name=report/> [[Hiram Bingham II]] of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] arrived in [[Abaiang]] in 1857. The Rev. Samuel James Whitmee, of the [[London Missionary Society]], visited the islands in 1870.<ref name="JCC">{{cite book |last1=Whitmee |first1= Rev. Samuel James |title= A missionary cruise in the South Pacific: being the report of a voyage amongst the Tokelau, Ellice and Gilbert Islands, in the missionary barque "John Williams" during 1870|year= 1871 |publisher= Joseph Cook & Co |location=Sydney }}</ref> Missionaries continue to be present and operate freely.<ref name=report/> The Constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]], and the government generally respects this right.<ref name=report/> Societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice occur, but are relatively infrequent.<ref name=report/>

Over the period from 1990 to 2020, some changes have been recorded across the Kiribati population with a 6% increase in affiliation with the Catholic Church. The KUC/KPC have seen a decline of 10%.

Religion is always very active in urban and rural island communities, providing pastoral care, youth faith programmes, women's activities, support for overseas workers, chaplaincy work as well as vocational training for young men and women. The KUC also runs a Theological College. It is becoming common for church groups to build [[maneaba]]s, a traditional style meeting house, particularly in the larger villages’ settlements and especially in [[South Tarawa]] (Wincup 2010). While lacking the deep cultural significance and use, the church groups utilise these large space buildings for a range of community activities.

==Education role==

The role of church organisations in the education sector is often crucial in their role in Early Childhood Education & Care (ECCE) centres and Secondary level schools. Data from the [[Ministry of Education (Kiribati)|Kiribati Ministry of Education]] (MoE) for 2020 report that 130 ECCE Centres (43% of total ECCE) are administered by Church groups. At the Secondary level, all 11 Combined (Junior & Secondary) High Schools across Kiribati are run by the Catholic Church (5), Kiribati Uniting Church (4), Seventh Day Adventists (1) and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1). At the Senior High School level, the Catholic Church (4) and KUC (2) contribute an important part of the education sector and the community (MoE 2022).

==Catholicism==
{{main|Catholic Church in Kiribati}}

In 2020, Catholicism was the single largest religion in Kiribati with over 58% of the population.<ref name=USGov22>{{cite web |url= https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/441219-KIRIBATI-2022-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |title= Kiribati 2022 International Religious Freedom Report |last= |first= |date= |website= United States government, Department of State |publisher= |access-date= 22 April 2026 |quote=}}</ref> Catholic missionaries were amongst the first Europeans to settle in the [[Gilbert Islands]] (1888) and in 1897 the first permanent structures were in place when it became part of the [[Apostolic vicariate|Apostolic vicariate of Gilbert Islands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://misacor.org.au/index.php/item/2257-some-msc-history-mission-in-kiribati |title=Some MSC history, mission in Kiribati |author= |date=2017 |website=Missionaries of the Sacred Heart Australia |publisher= |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> In 1966 it was raised to the status of diocese and became known as the [[Diocese|Diocese of Tarawa]]. In 1978, the year before independence, it changed names and became known as the Diocese of Tarawa, Nauru and Funafuti.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bmeak|Bishop Paul Eusebius Mea Kaiuea, M.S.C.|21 January 2015}}</ref> Nauru and Funafuti were part of the Apostolic Vicariate. Four years later Funafuti split and became a [[Mission sui iuris of Funafuti|Mission Sui Iuris]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dtana|Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru|21 January 2015}}</ref> The remaining structure today is the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru|Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru]] and was led by elected Bishop [[Koru Tito]] until his death.

==Protestantism==
{{unsourced section|date=November 2023}}
In 2020, Protestants made up 35% of the Kiribati population; the largest Protestant denomination in the country is [[Kiribati Uniting Church]], but the [[Kiribati Protestant Church]] (KPC) was the original denomination of this church, and it is now a separated church with less believers (8.4% in 2020).<ref name=USGov22 />

==The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints==
{{main|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Kiribati}}
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] claims 17,462 members in 26 congregations on December 31, 2016,<ref name="lds">{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/kiribati|title=Facts and Statistics: Kiribati|website=News Room|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> though the 2020 census had only 6,720 people (5.6%) identifying as Mormon.<ref name="Census 2015">{{cite book |title=Kiribati Census 2015 |url=http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sites/default/files/2015%20Population%20Census%20Report%20Volume%201%28final%20211016%29.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930092440/http://www.mfed.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Census-Report-2010-Volume-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> From church membership data on December 31, 2019, the Church reported 20,946 members in 37 congregations, but the actual number does not exceed 6,720 during the November 2020 census. As of October 4, 2020, a [[Temple (LDS Church)|temple]] was announced to be constructed in [[Kiribati]].<ref name=kiribati>{{citation |url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/kiribati |title= Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Kiribati |work= Newsroom |publisher= LDS Church|access-date= 2021-01-15 }}</ref>

==Baháʼí Faith==
{{main|Baháʼí Faith in Kiribati}}

The only substantial non-Christian population is of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. The Baháʼí Faith in Kiribati begins after 1916 with a mention by [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]], then head of the religion, that Baháʼís should take the religion to the [[Gilbert Islands]] which form part of modern Kiribati.<ref name="tab1">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |author-link = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1991 |title = Tablets of the Divine Plan |edition = Paperback |publisher = US Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location = [[Wilmette, Illinois]] |isbn = 0-87743-233-3 |url =http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-7.html.iso8859-1#pg41 | pages = 40–42 |orig-year = 1916-17}}</ref> The first Baháʼís [[Pioneering (Baháʼí)|pioneered]] to the island of [[Abaiang]] (aka Charlotte Island, of the Gilbert Islands), on March 4, 1954.<ref name="50th">{{Cite news| last = Baháʼí International Community | author-link = Baháʼí International Community |title=Sailing in for a jubilee | newspaper = Baháʼí World News Service | date = 2004-03-04 | url = http://news.bahai.org/story/301}}</ref> They encountered serious opposition from some Catholics on the islands and were eventually deported and the first convert banished to his home island.<ref name="hassal-pacific">{{Cite news
| last = Hassall
| first = Graham
| title = Baháʼí Faith in the Asia Pacific Issues and Prospects
| periodical = [[Baháʼí Studies Review]]
| volume=6
| pages = 1–10
| year = 1996
| url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_asia-pacific_issues
}}</ref> However, in one year there was a community of more than 200 Baháʼís<ref name="islandchurch">{{cite book| last = Finau | first = Makisi |author2=Teeruro Ieuti |author3=Jione Langi | editor-last = Forman| editor-first = Charles W.| title = Island Churches: Challenge and Change | publisher = Pacific Theological College and Institute for Pacific Studies | date = 1992 | pages = 101–2, 107 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3EBW5XfcONUC&pg=PA101 | isbn = 978-982-02-0077-7}}</ref> and a Baháʼí [[Local Spiritual Assembly]].<ref name="hassal1">{{Cite book
| first = Hassall
| last = Graham
| editor-last = Rubinstein
| editor-first = Donald H.
| contribution = Pacific Baha'i Communities 1950-1964
| contribution-url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_pacific
| title = Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference
| year = 1992
| pages = 73–95
| publisher = University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam
}}</ref> Three years later the island where the first convert was sent to was found to now have 10 Baháʼís. By 1963 there were 14 assemblies.<ref name="stats">{{cite web | url = http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63&chapter=1#22 | title = The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963| author = Compiled by [[Hands of the Cause]] Residing in the Holy Land | pages = 26, 28}}</ref>

As the [[Ellice Islands]] gained independence as [[Tuvalu]] and the Gilbert Islands and others formed [[Kiribati]], the communities of Baháʼís also reformed into separate institutions of [[Spiritual Assembly#National Spiritual Assemblies|National Spiritual Assemblies]] in 1981.<ref name="sum">{{cite web | last = Hassall | first = Graham |author2=Universal House of Justice | title = National Spiritual Assemblies statistics 1923-1999 | work = Assorted Resource Tools | publisher = Baháʼí Library Online | url =http://bahai-library.com/hassall_nsas_years_formation | access-date = 2008-04-02}}</ref> The Baháʼís had established a number schools by 1963<ref name="stats"/> and there are still such today - indeed the Ootan Marawa Baháʼí Vocational Institute being the only teacher training institution for pre-school teachers in Kiribati.<ref name="50th"/> The census figures are consistently between 2 and 3% for the Baháʼís while the Baháʼís claim numbers above 17%.<ref name="hassal-pacific"/> All together the Baháʼís now claim more than 10,000 local people have joined the religion over the last 50 years and there are 38 local spiritual assemblies.<ref name="50th"/>

== Other ==
The 2010 and 2015 censuses listed smaller religions such as [[Jehova's Witnesses|Te Koaua (Jehova's Witnesses)]], [[Assembly of God]], [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God]], and [[Islam]] as other options.<ref name="Census 2020" /> <ref name="q458">{{cite web | title=Population Census 2015 | website=International Labour Organization | date=2026-03-22 | url=https://webapps.ilo.org/surveyLib/index.php/catalog/7947/variable/FA_KIR_CENSUS_2015_FULL/VA81 | access-date=2026-04-23}}</ref> There is also an All Nations Church with few followers ([[Ministries Without Borders]]). According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]], there is a non-negligible population of [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] comprising less than 0.1% of the population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives {{!}} National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=122c |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-10-16 |website=www.thearda.com |archive-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402184644/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=122c }}</ref> Unlike many Pacific Island countries, there was no significant Indian migration to Kiribati and in 1981, the Indian population comprised only 15 people, mostly expatriates on assignment from the [[Government of India]]. The main religions of the Indian families in Kiribati are [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], and Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg2Qq03Z0PwC&dq=indian+community+in+kiribati&pg=PA92|title=Pacific Indians: Profiles in 20 Pacific Countries|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Soroja|date=1981|publisher=[[University of the South Pacific]]|pages=92; 96|language=en|chapter=Kiribati: Transient Professionals}}</ref> On 30 October 1978, a [[Diwali]] festival was celebrated with a feast in the country. As of 2010, the Hindu population in Kiribati is still negligible.<ref name=":0" /> According to the 2020 official census, 102 [[Muslim]]s reside in the country, 0.1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiribati-Census-Atlas-2022 |url=https://nso.gov.ki/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?juwpfisadmin=false&action=wpfd&task=file.download&wpfd_category_id=117&wpfd_file_id=2022&token=&preview=1 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=nso.gov.ki}}</ref>

== Religious freedom ==
Any religious group representing more than 2 percent of the population (about 2160 people as of the 2015 census) must register with the government, although there are no penalties for failure to register.<ref name="report" />

There is no standardized religious education program in public schools, but schools generally allow representatives of various faiths to provide religious education courses.<ref name="report" />

Two islands in Kiribati, [[Arorae]] and [[Tamana, Kiribati|Tamana]], maintain a "one-church-only" tradition, refusing to build any religious structures other than a single church. According to officials, this custom is in deference to the Protestant missionaries that arrived on those islands in the 19th century. Residents of other religions on those islands are able to worship freely in their homes, and the government has received no reports of complaints about this policy.<ref name="report" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Oceania topic|Religion in}}

[[Category:Religion in Kiribati| ]]

Pandua Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T13:18:33Z

Balaji15: put up new info!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pandua
| type = SLA

| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Pandua.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Pandua Assembly Constituency

| map_alt =
| mla = Tusar Kumar Majumdar
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]

| constituency_no = 192
| established = 1962
| electors = 207,112
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Pandua Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 192 Pandua Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Pandua Assembly constituency is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Radhanath Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. Kundu
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Deb Narayan Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sailendra Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Deb Narayan Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Sheikh Majed Ali
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sheikh Amjad Hossain]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Ratna De|Ratna De Nag]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Tusar Kumar Majumdar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandua}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tushar Kumar Majumdar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Samir Chakraborty]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheikh Amjad Hossain]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanatan Mandi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sheikh Nasiruddin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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
|title=Affidavit of Sekh Nasiruddin
|publisher=Election Commission of India
}}</ref>
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandua<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14106-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021-including-ac-56-58/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ratna De|Ratna De Nag]]
|votes = 1,02,874
|percentage = 45.99
|change = {{increase}}2.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Partha Sharma
|votes = 71,016
|percentage = 31.75
|change = {{increase}}23.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sheikh Amjad Hossain]]
|votes = 41,474
|percentage = 18.54
|change = {{decrease}}25.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,164
|percentage = 0.97
|change = {{decrease}}0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Paban Mazumder
|votes = 1,982
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mina Roy
|votes = 1,650
|percentage = 0.74
|change = {{down}}0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Balai Saren
|votes = 1,260
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sheikh Nasiruddin
|votes = 1,244
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,858
|percentage = 14.24
|change = {{increase}}13.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,23,664
|percentage = 82.68
|change = {{decrease}}2.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandua}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sheikh Amjad Hossain]]
|votes = 91,489
|percentage = 43.68
|change = {{down}}2.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Syed Rahim Nabi]]
|votes = 90,097
|percentage = 43.02
|change = {{decrease}}3.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Bhattacharya
|votes = 17,081
|percentage = 8.16
|change = {{increase}}5.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,731
|percentage = 1.30
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheikh Amjad Hossain
|votes = 2,477
|percentage = 1.18
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Abdul Goni Sarkar
|votes = 1,289
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakshmi Narayan Bauldas
|votes = 1,852
|percentage = 0.88
|change = {{up}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Niranjan Bag
|votes = 1,759
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{decrease}}1.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,392
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{increase}}0.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,09,433
|percentage = 85.47
|change = {{decrease}}2.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pandua<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=192| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164146/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=192| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Pandua| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sheikh Amjad Hossain]]
|votes = 84,830
|percentage = 46.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nargis Begum
|votes = 84,433
|percentage = 46.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debaprasad Chakraborty
|votes = 5,297
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Subhashish Chattopadhyay
|votes = 3,956
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakshmi Narayan Bauldas
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Kalidasi Hembram
|votes = 1,279
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Talukdar Chowdhury
|votes = 704
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 397
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,81,878
|percentage = 87.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977–2006===
In the 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> state assembly elections Sk Majed Ali of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Pandua assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals Alam Kazi Rowshan of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], Sailen Chatterjee of Trinamool Congress and Madhusudan Banerjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], in the respective years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Deb Narayan Chakraborty of CPI (M) won the seat in 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977 defeating his nearest rivals, Hrishikesh Ghosh of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Haren Singha Roy of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Sailendra Chattopadhya of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp189.htm |title = 189 - Pandua Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1962–1972===
Sailendra Chattopadhyay of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Debnarayan Chakraborty of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> R.Kundu of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Radha Nath Das of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Prior to that the Pandua seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Senthamangalam Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T11:40:00Z

Balaji15: Started the info first draft.

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Sendamangalam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 93
| map_image = Constitution-Senthamangalam.svg
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|}}
| mla = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Sendamangalam
| electors = 229,398
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Senthamangalam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, that was formed after constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]]s in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 93. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Tribe]]s and comprises portions of [[Rasipuram taluk|Rasipuram]] and [[Namakkal taluk]]s. It is a part of the wider [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 28 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

Prior to the 2008 delimitation exercise, the local constituency was called '''Sendamangalam'''. That, too, was reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= October 5, 2010}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| T. Sivagnanam Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| V. R. Periyannan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. S. Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Chinna Velaiya Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| V. Chinnasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2| [[S. Sivaprakasam]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. Chinnasamy]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[C. Chandrasekaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. Kalavathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Santhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| C. Chandrasekaran<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=93}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| P.Chandrasekhar
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}

|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|47.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|76.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.34}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Poomalar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Chandrasekaran]] |party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnumani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= P. Chandrasekar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227327|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web|title=Senthamangalam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a093|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,681 |percentage=45.51% |change=+3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,188 |percentage=40.25% |change=-7.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rohini |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,654 |percentage=5.85% |change=+4.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Chandrasekaran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,371 |percentage=5.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,058 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,493 |percentage=5.27% |change= -1.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=199,235 |percentage=81.84% |change= -0.77% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=595|percentage=0.30% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,457 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Chandrasekaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,339 |percentage=48.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,006 |percentage=41.60% |change=-0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathiya |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,609 |percentage=2.95% |change=-44.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnusamy |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=4,014 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,664 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Susila |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,447 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anbuthambi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,219 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,333 |percentage=6.49% |change= 1.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,917 |percentage=82.60% |change= 1.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,911 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= 0.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Santhi]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=76,637 |percentage=47.51% |change=+38.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,132 |percentage=42.24% |change=-7.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Santhi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,208 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ambala Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,745 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Palanisamy |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=3,392 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,966 |percentage=1.84% |change=+0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,215 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,505 |percentage=5.27% |change= -7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,295 |percentage=81.59% |change= 10.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,693 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,506 |percentage=49.91% |change=+10.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,972 |percentage=37.12% |change=-18.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Santhi]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,747 |percentage=9.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kuppusamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,913 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,612 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,490 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,534 |percentage=12.79% |change= -3.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=129,240 |percentage=70.84% |change= 12.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,451 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalavathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,312 |percentage=55.64% |change=+18.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinumathi Chandrasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,497 |percentage=39.48% |change=-16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,128 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saiyakali |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,467 |percentage=1.33% |change=+0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=812 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,815 |percentage=16.17% |change= -2.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,186 |percentage=58.37% |change= -5.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,776 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Chandrasekaran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,673 |percentage=56.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalavathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,748 |percentage=37.08% |change=-39.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Allimuthu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,449 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivaprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,576 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thennavan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=938 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,925 |percentage=19.06% |change= -39.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,512 |percentage=63.97% |change= 4.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,166 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,877 |percentage=76.19% |change=+38.73 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaprakasam]] |party=Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam |votes=17,316 |percentage=18.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Chandiran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,460 |percentage=5.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,561 |percentage=58.09% |change= 52.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,653 |percentage=59.60% |change= -4.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,962 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 38.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,489 |percentage=37.46% |change=-26.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Alagappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,452 |percentage=32.29% |change=+1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Thiruman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,158 |percentage=17.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Ayyasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,067 |percentage=9.31% |change=-54.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,153 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,037 |percentage=5.17% |change= -27.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,400 |percentage=64.26% |change= -1.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,493 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaprakasam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,129 |percentage=64.17% |change=+9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalavathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,277 |percentage=31.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,944 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,852 |percentage=33.02% |change= 22.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,350 |percentage=66.16% |change= 12.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,028 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaprakasam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,577 |percentage=54.44% |change=+9.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadama Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,543 |percentage=44.25% |change=+22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,034 |percentage=10.19% |change= -13.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,020 |percentage=54.04% |change= 2.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,835 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,731 |percentage=45.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadama Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,881 |percentage=21.79% |change=-13.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Vellaiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,886 |percentage=15.52% |change=-41.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chakravarthy Duraisamy |party=Janata Party |votes=9,752 |percentage=15.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Kali Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,462 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,850 |percentage=23.31% |change= 1.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,712 |percentage=51.14% |change= -8.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,719 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Veilaiya Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,507 |percentage=56.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vellaya Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,452 |percentage=35.38% |change=-15.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nevadia Vaiyapuri Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=4,670 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,055 |percentage=21.53% |change= 20.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,629 |percentage=60.00% |change= -6.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,818 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,308 |percentage=50.62% |change=+4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. T. Doraiswamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,537 |percentage=49.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=771 |percentage=1.25% |change= -5.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,845 |percentage=66.24% |change= -1.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,553 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Periannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,728 |percentage=53.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. B. K. Thiagaraja Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,205 |percentage=46.61% |change=-11.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,523 |percentage=6.78% |change= -9.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,933 |percentage=67.89% |change= 15.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,651 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivagnanam Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,749 |percentage=58.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Somasundara Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=16,959 |percentage=41.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,790 |percentage=16.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,708 |percentage=52.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,493 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.28|78.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

P. Sathasivam

2026-04-30T05:35:31Z

Balaji15: put up data

{{Short description|21st Governor of Kerala and 40th Chief Justice of India}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sathasivam|Palanisamy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Palanisamy Sathasivam
| image = Justice P. Sathasivam.jpg
| caption = Justice P. Sathasivam in 2015
| order = 21st
| office = Governor of Kerala
| term_start = 5 September 2014
| term_end = 5 September 2019<ref name="KERALA LEGISLATURE - GOVERNORS" />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Oommen Chandy]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| predecessor = [[Sheila Dikshit]]
| successor = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| order2 = 40th
| office2 = Chief Justice of India
| term_start2 = 19 July 2013
| term_end2 = 26 April 2014
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor2 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| successor2 = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|4|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kadappanallur, [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]], [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| profession = Judge
}}

'''Palanisamy Sathasivam''' (born 27 April 1949) is a retired Indian judge who served as the 40th [[Chief Justice of India]], holding the office from 2013 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title=Former Chief Justice & Judges | url=https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges?width=700&inline=true#id-of-content1_40 | work=Supreme Court of India | access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics-indianews.rhcloud.com/news/india-gets-new-chief-justice-p-sathasivam-6917042|title=India gets a new Chief Justice: P Sathasivam |publisher=India News|date=19 July 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727141339/http://politics-indianews.rhcloud.com/news/india-gets-new-chief-justice-p-sathasivam-6917042 |archive-date=27 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On retirement from his judicial career, Sathasivam was appointed the 21st [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] from 5 September 2014 to 4 September 2019.<ref name="KERALA LEGISLATURE - GOVERNORS">{{cite web | title=KERALA LEGISLATURE - GOVERNORS | url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_4.htm | work=niyamasabha.org | access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Sathasivam is the second judge from [[Tamil Nadu]] to become the CJI, after [[M. Patanjali Sastri]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-sathasivam-first-judge-from-tamil-nadu-to-become-cji/article4863744.ece |title=Justice Sathasivam, who convicted Sanjay Dutt, to become CJI |first= J. |last= Venkatesan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 June 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/selfmade-man/article4894951.ece |title=Self-made man}}</ref> He is also the first former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to be appointed the Governor of a state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-cji-sathasivam-to-be-kerala-governor/article6365390.ece |title=Former CJI Sathasivam to be Kerala Governor |first= J. |last= Venkatesan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 Aug 2014 |access-date=31 Aug 2014}}</ref> He is the first Governor of Kerala to be appointed by the [[Narendra Modi]] Government.

==Early life==
Sathasivam was born on 27 April 1949 in Kadappanallur near [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]] in [[Erode district]]. He graduated from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Government Law College, Chennai]] after completing his BA degree [[Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College]], [[Sivakasi]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2013|title=P. Sathasivam to be New Chief Justice of India|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=802270|url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703110045/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=802270|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Personal life==
Sathasivam has a skin condition called [[vitiligo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanumanthayya |first1=Dr K |title=Vitiligo – A skin problem |url=https://healthvision.in/vitiligo-a-skin-problem/ |website=Health Vision |date=26 June 2018 |access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> He is married to Saraswathi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 March 2021|title=Former Chief Justice of India P Sathasivam, wife take Covid-19 vaccination|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/former-chief-justice-of-india-p-sathasivam-wife-take-covid-19-vaccination/articleshow/81277734.cms |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:J Sathasivam with President of India Pranab Mukherjee,.jpg|thumb|President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] greets the Chief Justice of India, Justice Sathasivam, after administering the oath of office to him, at a swearing-in ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 19 July 2013.]]

Sathasivam enrolled as an advocate on 25 July 1973 at Madras. He was then appointed to the post of additional government pleader, and later as the special government pleader in the [[Madras High Court]]. He was appointed as a permanent judge of the Madras High Court on 8 January 1996, and transferred to the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 20 April 2007. He was elevated to the post of Judge of Supreme Court on 21 August 2007. During his tenure as chief justice, he was the chairman of the General Council of the [[Gujarat National Law University]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-Sathasivam-to-take-over-as-new-CJI-on-July-19/articleshow/20837837.cms | first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra |title=Justice Sathasivam to take over as new CJI on July 19 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 June 2013 | access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Sathasivam authored 338 judgments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Sathasivam |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/p-sathasivam/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He succeeded [[Sheila Dikshit]] as the [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] in August 2014.

===Notable judgments===
Sathasivam authored several path-breaking judgments including the Reliance Gas Judgment (May 2010) where he observed that "in a national democracy like ours, the national assets belong to the people" and "the government owns such assets for the purposes of developing them in the interests of the people".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legallyindia.com/images/stories/docs/cases/RIL_v_RNRL_supreme_court.pdf | title=RNRL vs RIL | publisher=legallyindia.com | access-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref>

He also delivered the verdict in the triple-murder case of [[Graham Staines]] and commuted the death sentence of [[Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)|Dara Singh]] to life imprisonment in a controversial judgment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-expunges-its-objectionable-remarks-on-staines/articleshow/7364268.cms |title=SC expunges its objectionable remarks on Staines |work=The Economic Times |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202055032/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-expunges-its-objectionable-remarks-on-staines/articleshow/7364268.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 April 2010, he delivered the judgement in the [[Murder of Jessica Lal|Jessica Lal murder case]] of 29 April 1999.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237 | title=Manu Sharma vs State (NCT of Delhi) | publisher=judis.nic.in | access-date=23 July 2013 | format=PDF | archive-date=9 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209031402/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Along with Justice B. S. Chauhan, Sathasivam delivered the judgement in the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Mumbai blasts case]], sentencing [[Hindi cinema]] actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] to five years' imprisonment under the Arms Act. Dutt was asked to serve out the remainder of his sentence. According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', "In a number of judgements, he [Sathasivam] cautioned the courts against awarding lesser sentence in crimes against women and children and showing undue sympathy towards the accused by altering the sentence to the extent of period already undergone."<ref name=hindu />

In January 2014, a three-judge panel headed by Chief Justice Sathasivam commuted sentences of 15 death-row convicts, ruling that the "inordinate and inexplicable delay is a ground for commuting death penalty to life sentence".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25822585 |title=India top court commutes 15 death sentences over 'delay'|work=BBC News |date=21 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1081726 |title=India top court commutes 15 death sentences due to delays |date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that delays ranging from seven to 11 years in the disposal of mercy pleas are grounds for clemency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Xqy5b3m9sluIV1044grKzL/The-case-of-the-sisters-on-death-row.html |title=The case of the sisters on death row|work=mint |date=2 September 2014 |last1=Doval |first1=Nikita }}</ref> The same panel also passed a set of guidelines for the execution of a death row convict, which includes a 14-day gap from the receipt of communication of the rejection of first mercy petition to the scheduled execution date, after going through the Shatrughan Chouhan vs Union of India case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/744871/yakub-memon-hanging-top-lawyers-seek-late-night-meeting-with-cji-ask-for-14-days-stay-per-sc-guidelines |title=Yakub Memon hanging: Top lawyers seek late night meeting with CJI, ask for 14 days stay per SC guidelines|date=30 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/mercy-and-the-machinery-of-death/article5795913.ece |title=Mercy and the machinery of death}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/rSZ5NXi3SKNCZQM7jtsWeL/Supreme-Courts-judgement-on-death-penalty-a-humane-approach.html |title=Supreme Court's judgement on death penalty a humane approach|work=mint |date=22 January 2014 |last1=Surendranath |first1=Anup }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-legal}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Altamas Kabir]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of India]] |years=19 July 2013 – 26 April 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sheila Dikshit]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]|years=5 September 2014 – 6 September 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India | state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathasivam, P}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Governors of Kerala]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People with vitiligo]]

M. S. Sonak

2026-04-25T03:56:49Z

Balaji15: Starting New Stub With Sources...

{{Short description|18th Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|18th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start = 9 January 2026
| term_end =
| nominator = [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Tarlok Singh Chauhan]]
| successor =
| office1 = Judge of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 June 2013
| term_end1 = 8 January 2026
| nominator1 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| image = JUSTICE M.S. SONAK.jpg
| parents =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1964|11|28}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[B.Sc]] and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = M. S. College of Law, Panaji
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak''' (born 1964) is an Indian [[judge]] currently serving as the chief justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/sitting-judges-high-court-jharkhand.php?pid=MQ== |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-01-09 |title=Justice Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak sworn in as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/justice-mahesh-sharadchandra-sonak-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court/article70489581.ece |access-date=2026-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=झारखंड हाई कोर्ट को मिले नए चीफ जस्टिस, महेश शरदचंद्र सोनक को राज्यपाल ने दिलाई शपथ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/mahesh-sharadchandra-sonak-takes-oath-as-new-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court-201767938331243.html |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> He is former judge of the [[Bombay High Court]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile : M. S. Sonak |url=https://bombayhighcourt.gov.in/bhc/judge-profile/eyJpdiI6IkRGdkNMeFZQVUNrL0gyZnBGZDVwUVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUFlHMlg2UGwxY0hXQ2R1OE9wRm5zUT09IiwibWFjIjoiNzI2Zjk3ZDBhNjI2Nzc1ZTEzNDdmNjYyZTc2MGQwZGRhZjM1Yjk4NWQxOTBkNmZiMDZiODZkMWQ4OGZhNzBhZSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |website=Bombay High Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |date=2026-01-07 |title=Silence is a crime when there is a duty to speak: Justice MS Sonak bids farewell to Bombay High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/silence-is-a-crime-when-there-is-a-duty-to-speak-justice-ms-sonak-bids-farewell-to-bombay-high-court |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-01-02 |title=Bombay HC judge MS Sonak appointed Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/02/bombay-hc-judge-ms-sonak-appointed-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Justice Sonak was born on 28 November 1964 and completed his education including Law in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]. He was enrolled as advocate with [[Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa]] in October 1988 and practised at [[Bombay High Court#Principal seat and benches|Panaji bench of Bombay High Court]]. He was elevated as an additional judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] on 21 June 2013 and was made permanent on 2 March 2016.

In May 2024, Justice Sonak created history by becoming the first person in Goa to register [[Living will]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Amisha |date=2024-06-03 |title=Justice MS Sonak Of Bombay High Court Registers Goa's First 'Living Will' |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/bombay-high-court/justice-ms-sonak-of-bombay-high-court-registers-goas-first-living-will-259479 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Neha |date=2024-06-01 |title=Justice MS Sonak of Bombay High Court becomes first person in Goa to register 'Living Will' |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-ms-sonak-bombay-high-court-first-person-goa-register-living-will |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 December 2025, Supreme court collegium headed by CJI [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] recommended him to be appointed as chief justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-12-18 |title=Collegium recommends appointment of Bombay High Court Justice MS Sonak as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-bombay-high-court-justice-ms-sonak-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and central government cleared his elevation on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2 January 2026 |title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice MS Sonak As Chief Justice Of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/all-high-courts/centre-justice-ms-sonak-chief-justice-jharkhand-high-court-516724 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=Live Law}}</ref> He took oath as chief justice of Jharkhand High Court on 9 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-01-08 |title=Newly appointed J'khand HC Chief Justice M S Sonak arrives in Ranchi, to take oath on Jan 9 |url=https://theprint.in/india/newly-appointed-jkhand-hc-chief-justice-m-s-sonak-arrives-in-ranchi-to-take-oath-on-jan-9/2821665/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonak, M. S.}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jharkhand High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2

2026-04-23T18:50:21Z

Balaji15: Started a article first draft

{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image = Top Cooku Dupe Cooku promo poster.png
| image_size = 300
| caption = Promotional poster for season 2, featuring the judges, and dupe cooks
| bgcolour = #66CDAA
| starring = [[#Participants|see below]]
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| host = VJ Rakesh [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| judges ={{Plainlist|
* [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Venkatesh Bhat]]
* Chef Rammohan
; Mentors:
* Chef Adrian
* Chef Cheruba
* Chef Sai}}
| winner =
| runner_up =
| num_contestants = 9
}}
| num_episodes = 35 
| episode_list =
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Sun NXT]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2025|12|14}}
| prev_season = [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1| Season 1]]
}}
'''''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2''''' is the second season of the Tamil reality comedy cooking TV show ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]''. The season premiered on 17 August 2025 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and digitally on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Top Cooku Dupe Cooku’ Season 2 set for grand premiere on August 17; Watch promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-season-2-set-for-grand-premiere-on-august-17-watch-promo/articleshow/123251113.cms|access-date=2025-08-12 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku’ Season 2 set for grand premiere on August 17; Here’s what we know so far|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-season-2-set-for-grand-premiere-on-august-17-heres-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/123331612.cms|access-date=2025-08-12 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref> This season is judged by [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]] and Chef Rammohan. This season is hosted by VJ Rakesh and [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2 gears up for grand comeback; Here's what we know so far|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-season-2-gears-up-for-grand-comeback-heres-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/121101687.cms|access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]|date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaangi Krishnakumar set to host 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku Season 2; Watch promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sivaangi-krishnakumar-set-to-host-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-season-2-watch-promo/articleshow/123047940.cms|access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

This season was ended at 14th December 2025 with 35 Episodes. The Title Winner is Besant Ravi while Preetha as the runner up of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku Season 2 Winner Name: Who Will Win TCDC 2 Grand Finale?|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-season-2-winner-name-who-will-win-tcdc-2-finale-sun-tv-besant-ravi-delna-493016.html|access-date=15 December 2025 |website=[[Filmibeat]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku 2: டைட்டில் வென்ற வில்லன் நடிகர்; இரண்டாவது இடம் யாருக்கு தெரியுமா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/actor-besant-ravi-won-title-in-top-cokku-dupe-cokku-season-2|access-date=8 December 2025 |website=cinema.vikatan.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show is produced by [[Media Masons]] and broadcast by [[Sun TV Network]]. A pre-recorded episode airs every Saturday and Sunday at 2pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. It is available for [[Streaming media|free streaming]] in the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]] [[Sun NXT]] and will be made available on [[YouTube]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku 2: When And Where To Watch Tamil Cooking Comedy Show|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-2-when-and-where-to-watch-tamil-cooking-comedy-show-aa-ws-l-9514953.html|access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Participants status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:fit;"
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Top Cooku's
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Week entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Week exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
|[[Besant Ravi]]
|Week 1
| Week 18
|{{Won| Winner}}
|-
| 2
|Preetha
|Week 1
| Week 18
|{{Runner up| 1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
|[[Delna Davis]]
|Week 1
|Week 18
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" |[[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]]
| rowspan="2" |Week 1
|Week 18
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd runner-up
|-
|Week 7
|Eliminated
|-
|5
|Vaahesan Rasaiya
| Week 1
| Week 18
|style="background:#FF69B4"|4th runner-up (unable to attend: still participated in Sri Lanka )
|-
| 6
| Shivani Narayanan
|Week 1
|Week 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
|[[TSR Srinivasan|Srinivasan (TSR)]]
|Week 1
|Week 12
|Eliminated
|-
| 8
| Priyanka
|Week 1
|Week 10
|Eliminated
|-
| 9
|[[Robo Shankar]]
|Week 1
|Week 4
|Eliminated
|-
|}

== Participants ==
Alphabetical order of initial cooks name followed by later joined cooks:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku 2: Here's the speculated list of 'Cooks' this season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-2-heres-the-speculated-list-of-cooks-this-season/photostory/121930630.cms|access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku 2: Start Date, Contestant List & Other Details of Sun TV's Show|url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-2-start-date-contestant-list-other-details-of-sun-tvs-show-7826033.html|access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
#[[Besant Ravi]], an actor and stunt choreographer who has played antagonistic supporting roles in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and several other Indian language films.
#[[Delna Davis]], a television actress known for works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film and television industries. She had roles in ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' (2015), ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016) and ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' (2017).
#[[Kiran Rathod]], a content creator and actress known for her roles in films such as ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' (2002), ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003) and ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003).
#Preetha, an actress best known for appearing in the mini series ''Kadhaipoma''.
#Priyanka, a television actress known for roles in many serials.
#[[Robo Shankar]], a standup comedian and actor who has appeared in character roles in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He made his breakthrough with [[Star Vijay|STAR Vijay]]'s ''Kalakkapovathu Yaaru'', performing standup comedy.
#[[Shivani Narayanan]], an actress who mainly appears in the [[Tamil films]] and television industry. she was a contestant on the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]''.
#[[TSR Srinivasan]], a comedian and actor known for his comedy roles in films such as ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016) and ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]'' (2023) and his villainous role in ''[[Ayali (2023 TV series)|Ayali]]'' (2023).
#Vaaheesan Rasaiya, a singer who is [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] born known for his songs such as "Kanaga", "Porkodi", "Oh Rasikkum Seemanae" and "Velundu".

== Dupe Cooku's ==
Dupe cooks names:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku 2: Here's the speculated list of 'Dupe Cooku' this Season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-2-heres-the-speculated-list-of-dupe-cooku-this-season/photostory/121907953.cms|access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
#Adhirchi Arun
#Dheena
# Meenakshi Raveendran
#Monisha Blessy
#VJ Nikki
# Adithya Kathir
#Bharath
#Lakshmi Patti
#Kamalesh Jagan
#GP Muthu
#Mukund
#Manish
#Rapper Vijay

== Mentor chef teams ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082;color:white;" |Mentor Chef
! scope="colgroup" style="background:#4B0082;color:white;" colspan="3" | Top Cooku's
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" | Chef Adrian
| style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" | Delna || style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" |Kiran || style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" | Robo
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#FBB700;" | Chef Cheruba
| style="background:#FBB700;" | Preetha || style="background:#FBB700;" |Priyanka || style="background:#FBB700;" |Vaaheesan
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Blue;color:white;" | Chef Sai
| style="background:Blue;color:white;" |Ravi|| style="background:Blue;color:white;" |Shivani || style="background:Blue;color:white;" |TSR
|}

== Pairings ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; font-size:100%; line-height:15px;"
|+
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Cooks'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 1'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 2'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 3'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 4'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 5'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 6'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 7'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 8'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 9'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 10'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 11'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 12'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 13'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 14'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 15'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 16'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 17'''
! scope="col" style="background: #4B0082;color:white" |'''Week 18 (FINALE)'''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Besant Ravi'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Bharath
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
| style="text-align:center;" |Kamalesh
| style="text-align:center;" |Arun
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
| style="text-align:center;" |Lakshmi Patti & Mukund
|Kamalesh
|Kamalesh
|Kathir
|Manish
|Kathir
|Bharath
|Nikki
|'''1st''' '''FINALIST'''
|'''1st''' '''FINALIST'''
|Lakshmi Patti
|Dheena
'''WINNER'''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Preetha'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Lakshmi Patti & GP Muthu
| style="text-align:center;" |GP Muthu
| style="text-align:center;" |Dheena.
| style="text-align:center;" |Arun
| style="text-align:center;" |Bharath
| style="text-align:center;" |Dheena
| style="text-align:center;" |Dheena
|Monisha
|Nikki
|Monisha
|Nikki
|Bharath
|Kamalesh
|Monisha
|Arun
|'''3rd''' '''FINALIST'''
|Bharath
|Bharath & Kamalesh
'''1st RUNNER UP'''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Delna'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Arun
| style="text-align:center;" |Dheena
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
|{{D-A|''Not participated''}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
|Arun
|Monisha
|Dheena
|Kamalesh
|Arun
|{{D-A|''Not participated''}}
|Dheena
|'''2nd''' '''FINALIST'''
|'''2nd''' '''FINALIST'''
|Meenakshi
|Arun & Meenakshi
'''2nd RUNNER UP'''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Kiran'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
|{{D-A|''Not participated''}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
|Arun
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
|Arun
|Nikki & Kamalesh
'''5th FINALIST'''
|Nikki
'''3rd RUNNER UP'''

|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Vaaheesan'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Challenger Task Winner'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
| style="text-align:center;" |Monisha
|Nikki
|Kathir
|Nikki
|Bharath
|Monisha
|Rakesh
|Bharath
|Monisha
|'''4th FINALIST'''
|Arun
|Monisha
'''4th RUNNER UP'''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Shivani'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
| style="text-align:center;" |Kamalesh
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
| style="text-align:center;" |Mukund
| style="text-align:center;" |GP Muthu
| style="text-align:center;" |Arun
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Challenger Task Winner'''
|Dheena
|Arun
|Meenakshi
|Monisha
|Nikki
|Monisha
|Arun
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ejected & ''ELIMINATED''
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''TSR'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Dheena
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |GP Muthu
| style="text-align:center;" |Lakshmi Patti
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
|Meenakshi
|Bharath
|Arun
|Kathir
|Dheena
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
|Nikki
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Priyanka'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
| style="text-align:center;" |Bharath
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
| style="text-align:center;" |Bharath & Lakshmi Patti
| style="text-align:center;" |Kathir
| style="text-align:center;" |GP Muthu
| style="text-align:center;" |Meenakshi
|Bharath
|Meenakshi
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
|Monisha
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
|-
| {{rh|align=center}} class="table-rh" |'''Robo Shankar'''
| style="text-align:center;" |Kamalesh
| style="text-align:center;" |Lakshmi Patti & Dheena
| style="text-align:center;" |Kamalesh
| style="text-align:center;" |Nikki
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;" |ELIMINATED
(''RIP'' : Unfortunate death after the show exit.)
|-
|}

== Weekly summary ==
<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
!rowspan="2" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" | Episodes
!style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
!colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
!colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
!rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
!colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 15
|-
!''Grand Premiere''
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
! colspan="3" |''Grand Finale''
|-
|- style="background:#00BFFF;" |
! style="position: sticky; left: 0;" | Recipes
| Any Favourite Dish
|Virudhunagar Poricha Parotta
| Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh Dishes
| Chef Venkatesh Bhatt Milagu Vadai
| Traditional Tamil Dishes
| Cut Vegetables
| Fruit Dessert
| Samosa Challenge
|Navathaniyam Dish Challenge
|Jalebi Challenge
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|- style="background:#ffc;"
! scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"| Top cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
| '''Robo''' ||colspan="2"| '''Delna'''||colspan="2"|'''Vaaheesan'''||colspan="2"|'''Besant'''|| '''Preetha''' | Preetha||'''Shivani'''|| Shivani|| || || || || || || ||
|-
|- style="background:gold;"
! scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"| Golden Table Winner
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Winner''||colspan="2"|'''Shivani''' ||colspan="2"|'''Srinivasan'''||colspan="2"|'''Preetha''' || colspan="2" |'''Priyanka''' || '''Shivani'''|| || || || || || || || ||
|-
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" |Challenger Task Winner
|colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Winner''||colspan="2"|'''Vaaheesan'''||colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Winner''|||| || || || || || || || |
|-
| colspan="20" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Besant
|style="background:Blue;color:white;"|''Joined Sai's Team''
!colspan="5"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
|style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Delna
|style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" |''Joined Adrian's Team''
!{{Dash}}
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
!colspan="3"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
|colspan="1"style="background:pink;color:black;"|''Absent''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Preetha
|style="background:#FBB700;" |''Joined Cheruba's Team''
!colspan="4"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Shivani
|style="background:Blue;color:white;"|''Joined Sai's Team''
|style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
!colspan="4"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
| style="background:#C2DFFF;" | Challenger Task Winner
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
|style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" |Vaaheesan
|rowspan="2" style="background:#FBB700;" |''Joined Cheruba's Team''
!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#C2DFFF;" | Challenger Task Winner
|rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:yellow;" |Exempt
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" |
|-
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Srinivasan
|style="background:Blue;color:white;"|''Joined Sai's Team''
!colspan="2"|{{Dash}}
| style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
!colspan="2"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
| rowspan="1" colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Eliminated'' (Week 12)
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Priyanka
|style="background:#FBB700;" |''Joined Cheruba's Team''
!colspan="5"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
|style="background:gold;" |Golden Table Winner
| rowspan="1" colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Eliminated'' (Week 9)
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Kiran
|style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" |''Joined Adrian's Team''
!colspan="2"|{{Dash}}
|colspan="2"style="background:pink;color:black;"|''Absent''
!colspan="1"|{{Dash}}
|style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
| rowspan="1" colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Eliminated'' (Week 7)
|-
!rowspan="2" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" |Robo
|style="background:#8B0000;color:white;" |''Joined Adrian's Team''
!rowspan="2" colspan="4"|{{Dash}}
!rowspan="2" |{{Dash}}
|rowspan="2" style="background:#D2B48C;" |Danger Zone
|rowspan="2" colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Eliminated'' (Week 4)
|-
|style="background:#ffc;" | Top Cook [[File:Golden star.svg|22px]]
|-
| colspan="20" style="background:#000;" |
|-
!scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|Notes
|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|[[#endnote 1|1]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
!rowspan="2" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" |Against Elimination Round
|colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Elimination Round''
|colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Delna Kiran Preetha Priyanka Robo Shivani Srinivasan
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|- style="background:#FA8072;" |
! rowspan="3" style="position: sticky; left: 0;" | Eliminated
|colspan="5" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Elimination''
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Robo'''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |'''Kiran'''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" |
|-
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |
| style="background:#73FB76;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="position: sticky; left: 0;"|References
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
</div>
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.
: {{Color box|pink|border=black}} indicates that contestant is absent for that week and did not participate.
: {{Color box|#fa8072|border=black}} indicates that contestant is eliminated.

===Summary notes===
* {{note|1|1}}: Kiran was absent in Week 3 of the show, hence she did not appear.
* ^2 : Delna was absent in Week 6 and Week 13 of the show, hence she did not appear.
* ^3 : Shivani was absent in Week 15(SEMI FINALE) of the show, hence she was eliminated

== Guest appearances ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
|+
| bgcolor=#4B0082|'''{{Font color|white|width=2%|Week(s)}}'''
| bgcolor=#4B0082|'''{{Font color|white|width=15%|Guest(s)}}'''
| bgcolor=#4B0082|'''{{Font color|white|width=30%|Notes}}'''
|-
|Week 3
| [[Mime Gopi]]
| To introduce challenger week task.
|-
|Week 5
| [[Premji Amaren]]
| To introduce challenger week task.
|-
|Week 7
| [[Anthony Daasan]]
| To introduce challenger week task.
|-
|Week 11
| [[Np (Narendra prasath )]] [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| To introduce challenger week task.
|-
|Week 11
|[[Binni Krishnakumar]]
|To judge and support the challenger week task.
|-
|Week 15
|[[Sujatha Sivakumar]]
[[Chaitra Reddy]]
Subash Selvam
|To make the competition difficult for semi-final contestants
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-episodeno-May19-2024/detail/191731/0 Top Cooku Dupe Cooku] on ''[[Sun NXT]]''
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH4rVMDDprz93EsqF5W0UENnKN7lNInvw Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Full episodes] on ''[[YouTube]]''

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku|season 2]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Statue of Social Justice

2026-04-20T14:16:37Z

Balaji15: Started first article with sources

{{Short description|Colossal statue of B. R. Ambedkar in Vijayawada, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = ''Statue of Social Justice''
| image = The Statue of Social Justice at Vijayawada.jpeg
| caption = The ''Statue of Social Justice'' of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| location = Swarajya Maidanam, [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| designer =
| type = [[Statue]]
| material = Steel, brass, bronze, and concrete
| length =
| width =
| height = {{plainlist |
* '''Statue''': {{Convert|206|ft|m}}
* '''Including Base''': {{Convert|206|ft|m}}
}}
| begin = 9 July 2020
| complete = 18 January 2024
| open = 19 January 2024
| dedicated_to = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|40|26|N|80|37|53|E}}
| extra =
}}
The '''''Statue of Social Justice''''' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-17 |title=CM Jagan Mohan Reddy to unveil statue of social justice on January 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-to-unveil-statue-of-social-justice-on-january-19/article67749316.ece |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title=World's tallest Ambedkar statue to be unveiled on January 19 in Vijayawada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/worlds-tallest-ambedkar-statue-to-be-unveiled-on-january-19-in-vijayawada/articleshow/106943916.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Sudhir">{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |title=Jagan Mohan Reddy to unveil tallest Ambedkar statue of justice in Vijayawada |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/jagan-mohan-reddy-to-unveil-tallest-ambedkar-statue-of-justice-in-vijayawada-2853856 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-18 |title=Ambedkar statue is sculpture of social justice: CM Jagan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/18/ambedkar-statue-is-sculpture-of-social-justice-cm-jagan |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Smriti Vanam''' (English: ''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial''), is a 206-ft tall statue located in [[Vijayawada]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The memorial dedicated to [[B. R. Ambedkar]], an Indian [[polymath]], statesman, social reformer and the father of the [[Indian Constitution]]. The statue is {{convert|125|ft|m}} tall and stands on an {{convert|81|ft|m}} tall base building, making its total height {{convert|206|ft|m}}.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2023/jan/01/206-ft-ambedkar-statue-to-come-up-in-vijayawada-2533652.html|title=206-ft Ambedkar statue to come up in Vijayawada|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It is the fourth [[List of the tallest statues in India|tallest statue in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Tallest Statues in India (January 2024) |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/eng/tallest-statues-in-india/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Dhamma Bharat |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|left|[[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) was one of the most prominent Indian leaders, a social reformer and the father of the [[Indian Constitution]].]]
Babasaheb Ambedkar was a crusader for [[social justice]] and was the chief architect of India's Constitution which secured social and fundamental legal rights and equality for its citizens. A barrister, economist, politician and reformer, he was the first Law and Justice Minister of independent India. He was commonly known as the ‘Champion of the [[Untouchables (caste)|Untouchables]].’<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dr B. R. Ambedkar - graysinn.org.uk | url=https://www.graysinn.org.uk/timeline/dr-b-r-ambedkar/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628123050/https://www.graysinn.org.uk/timeline/dr-b-r-ambedkar/ | access-date=2024-12-17 | archive-date=2022-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graysinn.org.uk/news/ambedkar-room-and-portrait/|title=Ambedkar Room and portrait|first=Mairi|last=Wilson|date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] decided that on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of Ambedkar i.e. 14 April 2016, an Ambedkar Memorial would be set up which would be 206 feet high. In April 2016, the Chief Minister of [[Telangana]], [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]], has also decided to install a [[B. R. Ambedkar statue, Hyderabad|206-feet tall statue of Ambedkar]] in [[Hyderabad]] city.

[[File:Statue of Social Justice front view.jpg|thumb|Statue of Social Justice front view]]

The foundation stone of the memorial was laid by [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh on the 126th birth anniversary of Ambedkar in 2017. The project was to be implemented in Inavolu village of Amaravati, the new capital of Andhra Pradesh. In this project, there was a plan to build a grand memorial of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and his 206 feet tall statue. Later in 2019, the ex-government of [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] abandoned the "Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Smriti Vanam" project, and decided to build a new project in Vijayawada city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiwale |first=Sandesh |date=2023-08-25 |title=Know all about 206 ft tall Ambedkar statue in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/dr-ambedkar-statue-in-vijayawada/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Dhamma Bharat |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="Umashanker">{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=K. |date=2024-01-14 |title=Andhra Pradesh CM to unveil 206-foot-tall Ambedkar statue in Vijayawada on Jan. 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-cm-to-unveil-125-foot-tall-ambedkar-statue-in-vijayawada-on-jan-19/article67740513.ece |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-17 |title=CM Jagan Mohan Reddy to unveil statue of social justice on January 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-to-unveil-statue-of-social-justice-on-january-19/article67749316.ece |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On July 9, 2020, Ex-Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] laid the foundation stone of the 206 feet tall statue of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Swaraj Maidan in the heart of [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-jagan-mohan-reddy-lays-foundation-stone-for-125-foot-br-ambedkar-statue-in-vijayawada-2259527|title=Jagan Reddy Lays Foundation Stone For 206-Foot BR Ambedkar Statue In Vijayawada|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The government of Andhra Pradesh has renamed the ground known as 'PWD Maidan' as 'Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Swarajya Maidan'.<ref name="auto"/> On 19 January 2024, the ''Statue of Social Justice'' was unveiled by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], the ex-Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Bureau">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=Chief Minister to open Ambedkar Smriti Vanam in Vijayawada on January 20 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chief-minister-to-open-ambedkar-smriti-vanam-in-vijayawada-on-january-20/article67624589.ece |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-16 |title=CM Jagan Mohan Reddy to inaugurate 206-ft Ambedkar statue in Vijayawada on November 26 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-to-inaugurate-125-ft-ambedkar-statue-in-vijayawada-on-november-26/article67202097.ece |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahmaji |first=Y. |date=2023-08-17 |title=CM Jagan to inaugurate 206 ft Ambedkar statue on Nov 26 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/cm-jagan-to-inaugurate-125-ft-ambedkar-statue-on-nov-26-816191 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title=World's tallest Ambedkar statue to be unveiled on January 19 in Vijayawada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/worlds-tallest-ambedkar-statue-to-be-unveiled-on-january-19-in-vijayawada/articleshow/106943916.cms |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-18 |title=Ambedkar statue is sculpture of social justice: CM Jagan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/18/ambedkar-statue-is-sculpture-of-social-justice-cm-jagan |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Specifications ==

[[File:Statue of Social Justice, Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|A view of ''Statue of Social Justice'' at afternoon]]The ''Statue of Social Justice'' is the tallest Ambedkar's statue in the world.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref name="Sudhir"/> The ''Statue of Social Justice'' is 206 feet tall and is built on an 81-foot plinth, giving a total height of 206 feet.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title=Ambedkar's statue will embolden oppressed to fight for justice: CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ambedkars-statue-emboldening-the-oppressed-for-justice/articleshow/106942971.cms |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the fourth tallest, and the second tallest standing statue in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Tallest Statues in India (January 2024) |url=https://www.dhammabharat.com/eng/tallest-statues-in-india/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Dhamma Bharat |language=en-gb}}</ref> The ''Statue of Social Justice'' is among the top 40 tallest statues in the world. The second-tallest [[B. R. Ambedkar statue, Hyderabad|Ambedkar statue]], which is 175 feet, is situated in neighbouring [[Telangana]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=World's tallest Ambedkar statue to be unveiled in Andhra Pradesh today. 5 points |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/worlds-tallest-ambedkar-statue-to-be-unveiled-in-andhra-pradesh-today-5-points-101705630691895.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The statue has been built in {{convert|18.81|acre|ha}} in the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Smriti Vanam in Vijayawada at a cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]404.35 [[crore]].<ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-28 |title=CM Jagan Mohan Reddy to unveil Ambedkar statue on January 19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2023/Dec/28/cm-to-unveilambedkar-statue-on-january-19-2645639.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The dazzling 206-foot bronze statue was installed on an 81-foot pedestal made with [[Kalachakra#Mandala|Kala Chakra Maha Mandala]] [[Buddhist architecture]] to make it attractive in its sky-high posture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh CM unveils 206-feet tall Ambedkar statue in Vijayawada |url=https://telanganatoday.com/andhra-pradesh-cm-unveils-206-feet-tall-ambedkar-statue-in-vijayawada |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> The structure's foundation, reinforced by 539 piles, each extending 30 meters deep, provides a sturdy and resilient base. Incorporating design elements such as shear walls, inclined slabs, and beams with a 50-degree tilt not only enhances its structural integrity but also contributes to the distinctive aesthetic appeal of the building.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All about Andhra Pradesh's 'Statue of Social Justice': The tallest statue of BR Ambedkar in the world! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/all-about-andhra-pradeshs-statue-of-social-justice-the-tallest-statue-of-br-ambedkar-in-the-world/articleshow/107082082.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The statue of Ambedkar represents the importance of [[Social equality|equality]] and [[liberty]] along with [[social justice]]. The Ambedkar Smriti Vanam has many facilities such as Ambedkar's biographical museum, a mini theatre, a convention centre, sky lighting, fountains, a library among others. The Ambedkar memorial also has a multipurpose convention hall with 3,000 seats, an open theatre with 2,000 seats, and a library with 10,000 books.<ref name="Service"/> From sourcing the raw material to designing, the construction of the statue was completely done under a 'Made in India' project. About 400 tons of steel is used to make it.<ref name="Umashanker"/>

The Ambedkar Smruthi Vanam also consists of a detailed Ambedkar Experience section that depicts the life and times of the visionary. The pedestal consists of ground plus two floors, with the ground floor having four halls, with one of them being a cinema hall and the rest having digital museums detailing Ambedkar's life. While one of the four halls on the first floor is dedicated to displaying BR Ambedkar's attachment to South India, two of them would be dedicated to museums, and the fourth one would be used as library. The four halls on the second floor are being proposed to be used as libraries. The entire premises were spruced up with beautiful flower plants and attractive marble-made pathways by designers.<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 01.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice''
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 05.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice''
Statue of Social Justice, At night.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice'' at night view
Statue of Social Justice, Vijayawada.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice''
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 07.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice''
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 06.jpg|''Statue of Social Justice''
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 08.jpg|
Statue of Social Justice @ Vijayawada 04.jpg|
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar statue, Hyderabad]]
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* [[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
* [[Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial]]
* ''[[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|Statue of Equality]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Statues in India}}
{{Vijayawada topics}}

[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Statues of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Museums in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Dalit monuments]]
[[Category:Tourism in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vijayawada]]

Koulutla Chennakesava Temple

2026-04-19T09:54:07Z

Balaji15:

{{refimprove|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Koulutla Chennakesava Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Koulutla Chennakesava Swamy
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|15|51|23|N|77|22|37|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| location = [[Kappatralla]], [[Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sri Koulutla Chennakesava Swamy
| festivals =Annual Brahmostavams on week of Magha Pournami
| architecture = [[South Indian]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| date_built =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Koulutla Chennakesava Temple''' is located in a reserved forest of [[Kappatralla]], [[Devanakonda mandal]] 50 km from [[Kurnool District]] headquarters. The great [[Vijayanagara King]], Sri [[Krishna Deva Raya]], constructed a temple complex for the deity. Along with Koulutla Chennakesava Temple there are additional Shiva temples in this shrine.

* Mallikarjuna Swamy, Bramarambika and Vijaya Vinayaka Temple
* Lord Dakshinamurthy Temple
* Lord Viswanatha Temple

== History==
King [[Parikshit|Parikshith]] (the grandson, of [[Arjuna]]) ruled over [[Hastinapura]] after Pandavas retired to Kailasa. One day, Parikshith was thirsty while on a hunting trip to the forest. He found a saint in deep meditation. He asked for water and the Rishi (saint) did not reply. Parikshith got frustrated and played a prank by putting a dead snake around the neck of the Rishi. He was cursed by the Rishi that he would die of a snake bite within a week; he died consequently at the hands of the Naga prince Takshaka.[[File:Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple front View.jpg|thumb|left|Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple front view]]

When [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] (the son of Parikshith) became the King, he wanted to avenge the death of his father and performed Sarpa Yaga (serpent penance). Things then took a fateful turn. Astika, who was born of a man and a Naga woman, came to the snake sacrifice and, seeing what was happening, explained to Janamejaya that Takshaka was safe under Indra's protection. Janamejaya was extremely pleased to have gotten this valuable information and granted Astika a wish. Astika asked to stop the snake sacrifice, instead of asking for gold or silver.

Then Saint [[Vasista]] asked Janamejaya to perform consecration (Prathista) of [[Vishnava]] temples to redeem the sins of killing innocent snakes during Sarpa Yaga. Consequently, a Chennakesava idol was consecrated in Koundinya Asrama to perform regular pujas. After many years, the idol was covered by an anthill (putta). In the 11th century A.D., Golla Koulutla observed that his cow was letting her milk flow to the anthill (putta). That night, Lord Chennakesava (Vishnu) appeared in his dream and told him to remove the anthill and re-consecrate his idol. Koulutla dutifully followed the instructions and from then on the deity was known as Koulutla Chennakesava Swamy.

The temple has been used as a gathering location for local villagers to protest uranium mining plans in the reserve forest region.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=November 2, 2024 |title=Protest over Centre's nod for uranium exploration in Andhra's Kappatralla |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Nov/03/protest-over-centres-nod-for-uranium-exploration-in-andhras-kappatralla |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=February 15, 2025}}</ref>

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:kesavaPL.jpg|Chenaa Kesava
Image:Vutasava_idol_chennakesava.jpg|Vutsava Idols
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kurnool District]]
*[[Vijayanagara King]]
*[[Krishna Deva Raya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{commons category}}
[http://www.kesava.org/ Kesava website]

{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Motemajra

2026-04-18T07:29:47Z

Balaji15: Starting A Post V1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Motemajra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Village Pond Motemajra, SAS Nagar , Punjab,India 01.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Village Pond Motemajra
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.62145|N|76.72495|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[SAS Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142001
| registration_plate = PB29
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Banur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Anandpur Sahib, Punjab|Anandpur Sahib]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Village Pond Motemajra, SAS Nagar , Punjab,India 13.JPG|thumb| Fishing on lease, Village Pond Motemajra, [[SAS Nagar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India-causing problems and fear among birds]]
'''Motemajra''' is a Village on Landran to Banur road in state of [[Indian Punjab|Punjab]], India. It is situated near [[Banur]] town in district [[SAS Nagar]], [[Mohali]]. As per 2023 census of government of India population of this village is 1691 out of which number of male and female was 902 and 789 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esopb.gov.in/WriteReadData/VD/BlockReports/VDBlock_Population1052.Pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133355/http://www.esopb.gov.in/WriteReadData/VD/BlockReports/VDBlock_Population1052.Pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> (S. No. 92).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mohali district]]
[[Category:Birdwatching sites in India]]

Assandh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:15Z

Balaji15: Redirect page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Assandh Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Assandh Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1977
|abolished =
| electors = 2,42,795
|mla = [[Yogender Singh Rana]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 23
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Assandh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in [[Haryana]], an Indian state. [[Assandh]] is also part of [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 148–157}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kullu.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kullu Assembly constituency]</ref>

[[Yogender Singh Rana]] is the current MLA from Assandh.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assandh Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/assandh.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jogi Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan=2|Manphool Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan=3|[[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Raj Rani Poonam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Zile Ram Chochra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Bakhshish Singh Virk]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Shamsher Singh Gogi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Yogender Singh Rana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yoginder Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,761 |percentage=33.74 |change={{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shamsher Singh Gogi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,455 |percentage=32.32 |change={{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=27,396 |percentage=16.88 |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Ram Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=16,302 |percentage=10.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amandeep Singh Jundla |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,290 |percentage=2.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maratha Virender Verma |party=Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|votes=4,218 |percentage=2.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=306 |percentage=0.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,306 |percentage=1.42 |change= {{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,292 |percentage=66.96 |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,795 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shamsher Singh Gogi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,114 |percentage=20.94 |change={{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narender Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=30,411|percentage=19.83|change={{increase}}3.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bakhshish Singh Virk]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,518|percentage=18.60|change={{decrease}}0.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Zile Ram Chochra]]|party=Independent politician|votes=25,137|percentage=16.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=14,212|percentage=9.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Brij Sharma|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=13,756|percentage=8.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharmvir Padha|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=2,610|percentage=1.70|change={{decrease}}12.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manjeet Singh|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=1,873|percentage=1.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Master Satyavan Turan|party=Sarva Hit Party|votes=1,673|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harjeet Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=1,300|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,703 |percentage=1.11 |change= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,53,329|percentage=67.84|change={{decrease}}9.64}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,26,029 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bakhshish Singh Virk]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,723 |percentage=19.44 |change={{increase}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maratha Virender Verma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=26,115 |percentage=16.53 |change={{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashbir Rana (Kuku) |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,191 |percentage=14.67 |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=17,098 |percentage=10.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumita Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,103 |percentage=8.92 |change={{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zile Ram Chochra]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,962 |percentage=8.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brijendra Mann |party=Independent politician |votes=12,894 |percentage=8.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,799 |percentage=2.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,762 |percentage=2.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Sharma |party=Haryana Jan Chetna Party (V) |votes=2,328 |percentage=1.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=2,081 |percentage=1.32 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,608 |percentage=2.92 |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,033 |percentage=77.48 |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,966 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |swing= {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zile Ram Chochra]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=20,266 |percentage=15.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh Virk |party=Independent politician |votes=16,726 |percentage=13.04 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Singh Rana |party=Independent politician |votes=15,685 |percentage=12.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bakhshish Singh Virk]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,546 |percentage=12.12 |change={{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Choudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,208 |percentage=11.85 |change={{decrease}}37.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maratha Virender Verma |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=14,104 |percentage=10.99 |change={{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=14,026 |percentage=10.93 |change={{decrease}}25.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,343 |percentage=10.40 |change={{increase}}9.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baljit Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=784 |percentage=0.61 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,540 |percentage=2.76 |change= {{decrease}}10.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,288 |percentage=75.10 |change= {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,814 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}33.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Rani Poonam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,109 |percentage=49.43 |change={{increase}}21.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=33,564 |percentage=35.98 |change={{decrease}}21.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=5,620 |percentage=6.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,594 |percentage=6.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=838 |percentage=0.90 |change={{decrease}}0.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sube Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=803 |percentage=0.86 |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=724 |percentage=0.78 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,545 |percentage=13.45 |change= {{decrease}}16.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,284 |percentage=72.26 |change= {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,087 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=44,392 |percentage=57.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Rani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,150 |percentage=27.61 |change={{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=7,430 |percentage=9.70 |change={{decrease}}24.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,592 |percentage=2.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,150 |percentage=1.50 |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=875 |percentage=1.14 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,242 |percentage=30.35 |change= {{increase}}27.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,589 |percentage=64.85 |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,125 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Samata Party |votes=28,333 |percentage=37.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=25,840 |percentage=34.57 |change={{increase}}20.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,695 |percentage=12.97 |change={{decrease}}15.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,327 |percentage=4.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Ram |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,492 |percentage=3.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,405 |percentage=3.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhari |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,283 |percentage=1.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=690 |percentage=0.92 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,493 |percentage=3.33 |change= {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,755 |percentage=65.47 |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,428 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=25,144 |percentage=41.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,030 |percentage=28.32 |change={{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaje Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=8,706 |percentage=14.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,751 |percentage=6.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surta Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,203 |percentage=3.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,751 |percentage=2.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,114 |percentage=13.49 |change= {{decrease}}26.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,144 |percentage=62.92 |change= {{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,779 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}24.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphool Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=39,730 |percentage=66.45 |change={{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,934 |percentage=26.65 |change={{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,235 |percentage=2.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=1.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satnam |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=0.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaje Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=486 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,796 |percentage=39.80 |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,792 |percentage=66.88 |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,674 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphool Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=24,880 |percentage=57.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,304 |percentage=26.19 |change={{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,343 |percentage=5.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Diya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,470 |percentage=3.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Risal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=689 |percentage=1.60 |change={{decrease}}71.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=477 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Pat |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=1.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaje Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawati |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,576 |percentage=31.45 |change= {{decrease}}28.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,164 |percentage=57.17 |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,605 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Assandh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=22,537 |percentage=72.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,953 |percentage=12.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,435 |percentage=4.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=927 |percentage=2.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratna |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=2.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Giasu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=2.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badlu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=1.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satnam Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=269 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,584 |percentage=59.91 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,020 |percentage=49.53 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,371 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Assandh]]
* [[Karnal district]]
* [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{coord|29.52|76.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]

Dharampuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:13Z

Balaji15: Adding New Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharampuri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 200
| map_image = 200-Dharampuri.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kalu Singh Thakur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Panchilal Meda
}}
'''Dharampuri''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhar district]] and is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref>{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/basoda.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Fatebhansingh Ramsingh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |Kirat Singh Thakur
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Jhinga Lal Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Pratapsingh Baghel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagdish Muvel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Panchilal Meda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Kalu Singh Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018"/>
|Panchilal Meda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Kalu Singh Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampuri<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kalu Singh Thakur]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84207}}
|percentage = 47.76
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Panchilal Meda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83851}}
|percentage = 47.56
|change = -3.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chouhan Raju Ben
|votes = {{formatnum:3964}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2455}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change = -1.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:356}}
|percentage = 0.2
|change = -8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176309}}
|percentage = 80.52
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampuri<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Panchilal Meda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:78504}}
|percentage = 50.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopal Kannoj
|votes = {{formatnum:64532}}
|percentage = 41.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shriram Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:2456}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupendra Singh Thakur (Chintu Bhaiya)
|votes = {{formatnum:1917}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Punja Bundela
|votes = {{formatnum:1811}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3832}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13972}}
|percentage = 9.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:154985}}
|percentage = 79.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dharampuri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.16|75.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Nandini Singh

2026-04-15T16:50:47Z

Balaji15: Starting First Biography W/ Refs

{{short description|Indian television and film actress (born 1980)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nandini Singh Fashion show for girl child 05.jpg
| name = Nandini Singh
| caption = Nandini at the Girl Child Cause Fashion Show, 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1980|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, Model
| years_active = 1986 - 2014
}}

'''Nandini Singh''' (born 7 August 1980){{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} is an Indian actress who has worked in Hindi films and television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nandini-singh-and-sunila-karambelkar-in-adaalat/articleshow/18852576.cms|title=Nandini Singh and Sunila Karambelkar in Adaalat|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 March 2013 }}</ref> Nandini began her career as a child artist in the film ''Jumbish'' in 1986 at the age of six, she worked in ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]'' (2003).<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20030303-former-jet-airways-stewardess-nandini-singh-acts-with-govinda-in-her-debut-film-793434-2003-03-02 Smooth take-off]</ref> She shot to fame as Kesar in Ekta Kapoor's popular hit series ''[[Kesar]]'', that aired from 2004 to 2007 on Star Plus and another of Ekta Kapoor's Indian soap operas, ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' (2005). She also appeared in a music video, "Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Ko" by Aryans. The most recent appearance of the actress was in the movie ''Titoo MBA'', released in 2015 as the writer Simran. She has also worked in an episode of ''Savdhan India''.

==Television==
* ''[[Kesar]]'' as Kesar Mallya
* ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' as Pammi Mittal
* ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' (TV Series) - (i) ''Kissa C.M. Ki Secret List Ka: Part 1 & 2'' Episode no. 47/48 (2011) as Meghla Gupta. (ii) ''Qatil Billi'' Episode no. 85 (2011) as Kavya. (iii) ''Vishkanya Part 1 & 2'' Episode no. 176/177 (2012) as Sukanya Amrish Goel. (iv) ''Khwab Mein Hatya: Part 1 & 2'' Episode no. 207/208 (2013) as Madhura Shroff.
*[[Begusarai (TV series)|''Begusarai'']] as Shravani
* ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' – Kiran (Episode No 751) / Kamini (Episode No 891) / Vaishali (Episode No 1290)
* ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red Talaash]]'' (2015) ... Aaliya
* ''Crime Alert'' - Belagam Biwi as Sontara (Episode 136)

==Music videos==
* "Woh Dheere Dheere Mere Dil Mein" (Album - Tere Bina) (2003)
* "Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Ko" (Aryans) (2002)

==Films==
* ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]'' (2003) as Pinky
* ''Kuch Dil Ne Kaha''
* ''Lo Main Aagayaa''
*''[[Titoo MBA]]'' (2014) as the novel writer Simran

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nandini}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

India Today

2026-04-06T08:44:30Z

Balaji15: refined information further and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian news magazine}}
{{About|the news magazine|the news channel|India Today (TV channel){{!}}''India Today'' (TV channel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title =
| logo = India Today logo.png
| image_file = India Today January 2026 edition.jpeg
| image_size = 180px
| image_caption = 50th anniversary issue of ''India Today''
| editor = [[Aroon Purie]] [[Madhu Trehan]] (founding editor)
| editor_title = Editor-in-chief
| staff_writer =
| frequency =
| circulation = 1,600,000<ref>[http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf "IRS 2012 Q1 Topline Findings"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092737/http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf |date=7 April 2014}}. mruc.net. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</ref>
| category = [[News magazine]]
| company = [[Living Media]]
| publisher = Living Media India Limited
| founder = Vidya Vilas Purie
| firstdate = 1–15 December 1975
| country = [[India]]
| based = [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="indiatodaygroup1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/new-site/publications/ite.html |title=Publications |publisher=India Today Group |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805024837/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/new-site/publications/ite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| language = English, Hindi
| website = {{URL|indiatoday.in}}
| issn = 0254-8399
}}
'''''India Today''''' is a weekly Indian English-language news [[magazine]] published by [[Living Media|Living Media India Limited]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas Bullis|title=Selling to India's Consumer Market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4dWLuerJl4C&pg=PA46|access-date=7 May 2016|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56720-105-5|page=46|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629114410/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4dWLuerJl4C&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Advertising N Promotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQEiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA713|access-date=5 May 2016|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-008031-7|page=713}}</ref> It is the most widely circulated magazine in [[India]], with a readership of close to 8 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/irs-2017-india-today-most-read-magazine-in-the-country-business-today-no-1-among-business-magazines/story/268717.html|title=IRS 2017: India Today most-read magazine in the country, Business Today No.1 among business magazines|date=10 February 2018|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=2019-07-20|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720083940/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/irs-2017-india-today-most-read-magazine-in-the-country-business-today-no-1-among-business-magazines/story/268717.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, ''India Today'' launched a new online opinion-orientated site called the ''DailyO''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/09/223-india-today-dailyo/|title=India Today Group launches Medium clone DailyO|author=Vivek Pai|date=15 September 2014|access-date=27 March 2019|quote=It looks like The India Today Group has launched a new opinion-oriented site called DailyO that provides commentary on news from various categories like politics, sports, life, sci-tech, money, humour and art & culture.|work=Medianama|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327180743/https://www.medianama.com/2014/09/223-india-today-dailyo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per the [[Indian Readership Survey]] 2019, the ''India Today'' magazine's English edition had a readership of 9.24 million and the Hindi edition 7.02 million, making them among the most read magazines in India.<ref name="IRS"/> As of 2026, ''India Today'' has published 2,006 issues.<ref name="bestmediainfo">{{cite news |title=India Today unveils 50th anniversary special issue 'The Remaking of India: 1975–2025' |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/print/india-today-unveils-50th-anniversary-special-issue-the-remaking-of-india-19752025-10979318 |work=BestMediaInfo |date=2026-01-07}}</ref>

==History==
''India Today'' was established in 1975<ref>{{cite book|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA490|access-date=2 June 2016|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-1 33-9|page=490|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629114427/https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA490|url-status=live}}</ref> by Vidya Vilas Purie (owner of Thompson Press), with his daughter [[Madhu Trehan]] as its editor and his son [[Aroon Purie]] as its publisher.<ref name="HT">Bhandare, Namita. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/70-s-The-decade-of-innocence/Article1-700294.aspx "70's: The decade of innocence"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817115158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/70-s-The-decade-of-innocence/Article1-700294.aspx |date=2012-08-17 }}.''[[Hindustan Times]]''. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-india-s-top-50-influentials-1218058#top | title=India's Top 50 Influentials | date=1 January 2009 | publisher=Daily News and Analysis (DNA) | access-date=7 July 2018 | archive-date=8 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708110733/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-india-s-top-50-influentials-1218058#top | url-status=live }}</ref> Trehan later returned to the [[United States]], after which editorial leadership passed to other editors as the magazine continued to expand its coverage.<ref name="newslaundry"/>

The magazine began with a circulation of about 5,000 copies and grew to 15,000 by the end of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] in January 1977. Its circulation increased to around 50,000 by March 1977 and crossed 100,000 by December 1978.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The magazine was originally launched as a news-focused publication and later broadened its scope to include reporting and analysis across politics, business and public affairs. Over time, the magazine became the [[India Today Group]]'s flagship print title. In addition to its English edition, the magazine was also published in several Indian languages including [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]].<ref name="newslaundry">{{cite news |last1=Bhula |first1=Pooja |title=Who Owns Your Media: The highs and lows of the India Today Group |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/18/who-owns-your-media-the-highs-and-lows-of-the-india-today-group |publisher=[[Newslaundry]] |date=July 18, 2022}}</ref>

The magazine is credited with introducing scientific election polling (psephology) to Indian media through its collaboration with [[Prannoy Roy]] and [[David Butler (psephologist)|David Butler]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rai |first=Praveen |date=2021 |title=Psephological Advancements and Pitfalls of Political Opinion Polls in India |journal=Open Political Science |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/openps-2021-0023|doi-access=free }}</ref> In June 1997, to keep pace with the accelerating news cycle after economic liberalization, the publication transitioned from a fortnightly to a weekly format.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Far East and Australasia 2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2002 |page=490 |isbn=978-1-85743-133-9}}</ref>

In 1982, ''India Today'' launched an international edition, which was well received and circulated in 104 countries.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sometimes success is born out of failure' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/editors-note/story/20001225-sometimes-success-is-born-out-of-failure-778661-2000-12-24 |publisher=India Today |date=November 22, 2012}}</ref> During the late 1980s, ''India Today'' was first Indian news organisation sending staff reporters to cover global events firsthand, including the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|Tiananmen Square protests]], [[Afghan War]] and the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India’s most consequential decade|url=https://jammuuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/English%20HD%20Editorials-03-01-26.pdf |work=[[Indian Express]]|date=2026-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purie |first=Aroon |date=2026-01-03 |title=From the Editor-in-Chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/50th-anniversary-special/story/20260112-from-the-editor-in-chief-january-12-2026-50th-anniversary-special-2844416-2026-01-03 |work=India Today |access-date=2026-01-13}}</ref>

In October 2017, Aroon Purie handed over operational control of the [[India Today Group]] to his daughter Kallie Purie, who became vice-chairperson.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Shantanu Ray |date=18 October 2017 |title=Aroon Purie hands over reins of India Today to daughter Kallie; appoints her as group vice-chairperson |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/aroon-purie-hands-over-reins-of-india-today-to-daughter-kallie-appoints-her-as-group-vice-chairperson-4155361.html |work=First Post |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021605/https://www.firstpost.com/india/aroon-purie-hands-over-reins-of-india-today-to-daughter-kallie-appoints-her-as-group-vice-chairperson-4155361.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi releasing a special booklet of India Today on Safaigiri for Swachh Bharat, at Safaigiri Summit & Awards 2015, in New Delhi on October 02, 2015.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] releasing a special ''India Today'' Safaigiri booklet in 2015]]

[[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu releasing a special edition of India Today at an event to present ‘India Today Safaigiri Awards 2017’, organised by India Today, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Vice President of India, [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] releasing a special edition of ''India Today'' in [[New Delhi]], 2017]]

In December 2021, the magazine reported an increase in circulation following changes in distribution during and after the [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India Today magazine reports highest ever revenue in its 46th anniversary issue |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/india-today-magazine-records-highest-revenue-with-its-46th-anniversary-issue-117565.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=December 28, 2021}}</ref> In March 2024, ''[[Gulf News]]'' partnered with ''India Today'' magazine to distribute the magazine in the [[Middle East]], extending its availability among readers in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web | title=India Today now available in the UAE through Gulf News | date=25 March 2024 | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/india-today-now-available-in-the-uae-through-gulf-news-1.1711278739193 }}</ref>

In January 2026, the magazine marked its 50th anniversary with a 600-page commemorative double issue titled ''The Remaking of India: 1975–2025''. The issue was the largest in the publication's history, documenting five decades of Indian political, economic, and cultural history.<ref name="bestmediainfo"/>

In February 2026, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] shared the cover of ''India Today''’s Newsmakers of the Year 2025 edition featuring himself and Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] on [[Truth Social]], amid renewed [[India–United States relations|diplomatic engagement between India and the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=US President Donald Trump shares India Today cover featuring him and PM Modi |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/us-president-donald-trump-shares-india-today-cover-featuring-him-and-pm-modi-151596.html |website=Exchange4media |date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

The magazine is published by [[Living Media India Limited]], which is jointly controlled by the Purie family and IGH Holdings, an investment company associated with the [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Birla Group acquires stake in Living Media India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/aditya-birla-group-acquires-stake-in-living-media-india-112051900022_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=January 21, 2013}}</ref>

== Circulation and readership ==
According to the [[Indian Readership Survey]] 2019 Q3, the English edition of ''India Today'' had a total readership of 9.24 million, while the Hindi edition recorded 7.02 million, making them the two most-read magazines in India.<ref name="IRS">{{cite news |title=Indian Readership Survey 2019 Q3 |url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/2ae140929953aed4f314ad5b2a4546ad.pdf |agency=[[Indian Readership Survey ]] |publisher=Media Research Users Council}}</ref>

In the Indian Readership Survey 2017, India Today and India Today Hindi were ranked first and second respectively among all magazines in the country, with readership figures of over 7.9 million for the English edition and 7.1 million for the Hindi edition.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Today most-read magazine |url=https://www.printweek.in/news/irs-2017-indian-readership-survey-india-today-most-read-magazine-27923
|work=[[PrintWeek]] India |date=2018-01-31}}</ref>

==Civic survey==
''India Today'' conducts an annual civic behaviour survey titled Gross Domestic Behavior (GDB), which measures social and civic indicators across Indian states. It was launched in 2025. The survey evaluates Indian states on parameters such as civic sense, public safety, gender equality and diversity. It publishes an overall ranking of states as well as rankings for each parameter.<ref name=gdb1>[https://gdb.indiatoday.in/india-national-behavioural-index Gross Domestic Behavior], India Today, accessed 6 Sept 2025.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gross domestic behaviour survey: Here are India's 2 most well-behaved states |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/gross-domestic-behaviour-survey-here-are-indias-two-well-behaved-states/ |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=March 24, 2025}}</ref>

== India Today Conclave ==
[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee speaking at the inaugural session of the 'India Today Conclave - 2004' in New Delhi on March 12, 2004.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] speaking at the inaugural session of the India Today Conclave in New Delhi, 2004]]

The India Today Conclave is an annual conference organised by ''India Today''. It has been held since the early 2000s. The event brings together speakers from politics, business, defence, media and academia. They discuss issues related to India and international affairs. Over the years, the conclave has covered topics such as governance, the economy, foreign policy, technology and culture.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's Most Powerful Leaders convene at India Today Conclave 2019 |url=https://archive.adgully.com/world-s-most-powerful-leaders-convene-at-india-today-conclave-2019-83853.html |publisher=Adgully |date=February 27, 2019}}</ref> In 2025, the conclave focused on [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]], innovation and India's role in international affairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Today Conclave 2025: Embracing the Age of Acceleration |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-conclave-2025-embracing-the-age-of-acceleration-2680228-2025-02-14 |publisher=India Today |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref>

Over the years, the conclave has featured political leaders and public figures such as [[Bill Clinton]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Bill Gates]], [[Imran Khan]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Mukesh Ambani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India Today Conclave marks a milestone of two decades of intellectual exchange with its 20th edition on 17th–18th March 2023 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/india-today-conclave-marks-a-milestone-of-two-decades-of-intellectual-exchange-with-its-20th-edition-on-17th-18th-march-2023 |website=afaqs! |date=16 March 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in India]]
* [[List of magazines in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiatoday.in Official website]

{{Social surveys}}

[[Category:1975 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:India Today Group]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1975]]
[[Category:Multilingual magazines]]
[[Category:Weekly news magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Godi media]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Conservatism in India]]

Darjeeling tea

2026-04-02T07:15:45Z

Balaji15: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Type of black tea from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox tea
| Tea_name = Darjeeling tea
| Tea_type = Black (green, white and oolong also produced)
| Tea_color =
| Tea_image = Darjeeling, India, Darjeeling tea in variety, Black tea.jpg
| alt = A platter with Darjeeling tea leaves and brew
| Tea_origin = India
| Tea_names =
| Tea_quick = Floral, fruit aroma, [[Muscatel (tea)|muscatel]]
| Tea_temperature = {{convert|90|C|F}} to {{convert|95|C|F}}
| Tea_time = 3 to 4 minutes
| module =
}}
'''Darjeeling tea''' is a [[tea]] made from ''[[Camellia sinensis]] var. sinensis'' that is grown and processed in [[Darjeeling district]] or [[Kalimpong district]] in [[West Bengal]], India. Since 2004, the term ''Darjeeling tea'' has been a registered [[geographical indication]] referring to products produced on certain estates within Darjeeling and Kalimpong. The tea leaves are processed as [[black tea]], though some estates have expanded their product offerings to include leaves suitable for making [[Green tea|green]], [[White tea|white]], and [[oolong]] teas.

The tea leaves are harvested by plucking the plant's top two leaves and the bud, from March to November, a time span that is divided into four flushes. The first flush consists of the first few leaves grown after the plant's winter dormancy and produce a light floral tea with a slight [[astringent|astringency]]; this flush is also suitable for producing a white tea. Second flush leaves are harvested after the plant has been attacked by a [[leafhopper]] and the [[Homona coffearia|camellia tortrix]] so that the leaves create a tea with a distinctive [[Muscatel (tea)|muscatel]] aroma. The warm and wet weather of monsoon flush rapidly produces leaves that are less flavorful and are often used for [[Tea blending and additives|blending]]. The autumn flush produces teas similar to, but more muted than, the second flush.

Tea plants were first planted in the Darjeeling region in the mid-1800s. At the time, the British were seeking an alternative supply of tea apart from China and attempted growing the plant in several candidate areas in India. Both the newly discovered ''assamica'' variety and the ''sinensis'' variety were planted, but the sloped drainage, cool winters, and cloud cover favoured ''var. sinensis''. The British established numerous tea plantations, with the majority of workers being [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkhas]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]] from [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] and [[Sikkim]]. After [[Indian independence movement|independence]], the estates were all subsequently sold to businesses in India and regulated under the [[Law of India|laws of India]]. The [[Soviet Union]] replaced the British as the primary consumers of tea from Darjeeling. As Darjeeling tea gained a reputation for its distinctiveness and quality, it was marketed more to Western Europe, with many estates acquiring [[organic certification|organic]], [[biodynamic agriculture|biodynamic]], and [[Fairtrade certification|fairtrade]] certifications and the [[Tea Board of India]] pursuing authentication and international promotion of Darjeeling teas.

== History ==
{{further|History of tea in India}}
''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' was first planted in the Darjeeling area in 1841 by [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]] who was working for the [[East India Company]] in this jungle-covered, sparsely populated area to develop a [[hill station]] for use by the British stationed in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Mair | first1 = Victor H.| last2 = Hoh | first2 = Erling| title = The True History of Tea| year = 2009| publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]]| isbn = 978-0-500-25146-1| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ}}</ref> At the time, the British were seeking a source of tea outside of China and had both recently discovered a second variety of the plant growing in the [[wilderness]] of [[Assam]] and smuggled seeds and plantings out of China. The Chinese variety (''sinensis'') was planted in [[Saharanpur|Saharanpur Botanical Gardens]] and propagated in other Himalayan gardens where Campbell had acquired seeds from [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaun]] via [[Nathaniel Wallich]]. While the original plantings succeeded, Campbell moved to [[Lebong Valley|Lebong]] where he and several other residents planted a new batch, in 1846, of both varieties (''sinensis'' and ''assamica'').<ref name="Driem chap9">{{cite book |title=The Tale of Tea A Comprehensive History of Tea from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day |first=George |last=van Driem |year=2019 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004386259 |pages=604–701}}</ref> A year after planting the first three Company experimental tea gardens in 1852, at Tukvar, Steinthal and Alubari, they reported having 2,000 tea plants and [[Robert Fortune]] was sent to provide an expert opinion on the "suitableness of the climate and soil of the Hills for the cultivation and manufacture of Tea".<ref name="Koehler chap6">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=61–72}}</ref> While both varieties grew, the ''sinensis'' variety was flourishing, as it was found ''assamica'' preferred warmer and wetter growing conditions while ''sinensis'' had been selectively cultivated for higher elevations. The first commercial tea gardens were established in 1856 and by 1866 there were 39 tea gardens in Darjeeling,{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} including the [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] which had established the region's first processing factory for withering and oxidation, necessary for the product to survive the months long journey down to Kolkata and over to Britain. Success of ''assamica'' at the nearby [[Dooars-Terai tea gardens]] led to infrastructure investments that would be extend up the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]], allowing more machinery and supplies to reach the tea gardens.<ref name="Koehler chap6"/> Darjeeling's population had grown from less than a 100 in the 1830s to 95,000 people with 100 tea gardens in 1885, predominantly [[Indian Gorkha]] and [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] migrants from Nepal and [[Sikkim]], as the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], the use of [[steamship]]s and the [[Suez Canal]] reduced shipping times.<ref name="Heiss">{{cite book |title=The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide |first1=Mary Lou|last1=Heiss |first2=Robert J.|last2=Heiss|year=2007 |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|isbn=9781607741725|pages=199–203}}</ref>

[[File:Bringing in the tea leaf, Darjeeling, 1890.jpg|left|thumb| Darjeeling tea workers, {{circa|1890}}]]

After the British nationalized the East India Company, it only ever leased the lands to tea garden owners on a 30-year basis and maintained the practice of permitting only 40% to be used for tea crops, with 40% being left natural and 20% for housing and facilities. Following [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, practices shifted as the British began to sell their stakes in the gardens to Indians and the 1953 ''Tea Act'' put the tea industry under the regulatory jurisdiction of the [[Tea Board of India]]. With more area being opened for tea crops at the expense of natural area and the introduction of pesticides and fertilizers, yields increased from 7.8 to 10 million kilograms between 1950 and 1960, though this came at the cost of increased soil instability. Despite a limited exemption for the tea industry the 1973 ''[[Foreign Exchange Management Act|Foreign Exchange Regulations Act]]'' the new foreign ownership limitations resulted in Indian nationals becoming majority owners of the Darjeeling tea industry. As the [[Soviet Union]] replaced the United Kingdom as India's largest tea customers, Darjeeling gardens were supplemented with ''assamica'' plantings to accommodate their preference for that variety.<ref name="Koehler chap13">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=141–151}}</ref>

Production methods again shifted in the 1990s as Western Europe and Japan replaced the collapsed Soviet Union as Darjeeling's principal customers and new garden managers were bringing the principles of [[biodynamic agriculture]] to their practices. In 1988, [[Makaibari Tea Estate|Makaibari]] became the first tea estate in India to attain [[organic certification]], followed by [[Tumsong Tea Garden|Tumsong]], and the first to gain [[Demeter International|biodynamic certification]], in 1993, followed by [[Ambootia]].<ref name="Koehler chaps15617">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=183–208}}</ref> Darjeeling could not compete with other tea regions in terms of quantity or price (due to its geographic limitations, remoteness, slower plant growth, inability to mechanize, among other factors) or so it focused on [[Food quality|quality]]. While the certifications provided an indication of a superior product, its practices also helped the gardens cope with erosion, slope instability and soil depletion that had become prevalent with pesticide and artificial fertilizer applications on the rainy hillsides. Yields had reached 14 million kilograms in 1994 but, with organic practices over much of the tea gardens, yields fell to an average of 9 million kilograms<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/cons-products/food/indias-tea-exporters-suffer-with-decline-of-9-million-kg-in-shipments-in-2015 |title=India's tea exporters suffer with decline of 9 million kg in shipments in 2015 |date=August 10, 2020 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the late-2010s. In pursuit of differentiating Darjeeling tea, the Darjeeling Planter's Association had been established in 1983, to promote the product in other countries. According to estimate by [[Tea Board of India]], {{convert|7010000|kg|lb}} of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.5% of the total {{convert|1343060000|kg|lb}} produced in India.<ref name="teaboard.gov.in">{{cite web | title=State/region wise and month wise tea production data for the year 2021| author=Tea Board of India | url= https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf| access-date=23 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Logo and trade mark ===
[[File:Darjeeling tea Logo.png|thumb|Darjeeling tea logo]]

In 1983 a logo was created, currently property of the [[Tea Board of India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vahdam.com/blogs/news/here-s-why-the-launch-of-nepal-tea-will-benefit-darjeeling-tea-lovers|title=Here's Why The Launch Of Nepal Tea Will Benefit Darjeeling Tea Lovers|website=Vahdam India|date=2018-02-19}}</ref> consisting of the side profile of a woman holding two leaves and a bud. It is registered as a certification trade mark in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia and Taiwan, as a [[European Union trade mark#Collective marks|collective trade mark]] in the EU<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/#details/trademarks/008674327|title=DARJEELING, filing number 008674327|website=[[European Union Intellectual Property Office]]|date=2009-11-10}}</ref> and registered internationally in the [[Madrid system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.wipo.int/madrid/monitor/en/showData.jsp?ID=ROM.0528696|title=52869632323- DARJEELING International Trademark|website=WIPO Madrid Monitor|date=1988-03-11}}</ref> In 2000, the Tea Board created new licensing requirements for Darjeeling tea exporters, including product authentication and a prohibition on blending, which allowed them to issue [[Certificate of origin|certificates of origin]]. In 2004, Darjeeling tea became [[List of geographical indications in India|India's first product]] to receive legal [[geographical indication]] protection under the World Trade Organization's [[TRIPS Agreement]]<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/GI-tag-TN-trails-Karnataka-with-18-products/articleshow/6458268.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103144531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-29/chennai/28312502_1_gi-tag-gi-registry-gi-protection|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=GI tag: TN trails Karnataka with 18 products|date=29 August 2010}}</ref> and in 2011 it was given Protected Geographical Indication status in the [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|European Union]].

== Terroir ==
Environmental factors combined with a history of organized cultivation and processing has created a [[terroir]] unique to Darjeeling tea. It has been marketed as the "Champagne of teas"<ref name=Distinction>{{cite book |title=The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justice on Fair-Trade Tea Plantations in India |first=Sarah |last=Besky |year=2013 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520277397}}</ref> and been subject to undisclosed blending with other teas or purposeful mis-labelling.<ref name="Koehler chap15">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=171–182}}</ref> Relative to other teas, Darjeeling tea is most similar to [[Nepali tea]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/dining/drinks/nepal-darjeeling-tea.html |title=Don't Call It Darjeeling, It's Nepali Tea |first=Max |last=Falkowitz |date= May 28, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

=== Geography and climate ===
[[File:Darjeeling Tea Plantation, India.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Darjeeling tea plantation]]
[[File:Darjeeling Teascape.jpg|thumb|Darjeeling Teascape]]
Darjeeling tea is grown in the [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district]]s, an area bound by [[Nepal]] to the west, [[Bhutan]] to the east and [[Sikkim]] to the north. The [[Tea Board of India]] defines "Darjeeling Tea" as having "been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in the hilly areas of [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Sadar Subdivision]], only hilly areas of [[Kalimpong District]]..., and [[Kurseong subdivision]]...of the [[Darjeeling district|District of Darjeeling]] in the State of [[West Bengal]], India."<ref>{{cite book |title=Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development: Development Agendas in a Changing World |first1=Ricardo |last1=Meléndez-Ortiz |first2=Pedro |last2=Roffe |year=2010 |publisher= Edward Elgar Pub |isbn=9781848446458 |pages=286–287}}</ref> The tea gardens are located on the hillsides of the [[Eastern Himalaya]], between 600 and 2,000 metres in elevation. That [[Geography of West Bengal|physical geography]] of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]], between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]], results in the land experiencing cool air with dry winter months from November to February followed by [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] weather in the summer months between July and September. The [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests|subtropical]] and [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests|wet temperate]] forest cover that developed under these conditions left slightly acidic loamy soils with high organic materials. Being on steep slopes, the soil is well-drained and deep enough for long root systems, necessary for anchoring soil on slopes. Being on the sides of the hills, at high elevations where cool dry air interacts with warm moist air, there can be persistent fog or cloud cover during the growing months. These are ideal conditions for the ''Camellia sinensis sinensis'' plant which flourishes with well-drained, slightly acidic soils, with periods of dormancy, and limited direct sunlight.<ref name="Koehler chap14 & 16">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=152–166, 183–196}}</ref>

=== Cultivation ===
The ''Camellia sinensis'' seeds originally planted came from China but new plantings come predominantly from saplings taken from a few [[cultivar]]s, such as Bannockburn 157, Phoobsering 312 and Ambari Vegetative 2, which have been specifically adapted for Darjeeling.<ref name="Koehler chap15"/> The climate creates four distinct periods of cultivation, each of which has unique characteristics. The plants are plucked by hand every five to ten days, most typically of their top two leaves and a bud, however, based on growing conditions and desired product just the bud or the bud and top leaf may sometimes be plucked.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Darjeeling-tea-first-flush-leaf-dry.jpg
| image2 = Darjeeling-tea-first-flush-leaf-after-steeping.jpg
| caption2 = First flush Darjeeling tea before and after [[steeping]]
}}

The first pluckings in Spring, generally March into May, are referred to as the first flush. These first leaves following the winter dormancy are the most tender leaves the plant will produce and result in a tea that has a gentle, very light colour and aroma, and a mild astringency (or briskness). The second flush is harvested in May and June, after the ''[[Empoasca]]'' and ''[[Homona coffearia]]'' have attacked the plant, releasing compounds that create a distinctive full-bodied [[Muscat (grape)|muscatel]] flavour in the tea. The attacks by the leafhopper and moth release defensive chemicals from the plant and naturally begins oxidation process within the leaves. These first two flushes are the most sought after by tea [[connoisseur]]s.<ref name=Sommelier>{{cite book |title=Tea Sommelier |first=Gabriella |last=Lombardi |year=2015 |publisher=[[White Star Publishers]] |isbn=9788854409187 }}</ref>

The plant rapidly grows during the monsoon flush from July to September with larger and less flavourful leaves. The persistent rain also results in less complete withering and oxidization during the processing stage. Some estates create green or white teas from these as they demand less withering and no oxidation, however, when completed as black tea this flush is often sold below the cost of production for use in blending and domestic consumption. After the rainy season, the final leaves grown before the plant's winter dormancy are referred to as the autumnal flush. They are harvested in October–November and provides a herbaceous and soft muscatel flavour but with a fuller body and darker colour than previous flushes, and is compared favorably with [[Nepali tea]]s.<ref name="Heiss"/>

===Processing===
With few exceptions, Darjeeling produces [[black tea]]s. Each tea estate operates their own equipment so that processing can begin the same day as plucking. The leaves are first brought indoors where they are air blown overnight to dry them sufficiently so that their cells can be ruptured, initiating oxidation, when rolled without breaking the leaf. Darjeeling teas, especially the first flush, tend to be withered longer than other black teas; a hard wither can reduce a leaf's water content by more than half, affecting [[polyphenol oxidase]] activity and leaving a more green appearance.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tea Industry |first=Nick |last=Hall |publisher= Woodhead Publishing |year=2000 |isbn= 9781855733732 |chapter=3}}</ref> Some tea estates will produce a batch of Darjeeling [[oolong tea]] by limiting the amount of oxidation. After rolling, the leaves are left to oxidize on trays before being fired to reduce the moisture level down to approximately 2% and sealing the ruptures which will be reopened with consumer's hot water. The sorting of the dried product according to [[tea leaf grading]] is completed and shipped to [[Kolkata]] for auctioning, though many estates sell privately under contracts.<ref name="Koehler chap9">{{cite book |title=Darjeeling: The Colorful History and Precarious Fate of the World's Greatest Tea |first=Jeff|last=Koehler |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=9781620405123 |pages=94–104}}</ref>

===Preparation, flavour and aroma===
With the exception of the first flush, orthodox (i.e. not [[crush, tear, curl]]) Darjeeling teas are generally prepared in the same manner as other black teas. Tea connoisseurs recommend a water temperature ranging between {{convert|90|C|F}} to {{convert|95|C|F}} in a single infusion of 3 to 4 minutes, whereas first flushes, like other early spring teas such as [[Jin Jun Mei tea]], use water of slightly lower temperature at 85 to 90 °C and an infusion time of 2 to 3 minutes. For every 150 milliliters ({{frac|2|3}} [[Cup (unit)|cup]]) of water used, 2 to 3 grams (one [[tablespoon]]) of loose leaf tea is added. As Darjeeling teas are low in malt and bitter characteristics and are appreciated for delicate floral and fruit aromas, milk and sweeteners are typically not added. Their high [[tannins in tea|tannin]] content allows them to be paired well with carbohydrate-rich foods, such as baked goods and pasta.<ref name=Sommelier/>

Darjeeling teas are best known for the [[Muscatel (tea)|muscatel]] flavour, described as a "[[musk]]y spiciness",<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AI1DAAAQBAJ&q=muscatel+&pg=PA48|title=Innovation and IPRs in China and India: Myths, Realities and Opportunities|last1=Liu|first1=Kung-Chung|last2=Racherla|first2=Uday S. |date=May 19, 2016 |publisher=Springer|isbn=9789811004063|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> "a unique [[muscat (grape)|muscat]]-like fruitiness in aroma and flavour",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kwek|first=Rachel|date=January 9, 2019|title=What's for Tea, Darjeeling? |journal=Asian Geographic |pages=112|via=pressreader.com}}</ref> that develops in the second flush and is present to a lesser degree in the subsequent autumnal flush. While general tea flavours are created by [[thearubigin]]s and [[theaflavin]]s, chemical analysis on Darjeeling teas show their unique muscatel flavour is the result of [[Hotrienol|3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol]] and 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octa-diene-2,6-diol, with other aromatic compounds coming from [[linalool]], [[benzyl alcohol]], [[3-Hexanol|cis-3-hexenol]], [[farnesene|α-farnesene]], benzyl nitrile, [[indole]], [[nerolidol]] and [[ocimene]].<ref name="Driem chap9"/> Otherwise, Darjeeling teas are described as possessing a flowery fragrance and fruity (grapes, plums, apricots, peaches, pineapple, guava, or citrus fruits), flowery and woody aroma notes, and a little more astringency than their Chinese counterparts.<ref name=Sommelier/><ref name="Heiss"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Harney & Sons Guide to Tea |first=Michael |last=Harney |year=2008 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin Press]] |isbn= 9781594201387 |page=128}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
The Tea Board of India recognises 87 tea estates (also called "tea gardens") as producers of Darjeeling tea. Cumulatively, they cover 17,500 hectares of land. Apart from these estates, a relatively small amount of tea is produced in [[Agricultural cooperative|farm cooperative]]s but they lack processing and quality control infrastructure.<ref name=Sen>{{cite book |title=Everyday Sustainability: Gender Justice and Fair Trade Tea in Darjeeling |last=Debarati |first=Sen |publisher=[[State University of New York|SUNY Press]] |date=2017 |isbn=9781438467139}}</ref> Some of the notable tea estates include:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Arya Tea Estate|Arya]]
* [[Avongrove Tea Estate|Avongrove]]
* [[Badamtam Tea Estate|Badamtam]]
* [[Balasun Tea Estate|Balasun]]
* [[Castleton Tea Estate|Castleton]]
* [[Glenburn Tea Estate|Glenburn]]
* [[Gopaldhara Tea Estate|Gopaldhara]]
* [[Happy Valley Tea Estate|Happy Valley]]
* [[Jungpana Tea Estate|Jungpana]]
* [[Lopchu Tea Estate|Lopchu]]
* [[Makaibari Tea Estate|Makaibari]]
* [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate|Margaret's Hope]]
* [[North Tukvar Tea Estate|North Tukvar]]
* [[Okayti Tea Estate|Okayti]]
* [[Peshok Tea Garden|Peshok]]
* [[Phoobsering Tea Estate|Phoobsering]]
* [[Phuguri Tea Estate|Phuguri]]
* [[Pussimbing Tea Estate|Pussimbing]]
* [[Puttabong Tea Estate|Puttabong]]
* [[Rangli Rangliot]]
* [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden|Teesta Valley]]
* [[Thurbo Tea Estate|Thurbo]]
* [[Mission Hill Tea Estate|Mission Hill]]
{{div col end}}
[[File:Darjeeling Tea Garden worker.jpg|thumb|right|Women plucking tea on a Darjeeling tea estate]]
The [[Government of West Bengal]] owns the land on which the estates are located and administer 30 to 90 year leases under the ''West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act'' to companies operating the estates. The West Bengal government is also involved in providing regulatory supervision of numerous aspects of estate operations, including land use and labour agreements. The Darjeeling Tea Association (affiliated with the [[Indian Tea Association]]) is the [[trade association]] that represents the tea estates and exporters in business and labour affairs. They jointly negotiate together with the various unions and the government so that workers across numerous tea estates receive the same compensation.

Labour relations are complex as, in addition to the seasonal influx of [[temporary work]]ers, the permanent workers can be permanent residents of the estates where, pursuant to the ''Plantations Labour Act'', housing, education, health and other services are provided by the estate, in addition to a base salary. Because the provision of these services are required by law, [[fair trade]] organizations, such as the [[Fairtrade International]], allow their fair trade premiums be paid to plantation owners, rather than the workers, on condition that the owners can only use the premium to offset some of the costs of providing these services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://files.fairtrade.net/standards/Tea_HL_EN.pdf |title =Fairtrade Standard for Tea for Hired Labour and Traders |page=5 |publisher=[[Fairtrade International]] |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Studies of this arrangement have suggested that this has negatively affected the livelihoods of labourers, as owners have more than correspondingly reduced their contributions to the required services.<ref name=Distinction/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Fair Trade Certification: The Case of Tea Plantation Workers in India |first=Rie |last=Makita |journal =Development Policy Review |year=2012 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=87–107|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00561.x |s2cid=56573532 }}</ref> This also complicates wage negotiations as marginal increases are feared to come at the expense of a loss of social services. However, the low wages contribute to a high rate of [[absenteeism]] of workers seeking higher paying work elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/absenteeism-in-darjeeling-tea-sector-hits-50/cid/1675792 |title=Absenteeism in Darjeeling tea sector hits 50% |date=November 18, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |first=Vivek |last=Chhetri}}</ref> The tea estate workers have historically relied on workers coming from Nepal as a source of inexpensive labour. Consequently, Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong and their tea estates are populated predominantly by [[Indian Gorkha]] people. They have developed a unified ethnic identity and advocated for independence from [[West Bengal]]. Occasionally, actions of the [[Gorkhaland movement]] have disrupted operations of the Darjeeling tea estates, such as the 2017 [[bandh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Commodities/Darjeeling-s-general-strike-ends-too-late-to-save-tea-harvest |title=Darjeeling's general strike ends too late to save tea harvest|date=October 5, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Nikkei]] |first=Yuji |last=Kuronuma}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Darjeeling Planters' Club]]
* [[North Bengal Tea Industry]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Teas}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Darjeeling District}}
{{Kalimpong District}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Economy of Darjeeling district|01]]
[[Category:Indian tea]]
[[Category:Black tea]]
[[Category:White tea]]
[[Category:Oolong tea]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tea industry in West Bengal]]

Bandol, Seoni

2026-03-30T12:42:57Z

Balaji15: Started stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bandol
| native_name = बंडोल
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Bandol seoni बस स्टैँट 2.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bandol bus stand
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.23|N|79.54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seoni district|Seoni]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Sarpanch Shrinevas (Pappu) Murti
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 480882
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07692
| registration_plate = DOES NOT HAVE A RTO
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| website = Prakash_Satnami
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bandol''' Panchayat (Hindi: सिवनी) बंडोल is a [[village]] in the [[Seoni district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh State, India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Bandol Population - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/496689-bandol-madhya-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 7, 2025}}</ref> It belongs to the [[Jabalpur division|Jabalpur Division]]. Bandol is located 16 kilometres north of National Highway No. 7. The village is the geographic area of 706.95 hectares, mostly a large gram panchayat. The Wainganga river flows 2 kilometres west of Bandol village .

==Stone Crusher Industrial Area ==
Stone crusher is the highest in this area.
These stone crushers are supplied in the surrounding areas. Stone is the most supplied in Balaghat district.

==Educational Institute ==
* Primary School
* Government Secondary School Bandol
* Government Medil School Bandol
* Pre Matric Scheduled Tribes Hostal Bandol
* Saraswati Shishu Mandir School Bandol
* Cypress Public School Bandol/Kuklah
* Saraswati Gyan Mandir School Bandol
* Balveer Public School Bandol (CBSE)
* Dehradun Public School Bandol (CBSE)

==Temples ==
* Katyani Mandir Temple
* Gram Devi Mandir
*Bhura Bhagat Temple
* Old Shankar Mandir Main Road Temple
* Hanumaan Temple Bazar Bandol
* Banjari Temple

== Government Primary Health Center. (Hospital) ==
The government primary health center is Bandol which is located in Bakhari Road Bando

Dr Mayank tiwari also giving his service in main road bandol

==Animal Feed Plant==
It is the only animal feed plant in Seoni district, which is established here with Sanchi Milk Cold Center.

==Government Offices==
* Police Station Bandol
* Gram Panchayat Office
* Poorv Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Center Bandol (MPEB DC Office Bandol)
* Forest Office
* Animal Hospital
* Gramin Bank
* Sahkari Bank
* RI Office
* Aganwadi Centre 1,2
* Seva Sahkari Samiti Bandol
* Post Office

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Seoni district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Seoni district]]

List of people from Telangana

2026-03-28T09:01:40Z

Balaji15: rework formatting based on references

{{short description|None}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
The following is a '''list of notable people from [[Telangana]]'''.
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Indian people sidebar|people}}
==Award winners==

===Bharat Ratna===
* [[Zakir Husain]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (2024)

===Padma Vibhushan===
*[[Ali Yavar Jung]]
*[[Mehdi Nawaz Jung]]
*[[Kaloji]] (1992)
*[[Ravi Narayana Reddy]] (1992)

===Padma Bhushan===
* [[Nawab Zain Yar Jung]]
* [[Zehra Ali Yavar Jung]]
* [[C. Narayanareddy]]
* [[C. H. Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Haroon Khan Sherwani]]

=== Padma Shri Award ===
*[[Gajam Anjaiah]], Arts
*[[Laxma Goud]], Arts
*[[Gopi Chand Mannam]], Medicine
*[[Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri]], Arts
*[[Mohammad Ahmed Zaki]], Service

=== Dada Saheb Phalke Award ===
*[[Paidi Jairaj]]

===Dronacharya Award===

* [[Mohammad Ilyas Babar]], athletics
* [[Syed Naeemuddin]], football

===Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu===

* [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]], for his book ''Timiramotho Samaram'' (1974)
* [[Cingireddy Narayana Reddy]], for his book ''Mantalu Manavudu'' (1973)
* [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]], for his social history book ''Andhrula Sanghika Charitamu'' (1955)

==Education==
* [[Chukka Ramaiah]], MLC, educationist and Telangana activist
* Prof. [[Kailasa Venkata Ramiah]], founder vice-chancellor of [[Kakatiya University]]; former member of the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]]
* [[Arjula Ramachandra Reddy]], distinguished biologist; founder vice-chancellor of [[Yogi Vemana University]]; Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore

== Business/industry ==
* [[Jupally Rameswar Rao]], My Home group
* [[Sashi Reddi]], AppLabs

==Film industry==

* [[Nag Ashwin]], Indian film director and screenwriter
* [[Shabana Azmi]], Indian actress
* [[Sampoornesh Babu]], Indian film actor
* [[Shyam Benegal]], Indian director and screenwriter
* [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]], Indian presenter and film actress
* [[Tharun Bhascker]], Indian actor, director and film producer
* [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], Musical artist
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], Lyricist in Telugu cinema
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]], Indian actor and film producer
* [[Tabassum Hashmi]], Indian actress
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], Indian actress
* [[Puri Jagannadh]], Indian film director and producer
* [[P. Jairaj]], Indian actor
* [[Sekhar Kammula]], Indian film director
* [[Vennela Kishore]], Indian actor
* [[Dasarathi Krishnamacharya]], poet and writer
* [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], filmmaker and screenwriter
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]], Indian actor
* [[Dia Mirza]], Indian actress
* [[Farah Naaz]], Bollywood actress
* [[Sampath Nandi]], film director
* [[C. Narayanareddy]], writer and poet
* [[Nithiin (actor)|Nithiin Kumar Reddy]], Indian actor
* [[Vamshi Paidipally]], filmmaker
* [[Shashi Preetam]], music director
* [[Priyadarshi (actor)|Priyadarshi]], actor
* [[Dil Raju]], Indian film producer and distributor
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], actor and writer
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]], Actor
* [[B. Narsing Rao]], film director
* [[Kiran Rao]], film director
* [[Kanta Rao]], actor
* [[Reshma Rathore]], model and actress
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]], actor and writer
* [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]], film director
* [[Nandini Reddy]], actress
* [[Sankalp Reddy]], film director
* [[Siva Reddy]], actor
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]], Indian actor
* [[Surender Reddy]], film director
* [[Tanishq Reddy]]
* [[Sushmita Sen]], actress
* [[Harish Shankar]], film director
* [[N. Shankar]], film director
* [[Nikhil Siddhartha]], actor
* [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], music director
* [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Indian Playback singer and Pop artist
* [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], Indian poet and lyricist
* [[Ram Gopal Varma]], Indian film director
* [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], Indian film director and screenwriter

==Poets and writers==


* [[Waheed Akhtar]], Urdu poet, writer and one of the leading Muslim scholars and philosophers of the 20th century
* [[Vattikota Alwar Swamy]]
* [[Fani Badayuni]], noted Urdu poet
* [[Rasamayi Balakishan]], folk singer, poet and political activist
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
* [[Dasarathi]] (1925–1987), poet and political activist
* [[Gaddar]], singer
* [[Suddala Hanmanthu]], poet, best known for the Telugu folk song "Palletoori Pillagada"
* [[Agasthya Kavi]]
* [[Vajjala Shiva Kumar]]
* [[Rama Chandra Mouli]]
* [[Ampasayya Naveen]]
* [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]], Urdu poet
* [[Bammera Pothana]], one of the most acclaimed Telugu poets
* [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]]
* [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]] or Kancherla Gopanna
* [[Dasaradhi Rangacharya]]
* [[Gummadi Vittal Rao]], balladeer and [[Naxalite]] activist
* [[Kaloji Narayana Rao]] (1914–2002), poet and political activist
* [[Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao]]
* [[Varavara Rao]]
* [[Malliya Rechana]] (940 CE), Jain poet
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]], Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan award recipient
* [[Gona Budda Reddy]]
* [[Nandini Sidda Reddy]]
* [[Sunkireddy Narayana Reddy]]
* [[Palkuriki Somanna]]
* [[Ande Sri]]
* [[Ayinampudi Srilakshmi]], poet and writer
* [[Mallinātha Sūri]]
* [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
* [[Goreti Venkanna]], poet and folk singer
* [[Bulemoni Venkateshwarlu]]

== Politicians ==
* [[Tanguturi Anjaiah]], ex-CM of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Renuka Chowdhury]], former Union minister of State and member of numerous parliamentary committees
* [[Bandaru Dattatreya]], Governor of Himachal Pradesh from 2019, ex-MP Sec-bad
* [[Ponnam Prabhakar Goud]], ex-MP (15th Lok Sabha)
* [[Tadur Bala Goud]], Champion of the Backward Class community; former Minister, MLA; twice an MP in 8th and 9th Lok Sabha
* [[V. Srinivas Goud]], MLA, AP
* [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], third President of India and former governor of Bihar
* [[Manda Jagannadham]], MP (15th Lok Sabha)
* [[K. Kavitha]], MP; founder and President of Telangana Jagruthi Samithi
* [[R. Krishnaiah]], MLA, National backward caste president; officially announced CM candidate from TDP
* [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]], former president, [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]]; ex-Minister of AP
* [[Madan Mohan]], MLA
* [[Padmaja Naidu]], founder of INC in the Hyderabad State, former governor of West Bengal
* [[Sarojini Naidu]], first Indian woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress and the first woman governor (to United Provinces)
* [[Nagabhairava Jaya Prakash Narayana]], founder of [[Lok Satta Party]]
* [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]], MLA, Floor Leader in Telangana Assembly from AIMIM
* [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], MP, president of AIMIM
* [[Etela Rajender]], MLA
* [[Chukka Ramaiah]], Ramaiah Academy, Educationalist, MLC
* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]], first elected Chief Minister of the Hyderabad State (Independent India)
* [[Jalagam Vengal Rao]], ex-CM of Andhra Pradesh
* [[K. T. Rama Rao]], MLA
* [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]], former Chief Minister of Telangana State; founder of TRS/BRS;
* [[Muralidhar Rao|P. Muralidhar Rao]], National General Secretary, BJP
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], ex-CM of AP and ninth [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[T. Harish Rao]], MLA
* [[Ramesh Rathod]], ex-MP (15th Lok Sabha)
* [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]], ex-Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]], second Chief Minister of Telangana State
* [[C. Laxma Reddy]], MLA Jadcherla, ex-Health Minister
* [[G. Kishan Reddy]], MLA, president of the BJP, AP
* [[G. Sanjeeva Reddy]], ex-MP Rajya Sabha, ex-Minister of labour
* [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]], chairman of Telangana Legislative Council from 2019
* [[Jaipal Reddy]], ex-MP (13th, 14th and 15th Lokh Sabha); Minister, GOI
* [[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]], ex-MP (15th Lok Sabha)
* [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]], ex-minister, AP
* [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]], ex-Minister Panchayat Raj (2010), AP
* [[Marri Chenna Reddy]], ex-CM of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]], MLA, member of the National Disaster Management Authority
* [[Naini Narshimha Reddy]], ex-Home Minister of Telangana, MLC, TRS Party Senior Leader
* [[Ramreddy Damodar Reddy]], MLA
* [[Revanth Reddy]], MP, Malkajgiri
* [[Sabita Indra Reddy]], ex-Education Minister of Telangana from 2019
* [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]], ex-MP, former General Secretary for the Communist Party of India
* [[P. Shiv Shankar]], ex-MP, Union Law Minister - GOI
* [[Kadiyam Srihari]], MP
* [[Konda Surekha]], MLA, ex-Minister, AP
* [[G. Venkat Swamy]], ex-MP (14th Lok Sabha); ex-Minister, GOI
* [[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]], ex-MP (15th Lok Sabha)
* [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]], MLA, [[Chief Whip]] for the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]

== Sport ==

=== Badminton ===


* [[Jwala Gutta]]
* [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
* [[Saina Nehwal]]
* [[P.V. Sindhu]]

=== Cricket ===


* [[Arshad Ayub]], former India team player and manager
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
* [[Abbas Ali Baig]], player and coach of India Cricket Team
* [[Harsha Bhogle]], popular cricket commentator and founder of cricbuzz.com
* [[Noel David]], former Team India cricketer
* [[M. L. Jaisimha]], Team India cricket player
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Mithali Raj]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]], multiple Ranji record-breaking all-rounder
* [[Mohammed Siraj]], represented Team India in cricket
* [[Shivlal Yadav]], former India team player

=== Hockey ===


* [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]]

=== Other sports ===


* [[Abdul Basith (volleyball)|Abdul Basith]], former captain of the Indian men's volleyball team
* [[Sania Mirza]], tennis player
* [[Gagan Narang]], shooter
* [[Nikhat Zareen]], boxer

== News writers ==

* [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]] (1896–1953), social historian
* [[K. Sreenivas Reddy]], Indian journalist
* [[Vattikota Alwar Swamy]] (1915–1961), Telugu writer, human rights activist, communist leader, journalist and publisher
* [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], Tollywood lyric writer
* [[Arunodaya Vimala]], balladeer and social activist

== Military chiefs ==
* Air Chief Marshal [[Denis La Fontaine]], Chief of Staff, Indian Air Force, 1985–88
* [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Idris Hasan Latif]], Chief of Staff, [[Indian Air Force]], 1978–81
* Air Chief Marshal [[Fali Homi Major]], Chief of Staff, Indian Air Force, 2007–09

== Religious figures ==
* [[Kancherla Gopanna]]

== Lawyers ==
* [[Subodh Markandeya]], Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of India

== Other notable people ==
* [[Chakali Ailamma]], revolutionary leader
* [[Komaram Bheem]], 20th-century freedom fighter
* [[Gaddar]], artist, singer, politician
* [[Suddala Hanumanthu]], freedom fighter, writer, balladeer
* Prof. [[Kothapalli Jayashankar]], professor and political activist
* Prof. M. Kodandaram, professor, political activist, and chairman of All-Party Telangana Joint Action Committee
* [[Vani Kola]], venture capitalist, co-founder of Kalaari Capital
* [[K. Kavitha|Kalvakuntla Kavitha]], political activist, founder and President of Telangana Jagruthi Samithi
* [[Malik Motasim Khan]], leader of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
* [[Nerella Venu Madhav]], often regarded as the father of Indian mimicry
* [[Diya Mirza]], former Miss Asia-Pacific pageant winner
* [[Vivek Oberoi]], Hindi film actor
* [[V. Prakash]], educational activist
* [[Chukka Ramaiah]], educator
* [[Kalpana Ramesh]]
* [[Varavara Rao]], poet
* [[Raavi Narayana Reddy]], revolutionary, leader of CPI, parliamentarian
* [[Bholekar Srihari]], painter, sculptor and printmaker
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Hindi film actress, multiple national awards winner
* [[Suresh Venapally]], mathematician known for his research work in algebra, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] 2009

==See also==
* [[Jaya Jaya He Telangana]]
* [[Telangana Language Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:People from Telangana|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Telangana]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Telangana| ]]

Vizag Prasad

2026-03-26T16:32:28Z

Balaji15: general cleanup references and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Telugu film and theatre actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vizag Prasad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Korlam Parvathi Varaprasada Rao
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1981-2018
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Korlam Parvathi Varaprasada Rao''',<ref name="సరదా కాస్త వ్యసనమైపోయింది">{{cite web |last1=పి |first1=మధుసూదనాచారి |title=సరదా కాస్త వ్యసనమైపోయింది |url=http://telugucinemacharitra.blogspot.in/2012/01/blog-post_28.html |accessdate=31 October 2017 |website= |publisher=[[Eenadu]]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> better known by his stage name '''Vizag Prasad''', was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre|theatre]], particularly in negative and character roles. He made his film debut with ''[[Babai Abbai]]'' (1985),<ref name=":0" /> directed by [[Jandhyala]], and went on to appear in over 170 films and 700 plays throughout his career.<ref name="Sakshi" />

== Career ==
Korlam Parvathi Varaprasada Rao hails from [[Gopalapatnam]], a suburb of [[Visakhapatnam]] (Vizag).<ref name="Sakshi" /> He began his acting career at the age of 16, performing in numerous plays before transitioning to films.

''[[Babai Abbai]]'' (1985), directed by [[Jandhyala]], was his first film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Sakshi" /> During the making of ''Mogudu Pellalu'' (1985), director Jandhyala gave him the stage name "Vizag Prasad" to distinguish him from other actors named Prasad in the film.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=Telugu actor 'Vizag Prasad' dies of cardiac arrest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/actor-vizag-prasad-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/article25281819.ece |access-date=2020-02-19 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The name "Vizag Prasad" was derived from his native place, Gopalapuram, a suburb of Vizag. Until the release of ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'', he was credited as "K. P. V. Prasad" in his films. However, during the shooting of ''Nuvvu Nenu'', the cast and crew referred to him as "Vizag" Prasad, and the name was later used in the film's title credits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2006 |title=Retrospect: Babai-Abbai (1985) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_babai-abbai1985.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003636/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_babai-abbai1985.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-04-29 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

He made his Tamil debut in the film, ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'', which was his one of his only Tamil films to date.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-vizag-prasad-is-no-more/articleshow/66304067.cms |title=Actor Vizag Prasad is no more |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2018-10-22 | first=Srivathsan | last=Nadadhur |access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> After a hiatus, he garnered acclaim for his role as [[Uday Kiran]]'s father in ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'' in 2001.<ref name="The Hindu" /> ''Nuvvu Nenu'' enabled him to be a viable supporting actor and he starred with well known Telugu actors in ''Sundara Kanda'', ''Allari Ramudu'', ''Bhadra'', ''Allari Bullodu'', ''Gemeni'', and ''Jai Chiranjeeva''.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="The Hindu" />

== Death ==
He died in 2018 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name="The Hindu" />

== Plays ==
He acted in over 700 plays including:<ref name="TOI" />
*''Appu Patram''
* ''Bhale Pelli''
* ''Bhajantreelu''
* ''Kaala Dharmam''
== Filmography ==
{{expand list|date=May 2022}}
{{Colbegin}}
*1985 ''[[Babayi-Abbayi]]''<ref name=Sakshi>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/vizag-prasad-died-heart-stroke-visakhapatnam-1127392|title=వైజాగ్‌కు ఇక సెలవు|date=22 October 2018|website=Sakshi}}</ref>
*1985 ''Mogudu Pellalu''
*1985 ''[[Pratighatana]]''
*1987 ''[[Sruthilayalu]]''
*1988 ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' (Tamil)
*1992 ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]''
*1992 ''[[Sundarakanda (1992 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
*1993 ''[[Prema Pusthakam]]''
*2001 ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
*2002 ''[[Nee Premakai]]''
*2002 ''[[Malli Malli Chudali]]''
*2002 ''[[Allari Ramudu]]''
*2002 ''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''
*2002 ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]''
*2002 ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]''
*2002 ''[[Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu]]''
*2002 ''[[Kalusukovalani]]''
*2002 ''[[Vachina Vaadu Suryudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|title=Combining art with a cause|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=Idlebrain.com|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184750/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vvs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2002 ''Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu''
*2002 ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]''
*2003 ''[[Juniors (film)|Juniors]]''
*2003 ''[[Idi Maa Ashokgadi Love Story]]''
*2003 ''[[Appudappudu]]''
*2003 ''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]''
*2003 ''[[Janaki Weds Sriram]]''
*2004 ''Kedi No. 1''
*2004 ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]''
*2004 ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''
*2004 ''[[Pedababu]]''
*2005 ''[[Athanokkade]]''
*2005 ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]''
*2005 ''[[Political Rowdy]]''
*2005 ''Alex''
*2005 ''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
*2005 ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]''
*2006 ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
*2006 ''[[Raam (2006 film)|Raam]]''
*2006 ''[[Boys and Girls (2006 film)|Boys and Girls]]'' (Tamil)
*2008 ''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
*2008 ''[[Adivishnu]]''
*2009 ''[[Fitting Master]]''
*2009 ''[[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]]''
*2013 ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]''
*2014 ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]''
*2015 ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]''
*2016 ''Rani Gari Bangla''
*2017 ''Lovers Club''
*2017 ''Idhi Maa Prema Katha''
*2018 ''[[Officer (2018 film)|Officer]]''
{{Colend}}

;Television
*''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2024091}}
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore Act, 2012

2026-03-26T11:55:16Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}

The '''National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore Act, 2012''' is an act of the [[Parliament of India]] promulgated to give the status of [[Institute of National Importance]] to [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=201238 The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore Act 2012]</ref> The Bill establishes NIMHANS as a more autonomous{{Clarify|reason=a more autonomous what? a word missing here|date=October 2025}}. NIMHANS is the fourth medical institute in the country to get this status after [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (New Delhi)|Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] and [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]]

== Features ==
# It establishes NIMHANS as corporate body, as it will be out of the purview of MCI. The law states about the objects and functions, the composition of its members, and their powers and functions. It also states that NIMHANS will carry out its functions under the control of the central government<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-institute-of-mental-health-and-neuro-sciences-bangalore-bill-2010-1401/|title=The national institute of mental health and neuro sciences bangalore bill 2010|publisher=Economic Times|date=1 February 2012}}</ref>
# The new status is to facilitate inflow of more funds to increase Faculties, to increase infrastructure and to play a greater role.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/lok-sabha-passes-nimhans-bill/article3860548.ece|title=Lok Sabha passes NIMHANS Bill|work=The Hindu|date=5 September 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2012]]

Nani filmography

2026-03-23T12:41:17Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Indian film actor filmography}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Nani at an interview for the film devadasu.png|thumb|Nani in 2018]]
[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] is an Indian actor, film producer and television presenter who works predominantly in [[Telugu film]]s. Considered as one of the highest paid and leading actors of [[Telugu film|Telugu]] Cinema, He made his acting debut with [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]{{'s}} 2008 comedy film ''[[Ashta Chamma]]'', an Indian adaptation of [[Oscar Wilde]]{{'s}} play ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=5 September 2008 |title=Taking on Oscar Wilde! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/01slid1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715175152/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/01slid1.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> After ''Ashta Chamma''{{'s}} commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=B Krishna |date=13 August 2009 |title=Tollywood gives case study to ISB |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/tollywood-gives-case-study-to-isb/20090813.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170721104429/http://www.rediff.com/money/report/tollywood-gives-case-study-to-isb/20090813.htm |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Nani played the lead roles in three Telugu films in the next two years: ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]'' (2009), ''[[Snehituda]]'' (2009) and ''[[Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu]]'' (2010). In 2011, Nani collaborated with [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]] on the romantic comedy film ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' which was profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=19 February 2013 |title='Jabardasth is a comedy carnival' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-b-v-nandini-reddy-on-jabardasth/20130219.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715175325/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-b-v-nandini-reddy-on-jabardasth/20130219.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The same year, he made his Tamil cinema debut with Anjana Ali Khan's ''[[Veppam]]'', a crime drama set in the backdrop of [[North Chennai]].<ref name="veppam" /> The following year, Nani collaborated with [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] on the Telugu-Tamil bilingual ''[[Eega]]'' and the romance film ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' respectively. The former, which was about a murdered man reincarnating as a housefly and avenging his death, earned Nani an award in the Best Hero category at the [[Toronto After Dark Film Festival#2013|2013 Toronto After Dark Film Festival]].<ref name="Toronto Eega">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2013 |title=Rajamouli's Eega continues to win awards |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajamoulis-Eega-continues-to-win-awards/articleshow/25166198.cms |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406095919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Another-feather-in-Eegas-cap/articleshow/20760864.cms |url-status=live |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> He received the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu''.<ref name="Nandi YVM">{{Cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=Nandi Awards: Here's the complete list of winners for 2012 and 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nandi-awards-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-2012-and-2013/story-98h1g3ETtYipb4qGVgcgaM.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715180026/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nandi-awards-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-2012-and-2013/story-98h1g3ETtYipb4qGVgcgaM.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

Nani ventured into film production in 2013 as a co-producer for the film ''[[D for Dopidi]]''.<ref name="prod">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 December 2013 |title=Nani roughs it out |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nani-roughs-it-out/article5433068.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715083744/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nani-roughs-it-out/article5433068.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> He faced three box office failures in the upcoming years: ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]'' (2013), ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' (2015). Nani termed it a "low phase" in his career and worked on the "planning of films and the timing of their release".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=22 December 2016 |title=Nani: I can't take this success for granted |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Nani-I-can%E2%80%99t-take-this-success-for-granted/article16925032.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715165928/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Nani-I-can%E2%80%99t-take-this-success-for-granted/article16925032.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> He then played the lead role in [[Nag Ashwin]]{{'s}} ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), a film focusing on a businessperson's journey to the [[Himalayas]] seeking self exploration.<ref name="YVS" /> Nani later starred in [[Maruthi]]{{'s}} comedy film ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' (2015), in which he played an absent minded scientist easily prone to distraction.<ref name="BBM" /> It was the actor's first [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] success,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2015 |title=Nani tastes first blockbuster success with 'Bhale Bhale Magadivoy' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nani-tastes-first-blockbuster-success-with-bhale-bhale-magadivoy/ |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029073351/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nani-tastes-first-blockbuster-success-with-bhale-bhale-magadivoy/ |archive-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> and earned him the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Critics Award for Best Actor – South]] at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony.<ref name="FFS BBM">{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Nani wins Critics Award for Best Actor (Male) at 63rd Filmfare Awards South 2016 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nani-wins-Critics-Award-for-Best-Actor-Male-at-63rd-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52813442.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715180541/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nani-wins-Critics-Award-for-Best-Actor-Male-at-63rd-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016/articleshow/52813442.cms |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> With his subsequent releases, the profitable ventures ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' (2016) and ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' (2016), he gained stardom in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |date=10 October 2016 |title=Nani: Tollywood's Mr Bankable |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/oct/08/tollywoods-mr-bankable-1525732--1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715172603/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/oct/08/tollywoods-mr-bankable-1525732--1.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> Nani later played the lead in the commercially successful Telugu films ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' (2016), ''[[Nenu Local]]'' (2017), ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' (2017), and ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 October 2016 |title=Ninnu Kori: Nani's film rakes in Rs 25 crore in its opening weekend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ninnu-kori-box-office-collection-nani-niveda-thomas-aadhi-1023377-2017-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715180941/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ninnu-kori-box-office-collection-nani-niveda-thomas-aadhi/1/998288.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In 2018, Nani featured as the host of the [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)|second season]] of the Telugu game show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''.<ref name="bb2" />

== Film ==
{{Pending films key}}
* ''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Nani film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|name=ReleaseDateOrder|Films are listed in the order of their release date.}}
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Ashta Chamma]]''
| Rambabu / Mahesh Babu{{efn|Nani played a single character with two or more names.|name="character"}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="AC">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2008 |title=Ashta Chamma |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ashta-chamma-review-telugu-pclwJthjdgfdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170714180003/http://www.sify.com/movies/ashta-chamma-review-telugu-pclwJthjdgfdg.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]''
| Arjun
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2009 |title=Ride review – Telugu cinema Review – Tanish, Nani, Shweta Basu Prasad & Aksha |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ride.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715081604/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ride.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Snehituda]]''
| Sai
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=10 August 2009 |title=Snehituda: Nothing new to offer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/aug/10telugu-movie-review-snehituda.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715081824/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/aug/10telugu-movie-review-snehituda.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu]]''
| Suribabu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=9 July 2010 |title=Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu is gripping |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jul/09/south-review-bheemili-kabaddi-jattu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715014251/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jul/09/south-review-bheemili-kabaddi-jattu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''
| Gautham
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Ala Modalaindi is entertaining |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ala-modalaindi/20110121.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715082145/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ala-modalaindi/20110121.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Veppam]]''
| Karthik
| Debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="veppam">{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=29 July 2011 |title=Veppam Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veppam/movie-review/9431933.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715082426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veppam/movie-review/9431933.cms |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''
| Praveen Jayaramaraju "PJ"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2011 |title='Pilla Zamindar' is above average (Telugu Movie Review) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pilla-zamindar-is-above-average-telugu-movie-review-news-national-lkppEggggcasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715082710/http://www.sify.com/movies/pilla-zamindar-is-above-average-telugu-movie-review-news-national-lkppEggggcasi.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Eega]]'' ''Naan Ee''
| Nani
| Telugu-Tamil bilingual
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2012 |title=Eega |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-review-review-telugu-pcma13jfaihfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715083143/http://www.sify.com/movies/eega-review-review-telugu-pcma13jfaihfb.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Toronto Eega" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 July 2012 |title=The other side of happily-ever-after |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-other-side-of-happilyeverafter/article3696478.ece |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403134251/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-other-side-of-happilyeverafter/article3696478.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]''
| Varun Krishna
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=14 December 2012 |title=Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu: Like a gentle breeze |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yeto-vellipoyindhi-manasu-like-a-gentle-breeze/article4199688.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715083454/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yeto-vellipoyindhi-manasu-like-a-gentle-breeze/article4199688.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Nandi YVM" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]''
| Train passenger
|Tamil film; cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="cameos">{{Cite news |date=29 May 2016 |title=చెన్నై పోదాం చలో... చలో! |language=te |trans-title=Let's go to Chennai |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/telugu-hero-doing-remake-movies-346497 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715095952/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/telugu-hero-doing-remake-movies-346497 |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]''
| Prakash
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=8 February 2014 |title=Paisa: Dance of money |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/paisa-dance-of-money/article5664640.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715100423/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/paisa-dance-of-money/article5664640.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]''
| Shakthivel
|Tamil film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=22 February 2014 |title=Movie review: Aaha Kalyanam gets its key elements wrong |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-aaha-kalyanam-gets-its-key-elements-wrong/story-u0w8iAxWyafF93w5hcdmsM.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715100645/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-aaha-kalyanam-gets-its-key-elements-wrong/story-u0w8iAxWyafF93w5hcdmsM.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]''
| Narasimha Reddy's friend
|Tamil film; cameo appearance in "Rajadhi Raja" song
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="cameos" />
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]''
| Aravind Shivashankar / Maya Kannan{{efn|Nani played two characters.<ref name="JPK">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=4 December 2013 |title=First Look: Nani plays a double role in his next- Janda Pai Kapiraju |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-nani-plays-a-double-role-in-his-next--janda-pai-kapiraju-south/20131204.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715145107/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-nani-plays-a-double-role-in-his-next--janda-pai-kapiraju-south/20131204.htm |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="gentleman">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=17 June 2016 |title=Make way for this 'Gentleman' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Make-way-for-this-%E2%80%98Gentleman%E2%80%99/article14428025.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715150617/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Make-way-for-this-%E2%80%98Gentleman%E2%80%99/article14428025.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>|name="dual"}}
|Dual role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="JPK" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
| Subramanyam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="YVS">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=22 March 2015 |title=Yevade Subramanyam: A quest for identity |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/yevade-subramanyam-a-quest-for-identity/article7018796.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715145254/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/yevade-subramanyam-a-quest-for-identity/article7018796.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
| Lucky
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BBM">{{Cite news |last=Sethumadhavan |first=N |date=10 September 2013 |title=Movie Review: Bale Bale Magadivoy |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nani-lavanya-tripathi-murli-sharma-ajay-vennela-kishore-madhumita-srinivasa-reddy-praveen-naresh-sithara/articleshow/48903569.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715145928/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nani-lavanya-tripathi-murli-sharma-ajay-vennela-kishore-madhumita-srinivasa-reddy-praveen-naresh-sithara/articleshow/48903569.cms? |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="FFS BBM" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]''
| Himself
| rowspan="2"|Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendra |first=Ranjani |date=9 May 2015 |title=Predictable but entertaining |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/predictable-but-entertaining/article7186113.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715145710/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/predictable-but-entertaining/article7186113.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]''
| Himself
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2015 |title=I wasn't involved in drug racket: Nandoo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/i-wasnt-involved-in-drug-racket-nandoo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412082913/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/i-wasnt-involved-in-drug-racket-nandoo/ |archive-date=12 April 2016 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]''
| Krishna
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 February 2016 |title=Krishnagadi Veera Prema Gaadha movie review: Love & terror in the season of Valentine |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130216/krishnagadi-veera-prema-gaadha-movie-review-love-terror-in-the-season-of-valentine.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715150211/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130216/krishnagadi-veera-prema-gaadha-movie-review-love-terror-in-the-season-of-valentine.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
| Gautham / Jai{{efn|name="dual"}}
| Dual role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="gentleman" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
| Aditya
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2016 |title=Majnu: Feel-good romance |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Majnu-Feel-good-romance/article14995438.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715151102/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Majnu-Feel-good-romance/article14995438.ece |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
| Jyo's boyfriend
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=10 September 2016 |title=Jyo Achyutananda movie review: Good movie with hilarious first half |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100916/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-good-movie-with-hilarious-first-half.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715150849/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100916/jyo-achyutananda-movie-review-good-movie-with-hilarious-first-half.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Nenu Local]]''
| Babu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=5 February 2017 |title=Nenu Local movie review: It's another hit for Nani |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/050217/nenu-local-movie-review-its-another-hit-for-nani.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715151315/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/050217/nenu-local-movie-review-its-another-hit-for-nani.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
| Dr. P. {{Sortname|Uma Maheswara|Rao|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=7 July 2017 |title=Ninnu Kori movie review: Nani, Nivetha Thomas in a slice-of-life drama about love and life |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ninnu-kori-movie-review-nani-nivetha-thomas-in-a-slice-of-life-drama-about-love-and-life-3786513.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170715152249/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ninnu-kori-movie-review-nani-nivetha-thomas-in-a-slice-of-life-drama-about-love-and-life-3786513.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
| Nani
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2017 |title='Middle Class Abbayi' review: For want of the zing factor |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/middle-class-abbayi-review-for-want-of-the-zing-factor/article22122973.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222083021/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/middle-class-abbayi-review-for-want-of-the-zing-factor/article22122973.ece |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
| Krishna / Arjun Jayaprakash{{efn|name="dual"}}
| Dual role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=12 April 2018 |title=Krishnarjuna Yuddham: This fusion doesn't work |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krishnarjuna-yuddham-this-fusion-doesnt-work/article23511645.ece |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412100147/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krishnarjuna-yuddham-this-fusion-doesnt-work/article23511645.ece |archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
| Dr. Das
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=27 September 2018 |title=Devadas review: The N factor |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devadas-review-spotlight-on-the-bromance-between-nagarjuna-and-nani/article25057460.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180928055516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devadas-review-spotlight-on-the-bromance-between-nagarjuna-and-nani/article25057460.ece |archive-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Neevevaro]]''
| Customer
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=14 August 2018 |title=Nani's Surprise in Aadi's Next |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-14/Nanis-Surprise-In-Aadis-Next/405493 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220012413/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-14/Nanis-Surprise-In-Aadis-Next/405493 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! scope="row"|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|Arjun
|Also dubbed for [[Harish Kalyan]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=19 April 2019 |title='Jersey' review: A film to savour |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jersey-review-this-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-starrer-directed-by-gowtam-tinnanuri-is-an-endearing-sports-drama/article26887442.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419104713/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jersey-review-this-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-starrer-directed-by-gowtam-tinnanuri-is-an-endearing-sports-drama/article26887442.ece |archive-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]''
|"Pencil" Parthasarathy
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani |first=K. |date=13 September 2019 |title=Gang Leader Movie Review: Nani is the star in a funny but illogical film |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gang-leader-movie-review-nani-is-the-star-in-a-funny-but-illogical-film-1598848-2019-09-13 |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914091542/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gang-leader-movie-review-nani-is-the-star-in-a-funny-but-illogical-film-1598848-2019-09-13 |archive-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row" |''[[V (2020 film)|V]]''
| [[Major (rank)| Major]] Yendluri Vishnu
| 25th film; released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=28 January 2020 |title=Nani's look in his 25th film 'V' revealed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanis-look-in-his-25th-film-v-revealed/article30673953.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204005825/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nanis-look-in-his-25th-film-v-revealed/article30673953.ece |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=V (Nani 25): Nani-Sudheer Babu's film second schedule begins |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/v-nani-25-nani-sudheer-babus-film-second-schedule-begins/articleshow/69752093.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617081541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/v-nani-25-nani-sudheer-babus-film-second-schedule-begins/articleshow/69752093.cms |archive-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
!scope="row" | ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
| [[Tehsildar|MRO]] Jagadish Naidu
| Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=31 January 2020 |title=Nani launches Tuck Jagadish |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310120/nani-launches-tuck-jagadish.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008165229/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310120/nani-launches-tuck-jagadish.html |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| Shyam Singha Roy / Vasudev Ghanta{{efn|name="dual"}}
| Dual role
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rishita Roy |date=21 December 2020 |title=Shyam Singha Roy kicks off with Nani, Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shyam-singha-roy-kicks-off-with-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-in-hyderabad-1751598-2020-12-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221185527/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shyam-singha-roy-kicks-off-with-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-in-hyderabad-1751598-2020-12-21 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
!scope="row"|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
| Kasthuri Poorna Venkata Sesha Sai Pavana Rama Sundara Prasad "Sundar"
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2022 |title=Nani poses in 'dhoti' for 'Ante Sundaraniki' |work=[[Telangana Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nani-poses-in-dhoti-for-ante-sundaraniki |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102081307/https://telanganatoday.com/nani-poses-in-dhoti-for-ante-sundaraniki |archive-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
| Arjun Sarkaar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31420/hit-the-second-case-aka-hit-2-review |title=HIT: The Second Case Review – Slick Whodunit Thriller |website=www.moviecrow.com |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224171114/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31420/hit-the-second-case-aka-hit-2-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
! scope="row" |''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''
|Dharani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Nani's rustic and raw first-look as Dharani from Dasara revealed: Spark of Dasara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-rustic-and-raw-first-look-as-dharani-from-dasara-revealed-spark-of-dasara/articleshow/90332733.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320085914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-rustic-and-raw-first-look-as-dharani-from-dasara-revealed-spark-of-dasara/articleshow/90332733.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|Viraj
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hi Nanna Movie Review : Heartwarming Tale of Love and Resilience; Nani, Mrunal, & Kiara Melt Hearts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hi-nanna/movie-review/105793018.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207162122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hi-nanna/movie-review/105793018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" |''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
| Surya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nani 31 is now Saripodha Sanivaram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/23/nani-31-is-now-saripodha-sanivaram-48872.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102055535/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/23/nani-31-is-now-saripodha-sanivaram-48872.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" |''[[HIT: The Third Case |HIT: The Third Case]]''
| Arjun Sarkaar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nani begins shooting for Hit: The 3rd Case |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/14/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-3rd-case |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express |date=14 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915055535/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/14/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-3rd-case |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=yes|The Paradise}}
| Jadal
| Filming
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nani's next film with Dasara director Srikanth Odela titled The Paradise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/nanis-next-film-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-titled-the-paradise-101730962324699-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=7 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204190811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/nanis-next-film-with-dasara-director-srikanth-odela-titled-the-paradise-101730962324699-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2027
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=yes|Bloody Romeo}}
|Romeo
| Pre Production
|
|}



== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu|Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu 2]]''
|Guest contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nani is the next guest on Nagarjuna's MEK2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Nani-is-the-next-guest-on-Nagarjunas-MEK2/articleshow/46443492.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714074447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Nani-is-the-next-guest-on-Nagarjunas-MEK2/articleshow/46443492.cms |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]
|Host
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Television special
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=30 March 2017 |title=IIFA Day 2 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/iifa-day-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611144713/https://telanganatoday.com/iifa-day-2 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu|Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu 4]]''
|Guest contestant
| rowspan="2" |Star Maa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=17 April 2017 |title=This is how Nani prompted MEK 4 host Chiranjeevi to compensate for his loss [PHOTO] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-how-nani-prompted-mek-4-host-chiranjeevi-compensate-his-loss-photo-723352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611145640/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-how-nani-prompted-mek-4-host-chiranjeevi-compensate-his-loss-photo-723352 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref>
|-
||2018
|''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]''|| Host
| ||<ref name="bb2">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=Nani on hosting Bigg Boss Telugu season 2, dealing with trolls: Learnt how strong a person I am |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-on-hosting-bigg-boss-telugu-season-2-dealing-with-trolls-learnt-how-strong-a-person-i-am-5298391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804010024/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-on-hosting-bigg-boss-telugu-season-2-dealing-with-trolls-learnt-how-strong-a-person-i-am-5298391.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Kumari Srimathi]]''
|Himself
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Cameo
|
|}

== Producer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Nani film producer credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|name=ReleaseDateOrder}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |''[[D for Dopidi]]''
|<ref name="prod" />
|-
|2018
! scope="row" |''[[Awe (film)|Awe]] ''
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2020
! scope="row" |''[[HIT: The First Case]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2019 |title=Nani's second production venture stars Vishwak Sen and Ruhani Sharma |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-second-production-hit-vishwak-sen-ruhani-sharma-6085534/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025152819/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-second-production-hit-vishwak-sen-ruhani-sharma-6085534/ |archive-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Meet Cute (TV series)|Meet Cute]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Nani's Meet Cute anthology is in progress. Producer shares BTS pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-s-meet-cute-anthology-is-in-progress-producer-shares-bts-pics-1837114-2021-08-05 |website=India Today |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202143626/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-s-meet-cute-anthology-is-in-progress-producer-shares-bts-pics-1837114-2021-08-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=Nani announces HIT 2, says its time to go on a nailbiting journey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126132828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nani-announces-hit-2-says-its-time-to-go-on-a-nailbiting-journey-7208514/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
! scope="row" |''[[Court - State Vs A Nobody]] ''
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarshi_Pulikonda | title=Priyadarshi Pulikonda }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIT:_The_Third_Case | title=HIT: The Third Case }}</ref>
|-
| 2027
! scope="row" |''Chiranjeevi-Odela Film''
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeevi | title=Chiranjeevi }}</ref>
|}

== Voice artist ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Nani voice film roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|name=ReleaseDateOrder}}
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Actor
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
||2015
|''[[O Kadhal Kanmani|OK Bangaram]]''
|Adhi
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| Telugu version
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Style factor in Jil will make it stand out: Director |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/style-factor-in-jil-will-make-it-stand-out-director-with-image/article7025337.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220013341/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/style-factor-in-jil-will-make-it-stand-out-director-with-image/article7025337.ece |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Awe (film)|Awe]] ''
|Nani
|Fish
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=16 February 2018 |title=Awe movie review: Nani and Prasanth Varma's film is technically brilliant |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/awe-movie-review-in-awe-of-this-nani-film-its-director-prasanth-varma/story-DtVNKVlpQxLMNrhLiDUMXM.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224041255/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/awe-movie-review-in-awe-of-this-nani-film-its-director-prasanth-varma/story-DtVNKVlpQxLMNrhLiDUMXM.html |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=Awe marks Nani's debut as producer; Prashanth Varma's first look takes social media by storm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/awe-marks-nanis-debut-producer-prashanth-varmas-first-look-takes-social-media-by-storm-750827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127144615/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/awe-marks-nanis-debut-producer-prashanth-varmas-first-look-takes-social-media-by-storm-750827 |archive-date=27 November 2017 |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|Adult Nani
|[[Harish Kalyan]]
|Cameo role
|
|-
||[[The Lion King (2019 film)|''The Lion King'']]
| [[Simba]]
|Animated Role
|Telugu version
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telugu trailer of The Lion King out; Telugu veterans lent their voice to animated characters – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-trailer-of-the-lion-king-out-telugu-veterans-lent-their-voice-to-animated-characters/articleshow/70035664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714094429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-trailer-of-the-lion-king-out-telugu-veterans-lent-their-voice-to-animated-characters/articleshow/70035664.cms |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Other crew positions ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Nani other film roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|name=ReleaseDateOrder}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
! scope="row"|''[[Radha Gopalam]]''
|Assistant director
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Nani as 'Clap Assistant' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-nani-as-clap-assistant/articleshow/17966749.cms |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226054552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-nani-as-clap-assistant/articleshow/17966749.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|Assistant director
|
|-
|2006
! scope="row"|''[[Astram (film)|Asthram]]''
|Assistant director
|
|-
|2007
! scope="row"|''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|Assistant director
|
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |''[[D for Dopidi]]''
|Narrator; Co-producer
|<ref name="prod"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Amoli (film)|Amoli]]''
|Narrator (Telugu version)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan, Rajkummar Rao lend voice to film on sexual exploitation titled Amoli: Priceless |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-rao-amoli-priceless-documentary-5165545/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032856/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-rao-amoli-priceless-documentary-5165545/ |archive-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope ="row"|''[[Ee Maaya Peremito]]''
|Narrator
|<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Suresh |last1=Kavirayani |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010718/nani-gives-voice-for-ee-maya-peremito.html |title=Nani gives voice for Ee Maya Peremito |date=1 July 2018 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922215333/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010718/nani-gives-voice-for-ee-maya-peremito.html |archive-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Music Videos ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Nani's appearances in Music videos
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! scope="row"|''Dhaare Leda''
|Himself
|Special appearance Also Producer
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani teams up with Satyadev and Roopa Koduvayur for Daare Leda music video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/nani-teams-up-with-satyadev-and-roopa-koduvayur-for-daare-leda-music-video/articleshow/83596165.cms|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=3761004|name=Nani}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Gross domestic product

2026-03-21T21:50:06Z

Balaji15: quick refine intro for clarity and updated info based on references

{{short description|Total market value of goods and services produced within a country}}
{{redirect|GDP}}
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{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}

'''Gross domestic product''' ('''GDP''') is a [[money|monetary]] [[Measurement in economics|measure]] of the total [[market value]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Duigpan |first=Brian |date=2017-02-28 |title=gross domestic product |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product |access-date=2023-02-23 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114916/https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live }}</ref> of all of the [[final good]]s and services which are produced and rendered during a specific period of time (usually a year) by a [[country]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=gross domestic product (GDP) – Students |url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/gross-domestic-product-GDP/627635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210328/https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/gross-domestic-product-GDP/627635 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Kids |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en-US}}</ref> or countries.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Callen |first=Tim |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/gross-domestic-product-GDP |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Finance & Development {{!}} F&D |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030191107/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/gross-domestic-product-GDP |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210324/https://www.britannica.com/money/gross-domestic-product |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Money |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> GDP is often used to measure the economic activity of a country or region.<ref name=":2" /> The major components of GDP are consumption, government spending, net exports (exports minus imports), and investment. Changing any of these factors can increase the size of the economy. For example, population growth through mass immigration can raise consumption and demand for public services, thereby contributing to GDP growth. However, GDP is not a measure of overall [[standard of living]] or well-being, as it does not account for how income is distributed among the population. A country may rank high in GDP but still experience [[jobless growth]] depending on its planned economic structure and strategies. Dividing total GDP by the population gives an idealized rough measure of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product |access-date=23 February 2019 |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213010751/https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Several national and international economic organizations, such as the [[OECD]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], maintain their own definitions of GDP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OECD |url=http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627164746/https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Callen |first=Tim |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |access-date=3 June 2016 |publisher=IMF |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211141652/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

GDP is often used as a metric for [[international comparisons]] as well as a [[Broad measures of economic progress|broad measure of economic progress]]. It serves as a statistical indicator of national development and progress. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Graham |title=Economics and Economic Change |publisher=FT / Prentice Hall |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-273-69351-2 |page=205}}</ref> Nominal GDP is useful when comparing national economies on the international market using current [[exchange rate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Mary |title=What Is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/updates/purchasing-power-parity-ppp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105162335/https://www.investopedia.com/updates/purchasing-power-parity-ppp/ |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Investopedia}}</ref> To compare economies over time [[inflation]] can be adjusted by comparing [[Real and nominal value|real instead of nominal values]]. For cross-country comparisons, GDP figures are often adjusted for differences in the [[cost of living]] using [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP). [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at purchasing power parity]] can be useful for comparing [[standard of living|living standards]] between nations.

GDP has been criticized for leaving out key [[Externality|externalities]], such as [[resource extraction]],{{clarify|date=May 2025 }} [[environmental impact]] and [[Unpaid work|unpaid domestic work]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Raworth|first=Kate|title=Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist|date=2017|isbn=978-1-84794-138-1|oclc=974194745}}</ref> Alternative economic indicators such as [[Doughnut (economic model)|doughnut economics]] use other measures, such as the [[Human Development Index]] or [[OECD Better Life Index|Better Life Index]], as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on [[Human development (economics)|human development]] and [[well-being]].

== History ==
[[File:Quarterly gross domestic product.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.2|[[United States|U.S.]] [[wikt:year-over-year|YoY]] Quarterly gross domestic product growth rate]]
Sir [[William Petty]] came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the [[tax burden]], and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|warfare between the Dutch and the English]] between 1652 and 1674.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2013 |title=Petty impressive |url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21591842-meet-sir-william-petty-man-who-invented-economics-petty-impressive |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509025748/https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21591842-meet-sir-william-petty-man-who-invented-economics-petty-impressive |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charles Davenant]] developed the method further in 1695.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyle |first=Diane |date=6 April 2014 |title=Warfare and the Invention of GDP |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/warfare-and-the-invention-of-gdp/ |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=The Globalist |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001051320/http://www.theglobalist.com/warfare-and-the-invention-of-gdp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The modern concept of GDP was first developed by [[Simon Kuznets]] for a 1934 [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under ''[[#Limitations and criticisms|limitations and criticisms]]'').<ref name="kuznets">Congress commissioned Kuznets to create a system that would measure the nation's productivity in order to better understand how to tackle the [[Great Depression]].Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7
Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914060700/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971 |date=2018-09-14 }}</ref> After the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dickinson |first=Elizabeth |title=GDP: a brief history |newspaper=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=ForeignPolicy.com |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828030822/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history |url-status=live }}</ref> At that time [[gross national product]] (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see [[OECD]] definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lepenies |first=Philipp |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-power-of-a-single-number/9780231175104 |title=The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP |date=April 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54143-5 |access-date=2017-10-09 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020065052/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-power-of-a-single-number/9780231175104 |url-status=live }}</ref> A crucial role was played here by the [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] under [[Milton Gilbert]] where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into [[institution]]s.

The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the [[public sector]], by financial industries, and by [[intangible asset]] creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coyle |first=Diane |title=GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-691-15679-8 |pages=6}}</ref>

[[China]] officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heijster|first1=Joan van|last2=DeRock|first2=Daniel|date=29 October 2020|title=How GDP spread to China: the experimental diffusion of macroeconomic measurement|journal=Review of International Political Economy|volume=29|pages=65–87|doi=10.1080/09692290.2020.1835690|issn=0969-2290|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Determining gross domestic product (GDP) ==
[[File:How is GDP calculated?.png|thumb|upright=1.2|An infographic explaining how GDP is calculated in the UK]]

GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy.

The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |publisher=World Bank |work=Statistical Manual |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20882526~menuPK:2648252~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |title=GDP – Final Output |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416073205/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20882526~menuPK:2648252~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 |postscript=,}} retrieved October 2009. 
{{cite web | title=User's guide: Background information on GDP and GDP deflator | publisher=HM Treasury | url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/data_gdp_backgd.htm | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084957/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/data_gdp_backgd.htm | archive-date=2 March 2009 }} {{cite web | title=Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts | publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis | url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916010551/http://bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Production approach ===
Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value is contributed at each stage of production.

This approach mirrors the [[OECD]] (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above.
# Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;
# Determine the [[intermediate consumption]], i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services.
# Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.

[[Gross value added]] = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption.

Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory.

The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost".

GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price".

For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
# By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together
# By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together

The value of output of all sectors is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at producer prices".

=== Income approach ===
[[File:U.S. GDP Income Basis.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=1.4|U.S 2015 GDP computed on the income basis]]
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".<ref name=":0" />

If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies.

This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.

The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories:
# Wages, salaries, and supplementary labor income
# Corporate profits
# Interest and miscellaneous investment income
# Income earned by sole proprietors and from the Housing subsector (net of expenses)
# Net income from transfer payments from businesses
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.

Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
# Taxes on production and imports minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.
# Depreciation (or [[capital consumption allowance]]) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product.

Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:{{Citation needed|date=February 2023|reason=Common where?}}
: '''GDP''' = {{overset|Compensation of employees|'''COE'''}} + {{overset|[[gross operating surplus]]|'''GOS'''}} + {{overset|[[gross mixed income]]|'''GMI'''}} + {{overset| taxes less subsidies on production and imports|'''TP&M''' − '''SP&M'''}}
* '''Compensation of employees''' ('''COE''') measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to [[social security]] and other such programs.
* '''Gross operating surplus''' ('''GOS''') is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called [[Profit (accounting)|profits]], although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from [[gross output]] to calculate GOS.
* '''Gross mixed income''' ('''GMI''') is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses.

The sum of '''COE''', '''GOS''' and '''GMI''' is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at [[factor cost]] to GDP(I) at final prices.

Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
: ''Total factor income'' = ''employee compensation'' + ''corporate profits'' + ''proprietor's income'' + ''rental income'' + ''net interest''<ref>United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, {{Cite web |title=''A guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States'' |url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604184227/http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-04 |url-status=live}}, page 5; retrieved November 2009. Another term, "business current transfer payments", may be added. Also, the document indicates that the capital consumption adjustment (CCAdj) and the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA) are applied to the proprietor's income and corporate profits terms; and CCAdj is applied to rental income.</ref>

=== Expenditure approach ===
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices.<ref name=":0" />

Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.

==== Components of GDP by expenditure ====
[[File:GDP Categories - United States.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.4|U.S. GDP computed on the expenditure basis]]

'''GDP (Y)''' is the sum of '''consumption (C)''', '''investment (I)''', '''government expenditures (G)''' and '''net exports (X − M)'''.
: '''Y''' = '''C''' + '''I''' + '''G''' + '''(X − M)'''

Here is a description of each GDP component:
* '''C (consumption)''' is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy ([[household final consumption expenditure]]). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: [[durable good]]s, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing.
* '''I (investment)''' includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include the construction of a new [[mining|mine]], the purchase of software, or the purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not the government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases related to financial investments. Buying [[Financial services|financial products]] is classed as '[[saving]]', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to build a plant, purchase equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] or companies' [[share capital|equity shares]] is a swapping of [[deed]]s, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment.
* '''G (government spending)''' is the sum of [[government spending|government expenditures]] on [[final good]]s and services. It includes salaries of [[public servants]], purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any [[transfer payment]]s, such as [[social security]] or [[unemployment benefits]]. Analyses outside the US will often treat government investment as part of ''investment'' rather than ''government spending''.
* '''X (exports)''' represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.
* '''M (imports)''' represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms '''C''', '''I''', and '''G''', and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign [[Supply and demand|supply]] as domestic.

'''C''', '''I''', and '''G''' are expenditures on [[final good]]s and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.<ref>Thayer Watkins, San José State University Department of Economics, [http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm "Gross Domestic Product from the Transactions Table for an Economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214316/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm |date=2012-08-25 }}, commentary to the first table, " Transactions Table for an Economy". (Page retrieved November 2009.)</ref>) So for example if a [[car manufacturer]] buys [[auto parts]], assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]."<ref>''Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts'', chap. 2.</ref>

Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=gross domestic product – Scholars |url=https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/gross-domestic-product/389903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210330/https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/gross-domestic-product/389903 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Kids |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nominal GDP and real GDP ===
The raw GDP figure given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When comparing GDP figures from one year to another, compensating for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation—is desirable. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, a nominal GDP may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.

For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was {{val|100|u=million|p=$}} and its GDP in 2000 was {{val|300|u=million|p=$}}. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals {{val|300|u=million|p=$}} × {{1/2}} = {{val|150|u=million|p=$}}, ''in 1990 monetary terms.'' We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50 [[Percentage#Percentage increase and decrease|percent]] over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the [[real gross domestic product|real GDP]].

The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the ''[[GDP deflator]]''. Unlike [[consumer price index]], which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.<ref>HM Treasury, ''Background information on GDP and GDP deflator'' 
Some of the complications involved in comparing national accounts from different years are explained in this World Bank [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html document] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616033552/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |date=16 June 2010 }}.
</ref>

=== National measurement ===
{{Main|National agencies responsible for GDP measurement}}

Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as [[private sector]] organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).

==== International standards ====
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book ''[[United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA)|System of National Accounts]]'' (2008), which was prepared by representatives of the [[International Monetary Fund]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], [[United Nations]] and [[World Bank]]. The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68)<ref name="Central Bureau of Statistics">{{Cite web |title=National Accounts |url=http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416055514/http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp |archive-date=16 April 2011 |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.

=== Problems with GDP data ===
{{See also|Economic data}}
A peer-reviewed study published in the ''[[Journal of Political Economy]]'' in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of [[economic growth]] statistics in the majority of countries.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth |url-access=subscription |date= Sep 29, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-25 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221005010456/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> This manipulation was greatest in countries that were semi-authoritarian/authoritarian, or did not have effective [[separation of powers]]. The study took the annual growth in the brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states consistently reported higher growth in GDP than the growth in night lights would suggest, an effect that could not be explained by economic structures, sector composition or other factors.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez |first1=Luis R. |date=October 2022 |title=How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates? |url=https://doi.org/gqrwhr |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2731–2769 |doi=10.1086/720458 |ssrn=3093296 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Corporate haven]]s can also have a [[Corporate haven#Distorted GDP/GNP|distorted GDP]].

== Lists of countries by GDP ==
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[List of continents by GDP]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP sector composition]]
* [[List of countries by largest historical GDP]]
{{colend}}

== Economic growth ==
{{Further|Economic growth|Productivity-improving technologies}}
[[File:GDP per capita growth 2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[List of countries by real GDP per capita growth|GDP per capita growth]] in % (2024)<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG?end=2024&start=1961&view=map|title = GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed July 2025}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
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{{Legend|#240011|Below -5}}
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{{legend|#da820f|-3 to -2}}
{{legend|#fad45d|-2 to -1}}
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{{Col-end}}]]
Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as [[Relative change#Percentage change|percentage change]]. The economic growth can be expressed as:
* [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate]]
* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)]] ([[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|PPP]])
* [[List of countries by real GDP per capita growth]]
* [[List of countries by GNI per capita growth]]

== Relation to gross national income ==
GDP can be contrasted with the [[gross national income]] (GNI) also known as gross national product (GNP). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, [[Gross world product|world GDP and world GNI]] are, therefore, equivalent terms.

GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
For example, the GNI of the [[United States|US]] is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located.

Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lequiller |first1=François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22 |title=Understanding National Accounts |last2=Derek Blades |publisher=OECD |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02566-0 |page=18 |quote=To convert GDP into GNI, it is necessary to add the income received by resident units from abroad and deduct the income created by production in the country but transferred to units residing abroad. |access-date=2021-02-15 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185510/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, the [[United States]] switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis |title=Glossary - GDP |url=https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140050/https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm |archive-date=29 January 2018 }}. Retrieved November 2009.</ref> The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the ''[[National Income and Product Accounts]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2009 |title=Selected NIPA Tables |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034830/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=31 July 2010 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis }}</ref>

Other examples that amplify differences between GDP and GNI can be found by comparing indicators of developed and developing countries. The GDP of Japan for 2020 was 5.05559 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan GDP 1960-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/jpn/japan/gdp-gross-domestic-product |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI of 5.16915 trillion for the same year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan GNI 1962-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/jpn/japan/gni-gross-national-income |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> an increase of 113.560 million. This is indicative of the production level in the country being higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with [[Armenia]] is the opposite with its GNI in 2023 being lower than its GDP by 3.85 billion. This shows countries that receive investments and foreign aid from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia GDP 1990-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/ARM/armenia/gdp-gross-domestic-product |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia GNI 1992-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/ARM/armenia/gni-gross-national-income |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

== Limitations and criticisms ==
GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:
* '''[[Externalities]]''' – Economic growth may entail an increase in negative externalities that are not directly measured in GDP.<ref name="soL">{{Cite book |last1=Mankiw |first1=N. G. |title=Economics |last2=Taylor |first2=M. P. |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-84480-870-0 |edition=2nd, revised |location=Andover |author-link=Greg Mankiw}}</ref><ref name="limitations" /> Increased industrial output might grow GDP, but any pollution is not counted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Kwan |title=Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/gdp.htm |website=Introduction to the World Economy |access-date=2020-06-24 |archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924144700/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/gdp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Non-market transactions''' – GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production, bartering of goods and services, and volunteer or unpaid services.
* '''Non-monetary economy''' – GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered. [[barter (economics)|Bartering]] may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.<ref name="limitations" />
* '''Quality improvements and inclusion of new products''' – by not fully adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true [[economic growth]]. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for their monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP although it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then.
* '''[[Broken window fallacy]]''' - The Broken window fallacy is an economic phenomenon stating that GDP will treat money spent on repairing damages even though there isn’t a net benefit to society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pettinger |first=Tejvan |date=2022-03-11 |title=The broken window fallacy |url=https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/150529/concepts/the-broken-window-fallacy/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Economics Help |language=en-GB}}</ref> In other words GDP doesn’t account for the fact that there was destruction in the first place. For example if there is a natural disaster and the government spends money on repairing housing, the cost of repairing housing will be included in the government spending portion on GDP even though people might have been equally well off if there wasn’t government spending and a natural disaster.

[[Simon Kuznets]], the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his second report to the U.S. Congress in 1937, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements":<ref name="kuznets" />
<blockquote> The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. [...]

All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.</blockquote> In 1962, Kuznets stated:<ref>Simon Kuznets. "How To Judge Quality". The New Republic, 20 October 1962</ref><blockquote>Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.</blockquote>

GDP as initially defined includes spending on goods and services that would shrink if underlying problems were solved or reduced - for example, medical care, crime-fighting, and the military. During World War II, Kuznets came to argue that military spending should be excluded during peacetime. This idea did not become popular; these activities are tracked because they fit into macroeconomic models (e.g. military spending uses up capital and labor).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://conversableeconomist.com/2019/02/05/why-did-simon-kuznets-want-to-leave-military-spending-out-of-gdp/ |date=February 5, 2019 |website=Conversable Economist |title=Why Did Simon Kuznets Want to Leave Military Spending out of GDP? |author=Timothy Taylor}}</ref>

Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of the GDP in Macroeconomics?|url=https://bizfluent.com/info-8467424-advantages-disadvantages-gdp-macroeconomics.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Bizfluent|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507102438/https://bizfluent.com/info-8467424-advantages-disadvantages-gdp-macroeconomics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pilling |first=David |title=Has GDP outgrown its use? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dd2ec158-023d-11e4-ab5b-00144feab7de |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Financial Times |date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908073216/https://www.ft.com/content/dd2ec158-023d-11e4-ab5b-00144feab7de |url-status=live }}</ref> American politician [[Robert F. Kennedy]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Suzuki|first=Dabid|date=February 28, 2014|title=How the GDP Measures Everything 'Except That Which Makes Life Worthwhile'|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/how-the-gdp-measures-everything-except-that-which-makes-life-worthwhil-1881869660.html|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=EcoWatch|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122423/https://www.ecowatch.com/how-the-gdp-measures-everything-except-that-which-makes-life-worthwhil-1881869660.html|url-status=live}}</ref> criticized GDP (or GNI), listing many examples of bad things it does count and good things it does not count:
{{blockquote|Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.<ref>[https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/remarks-at-the-university-of-kansas-march-18-1968 Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968]</ref>}}

===Deficit spending===
[[Deficit spending]] increases GDP in case of positive [[fiscal multiplier|fiscal multipliers]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corsetti |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Meier |first2=André |last3=Müller |first3=Gernot J. |title=What determines government spending multipliers? |journal=Economic Policy |date=October 2012 |volume=27 |issue=72 |pages=521–565 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0327.2012.00295.x }}</ref> GDP as a metric can incentivize politicians to [[overspending|overspend]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alesina|first1=Alberto|last2=Passalacqua|first2=Andrea|date=2015|title=The Political Economy of Government Debt|journal=National Bureau of Economic Research|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w21821|doi-access=free}}</ref> Counterfactual GDP under a [[balanced budget]] scenario can be estimated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alesina |first1=Alberto |last2=Barbiero |first2=Omar |last3=Favero |first3=Carlo |last4=Giavazzi |first4=Francesco |last5=Paradisi |first5=Matteo |date=2015 |title=Austerity in 2009–13 |url=https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article/30/83/383/2392334 |journal=Economic Policy |language=en |volume=30 |issue=83 |pages=383–437 |doi=10.1093/epolic/eiv006 |issn=1468-0327}}</ref>

If a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income on debt [[interest expense]], will be reflected in a decreased GNI{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.

===Unpaid work===
GDP excludes the value of household and other [[unpaid work]]. Some, including [[Martha Nussbaum]], argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a [[Substitute good|substitute]] for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased with money.<ref>{{cite book |title=Creating capabilities : the human development approach |year=2013|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07235-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|last1=Nussbaum|first1=Martha C.}}</ref> Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50% of the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding national accounts|year=2006|publisher=OECD|isbn=978-92-64-02566-0 |edition=Reprint |location=Paris|page=112|last1=Blades |first1=François |last2 = Lequiller |first2 = Derek }}</ref> A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15% in Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70% in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the [[United States]], the value was estimated to be between about 20% on the low end to nearly 50% on the high end, depending on the methodology being used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=std%2Fdoc%282011%297&doclanguage=en |date=14 Oct 2011 |id=STD/DOC(2011)7 |publisher=Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques |title=Incorporating Estimates of Household Production of Non-Market Services into International Comparisons of Material Well-Being|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020065043/http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=std%2Fdoc%282011%297&doclanguage=en|url-status=dead }}</ref> Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of [[national accounts]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Randall G. |last=Holcombe |author-link=Randall G. Holcombe |title=National Income Accounting and Public Policy |journal=Review of Austrian Economics |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=387–405 |year=2004 |doi=10.1023/B:RAEC.0000044638.48465.df |s2cid=30021697 |s2cid-access=free |url=https://departments.gmu.edu/rae/archives/VOL17_4_2004/5_holcombe.pdf |via=George Mason University |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221006192155/https://departments.gmu.edu/rae/archives/VOL17_4_2004/5_holcombe.pdf |archive-date= Oct 6, 2022 }}</ref> public policy might differ if unpaid work were included in total GDP. Some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/seriesF_85.pdf |id=ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/85 |date=2003 |publisher=UNSD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227030856/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/seriesF_85.pdf |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=live |title=National Accounts: A Practical Introduction}}</ref>

Some have pointed out that GDP did not adapt to sociotechnical changes to give a more accurate picture of the modern economy and does not encapsulate the [[value (economics)|value]] of new activities such as delivering price-free information and entertainment on [[social media]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapoor |first1=Amit |last2=Debroy |first2=Bibek |title=GDP Is Not a Measure of Human Well-Being |url=https://hbr.org/2019/10/gdp-is-not-a-measure-of-human-well-being |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=20 September 2020 |date=4 October 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044130/https://hbr.org/2019/10/gdp-is-not-a-measure-of-human-well-being |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |last3=Diewert |first3=W. Erwin |last4=Eggers |first4=Felix |last5=Fox |first5=Kevin J. |date=2025 |title=GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mac.20210319 |journal=American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=312–344 |doi=10.1257/mac.20210319 |issn=1945-7707|hdl=1959.4/106081 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2017 [[Diane Coyle]] explained that GDP excludes much unpaid work, writing that "many people contribute free digital [[Work (human activity)|work]] such as writing [[FOSS|open-source software]] that can substitute for marketed equivalents, and it clearly has great economic value despite a price of zero", which constitutes a common criticism "of the reliance on GDP as the measure of economic success" especially after the emergence of the [[digital economy]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Rethinking GDP |magazine =Finance & Development |date=March 2017 |volume=54 |issue=1 |first1=Diane |last1=Coyle |url = https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/coyle.htm |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 20 September 2020 |archive-date = 2 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200902170328/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/coyle.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> A 2025 study in the ''American Economic Journal'' devised a new GDP measurement (GDP-B) that accounts for the welfare value of new goods and free goods.<ref name=":5" />

In 2019, Erik Brynjolfsson and Avinash Collis argued that GDP does not reflect the growing value of many digital goods because they have zero price.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |date=2019-11-01 |title=How Should We Measure the Digital Economy? |url=https://hbr.org/2019/11/how-should-we-measure-the-digital-economy |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Along with several coauthors, they proposed an alternative approach, [https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/research/gdp-b-a-new-well-being-metric-in-the-era-of-the-digital-economy/ GDP-B], which is based on measuring the ''benefits'' of goods and services, rather than their price or cost.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |last3=Diewert |first3=W. Erwin |last4=Eggers |first4=Felix |last5=Fox |first5=Kevin |title=GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods in the Digital Economy |date=2019 |doi=10.3386/w25695 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Health===
In 2013 scientists reported that large [[Health care|improvements]] in [[health]] only lead to modest long-term increases in GDP per capita.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashraf |first1=Quamrul H. |last2=Lester |first2=Ashley |last3=Weil |first3=David N. |title=When Does Improving Health Raise GDP? |journal=NBER Macroeconomics Annual |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=157–204 |doi=10.1086/593084 |pmid=24347816 |pmc=3860117 |issn=0889-3365 }}</ref> After developing an abstract metric similar to GDP, the [[Center for Partnership Studies]] highlighted that GDP "and other metrics that reflect and perpetuate them" may not be useful for facilitating the production of products and provision of services that are useful – or comparatively more useful – to society, and instead may "actually encourage, rather than discourage, destructive activities".<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Wealth Index |url=https://centerforpartnership.org/programs/caring-economy/social-wealth-index/ |website=The Center for Partnership Studies |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916123957/https://centerforpartnership.org/programs/caring-economy/social-wealth-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gansbeke |first1=Frank Van |title=Climate Change And Gross Domestic Product – Need For A Drastic Overhaul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/frankvangansbeke/2020/09/11/climate-change-and-gross-domestic-product--need-for-a-drastic-overhaul/ |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920071646/https://www.forbes.com/sites/frankvangansbeke/2020/09/11/climate-change-and-gross-domestic-product--need-for-a-drastic-overhaul/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of [[obesity|obese]] adults was approximately 600 million (12%) in 2015.<ref name="NEJM2017">{{cite journal |vauthors = Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A, Marczak L, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Salama JS, Vos T, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Ahmed MB, [[Ziyad Al-Aly|Al-Aly Z]], Alkerwi A, Al-Raddadi R, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini E, Amrock SM, Anjana RM, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Banerjee A, Barac A, Baye E, Bennett DA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Biryukov S, Bjertness E, Boneya DJ, Campos-Nonato I, Carrero JJ, Cecilio P, Cercy K, Ciobanu LG, Cornaby L, Damtew SA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Duncan BB, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Feigin VL, Fernandes JC, Fürst T, Gebrehiwot TT, Gold A, Gona PN, Goto A, Habtewold TD, Hadush KT, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hay SI, Horino M, Islami F, Kamal R, Kasaeian A, Katikireddi SV, Kengne AP, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kinfu Y, Kosen S, Ku T, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Larson HJ, Leinsalu M, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu P, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey ST, Mengistu DT, Mensah GA, Mensink GB, Mezgebe HB, Mirrakhimov EM, Mueller UO, Noubiap JJ, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Owolabi MO, Patton GC, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Santos IS, Sartorius B, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schutte AE, Schmidt MI, Sepanlou SG, Shamsizadeh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shiue I, Roba HS, Silva DA, Silverberg JI, Singh JA, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tegegne BS, Terkawi AS, Thakur JS, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Westerman R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Zaidi Z, Zenebe ZM, Zipkin B, Murray CJ |date=July 2017 |title=Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=13–27 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 |pmc=5477817 |pmid=28604169}}</ref>{{non sequitur|date=February 2026 |reason=no clear relation of obesity statistic to context}}

===Environment===
{{See also|Eco-economic decoupling}}
[[File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.4|Eco-economic decoupling between GDP growth and [[greenhouse gas emissions]] decrease]]

Many [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the [[biosphere|environment]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeroen |last=van den Bergh |date=13 April 2010 |title=The Virtues of Ignoring GDP |work=The Broker |url=http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/The-virtues-of-ignoring-GDP |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051234/http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/The-virtues-of-ignoring-GDP |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Gertner |date=13 May 2010 |work=[[New York Times Magazine]] |title=The Rise and Fall of G.D.P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/magazine/16GDP-t.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/magazine/16GDP-t.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the language of economics, everything comes down to its monetary value.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics |url=https://www.cinemapolitica.org/film/whos-counting-marilyn-waring-on-sex-lies-and-global-economics/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Cinema Politica |language=en-CA}}</ref> In essence, GDP rewards behaviors that are detrimental to the environment.<ref name=":3" /> GDP also does not capture certain phenomena impacting citizens' well-being.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergh |first1=Jeroen C.J.M. van den |title=The GDP paradox |journal=Journal of Economic Psychology |date=April 2009 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1016/j.joep.2008.12.001 }}</ref> For example, traffic jams could cause GDP to increase as there is a higher consumption of gasoline, however, GDP fails to consider citizens' well-being in terms of the quality of air due to air pollution from the traffic jams.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Progress (France) |first1=Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eogVezBLULYC&dq=criticism+of+GDP&pg=PR34 |title=Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |last3=Sen |first3=Amartya |last4=Fitoussi |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2010 |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1-59558-519-6 |language=en}}</ref> Various alternatives have been developed(see below).

A 2020 study found that "poor regions' GDP grows faster by attracting more polluting [[production (economics)|production]] after connection to China's expressway system.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guojun |last2=Xie |first2=Yang |last3=Zhang |first3=Bing |title=Expressways, GDP, and the environment: The case of China |journal=Journal of Development Economics |date=June 2020 |volume=145 |article-number=102485 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102485 |bibcode=2020JDevE.14502485H }}</ref> GDP may not be a tool capable of recognizing how much [[natural capital]] agents of the economy are building or protecting.<ref>{{cite web |title = GDP is destroying the planet. Here's an alternative |url = https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/gdp-is-destroying-the-planet-heres-an-alternative/ |date=May 31, 2018 |first1=Pooran |last1=Desai |website = World Economic Forum |access-date = 20 September 2020 |language = en |archive-date = 18 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918234057/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/gdp-is-destroying-the-planet-heres-an-alternative |url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2020 scientists, as part of a [[World Scientists' Warning to Humanity]]-associated series, warned that worldwide growth in [[affluence]] in terms of GDP-metrics has increased [[resource use]] and [[pollutant|pollutant emissions]] with affluent [[global citizen|citizens of the world]] – in terms of e.g. resource-intensive consumption – being responsible for most negative environmental impacts and central to a transition to safer, [[sustainability|sustainable]] conditions. They summarised evidence, presented solution approaches and stated that far-reaching [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] [[Behavioural change theories|changes]] need to [[Technology and society|complement technological advancements]] and that existing societies, economies and cultures [[incentive|incite]] [[overconsumption|consumption expansion]] and that the [[Structural change|structural imperative]] for [[Economic growth|growth]] in [[Competition (economics)|competitive]] [[market economy|market economies]] inhibits [[societal change]].<ref name="phys-affluence">{{cite news |title = Affluence is killing the planet, warn scientists |url = https://phys.org/news/2020-06-affluence-planet-scientists.html |date= June 24, 2020 |first1=Thomas |last1=Wiedmann |first2=Julia K. |last2=Steinberger |first3=Manfred |last3=Lenzen |agency=The Conversation |access-date = 5 July 2020 |website = phys.org |language = en |archive-date = 5 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200705161607/https://phys.org/news/2020-06-affluence-planet-scientists.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Overconsumption and growth economy key drivers of environmental crises |url = https://phys.org/news/2020-06-overconsumption-growth-economy-key-drivers.html |date=June 19, 2020 |agency= University of New South Wales |access-date = 5 July 2020 |website = phys.org |language = en |archive-date = 23 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200623220446/https://phys.org/news/2020-06-overconsumption-growth-economy-key-drivers.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="gdp-affluence">{{cite journal |author1=Thomas Wiedmann |author2=Manfred Lenzen |author3=Lorenz T. Keyßer |author4=[[Julia Steinberger]]|title=Scientists' warning on affluence |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y |pmid=32561753 |pmc=7305220 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3107W |doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and image were copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref> Sarah Arnold, Senior Economist at the [[New Economics Foundation]] (NEF) stated that "GDP includes activities that are detrimental to our [[economy]] and [[society]] in the long term, such as [[deforestation]], strip mining, overfishing and so on".<ref>{{cite web |title = Why GDP is no longer the most effective measure of economic success |url = https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/why-gdp-is-no-longer-the-most-effective-measure-of-economic-success |website = World Finance |first1=Courtney |last1=Goldsmith |access-date = 17 September 2020 |archive-date = 18 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918233815/https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/why-gdp-is-no-longer-the-most-effective-measure-of-economic-success |url-status = live }}</ref> The number of trees that are net lost annually is estimated to be approximately 10 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-access=limited |first1=Will |last1=Dunham |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Reuters |date=2 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230631/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title=Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170611/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |url-status=live }}</ref> The global average annual deforested land in the 2015–2020 demi-decade was 10 million hectares and the average annual net forest area loss in the 2000–2010 decade 4.7 million hectares, according to the [[Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)|Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105408/http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en |url-status=live }}</ref> According to one study, depending on the level of [[wealth inequality]], higher GDP-growth can be associated with more deforestation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koop |first1=Gary |last2=Tole |first2=Lise |title=Deforestation, distribution and development |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=October 2001 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00057-1 |bibcode=2001GEC....11..193K }}</ref> In 2019 "agriculture and [[agribusiness]]" accounted for 24% of the GDP of Brazil, [[2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires|where a large share of annual net tropical forest loss occurred and is associated with sizable portions of this economic activity domain]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arruda |first1=Daniel |last2=Candido |first2=Hugo G. |last3=Fonseca |first3=Rúbia |title=Amazon fires threaten Brazil's agribusiness |journal=Science |date=27 September 2019 |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1387 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz2198 |pmid=31604261 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1387A }}</ref>

[[Steven A. Cohen (academic)|Steve Cohen]] of the Earth Institute elucidated that while GDP does not distinguish between different activities (or [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyles]]), "all consumption behaviors are not created equal and do not have the same impact on [[environmental sustainability]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-01-economic-growth-environmental-sustainability.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103063216/https://phys.org/news/2020-01-economic-growth-environmental-sustainability.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Johan Rockström]], director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, noted that "it's difficult to see if the current G.D.P.-based [[economic model|model]] of economic growth can go hand-in-hand with rapid [[mitigation of climate change|cutting of emissions]]", which nations have agreed to attempt under the [[Paris Agreement]] in order to mitigate real-world impacts of climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Landler |first1=Mark |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |title=Trump and the Teenager: A Climate Showdown at Davos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/climate/greta-thunberg-trump-davos.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907013852/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/climate/greta-thunberg-trump-davos.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1989, [[John B. Cobb]] and [[Herman Daly]] introduced [[Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare]] (ISEW) by taking into account other factors such as consumption of nonrenewable resources and degradation of the environment. ISEW is roughly defined as: personal consumption + public non-defensive expenditures − private defensive expenditures + capital formation + services from domestic labour − costs of [[environmental degradation]] − depreciation of natural capital.
In 2005, [[Med Jones]], an American Economist, at the International Institute of Management, introduced the first secular Gross National Happiness Index a.k.a. [[Gross National Well-being]] framework and Index to complement GDP economics with additional seven dimensions, including environment, education, and government, work, social and health (mental and physical) indicators. The proposal was inspired by the King of Bhutan's [[Gross National Happiness|GNH]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/ |title = Gross National Happiness (GNH) – A New Socioeconomic Development Policy Framework – A Policy White Paper – The American Pursuit of Unhappiness – Med Jones, IIM |date = 10 January 2005 |website = Iim-edu.org |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 2 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050022/https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/the-happiness-portfolio-is-no-laughing-matter-1.170601/|title= Happiness Ministry in Dubai|date= 11 February 2016|access-date= 4 March 2017|archive-date= 16 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170216193217/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/the-happiness-portfolio-is-no-laughing-matter|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_2012.pdf|title=Harvard Kennedy School Report to U.S. Congressman 21st Century GDP: National Indicators for a New Era|access-date=2017-03-04|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701192803/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2019, Serge Pierre Besanger published a "GDP 3.0" proposal which combines an expanded GNI formula which he calls GNIX, with a [[Palma ratio]] and a set of environmental metrics based on the Daly Rule.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death by GDP – how the climate crisis is driven by a growth yardstick |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/death-by-gdp-how-the-climate-crisis-is-driven-by-a-growth-yardstick |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=21 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222041235/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/death-by-gdp-how-the-climate-crisis-is-driven-by-a-growth-yardstick |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UK's [[Natural Capital Committee]] highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the [[United Kingdom|UK]] Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the [[sustainable growth]] rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term".{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

China launched the [[Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)]] in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. It spread widely across the country. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was [[Zhejiang ]], and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the [[Deqing County, Zhejiang|Deqing]] region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as US$43 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mengnan |first1=Jiang |title=Zhejiang counts 'gross ecosystem product' of nature reserve |url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/digest/zhejiang-counts-gross-ecosystem-product-of-nature-reserve/ |website=China Dialogue |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

=== GDP per capita ===
[[File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|Countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]] in 2024
{| width=100%h
|-
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#00008a|> $60,000}}
{{Legend|#003c00|$50,000–$60,000}}
{{Legend|#008f00|$40,000–$50,000}}
{{Legend|#00f900|$30,000–$40,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#b3ff00|$20,000–$30,000}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|$10,000–$20,000}}
{{Legend|#ffd215|$5,000–$10,000}}
{{Legend|#ff852f|$2,500–$5,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#ff0000|$1,000–$2,500}}
{{Legend|#a30000|< $1,000}}
{{Legend|#b9b9b9|No data}}
|}
]]
GDP changes with [[population change]]. GDP adjusted for population is called ''Per-capita GDP'' or ''GDP per person''. This measures the average production of a person in the country. The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.

It can be argued that GDP per capita is an indicator of standard of living.<ref name="HDWMSL">{{Cite web |title=How Do We Measure Standard of Living? |url=https://www.bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331123630/http://bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-31 |website=The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Real GDP per Capita Affects the Standard of Living|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html|website=Study.com|access-date=2015-04-06|archive-date=2015-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520003910/http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well-being.<ref name="HDWMSL" /> From the perspective of environmental, social and governance (ESG) measures, GDP per capita trends can be influenced by factors such as gender parity and elements of regulatory quality. The change in number of MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) in the Philippines from 2008 through 2021 would be an example of elements such as the per capita gross domestic product and unemployment rate having significant effect on a developing country with mixed economy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Jackson Juatco |last2=Arceo |first2=Virginia Ramirez |title=Women driving Philippine entrepreneurship: Social and governance issues as mediated by economic development |journal=Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research |date=December 2024 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=28 |doi=10.1007/s40497-024-00398-0 }}</ref>

==== Lists of countries by GDP per capita====
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita]] ([[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita|PPP]])
{{colend}}

===Income distribution===
GDP does not account for [[income distribution]]. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well-being if the income distribution is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country (their income might decline, even as the mean [[GDP per capita]] rises). GDP per capita measures (like aggregate GDP measures) do not account for income distribution (and tend to overstate the average income per capita). For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not shared equally among its citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=South Africa Economic Update |date=April 2018 |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/798731523331698204-0010022018/original/SouthAfricaEconomicUpdateApril2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075324/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/798731523331698204-0010022018/original/SouthAfricaEconomicUpdateApril2018.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-13 |url-status=live |website=World Bank }}</ref> The United Nations has aimed in its [[Sustainable Development Goal 10|Sustainable Development Goals]], amongst other global initiatives, to address wealth inequality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 10 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> See [[income inequality metrics]] for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.<ref name="limitations">{{cite web|title=Macroeconomics – GDP and Welfare|url=http://principles-of-economics-and-business.blogspot.com/2015/01/macroeconomics-gdp-and-welfare.html|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221134753/http://principles-of-economics-and-business.blogspot.com/2015/01/macroeconomics-gdp-and-welfare.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A representative measure of the living standard is the [[median income]] since it represents the [[median voter theorem|median voter]].<ref name="x744">{{cite journal | last1=Birdsall | first1=Nancy | last2=Meyer | first2=Christian J. | title=The Median is the Message: A Good Enough Measure of Material Wellbeing and Shared Development Progress | journal=Global Policy | volume=6 | issue=4 | date=2015 | issn=1758-5880 | doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12239 | pages=343–357 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12239 | access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> The median income growth was found diverging from the GDP per capita growth in some countries.<ref name="10.1111_roiw.12362">{{Cite journal |last1=Nolan |first1=Brian |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Thewissen |first3=Stefan |date=September 2019 |title=GDP Per Capita Versus Median Household Income: What Gives Rise to the Divergence Over Time and how does this Vary Across OECD Countries? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roiw.12362 |journal=Review of Income and Wealth |language=en |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=465–494 |doi=10.1111/roiw.12362 |issn=0034-6586 |via=Business Source Ultimate|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Standard of living ===
{{Main|Standard of living}}
Although a high or rising level of GDP per capita is often associated with increased economic and social progress, the opposite sometimes occurs. For example, [[Jean Drèze]] and [[Amartya Sen]] have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions|last2=Sen|first2=Amartya|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4877-5|location=Princeton|last1=Drèze|first1=Jean}}</ref> Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China, where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/china-0|title=China Country Report Freedom in the World 2012|website= Freedom House |date=19 March 2012|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517125703/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/china-0|url-status=dead}}</ref> GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inequality hurts economic growth, finds OECD research |url=https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/inequality-hurts-economic-growth.htm |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=OECD |date=2014 |archive-date=2022-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419002502/https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/inequality-hurts-economic-growth.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Capabilities===
In the 1980s, [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Martha Nussbaum]] developed the [[capability approach]], which focuses on the functional capabilities enjoyed by people within a country, rather than the aggregate GDP within a country. These capabilities consist of the functions that a person is able to achieve.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability : Approach |year=2009|publisher=Earthscan Ltd. |isbn=978-1-84407-806-6|edition=1st |location=London|last1=Shahani|first1= Lila|first2=Severine|last2= Deneulin}}</ref>
In 1990, [[Mahbub ul Haq]], a Pakistani economist at the United Nations, introduced the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI). The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to purchasing power parity.
In 2009 Professors [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Amartya Sen]], and [[Jean-Paul Fitoussi]] at the [[Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress]] (CMEPSP), formed by French President, [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] published a proposal to overcome the limitation of GDP economics to expand the focus to well-being economics with a well-being framework consisting of health, environment, work, physical safety, economic safety, and political freedom. This has been adopted in a number of countries as a [[wellbeing economy]] policy.
In 2008, the [[Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research|Centre for Bhutan Studies]] began publishing the [[Gross National Happiness#Bhutanese GNH index|Bhutan Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index]], whose contributors to happiness include physical, mental, and spiritual health; time balance; social and community vitality; cultural vitality; education; living standards; good governance; and ecological vitality.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/antistasis/article/viewFile/21119/24379 |title="Bhutan GNH Index" |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212072510/http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/antistasis/article/viewFile/21119/24379 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2013, the [[OECD Better Life Index]] was published by the OECD. The dimensions of the index included health, economic, workplace, income, jobs, housing, civic engagement, and [[life satisfaction]].
Since 2012, John Helliwell, [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]] and [[Jeffrey Sachs]] have edited an annual [[World Happiness Report]] which reports a national measure of subjective well-being, derived from a single survey question on satisfaction with life. GDP explains some of the cross-national variation in life satisfaction, but more of it is explained by other, social variables.

===Sustainability of growth===
In the second decade of the 21st century the [[United Nations]] gave the task of creating a measurement of progress that takes “human wellbeing, sustainability and equity” into account to a group co-chaired by [[Kaushik Basu]] and [[Nora Lustig]]. In 2025 it published a report which argued that recent global shocks make the need for transformation more urgent. In January 2026, the UN held a conference named "Beyond GDP" attended by major economists. In February 2026, [[António Guterres|Antonio Guterres]] said: "We must place true value on the environment and go beyond gross domestic product as a measure of human progress and wellbeing." The initiative followed a debate about [[sustainable]] economic structures between [[green growth]] advocates, green [[Keynesians]] and advocates of [[doughnut economy]], [[Wellbeing economy]], [[steady-state economics]], [[degrowth]], and according to a recent survey, 73% of around 800 climate policy researchers support post-growth. According to [[Jason Hickel]] this initiative will not be enough, because: “A deeper system change is required. Specifically, we need to democratise control over production, which can enable us to change what we produce and for whom. “The dominance of GDP is not an accident, it occurs because GDP measures what is valuable to capital. It is the structure of capitalism that ultimately must be overcome.”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Matthew |title=Global economy must move past GDP to avoid planetary disaster, warns UN chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/feb/09/global-economy-transformed-humanity-future-un-chief-antonio-guterres |access-date=16 February 2026 |agency=The Guardian |date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Chained volume series]]
* [[Circular flow of income]]
* [[Composite Index of National Capability]]
* [[Cost-of-living crisis]]
* [[Disposable household and per capita income]]
* [[Economy monetization]]
* [[GDP density]]
* [[Gross regional domestic product]]
* [[Growth imperative]]
* [[Impact evaluation]]
* [[Inventory investment]]
* [[List of countries by average wage]]
* [[List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies]]
* [[Misery index (economics)]]
* [[Median income]]
* [[Modified gross national income]]
* [[National average salary]]
* [[Per capita income]]
* [[Potential output]]
* [[Productivism]]
* [[Social Progress Index]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Australian Bureau for Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument ''Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods''] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817182931/http://abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument |date=2008-08-17 }}), 2000. Retrieved November 2009. In depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
* {{Cite book
|last= Coyle |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Coyle |year=2014
|title= GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History
|location=Princeton, NJ |publisher= Princeton University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-15679-8}}
* Jerven, Morten (2013). ''Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It.'' Cornell University Press.
* Lepenies, Philipp. ''The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP''.
* Philipsen, Dirk. ''The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do About It''.
* [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], "Measuring What Matters: Obsession with one financial figure, GDP, has worsened people's health, happiness and the environment, and economists want to replace it", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 24–31.
* {{cite book |title=Growth: A History and a Reckoning |first=Daniel |last=Susskind |publisher=Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0674294493}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf |title=Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108104038/https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis }} In-depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gross domestic product}}
{{Wikiquote|Gross Domestic Product}}
'''Global'''
* {{Britannica|246647}}
* [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/3f880ee1d366198cca2569a400061616!OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics Manual on GDP measurement]
* [http://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm OECD GDP chart]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918013624/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/databases.htm UN Statistical Databases]
* [http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx World Development Indicators (WDI)] at World Bank
* [https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=wb-wdi&met=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:USA:CHN:FRA:DEU:JPN:GBR World GDP Chart (since 1960)]

'''Data'''
* [https://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data]
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/ Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical statistics on GDP for countries and regions], maintained by the Department of Economic History at [[Stockholm University]]
* [http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/ Historical U.S. GDP (yearly data)], 1790–present, maintained by Samuel H. Williamson and Lawrence H. Officer, both professors of economics at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]]
* [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en The Maddison Project] of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]]. This project extends the work of [[Angus Maddison]] in collating all the available, credible data estimating GDP for countries around the world. This includes data for some countries for over 2,000 years and for all countries since 1950.

'''Articles and books'''
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Gross domestic product}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |first1=Tim |last1=Callen}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224 |last1=Stiglitz |first1=JE |last2=Sen |first2=A |last3=Fitoussi |first3=J-P |title=Mismeasuring our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up |publisher=New Press |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010559/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224 |archive-date= May 15, 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612235855/http://dieoff.org/page11.htm "What's wrong with the GDP?"], The [[Genuine progress indicator]]: Summary of Data and Methodology, Redefining Progress C1995
* [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/MEASURE.HTM Whether output and CPI inflation are mismeasured], by [[Nouriel Roubini]] and [[David Backus]], in Lectures in Macroeconomics
* Rodney Edvinsson, {{cite journal|url= http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-378 |title=Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800–2000 |journal=Diva |year=2005 |last1=Edvinsson |first1=Rodney }}
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/ecbig/gdp.htm Clifford Cobb, Ted Halstead and Jonathan Rowe. "If the GDP is up, why is America down?" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 276, no. 4, October 1995, pages 59–78]
* Jerorn C.J.M. van den Bergh, "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=962343 Abolishing GDP]"
* [http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1507/GDP_and_GNI.html GDP and GNI in OECD Observer No246-247, Dec 2004-Jan 2005]

{{GDP country lists}}
{{Global economic classifications}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Domestic Product}}
[[Category:Gross domestic product| ]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic indicators]]
[[Category:National accounts]]

Gudi Padwa

2026-03-19T10:40:58Z

Balaji15: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Marathi and Konkani Hindu new year festival}}
{{See also|Indian New Year's days}}
{{For|other traditions of celebrating the lunar new year|Lunar New Year}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hindu
| image = A new year procession on Gudi Padwa festival, Dombivli Maharashtra.jpg
| caption = A Gudi Padwa new year festive procession in Dombivli, Maharashtra
| official_name = Gudhi Padwa
| nickname = Marathi New Year, Hindu New Year
| longtype = Religious (Hindu), social, cultural
| observedby = [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[Hindu]]s
| date = {{Hindu festival date}}
| celebrations = 1 day
| observances = People clean and decorate their houses with colourful rangolis and Gudis.
| significance = Marks the beginning of the Marathi New Year
| frequency = Annual
| relatedto = [[Ugadi]], [[Cheti Chand]], [[Nyepi]]
| date2023 =
| holiday_name =
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Gudhi Padwa''' is a spring festival marking the start of the [[lunisolar]] new year for [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Hindus.<ref name="Dalal2010p150">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=150}}</ref> It is celebrated in and around [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], and [[Daman district, India|Daman]] at the start of [[Chaitra]], the first month of the lunisolar [[Hindu calendar]]. The festival is characterised by colourful floor decorations called ''[[rangoli]]'', a special ''gudi dhvaja'', which is a [[sari]] or [[dhoti]] or other piece of cloth garlanded with flowers, mango, and neem leaves, and a sugar crystal garland called gathi, topped with upturned silver or copper vessels. The celebration also includes street gatherings, dancing, and festive foods.<ref name="Dalal2010p150"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/maharashtra/festival/gudi-padwa |title=Gudi Padwa, Government of Maharashtra |website=maharashtratourism.gov.in |access-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141935/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/maharashtra/festival/gudi-padwa|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

In Maharashtra, the first day of the bright phase of the moon is called ''guḍhī pāḍwā'' ({{langx|mr|गुढी पाडवा}}), ''pāḍvo'' ({{langx|knn|पाडवो}}); ''pāḍya'' ({{langx|kn|ಪಾಡ್ಯ}}); ''pāḍyami'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: పాడ్యమి). Konkani Hindus variously refer to the day as ''sausāra pāḍavo'' or ''sausāra pāḍyo'' (सौसार पाडवो and सौसार पाडयो, respectively). Kannada Hindus in [[Karnataka]] refer to it as ''Yugādi/[[Ugadi]]'' (ಯುಗಾದಿ), while Telugu Hindus celebrate the same occasion as ''[[Ugadi]]'' (ఉగాది). [[Sindhi people]] celebrate the day as ''[[Cheti Chand]]'', and Kashmiri Pandits celebrate this day as ''[[Navreh]]''.

However, this is not the universal new year for all Hindus. For some, such as those in and near Gujarat, the new year festivities coincide with the five-day [[Diwali]] festival, also known as Bestu Varas.<ref name="PechilisRaj2013p48"/> For many others, the new year falls on [[Vaisakhi]] between 13 and 15 April, according to the solar cycle part of the Hindu lunisolar calendar and this is by far the most popular not only among Hindus of the [[Indian subcontinent]] but also among Buddhists and Hindus of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="PechilisRaj2013p48">{{cite book|author1=Karen Pechilis| author2=Selva J. Raj|title= South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA48| year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-44851-2|pages=48–49}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Gudi'' means 'flag'; according to Kittel, the term is of South Indian origin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gowda|first1=Deve|last2=Gowda|first2=Javare|title=Village Names of Mysore District: An Analytical Study|year=1998|isbn=81-206-1390-2|page=55|publisher=Asian Educational Services |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sU5A5SG9GWcC&q=gudi&pg=PA55|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> The word ''pāḍavā'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''pratipad'' for the first day of each fortnight in a lunar month, or the first day on which the moon appears after the "new moon" day (''[[Amavasya|amāvāsya]]''), and the first day after the full moon. A ''Gudi'' is also hoisted on this occasion, gives this festival its name. The term ''padva'' or ''padavo'' is also associated with [[Balipratipada]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 2020|title=Balipratipada: Bali Puja 2020 date: Bali Pratipada story and significance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/bali-puja-2020-date-bali-pratipada-story-and-significance/articleshow/79167061.cms|access-date=13 April 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Gudi Padva signifies the arrival of spring and the reaping of rabi crops.<ref name="gudipadwasignificance">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/gudhipadwa/significance.php |title=Significance of Gudi Padwa |publisher=Hindu Jagriti Samiti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414224831/http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/gudhipadwa/significance.php |archive-date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> The festival is linked to the day on which the Hindu god [[Brahma]] created time and the universe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudi Padwa 2021: Date, Time, History, Celebration, Significance|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/gudi-padwa-festival/|access-date=13 April 2021|website=S A NEWS|date=12 April 2021}}</ref> To some, it commemorates the coronation of Rama in Ayodhya, after his victory over Ravana, or the start of the [[Shalivahana|Shalivahan]] calendar, after he defeated the Huns in the first century.<ref>[https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/maharashtra/festival/gudi-padwa Gudi Padva], government of Maharashtra Tourism Office</ref> According to [[Anne Feldhaus]], in rural Maharashtra, the festival is linked to Shiva's dance and the coming together of the community as they carry the ''Gudhi Kavads'' together to a Shiva temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anne Feldhaus|title=Connected Places: Region, Pilgrimage, and Geographical Imagination in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsaADAAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8134-9|pages=48–57, 72–83}}</ref>

== The guḍhī ==
[[File:Gudipadwagudi.jpg|thumb|Raising gudi is main ritual of Gudi Padwa]]

During Gudi Padwa, ''gudi'' (or ''gudhi'') are arranged at every household. It is a bright, colourful silk scarf-like cloth tied at the top of a long bamboo. On top of it, one or more boughs of [[neem]] and mango leaves are attached with a garland of flowers. It is capped with a silver, bronze, or copper pot (''handi'' or ''kalash''), signifying victory or achievement.<ref name=crump114>{{cite book|author=William D. Crump|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0|page=114}}</ref><ref name=feldhaus48/>

Some temples are located on the top of hills, and groups work together to help reach the ''kavad'' to the top.<ref name=feldhaus48>{{cite book|author=Anne Feldhaus|title=Connected Places: Region, Pilgrimage, and Geographical Imagination in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsaADAAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8134-9|pages=48–57}}</ref>

Some of the significances attributed to raising a ''gudi'' are as follows:<ref name="gudipadwasignificance" />

*It symbolises the victory of King [[Shalivahana]] and was hoisted by his people when he returned to [[Paithan]].
*It symbolises Brahma's flag mentioned in the [[Brahma Purana]], and may also represent Indra's flag.
*It is believed to ward off evil, invite prosperity and good luck into the house.

==Festivities==
[[File:Rangoli of Lights.jpg|thumb|Rangoli made on Gudi Padwa]]

Traditionally, families prepare a special dish that mixes various flavours, particularly the bitter leaves of the [[neem]] tree and sweet jaggery (''gud, gul''). Additional ingredients include sour tamarind and astringent coriander seeds. This, like the pacchadi recipe used in [[Ugadi]] festival, is eaten as a reminder of life's sweet and bitter experience and a belief that the neem-based mixture has health benefits.<ref name=crump114/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ernest Small|title=Top 100 Exotic Food Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au3RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA411|year=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-5688-8|page=411}}</ref>

==Other names==
The festival is also known as<ref name="gudipadwasignificance" />
*''[[Cheti Chand]]'' among the [[Sindhi people]]
*''[[Navreh]]'' among the [[Kashmiri Pandits]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*''Samvatsar Padvo'' among Hindu [[Konkani people|Konkani]]s of [[Goa]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] diaspora in [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first= S.|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|volume=3|pages=108}}</ref>
*''[[Ugadi]]'' among the south-Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]

==See also==
*[[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
*[[Hindu units of measurement]]
*[[Panchanga]]
*[[Shaka era]]
*[[Vikram Samvat]]
*[[Nyepi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/gudi-padwa Meaning of Gudi and Date and time for 2020] Rudra Centre

{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{New Year by Calendar}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]

Parrot Bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh

2026-03-16T10:43:24Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = City Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh
| iucn_category = IV
| image = File:City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India-entrance.JPG
| image_caption = City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, entrance
| map = India Chandigarh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 15
| nearest_city = [[Panchkula]] [[Haryana]], [[S.A.S.Nagar]] [[Mohali]] [[Punjab]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30|43|30|N|76|46|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1998
| governing_body = Forest & Wildlife Department,Chandigarh U.T.Administration
| website =
}}
[[File:Parrot bird sanctuary Chandigarh.JPG|thumb|Parrot bird sanctuary Chandigarh]]
[[File:City bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.JPG|thumb|City bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh, India]]

'''City Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh''' or '''Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh''' is a [[bird sanctuary]] situated in sector 21 of the city of [[Chandigarh]], [[India]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/No-cuts-Sector-21-parrot-sanctuary-gets-new-life/articleshow/15397346.cms|title=No cuts, Sector 21 parrot sanctuary gets new life|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref> It is primarily habitat of parrots. Hundreds of parrots live here. They fly in flocks in the morning and evening from here. There are two parks adjoining to this sanctuary. Flocks of parrots sit on the trees of these parks also. It is the second wildlife sanctuary of Chandigarh. [[Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary|Sukhna wildlife sanctuary]] near [[Sukhna Lake]] is another wildlife sanctuary of the city. It is notified under Section 18 of the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972]].

The parrots wake up and sleep as per [[Photoperiodism]]. The Municipal Corporation of U.T., Chandigarh installed high post lights affecting the sleep pattern of the parrots. [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] highlighted the problem caused to the parrots after a local resident and bird lover, Harman Singh Sidhu, brought the issue to their notice. The Wildlife Department, Chandigarh was apprised of the problem and the high post lights were switched off.

The park is also known for its beautifully designed benches, which the teenagers popularly refer to as "Taj Mahal Benches".

==Background and history==
There is a patch of an area of 2.9 hectares of the Forest and Wildlife department here with trees and plants. An adequate green cover adjoining to residential area hare attracted a large number of birds especially parrots and it became a natural habitat for them for living and breeding. Keeping in view the presence of a large number of birds, primarily parrots, this area was notified as bird sanctuary in 1998. Out of total area of 2.9 hectares, 1.80 hectares area is open to the citizens for walk under Chapter IV of the Wildlife Act (1972) and rest of 1.10 hectares area is restricted as per Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-a-bird-sanctuary-in-the-heart-of-a-busy-city-1195916|title=A bird sanctuary in the heart of a busy city - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=6 October 2008|website=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep08/chd.htm|title=Bird sanctuary notified|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune News Service]]|date=7 September 1998|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140213/cth1.htm|title=Eco-sensitive tag for bird sanctuary|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune News Service]]|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=4 October 2015}}</ref>

==Development and ecology==
In 2010, there was a proposal to earmark a portion of this area for e-Sampark such as setting up of an office for service delivery of citizen of the area. The city administration ultimately decided to keep the whole of the area of 2.9 hectares as bird sanctuary.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

==First bird sanctuary amidst city==
This is the first bird sanctuary of the country which is situated within the populated city.

==Declining parrot population==
Despite the creation of parrot bird sanctuary the number of parrots is declining. It is reported that a decade ago number of parrots was more than 10,000, but now, it is around 2,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140213/cth1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|website=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> More needs to be done, trees liked by the parrots need to be planted and preserved to ensure their population increases.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.JPG|Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
File:Flock of parrots, Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.jpg|Flock of parrots, Parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
File:City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.JPG|City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
File:Parrots flock , City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh,.JPG|Parrots flock, City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
File:Parrot between two branches at city bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.jpg|City bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India
File:Two parrots at parrot bird sanctuary, Chandigarh, India.jpg|Parrot bird sanctuary, chandigarh, India
</gallery>
{{commons category|Parrot Sanctuary, Chandigarh}}

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080217/cth1.htm#4|website =Tribuneindia.com|access-date = 2016-02-03}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080218/cth1.htm#5|website =Tribuneindia.com|access-date = 2016-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080220/cth1.htm#8|website = Tribuneindia.com|access-date = 2016-02-03}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Chandigarh]]

Adhila Nasarin v. Commissioner of Police, Ernakulam

2026-03-14T02:14:50Z

Balaji15: Started data

{{Short description|Indian LGBT rights case law}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Adhila Nasarin v. State Commissioner of Police
| judges = K.Vinod Chandran {{Abbr|CJ.|Chief Justice}} and C. Jayachandran {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| keywords = [[Cohabitation|Cohabitation Rights]], [[Same-sex relationship|Same-sex Relationship]]
| opinions = The consenting adults in a relationship should be allowed to live their lives according to their informed choice, regardless of gender.
| related actions =
| subsequent actions =
| Overturned previous case =
| prior actions =
| concur/dissent =
| dissenting =
| concurring =
| decision by = K.Vinod Chandran {{Abbr|CJ.|Chief Justice}} and C. Jayachandran {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| number of judges = 2
| court = [[Kerala High Court]]
| Concurrence =
| JoinPlurality =
| Plurality =
| citations = {{URL|1=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/2022/215800004762022_10.pdf|2={{Abbr|W. P. (CRL) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 476 of 2022}}
| date decided = 31 May 2022
| full name = Adhila Nasarin versus State Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}
| italic title =
}}'''Adhila Nasarin versus State Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''' '''(2022)''' is a case where [[Kerala High Court]] held that the adults in a mutually consenting relationship should be allowed to live their lives according to their informed choice, regardless of gender.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Can same-sex couple live together under one roof? – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/can-same-sex-couple-live-together-under-one-roof/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Kerala lesbian couple, separated by parents, reunited by high court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-lesbian-couple-separated-by-parents-reunited-by-high-court-101654006610814.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Kerala Lesbian Couple Separated by Parents, Allowed to Live Together by HC |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/kerala-lesbian-couple-adhila-nasarin-fathima-noora-allowed-to-live-together-by-high-court-5286253.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite court|litigants=Adhila Nasarin versus State Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion={{Abbr|W. P. (CRL) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 476 of 2022|date=31 May 2022|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/orders/2022/215800004762022_10.pdf}}</ref>

== Background ==
Adhila Nassrin is reported to be involved in a relationship with Fathima Noora, a situation met with disapproval from both sets of parents. Adhila Nassrin argues that, after deciding to live together, they sought refuge at a Safe Home in Kozhikode with the support of the NGO Vanaja Collective, before informing their parents. Following parental assurances of resolution, the couple were taken to a relative's residence. However, subsequently, Fathima Noora was forcefully expelled from the house. Allegations also indicate that Adhila Nassrin's father, returning from abroad, assaulted Adhila Nassrin. In pursuit of protection, Adhila Nassrin took shelter in an Aluva Safe Home and has now filed this writ petition, asserting that her partner, Fathima Noora, has been unlawfully confined by Fathima Noora's parents.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Police Response and Awareness ===
Although the couple received some assistance from the Binanipuram Police in Kerala after their forced separation, the Thamarassery Police declined Adhila Nassrin's request to file a missing person's report for Fathima Noora. The Thamarassery police categorized Fathima Noora's abduction as a "family matter" beyond police involvement, revealing a lack of queer community awareness within law enforcement. Moreover, a report by ''The Wire'' suggested that the Thamarassery Police supported Fathima Noora's family in separating the couple. The Thamarassery police's indifference exacerbated the situation, prompting Adhila Nassrin to escalate the matter to the High Court, which might have been resolved at the local police level. The ''News18'' reported that the Binanipuram Police attempted to take the couple to the police station for a compromise with the parents, even after the High Court's order, which further affected the couple's mental well-being.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title='Not Just Their Fight': Lessons for India from the Struggles and Victory of One Lesbian Couple |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/adhila-noora-lesbian-couple-struggles-victories |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

The current case underscores the necessity for heightened queer rights awareness and training among police personnel, including the incorporation of mandatory queer sensitivity training into police education. Additionally, the case underscores the need for stricter consequences for queerphobic behavior and deliberate disregard of queer community concerns by law enforcement.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Familial Violence and Abuse ===
Adhila Nassrin and Fathima Noora endured very abusive treatment from their families, facing physical and psychological abuse before obtaining a High Court order in the current case. The couple reported that the psychological abuse persisted even after the court ruling.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=2022-10-20 |title='Still Living in Fear of Being Kidnapped by Family': Kerala Lesbian Couple |url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/kerala-lesbian-couple-adhila-nazrin-fathima-noora-fear-kidnapped-muslim-family-queer-lgbtq |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

The family constitutes the primary source of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse against queer individuals in India, perpetuating a normalization of such abuse within the queer community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ranade |first1=Ketki |last2=Shah |first2=Chayanika |last3=Chatterji |first3=Sangeeta |date=1 August 2016 |title=Making sense: Familial journeys towards acceptance of gay and lesbian family members in India |url=https://journals.tiss.edu/ijsw/index.php/ijsw/article/view/72 |journal=The Indian Journal of Social Work |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=437–458 |issn=2456-7809}}</ref> Indian queer women encounter an endemic and deeply ingrained pattern of violence perpetrated by both intimate and extended family members, which includes instances of psychological and verbal abuse, physical harm, coerced marriages, unlawful confinement, medical mistreatment, and instances of corrective rape.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ghosh |first1=Subhagata |title=Vio Map: Documenting and Mapping Violence & Rights Violation Taking Place in lives of Sexually Marginalised Women to Chart Out Effective Advocacy Strategies |date=8 March 2011 |url=https://www.sapphokolkata.in/public/research_reports/1677858525.pdf |type=Research Report |publisher=[[Sappho for Equality]] |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sumita Basu |last3=Ranjita |first3=Biswas}}</ref>

The current case underscores the necessity for more stringent laws against these abuses, frequently excused as 'family care and concern.' Additionally, it accentuates the importance of enhancing public understanding of the queer community and advocating for comprehensive sex education.<ref name=":3" />

=== Impact of Conversion Therapy ===
Amid their separation, Adhila Nasarin feared Fathima Noora might be subjected to '[[conversion therapy]]' by her family. When reunited, Fathima Noora revealed that she had undergone counseling at a 'conversion therapy' center near Karippur airport, which was operated by a 'religious' counselor. Fathima Noora recounted being pressured by a mullah to conform to religious beliefs and engage in a heterosexual relationship, leading to mental and physical distress. After such traumatic experiences, Fathima Noora emphasized that a person could understandably succumb to family wishes after enduring such emotional turmoil.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kerala lesbian couple says conversion therapist made sexual innuendos |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/06/02/kerala-lesbian-couple-says-conversion-therapist-made-sexual-innuendos.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite laws and court orders, LGBTQIA+ community lives in fear in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/jun/13/despite-laws-andcourt-orders-lgbtqia-community-lives-in-fear-in-kerala-2584437.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 June 2023 }}</ref>

Although the [[National Medical Commission]] had deemed conversion therapy as 'professional misconduct' in response to a directive from the [[Madras High Court]] in the case of [[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police]], it's important to note that [[AYUSH]] practitioners, who practice alternative medicine systems like [[Ayurveda]], [[Yoga]], [[Naturopathy]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]], [[Sowa Rigpa]], and [[Homeopathy]], operate beyond the regulatory scope of the National Medical Commission.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=National Medical Commission declares conversion therapy as professional misconduct, but it is not enough – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/national-medical-commission-declares-conversion-therapy-as-professional-misconduct-but-it-is-not-enough/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, Fathima Noora underwent faith-based conversion therapy, a matter that remains unaddressed in India.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

The current case underscores the necessity for legal action against practitioners of conversion therapy who claim to alter sexual orientations or gender identity through their methods in India.<ref name=":3" />

=== Role of Support Networks ===
The Vanaja Collective, a non-governmental organization in Calicut, played a pivotal role in aiding the couple throughout their ordeal. It provided initial shelter and robust legal and moral backing in their fight for the fundamental human right to live as partners. In cases where the family, traditionally a source of support, becomes the abuser, alternative networks like the Vanaja collective play a crucial role in assisting queer individuals.<ref name=":3" />

While some state-driven initiatives, like shelter homes, training, and scholarships, target transgender individuals in Kerala, Adhila Nasarin and Fathima Noora's experience underscores the necessity for expanded governmental mechanisms providing comprehensive legal and social support for the entire queer spectrum. Apart from initiating new support programs, the state should enhance the implementation of existing government initiatives. Adequate state backing for non-governmental and community-based organizations should form part of these endeavors to safeguard the rights of the queer community.<ref name=":3" />

== Proceedings ==
A report from the Deputy Superintendent of Police of Aluva indicated that the officer attempted to communicate with Fathima Noora over the phone, and her mother informed the officer that Fathima Noora had gone with them of her own free will. Although the court was unconvinced by the claim made by Fathima Noora's mother and was considering initiating a suo motu writ petition, an advocate advocated for the filing of a Writ Petition (Criminal) on the same day regarding the detention of Fathima Noora.<ref name=":2" />

Subsequently, the court was informed that both Adhila Nassrin and Fathima Noora were present at the Binanipuram Police Station alongside their respective parents. As the Government stated that the parents were now amenable and that the couple could be produced within an hour, the court directed the appearance of both Adhila Nassrin and Fathima Noora in the court. The justices held private conversations with Fathima Noora in their chamber, during which Fathima Noora expressed her determination to continue the relationship. However, she categorically informed the justices that she had no complaints against her parents. Likewise, the justices also had private discussions with Adhila Nassrin, who also expressed her intention to continue the relationship.<ref name=":2" />

The Circle Inspector of Police, Sunil V.R., from the Binanipuram Police Station, Ernakulam Rural, informed the court that the parents were now reconciled to the desires of their children. He presented consent letters issued by the respective parents.<ref name=":2" />

== Opinion of the Court ==
Following the private conversations with Adhila Nassrin and Fathima Noora, the court held that Adhila Nassrin and Fathima Noora should be allowed to live their lives according to their informed choice. The court directed that the couple, in accordance with their desire, be returned to the Safe Home at present.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The verdict of the Bench noticeably lacks legal precedents, thorough analysis, and comprehensive reasoning to substantiate its conclusions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Related Cases ==

=== High Court Cases ===
This section delves into relevant cases from the High Courts of India. It's important to note that judgments rendered by one High Court do not hold mandatory authority over another, but they can still be regarded as influential precedents.

==== Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police ====
{{Main articles|Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police}}
In the preceding case of ''[[Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police|Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police (2018)]]'', Sreeja submitted a petition to the [[Kerala High Court]] seeking a writ of Habeas Corpus to compel the presentation of her same-sex romantic partner, Aruna, and ensure Aruna's liberty. While the court acted based on the petitioner's and alleged detainee's informed consent in both instances, differing from the Adhila Nasarin v. State Commissioner of Police case, the Bench in the Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police case laid a robust legal groundwork by citing legal precedents and constitutional principles and rights. The Bench referenced Supreme Court precedents such as ''Soni Gerry v. Gerry Douglas (2018)'', which established that the court cannot curtail the personal freedom of an adult under the doctrine of parens patriae; ''Nandakumar v. State of Kerala (2018)'', which ruled that adults lacking legal capacity for marriage can cohabit without formal wedlock; and ''Shafin Jahan V. Asokan (2018)'', which underscored the court's role in habeas corpus petitions as ensuring the detainee's independent choice while refraining from assessing partner suitability.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Indulia |first=Bhumika |date=2018-10-20 |title=Live-in relationship of a lesbian couple is not violative of any law and is not a crime |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/10/20/live-in-relationship-of-a-lesbian-couple-is-not-violative-of-any-law-and-is-not-a-crime/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=SCC Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":06">{{Cite court|litigants=Sreeja S versus Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion={{Abbr|W. P. (Crl.) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 372 of 2018|date=24 September 2018|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/citation/215800003722018_1.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Additionally, the Bench in the ''Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police'' case relied on ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]'', which established that the discrimination based on sexual orientation infringes on fundamental rights and asserted that constitutional morality should not be compromised for social morality. Furthermore, the Bench highlighted that the Indian Parliament recognizes 'live-in relationships' under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005. The Bench observed that the court should abstain from evaluating the suitability of the partner, asserting that not taking action could potentially jeopardize Constitutional rights; consequently, the court issued a writ of Habeas Corpus, granting Aruna the freedom to be with Sreeja.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":06" />

The Supreme Court of India recognized ''Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police (2018)'' as a significant ruling by a High Court in its "Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community," which addresses the challenges that marginalized queer individuals face within the justice system due to systemic marginalization. The publication highlighted the observations of the High Court on aspects such as women's consent and adulthood, alongside the acknowledgment of 'live-in relationships' among same-sex couples, signifies progress in the acknowledgment of the rights of marginalized queer individuals.<ref name=":022">{{Citation |last=Supreme Court of India |title=Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |pages=25 |publication-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602010134/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |archive-date=2 June 2023 |author-link=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal|Deepika Singh v. Central Administrative Tribunal (2022)]]
* [[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police (2021)]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhila Nasarin v. State Commissioner of Police}}
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:2022 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian case law]]

Penna River

2026-03-10T12:16:31Z

Balaji15: general correct page for consistency additionally and added references

{{short description|River in India}}
{{About|the river in [[India]]|other uses|Penner (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Penna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = '''Penneru''', '''Penner''', '''Pennar''' or '''Uttara Pinakini'''
| name_etymology = 
| image = Penner Penna river south Andhra Pradesh.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| image_caption = Map showing the river
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chikkaballapura]], [[Kolar district|Kolaru]], [[Tumkur district|Tumakuru]], [[Puttaparthi|Sri Sathya Sai district]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chikkaballapur|Chikkaballapura]], [[Manchenahalli]], [[Gauribidanur|Gauribidanuru]], [[Hindupur|Hindupuram]], [[Ananthapur|Ananthapuram]], [[Tadipatri]],
[[Proddatur|Proddaturu]], [[Jammalamadugu]], [[Kadapa]], [[Nellore]]
| length_km = 597
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = [[Nellore]] (1965–1979 average), max (1991)<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Kumar
| first1 = Rakesh
| last2 = Singh
| first2 = R.D.
| last3 = Sharma
| first3 = K.D.
| title = Water Resources of India
| journal = Current Science
| volume = 89
| issue = 5
| pages = 794–811
| publisher = Current Science Association
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| date = 2005-09-10
| url = http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_089_05_0794_0811_0.pdf
| access-date = 2013-10-13 }}</ref>
| discharge1_min = {{convert|0|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|200.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max = {{convert|1876|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| source1 = [[South India]]
| source1_location = {{Coord|13.39|N|77.61|E|}}, [[Chikkaballapur district]], [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = {{Coord|14.58|N|80.14|E|}}, [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Utukuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size_km2 = 55213
| tributaries_left = [[Kundu River|Kunderu]], [[Sagileru]]
| tributaries_right = Jayamangali, [[Chitravathi River|Chitravathi]], [[Papagni River|Papagni]], [[Cheyyeru River|Cheyyeru]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Penna''' (originally known as '''Penneru''', also known as '''Pinakini''', '''Penneru''', '''Penner''', '''Pennar''', '''Pennai''') is a river of southern [[India]]. After originating from Nandi hills, it flows as two different streams, one in North and South directions. The Penna rises in the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] in [[Chikballapur District|Chikkaballapur District]] of [[Karnataka]] state, and runs north and east through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh to empty into bay of bengal in Andhra Pradesh. It is {{convert|597|km|mi}} long, with a [[drainage basin]] covering 55,213 km2:<ref name="Garg1999">{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Santosh Kumar|title=International and interstate river water disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&pg=PA7|access-date=16 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-81-7008-068-8|pages=7–8}}</ref> 6,937 km2 in Karnataka and 48,276 km2 in Andhra Pradesh. Along with this main stream is another stream south towards [[Tamil Nadu]] with the name [[Ponnaiyar River|Then Pennai]] or south Pennar which further moves towards the east to empty into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Penna river basin lies in the rain shadow region of [[Eastern Ghats]] and receives 500 mm average rainfall annually.

==Etymology==
Since the river flows in two streams, both North and South directions, it forms the shape of bow. Thus this river gets the name of bow called Pinakini named after [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]], the bow of Nandhiswara, the presiding deity of the Nandi hills at the origin of the river. The name of the river Penneru (alternatively Penner) is derived from [[Telugu script|Telugu]] words '''penu''' (పెను) meaning grand and '''yeru''' (ఏఱు / యేఱు) meaning river, stream, or a rivulet or from '''neeru''' (నీరు) water, in flow of course.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} It is also known as Utthara '''Pinakini''' in [[Karnataka]].

==Geography==
===Course===
The Penna river has several sources and mouths. The main stream starts in [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] in of [[Karnataka]], flowing for 597 km to the north and east through several mountains and plains, draining into the [[Bay of Bengal]] in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The river is seasonal, its main source of the water being from rains. Therefore, it appears like small stream during periods of drought. The major tributaries of the Penna are the Jayamangali, [[Kundu River|Kunderu]] and [[Sagileru]] from the north, and [[Chitravathi River|Chitravathi]], [[Papagni River|Papagni]] and [[Cheyyeru River|Cheyyeru]] from the south.<ref name="WaterResIndia">{{cite book|author=Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC|pages=727–740|year=1873|publisher=Springer|location=The Netherlands|isbn=9781402051807}}</ref>

====Karnataka====
The Penna river rises at {{Coord|13.25|N|77.41|E|}} at 11 km southwest of [[Chikkaballapur]] in Chennakesava Range of [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] in [[Karnataka]]. It begins flowing to the northwest at its source, near the town of Maralur. It flows for 48 km towards the north through the [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]] districts in Karnataka before entering [[Andhra Pradesh State]] at [[Hindupur]] [[Sri Sathya Sai district]].

====Ananatapur====
At 69 km, the Penna meets the Kumudavati river. At 82 km, the Penna meets the Jayamangali river near the town of [[Hindupur]] in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]. The Jayamangali river rises in [[Tumkur]] district and traverses 77 km in northeast direction before joining the river on the left bank. The Penna flows almost northwards for the next 146 km from the confluence of Jayamangali.

After traversing 67 km in Anantapur district, the Penna reenters Karnataka at [[Pavagada|Pavagada Taluk]] in Tumkur district at 115 km from its source. After traversing 13 km in Tumkur district again, it reenters Andhra Pradesh in [[Kalyandurg|Kalyandurg Taluk]] in Anantapur district at 128 km from its source. The Penna turns east at [[Penna Ahobilam]] and flows through Marutla and Katrimala forest reserves and near towns like [[Tadipatri]].

====Kadapa====
The Penna gains the volume but loses stream by the time it crosses [[Palkonda Hills|Palakondalu]] and enters [[Kadapa district]] of Andhra Pradesh. It regains the stream in district after meeting many tributaries including Chitravati, Bahuda, Papagni, Kunderu, Sagileru and Cheyyeru and flows near the towns like [[Railway Koduru|Kodur]], [[Jammalamadugu]], [[Proddatur]], [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]] and [[Siddhavattam]].

The Penna meets its major tributary Chitravati at Gandalur near the [[Gandikota]] at 336 km from its source. The Chitravati rises near the [[Chikballapur]] town in the Chikballapur district of Karnataka and traverses 218 km in northeast direction in Kolar, Anantapur and Cuddapah districts before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Penna river forces through Gandikota gorge and flows east through a gap in the [[Eastern Ghats]] to go to the plains of [[Coastal Andhra]].

The rivers Papagni and Kunderu meets the Penna near [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]]. The Papagni river rises near [[Sidlaghatta]] town in Kolar district of Karnataka and traverses 205 km before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Kunderu river rises in [[Kurnool district]] of Andhra Pradesh and travels 205 km before joining the Penna on the left bank.

The Penna river continues in southeastern direction and cuts across the Nallamala hills. The river meets sagileru and turns east. The Sagileru rises in [[Prakasam district]] and flows south to meet the Penna. The Penna river meets Cheyyeru at Boyanapalli and Gundlamada near the [[Sidhout]] on the right bank. The Cheyyeru river is formed by the confluence of the rivers Bahuda and Pincha that originate in the [[Chittoor district]] of Andhra Pradesh. The two streams join at [[Rayavaram, Kadapa|Rayavaram]] and flows towards north for 87 km before joining the Penna.

====Nellore====
The Penna emerges from [[Velikonda Range]] in [[Eastern Ghats]] at 467 km from its source and enters the plains under [[Somasila Dam]] in the [[Nellore district]]. The river flows near the towns like [[Atmakur, Udayagiri district|Atmakuru]], [[Kovur, Nellore district|Kovur]], [[Jonnawada]], [[Sangam, Nellore district|Sangam]] and [[Nellore]].

It meets two minor tributaries, the Boggeru and the Biraperu near the [[Sangam, Nellore district|Sangam]] town. The Boggeru rises in Boggu Venkatapuram and joins other minor streams before meeting the Penna river. The Biraperu is a small stream which carries rainfall of the north east portion of Nellore, Udayagiri and Kavali Mandals to the Penna river.

It finally joins the Bay of Bengal at {{Coord|14.58|N|80.14|E|}} near Utukuru at 597 km from its source.

===Basin===
[[File:River Pennar also called Penner Penna Penneru in Eastern Ghats India.jpg|thumb|left|River Penna in Eastern Ghats]]
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the Penna and its tributaries covers part of the southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], including most of the [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and part of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Pennar%20Basin.pdf|title=Penna river basin status report, 2014|publisher=WRIS, India|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808053940/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Pennar%20Basin.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kolar Plateau]] forms the divide between the Penna watershed and those of the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], [[Ponnaiyar River|Ponnaiyar]], and [[Palar River|Palar]] rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern portion of the [[plateau]], which includes parts of [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and [[Tumkur district]]s in [[Karnataka]]. The [[Krishna River]] and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penna's watershed, and the low [[Erramala]] hills forms the northern divide of the Penna basin. The upper watershed of the Penna includes [[Cuddapah District]], central and eastern [[Anantapur District]], the southern part of [[Kurnool District]], northwestern [[Chittoor District]].

;Estuary
The [[estuary]] of the Penna river extends 7 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around the river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15 km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal [[wetland]]s.

The lower basin of the Penna is largely made up of ancient [[Archean]] rocks, principally [[granite]] and [[schist]]. The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including [[laterite]] and recent [[alluvium]].

==Climate==
The Penna basin has a dry tropical [[monsoon]] climate. The upper basin of the Penna is [[semi-arid]], with [[summer]] temperatures of 25–45 °C and winter temperatures of 18–35 °C. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penna basin lies in the [[rain shadow]] of the high [[Western Ghats]] ranges, which prevents much [[moisture]] from reaching the region. Post-monsoon [[cyclonic storm]]s in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The [[winter]] northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in [[South India]], sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual [[rainfall]] is 550 mm/year in [[Anantapur]], and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penna basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990s, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] to bring water from the [[Krishna River]] to [[Rayalaseema]].

[[File:The Penna near Gandikota.jpg|center|thumbnail|900px|The Penna river near the Gandikota fort in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh]]

==Vegetation==
The upper basin was formerly covered by [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forest]], thorn forest, and [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric shrublands]]. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and [[overharvesting]] the forests for [[timber]] and [[firewood]], replaced by thorny [[scrub forest]]. The remnant forests of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] are largely [[deciduous]], dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests]] of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets.

==Port==
The small boat port of [[Krishnapatnam]] used to lie on Upputeru creek, and has now been developed into a deep-water port. [[Buckingham Canal]], a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penna to get to [[Chennai]] in the south and the [[Krishna River]] delta to the north. As of November 2015, Krishnapatnam Port is a major port situated at a distance of 24 km from [[Nellore]] city. Krishnapatnam is able to manage large ships with load capacities of 1,50,000 tonnes{{Clarify|reason=This number is remarkably confusing and needs corrections: is it 1.5 million tonnes, 150,000 tonnes, etc.?|date=March 2020}}. It is one of the deepest port of [[India]] with 18 meters of draft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krishnapatnam.com|title=Freight Shipping,Cargo Services,Seaport in India - Krishnapatnam Port|website=www.krishnapatnam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-12 |title=Krishnapatnam Port Receives the "Golden Peacock Environment Management Award" for 2015 – Shipping and Marine Events |url=http://snmevents.com/krishnapatnam-port-receives-the-golden-peacock-environment-management-award-for-2015/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021139/http://snmevents.com/krishnapatnam-port-receives-the-golden-peacock-environment-management-award-for-2015/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Literature==
Telugu literature has flourished in the Penna basin which produced several well-known authors and poets like Kavibrahma [[Tikkana|Tikkana Somayajulu]], Tallapaka Annamacharya, Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy, Yogi Vemana, [[Molla (poet)|Molla]], [[Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma]], Vidvan Vishvam, and C. Ramakrishna Reddy. Vidhwan Viswam's ''penneti paata'' which means "a song of River Penna" is very popular in Andhra Pradesh and in Raayala Seema in particular, it is a topic of study in graduation course [[Telugu language]] paper . Ramakrishna Reddy's "penneti kathalu" represented the tragic and cultural life of the people of Penna valley. These stories are credited to be the best of their kind with the accent of local language presented effectively.<ref>Raayala Seema Mukhachitram published by Seema Sahithi</ref>

== Water use potential ==
The average annual water yield in river is nearly 6.316 billion cubic meters. All the water sources in the river basin are fully harnessed by constructing nearly 5 billion cubic meters capacity water storage reservoirs. Ground water is also extensively harnessed in the river basin beyond the long term sustainability.

The predominant rain fall is during North East Monsoon season whereas it is in South West monsoon in the adjoining Krishna river basin. This basin is situated geographically at lower elevation compared to the surrounding Krishna river basin. This feature facilitates water transfer from the adjoining Krishna basin. Water can be transferred from the adjoining Krishna basin into Penna basin up to 600 m MSL elevation with moderate water pumping (less than 100 m head). The river basin has extensive rain fed agriculture lands and good water storage sites for its all around development provided Krishna river water is imported to the basin. The monsoon flood waters of Krishna river during South West Monsoon months can be transferred for direct use in Penna basin without the need for water storage.

== Interstate aspects ==
[[File:BanyanTreeinBelum.jpg|right|thumb|Banyan Tree formation inside Belum Caves]]
The Penna basin water apportionment is governed by colonial time water sharing agreement<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_3.pdf |title=1892 Agreement - pages 279 to 293 |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110160934/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_3.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the year 1892 and the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] 1956. However the future development of Penna basin depends on Interstate water sharing agreements of Krishna river. [[Tungabhadra Dam]] which is located in Karnataka and a joint project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, is the only gate way to transfer water from Krishna river to the uplands of Penna basin up to 600 m MSL. The low lands of Penna basin can be supplied with Krishna river from the Srisailam dam up to 250 m MSL. The outcome of ongoing [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]] – II is very crucial for the future of Penna river basin.

== See also ==
*[[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]
*[[Palar River]]
*[[Tungabhadra Dam]]

==References==
<references />
This river known is north pinakni

==External links==
{{commons category|Penna River}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Pennar|volume=21|pages=104}}

{{Penna basin|state=expanded}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14|34|46|N|80|11|44|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Penna River|*]]
[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:Geography of Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Nellore district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kadapa district]]

Dirk H. A. Kolff

2026-03-10T01:06:48Z

Balaji15: Adding Entry

{{short description|Dutch historian and Indologist}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Dirk Herbert Arnold Kolff
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|02|11}}
| birth_place = [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands<ref name=DS/>
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{br separated entries|Historian|Indologist}}
| period =
| known_for =
| title =
| boards = The Netherlands–India Friendship Association (President)
| awards = 
| website =
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[Leiden University]] (M.A. and Ph.D.)
| thesis_title = An Armed Peasantry and Its Allies: Rajput Tradition and State Formation, 1450–1850<ref>{{cite book |title=The Invisible City: Monetary, Administrative, and Popular Infrastructures in Asia and Europe, 1500–1900 |series=Variorum Reprints: Collected Studies Series, Volume 387 |first=Frank |last=Perlin |edition=illustrated |year=1993 |page=72 |publisher=Variorum (UK); [[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] (USA) |isbn=978-0860783428 |lccn=92036099 |oclc=1013427746 |quote=With respect to «fictional» aspects of clan formation, see D.H.A. Kolff, ''An Armed Peasantry and its Allies: Rajput Tradition and State Formation in Hindustan, 1450–1850,'' 1983 (Doctoral thesis presented to the University of Leiden).}}</ref>
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1983
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = {{ill|Jan C. Heesterman|it|Jan C. Heesterman}}
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = {{br separated entries|History|Indology}}
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = Former Chair of Indian History, Leiden University
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = {{br separated entries|Armed peasants (North India)|Dynamics of [[Mughal Empire]]|Muslim rulers of India}}<ref name="JCH"/>
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dirk Herbert Arnold Kolff''' (born 11 February 1938) is a Dutch historian and [[Indologist]]. Born at [[Rotterdam]] in the Netherlands, Kolff earned a doctorate degree from the [[Leiden University]] in 1983 with a doctoral thesis on the research subject of armed peasantry in northern India. He is a professor emeritus of modern South Asian history and the former Chair of Indian History at the Leiden University.

He is the co-founder of the European Association of South Asian Studies and the president of the Netherlands–India Friendship Association.

==Education and career==
Kolff did M.A. in 1967 at the Leiden University. Later that year, he moved to London on scholarship from the [[British Council]]. From 1968 to 1970, he performed field research on agrarian history in India's [[Allahabad]] and [[Jhansi]]. From 1971 to 1991, he taught the history of South Asia as an associate professor at the Kern Institute of Leiden University in the Netherlands while also completing his Ph.D. at the university in 1983. He was at the University of Chicago as a visiting associate professor in 1989. From 1987 to 1993, he served as the co-editor of [[Itinerario]].<ref name=DS>{{cite web |website=Dutch Studies on South Asia, Tibet and classical Southeast Asia |place=Netherlands |title=Kolff, Dirk Herbert Arnold |date=9 January 2017 |editor1-first=Dory |editor1-last=Heilijgers-Seelen |url=https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/kolff-dirk-herbert-arnold/ |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

Kolff, from 1991 till his retirement in 2003, taught modern history of South Asia at the Leiden University, and from 1992 to 1997, was also the director of Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) of the university.<ref name=DS/> At the time of his retirement, he was serving as the 'Chair of Indian History' at the university.<ref name="JCH">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=47 |number=3, ''Between the Flux and Facts of Indian History: Papers in Honor of Dirk Kolff'' |year=2004 |pages=292–297 |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden, Netherlands |editor1-first=Norman |editor1-last=Yoffee |editor2-first=Gottfried |editor2-last=Hagen |editor3-first=Brad |editor3-last=Crowell |editor1-link=Norman Yoffee |title=The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction |first=Jan C. |last=Heesterman |doi=10.1163/1568520041974729 |jstor=25165051 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> From 1992 to 1998, he was a board member of the Indo–Dutch Programme for Alternatives in Development (IDPAD) and the J. Gonda Stichting of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (KNAW). Since 1992, he is a member of the editorial board of the Gonda Indological Studies series. He is one of the founders of the European Association of South Asian Studies (EASAS), and since 1995, he is the secretary of the EASAS.<ref name=DS/> From 1 September 1999 to 30 June 2000, he was a research fellow at the [[Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study |place=Amsterdam, Netherlands |title=Kolff D.H.A. {{!}} NIAS |url=https://nias.knaw.nl/fellow/kolff-d-h-a/ |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> He is the president of the Netherlands–India Friendship Association since 2012, and had also served as its president from 1996 to 2004.<ref name=DS/>

==Research==
Kolff is a historian and Indologist.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Indian Economic and Social History Review]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2007 |pages=93–95 |publisher=[[SAGE Journals|SAGE]] |title=JOS GOMMANS and OM PRAKASH, (eds), Circumambulations in South Asian History: Essays in Honour of Dirk H.A. Kolff, Leiden: Brill, 2003, pp. 370. |first=Michael H. |last=Fisher |doi=10.1177/001946460604400105 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28141825 |quote=The earlier volume, ''Circumambulations in South Asian History'', stands as a festschrift to the distinguished Dutch historian and Indologist Dirk H.A. Kolff, offered by many of his students and friends.}}</ref> {{ill|Jan C. Heesterman|it|Jan C. Heesterman}} noted that the research interests of Kolff included "India's muslim rulers" and "the working and enduring vitality" of the dynamics of [[Mughal Empire]]. Heesterman wrote, "focussing attention on India's 'armed peasantry' in its various guises of both sedentary '[[ryot]]s' and itinerant warriors, Kolff brings out the flexibility and dynamics of the Mughal world that was known to its European contemporaries as the 'flourishing Indies'." According to Heesterman, his research played a substantial role in the "fundamental change" in the historiographical approach towards the study of India's history during the Mughal era (1526–1857 CE), which has placed the "dynamics of Indian society" during that period at the forefront of research studies. Earlier, the period was seen in "the static terms of 'oriental society,' the perennial 'village community' and unchangeable rigidities of [[Caste system in India|caste]] and community".<ref name="JCH"/>

Kolff's research threw light on a "fluid" and "pervasive" military labor market in India's northern region during the later years of Mughal Empire and the initial years of the [[British Raj]] as part of which, fighters who were mostly armed peasants, used to be at the disposal of the kings, mutineers, and military contractors in the region. He highlighted that during this time in the conflict-ridden north Indian society, the regional armed peasants had "considerable agency and independence" in the society. He has theorized that before the establishment of the British Raj in India, an enormous military labor market was widespread in the country. According to John F. Richards of the [[Duke University]], his research is of assistance in underscoring "the magnitude of the changes wrought in Indian society by violent British conquest, pacification and disarmament in rural society—especially after the failed [[1857 revolt]]".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=47 |number=3, ''Between the Flux and Facts of Indian History: Papers in Honor of Dirk Kolff'' |year=2004 |pages=390–400 |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden, Netherlands |editor1-first=Norman |editor1-last=Yoffee |editor2-first=Gottfried |editor2-last=Hagen |editor3-first=Brad |editor3-last=Crowell |title=Warriors and the State in Early Modern India |first=John F. |last=Richards |doi=10.1163/1568520041974710 |author-link=John F. Richards |jstor=25165054 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

==Written work==
Kolff's ''Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450–1850 (1990)'' was "an [[ethnohistory]] in a military setting", not "a military history with a focus of ethnicity", which according to Kolff was "undertaken at the confluence of anthropology, history and Indology". Kolff coined the term "military labour market", and in the book, introduced this concept on a wide scale in context of the northern region of India. According to [[University of Cambridge]]'s Randolf G. S. Cooper, Kolff clarified the "understanding of the way in which military service had a life cycle or commodity exchange value that was integral to South Asian society and [[realpolitik]]". Cooper further stated that Kolff's work is of assistance in breaking the stereotypical image of the [[Rajputs]] as "the saffron robed warrior prince on horseback". Cooper, however, suggested that though Kolff attempted to provide a study of the subject matter from 1450 CE to 1850 CE, it was highly constricted to the 16th and 17th centuries "from the standpoint of functional strength".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=26 |number=1 |date=February 1992 |pages=206–208 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA; Victoria, Australia |editor-first=Gordon |editor-last=Johnson |editor-link=Gordon Johnson (historian) |title=Reviewed Work: Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450–1850 by Dirk H. A. Kolff |first=Randolf G. S. |last=Cooper |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00016024 |jstor=312725 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

[[University of Akron]]'s A. Martin Wainwright noted that, in the book, Kolff shed light on the "historical pervasiveness of caste in Indian society" and the genesis of Indian [[State (polity)|State]]. Wainwright further observed that Kolff presented "new insights" into the "formation of state structures" and "character of peasant society" in India's northern region from the mid-15th century till the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and challenged the "long-held assumptions about the nature of military power and peasant society in northern India before British ascendance".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=26 |number=1 |year=1992 |pages=86–88 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |place=Wiesbaden, Germany |editor-first=Denis |editor-last=Sinor |editor-link=Denis Sinor |title=Reviewed Work: "Naukar", Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 by Dirk H. A. Kolff |first=A. Martin |last=Wainwright |jstor=41930846 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

==Works==
===Books authored===
*{{cite book |title=Grass in Their Mouths: The Upper Doab of India Under the Company's Magna Charta, 1793–1830 |series=Brill's Indological Library, Volume 33 |editor-first=Johannes |editor-last=Bronkhorst |editor-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |year=2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |place=Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-9004188020 |lccn=2010026465 |oclc=714838726}}
*{{cite book |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850 |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |orig-year=First published 1990 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0521523059 |lccn=89034310 |oclc=717564639}}
*{{cite book |title=Frans Naerebout (1748-1818) en het Vlissingen van zijn tijd: Loods en burger van een stad in verval |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |year=2022 |publisher=Uitgeversmaatschappij Walburg Pers |place=Zutphen, Netherlands |isbn=978-9462498389}}

===Books edited===
*{{cite book |title=Warfare and Weaponry in South Asia 1000–1800 |editor1-first=Dirk H. A. |editor1-last=Kolff |editor2-first=Jos J. L. |editor2-last=Gommans|editor2-link=Jos Gommans |edition=reprint |year=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-0195666595 |lccn=00440680 |oclc=469582125}}
*{{cite book |title=De Geschriften van Francisco Pelsaert over Mughal Indië, 1627: Kroniek en Remonstrantie |trans-title=The Writings of Francisco Pelsaert Concerning Mughal India, 1627: Chronicle and Remonstrance |series=Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging, Volume 81 |editor1-first=Dirk H. A. |editor1-last=Kolff |editor2-first=H. W. |editor2-last=van Santen |first=Francisco |last=Pelsaert |author-link=Francisco Pelsaert |year=1979 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|Nijhoff]] |place=’s-Gravenhage, Netherlands |language=nl |isbn=978-9024721733 |lccn=9024721733 |oclc=8298354}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500–2000 |series=Work Around the Globe: Historical Comparisons, Volume 1 |editor-first=Erik-Jan |editor-last=Zürcher |editor-link=Erik-Jan Zürcher |date=December 2013 |pages=243–266 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |place=Amsterdam, Netherlands |article=Peasants Fighting for a Living in Early Modern North India |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |doi=10.1515/9789048517251-009}}
*{{cite book |title=The Mughal State, 1526–1750 |editor1-first=Muzaffar |editor1-last=Alam |editor2-first=Sanjay |editor2-last=Subrahmanyam |editor2-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Delhi, India |article=A Warlord's Fresh Attempt at Empire |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |pages=75–114 |isbn=978-0195639056 |lccn=98909289 |oclc=40350247}}
*{{cite book |title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman |series=Memoirs of the Kern Institute, No. 5 |editor1-first=J. C. |editor1-last=Heesterman |editor2-first=Albert W. |editor2-last=van den Hoek |editor3-first=Dirk H. A. |editor3-last=Kolff |editor4-first=M. S. |editor4-last=Oort |edition=illustrated |year=1992 |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden, Netherlands |article=Huizinga and the Vedic–Brahmanic Religion: His First Series of Lectures at the University of Amsterdam in 1903–1904 |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |pages=578–586 |isbn=978-9004094673 |lccn=92015094 |oclc=1038452739}}
*{{cite book |title=European Expansion and Law: The Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in the 19th- and 20th-Century Africa and Asia |editor1-first=Jaap A. |editor1-last=de Moor |editor2-first=Wolfgang J. |editor2-last=Mommsen |editor2-link=Wolfgang Mommsen |edition=illustrated |year=1992 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |place=Oxford, UK |article=The Indian and the British Law Machines: Some Remarks on Law and Society in British India |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |pages=201–236|isbn=978-0854967629 |lccn=91033218 |oclc=851099360}}
*{{cite book |title=Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa |series=Comparative Studies in Overseas History, Volume 8 |editor1-first=Jaap A. |editor1-last=de Moor |editor2-first=Henk L. |editor2-last=Wesseling |editor2-link=Henk Wesseling |edition=illustrated |year=1989 |publisher=Brill; [[Leiden University Press|The Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion]] |place=Leiden, Netherlands |article=The End of an ''Ancien Régime'': Colonial War in India, 1798–1818 |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |pages=22–49 |isbn=978-9004088344 |lccn=88022331 |oclc=1024401882}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Itinerario]] |volume=12 |issue=1, ''The Ancien Regime in India and Indonesia'' |date=March 1988 |pages=165–194 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=Between Empire Building and State Formation. Official Elites in Java and Mughal India |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |doi=10.1017/S016511530002341X}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[The Indian Economic and Social History Review]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |date=1 June 1971 |pages=213–218 |publisher=[[SAGE Journals|SAGE]] |title=Sannyasi Trader–Soldiers |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |doi=10.1177/001946467100800205 |issn=0019-4646 |eissn=0973-0893}}

==See also==
*[[Harald Tambs-Lyche]]
*[[Vidya Dhar Mahajan]]
*[[Ram Pande]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |website=[[Academia.edu]] |title=Dirk H. A. Kolff |url=https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/DirkKolff}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolff, Dirk H. A.}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Rotterdam]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch historians]]
[[Category:Dutch Indologists]]
[[Category:Dutch military historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Aaja Mexico Challiye

2026-03-08T03:05:23Z

Balaji15: Started data

{{Short description|2022 Indian Punjabi-language thriller drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaja Mexico Challiye
| image = Aaja Mexico Challiye film.jpeg
| alt = Aaja Mexico Challiye Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rakesh Dhawan
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Rahil Abbas
* Ammy Virk
}}
| writer = Rakesh Dhawan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ammy Virk]]
* [[Nasir Chinyoti]]
* [[Zafri Khan]]
* Yasaman Mohsani
}}
| music = Bhai Manna Singh, Gurmeet Singh and Avvy Sra
| cinematography = Navneet Misser
| editing = Manish More
| studio = Ammy Virk Productions Thind Motion Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|02|25|}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aaja Mexico Challiye''''' ({{translation|Come, let's go to [[Mexico]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[thriller drama]] film<ref>{{Cite news |title='Aaja Mexico Challiye' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/aaja-mexico-challiye/articleshow/89888098.cms |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=2022-09-18 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/aaja-mexico-challiye/articleshow/89888098.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by Rakesh Dhawan starring [[Ammy Virk]], [[Nasir Chinyoti]] and Yasaman Mohsani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Ammy Virk-starrer 'Aaja Mexico Challiye' trailer is being lauded |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ammy-virk-starrer-aaja-mexico-challiye-trailer-is-being-lauded-369569 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911025510/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ammy-virk-starrer-aaja-mexico-challiye-trailer-is-being-lauded-369569 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2022}}
The story of this film revolves around Ammy Virk's character Pamma and his "[[donkey flight]]" voyage to enter the United States by crossing the jungles of Mexico unbeknownst to the risks of the journey.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ammy Virk tells us why Punjabi film 'Aaja Mexico Challiye' is a sure-fire ticket to success |work=Gulf News |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ammy-virk-tells-us-why-punjabi-film-aaja-mexico-challiye-is-a-sure-fire-ticket-to-success-1.85979404 |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306145322/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/ammy-virk-tells-us-why-punjabi-film-aaja-mexico-challiye-is-a-sure-fire-ticket-to-success-1.85979404 |archive-date=6 March 2022}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Ammy Virk]] as Parminder "Pamma" Singh
*[[Nasir Chinyoti]] as Waqaar
*[[Zafri Khan]] as Guddu
*Sukhwinder Chahal as Pamma's father
*Honey Mattu as Jerry
*Mintu Kappa as Makkhan
*Yasaman Mohsani as Yaza
*Harpreet Kaler as Jagri
*[[Baljinder Kaur]] as Pamma's mother
*Aman Kaur Deer as Satwant, Pamma's sister
*[[Sikander Ghuman]] as Shehbaaz’s father

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Safran Te
| extra1 = Bir Singh
| lyrics1 = Bir Singh
| music1 = Bhai Manna Singh
| length1 = 2:12
| title2 = Ser Nai Palosda
| extra2 = Ammy Virk
| lyrics2 = Harmanjeet
| music2 = Gurmeet Singh
| length2 = 3:15
| title3 = Bhali Kare Kartar
| extra3 = [[Ammy Virk]] & Bir Singh
| lyrics3 = Bir Singh
| music3 = Bhai Manna Singh
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Amreeka Wale
| extra4 = Happy Raikoti
| lyrics4 = [[Happy Raikoti]]
| music4 = Avvy Sra
| length4 = 2:10
| total_length = 10:49
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film premiered in Dubai on 24 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Ammy Virk's 'Aaja Mexico Challiye' to release on February 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ammy-virks-aaja-mexico-challiye-to-release-on-february-25/articleshow/89264855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326165105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ammy-virks-aaja-mexico-challiye-to-release-on-february-25/articleshow/89264855.cms |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Neha Vashisht of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five stars wrote that "A big shout out to the writer and director of the movie Rakesh Dhawan, who has come up with such a brave concept. He has also done the dialogues and the screenplay of the movie, which has kept the whole plot together. The jokes and punches in the movie are simply effortless and will make you laugh instantly. At the same time, when it comes to the portrayal of heavy emotions, the movie has the power to leave you with teary eyes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Neha |date=25 February 2022 |title=Aaaja Mexico Challiye Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/aaaja-mexico-challiye/movie-review/89830545.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609104713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/aaaja-mexico-challiye/movie-review/89830545.cms |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sukhpreeth Kahlon of ''Cinestaan'' opined that "The performances are adequate and the cinematography captures the vastness of the landscape and the ordeal of the migrants. However, in its zeal to depict hardships, the film becomes a protracted drama, especially in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukhpreet Kahlon |date=25 February 2022 |title=Aaja Mexico Challiye review: Gritty, heart-wrenching cautionary tale about the graveyard of dreams |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/aaja-mexico-challiye-47682 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226023258/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/aaja-mexico-challiye-47682 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15554410}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Films set in Mexico]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra

2026-03-07T05:58:00Z

Balaji15: put up new info

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Keshav Depur
| writer = Pon Murugan
| producer = Jayalakshmi
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Karthik Pamidimukkala
* Gayathri Patel
* [[Kalloori Vinoth]]
}}
| cinematography = R. Ramesh
| editing = Marthand K Venkatesh
| music = GKV
| studio = Sky Wanders Entertainment
| distributor = 9V Studios
| released = {{film date|2023|11|3|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra''''' ({{Translation|Come, come near me}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Keshav Depur. The film stars Karthik Pamidimukkala and Gayathri Patel in the lead roles. The film was produced by Jayalakshmi under the banner of Sky Wanders Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-02 |title=Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/ra-ra-sarasukku-ra-ra/articleshow/104905851.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103182346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/ra-ra-sarasukku-ra-ra/articleshow/104905851.cms |archive-date=2023-11-03 |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005).

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* Karthik Pamidimukkala as Madhan
* Gayathri Patel
* [[Kalloori Vinoth]]
* [[Gayatri Rema]]
* Vishweshwar Akula
* Deepika Paul
* Simran Raj
* [[Ravi Varma (Kakinada actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* Gayathri Radhakrishnan
* Saraa Aachar
* Akshitha Ashok
* Katpadi Rajan
* [[KPY Bala]]}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Jayalakshmi under the banner of Sky Wanders Entertainment. The cinematography was done by R. Ramesh, while editing was handled by Marthand K. Venkatesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=ஒரே இரவில் நடக்கும் ’ரா..ரா.. சரசுக்கு ரா..ரா..’ |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1136005-ra-ra-saraukku-ra-ra.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107154854/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1136005-ra-ra-saraukku-ra-ra.html |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 25 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2023-10-31 |title=வெளிப்புற படப்பிடிப்பில் காவல்துறையினர் லஞ்சம் கேட்கின்றனர்- கே. ராஜன் புகார் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-k-rajan-speech-goes-viral-680338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107154851/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-k-rajan-speech-goes-viral-680338 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated two point five out of five and noted that the double meaning lines they speak are well worked out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-11-02 |title=Ra ra sarasukku ra ra |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ra-ra-sarasukku-ra-ra-27703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108065356/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ra-ra-sarasukku-ra-ra-27703 |archive-date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic wrote that although the story takes place in the same location, the special feature of the film is that the actresses are made beautiful without being obscene.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra Review |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/11/07/213243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108065420/https://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/11/07/213243.html |archive-date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt29624608}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Mugdha Manava

2026-03-03T22:22:40Z

Balaji15: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugdha Manava
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi)
| producer = Lalithamma
| writer = S. Mangala Satyan
| screenplay = K. S. L. Swamy (Ravi)
| starring = [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[Ambareesh]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = B. Purushottham
| editing =
| studio = Girijamba Productions
| distributor = Girijamba Productions
| released = {{Film date|1977|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mugdha Manava''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮುಗ್ದ ಮಾನವ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravi) and produced by Lalithamma. The film stars [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Kalyan Kumar]] and [[Ambareesh]]. The film has musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Mugdha-Manava-1977/9219801861|title=Mugdha Manava|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110001434/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Mugdha-Manava-1977/9219801861|archive-date=10 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/mugdha-manava-1977|title=Mugdha Manava|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref> The film is based on a Kannada novel of the same name by Mrs. S Mangala Satyan.

==Cast==
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
*[[Kalyan Kumar]]
*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Uma Shivakumar]]
*[[Lokesh]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
*[[Shivaram]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Mugdha-Manava-K0000774|title=Mugdha Manava Songs|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Thappanthe Sariyanthe" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 03:08
|-
| 2 || "Naguve Snehada Haadu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[Chi. Udayashankar]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Nee Iduva Hosa Hejje" || [[Vani Jairam]] || R. N. Jayagopal ||
|-
| 4 || "Mane Mane Thumba" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[B. K. Sumitra]] || M. Narendra Babu ||
|-
| 5 || "Haalina Battalalli" || [[K. S. L. Swamy|Ravi]] || R. N. Jayagopal ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1427918}}

{{K. S. L. Swamy}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi

2026-03-03T20:39:04Z

Balaji15: quick improved article for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi
| image = Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| producer = [[Prem Menon]]
| screenplay = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Reenu Mathews]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] [[Jacob Gregory]] [[Sudheer Karamana]] [[Priya Lal ]] [[Assim Jamal]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Rex Vijayan]] 
[[Sushin Shyam]] (score)
| cinematography = [[Jayesh Nair]]
| editing = Manoj Kannoth
| studio = [[Global United Media]]
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|10|16|India}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi'''''<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lord-Livingstone-7000-Kandi/articleshow/46174508.cms | title=Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi | date=9 February 2015 | agency=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=27 April 2015 | author=Deepa Soman}}</ref> is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]]-[[adventure film|adventure]] written and directed by [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]. It features an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose|Chemban Vinod]], [[Reenu Mathews]], [[Jacob Gregory]], and [[Sudheer Karamana]].{{cn|date=July 2022}} The film was produced by [[Prem Menon]] under [[Global United Media]]. The [[music]] was composed by [[Rex Vijayan]], while the background score was by Sushin Shyam. The film was released on 16 October 2015.

==Plot==
Philipose John Varkey, a nature enthusiast, sends letters to 100 people to save an unknown tribal village called "7000 Kandi". Various people came, and some returned as they realised the village was haunted. But six people (Shanumgan Ilangovan, Madhumita Krishnan, C. K. A. K. Menon, Beeran, Prof. N. Neelakandan, and Ananthakrishnan Iyer) came to the village with the help of Malavedan. Philipose informs them about a treaty between a landlord and the Livingston company 150 years ago. As per the treaty, the company is authorized to make the forest an industrial area or a plantation for the next 150 years. If they fail, the forest goes to the government of India. If they succeed in the mission, they can extend the validity to 350 more years. Now, the company has become aware of some rare earth minerals there and want to explore them. Hence, they appoint the Bangalore brothers to cut down the trees. Philipose convinces others about the importance of saving 7000 Kandi and the tribe who were mistaken as ghosts by the natives. With the help of six members, Philipose and the tribals try to stop the Bangalore brothers. They succeeded in the mission and the Bangalore brothers left the place intact. Later, it is revealed that the treaty is valid for four months too and the mission was now to hand it over to an international firm and the tribals should fight with the company to live on their own land. The film ends with Philipose, the tribals, and the six battling the company.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kunchako Boban]] as Philipose John Varkey, nature enthusiast
*[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Shanumugan Ilangovan aka Sam, adventurer
*[[Sunny Wayne]] as Beeran, street magician
*[[Reenu Mathews]] as Madhumita Krishnan aka Madhu, gun-testing expert
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as C. K. A. K. Menon, Retired Defence Secretary
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Prof. N. Neelakandan
*[[Jacob Gregory]] as Ananthakrishnan Iyer, chemical engineer
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Malavedan, guide
*[[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as Leader of tribes
*[[Assim Jamal]] as Bangalore Brothers
*[[Priya Lal]] as Meenkanni (Queen of the tribes)
*Salaam Bukhari as contractor
*[[Divyadarshan]] as The tribal Engineer
*Raj Kalesh as Kariyan
*[[Sudhi Koppa]] as Kakapool
*Praveen Parameswar as tribal saint
*Pushpa Mathews as Ponni
*Ambika Rao as Guguthai
*Prem Menon as Madhu's Senior Officer
*[[Dinesh Panicker]] as Ananthu's father-in-law
*Vijayan Peringode as Chikanja
*[[Shamsudheen Cherpulassery]] as himself (street magician)
*Subish Sudhi as tribal man
*[[Nebish Benson]]
}}

==Production==

This is the third film of Anil after his much-acclaimed films ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' (2013) and ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' (2014).{{cn|date=July 2022}} After telling the story of seven thieves in ''Sapthamashree Thaskaraha'', eight individuals become the key people in ''Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi''. The first look poster<ref>{{cite news | url=http://primeglitz.in/lord-livingstone-7000-kandi-first-look-poster/ | title=Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi First Look Poster | date=24 April 2015 | agency=[[PrimeGlitz Media]] | accessdate=13 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185504/http://primeglitz.in/lord-livingstone-7000-kandi-first-look-poster/ | archive-date=26 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> was released online on Friday, 24 April 2015. The poster shows the main eight characters in never-seen looks before.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/lord-livingstone-7000-kandi-first-look-poster.html|title = 'Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi' first look is out|last = Online desk|date = 25 April 2015|agency = [[Manoramaonline.com]]}}</ref> According to actor [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], who had completed 15 days of shoot, in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'', "The subject touches upon the fight against [[deforestation]] and is scripted so well. Everything is unique about the film, be it the title, the narration or the action scenes".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Bharath-to-speak-Tamil-in-his-next-M-Town-film/articleshow/47338389.cms|title = Bharath to speak Tamil in his next M' Town film|last = TNN|date = 19 May 2015|access-date = 19 May 2015|agency = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

According to the director, the film deals with a fantasy subject - a story that may or may not happen at any period of time. The shooting commenced on 2 May 2015 at [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]. The film was set and shot at Wayanad, [[Idukki, India|Idukki]], [[Pune]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=63722|title = Kunchacko to pair up with Reenu|date = 20 April 2015 |agency = [[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi]]}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 2 October.

==Box office==
The film grossed {{INR Convert|1.22|c}} in two days from Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Kerala box office: 'Amar Akbar Anthony', 'LL7K' make good collection; 'Pathemari' still enjoying housefull shows|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113|accessdate=20 October 2015|agency=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 October 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Rex Vijayan
| prev_title = [[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Parava (film)|Parava]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
[[Rex Vijayan]] provides music for the film with background music by [[Sushin Shyam]]. The album consists of four songs composed by Rex Vijayan. The soundtrack album was released on 2 October at Kochi.
{{tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Aayiram Kaalamai
| extra1 = Gowri Lakshmi, Maqbool Mohammed
| length1 = 3:54
| title2 = Tharangal Padunne
| extra2 = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| length2 = 4:14
| title3 = Kunni Mani
| extra3 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Dheera Charitha
| extra4 = [[Job Kurian]]
| length4 = 3:42
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5112972}}
*{{Official facebook page|LL7KKmovieofficial}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]

Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation

2026-02-24T04:14:44Z

Balaji15: small updated content after review also for clarity

{{Short description|Local civic body in Mira-Bhayandar, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Mira-Bhayandar
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Dimple Mehta
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Dhruvkishor Patil
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader3 = Radhabinod Sharma, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
| structure1 = India Maharashtra Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| members = 95
| political_groups1 = '''Government (78)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (78)
''' Opposition (17)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|13}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (3)
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{URL|www.mbmc.gov.in/en}}
}}

The '''Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation''' is the governing body of the city of [[Mira-Bhayandar]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It consists of democratically elected members, headed by a [[mayor]] who administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members of the state's leading political parties hold elected offices in the corporation.

== History ==
The [[municipal corporation]] is in [[Bhayandar]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.
The '''Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation''' (MBMC) is the civic body governing the city of [[Mira-Bhayandar]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It consists of democratically elected members and is headed by a [[Mayor]] who oversees the administration of city infrastructure, public services, and municipal governance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mbmc.gov.in/en/mbmc/commissioner
|website=MBMC Official Website |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> Members of major political parties hold elected offices in the corporation.

'''Geographical Significance'''

Total Area: 79.4 sq. km

Boundaries:
*East: Sanjay Gandhi National Park
*West: Arabian Sea
*North: Vasai-Virar region
*South: Borivali, Mumbai

Mira-Bhayandar has a coastal ecosystem with extensive mangrove forests and tidal creeks, making it an ecologically sensitive zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=About MBMC |url=https://www.mbmc.gov.in/
|website=MBMC Official Website |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Mi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Election results ==
=== 2026 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''78'''
| {{increase}} 17
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 3
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 13
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Ind)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 95
|-
|}

=== 2017 results ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''61'''
| {{increase}} 32
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 22
| {{increase}} 8
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 10
| {{decrease}} 9
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Ind)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| colspan="2" |{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 95
|-
|}

=== 2012 results ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 29
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 27
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 19
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 14
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 1
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Other regd. parties
| 3
|-
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] (Ind)
| 1
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| 94
|-
|}

===List of mayors===
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
!Election
!colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center"
|1
|Myra Mendonca
|28 August 2002
|27 February 2005
|{{ayd|28 August 2002|27 February 2005}}
|rowspan=2|2002
|rowspan=2|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|2
|Nirmala Savle
|28 February 2005
|27 August 2007
|{{ayd|28 February 2005|27 August 2007}}
|-style="text-align:center
|3
|[[Narendra Mehta]]
|28 August 2007
|27 February 2010
|{{ayd|28 August 2007|27 February 2010}}
|rowspan=2|2007
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|4
|Tulsidas Mhatre
|28 February 2010
|27 August 2012
|{{ayd|28 February 2010|27 August 2012}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|5
|Caitlin Pereira
|28 August 2012
|27 February 2015
|{{ayd|28 August 2012|27 February 2015}}
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|6
|[[Geeta Bharat Jain|Geeta Jain]]
|28 February 2015
|27 August 2017
|{{ayd|28 February 2015|27 August 2017}}
|rowspan=4|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|7
|Dimple Vinod Mehta
|28 August 2017
|27 February 2020
|{{ayd|28 August 2017|27 February 2020}}
|rowspan=2|2017
|-style="text-align:center
|8
|Jyotsna Hasnale
|28 February 2020
|27 August 2022
|{{ayd|28 February 2020|27 August 2022}}
|-style="text-align:center
|(7)
|Dimple Vinod Mehta
|03 February 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|3 February 2026}}
|2026
|}

===List of deputy mayors===
Steven John Mendonca - 2007-2012
Dhruvkishor Patil - 2026- present

== List of Municipal Commissioners ==

The first Municipal Commissioner of MBMC was '''Shri Shivmurti Naik'''. The following table lists the Municipal Commissioners who have served in MBMC:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Municipal Commissioners of MBMC
|-
! Sr. No.
! Commissioner's Name
! Term Duration
|-
|1 || Shri Radhabinod A. Sharma (IAS) || 07-03-2025 – Present
|-
|2 || Shri Sanjay Shripatrao Katkar (IAS) || 09-08-2023 – 07-03-2025
|-
|3 || Shri Dilip Dhole || 03-03-2021 – 09-08-2023
|-
|4 || Dr. Vijay Rathod (IAS) || 25-06-2020 – 03-03-2021
|-
|5 || Shri Chandrakant Dange (IAS) || 15-02-2020 – 25-06-2020
|-
|6 || Shri Balaji Khatgaonkar || 04-05-2018 – 15-02-2020
|-
|7 || Shri B. G. Pawar (IAS) || 09-02-2018 – 04-05-2018
|-
|8 || Dr. Naresh Gite (IAS) || 16-08-2016 – 06-02-2018
|-
|9 || Shri Achyut Hange || 21-02-2015 – 16-08-2016
|-
|10 || Shri Subhash Lakhe || 23-07-2014 – 21-02-2015
|-
|11 || Shri Suresh Kakani (IAS) || 16-12-2013 – 23-07-2014
|-
|12 || Shri Bharat Shitole (Additional Charge) || 18-10-2013 – 16-12-2013
|-
|13 || Shri Suresh Kakani (IAS) || 28-01-2013 – 18-10-2013
|-
|14 || Shri Vikram Kumar (IAS) || 12-07-2011 – 28-01-2013
|-
|15 || Shri Sudhir Raut (Additional Charge) || 01-06-2011 – 11-07-2011
|-
|16 || Shri Shivmurti Naik || 24-02-2009 – 31-05-2011
|-
|17 || Shri Rajiv R. Jadhav (IAS) || 18-03-2008 – 23-02-2009
|-
|18 || Shri R. D. Shinde (IAS) || 01-01-2008 – 17-03-2008
|-
|19 || Shri Sudamrao Gaikwad || 12-08-2005 – 31-12-2007
|-
|20 || Shri R. D. Shinde (IAS) || 02-12-2002 – 11-08-2005
|-
|21 || Shri Shivmurti Naik (First Municipal Commissioner) || 28-02-2002 – 01-12-2002
|}

<ref>{{cite web |title=Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.mbmc.gov.in/
|website=MBMC Official Website |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

== List of Municipal Health Centers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sr. No. !! Health Center Name !! Location
|-
| 1 || Uttan Health Center || Chikkal Khadi, Uttan Naka, Bhayandar (W)
|-
| 2 || Murdha Health Center || Murdha Marathi School
|-
| 3 || Bhayandar (W) Health Center || Near Police Station, Bhayandar (W)
|-
| 4 || Vinayak Nagar Health Center || Maharana Pratap Road, Bhayandar (W)
|-
| 5 || Ganesh Deval Nagar Health Center || Shiv Sena Galli, Bhayandar (W)
|-
| 6 || Bandarwadi Health Center || Opp. Bus Depot, Bhayandar (E)
|-
| 7 || Navghar Health Center || Near Hanuman Temple, Navghar Road, Bhayandar (W)
|-
| 8 || Ideal Park Health Center || Opp. Seven Eleven School
|-
| 9 || Mira Road Health Center || Opp. Wockhardt Hospital, Mira Road (E)
|-
| 10 || Penkarpada Health Center || Near Shankar Temple, Mira Road (E)
|-
| 11 || Kashigaon Health Center || Kashigaon, Urdu & Marathi School
|}

<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Health Department – MBMC |url=https://www.mbmc.gov.in/mbmc/public-health |website=Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

==MBMC Schools List==
# MBMC School No. 01, Uttan (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 02, Uttan (Urdu)
# MBMC School No. 03, Kajupada
# MBMC School No. 04, Kashimira (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 05, Kashi (Urdu)
# MBMC School No. 06, Khari (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 07, Khari (Gujarati)
# MBMC School No. 08, Goddev (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 09, Ghodbunder
# MBMC School No. 10, Chene
# MBMC School No. 11, Chowk (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 12, Dongarpali (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 13, Navghar (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 14, Penkarpada
# MBMC School No. 15, Bandarwadi (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 16, Bhayandar (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 17, Bhayandar (Gujarati)
# MBMC School No. 18, Bhayandar (Hindi)
# MBMC School No. 19, Mashacha Pada
# MBMC School No. 20, Mire (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 21, Mire (Gujarati)
# MBMC School No. 22, Murda (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 23, Murda Khadi (Gujarati)
# MBMC School No. 24, Morva (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 25, Rai (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 26, Rai (Gujarati)
# MBMC School No. 27, Retibandar (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 28, Varsova (Marathi)
# MBMC School No. 29, Navghar (Hindi)
# MBMC School No. 30, Bhayandar (Hindi)
# MBMC School No. 31, Bhayandar (Urdu)
# MBMC School No. 32, Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan (Urdu)
# MBMC School No. 33, Murda (Hindi)
# MBMC School No. 34, Mira Road (Urdu)
# MBMC School No. 35, Dachkulpada
# MBMC School No. 36, Bandarwadi (Hindi)

===MBMC Major Libraries===
# Nagar Bhavan Library, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Bhavan, Second Floor, Near Mandali Lake, Bhayandar (West).
# Ward Committee Office No. 03, Library, Talav Road, Bhayandar (East).
# Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi Library, Indira Gandhi Hospital, Poonam Sagar Complex, Mira Road (East).

===MBMC Study Centers===
# Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Bhavan, Second & Third Floor, Near Mandali Lake, Bhayandar (West).
# Reservation No. 100 Study Room, First Floor & Second Floor, Virangula Kendra, Bhayandar (West).
# Ganesh Deval Nagar Study Room, Bhayandar (West).
# Uttan Motha Gaon Study Room, Bhayandar (West).
# Ward Office No. 03 Library & Study Room, Second & Third Floor, Talav Road, Bhayandar (West).
# Jesal Park Study Room, Bhayandar (East).
# Savitribai Phule Study Room, Ground Floor, Near Yashwant Garden, Bhayandar (East).
# Hanuman Nagar Library & Study Room, Ground Floor & First Floor, Hanuman Nagar, Bhayandar (East).
# Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi Library & Study Room, Second Floor, Mira Road (East).
# Amenity Open Space Study Room, First Floor, Poonam Garden, Mira Road (East).

'''Study Center Timings''': 7:00 AM – 11:00 PM

== MBMT Transport Services ==

''' Operational Buses '''
* Weekdays: 107 buses
* Saturdays: 106 buses
* Sundays & Holidays: 81 buses
* Total Buses: 131 buses (74 Diesel + 57 E-buses)

===MBMT Major Routes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sr. No. !! Bus Route No. !! Bus Route Name
|-
| 1 || 1 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Chowk
|-
| 2 || 2 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Uttan Naka
|-
| 3 || 4 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Excel World
|-
| 4 || 5 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Kashimira
|-
| 5 || 6 || Uttan Naka to Manori Tar
|-
| 6 || 10 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Thane Station (E) Kopari via W.E.H. – Majiwada
|-
| 7 || 10 AC || Bhayandar Station (W) to Thane Station (E) Kopari via W.E.H. – Majiwada
|-
| 8 || 12 || Bhayandar Station (E) to K.D. Emp. via Indralok
|-
| 9 || 14 || Bhayandar Station (E) to National Park via Kashimira & Borivali Station (E)
|-
| 10 || 15 || Mira Road Station (E) to Godbandar Depot via S.K. Stone, Beverly Park Cinema
|-
| 11 || 16 || Mira Road Station (E) to Tiwari College via S.K. Stone, Beverly Park Cinema
|-
| 12 || 17 || Mira Road Station (E) to Vinay Nagar via J.P. Garden City, Pleasant Park
|-
| 13 || 18 || Western Park to Jogeshwari (W)
|-
| 14 || 19 || Mira Road Station (E) to JP North City via J.P. Garden City, Pleasant Park
|-
| 15 || 20 || Bhayandar Station (W) to Mourva
|-
| 16 || 21 || Mira Road Station (E) to K.D. Emp. via Rasaz Theater, Bharati Park, Shivar Garden
|-
| 17 || 22 || Mira Road Station (E) to Godbandar Gaon, Modern Company Gate No. 2
|-
| 18 || 23 || Bhayandar Station (E) to Penkarpada
|-
| 19 || 24 || Mira Road Station (E) to Western Park via Kashimira
|-
| 20 || 25 || Mira Road Station (E) to Aaradhya Park
|-
| 21 || 27 || Mira Road Station (E) to MITL School
|-
| 22 || 28 || Mira Road Station (E) to Bhayandar Station (E)
|-
| 23 || 29 || Mira Road Station (E) to Thane Kopari (E)
|-
| 24 || 29 AC || Mira Road Station (E) to Thane Kopari (E)
|-
| 25 || 30 || Mira Road Station (E) to Unique Garden
|}
<ref>{{cite web |title=Transport Department – MBMC |url=https://mbmc.gov.in/en/mbmc/transport |website=Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

== Pay & Park Management ==

'''Major Parking Locations'''
* Bhayandar (W) Railway Station – 106 two-wheelers
* Star Bazaar (Navghar) – 66 four-wheelers
* Mira Road Railway Station and Nearby Roads – 1346 two-wheelers

'''Parking Charges'''

'''Open Parking Rates (per hour/day/month)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Vehicle Type !! 6 Hours !! 12 Hours !! 24 Hours !! Monthly Pass
|-
| Bicycle || ₹3 || ₹5 || ₹10 || ₹150
|-
| Two-Wheeler || ₹15 || ₹20 || ₹25 || ₹350
|-
| Four-Wheeler || ₹50 || ₹75 || ₹100 || ₹1000
|-
| Commercial Vehicles Light || ₹60 || ₹100 || ₹150 || ₹2000
|-
| Heavy Vehicles Truck/Bus || ₹70 || ₹125 || ₹175 || ₹4000
|}

'''Covered Parking Rates (per hour/day/month)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Vehicle Type !! 6 Hours !! 12 Hours !! 24 Hours !! Monthly Pass
|-
| Two-Wheeler || ₹20 || ₹30 || ₹40.50 || ₹800
|-
| Four-Wheeler || ₹60 || ₹80 || ₹100 || ₹1200
|-
| Commercial Vehicles Light || ₹60 || ₹100 || ₹150 || ₹2000
|}

== References ==
<references/>

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mira-Bhayandar]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

S. C. Dutta Roy

2026-02-20T20:32:01Z

Balaji15: adjusted content also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. C. Dutta Roy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1937|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], Bengal, [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | Circuit systems | [[Signal processing]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[River Research Institute]] | [[University of Kalyani]] | [[University of Minnesota]] | [[IIT Delhi]] | [[University of Leeds]]| [[Iowa State University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on analog and digital signal processing
| awards = {{ublist|| 1973 [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|IETE]] Meghnad Saha Award of the IETE | 1980 [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|IETE]] Ram Lal Wadhwa Gold Medal | 1981 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1981 [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] Vikram Sarabhai Research Award | 1987 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] | 1992 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal | 2010 SSI Lifetime Achievement Award | 2015 [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|IETE]] Lifetime Achievement Award | Jawaharlal Nehru Award | [[Calcutta University|UoC-IRPE]] Distinguished Alumnus Award }}
}}
'''Suhash Chandra Dutta Roy''' (born 1937) is an Indian electrical engineer and a former professor and head of the department of electrical engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref name="Keynote speakers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jiit.ac.in/JIIT/ICSC/icsc2013/speaker/s-c-dutta-roy.php |title=Keynote speakers |date=2016 |publisher=Jaypee Institute of Information Technology |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118033737/http://www.jiit.ac.in/JIIT/ICSC/icsc2013/speaker/s-c-dutta-roy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on analog and digital signal processing<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=450 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Dutta_Roy,_Prof._Suhash_Chandra |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N83-0234 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502041517/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N83-0234 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020647/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]],<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |title=IEEE Fellows Directory |date=2016 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]],<ref name="IETE fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://iete-elan.ac.in/elan/membership/index.htm |title=IETE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers}}</ref> Systems Society of India and Acoustical Society of India,<ref name="ASI Hand Book 2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |title=ASI Hand Book 2014 |date=2016 |publisher=Acoustical Society of India |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100242/http://www.acousticsindia.org/JASIHand%20Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1981.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:The Calcutta University by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Calcutta University - a 19th-century photograph by [[Francis Frith]].]]
S. C. Dutta Roy, born on 1 November 1937 at [[Mymensingh]] in the [[Bengal|Bengal region]] of the [[British India]] (presently in Bangladesh) to Suresh Chandra Roy and Suruchi Bala, did his college studies at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="FIR Filter Structures Having Low Sensitivity and Roundoff Noise">{{Cite journal |last=Anil Mahanta, Ramesh C. Agarwal, Suahsh C. Dutta Roy |title=FIR Filter Structures Having Low Sensitivity and Roundoff Noise |journal=IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing |date=December 1982 |volume=30 |issue=6|pages=913–920 |citeseerx=10.1.1.133.8056 |bibcode=1982ITASS..30..913M |doi=10.1109/tassp.1982.1163983}}</ref> After graduating in physics with honors in 1956, he completed a master's degree in engineering (MTech) in 1959 at the ''Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics'' and enrolled for his doctoral studies at Calcutta University [[Rajabazar Science College]].<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.satishkashyap.com/2012_04_01_archive.html |title=IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy |date=2016 |publisher=Satish Kashyap}}</ref> During his doctoral studies, he worked as a research officer at [[River Research Institute]] during 1960–61 and as a lecturer of physics at [[Kalyani University]] from 1962. It was during his service at Kalyani University, he received the degree of DPhil in [[radio physics]] and electronics in 1965. The same year, he moved to the US for his post-doctoral work and served as an assistant professor at the [[University of Minnesota]] till 1968.<ref name="International conference CSCITA 2014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sfitengg.org/conferences_persons.php |title=International conference CSCITA 2014 |date=2017 |publisher=St. Francis Institute of Technology}}</ref> Returning to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] in September 1968 as an associate professor of electrical engineering and served the institution for more than thirty years.<ref name="About The Professor">{{Cite web |url=https://cosmolearning.org/courses/digital-signal-processing/about-the-professor/ |title=About The Professor |date=2016 |publisher=Cosmo Learning}}</ref>

Starting his career at IIT Delhi in 1968 as associate professor, Dutta Roy served in various positions as a professor (1970—98), head of the department of electrical engineering (1970–73) and a dean of undergraduate studies (1983–86) till his regular superannuation from service in 1998.<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy" /> In between, he took two sabbaticals, the first during 1973-74 to serve as a visiting professor at [[University of Leeds]] and the other, as a visiting fellow at [[Iowa State University]] during 1978-79. Post-retirement, he served as an emeritus fellow during 1998—2004, as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] senior scientist during 2004–07 and as an INSA honorary science from 2007, all at IIT Delhi till 2010. Since then, he serves as an honorary scientist of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Additional author information">{{Cite journal |title=Additional author information |journal=IETE Technical Review |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=398 |date=2016 |doi=10.4103/0256-4602.123122 |doi-access=free|last1 = Dutta Roy|first1 = Suhashchandra|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |s2cid=220273390 }}</ref>

Dutta Roy is married to Mala Choudhury.They have one son Amaltash.<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Signal processing system.png|thumb|235px|Signal processing system]]
Dutta Roy's principal areas of studies have been [[network synthesis]], [[solid state circuit]]s, [[distributed networking]] and [[signal processing]]<ref name="Faculty page">{{Cite web |url=http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/scduttaroy.html |title=Faculty page |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Delhi |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221164926/http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/scduttaroy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he is known to have done extensive researches on digital and analog signal processing.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He focused on network studies during his doctoral days but shifted focus to [[RC circuit]] after he moved to Minnesota, particularly economic inductor simulation and low [[Sensitivity (electronics)|sensitivity]] circuits.<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy" /> It was during this period, he developed a method for calculating sensitivity in active and passive filters and introduced ''a network synthetic approach to variable frequency oscillators''.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> From the seventies, his work was mainly on digital and analog signal processing. He holds three Indian patents for his work,<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and his researches have also assisted others in their work.<ref name="Controllable simulated inductor using tetrode transistors">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3397363 |title=Controllable simulated inductor using tetrode transistors |date=2016 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref><ref name="About this file: EP2756595">{{Cite web |url=https://register.epo.org/application?number=EP12769601&lng=en&tab=main |title=About this file: EP2756595 |date=2016 |publisher=European Patent Register}}</ref><ref name="GrebennikovKumar2015">{{cite book|author1=Andrei Grebennikov|author2=Narendra Kumar|author3=Binboga S. Yarman|title=Broadband RF and Microwave Amplifiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|date=28 October 2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-5739-0|pages=106–}}</ref><ref name="KumarGrebennikov2015">{{cite book|author1=Narendra Kumar|author2=Andrei Grebennikov|title=Distributed Power Amplifiers for RF and Microwave Communications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLHQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|date=1 June 2015|publisher=Artech House|isbn=978-1-60807-832-5|pages=98–}}</ref> His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Dutta_Roy=3ASuhash_Chandra=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 306 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sc_Roy |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to three books,<ref name="GhoshRaj2015">{{cite book|author1=Purnendu Ghosh|author2=Baldev Raj|author3=S. C. Dutta Roy (co-author)|title=The Mind of an Engineer|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-MLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|date=30 December 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-0119-2|pages=79–|chapter=Glimpses from a Lifetime in Teaching and Research}}</ref> including the Volume 10 (''Signal Processing and its Applications'') of the ''Handbook of Statistics'' published by Elsevier<ref>{{cite book|author1=N. K. Bose, C. Rao (Editors)|author2=S. C. Dutta Roy, B. Kumar (co-authors)|title=Handbook of Statistics: Signal Processing and its Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0c58Rw3bEsC&pg=PA832|series=Epidemiology and Medical Statistics|volume=10|date=21 November 2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-055421-1|pages=832–}}</ref> and his work has been cited by many authors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gyrator-based Synthesis of Active Inductances and Their Applications in Radio-frequency Integrated Circuits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KJQSOpdSMC&pg=PA250|year=2006|isbn=978-0-542-87387-4|pages=250– }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy: Physical sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7ErAQAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=The Academy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medal Lectures, 1950-1983: A Collection of Lectures Delivered by Eminent Men of Science who Have Been Recipients of Various Medals and Honours from the Academy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8HaAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref><ref name="Binh2007">{{cite book|author=Le Nguyen Binh|title=Photonic Signal Processing: Techniques and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeuTnA5LqGwC&pg=PA157|date=17 December 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-1952-0|pages=157–}}</ref> He has also guided thirty doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy" />

Dutta Roy has designed and authored video courses covering five semesters which are being promoted by [[National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning]], the e-learning platform of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], through their online learning platform.<ref name="Video lecture series">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Lecture+Series+on+Circuit+Theory+by+Prof.+S.C.Dutta+Roy |title=Video lecture series |date=2016 |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning}}</ref> He has been associated with several government agencies as well as a number of international science journals such as ''[[International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications]]'', and ''Circuits and Systems'' journal.<ref name="FIR Filter Structures Having Low Sensitivity and Roundoff Noise" /> He was the guest editor for Issue 5 volume 34 of the ''Journal of Research'' of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers.<ref name="Guest Editorial">{{Cite journal |last=S. C. Dutta Roy |title=Guest Editorial |journal=IETE Journal of Research |date=1988 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=339–340 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1988.11436750}}</ref> He served as a member of the administrative council of the Indian National Science Academy in 2009 and is a member of the National Advisory Committee of Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics of the University of Calcutta.<ref name="National Advisory Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.codec-rpe.org/ntlcommittee2012.html |title=National Advisory Committee |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta}}</ref> He has delivered invited or keynote speeches at many international seminars and conferences, the 54th Annual Meeting of [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in 1989<ref name="54th Annual Meeting">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Patrika/patrika_18.pdf |title=54th Annual Meeting |date=1989 |publisher=Patrika - Newsletter of the Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the 2013 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC 2013) organized by the [[Jaypee Institute of Information Technology]] featuring among them.<ref name="Keynote speakers" />

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=N. K. Bose, C. Rao (Editors)|author2=S. C. Dutta Roy, B. Kumar (co-authors)|title=Handbook of Statistics: Signal Processing and its Applications|volume=10|date=21 November 2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-055421-1|pages=832–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Purnendu Ghosh, Baldev Raj (Editors)|author2=S. C. Dutta Roy (co-author)|title=The Mind of an Engineer|date=30 December 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-0119-2|pages=79–|chapter=Glimpses from a Lifetime in Teaching and Research}}

=== Selected articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Suhash Chandra Dutta Roy, Balbir Kumar, Shail Bala Jain |title=Fir Notch Filter Design (A Review) |journal=Facta Universitatis |date=December 2001 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=295–327}}
* {{Cite journal |last=M.R.R. Reddy, S.C. Dutta Roy, B. Kumar |title=Design of efficient second and higher degree FIR digital differentiators for midband frequencies |journal=IEE Proceedings G - Circuits, Devices and Systems |date=August 2002 |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1049/ip-g-2.1991.0006}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jayadeva, S.C. Dutta Roy, A. Chaudhary |title=Compact analogue neural network: a new paradigm for neural based combinatorial optimisation |journal=IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems |date=August 2002 |volume=146 |issue=3 |pages=111–116 |doi=10.1049/ip-cds:19990314|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suhash C. Dutta Roy |title=A simple derivation of the spectral transformations for IIR filters |journal=IEEE Transactions on Education |date=May 2005 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=274–278 |doi=10.1109/TE.2004.842913|bibcode=2005ITEdu..48..274D |s2cid=21505583 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S.C. Dutta Roy |title=Rational approximation of some irrational functions through a flexible continued fraction expansion |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |date=June 2005 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=84–85 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1982.12233}}
* {{Cite journal |last=G.G. Anderson, S.C. Dutta Roy |title=Improving the transient-response characteristics of pulse filters with parabolic distribution of poles |journal=Electronics Letters |date=July 2007 |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=173–174 |doi=10.1049/el:19680131}}
* {{Cite journal |last=S.C. Dutta Roy |title=On the Design of the Triple-Resonance Interstage Network |journal=IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs |date=May 2008 |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=863–866 |doi=10.1109/TCSII.2008.923416|bibcode=2008ITCSE..55..863R |s2cid=207877326 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sheel Aditya, S. C. Dutta Roy |title=Comments on "Reduced-length rat-race couplers" |journal=IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |date=June 2008 |volume=56 |issue=6 |page=1501 |doi=10.1109/TMTT.2008.923865|bibcode=2008ITMTT..56.1501A }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suhash C. Dutta Roy |title=Some Little-Known Facts About Transmission Lines and Some New Results |journal=IEEE Transactions on Education |date=November 2010 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=556–561 |doi=10.1109/TE.2009.2033040|bibcode=2010ITEdu..53..556D |s2cid=19933378 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suhash Chandra Dutta Roy |title=A New Lumped Element Bridged-T Absorptive Band-stop Filter |journal=Facta Universitatis |date=2017 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=179–185 |doi=10.2298/FUEE1702179D|doi-access=free }}

=== Selected video lecture series ===
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eknlx7zHBVo |title=Lecture - 1 Review of Signals and Systems |date=27 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NDQX0sQCgk&list=PL1D46B10238154408 |title=Lecture - 2 Review of Signals and Systems |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk7HNFBXi_c&list=PL1D46B10238154408&index=3 |title=Lecture - 3 Network Equations; Initial and Final Conditions |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwBTMdr9YxA&list=PL1D46B10238154408&index=4 |title=Lecture - 4 Problem Session1 |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ar48Stzr8E&list=PL1D46B10238154408&index=5 |title=Lecture - 5 Step, Impulse and Complete Responses |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0Glgwwm2gk&list=PL1D46B10238154408&index=6 |title=Lecture - 6 2nd Order Circuits:Magnetically Coupled Circuits |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZLILkYgw_Y&index=7&list=PL1D46B10238154408 |title=Lecture - 7 Transformer Transform Domain Analysis |date=28 April 2008 |last=S.C.Dutta Roy |publisher=National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning |place=New Delhi |series=Lecture Series on Circuit Theory |format=YouTube video}}

== Awards and honors ==
Dutta Roy received the Meghnad Saha Award<ref name="FIR Filter Structures Having Low Sensitivity and Roundoff Noise" /> and the Ram Lal Wadhwa Gold Medal, both [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]] (IETE) honors, in 1973 and 1980 respectively.<ref name="IETE - Ram Lal Wadhwa Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iete.org/IETE-Awards.htm |title=IETE - Ram Lal Wadhwa Award |date=2017 |publisher=Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131001602/http://www.iete.org/IETE-Awards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> IETE would honor him again in 2015 with the Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="Lifetime Achievement Award of IETE">{{Cite web |url=http://iete.org/Awardees-2015.pdf |title=Lifetime Achievement Award of IETE |date=2017 |publisher=Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104064943/https://iete.org/Awardees-2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In between, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1981,<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> the same year as he received the Vikram Sarabhai Research Award of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]], followed by [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] in 1987<ref name="OPB Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html | title=OPB Award | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2017}}</ref> and Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 1992.<ref name="Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |title=Syed Hussain Zaheer Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Systems Society of India in 2010.<ref name="Paritantrika General Systems News ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dei.ac.in/dei/paritantrika/files/archives/Vol4_No1_Jan2010.pdf |title=Paritantrika General Systems News |date=March 2010 |publisher=DEI-Dayalbagh Chapter of Systems Society of India}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award and the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, Calcutta University.<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy" />

Dutta Roy, who is a former National Lecturer of the [[University Grants Commission of India]], was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Science Academy in 1983<ref name="The Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=The Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and he became a fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering in 1987.<ref name="INAE fellowship page">{{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/ebook/year-book-2016/files/basic-html/page134.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118034031/http://inae.in/ebook/year-book-2016/files/basic-html/page134.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2017 |title=INAE fellowship page |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences made him their elected fellow in 1988,<ref name="Fellow profile" /> followed by the National Academy of Sciences, India in 1990.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1995, the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) made him a distinguished fellow of the institution.<ref name="IETE fellows" /> He is also an elected fellow of the Acoustical Society of India and Systems Society of India.<ref name="IIT Video lectures - S. C. Dutta Roy" /> The [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] awarded him the degree of Doctor of Science ([[Honoris Causa]]) in March 2016.<ref name="he Second Annual Convocation held on 4th March, 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/index.php/iiest-top-stories/2943-the-second-annual-convocation-held-on-4th-march-2016 |title=he Second Annual Convocation held on 4th March, 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032839/http://www.becs.ac.in/index.php/iiest-top-stories/2943-the-second-annual-convocation-held-on-4th-march-2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fan falls on students during IIEST convocation">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/fan-falls-on-students-during-iiest-convocation-116030400579_1.html |title=Fan falls on students during IIEST convocation |date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur|newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> The award orations delivered by Dutta Roy include 2009 Dr. Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Dr Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |title=Dr Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Digital signal processing]]
* [[Analog signal processing]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Digital Signal Processing}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/awards.html |title=Honors and Awards |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi |work=List of honors |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060109/http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/awards.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-209842.html |title=Suhash Chandra Dutta Roy |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Autographs |work=Autographs of Indian Scholars and Scientists}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://inae.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Glimpses-from-a-Lifetime-in-Teaching-and-Research-by-Prof-SC-Dutta-Roy.pdf |title=Glimpses from a Lifetime in Teaching and Research |last=S. C. Dutta Roy |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering |work=Memoirs}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/005/07/0001-0002 |title=Editorial |last=V. Rajaraman |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |work=On Sisir Kumar Mitra}}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. C. Dutta Roy |title=Guest Editorial |journal=IETE Journal of Research |date=1988 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=339–340 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1988.11436750}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://iiitmguthaan.blogspot.ae/2015/08/interview-with-prof-sc-dutta-roy.html |title=Prof. S.C Dutta Roy |date=16 August 2015 |publisher=Uthaan - Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management |work=In conversation with Ayush Sidana and Shubham Maurya (Interview)}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta Roy, S. C.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh District]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Iowa State University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi

2026-02-12T20:32:03Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Indian award for Marathi language films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Critics Award Marathi]] for Best Actor
| image = Jitendra Joshi.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Mohan Agashe]], ''[[Astu]]'' (2014)
| holder = [[Jitendra Joshi]], ''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Ghaath]]'' (2024)
| website = [http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/ Filmfare Awards]
}}
The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Marathi Cinema]]. This category was first introduced in 2014. <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out]</ref>

==List of winners==
=== 2010s ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>([[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi|1st]])
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Mohan Agashe.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Manoj|[[Mohan Agashe]]}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Dr. Chakrapani Shastri'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Astu]]'''''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2016-11-28 |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016 winners list: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Shankar Mahadevan, Neena Kulkarni and others sweep honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>([[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2nd]])
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Ankush Choudhary at Music Launch of Dagdi Chawl.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ankush Chaudhari]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Amit|Amit Naik}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Double Seat]]'''''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-28 |title=Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>([[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi|3rd]])
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''Mangesh Desai'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Bhagwan Dada]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ekk Albela]]'''''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-29 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 winners list: Sonali Kulkarni wins Best Actress, Mithila Palkar bags Best Debut Female |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners-list-5379126/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>([[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|4th]]) 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:ShashankShende.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shashank Shende]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | ''' Arjun Magar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ringan]] '''''
|-
|[[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]
|Kaddus
|''[[Halal (film)|Halal]]''
|-
|[[Alok Rajwade]]
|Maanav
|''[[Kaasav]]''
|-
|[[Ravi Jadhav]]
|Mohan Katdare
|''[[Kachcha Limboo|Kachcha Limbo]]''
|-
|[[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]
|Vikram (Vicky)
|''[[Manjha]]''
|}

=== 2020s ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=5th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/5th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-complete-winners-list/articleshow/81246533.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>([[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|5th]]) 
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center"|{{border| |width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Lalit Prabhakar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Gopal Joshi'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Anandi Gopal]]'''''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>([[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi|6th]]) 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Aditya Modak - Indian Classical Vocalist.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Aditya Modak]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | ''' Sharad Nerulkar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]'''''
|-
|[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
|Neel
|''[[June (2021 film)|June]]''
|-
|[[Ashok Saraf]]
|Abhijat Inamdar
|''[[Prawaas]]''
|-
|Ruturaj Wankhede
|Santya / Santosh
|''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]''
|-
|[[Vikram Gokhale]]
|Chandrakant Deshpande (CD)
|''[[AB Aani CD]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner List Of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/winners |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|(7th)]] 
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Jitendra Joshi.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Jitendra Joshi]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Nishikant Deshmukh'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]'''''
|-
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|[[Anand Dighe]]
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|-
|[[Rahul Deshpande]]
|[[Vasantrao Deshpande]]
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
|-
|[[Siddharth Jadhav]]
|Rahul Desai
|''[[Baalbhaarti]]''
|-
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
|Kiran
|''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Filmfare Marathi : यंदा 'या' दोन चित्रपटांनी मारली बाजी! सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले...; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/filmfare-marathi-2024-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-aatmapamphlet-movie-got-maximum-awards-sva-00-4326290/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|(8th)]] 
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Ankush Choudhary at Music Launch of Dagdi Chawl.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ankush Chaudhari]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Krishnarao Sable]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]'''''
|-
|[[Ajay Purkar]]
|[[Tanaji Malusare]]
|''[[Subhedar]]''
|-
|Ashitosh Gaikwad
|Shubham
|''[[Unaad]]''
|-
|[[Shashank Shende]]
|Tatya
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
|-
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|Inspector Raya Patil
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|-
|[[Om Bhutkar]]
|Shyam / [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane]]
|''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2024 [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|(9th)]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025: Mahesh Manjrekar Wins Best Actor; Vaidehi Parashurami, Prajaktta Mali Share Best Actress |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-mahesh-manjrekar-wins-best-actor-vaidehi-parashurami-prajaktta-mali-share-best-actress-article-152259979 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-07-07 |title=१०व्या मराठी फिल्मफेअर पुरस्कार नामांकनांची यादी जाहीर; कोण ठरणार सर्वोत्कृष्ट? 'या' चित्रपटांमध्ये चुरस |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/10th-marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations-announced-who-will-be-best-intense-competition-among-these-films-psn14 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border| [[File:Jitendra Joshi.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Jitendra Joshi]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''ACP Nagpure'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Ghaath]]'''''
|-
|[[Adinath Kothare]]
|Hanumant Kendre
|''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]''
|-
|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
|Shashidhar Lele
|''[[Aata Vel Zaali]]''
|-
|Meghraj Mallinath Kalshetti
|Raju
|''Khadmod''
|-
|[[Rahul Deshpande]]
|Rahul Watve
|''[[Amaltash]]''
|-
|[[Sunil Barve]]
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]
|''[[Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Makhonmani Mongsaba

2026-02-08T12:04:46Z

Balaji15: Starting The Page And Citations...

{{Short description|Manipuri author, actor, producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Makhonmani Mongsaba
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1959|03|01}}
| birth_place = Uripok Achom Leikai, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| occupation = Author, Actor, Producer, Director
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Modhusudon Mongsatabam Amumacha Mongsatabam
| website =
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]] (2000) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2013)
}}

'''Makhonmani Mongsaba''' (born 1 March 1959) is an Indian author, actor, producer and director from Imphal, Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..191213.dec13|title=Sahitya Akademi Award for Makhonmani Mongsaba : 19th dec13 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2013/12/dr-makhonmani-mongsabas-chinglon-amadagi-amada-selected-for-sahitya-akademi/|title=Dr Makhonmani Mongsaba`s `Chinglon Amadagi Amada" selected for Sahitya Akademi | KanglaOnline|first=Imphal Free|last=Press|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175957/http://kanglaonline.com/2013/12/dr-makhonmani-mongsabas-chinglon-amadagi-amada-selected-for-sahitya-akademi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He got his doctorate degree from [[Manipur University]]. In 2013, he won the prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Chinglon Amadagi Amada'', a travelogue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2014/03/makhonmani-mongsaba-credits-ratan-thiyam-for-sahitya-akademi-award/|title=Makhonmani Mongsaba credits Ratan Thiyam for Sahitya Akademi Award | KanglaOnline|first=Imphal Free|last=Press|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175959/http://kanglaonline.com/2014/03/makhonmani-mongsaba-credits-ratan-thiyam-for-sahitya-akademi-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..120314.mar14|title=Sahitya Akademi Award presented to Dr Makhonmani : 12th mar14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He published the book ''Matamgi Manipur:The First Manipuri Feature Film'' by Bobby Wahengbam under the name ''Angomningthou Preservation and Documentation''. It won the Best Book on Cinema at the [[65th National Film Awards]] 2018 and both the writer and the publisher received the ''Swarna Kamal'' award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..140418.apr18|title=Bobby Wahengbam's book fetches National award|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

He had scripted a ''[[Shumang Kumhei]]'' titled '''''Malemnganbi'''''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/malemnganbi/|title=MALEMNGANBI – 20th Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2019}}</ref> He had been a jury member of [[51st National Film Awards]] 2003 and [[57th National Film Awards]] 2009 organised by Directorate of Film Festivals, New Delhi. He was a jury member (feature film category) at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769681 |title=Indian Panorama Announces Official Selection for 52nd IFFI, 2021 |date=5 November 2021|access-date=9 November 2021|via=Press release|newspaper=PIB GOI}}</ref>

==Career==
''Mongsaba'' started writing short stories at a very young age. His first love is literature. In 1987, he joined Chorus Repertory Theatre, Imphal as an actor and acted plays under the guidance of [[Ratan Thiyam]]. The theatre troupe traveled to many places in India and abroad to participate in international theatre festivals from 1987 to 1995. He has also acted in movies and played lead roles. In the 1998 movie ''Shingnaba'', he played a ''[[Thang-Ta]]'' teacher. Apart from feature films, he has acted in teleplays produced by Doordarshan Manipur, namely ''Ishor Na Khangsanu'' and ''Changyengduda''.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

In 2000, he directed and produced ''[[Chatledo Eidi]]''. The movie was selected for Indian Panorama of the [[32nd International Film Festival of India]] 2001 and bagged the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]. His 2007 directorial venture ''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]'' was also selected for Indian Panorama of the [[39th International Film Festival of India]]. He directed ''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]'' which was released in 2013. It is a film on women empowerment and written by [[M. K. Binodini Devi]]. Mongsaba's 2018 movie ''[[Magi Matambakta]]'' participated in Delhi International Film Festival and Bengaluru International Film Festival.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} It won the ''Best Manipuri Film'' at the Jharkhand International Film Festival.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

As an author, he wrote two books of short story collections namely ''Neengsinglubada'' and ''Nupee Keithel'', and a book on the critical study on language namely ''Waheigi Saklon''. He has also written a book on poetry titled ''Thong Nambonbi''; two essays namely ''Manipuri Sanskritida Pena'' and ''Mannadaba Maithongshing''. His book ''Chinglon Amadagi Amada'', a travelogue, earned him a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/general-information/sahitya-akademi-awards-2013.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209184536/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/general-information/sahitya-akademi-awards-2013.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2018|title=General Information - Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013 - Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|1994
|''[[Mayophygee Macha]]''
|Actor
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd9736317|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175957/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd9736317|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2021|title=Makhonmani Mongsaba|website=BFI}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|''Shingnaba''
|Actor
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/shingnaba|title=SHINGNABA | Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021183331/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/shingnaba|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|''Thawaigi Thawai''
|Actor
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Chatledo Eidi]]''
|Producer, director
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Makhonmani-Mongsaba/awards|title=Makhonmani Mongsaba Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Makhonmani Mongsaba | Times of India Entertainment|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|''Laibakthibi''
|Director
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/laibakthibi|title=LAIBAKTHIBI | Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180000/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/laibakthibi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]''
|Director
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Yenning_Amadi_Likla|title=Yenning Amadi Likla ends drought of Manipuri cinema in IFFI|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]''
|Director
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/regional-struggle/article5221639.ece|title=Regional struggle: Makhonmani Mongsaba talks about his film Nangna Kappa Pakchade|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Magi Matambakta]]''
|Director
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/special-features/biffes-2019-unrealistic-expectations-break-children-720069.html|title=BIFFES 2019: 'Unrealistic expectations break children'|date=24 February 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongsaba, Makhonmani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Manipur]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Manipur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Meitei]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Male actors from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Shumang Kumhei artists]]

Mere Bhārat ke Kanṭhahār

2026-01-26T18:30:10Z

Balaji15: Starting The Data More To Come

{{Short description|State song of Bihar (India)}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|hi|मेरे भारत के कंठहार}}
| transcription = {{translit|hi|Mere Bhārat ke Kanṭhahār|italic=no}}
| english_title = The Garland of My India
| type = song
| alt_title =
| en_alt_title =
| alt_title_2 =
| en_alt_title_2 =
| image = Seal of Bihar.svg
| image_size = 100px
| caption = [[Emblem of Bihar]]
| prefix = State
| country = [[Bihar]], India
| author = Satya Narayan
| lyrics_date =
| composer = [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]] and [[Shivkumar Sharma]]
| music_date =
| adopted = 2012
| sound =
| sound_title =
}}

"'''{{lang|hi-latn|Mere Bhārat ke Kanṭhahār|italic=no}}'''" ({{translation| 'The Garland of My India'}}) is the state song of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The lyrics were written by Satya Narayan and the music was composed by [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]] and [[Shivkumar Sharma]]. The song was officially adopted in March 2012.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120323/main6.htm Tribune India]. 23 March 2012.</ref>

==Lyrics==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Hindi]] original<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/bihar-diwas-state-anthem-know-about-rajya-geet-of-bihar-and-all-details-in-hindi/1130701 Bihar Diwas State Anthem: क्या है बिहार का राज्यगीत, यहां जानिए इसकी दिलचस्प कहानी]. ''Zeenews.India''.</ref>!![[Devanagari transliteration]]!!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|hi|मेरे भारत के कंठहार,
तुझको शत-शत वंदन बिहार!
मेरे भारत के कंठहार,
तुझ को शत-शत वंदन बिहार!

तू वाल्मीकि की रामायण,
तू वैशाली का लोकतंत्र!
तू बोधी तत्व की करूणा है,
तू महावीर का शांतिमंत्र!

तू नालंदा का ज्ञानद्वीप,
तू ही अक्षत चंदन बिहार!
तू है अशोक की धर्म ध्वजा,
तू गुरू गोविंद की वाणी है!

तू आर्यभट्ट, तू शेर शाह,
तू कुंवर सिंह की बलिदानी है!
तू बापु की है कर्मभूमि,
धरती का नंदनवन बिहार!

तेरी गौरवगाथा अपूर्व,
तू विश्वशांति का अग्रदूत!
लौटेगा हमारा स्वाभिमान,
अब जाग चुके तेरे सपूत!

अब तू माथे का विजय तिलक,
तू आँखों का अंजन बिहार!
तुझको शत-शत वंदन बिहार,
मेरे भारत के कंठहार!}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|hi-latn|Mere bhārat ke Kanṭhahār,
Tūjhako śat-śat vandan Bihār!
Mere bhārat ke Kanṭhahār,
Tūjhako śat-śat vandan Bihār!

Tu valmīki ki rāmāyan,
Tu Vaiśāli ka lokatantr!
Tu bodhi tatv ki karuna hai,
Tu mahāvīr ka śāntimantr!

Tu nālanda kā gyānadvīp,
Tu hi akśat candan Bihār!
Tu hai aśok ki dharm dhvaja,
Tu guru govind ki vāni hai!

Tu āryabhatt, tu śer śāh,
Tu kunvar singh ki balidāni hai!
Tu bāpu ki hai karmabhūmi,
Dharati ka nandanavan Bihār!

Teri gauravagātha apūrv,
Tu viśvaśānti ka agradūt!
Lautega hamāra svābhimān,
Ab jāg cuke tere sapūt!

Ab tu māthe ka vijay tilak,
Tu ānkhon ka anjan Bihār!
Tūjhako śat-śat vandan Bihār,
Mere bhārat ke Kanṭhahār!|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem>Thou art the garland of India,
We bow to Thee in reverence, Bihar.
Thou art the garland of India,
We bow to Thee in reverence, Bihar.

Thou art the [[Ramayana]] of [[Valmiki]],
Thou art the democracy of [[Vishala|Vaishali]].
Thou art the compassion of [[Buddhism]],
Thou art the peaceful chants of [[Mahavira]].

Thou art the beacon of [[Nalanda]]'s knowledge,
Thou art the indestructible force of heaven.
Thou art the [[Ashoka Chakra|wheel]] of [[Ashoka]],
Thou art the voice of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

Thou art [[Aryabhatta]], thou art [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah]],
Thou art the great sacrifice of [[Kunwar Singh]].
Thou art the land of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s great deeds,
O Bihar, thou art the blissful garden in this world.

Thou art the song of unprecedented pride,
Thou art the flag-bearer of peace in this world.
Thine erstwhile glory will surely return,
Thy progeny hath finally woken up.

Thou art the victory vermillion on my forehead,
O Bihar, thou art the cynosure of my eye.
We bow to Thee in reverence, Bihar,
For thou art the garland of India.</poem>
|}</div>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian state songs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiDyXHFZg5E Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar]
*[https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/forget-karnataka-s-flag-listen-to-bihar-s-own-state-anthem-117072801237_1.html Lyrics]

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Symbols of Bihar]]

List of educational institutions in Gurgaon

2026-01-20T11:04:30Z

Balaji15: add article for clarity and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}

This is a list of schools located in the city of [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], formerly known as Gurgaon, in [[Haryana]], India. Note that this article refers to schools in the territorial limits of the city of Gurugram, not from the [[Gurgaon district|district of Gurugram]].

== Private institutes ==
{{div col}}
* [[K.R. Mangalam University]]
* [[BML Munjal University]]
* [[GD Goenka University]]
* [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]] (GLIM)
* [[Infinity Business School]]
* [[The NorthCap University]]
* [[Management Development Institute]] (MDI)
* [[Sushant University]]
{{div col end}}

== Schools ==


* [[Alpine Convent School, Gurgaon|Alpine Convent School]]
* [[Blue Bells Model School]]
* [[Gurugram Public School]]
* [[Heritage Xperiential Learning School, Gurgaon|Heritage Xperiential Learning School]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya AFS Gurgaon]]
* [[Lancers International School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lis.ac.in/|title=IB {{!}} Schools in Gurgaon – Lancer International School|website=www.lis.ac.in|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[SCR Public School]]
* [[Shalom Hills International School]]
* [[The Shri Ram School]]
* [[ODM International School Gurugram]]

== IB School ==
[[International Baccalaureate]] schools in Gurgaon district include:-
* [[Lancers International School]]<ref>[https://www.lis.ac.in/ Lancers International School]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancers International School |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/006619 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate|language=en}}</ref>
* Scottish High International School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scottish High International School|url=http://www.ibyb.org/listing/scottish-high-international-school-india|access-date=16 September 2021|website=www.ibyb.org|language=en}}</ref>
* Pathways School, Baliawas <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathways School Gurgaon |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/006381 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathways School Gurgaon {{!}} Best International School in Delhi NCR |url=https://www.pathwaysgurgaon.edu.in/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=www.pathwaysgurgaon.edu.in}}</ref>
* Pathways World School, Aravali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathways World School, Gurgaon |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/001424 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best IB International School in Gurgaon – Pathways World School |url=https://www.pws.edu.in/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=www.pws.edu.in |language=english}}</ref>
* DPS International Edge<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS International |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/051326 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=dpsi |url=https://dpsiedge.edu.in/}}</ref>
* Heritage Intl Xperiential School<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERITAGE INTL XPERIENTIAL SCHOOL |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/050684 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top School in Gurgaon {{!}} Heritage International Xperiential School |url=https://hixs.org/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=hixs.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Amity Global School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amity Global School |url=https://www.ibo.org/en/school/003517 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Schools in Gurgaon: Amity School Tops the List! |url=https://amityglobalschoolgurgaon.com/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Amity Schools, Gurgaon |language=en}}</ref>

== CBSE schools ==
The table below shows the [[secondary school]]s affiliated with the CBSE within the district of Gurgaon.
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col1center col3center"
|-
! School No.
! School
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 531621
| [[Alpine Convent School, Gurgaon]]
| <ref name="alpineconventschool.com">{{Cite web |url=http://alpineconventschool.com/contactus.aspx?page=8 |title=Alpine Convent School – Contact Us |website=Alpineconventschool.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002234105/http://alpineconventschool.com/contactus.aspx?page=8 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 531730
| [[Ambience Public Schools]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambienceschool.com|title=Ambience Public School, Gurgaon – Website|website=ambienceschool.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Made Easy School
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madeeasyschool.in/|title=MADE EASY SCHOOL – Website|website=Madeeasyschool.in|access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Scottish High International School]]
| 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottishigh.com/about-us/school-overview/|title=School Overview {{!}} Scottish High International School|language=en-US|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 530968
| [[SCR Public School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scrschools.com/|title=SCR Public School - Official Website|last=Agerwal|first=Sachin|author-link=Sachin Agerwal|website=www.scrschools.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| SCR Model School
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scrschools.com/|title=SCR Model School - Official Website|last=Agerwal|first=Sachin|author-link=Sachin Agerwal|website=www.scrschools.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| SCR Global School
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scrschools.com/|title=SCR Global School - Official Website|last=Agerwal|first=Sachin|author-link=Sachin Agerwal|website=www.scrschools.com}}</ref>
|-
| 530753
| Aditya Army Public School
|
|-
| 530318
| Ajanta Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ajantapublicschool.org/contactus.aspx?page=6 |title=Ajanta Public School – Contact Us |website=Ajantapublicschool.org|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530529
| American Montessori Public School
|
|-
| 530535
| Amity International School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amity.edu/Admission/contact_us.asp |title=Amity International School – Contact Us |website=Amity.edu|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530744
| data-sort-vaue="Angel's School, St" | St. Angel's School
|
|-
| 530400
| Aravali Public School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| data-sort-value="Ardee School, The" | The Ardee School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theardeeschool.com/gurgaon/right7.html |title=The Ardee School Gurgaon – Contact Us |website=Theardeeschool.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154710/http://theardeeschool.com/gurgaon/right7.html |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530587
| Asian Public School
|
|-
| 530385
| Ascent Public School
|
|-
| 530364
| Basant Valley Public School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Bharti International Convent School
|
|-
| 530482
| [[Blue Bells Public School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bluebells.org/bbpublic/BlueBells/bluebells-schools-contactus.html |title=Blue Bells Public School – Contact Us |website=Bluebells.org |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324004249/http://www.bluebells.org/bbpublic/BlueBells/bluebells-schools-contactus.html |archive-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530101
| Chiranjiv Bharti School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chiranjivbharatipv.com/ |title=Chiranjiv Bharti School |website=Chiranjivbharatipv.co |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402164319/http://www.chiranjivbharatipv.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530142
| Colonel's Central Academy
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccaschoolgurgaon.org/contactus.html |title=Colonel's Central Academy – Contact Us |website=Ccaschoolgurgaon.org |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113093800/http://www.ccaschoolgurgaon.org/contactus.html |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530264
| Colonel's Public School
|
|-
| 530393
| data-sort-value="Crispin's Senior Secondary School, St" | [[St. Crispin's Senior Secondary School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crispinsschool.com/ |title=St. Crispin's Senior Secondary School |publisher=[[St. Crispin's Senior Secondary School|crispinsschool.com]] |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 530096
| DAV Public School
|
|-
| 530059
| data-sort-value="DPS Mewat Model School Firozpur" | DPS Mewat Model School
|
|-
| 530062
| data-sort-value="DPS Mewat Model School Nuh" | DPS Mewat Model School
|
|-
| 530404
| data-sort-value="DPS Mewat Model School Taorurural" | DPS Mewat Model School
|
|-
| 530233
| data-sort-value="DPS Maruti Kunj" | Delhi Public School, Maruti Kunj
|
|-
| 530405
| data-sort-value="DPS Site I" | Delhi Public School, Sector 45
|
|-
| 530598
| data-sort-value="DPS Sushant Lok" | Delhi Public School, Sushant Lok
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dpssl.net/contact.jsp |title=Delhi Public School – Contact Us |website=Dpssl.net |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209190539/http://www.dpssl.net/contact.jsp |archive-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530232
| Dev Samaj Vidya Niketan
|
|-
| 530357
| Drona Public School
|
|-
| 530015
| data-sort-value="Fatima Convent Secondary School, Our Lady Of" | Our Lady of Fatima Convent Secondary School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourladyfatimaschoolgurgaon.org/direction.aspx |title=Our Lady of Fatima Convent Secondary School – Reach Us |website=Ourladyfatimaschoolgurgaon.org |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 530570
| data-sort-value="Florence Public School, Lady" | Lady Florence Public School
|
|-
| 530525
| GD Goenka World School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdgws.gdgoenka.com/root/contact-us |title=GD Goenka World School – Contact Us |website=Gdgws.gdgoenka.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530889
| GEMS International School
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=GEMS International School|url=https://gemsinternationalschoolgurgaon.com/index.html|url-status=dead|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420035104/https://gemsinternationalschoolgurgaon.com/index.html}}</ref>
|-
|
| Satya School
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Gurgaon|first=Satya School|title=Satya School|url=https://satyaschool.com/|access-date=2 April 2021|website=satyaschool.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 530578
| Green Dale Public School
|
|-
| 530649
| Greenwood Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gwpsgurgaon.com/gwps/speak-to-us.php |title=Greenwood Public School – Contact Us |website=Gwpsgurgaon.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603001753/http://gwpsgurgaon.com/gwps/speak-to-us.php |archive-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Gurgaon Valley School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurgaonvalley.org/contact-us.html |title=Gurgaon Valley School – Contact Us |website=Gwpsgurgaon.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212155028/http://gurgaonvalley.org/contact-us.html |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530417
| [[Gurugram Public School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurugramschool.in/contact-us.html |title=Gurugram Public School – Contact Us |website=Gwpsgurgaon.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024255/http://www.gurugramschool.in/contact-us.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 531088
| The Maurya School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.themauryaschool.com/Website/Webpages/contactUs.html|title=TheMaurya School – Contact Us |website=www.themauryaschool.com/|access-date=23 Feb 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 530150
| Gyan Devi Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gyandevi.com/Reachus.htm |title=Gyan Devi Public School – Reach Us |website=Gyandevi.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064025/http://www.gyandevi.com/Reachus.htm |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530550
| data-sort-value="Heritage School, The" | [[Heritage Xperiential Learning School, Gurgaon|Heritage Xperiential Learning School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ggn.ths.ac.in/gurgaon/contact.asp |title=Heritage Xperiential Learning School – Gurgaon – Contact Us |website=Heritagexperiential.org |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002004109/http://ggn.ths.ac.in/gurgaon/contact.asp |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Indus World School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indusworldschool.com/school-contain/gurgaon/contact.html |title=Indus World School – Gurgaon – Contact Us |website=Indusworldschool.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530748
| J J School of Education
|
|-
| 530746
| Jhankar High School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Kinder Valley International School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kindervalley.in/ |title=Kinder Valley International School |website=Kindervalley.in|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530421
| data-sort-value="Krishna International School, Lord" | Lord Krishna International School
|
|-
| 530295
| Kuldeep Singh Memorial Public School
|
|-
| 530499
| Laxmi International School
|
|-
| 530499
| Lord Jesus Public School
|
|-
| 530293
| Lions Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lionspublicschool.com/ |title=Lion Public School Gurgaon |website=Lionspublicschool.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530241
| Maharishi Vidya Mandir Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharishividyamandir.com/schoolCampuses/Introduction.jsp?branch=31 |title=Maharishi Vidya Mandir -Kurushetra-I (Sanwla) |website=Maharishividyamandir.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145645/http://www.maharishividyamandir.com/schoolCampuses/Introduction.jsp?branch=31 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530699
| Manav Rachna International School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mris.edu.in/contact-us/ |title=Manav Rachna International School – Contact Us |website=Mris.edu.in|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530579
| Maru Mal Boys Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| 530208
| Meenakshi Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meenakshipublicschool.com/contact_us.php |title=Meenakshi Public School – Contact Us |website=Meenakshipublicschool.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530680
| Mewat Model School Nagina
|
|-
| 530689
| Mewat Model School
|
|-
| 530210
| data-sort-value="Michael School, St" | St. Michael's Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| 530230
| data-sort-value="PBN Public School, St" | St. PBN Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stpbnschool.com/contact_us.aspx |title=St. PBN PUBLIC SCHOOL – Contact Us |website=Stpbnschool.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002141919/http://www.stpbnschool.com/contact_us.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Pathways World School
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathways World School – Contact Us |url=https://www.pws.edu.in/ |access-date= |website=www.pws.edu.in}}</ref>
|-
| 530410
| data-sort-value="Pine Crest School, The" | The Pine Crest School
|
|-
| 530398
| Pole Star Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polestarschool.org/ |title=Pole-Star Public School |website=Polestarschool.org|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Presidium Senior Secondary School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.presidiumonline.com/main/default.asp |title=Best Senior Secondary School – Formal school in Gurgaon and Indirapuram |website=Presidiumgurgaon.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Rabindranath World School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwsgurgaon.com/ |title=Rabindranath World School |website=Rwsgurgaon.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530732
| Rajendra Public School
|
|-
| 530665
| Rajmala Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| 530077
| Rao Lal Singh Public School
|
|-
| 531206
| Red Roses Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redrosesschool.in |title= Red Roses Public School- Palam Vihar |website=redrosesschool.in| access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Ridge Valley School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ridgevalleyschool.org/contact-us.html |title=Ridge Valley School – Contact Us |website=Ridgevalleyschool.org |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203134434/http://www.ridgevalleyschool.org/contact-us.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Rishi Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rishischool.com/contact.php |title=Rishi Public School – Contact Us |website=Rishischool.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530654
| Rockford Convent High School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rockfordconvent.com/?page_id=18 |title=Rockford Convent High School – Locate Us |website=Rockfordconvent.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530677
| Royal Public Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| 530021
| Rotary Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rotarypublicschool.org/contact.php |title=Rotary Public School – Contact Us |website=Rotarypublicschool.org |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104170939/http://www.rotarypublicschool.org/contact.php |archive-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530674
| [[Ryan International School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryaninternational.org/ |title=Ryan International School |publisher=[[Ryan International School|ryaninternational.org]]|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryangurgaon.com/ |title=Ryan Gurgaon |website=Ryangurgaon.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010419192733/http://www.ryangurgaon.com/ |archive-date=19 April 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530014
| S. D. Adarsh Vidyalaya
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sdadarshvidyalayagurgaon.com/contacts.html |title=S. D. Adarsh Vidyalaya – Contact Us |website=Sdadarshvidyalayagurgaon.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| SD Memorial High School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Salwan Montessori School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salwanmontessori-gurgaon.com/ |title=Salwan Montessori School Gurgaon |website=Salwanmontessori-gurgaon.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530273
| Salwan Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salwangurgaon.com/reachingUs.php |title=Salwan Public School – Reaching Us |website=Salwangurgaon.com|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530660
| Savitri Devi Vidya Niketan
|
|-
| 530693
| [[Shalom Hills|Shalom Hills International School]]
|
|-
| 530527
| Shanti Niketan Public School
|
|-
| 530268
| [[Sharda International School]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shardainternationalschool.in/enquiry.html#contact-us |title=Sharda International School – Contact Us |publisher=[[Sharda International School|shardainternationalschool.in]] |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414105646/http://www.shardainternationalschool.in/enquiry.html#contact-us |archive-date=14 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530205
| Sherwood Convent School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| [[Shemford Futuristic Academy, Gurugram]]
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Shikshantar
|
|-
| 530566
| Sri Shiv Chaitanya Academy School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| Shiv Nadar School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shivnadarschool.edu.in/website/gurgaon/overview/ |title=Shiv Nadar School Gurgaon – Overview |website=Shivnadarschool.edu.in|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530539
| Shiv Public Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| data-sort-value="Shri Ram School Arvali, The" | [[The Shri Ram School|The Shri Ram School Aravali]]
| <ref name="tsrs.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsrs.org/ |title=The Shri Ram School |publisher=[[The Shri Ram School|tsrs.org]]|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530023
| data-sort-value="Shri SN Sidheshwar Senior Secondary Public School" | Shri S.N. Sidheshwar Sr. Sec. Public School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://snsidheshwar.org/contect.aspx |title=Shri S.N. Sidheshwar Sr. Sec. Public School |website=Snsidheshwar.org|access-date=2 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 530245
| data-sort-value="Soldier Public School, St" | St. Soldier Public School
|
|-
| 530472
| Starex International School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.starex.edu.in/starex-international-school-contact-us.aspx |title=Starex International School – Contact Us |website=Starex.edu.in |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074614/http://www.starex.edu.in/starex-international-school-contact-us.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530176
| Summer Fields School
|
|-
| 530678
| Suncity World School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| data-sort-value="Sylvan Trails School, The" | The Sylvan Trails School
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesylvantrails.com/contact.html |title=The Sylvan Trails School – Contact us |website=Thesylvantrails.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328234654/http://www.thesylvantrails.com/contact.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530521
| Tagore International School
|
|-
| 530629
| Universiol Public School
|
|-
| {{N/A}}
| [[Vega Schools]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vega.edu.in/contact |title=Vega Schools – Contact us |website=Vega.edu.in|access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{N/A}}
| [[VIBGYOR Group of Schools]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=VIBGYOR Group of Schools Sector 67, Gurugram |url=https://www.vibgyorhigh.com/school/gurugram/cbse/sector-67 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.vibgyorhigh.com}}</ref>
|-
| 530691
| Vidya Bhawan Public Senior Secondary School
|
|-
| 530315
| Vivekanand Academy
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vivekanandacademygurgaon.com/contact.php |title=Vivekanand – Contact Us |website=Vivekanandacademygurgaon.com |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003063153/http://vivekanandacademygurgaon.com/contact.php |archive-date=3 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 530573
| West Academy
|
|-
| 553057
| Shiksha Bharti Public School
|
|-
| 531086
| U.S SCHOOL
| <ref>[http://usschoolpataudi.com/contact.php] {{dead link|date=December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 531601
| Suraj School, Sector 75 Gurgaon
|
|-
| 531622
| Suraj School, Sector 56 Gurgaon
|
|}

== ICSE Schools ==
* MatriKiran School
{{Cleanup list|section|date=September 2022}}
* [[Scottish High International School]]<ref>[https://www.scottishigh.com/ Scottish High International School]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{School education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational institutions in Gurgaon}}
[[Category:Schools in Gurgaon| ]]
[[Category:Schools in Haryana|Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India|Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Education in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists]]

Kaleru Venkatesh

2026-01-12T10:43:56Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Amberpet MLA Kaleru Venkatesh.jpg|thumb|300x300px|MLA Kaleru Venkatesh in 2026]]

'''Kaleru Venkatesh''' [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (born 10 December 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Amberpet Assembly constituency]] in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amberpet assembly election results 2023: Amberpet Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/amberpet-assembly-result-29059 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Amberpet Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amberpet-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687838.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Venkatesh was born in Golnaka to late K. Anjaneyulu. He completed his LLB in 1986 from Faculty of Law, [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaleru Venkatesh(BRS):Constituency- AMBERPET(HYDERABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=12 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> His wife, Kaleru Padma, was a former corporator of [[Golnaka]]. In 2005, he was the president of the Criminal Court Bar Association in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Kaleru Venkatesh {{!}} MLA {{!}} TRS {{!}} Amberpet {{!}} Hyderabad {{!}} Telangana |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kaleru-venkatesh/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Venkatesh started his political journey with [[Indian National Congress]]. He was the floor leader of Congress in the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] from 2009 to 2012. From 2009 to 2014, he served as [[Golnaka]] corporator. Later, he joined [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] and became an MLA for the first time in 2018 from [[Amberpet Assembly constituency]]. He won the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[G. Kishan Reddy]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a narrow margin of 1,016 votes. He polled 61,558 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Amberpet constituency Telangana election result 2023: BRS candidate wins by 24,537 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/amberpet-constituency-telangana-election-result-2023-it-is-brs-kalery-venkateshwam-vs-congress-rohin-kumar-reddy/articleshow/105693461.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He won for the second time from Amberpet representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 74,416 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Chenaboyanna Krishna Yadav of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 24,537 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amberpet Election Result 2023 Live, Amberpet Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-amberpet-constituency-59.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Kaleru}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Amnour Assembly constituency

2026-01-11T18:39:34Z

Balaji15: minor improved content to improve readability additionally and updated info based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Amnour Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 120-Amnour constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = [[Shatrudhan Tiwari]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 250,779
|abolished = 
}}
'''Amnour Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 120 Amnour Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Amnour and Maker [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Sobhepur, Pachrukhi, Bheldi, Pachalakh, Chandpura and Saguni [[gram panchayat]]s of Parsa CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Amnour Assembly constituency is part of No. 20 [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], voters of Chandila village of Maker block in Amnour Assembly constituency completed boycotted the polling and no votes was cast in protest against the government's failure to bring electricity to their village.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-polls-no-electrification-no-vote-at-sarans-chandila-village/articleshow/49566945.cms|title=Bihar polls: 'No electrification, no vote' at Saran's Chandila village|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="boycott">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/bihar-polls/story/bihar-elections-villagers-boycott-polls-want-bijli-first-in-chandila-270303-2015-10-29|title=Bihar election: Villagers boycott polls, want bijli first in Chandila|last1=india today digital|date=October 29, 2015|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnour Election and Results, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/amnour.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Shatrudhan Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Amnour<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75525}}
|percentage = 44.52
|change = +2.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:71717}}
|percentage = 42.27
|change = +2.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Rahul Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6031}}
|percentage = 3.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Puja Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:5695}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lakshman Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2262}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3749}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3808}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169661}}
|percentage = 67.65
|change = +10.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Amnour<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63316}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change = +12.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:59635}}
|percentage = 39.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Shatrudhan Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7493}}
|percentage = 5.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4783}}
|percentage = 3.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sangeeta Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3909}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudish Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1668}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Pukar Mehata
|votes = {{formatnum:1538}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3669}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change = -2.47
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3681}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:149711}}
|percentage = 56.77
|change = +2.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Amnour<ref name="boycott"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shatrudhan Tiwary
|votes = {{formatnum:39134}}
|percentage = 29.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Krishan Kumar Mantoo
|votes = {{formatnum:33883}}
|percentage = 25.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:29226}}
|percentage = 22.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Pukar Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:6694}}
|percentage = 5.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4804}}
|percentage = 3.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bir Kuar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2221}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Poonam Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1993}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Nand Kumar Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:1639}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Priy Ranjan Yuvraj
|votes = {{formatnum:1441}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6447}}
|percentage = 4.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5251}}
|percentage = 4.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:131095}}
|percentage = 54.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Sonalal Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:650}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}{{Bihar elections}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|25|58|30|N|84|54|32|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

Om Thanvi

2025-12-31T11:30:43Z

Balaji15: refine lead for clarity and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{like resume|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Om Thanvi
| image = Om Thanvi in a Conference.png
| image_size = 220
| alt =
| caption = Thanvi during a conference, 2012
| birth_name = Omprakash Thanvi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1957|08|01}}
| birth_place = [[Phalodi]], [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Journalist, editor
| language = [[Hindi]]
| residence =
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Memoir, criticism
| subject = [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan culture]]
| movement =
| notablework = ''Muanjodaro'' ''Apne Apne Agyey''
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =* Bihari Puraskar, [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]] award
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1977―Present
| module =
| website = 
}}

'''Om Thanvi''' is a Hindi writer, senior journalist, editor and critic.<ref name="hindisamay1935">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80--OM-THANVI.cspx?id=1935 |title=लेखक ओम थानवी का व्यक्तित्व OM THANVI |publisher=Hindisamay.com |accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> Thanvi is currently the founding vice-chancellor of [[Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication]].<ref name="bhadas4media.com">{{Cite web|title=ओम थानवी बने हरिदेव जोशी पत्रकारिता विवि के कुलपति {{!}} No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/haridev-joshi-journalism-university/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.bhadas4media.com|language=en-US}}</ref> His works include work ''Apne Apne Agyey'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/review/story/new-book-apne-apne-agyey-edited-by-om-thanvi-vani-prakashnan-297105-2015-05-04 | title=अज्ञेय से जुड़ी यादों के उजास दिखाएगी किताब 'अपने अपने अज्ञेय' | date=4 May 2015 }}</ref> and ''Muanjodaro''.<ref name="muanjodaro">{{cite web|url=https://m.aajtak.in/world-of-books/book-review/story/book-review-of-muanjodaro-by-om-thanvi-786421-2014-11-05|title=''Muanjodaro'' written by Om Thanvi|publisher=aajtak.in |date=5 November 2014 |accessdate=30 December 2018}}</ref> He is also an advisory board member of ''[[Muslim Mirror]]''.<ref name=":MM">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/about/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216032355/https://muslimmirror.com/eng/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Om Thanvi was born in the town of [[Phalodi]] in [[Jodhpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/writer-journalist-om-thanvi-felicitated-with-bihari-puraskar-457436-2015-09-01|title=Writer-journalist Om Thanvi felicitated with Bihari Puraskar|work=[[India Today]] |date=1 September 2018 |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Thanvi started journalism in his student days in 1977 contributing to weekly ''Marudeep'' daily ''Yugpaksh'' (Bikaner) and weekly ''Ravivar'' (Calcutta). After completing his Masters in Commerce Thanvi started his mainstream journalism in 1978 with ''Itwari'', a weekly paper from the [[Rajasthan Patrika]] in Jaipur, Rajasthan. From 1980 to 1989 he worked in Rajasthan Patrika. After this, he joined the Hindi daily ''[[Jansatta]]'' of the [[Indian Express]] Group and was associated with this newspaper for the next twenty-six years (from 1989 to 2015), serving as a journalist, resident editor (Chandigarh edition, 1989―99), and editor (1999―2015).<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=47429194&privcapId=22077949|title=About Om Thanvi|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=26 December 2018|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref>

After separating from the ''Jansatta'', Thanvi taught as a visiting professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) at the Center for Media Studies, School of Social Sciences. He is currently the founding vice-chancellor of [[Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication]], Jaipur (Rajasthan).<ref name="bhadas4media.com"/>

==Awards and recognition==

* [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]] award, awarded by the [[Central Institute of Hindi]].<ref name=Vidyarthi>{{cite web |title=Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Award |url=http://khsindia.org/india/hi/?option=com_content&view=article&id=259&Itemid=919&lang=hi |website=khsindia.org}}</ref>
* His book ''Muanjodaro'', has received the Bihari Puraskar, awarded by [[K. K. Birla Foundation]].<ref name=BihariPuraskar>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihari-puraskar-for-writer-journalist-om-thanvi-115041300645_1.html |title=Bihari Puraskar for writer-journalist Om Thanvi | Business Standard News |work=Business Standard |accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vaniprakashan.in/auth-details.php?wid=633 Om Thanvi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215635/http://www.vaniprakashan.in/auth-details.php?wid=633 |date=3 September 2018 }}, writer introduction, Vani Prakashan.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanvi, Om}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian essayists]]

Mumbai Central metro station

2025-12-21T03:17:27Z

Balaji15: new

#REDIRECT [[Jagannath Shankar Sheth metro station]]

Cnemaspis palakkadensis

2025-12-16T04:00:13Z

Balaji15: Adding New Pg

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = palakkadensis
| authority = Sayyed, Cyriac, & Dileepkumar, 2020
}}

'''''Cnemaspis palakkadensis''''' is a species of diurnal [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=palakkadensis
* https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Cnemaspis_palakkadensis

{{Taxonbar|from=Q105123589}}

[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]
[[Category:Cnemaspis|pava]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{gekkonidae-stub}}

Muhammad Shah III Lashkari

2025-11-14T16:12:18Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate from 1463 to 1482}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = sultan
| succession = 13th [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultan]]
| reign = 30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III]]
| successor = [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]]
| father = [[Humayun Shah]]
| mother = [[Makhduma-e-Jahan Nargis Begum]]
| birth_date = 1453
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1482|03|26|1453|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bidar]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| regent = [[Mahmud Gawan]]
}}

'''Muhammad Shah III Lashkari''' or '''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah III''' was the sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 1463 to 1482. During his reign, he successfully invaded Orissa, compelling its ruler [[Purushottama Deva|Purushottam Deva]] to surrender. He also made his brother [[Hamvira Deva]] surrender by besieging [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondavidu]] fort.

== Ascension ==
Muhammad Shah III was between 9–10 years old when he ascended the throne on 30 July 1463 after the death of his brother, [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III]].<ref name=srivastava>{{cite web|first1=A.L.|last1=Srivastava|first2=Frank Raymond|last2=Allchin|first3=Joseph E.|last3=Schwartzberg|first4=K.R.|last4=Dikshit|first5=Muzaffar|last5=Alam|first6=Carl Darling|last6=Buck|first7=Philip B.|last7=Calkins|first8=R.|last8=Champakalakshmi|first9=Romila|last9=Thapar|first10=Sanjay|last10=Subrahmanyam|first11=Stanley A.|last11=Wolpert|first12=T.G. Percival|last12=Spear|display-authors=2|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Bahmani-consolidation-of-the-Deccan|title= Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan|website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=291}}

== Reign ==
[[Mahmud Gawan]] was appointed [[vizier]] and served as one of the regents under [[Makhduma-e-Jahan Nargis Begum]].<ref name=agnihotri>{{cite book|first=V. K.|last=Agnihotri|title=Indian History With Objective Questions and Historical Maps|place=New Delhi|publisher=Allied Publishers Private Limited|year=2000|page=B-137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL2-PA137|accessdate=5 April 2017|isbn=9788184245684}}</ref> With Gawan, Muhammad Shah subjugated most of the [[Konkan]] and defeated the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] in 1470, thus securing the west coast trade until the arrival of the Portuguese. At the same time, standard measurements and valuations of agricultural land were introduced, along with other policies to unify the sultanate. Unfortunately, these actions upset many powerful people who convinced Muhammad Shah III to execute Mahmud Gawan in 1481.<ref name=srivastava />

== Invasion of Orissa ==
{{Main|Bahmani invasion of Orissa}}
The Bahmani invasion of Orissa in the 15th century unfolded through a series of conflicts and diplomatic maneuvers between the Gajapati Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1475, a Bahmani rebel officer named Bhimraj initiated a revolt at [[Kondavidu]], a Bahmani territory, leading to a complex alliance among the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] and chiefs of [[Telangana]] and [[Jamnagar|Jajnagar]]. The Sultan successfully defeated them and forced [[Purushottama Deva|Purushottam Dev]] to surrender. Tensions heightened in 1478 when Muhammad Shah III invaded Orissa.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|pages=328–330}}

Alarmed by the invasion, Purushottam Dev expressed his willingness to pay homage, offering to disarm and present gifts. The Sultan accepted this homage, confirming Purushottam as the ruler of his patrimony. Subsequently, Muhammad Shah III besieged Hamvira Deva, the brother of the Gajapati, successfully ending his career in tragedy. These events, including the earlier revolt at Kondavidu, became integral aspects of Muhammad Shah III's engagement with the Gajapati Empire, shaping the historical narrative during his reign.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|pages=328–330}}

== Succession ==
Soon after the death of Gawan, the sultan himself died of remorse on 26 March 1482 at Bidar.<ref>{{cite book|first=Johann Christoph|last=Bürgel|title=The Feather of Simurgh : The "Licit Magic" of the Arts in Medieval Islam|place=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=1988|page=68}}</ref><ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=14 November 2025 | page=105}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]].
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}
[[Category:Sultans]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:1482 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bahmani sultans]]

Kakatiya Medical College

2025-10-30T07:02:25Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Medical school in Warangal, Telangana}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name= Kakatiya Medical College
|logo=
|image=[[File:KMC building cropped.jpg|center|220px|Kakatiya Medical College]]
|motto=
|endowment =
|principal = Dr. Sandhya Sunkaraneni
|established= {{start date and age |1959}}
|type=
|affiliation= [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
|students=
|undergrad= 250 per year
|postgrad=
|colors=
|city= [[Warangal]]
|state= [[Telangana]]
|country= India
|campus=
|mascot=
|free_label=
|free=
|website=https://www.kmcwgl.com
}}

The '''Kakatiya Medical College''' (KMC) is a [[medical school]] in the [[Warangal district]] under the gamut of [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]] and the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC).
<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100340200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626081615/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100340200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-26 |title=The ticket to MBBS |date=2004-05-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:KMC building.jpg|thumb|College campus]]

All the postgraduate courses are recognized by M.C.I., [[Medical Council of India]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://mciindia.org/apps/search/view_college.asp?ID=74 |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820211041/http://mciindia.org/apps/search/view_college.asp?ID=74 |archive-date=20 August 2011 }}</ref>

== Courses ==
The school takes in 250 students on merit each year through the [[NEET]] (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) held throughout [[India]]. Every year nearly 20 Lakh aspirants sit for this exam. There are nearly 3,900 seats in [[MBBS]] (bachelor's in medicine and bachelor's in surgery) in Telangana of which 3,100 are in 23 private colleges and 4,090 are in 34 government medical colleges. The college so far awarded MBBS degrees to 5,600 candidates.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite press release|url=http://hindu.com/2008/07/22/stories/2008072260061200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803164945/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/22/stories/2008072260061200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-08-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Andhra Pradesh / Warangal News : KMC to celebrate golden jubilee |date=2008-07-22 |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2024-09-10 |title=Telangana Gets 400 New MBBS Seats in Eight State-Run Colleges |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-gets-400-new-mbbs-seats-in-eight-state-run-colleges-1822681 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Postgraduate courses ===
In 2008 the college had an intake of 70 postgraduate students a year.<ref name="hindu1" />

=== Non-clinical courses ===
MD — A three-year course in Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine & Anatomy
The qualification for all PG and PG diploma courses is an MBBS degree from any MCI (Medical Council of India) recognized medical college in India or an equivalent foreign degree which is recognized by the MCI.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://mciindia.org/tools/medical_colleges/courses.htm#pg_degree |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820211057/http://mciindia.org/tools/medical_colleges/courses.htm |archive-date=20 August 2011 }}</ref>

== Activities ==
KMC alumni from both India and abroad are very active in improving the standards of education and the infrastructure.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122317190300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221215510/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122317190300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-21 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Warangal News : KMC alumni to donate Rs. 5 cr. for college |date=2006-12-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/07/stories/2006010708190400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211115017/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/07/stories/2006010708190400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-11 |title=Andhra Pradesh News : Briefly |date=2006-01-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>

In 2009, golden jubilee celebrations were held marking the 50th anniversary of the institution.<ref name="hindu1" /><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/05/stories/2007010516090300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108085750/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/05/stories/2007010516090300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-01-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Warangal News : Speaker to lay stone for KMC alumni building |date=2007-01-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==

*[[V. Mohan Reddy]] – Pediatric cardiac surgeon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://surgery.ucsf.edu/faculty/division-chiefs/v-mohan-reddy,-md.aspx |title=Department of Surgery - V. Mohan Reddy, M.D. |website=surgery.ucsf.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029050158/http://www.surgery.ucsf.edu/faculty/division-chiefs/v-mohan-reddy,-md.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-29}} </ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kakatiya Medical College}}
* {{Official website|https://www.kmcwgl.com/}}

{{Coord|18|0|8.08|N|79|35|23.63|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{Warangal topics|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1959]]
[[Category:Education in Warangal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Welspun Living

2025-09-13T18:09:35Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Indian Textile company based in Mumbai}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Welspun Living Limited
| logo = Welspun Living.svg
| former_name = Welspun India Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|WELSPUNLIV}}|{{BSE|514162}}}}
| industry = Textiles
| founded = 1985
| founder = Balkrishan Goenka<ref>{{cite news |title=Welspun India: Out of the Woods |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/8th-anniversary-special/welspun-india-out-of-the-woods/46931/1 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=Forbes India}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Dipali Goenka]] ([[CEO]] and Joint [[Managing director|MD]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Welspun expects ₹1,700-cr revenue from retail biz by FY26 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-expects-1700-cr-revenue-from-retail-biz-by-fy26/article66516832.ece |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=16 February 2023}}</ref>|Rajesh Mandawewala (MD)}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|9825|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|681|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24">{{cite news |title=Welspun Living Q4 net profit rises 16 percent to Rs 146 crore |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Welspun-living-q4-net-profit-rises-16-percent-to-rs-146-crore,1627889.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=FashionNetwork.com}}</ref>
| parent = [[Welspun Group]]
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Welspun USA]]|[[Christy (towel manufacturer)|Christy]]|Sorema}}
| location_country = India
| website = {{official website|www.welspunindia.com}}
}}

'''Welspun Living Limited''', previously known as '''Welspun India Limited''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ksheerasagar |first=A. |date=2023-10-26 |title=Welspun Living shares rise 107% in seven months; is there more upside left? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/welspun-living-shares-rise-107-in-seven-months-is-there-more-upside-left-11698307455450.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |newspaper=Mint}}</ref> is an Indian textile manufacturing company headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India Ltd Analyst report |url=https://trendlyne-media-mumbai-new.s3.amazonaws.com/reportPDF/2022-01-01/52938-93fb1de98f15467bada89c316920fb0e.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUABWFMACZWBGWY6M%2F20240127%2Fap-south-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240127T134406Z&X-Amz-Expires=7200&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=745f844886144f247572a898d7b5c6107bc95ba631ad073ee4c0051b19c82287 |website=Sharekhan}}</ref> Founded by Balkrishan Goenka in 1985,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |title=From Vapi to Wimbledon |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials-34/the-power-of-i_2014/from-vapi-to-wimbledon-1261 |access-date=2024-02-06 |magazine=Outlook|location=New Delhi}}</ref> the company produces home textile products such as bed linen, terry towels, rugs, and yarn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun's BK Goenka: Spinning Solutions |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2015/welspuns-bk-goenka-spinning-solutions/41365/1 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> Welspun operates several brands, including [[Christy (towel manufacturer)|Christy]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=K |first=Muthukumar |date=2006-07-10 |title=Weaving new dreams |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/weaving-new-dreams/articleshow/1719412.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Spaces and Welhome,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India Ltd analyst report |url=https://ventura1.com/calltracking/TechnicalCalls/stockideas/Weslpun%20India%20Ltd%20-%2023rd%20Aug%202023_638286847470038872.pdf |website=Ventura}}</ref> and is led by [[Dipali Goenka]], who is the CEO and managing director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2021-09-06 |title=Welspun India looks at ₹730 crore turnover from e-commerce |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-india-looks-at-730-crore-turnover-from-e-commerce/article36319915.ece |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 1985 by Balkrishan Goenka as Welspun Winilon Silk Mills in [[Palghar]], Maharashtra,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Spins |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/New-Spins/08-11-2014-60229/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007144103/http://businessworld.in/article/New-Spins/08-11-2014-60229/ |archive-date=2017-10-07 |website=Businessworld}}</ref> Welspun India initially focused on polyester texturizing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dream weaver |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20081208-dream-weaver-738357-2008-11-27 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=India Today |date=27 November 2008}}</ref> In 1991, the company went public through an initial public offering (IPO) and subsequently changed its name to Welspun India Limited.<ref name=":2" /> Towel manufacturing and export operations began in 1993 with a new plant in [[Vapi]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1998, Welspun secured its first outsourcing order of terry towels from [[Walmart]].<ref name=":3" /> Subsequently, the company began exporting towels to additional American retail majors including [[JCPenney]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Kmart]], [[Tommy Hilfiger (company)|Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Calvin Klein (fashion house)|Calvin Klein]], [[Shopko]] and [[Costco]], as well as retailers in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In 2004, a new facility in [[Anjar, Gujarat]], was established for bed linen production,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-06 |title=Welspun targets $2 billion turnover by 2020 |url=https://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/welspun-targets-2-billion-turnover-2020/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Textile Magazine}}</ref> with a capacity of 35 million meters per annum.<ref name=":12"/> The Toweling facility started commercial production in March 2005, and the spinning facility commenced commercial production in June 2005.<ref name=":2" />

In 2007, Welspun started a bedding sets facility in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Krishna |date=2015-09-14 |title=Will Welspun India continue to spin higher growth? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/Z99wA4tjKgAfOb5wUUfPTO/Will-Welspun-India-continue-to-spin-higher-growth.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |newspaper=Mint}}</ref> In 2009, the company demerged its Sales & Marketing and Investment divisions into two separate entities – Welspun Global Brands Ltd. and Welspun Investments & Commercials Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Aniruddha |last2=Pandey |first2=Swati |title=Welspun India to list 2 spun-off entities in a month |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/welspun-india-interview-idINBOM26609820090423/ |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=jaleel>{{Cite news|title=Welspun India to merger with Welspun Global Brands|first=Tania|last=Jaleel|date=21 January 2013|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/welspun-india-to-merger-with-welspun-global-brands-112121900069_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> In 2014, Welspun launched a new spinning facility at [[Anjar, Gujarat]].<ref name=":42"/> In 2017, Welspun entered the flooring and [[E-textiles|smart textiles]] sectors, expanding into in the Middle East, Japan, Australia, and the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Welspun India expands into flooring solutions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-forays-into-flooring-solutions-with-rs-600cr-carpet-plant/article9426607.ece |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref> On 9 February 2017, the company partnered with the Cotton Egypt Association (CEA) to promote [[Gossypium barbadense|Egyptian cotton]] products globally.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosal |first=Sutanuka |date=2017-02-09 |title=Welspun India Ltd enters into an agreement with Cotton Egypt Association |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/welspun-india-ltd-enters-into-an-agreement-with-cotton-egypt-association/articleshow/57060756.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India To Promote Egyptian Cotton Through Tie-up With Industry Association |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/welspun-india-to-promote-egyptian-cotton-through-tieup-with-industry-association/45871/1 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Forbes India}}</ref>

== Acquisitions and subsidiaries ==
In 2006, Welspun India acquired an 85% stake in CHT Holdings, the holding company of the UK's largest towel firm, [[Christy (towel manufacturer)|Christy]], for the equivalent of US$28.7 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-07-04 |title=Welspun buys UK's Christy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/newet/business-of-brands/welspun-buys-uks-christy/articleshow/1702782.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Christy's existing management retained a 15% stake in the company and continued to be involved in its operations. Following the acquisition, Rajesh Mandawewala, joint managing director of Welspun, was appointed chairman at Christy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Welspun wraps up UK's Christy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/welspun-wraps-up-uk-s-christy-106070401079_1.html |work=Business Standard|location=India}}</ref>

As part of a demerger move in September 2008, Welspun separated its Sales & Marketing and Investment divisions, creating two distinct entities—Welspun Global Brands Ltd. (WGBL) and Welspun Investments & Commercials Ltd (WICL). WGBL was specifically responsible for the sales and marketing division of Welspun's home textile business.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-09-17 |title=Welspun hives off distribution, investment divisions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/welspun-hives-off-distribution-investment-divisions/articleshow/3491401.cms |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2012, WGBL was reintegrated into Welspun India Limited. However, the marketing business of Welspun India was separated and transferred to a third firm called Welspun Retail Ltd (WRL). In the same year, certain overseas investments of Welspun India Limited (WIL) were moved to WRL.<ref name=jaleel/> Welspun Retail was later renamed Welspun Global Brands Ltd to maintain its marketing identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-01 |title=HC approves merger of WGBL with Welspun India |url=https://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/hc-approves-merger-of-wgbl-with-welspun-india/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Textile Magazine}}</ref>

===Welspun USA===
'''Welspun USA Inc''' is a subsidiary of Welspun India Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisweeknews.com/live/content/grovecity/stories/2009/06/24/0625grwelspun_ln.html |title=Agreement keeps Welspun in Grove City | ThisWeek Community Newspapers |publisher=|date=2009-06-24 |accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref> Welspun USA operates as one of the largest home textile divisions of the 3 billion dollar [[Welspun Group]]. Welspun USA has become a key supplier to 9 of the top 10 American retailers, manufacturing 1 in 5 towels in the US. Their product range includes Bath Towels, Bath Rugs, Accent & Area rugs, Down Alternative Comforters and Mattress Pads, and Fashion Bedding.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nexcen-brands-inc-announces-strategic-partnership-with-welspun-usa-to-expand-waverly-brand-57128397.html |title=NexCen Brands, Inc., Announces Strategic Partnership with Welspun USA to Expand Waverly Brand |location=New York |publisher=NexCen Brands |via=Prnewswire.com |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2011-01-06}}</ref> With over 28 active patents, Welspun has garnered some attention for its HygroCotton technology, which has temperature regulating benefits and hollow core yarn to get softer with each wash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hygrocotton.com/about-welspun/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921210225/http://hygrocotton.com/about-welspun/|archive-date=21 September 2015|title=Cotton That Keeps Up |location=New York |publisher=Hygrocotton.com |date=2018-11-20}} hygrocotton.com later dropped mention of Hygrocotton, and ultimately became unavailable.</ref> It was established in 2000, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Welspun Retail Ltd]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/welspun-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12096.cms |title=WELSPUNIND History | Welspun India Ltd Company History & Profile |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}} Page updated as required, with cumulative history.</ref>

Key people include Dipali Goenka, [[Executive director]], Julie McKenzie, [[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[CEO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/545535-welspun-usa-brings-new-ceo/ |title=Welspun USA Brings on New CEO |publisher=hometextilestoday.com |date=2017-08-15 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
[[Target Corporation|Target]], a US-based retail corporation, terminated its contract with the company following a dispute over cotton supply.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-24 |title=Welspun India shares crash after US retailer ends contract |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/welspun-india-shares-crash-after-us-retailer-ends-contract-2993189/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In a statement issued on August 19, 2016, Target Corporation noted that its vendor, Welspun Global Brands (Welspun), was one of the producers of 500-thread count sheets made from [[Gossypium barbadense|Egyptian Cotton]] under the Fieldcrest label for Target.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wal-Mart Stores Faces Lawsuit over Fake Egyptian Cotton Sheets |url=https://fortune.com/2016/11/08/walmart-stores-welspun-lawsuit/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Target raised concerns, alleging that Welspun had substituted another type of non-Egyptian cotton during the production of these sheets between August 2014 and July 2016 without Target's knowledge.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Neha |date=2017-08-16 |title=The Weaver Welspun India |url=https://business.outlookindia.com/invest/the-weaver-welspun-india-2122 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> In response, Target withdrew the affected products, offered customers full refunds, and severed ties with Welspun in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India shares slump after Target severs ties with co |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN10X0EN/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Reuters}}</ref> [[Walmart]] and [[Bed Bath & Beyond]] also discontinued selling the implicated linens later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walmart, Target, Bed Bath must face lawsuit over fake 'Egyptian' cotton - New York judge |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1SQ2CB/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-15 |title=Lawsuits against Welspun, Wal-Mart roil cotton industry |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/AMsqSWdB3fhIqs56CYo0YN/Class-action-suits-roil-cotton-industry.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-10 |title=Walmart stops selling Welspun’s Egyptian cotton products |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Walmart-stops-selling-Welspun%E2%80%99s-Egyptian-cotton-products/article14640066.ece |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On August 20, 2016, Welspun India issued a statement confirming that it encountered a product specification issue with one client program of its subsidiary, Welspun Global Brands. Welspun India stated that it had initiated immediate actions to investigate the root cause of the issue and was appointing one of the Big Four external audit firms to audit its supply systems and processes. Welspun emphasized that this was an issue of the highest priority and would take all necessary steps to address it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India slumps after US based client severs ties with company |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/welspun-india-slumps-after-us-based-client-severs-ties-with-company-116082200217_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India extends slide post severance of ties with US client |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/welspun-india-extends-slide-post-severance-of-ties-with-us-client-116082300152_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.welspunusa.com/ Welspun USA website]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713192427/http://www.ldbinteriortextiles.com/news/readnews_test.cfm?article=707 Welspun USA Acquires Assets Of KOJO Worldwide]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226121303/http://www.ldbinteriortextiles.com/pdf/nov_2007/DramaInDiversity.cfm Drama In Diversity]}}
*[http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/557830-welspuns-big-data-play/ Welspun's Big Data Play]

{{Welspun Group}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Welspun Group]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Textile companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Ravi Pandit

2025-08-11T02:25:36Z

Balaji15: basic refine article also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ravi Pandit
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Ravi Pandit KPIT.png
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pandit, co-founder of KPIT, on his way to owning billion dollar business|url=https://oge.mit.edu/2014/08/ravi-pandit/|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|access-date=13 February 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419204116/https://oge.mit.edu/2014/08/ravi-pandit/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Unbulleted list|Chairman and Group CEO, [[KPIT Technologies]]|Board of director, [[Thermax]] Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thermaxglobal.com/about-us/thermax-board-of-directors/|title=BOARD OF DIRECTORS|date=18 March 2019 |access-date=2022-01-05}}</ref>}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| networth =
| website =
}}

'''Ravi Pandit''' is an Indian businessman and the co-founder and chairman of [[KPIT Technologies]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/we-see-budgets-happening-in-the-area-of-digital-technologies-ravi-pandit-kpit-technologies/articleshow/58393863.cms|title=We see budgets happening in the area of digital technologies: Ravi Pandit, KPIT Technologies|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Long-term Wealth Creation Calls For Long-term Investments: Ravi Pandit |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/billionaires/longterm-wealth-creation-calls-for-longterm-investments-ravi-pandit/92835/1 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Pandit was born to an affluent [[Marathi language|Marathi]] family in [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India. Pandit earned his master's degree in Management from [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]. He is a fellow member of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] and an associate member of the [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]]. He was the President of the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture|Maratha Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture]] during 2004–2006.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Aug 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805072200/https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/annualreport/542651/5426510319.pdf |title=Annual Report |language=en |date=2018{{ndash}}2019 |website=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] |access-date=18 August 2023 |url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/annualreport/542651/5426510319.pdf}}</ref>{{Full citation needed |date=August 2023}}<ref>{{cite book|title=India ... IT & Telecom Directory: A Comprehensive Guide on Information Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfsJAQAAMAAJ|page=657|publisher=Amelia Publications|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officer-profile/FNXC.NS/879011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213223003/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officer-profile/FNXC.NS/879011|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2020|title=People: Finolex Cables Ltd (FNXC.NS)|work=Reuters}}</ref>

Pandit has promoted the "Zero Garbage Project" in Pune, partnering with Pune Municipal Corporation through Janwani Foundation for which he is the member of Board of trustees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Formal launch of the 'Zero Garbage Project' in Pune's 'Prabhag 11'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Formal-launch-of-the-Zero-Garbage-Project-in-Punes-Prabhag-11/articleshow/47318076.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>

==Publications==
*{{cite book|title=From Leapfrogging to Pole-vaulting: Creating the Magic of Radical Yet Sustainable Transformation|date=2018|isbn=9789353053895|last1=Mashelkar|first1=R. A.|last2=Pandit|first2=Ravi}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Leapfrogging to Pole-vaulting book launched in Pune|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/leapfrogging-to-pole-vaulting-book-launched-in-pune/story-AqjLn4bBuGQlitSPIHqBSL.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Leapfrogging to Pole-vaulting:Creating the Magic of Radical Yet Sustainable Transformation|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/business/leapfrogging-to-pole-vaulting/|publisher=Penguin India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shiv Inder Singh

2025-08-09T12:07:20Z

Balaji15: Started new biography more to come

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

[[File:Shiv_Inder_Singh_07.jpg|thumb|Shiv Inder Singh in August 2022]]
'''Shiv Inder Singh''' (born 1986) is an Indian journalist, currently working as the editor-in-chief for online Punjabi portal, [[Suhi Saver]]. In 2017, he won the Zindabad Trust award for Suhi Saver.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2017-09-22 |title='Suhi Saver' Wins Zindabad Trust Award{{!}} Countercurrents |url=https://countercurrents.org/2017/09/suhi-saver-wins-zindabad-trust-award/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the Jagjit Singh Anand Award for journalism in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-31 |title=Shiv Inder Singh Gets Jagjit Singh Anand Award{{!}} Countercurrents |url=https://countercurrents.org/2019/03/shiv-inder-singh-gets-jagjit-singh-anand-award/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in 1986, Singh hails from the [[Burj Littan]] village of Ludhiana district, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-06 |title=Cross-border website writes script of amity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/cross-border-website-writes-script-of-amity/story-WY4KT7rSD5MzRKc18ldGnK.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He went on to complete his MA in Journalism and Mass Communication.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2018 Jagjit Singh Anand Mem. Award Recipient: Shiv Inder {{!}} Anand Memorial Awards |url=https://www.anandawards.in/copy-of-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C-%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%B8-%E0%A8%98-%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%A6-4 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Anand Awards |language=en}}</ref>

He started the online portal Suhi Saver in 2010<ref name=":1" /> and as of September 2012, it supports both the Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts of Punjabi.<ref name=":0" /> In October 2014, he started working with Vancouver-based radio Red FM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-15 |title=Journalist in India files complaint against Red FM multicultural radio in Surrey |url=https://www.straight.com/news/783976/journalist-india-files-complaint-against-red-fm-multicultural-radio-surrey |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}</ref> He was dismissed from the radio due to his criticism of the BJP-led Indian government in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=Gurpreet Singh: Indian reporter Neha Dixit challenges patriarchy and Hindu extremism through her journalism |url=https://www.straight.com/news/1211386/gurpreet-singh-indian-reporter-neha-dixit-challenges-patriarchy-and-hindu-extremism |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}</ref>

He regular writes for the online portals [[The Caravan]], [[NewsClick]] and [[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] since 2019.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==

* 2017 - Zindabad Trust Award
* 2019 - Jagjit Singh Anand Award

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{URL|https://suhisaver.org/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shiv Inder}}
[[Category:Journalists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh

2025-08-01T12:58:38Z

Balaji15: adjust intro for clarity and updated info per sources

[[File:Bhakra Dam Aug 15 2008.JPG|thumb|Bhakra Dam Hydroelectric Project ]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
The Indian state [[Himachal Pradesh]] has a large number [[hydroelectricity]] resources, about twenty five percent of the national potential. About 27,436 [[Megawatt|MW]] of hydroelectric power can be generated in the state by the construction of various hydroelectric projects on the five perennial river basins. Out of total hydroelectric potential of the state, 10,519 MW is harnessed so far, out of which 7.6% is under the control of Himachal Pradesh Government while the rest is exploited by the Central Government. The state government has been giving the highest priority for its development, since hydroelectric generation can meet the growing need of power for industry, agriculture and rural electrification. It is also the biggest source of income to the state as it provides electricity to other states.

Although Himachal has enough resources to generate surplus power, in winter less flow of water in rivers and increase in lighting and heating load can result in power shortages that overshoot ten [[lakh]] units per day. Due to increased industrialization and rural electrification this figure is expected to rise even further.

== Completed projects ==

=== Girinagar Hydel Project ===
Situated on the river Giriganga of the [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour District]], Girinagar Hydel project has an installed capacity of 60 MW, with 2 units of 30 MW each. This project, which is [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|run-off-the-river]] scheme comes under HPSEB<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpseb.com/|title=HPSEBL|work=hpseb.com|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> and is operational for 29 years.

This project was completed in 1966 by the state government.

=== Binwa Hydel Project ===
The project has an installed capacity of 6 MW comprising 2 units of 3 MW each. It is located near [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]] in District Kangra. The project is situated 25 km from [[Palampur]] and 14 km from [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]] and is constructed at an elevation of 1515 meters above sea level. This project constitutes a 62-meter-long tunnel that connects trench weirs in Banu Khad and Prahal Khud.

=== Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojna ===
Located in the [[Kinnaur district]] on the river Bhaba, it is a completely underground project with an installed capacity of 120 MW, comprising 3 units each of 40 MW. The uniqueness of this project lies in its underground [[Electrical substation|switchyard]], a feature that no other hydel project in Asia can brag about. Completed in 1989-90, the estimated cost was about 167 crore rupees. The total length of tunnels including those secured in after completing the project is 12 km.

=== Bassi Hydroelectric Project ===
Bassi project (66 MW) is an extension of Beas Power House ([[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi District]]) constituting 4 units of 16.5 MW each. It utilizes the tail water of Shannon Power House of [[Jogindernagar|Joginder Nagar]] project.

=== Larji Hydroelectric Project ===
Larji hydroelectric project is on river Beas in Kullu district with an installed capacity of 126 MW. In 2014, 14 students died when water was released from the reservoir.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Largi Hydroelectric Project JH00501 -|url = http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Largi_Hydroelectric_Project_JH00501|website = india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date = 2016-01-09|archive-date = 26 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171026013513/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Largi_Hydroelectric_Project_JH00501|url-status = dead}}</ref> The project was completed in September 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Larji Hydro Electric Project inaugurated|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/larji-hydro-electric-project-inaugurated/article1916830.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2007-09-24|access-date = 2016-01-09|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>

=== Andhra Hydel Project ===
Commissioned during the year 1987-88, this project has 3 units of 5.5 MW thus making 16.5 MW of installed capacity. It is located in Rohru tehsil of [[Shimla district]]. The cost of the project was estimated to be around 9.74 crores, transmitting to the state grid via the Nogli power house near Rampur.

=== Rongtong Hydel Project. ===
Rongtong is a 2 MW project that is located in the ''Lahaul-Spiti district'' on Rongtong Nullaha, a tributary of ''Spiti'' river. Located at an elevation of 3,600 metres in a snow adhered region, it was the first hydel project executed for the socio-economic upliftment of the tribals of this area. It is one of the highest in the world. The snow fed water runnel tapped at an elevation of 3,788 m is diverted through 2,825 m long channel and 259 m long tunnel into an open reservoir with a capacity of 14,000 cubic m. Renovated by APE Power Pvt. Ltd., APE Power also renovate RUKTI (4 × 375 KW) Hydro Electric project.

=== Baner and Neugal Project ===
With a combined installed capacity of 12 MW these projects are situated on Baner and Neugal streams respectively in [[Kangra district|Kangra District]]. Both of the streams emerge from [[Dhauladhar]] and join [[Beas River|Beas]] in the form of tributaries in south.

===Nathpa Jhakri Project===
One of the major project on the [[Sutlej]] river is the ''[[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]]'' which generates nearly 1500 MW of electricity. The project is funded by the [[World Bank]].<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/himachal/economy/power.htm Power resources of Himachal]</ref>
Its construction cost is around 8000 crores. It is in 2 districts; the powerhouse is in Shimla and the dam is in Nathpa which is in Kinnaur district

===Sainj Hydroelectric Project===
It has an installed Capacity 100 MW. (2×50 MW). It is situated in Kullu district.

===Bhakra Dam===
The [[Bhakra Dam]] is the first dam to have come up on the Satluj river, it is one of the highest gravity dams in the world and has an installed capacity of 1325 MW.
The dam holds excess waters during the monsoon and provides a regulated release during the year. It also prevents damage due to monsoon floods. The dam provides irrigation to 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of fields in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. Bhakra Dam is established in 1954.

==References==
* [https://www.hpseb.in/ webpage of himachal pradesh state electricity board limited]
* Balokhra, Jag Mohan (2013) "The Wonderland HIMACHAL PRADESH - An Encyclopedia On The State of Western Himalayas", {{ISBN|978-81-86351-05-5}}
* Economic survey of Himachal Pradesh 2014-15
{{reflist}}

{{Economy HP}}

[[Category:Energy in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectricity in India]]

M. Mayandi Nadar

2025-06-02T05:37:20Z

Balaji15: basic enhance layout for clarity also and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Mayandi Nadar
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Washermanpet Assembly constituency|Washermanpet]]
| term = 1957 - 1962 1962 - 1967

| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = Indian National Congress
}}

'''M. Mayandi Nadar''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Washermanpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Washermanpet constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[1957 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1957]], and [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]] elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayandi, Nadar. M}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Hamjong Tangha

2025-05-31T05:46:27Z

Balaji15:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Changlang South Assembly constituency|Changlang South]]
| predecessor = [[Laisam Simai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Hamjong Tangha''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Changlang South, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/changlang-south-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546686-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Changlang South Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Hamjong Tangha wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Changlang South Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Hamjong Tangha wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/changlang-south-assembly-election-results-2024-changlang-south-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110632685.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531054216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/changlang-south-assembly-election-results-2024-changlang-south-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110632685.cms |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Changlang South">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Changlang South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0252.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531054123/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0252.htm |archivedate=31 May 2025 |accessdate=31 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tangha, Hamjong}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)

2025-03-18T03:25:43Z

Balaji15: adjusted section as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Dhenupureeswarar Temple
| image = Thenupureeswarar koil front view.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|53|55|N|80|09|36|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Madambakkam]], [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Dhenupureeswarar([[Shiva]]), Dhenukambal([[Parvati]])
| facade_direction = East
| festivals= [[Pradosha]], Panguni Uttiram, [[Navarathri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]
| year_completed = circa 957–970 CE
}}
'''Dhenupureeswarar Temple''' (also "Dhenupurisvara" and "Thiripureeswarar") is a [[Shiva]] temple located in [[Madambakkam]], a suburb of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Dhenupureeswarar is the local name for the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]].<ref name="chola">{{cite news |author=Chitra Madhavan |title=Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206191220/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2003 |date=26 September 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Thenubureeswarar_temple_madambakkam.jpg|thumb|250px|View of the main entrance to the temple]]
[[File:Interior view-Thenupureeswarar koil.jpg|left|thumb|The sanctum sanctorum of the temple]]
[[File:Thenupureeswarar koil kodimaram.jpg|left|thumb|The kodimaram (sacred pole) of the temple]]

Dhenupureeswarar got his name because he gave [[moksha]] to a cow ({{langx|sa|Dhenu}}).{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Sage Kapila is said to have been reborn as a cow for his sin of having improperly worshiped a Shiva [[lingam]] using his left hand. The cow continued to worship Shiva by pouring milk on a Shiva lingam buried in the ground. The cowherd initially punished the cow for wasting the milk, but when the villagers unearthed the Shiva lingam, Shiva appeared and granted moksha (liberation) to Kapila and forgave the cowherd who had mistreated him.<ref name="legend">{{cite news |author=J. V. Siva Prasanna Kumar |title=1,000-year-old Chola legacy draws devotees |url=http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/1000-year-old-chola-legacy-draws-devotees-412 |work=The Asian Age |date=3 August 2012 |access-date=2014-07-24 }}</ref> Legend has it that the king had a dream of this occurrence at this site and had the temple built to commemorate it.<ref name="kapila"/>

Dhenupureeswarar's consort here is Dhenukambal. The main building of the temple, which contains the statue of Dhenupureeswara in linga form, faces east and his consort faces south in a separate sanctum.<ref name="chola"/> The Shiva lingam is [[Swayambhu]] Lingam or self-manifested Lingam.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

It is an interesting story of how the temple was discovered from its ruins. One of the Bhakts approached Maha Periyava Sri Chandra Sekarendra Saraswathi Swamigal and sought His blessings for his new built home at Selaiyur. Maha Periyava blessed him, and told him that there is an old Siva temple lying in ruins at a nearby village called Madambakkam. In those days, even Selaiyur was a distant suburb, and no one had heard of Madambakkam, even in Selaiyur. The Bhakt gathered some more men, and went in search of the temple. They cleared the bushes near the agricultural fields, and found an astounding temple in Chola architecture. They renovated it, performed Kumbabhishekam, and commenced daily pujas. The temple is now attracting thousands of people from nearby locations.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[File:Thenupureeswarar temple vimanam.jpg|left|thumb|Temple [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]]]]

==Construction==
The temple was built between 956 and 973 CE during the reign of the [[Chola]] king, [[Parantaka Chola II]], father of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], who constructed the famous [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]]. The main sanctum ({{langx|sa|[[garbha griha]]}}), like some other Chola temples in and around Chennai, is [[apsidal]] in shape (Sanskrit: gajaprishta vimana) (also described as shaped like the back of a sleeping elephant), unlike most Hindu shrines, which are square or rectangular.<ref name="chola"/><ref name="kapila"/>

The temple is thought to have been consolidated with stones during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola I]].<ref name="kapila">{{cite news |author=Rohini Ramakrishnan |title=Walking through history |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/walking-through-history/article478650.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=2014-07-24 }}</ref>

Well-preserved [[Chola art|Chola]] sculptures and carved pillar bases are present in and around both sanctums.<ref name="chola"/>

A number of fine inscriptions and sculptures dating to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] are also preserved.<ref name="chola"/>

[[File:Nandhi statue at Thenupureeswarar koil.jpg|left|thumb|[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] statue]]

==Restoration==
The temple is one of a number of sites that have been conserved and restored under the auspices of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite news |author=T. Ramakrishnan |title=Restoring past glory |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020122111743/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/02/stories/1302126h.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2002 |date=2 October 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nirmala Lakshman |title=Degree Coffee by the Yard: A Short Biography of Madras |date= 12 September 2013|publisher=Aleph Book Company |pages=50 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfY9AQAAQBAJ&q=Madambakkam+asi+restoration&pg=PT50 |isbn=9789383064403 }}</ref> Improvements included removing the damaged thick weathering course (roof surface) of the front [[mandapa]] and [[Mariamman|Amman]] Shrine and relaying with fresh weathering course.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Archaeology 1999-2000 -A Review |url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/indian%20archaeology%201999-2000%20a%20review.pdf |pages=296 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date=2005 |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref>

The ASI states that the temple has been declared a monument of national importance under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (amendment and validation) 2010 Act.<ref name="legend"/>

The temple is a National Monuments Authority notified site upon which construction is banned.<ref>{{cite news |author=D. Madhavan |title=National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/national-institute-of-siddha-modifies-expansion-plan/article4218676.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref>

[[File:Thirupugazh at Thenupureeswarar koil.jpg|right|thumb|Verses mentioning the temple from [[Arunagirinathar]]'s [[Thirupugazh]] inscribed on the temple wall]]

==Cultural significance==
The 15th century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet [[Arunagirinathar]]'s work contains a line mentioning the temple.<ref name="kapila"/>

A number of religious festivals are celebrated at the temple, including [[Pradosha]], Panguni Uttiram and during [[Navarathri]], devotees visit to offer special [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]].<ref name="chola"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Monuments of National Importance in Kanchipuram district]]
*[[Heritage structures in Chennai]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category|Thenupureeswarar Temple, Madambakkam}}
* http://templesoftamilnadu.co.in/tag/thenupuriswarar/

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chengalpattu district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Chengalpattu district]]

Nalukulangara Maha Devi Temple

2025-01-16T17:27:28Z

Balaji15: Starting First Biography From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Nalukulangara Maha Devi Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Nalukulangara Maha Devi Temple, [[Kuthiathode]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.780583|N|76.304850|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| location = [[Kuthiathode]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Bhagavathy (Nalakulangara Maha Devi)
| festivals = Nalukulangara Pooram, [[Pongala]]
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Nalukulangara Maha Devi Temple'''<ref>[https://www.justdial.com/Alappuzha/Nalukulangara-Maha-Devi-Temple-Parayakadu/0477PX477-X477-180208234859-R8D1_BZDET Justdial]</ref> is situated in [[Kuthiathode]] Panchayath<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalukulangara Devi Temple, Alappuzha, India Tourist Information |url=https://www.touristlink.com/india/nalukulangara-devi-temple/overview.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.touristlink.com |language=en-US}}</ref> in Kerala, India. It is a prominent [[Devi]] temple in [[Alappuzha]]. It is situated 1 km from Pattukulangara Junction. It hosts the idol of the goddess [[Bhadrakali]] (popularly known as "Nalukulangara Amma") together with Sivan, Subrahmanyan, Bhalabhadra, etc. It is popularly called "Nalukulangara Mahadevi". The annual temple festival (Kodiyettu Ulsavom – [[Malayalam calendar]] Makaram — Makom Thozal and Pooram) is held there. Vrichikom 1st Pongala is a ladies' fest.

== Festivals ==

===Nalukulangara Pooram===

[[Nalukulangara Pooram]] is a popular temple festival in Kerala. It is held on the [[Pooram]] (Malayalam: {{Lang|ml|പൂരം}}, ({{IPA|ml|puːɾam}})) day of the Malayalam calendar month of Makaram. Pooram is the day when the moon rises with the Pooram star. People celebrate Pooram without any religious difference.

===Pongala===
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

==Other deities==
In the outer temple shrines for [[Shiva]], [[Murukan]], and [[Saraswathi]] are present.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]