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Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2026-05-08T14:15:49Z

BaileyMetzler: minor cleanup

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{for|parties with similar names|Communist Party of India (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|CPIM|Common Profile for Instant Messaging|Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|abbreviation = CPI(M), CPIM, CPM
|party_logo = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|150px]]
|flag = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|200px]]
|colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|presidium = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo]]
|general_secretary = [[M. A. Baby]]
|loksabha_leader = [[K Radhakrishnan]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[John Brittas]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/john-brittas-appointed-the-rajya-sabha-parliamentary-party-leader-for-cpim/article69537750.ece|title=John Brittas appointed the Rajya Sabha parliamentary party leader for CPI(M)|date=4 May 2025}}</ref>
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1964|11|7}}
|founder = {{collapsible list|[[P. Ramamurthi]]|[[M. Basavapunnaiah]]|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|H. S. Surjeet]]|[[Promode Dasgupta]]|[[Jyoti Basu]]|[[H. K. Konar]]|[[P. Sundarayya]]|[[B. T. Ranadive]]|[[A. K. Gopalan]]}}
|split = [[Communist Party of India]]
|headquarters = A. K. Gopalan Bhawan, 27–29, Bhai Vir Singh Marg, [[New Delhi]]-110 001
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
|alliance = {{collapsible list|title='''Alliances'''|{{bulleted list| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] {{small|([[India|National]])}}||[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] {{small|([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]){{efn|Despite Supporting [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] led Government, Both Left Parties had stayed in Secular Progressive Alliance}}}}|[[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] {{small|([[Tripura]])}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] {{small|([[West Bengal]])}}|[[Left Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Kerala]])}}|[[Asom Sonmilito Morcha]] {{small|([[Assam]])}}|[[Secular Democratic Front]] {{small|([[Tripura]])}}|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] {{small|([[Bihar]])}}|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] {{small|([[Maharashtra]])}}|[[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]] {{small|([[Uttar Pradesh]])}}|[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]] {{small|([[Manipur]])}}}}}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|543|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|245|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislatures]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|43|4036|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|(Total)}}
{{hidden
|List
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center; |
{{Composition bar|26|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}{{small|([[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]])}}
{{Composition bar|10|60|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]])}}
{{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])}}
{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]])}}
{{Composition bar|1|243|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]])}}
{{Composition bar|1|90|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu & Kashmir]])}}
{{Composition bar|1|147|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]])}}
{{Composition bar|1|288|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]])}}
}}
|no_states = {{Composition bar|2|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|ideology =

{{nowrap|[[Marxism–Leninism]]{{refn|<ref name="OUP_Ideology">{{cite book|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|isbn=978-0-1999-7489-4|lccn=2014003207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="IOLS">{{cite book |title=The Insurrection of Little Selves: The Crisis of Secular-nationalism in India |first=Aditya |last=Nigam |year=2006 |isbn=9780195676068 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy |first=Walker |last=Connor |year=1984 |isbn=9780691101637 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}</ref>}}}} {{nowrap|[[Socialism]]{{refn|<ref name="OUP_Ideology"/><ref>{{cite web | title=CPI(M) deliberates on native socialism model | work=The Hindu | date=7 April 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpim-deliberates-on-native-socialism-model/article3291327.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/content/unshakable-conviction-victory-socialism|title=Unshakable Conviction in the Victory of Socialism|publisher=Peoples Democracy|date=5 Jan 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The CPI(M) and the Building of Capitalism – IDEAs | date=30 January 2008 | url=https://www.networkideas.org/2008/01/30/the-cpim-and-the-building-of-capitalism/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cpim.org/party-programme/ | title=Party Programme| website = Communist Party of India (Marxist)|quote = The establishment of a people’s democratic government, the successful carrying out of these tasks and the leadership of the working class in the people’s democratic State will ensure that the Indian revolution will not stop at the democratic stage but will pass over to the stage of effecting socialist transformation by developing the productive forces.}}</ref>}}}} {{nowrap|[[Secularism]]{{refn|<ref name="IOLS"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/secularism-democracy-political-morality/|title=Secularism, Democracy & Political Morality|publisher=Cpim.org|date=3 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/communalism-religion-and-marxism/|title=Communalism, Religion and Marxism|publisher=Cpim.org|date=27 August 2009}}</ref>}}}}

|position = 
[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>—{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}
 —{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=2 January 2019 |title=Protesters form 620km 'women's wall' in India as female devotees pray at Hindu temple for first time |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/womens-wall-protest-india-kerala-temple-hindu-pray-supreme-court-sexism-a8708381.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}
 —{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=24 December 2019}}
 —{{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Shubhadeep |date=4 May 2020 |title=West Bengal has the highest mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: IMCT |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/west-bengal-has-the-highest-mortality-rate-of-covid-19-patients-imct-80301 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Nandi |first=Proshanta |date=2005 |title=Communism through the Ballot Box: Over a Quarter Century of Uninterrupted Rule in West Bengal |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1177/0038022920050202 |jstor=23620496 |s2cid=157014751 |issn=0038-0229}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Leela |date=1996 |title=Review of Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal since 1977, ; Indian Communism: Opposition, Collaboration and Institutionalization, Ross Mallick |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1043 |doi=10.2307/2646581 |jstor=2646581 |s2cid=236090170 |issn=0021-9118}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Moodie |first=Deonnie |date=August 2019 |title=On Blood, Power and Public Interest: The Concealment of Hindu Sacrificial rites under Indian Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/on-blood-power-and-public-interest-the-concealment-of-hindu-sacrificial-rites-under-indian-law/339C7920CEB8F426D575635EDC6ACE9B |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=165–182 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2019.24 |s2cid=202333308 |issn=0748-0814|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

|publication = ''[[People's Democracy (journal)|People's Democracy]] (English)'' ''[[Loklahar]] (Hindi)'' ''[[Ganashakti]] (Bengali)'' ''[[Daily Desher Katha]] (Bengali)'' ''[[Deshabhimani]] (Malayalam)'' ''[[Theekkathir]] (Tamil)'' ''[[Prajasakti]] (Telugu)'' ''[[Nava Telangana]] (Telugu)'' ''[[Kisan Mazdoor]] (Urdu)''
|youth = * [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]
* [[Tribal Youth Federation]]
|students = * [[Students' Federation of India]]
* [[Tribal Students Union]]
|labour = [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]
|women = [[All India Democratic Women's Association]]
|peasants =
* [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]]
* [[All India Agricultural Workers Union]]
|website = {{URL|https://cpim.org/}}
|international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]
|membership = {{increase}} 1,019,009 (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2025-04-05 |title=CPI(M) keen on improving quality of membership, not quantity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-keen-on-improving-quality-of-membership-not-quantity/article69416828.ece |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|colours = {{color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} Red
|electoral_symbol = Hammer Sickle and Star [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|100px]]
|loksabha leader=[[K Radhakrishnan]]
}}
{{Communist Parties|Asia}}
{{Communism in India|expanded=Current organisations}}

The '''Communist Party of India (Marxist)''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''CPI(M)''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[List of political parties in India|political party]] in [[India]].<ref name="OUP_Ideology"/> It is the largest [[Communism in India|communist party in India]] in terms of membership and electoral seats, and one of the six [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national parties]] of India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/267-recognized-regional-parties/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 May 2013 |location=India |year=2013}}</ref> The party was founded through [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|a splitting]] from the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1964; the CPI(M) quickly became the dominant faction.

The 34 years of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) – West Bengal|CPI(M)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] rule in [[West Bengal]] was the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world. It emerged as the third-largest party of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 national election]]. Currently, CPI(M) has representation in the legislative assemblies of eight states.

The All-India Party Congress is the supreme authority of the CPI(M).<ref name="cpim-const">{{cite web |url=https://cpim.org/party-constitution |title=Party Constitution {{!}} Communist Party of India (Marxist) |date=18 March 2009 |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317152952/https://cpim.org/party-constitution |archive-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> However, during the time between two party congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making body.<ref name="cpim-const"/> The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]] shall elect from among its members a [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] including the General Secretary.<ref name="cpim-const"/> The Polit Bureau carries on the work of the Central Committee between its two sessions and has the right to take political and organisational decisions in between two meetings of the Central Committee.<ref name="cpim-const"/>

CPI(M) had a total [[Political funding in India|income]] of ₹1.62 billion in fiscal year 2021–22. The party reported zero [[Political funding in India|funding]] from [[electoral bonds]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Joy |first=Shemin |title=BJP's income rose by 154.82% in 2021-22: ADR Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bjp-s-income-rose-by-15482-in-2021-22-adr-report-1196171.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP declares highest income for 2021-22; Trinamool's income sees staggering jump: ADR report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-declares-highest-income-for-2021-22-trinamools-income-sees-staggering-jump-adr-report/article66568208.ece |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=1 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Name ==
CPI(M) is officially known as {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat kī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī (Mārksvādī)}} in Hindi, but it is often known as {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Mārksvādī Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī}}, abbreviated ''MaKaPa,'' in press and media circles. During its initial years after the split, the party was often referred to by different names such as 'Left Communist Party' or 'Communist Party of India (Left)'. The party has used the name 'Left' because CPI people were dubbed 'rightist' in nature for their support of the Congress-Nehru regime. During the Kerala Legislative Assembly elections of 1965, the party adopted the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. It also applied to obtain its election symbol from the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|1999|p=189}}.</ref>

== Background ==
{{main|Communist Party of India}}
[[File:Telangana Armed Struggle guerrillas.jpg|thumb|Guerrillas of the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana armed struggle]] (1946–1951)]]
[[File:A Communist Party camp in Karol Bagh, Delhi, 1952.jpg|thumb|CPI election campaign in [[Karol Bagh]], [[Delhi]], for the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952 Indian general election]]]]
[[File:Swearing in of CPI cabinet in Kerala, April 1957.jpg|thumb|Swearing-in ceremony of [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] as first [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]], April 1957]]
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged from a division within the [[Communist Party of India]]. The CPI had experienced an upsurge in support during the years following the [[World War II]]; it had also led armed rebellions in [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana]], [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]], and Kerala. However, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favor of working within the [[Parliament]] framework. In 1950, [[B. T. Ranadive]], the CPI general secretary and a prominent representative of the radical sector inside the party, was demoted on grounds of left-adventurism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/c/o.htm|title=Coalition Provisional Government|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

Under the government of the [[Indian National Congress]] party of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state and assume a supportive role towards the Congress governments. However, large sections of the CPI claimed that India remained a semi-[[Feudalism|feudal]] country and that [[class conflict]] could not be put on the back-burner for the sake of guarding the interests of Soviet trade and foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/LEFT%20PARTIES%20(1).pdf|title=left parties in India|access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref> Moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose [[President's rule]] in Kerala, toppling the [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] cabinet (the sole non-Congress state government in the country).<ref>{{cite web |title=E.M.S. Namboodiripad {{!}} Indian politician |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/E-M-S-Namboodiripad |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Formation (1964) ===
{{main|1964 split in the Communist Party of India}}
{{further|Sino-Soviet split}}
The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in CPI was ideological—about the assessment of the Indian scenario and the development of a party programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of whether the Communist Party in India would toe the line of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) or follow an independent path based on the concrete analysis of the Indian situation. The alleged 'right-wing' inside the party followed the Soviet path<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=CIA papers trace split of Indian Communists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cia-papers-trace-split-of-indian-communists/articleshow/2162923.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 June 2007 |language=en-IN}}</ref> whereas the 'left-wing' wanted to follow the [[Mass line|mass party with a class line]] with national characteristics, based on the 'independent' development of socialism in accordance to the India situation. Moreover, the faction of CPI which later became CPI(M) referred to the "right" strategy as a national approach of class collaboration; this was a damning charge within the communist movement, in which the prioritization of working-class interests and independence is considered paramount.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://lnews.in/bcccf8 |title=ഇന്ത്യ – ചൈന സംഘർഷം : 1962 ൻ്റെ പാഠങ്ങൾ |website=leftclicknews.com/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130165741/http://lnews.in/bcccf8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ideological difference also grew on the analysis of the role and character of the Indian bourgeoisie and the character of the Indian revolution. While the 'right wing' in the party sought the Indian bourgeoisie to have a 'progressive' character and called for a national democratic revolution, the 'left wing' sought the character of the Indian bourgeoisie to be essentially reactionary and called for a peoples' democratic revolution. However as the 'left wing' grew, the Congress and the party's 'right wing' dubbed them as pro-Chinese and essentially made extensive efforts to incriminate them of committing 'anti-national' activities. This ideological difference later intensified, and ultimately gave rise to the establishment of CPI(M).<ref name="kozhikkodepartycongress">{{cite web |url=http://www.kozhikodepartycongress.org/kerala-cpim-history.php |title=Communist Party in Kerala |publisher=CPI(M) |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314030901/http://www.kozhikodepartycongress.org/kerala-cpim-history.php |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

Hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial.{{efn|The bulk of the detainees came from the left-wing of the CPI. However, [[Professional revolutionaries|cadres]] of the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]] and the [[Workers Party of India]] were also targeted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ganashakti.com:80/archive/left_unity.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017160748/http://www.ganashakti.com/archive/left_unity.htm|url-status=dead|title=Left Unity|archive-date=17 October 2007|website=ganashakti.com}}</ref>}}<ref name="auto1"/>
The CPI(M) has a strong history of championing labour rights<ref>https://indianapolitics.in/communist-party-of-india-marxist-deals/ workers' welfare</ref> and it supports the rights of industrial labourers, demanding fair wages, safe working conditions, and the right to unionize.

In 1962, [[Ajoy Ghosh]], the General Secretary of the CPI died. After his death, [[Shripad Amrit Dange]] was installed as the party chairman (a new position) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad as general secretary. This was an attempt to achieve a compromise.

At a CPI National Council meeting held on 11 April 1964, 32 Council members walked out.{{efn|The 32 were [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], [[Guntur Bapanaiah]], [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah]], [[Jyoti Basu]], [[A. K. Gopalan]], [[Promode Dasgupta]], [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]], [[E. K. Imbichi Bava]], [[C. H. Kanaran]], [[Hare Krishna Konar]], [[A. V. Kunjambu]], [[Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri]], [[Shiv Kumar Mishra]], [[Saroj Mukherjee]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[E. K. Nayanar]], [[Mohan Punamia]], [[P. Ramamurthi]], [[K. Ramani]], [[D. V. Rao]], [[Moturu Hanumantha Rao]], [[N. Prasad Rao]], [[T. Nagi Reddy]], [[N. Sankaraiah]], [[Ram Piara Saraf]], [[Bhag Singh]], [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]], [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]], [[Dalip Singh Tapiala]], [[R. N. Upadhyaya]], and [[M. R. Venkataraman]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bose|2005|p=37}}.</ref>}}

The leftist section, to which the 32 National Council members belonged, organized a convention in [[Tenali]], Andhra Pradesh 7 to 11 July. In this convention, the issues of the internal disputes in the party were discussed. 146 delegates, claiming to represent 100,000 CPI members, took part in the proceedings. The convention decided to convene the 7th Party Congress of CPI in [[Calcutta]] later the same year.<ref name="basu51">{{harvnb|Basu|2000|p=51}}.</ref>

Marking a difference from the official sector of CPI, the Tenali convention was marked by the display of a large portrait of the Communist leader of China, [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="basu51"/>

At the Tenali convention, a Bengal-based pro-Chinese group, representing one of the most radical streams of the CPI left-wing, presented a draft programme proposal of their own. These radicals criticized the draft programme proposal prepared by [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah]] for undermining [[class conflict]] and failing to take a clear pro-Chinese position in the ideological conflict between the CPSU and the CPC.{{efn|Suniti Kumar Ghosh was a member of the group that presented this alternative draft proposal. His grouping was one of several left tendencies in the Bengali party branch.<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2000|p=32}}.</ref>}}

After the Tenali convention, the CPI left-wing organized party district and state conferences. In [[West Bengal]], a few of these meetings became battlegrounds between the most radical elements and the more moderate leadership. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, an alternative draft programme was presented to the leadership by Parimal Das Gupta (a leading figure amongst far-left intellectuals in the party). Another alternative proposal was brought forward to the Calcutta Party District Conference by [[Aziz ul Haq (Pakistani activist)|Aziz ul Haq]], but Haq was initially banned from presenting it by the conference organizers. At the Calcutta Party District Conference, 42 delegates opposed M. Basavapunniah's official draft programme proposal.<ref name="pb1"/>

At the Siliguri Party District Conference, the main draft proposal for a party programme was accepted; some additional points suggested by the far-left North Bengal cadre [[Charu Majumdar]] were added. However, [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (representing the leadership of the CPI left-wing) forbade the raising of the slogan ''Mao Tse-Tung Zindabad'' (Long live Mao Tse-Tung) at the conference.<ref name="pb1"/>

Parimal Das Gupta's document was also presented to the leadership at the West Bengal State Conference of the CPI leftwing. Das Gupta and a few others spoke at the conference, demanding the party ought to adopt the class analysis of the Indian state of the 1951 CPI conference. His proposal was, however, voted down.<ref name="pb1">{{harvnb|Basu|2000|pp=52–54}}.</ref>

The Calcutta Congress was held between 31 October and 7 November, at Tyagraja Hall in southern [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/1019_pd/50th-anniversary-cpim|title=50th Anniversary of CPI(M)|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Simultaneously, the CPI convened a Party Congress in [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/1109_pd/seventh-party-congress-milestone-our-movement-and-struggle|title=Seventh Party Congress: A Milestone in Our Movement and Struggle|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> The group which assembled in Calcutta would later adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)', to differentiate themselves from the CPI. The CPI(M) also adopted its own political programme. [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] was elected general secretary of the party.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

In total, 422 delegates took part in the Calcutta Congress. CPI(M) claimed that they represented 104,421 CPI members; this is 60% of the total party membership.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peking Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6StOodgop4C |year=1965 |publisher=Peking review |page=17}}</ref>

At the Calcutta conference, the party adopted a class analysis of the character of the Indian state, that claimed the Indian [[bourgeoisie]] was increasingly collaborating with [[imperialism]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{harvnb|Basu|2000|p=54}}.</ref>

Parimal Das Gupta's alternative draft programme was not circulated at the Calcutta conference. However, [[Souren Bose]], a delegate from the far-left stronghold [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]], spoke at the conference asking why no portrait had been raised of Mao Tse-Tung along with the portraits of other communist stalwarts. His intervention was met with huge applause from conference delegates.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

=== Early years (1964–1966) ===
The CPI (M) was born into a hostile political climate. At the time of the holding of its Calcutta Congress, large sections of its leaders and cadres were jailed without trial. Again on 29–30 December, over a thousand CPI (M) cadres were arrested and detained and held in jail without trial.<ref name="rao17"/> In 1965, new waves of arrests of CPI(M) cadres took place in [[West Bengal]], as the party launched agitations against the rise in fares in the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] and against the then-prevailing food crisis. Statewide general strikes and [[hartal]]s were observed on 5 August 1965, 10–11 March 1966, and 6 April 1966.<ref name="rao17"/> The March 1966 general strike resulted in several deaths during confrontations with police forces.<ref name="rao17"/>

Also in Kerala, mass arrests of CPI(M) cadres were carried out during 1965. In [[Bihar]], the party called for a ''[[hartal|Bandh]]'' (general strike) in [[Patna]] on 9 August 1965 in protest against the Congress state government.<ref name="rao17"/> During the strike, police resorted to violent actions against the organizers of the strike. The strike was followed by agitations in other parts of the state.<ref name="rao17"/>

P. Sundaraiah, after being released from jail, spent the period of September 1965 to February 1966 in Moscow for medical treatment. In Moscow, he also held talks with the CPSU.<ref name="rao17">{{harvnb|Rao|2003|pp=17–18}}.</ref>

The Central Committee of CPI(M) held its first meeting on 12–19 June 1966. The reason for delaying the holding of a regular CC meeting was that several of the persons elected as CC members at the Calcutta Congress were jailed at the time.{{efn|The jailed members of the new CC, at the time of the Calcutta Congress, were [[B.T. Ranadive]], [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], [[Hare Krishna Konar]], and [[Promode Dasgupta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bose|2005|pp=44–45}}.</ref>}} A CC meeting had been scheduled to have been held in [[Thrissur]] during the last days of 1964, but had been canceled due to the wave of arrests against the party. The meeting discussed tactics for electoral alliances and concluded that the party should seek to form a broad electoral alliance with all non-reactionary opposition parties in West Bengal (i.e. all parties except [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and [[Swatantra Party]]). This decision was strongly criticized by the Communist Party of China (CPC), the [[Party of Labour of Albania]], the [[Communist Party of New Zealand]], and the radicals within the party itself. The line was changed at a National Council meeting in [[Jalandhar]] in October 1966, where it was decided that the party should only form alliances with select left parties.<ref>{{harvnb|Rao|2003|pp=234–235}}.</ref>

=== Naxalbari uprising (1967) ===
{{main|Naxalbari uprising}}
At this point, the party stood at crossroads. There were radical sections of the party who were wary of the increasing parliamentary focus of the party leadership, especially after the electoral victories in West Bengal and Kerala. Developments in China also affected the situation inside the party. In West Bengal, two separate internal dissident tendencies emerged, which both could be identified as supporting the Chinese line.{{efn|According to Basu,<ref name="autogenerated2000">{{harvnb|Basu|2000}}.{{page needed|date=November 2021}}</ref> there were two nuclei of radicals in the party organization in West Bengal. One "theorist" section around Parimal Das Gupta in Calcutta, which wanted to persuade the party leadership to correct revisionist mistakes through inner-party debate, and one "actionist" section led by [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]] in North Bengal. The 'actionists' were impatient and strived to organize armed uprisings. According to Basu, due to the prevailing political climate of youth and student rebellion, it was the 'actionists' who came to dominate the new Maoist movement in India, instead of the more theoretically advanced sections. This dichotomy is however rebuffed by followers of the radical stream, for example, the CPI(ML) Liberation.<ref name="autogenerated2000"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2001/october/charu.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013802/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2001/october/charu.htm|url-status=dead|title=Untitled Document|archive-date=27 September 2007|website=archive.cpiml.org}}</ref>}}

In 1967, a peasant uprising broke out in [[Naxalbari]], in northern West Bengal. The insurgency was led by hardline district-level CPI(M) leaders [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]]. The hardliners within CPI(M) saw the Naxalbari uprising as the spark that would ignite the Indian revolution. Majumdar and others broke from CPI(M).<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Sreemanti |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Empty Symbol: The Little Red Book in India}}</ref>{{Rp|page=120}} The CPC hailed the Naxalbari movement, causing an abrupt break in CPI(M)-CPC relations.{{efn|On 1 July, ''[[People's Daily]]'' carried an article titled "Spring Thunder Over India",<ref>{{cite news |title=Spring Thunder Over India |url=http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/documents/peoples-daily/1967/07/05.htm |work=People's Daily |date=1 July 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223115803/http://www.marxists.org/subject/china/documents/peoples-daily/1967/07/05.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> expressing the support of CPC to the Naxalbari rebels. At its meeting in [[Madurai]] on 18–27 August 1967, the Central Committee of CPI(M) adopted a resolution titled "Resolution on Divergent Views Between Our Party and the Communist Party of China on Certain Fundamental Issues of Programme and Policy".<ref>{{harvnb|Bose|2005|p=46}}.</ref>}} Majumdar and his group formed the [[Maoism|Maoist]]-oriented [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninst)]] in 1969.<ref name=":2323"/>{{Rp|page=120}}

The Naxalbari movement was violently repressed by the West Bengal government, of which CPI(M) was a major partner. Within the party, the hardliners rallied around an [[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/51-years-of-naxalbari-how-a-peasant-uprising-triggered-a-pan-india-political-movement-5191046/|title=Naxalbari: How a peasant uprising triggered a pan-India political movement|date=25 May 2018 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> Following the 1968 [[Burdwan]] plenum of CPI(M) (held on 5–12 April 1968), the AICCCR separated itself from CPI(M).<ref name="NaxalismHistory">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm2/history-of-naxalism/article1-6545.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121035708/http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm2/history-of-naxalism/article1-6545.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2015 | title=History of Naxalism | work=Hindustan Times | date=15 December 2005 | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> This split divided the party throughout the country. But notably in West Bengal, which was the center of the violent radicalized stream, no prominent leading figure left the party. The party and the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalites]] (as the rebels were called) were soon to get into a bloody feud.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/half-a-century-of-india-s-maoist-insurgency-an-appraisal-of-state-response|title=Half a century of India's Maoist insurgency: An appraisal of state response|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh, another revolt was taking place. There the pro-Naxalbari dissidents had not established any presence. However,in the party organization, there were many veterans from the Telangana armed struggle; they rallied against the central party leadership. In Andhra Pradesh, the radicals had a strong base even amongst the state-level leadership. The main leader of the radical tendency was [[T. Nagi Reddy]], a member of the state legislative assembly. On 15 June 1968, the leaders of the radical tendency published a press statement outlining the critique of the development of CPI(M). It was signed by T. Nagi Reddy, D.V. Rao, Kolla Venkaiah, and [[Chandra Pulla Reddy]].{{efn|This press statement was reproduced in full in the central CPI(M) publication, People's Democracy, on 30 June. P. Sundarayya and M. Basavapunniah, acting on behalf of the Polit Bureau of CPI(M), formulated a response to the statement on 16 June, titled 'Rebuff the Rebels, Uphold Party Unity'.<ref>{{harvnb|Bose|2005|p=48}}.</ref>}}

In total, around 50% of the party cadres in Andhra Pradesh left the party to form the [[Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]], under the leadership of T. Nagi Reddy.{{efn|Some perceive that the Chinese leadership severely misjudged the actual conditions of different Indian factions at the time, giving their full support to the Majumdar-Sanyal group whilst keeping the Andhra Pradesh radicals (that had a considerable mass following) at distance.}}

=== Dismissal of United Front governments in West Bengal and Kerala (1967–1970) ===

In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by the central government. Initially, the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], but that cabinet did not last long.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bengal-a-long-history-of-governor-state-govt-conflict-769101.html|title=Bengal: A long history of Governor-state govt conflict|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854471|title=The Role of Governor in Indian Politics Since 1967|jstor=41854471 |access-date=24 March 2024 |last=Chatterjee |first=Sibranjan |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=30 May 1971 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=522–535 }}</ref> After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule. CPI(M) launched agitations against the interventions of the central government in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP93.pdf|title=The left movement in West Bengal|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/india-at-75-epochal-moments-1967-naxalbari-movement/article65721597.ece|title=1967: Naxalbari movement|date=12 August 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

The 8th Party Congress of CPI(M) was held in [[Kochi]], Kerala, on 23–29 December 1968. On 25 December 1968, whilst the congress was held, 42 [[Dalit]]s were [[Kilvenmani massacre|burned alive]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] village of [[Kizhavenmani]]. The massacre was a retaliation from landlords after Dalit labourers had taken part in a CPI(M)-led agitation for higher wages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol17-12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223113220/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1712/17121050.htm |url-status=dead |title=Latest Volume17-Issue12 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume17-Issue12 |archive-date=23 February 2008 |website=Frontline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/NHRCJournal2002.pdf |title=Untitled-1 |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023515/http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/NHRCJournal2002.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The United Front government in Kerala was forced out of office in October 1969, as the CPI, RSP, KTP, and Muslim League ministers resigned. E.M.S. Namboodiripad handed in his resignation on 24 October.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060805205314/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/political.htm |url-status=dead |title=Home – Government of Kerala, India |archive-date=5 August 2006 |website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref> A coalition government led by CPI leader [[C. Achutha Menon]] was formed, with the outside support of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==== Elections in West Bengal and Kerala ====
Fresh elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. CPI(M) contested 97 seats and won 80. The party was now the largest in the West Bengal legislative.{{efn|Indian National Congress had won 23 seats, Bangla Congress 33, and CPI 30. CPI(M) allies also won several seats.<ref group="e">{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129141351/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2007 |language=en-IN}}{{page needed|date=November 2021}}</ref>}} However, with the active support of CPI and the [[Bangla Congress]], [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] was returned as Chief Minister of the state. Mukherjee resigned on 16 March 1970, after a pact had been reached between CPI, Bangla Congress, and the Indian National Congress against CPI(M). CPI(M) strove to form a new government, instead but the central government put the state under President's Rule.

=== Land Reform ===
{{main|Operation Barga}}
Though land reform was successfully done in three [[India]]n states ([[West Bengal]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]), India's first land reform was done in [[West Bengal]] in 1967, under the leadership of two Communist leaders: [[Hare Krishna Konar]] and [[Benoy Choudhury]], in which [[Hare Krishna Konar]] played a leading role in getting surplus land held by big land owners in excess of land ceiling laws and kept 'benami' (or false names) vested with the state. The quantum of land thus vested was around one million acres (4,000 km2) of good agricultural land. Subsequently, under the leadership of [[Hare Krishna Konar]] and [[Benoy Choudhury]] land was distributed amongst 2.4 million landless and poor farmers. Later after 1970 the united front government of west Bengal fail and the land reform was also stopped for seven years and after left front came in West Bengal in 1977 this land reform was renamed to [[Operation Barga]] and this barga was the notable contribution to the people from [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] Government of West Bengal. To begin with, group meetings between Officials and Bargadars were organized during "settlement camps" (also called "Reorientation camps"), where the bargadars could discuss their grievances. The first such camp was held at Halusai in Polba taluk in [[Hooghly district]] from 18 to 20 May 1978. In noted camp, two Adibashi Borgaders objected procedure adopted by the official for [[Operation Barga|Barga]] Operation. They suggested to start it organising people in the field instead of sitting in the houses of rural rich people or the places dominated by them.<ref name="TEAM">[http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf Operation Barga] – report by ''Theorie Et Applications en Microeconomie et Macroeconomie'' ('''TEAM''') ([https://web.archive.org/web/20061118154131/http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf Read online]).</ref><ref name="Paramjit">Paramjit Singh, Gurpreet Bal, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7lKM4aWhIH0C&dq=%22Operation+Barga%22+camp&pg=PA148 Strategies of Social Change in India], pp. 148, M.D. Publications, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7533-006-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7533-006-1}}.</ref><ref name="Chaudhary ToI">Pranava K. Chaudhary, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/operation-barga-ends-in-a-whimper/articleshow/22105421.cms Operation Barga ends in a whimper], ''[[Times of India]]'', 14 September 2002.</ref>

=== Formation of CITU (1970) ===
{{main|Centre of Indian Trade Unions}}
'''Centre of Indian Trade Unions''', CITU is a National level [[Trade Union]] in India and its trade union wing is a spearhead of the Indian Trade Union Movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citucentre.org/|title=Centre of Indian Trade Unions|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. It has strong unchallengeable presence in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Tripura besides a good presence in [[West Bengal]], Kerala and [[Kanpur]]. They have an average presence in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

According to the provisional statistics from the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour]], CITU had a membership of approximately 6,040,000 in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2018 |title=CITU plans to expand its base in IT sector |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/citu-plans-to-expand-its-base-in-it-sector/article23358181.ece |access-date=4 December 2020 |issn=0971-751X |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Tapan Kumar Sen]] is the General Secretary and [[K. Hemalata]] is the president of CITU. K. Hemalata was the first woman President in CITU who was elected after [[A. K. Padmanabhan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/a-first-woman-elected-citu-president.html |title=A first: Woman elected CITU president |work=The Pioneer |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304040200/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/a-first-woman-elected-citu-president.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It runs a monthly organ named ''Working Class''. CITU is affiliated to the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]].<ref>World Federation of Trade Unions. ''[http://www.wftucentral.org/indian-trade-union-delegation-visits-venezuelan-embassy-in-new-delhi/ Indian Trade Union Delegation visits Venezuelan Embassy in New Delhi]''</ref>

=== Outbreak of war in East Pakistan (1971–1972) ===
{{main|Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)}}
In 1971, [[Bangladesh]] (formerly [[East Pakistan]]) declared its independence from [[Pakistan]]. The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising. India intervened militarily and gave active backing to the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi rebels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/12/16/remembering-the-war-of-1971-in-east-pakistan|title=Remembering the war of 1971 in East Pakistan|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Millions of Bangladeshi refugees sought shelter in India, especially in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sarkari-thoughts/treatment-of-the-1971-east-bengali-refugees-a-forgotten-experience/|title=Treatment of the 1971 East Bengali refugees: A forgotten experience|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2024 |last=Sarkar |first=Dr Subhradipta }}</ref>

At the time, the radical sections of the Bangladeshi communist movement were divided into many [[Political faction|factions]]. Whilst the pro-Soviet [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] actively participated in the rebellion, the pro-China communist tendency found itself in a peculiar situation as China had sided with Pakistan in the war. In Calcutta, where many Bangladeshi leftists had sought refuge, CPI(M) worked to co-ordinate the efforts to create a new political organization. In the fall of 1971 three small groups, which were all hosted by the CPI(M), came together to form the [[Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)]]. The new party became the sister party of CPI(M) in Bangladesh.{{efn|The same is also true for the [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]], which was formed in 1980 when BCP(L) merged with other groups. Although politically close, WPB can be said to have a more Maoist-oriented profile than CPI(M).}}

=== Boycott of Assembly and Emergency rule (1972–1977) ===
In 1975, the [[Prime Minister of India]], Indira Gandhi imposed a [[State of emergency]] on the premise of internal disturbances suspending elections, legitimising [[rule by decree]] and curbing [[civil liberties]].<ref name=":66">{{cite journal |last=Prashad |first=Vijay |date=1996 |title=Emergency Assessments |journal=Social Scientist |volume=24 |issue=9/10 |pages=36–68 |doi=10.2307/3520142 |jstor=3520142 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> The proposition for the declaration of the emergency and the formal draft of the ordinance were both notably corroborated to have been forwarded by [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]].<ref>{{cite web |last=C G |first=Manoj |date=13 June 2015 |title=S S Ray to Indira Gandhi six months before Emergency: Crack down, get law ready |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/six-months-before-emergency-s-s-ray-to-indira-gandhi-crack-down-get-law-ready/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Narayan |first=S. |date=25 June 2020 |title=Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/why-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jacob |first=Jack Farj Rafael |title=An Odyssey in War and Peace: An Autobiography of Lt. Gen JFR Jacob |publisher=[[Roli Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=9788174369338 |page=189 |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob}}</ref> The Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as one of the primary opposition to [[The Emergency (India)]].<ref name=":66"/> The following period witnessed a succession of [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] measures and political repression, which was particularly severe in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=DeSouza |first=Peter Ronald |title=India's Political Parties |date=3 October 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-534-1 |pages=217–221}}</ref> The members of the CPI-M's labour union became the first subject to political repression and [[mass arrest]]s while the rest of the members of the CPI-M went underground.<ref name=":582">{{cite book |last=Ruparelia |first=Sanjay |title=Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in Modern India |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-026491-8 |pages=71–72}}</ref>

With the initiation of the [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] (JP)'s movement, the CPI-M began providing support to it and went on to participate in discussions for the creation of a united front under the umbrella of the [[Janata Party]]. Several of the leaders of the CPI-M were also influenced by JP with [[Jyoti Basu]] noted to be one of his prominent admirers having worked under him in the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] during the 1940s.<ref name=":582"/> The involvement of the [[Hindutva]] movement however complicated matters, according to JP the formal inclusion of the marxists who had undergone a splintering and whose organisation was localised in particular region would have been detrimental to the movement as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] members would switch sides if they joined.<ref name=":582"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Gyan |author-link=Gyan Prakash |title=Emergency Chronicles: Indira Gandhi and Democracy's Turning Point |date=8 December 2018 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-93-5305-351-2}}</ref> JP and Basu eventually came to an agreement that the CPI-M would not formally join the Janata Party as it would weaken the movement.<ref name=":582"/> After the revocation of the emergency, the CPI-M joined an electoral alliance with the Janata Party in the [[1977 Indian general election]] which resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Janata Alliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blair |first=Harry W. |date=April 1980 |title=Mrs Gandhi's Emergency, The Indian Elections of 1977, Pluralism and Marxism: Problems with Paradigms |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/mrs-gandhis-emergency-the-indian-elections-of-1977-pluralism-and-marxism-problems-with-paradigms/908EF9B139D645655C3336A4D17F2FAE |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=237–271 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00007320 |s2cid=144182647 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Left Front Government formation in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura assembly (1977 afterwards) ===
==== West Bengal ====
{{Main|Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal}}

[[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal|CPI(M) West Bengal]] under the leadership of Jyoti Basu fought the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Initially, the election was planned to fight in alliance with the [[Janata Party]], but the negotiations between the parties broke down.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahaprashasta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad |date=4 May 2016 |title=Why Has Nobody Called It Yet? An Analysis of the West Bengal Elections |url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-has-nobody-called-it-yet-an-analysis-of-the-west-bengal-elections |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> This led to a three sided contested between the [[Indian National Congress]], the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front coalition]]. The results of the election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own, Basu became the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]. From the 1977 election through to 2011, the CPI(M) led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] won seven consecutive elections. Under Jyoti Basu's leadership the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] won, [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]], [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]], [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]], [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]] elections. For the next 23 years he was the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]] making him the longest serving at this position.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2010 |title=Jyoti Basu pulls in the crowds – one last time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/jyoti-basu-pulls-in-the-crowds-one-last-time/story-ExpoMM4jnIE9pvIvqLQN9H.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In the late 2000s, the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] saw a change in leadership. Under the leadership of [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], the Left Front won the elections of [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] elections and [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]. From 2000 to 2011, remained the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]] for 11 years.

Following the events of [[Nandigram violence|2007 Nandigram anti land acquisition violence]]<ref name="aljaz">{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=2011-05-13 |title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists - Features |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063541/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |archive-date=2011-10-05 |access-date=2011-10-16 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> and the [[Tata Nano Singur controversy|2006 Singur anti land acquisition violence]], led by opposition parties in West Bengal. In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] lost the elections marking the end of 34-year rule of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], the longest-serving democratically elected communist government in the world, a fact that was noted by international media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/|title=Result | Home|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-12 |title=India: Mamata Banerjee routs communists in West Bengal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |access-date=2024-01-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> After [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 elections]] the Left Front has no representatives in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==== Kerala ====
{{Main|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala}}

After the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|CPI split in 1964]], prominent communist leader in Kerala [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[A. K. Gopalan]] and [[K. R. Gouri Amma]] stood with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). One year after the split, in the [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965 elections]] CPI(M) which was splinter faction of CPI, emerged as the largest party in the assembly with 40 seats, whereas the CPI settled with 3 seats only. However no single party could form a ministry commanding majority and hence this election is considered abortive. [[President's rule]] was invoked for the fourth time.<ref name="KeralaLegislature">{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | publisher=Kerala Government | access-date=30 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=2014-10-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1965 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1965_ST_REP.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India – New Delhi}}</ref>

In the [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967 Kerala assembly election]] both communist parties—CPI (M) and CPI—along with smaller parties including SSP and Muslim League contested this election as a United Front. A total of seven parties contested in the front, and the front was known as ''[[Saptakakshi Munnani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Koshi|first1=Luke|last2=Balan|first2=Saritha S.|date=2017-06-19|title=Kerala Chronicles: When a Coalition of Seven Political Parties Came Together Only to Fall Apart|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905|access-date=|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The CPI(M) led front won the election with a record 113 seats out of 133 seats and formed the government under [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]].

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the [[Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the Indian National Congress. These pre-poll political alliances of Kerala have stabilized strongly in such a manner that, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners stick their loyalty to the respective alliances (Left Democratic Front or United Democratic Front).

LDF first came into power in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1980 under the leadership of [[E. K. Nayanar]] who later became the longest serving [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]], ever since [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]], the power has been clearly alternating between the two alliances till the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]. In 2016, LDF won the 2016 election and had a historic re-election in [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] where an incumbent government was re-elected for first time in 40 years. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is the first chief minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office.<ref>{{cite news |title=LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/ldf-shatters-keralas-40-year-record-pinarayi-vijayan-now-the-marxist-helmsman/articleshow/82359214.cms |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

==== Tripura ====
{{Main|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura}}

Under the leadership of [[Nripen Chakraborty]], the CPI(M) led [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] won the [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977 assembly elections]]. [[Nripen Chakraborty]], became the first [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief minister of Tripura]] from CPI(M). In the next [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983 assembly elections]] the incumbent government of Left Front was again re-elected and therefore it was in the government for 10 years.<ref name="Chakrabarty2014">{{cite book |author=Bidyut Chakrabarty |title=Left Radicalism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-66805-3 |pages=87–88}}</ref> In [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988 assembly elections]] CPI(M) was out of power for 5 years despite being the largest party by seats won. In [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993 assembly elections]], the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] won the elections and [[Dasarath Deb]] sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief minister of Tripura]].

From 1993 to 2013, the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] won 5 elections continuously. Since the [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998 assembly elections]], [[Manik Sarkar]] was the [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief minister of Tripura]] for 20 years making him the longest serving at the position in Tripura. Under his leadership the Left Front has won [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]], [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]], [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]. Currently, CPI(M) is the main opposition party in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) is the dominant party in the coalition.<ref name="Chakrabarty2014"/><ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book |author=Hamlet Bareh |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC&pg=PA58 |year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-795-5 |page=58}}</ref> The other four members of the Left Front are the Communist Party of India, the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], the [[All India Forward Bloc]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]].<ref name="Rana2006">{{cite book |author=Mahendra Singh Rana |title=India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001–2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&pg=PA420 |year=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |pages=420–421}}</ref>

=== International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties ===
{{Main|International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties}}
In 2009, CPI(M) hosted [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties#11th International Meeting, 2009|11th International Communist Parties Meeting]] in [[New Delhi]]. The summit was attended by 57 communist parties from 48 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidnet.org/11-international-meeting-of-communist-and-workers-parties/11-imcwp-press-communique|title=11 IMCWP, Press Communique|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103957/http://www.solidnet.org/11-international-meeting-of-communist-and-workers-parties/11-imcwp-press-communique}}</ref>

== Leadership and organisation ==

=== Leadership ===
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Old Gallery" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">
CPI (M) Leaders. Noormahal. 27 Oct 1966.jpg|[[A. K. Gopalan]] (left), [[B. T. Ranadive]] (center), [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]] (right) and [[H. K. Konar]] (extreme right) with other leaders in Kolkata, 1966
EMS & JS Lyalpuri. Noor Mahal. 27 Oct 1966.jpg|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] and [[Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri|J. S. Lyallpuri]], 1966
Nicolae Ceaușescu and P. Sundarayya.jpg|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya|P. Sundarayya]] with [[President of Romania|1st President of Romania]], [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], 1969
Basu, Ranadive, Mukherjee, Basavapunnaiah, and Konar in the conference of AIKS held in Barsul in 1969.jpg|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu]], [[B. T. Ranadive|Ranadive]], [[Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)|Mukherjee]], [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah|Basavapunnaiah]] and [[Konar]] in the 20th conference of the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] held in [[Barshul|Barsul, West Bengal]], 1969
Hare Krishna Konar in the conference of Trade Union International of Agriculture.jpg|[[H. K. Konar]] leading the conference of the [[Trade Union International of Agricultural, Forestry and Plantation Workers|TUIAFPW]], in the 1970s
Nicolae Ceaușescu and E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] with [[President of Romania|1st President of Romania]], [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], 1979
Cpmcongress1293.JPG|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet|H. S. Surjeet]], [[Jyoti Basu]], [[Lakshmi Sahgal]], and [[Sitaram Yechury]] in the 18th party congress at [[Delhi]], 2005
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150" caption="New Gallery">
Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|'''[[Jyoti Basu]]''', longest-serving [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|'''[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]''', 1st [[Chief minister of Kerala]]
Manik Sarkar Official Portrait.jpg|'''[[Manik Sarkar]]''', longest-serving [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief minister of Tripura]]
Hammer and Sickle - Kerala.jpg|A tableau in a CPI(M) rally in Kerala, India showing two farmers forming the [[hammer and sickle]]
</gallery>

The 24th Congress of the CPI(M) held between 2 and 6 April 2025 at [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] elected an 85-member Central Committee with one seat left vacant. There are also seven special invitees and fout permanent invitees to the Central Committee. The Central Committee at its meeting held on 6 April 2025 at the conclusion of the Congress elected a 18 member [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo]]. The Central Committee also elected Com. [[M. A. Baby]] as the General Secretary. The post of General Secretary was left vacant after the death of [[Sitaram Yechury]] on 12 September 2024.<ref name="cpim.org">{{cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=New Central Committee Elected at the 24th Congress |url=https://cpim.org/leadership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202640/https://cpim.org/pressbriefs/new-central-committee-elected-22nd-congress |archive-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Politburo members ===
{{Main article|Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Note
|-
|[[File:MA Baby 2022 (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|'''[[M. A. Baby]]'''
|'''[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)#General Secretaries|General Secretary]]''' Member of Central Secretariat Former Minister for Education and Culture in Kerala Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:BV Raghavulu in 2025.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[B. V. Raghavulu]]'''
|Member of Central Secretariat Former [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Secretary
|-
|[[File:Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|120px]]
|'''[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]'''
|Member of [[Kerala]] State Secretariat [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
|-
|[[File:Tapan Kumar Sen.png|120px]]
|'''[[Tapan Sen]]'''
|[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]] General Secretary Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:Nilotpal Basu.png|120px]]
|'''[[Nilotpal Basu]]'''
|Former [[Students Federation of India|SFI]] General Secretary Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:A.vijayaraghavan4.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]'''
|[[All India Agricultural Workers Union|AIAWU]] President Former [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] Convenor Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:Mohammed Salim in January 2025.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]'''
|[[West Bengal]] State Secretary Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] Former Minister for Technical Education and Training, Youth Welfare, Minority Development and Welfare, Self Employment in West Bengal Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:Ashok Dhawale.png|120px]]
|'''[[Ashok Dhawale]]'''
|[[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] President Former [[Maharashtra]] State Secretary
|-
|[[File:RC Dome CPIM.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Ram Chandra Dome]]'''
|Member of [[West Bengal]] State Secretariat Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[File:M. V. Govindan Master 01 4.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[M. V. Govindan]]'''
|[[Kerala]] State Secretary [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Kerala]] Former Minister for Local Self Governments and Excise in Kerala
|-
|[[File:A delegation from Tripura led by Shri Jitendra Chaudhury, MP (Lok Sabha), calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on Thursday, November 24, 2016 (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Jitendra Choudhury]]'''
|[[Tripura]] State Secretary [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition in Tripura Legislative Assembly]] Former Minister of Forest and Industry, Commerce, Sports in Tripura Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[File: K Balakrishnan Speech Venmani 2018 (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|'''[[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]]'''
|Former [[Tamil Nadu]] State Secretary Former [[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[File:U.Vasuki CPIM.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[U. Vasuki]]'''
|[[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]] Vice President
|-
|[[File:Amra Ram.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Amra Ram]]'''
|[[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] Vice President [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] Former [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[File:Srideep Bhattacharya.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Srideep Bhattacharya]]'''
|Member of [[West Bengal]] State Secretariat
|-
|[[File:Vijoo Krishnan.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Vijoo Krishnan]]'''
|[[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] General Secretary
|-
|[[File:Mariam Dhawale in 2024.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Mariam Dhawale]]'''
|[[All India Democratic Women's Association|AIDWA]] General Secretary
|-
|[[File:R. Arun Kumar CPI(M) (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|'''R. Arun Kumar'''
|Former [[Students Federation of India|SFI]] President
|-
|}

=== General Secretaries ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| width = 200
|image1=Akgopalanbhavan240.jpg
|caption1=AKG Bhavan, the CPI(M) national headquarters in [[Delhi]] {{coord|28|37|53.6|N|77|12|17.9|E}}}}
Article XV, Section 15 of the party constitution says:

<blockquote>"No person can hold the position of the General Secretary for more than three full terms. Full term means the period between two Party Congresses. In a special situation, a person who has completed three full terms as General Secretary may be re-elected for a fourth term provided it is so decided by the Central Committee with a three-fourth majority. But in no case can that person be elected again for another term in addition to the fourth term."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpim.org/party-constitution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315084048/http://cpim.org/party-constitution|url-status=dead|title=Party Constitution|date=18 March 2009|archive-date=15 March 2015|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</ref></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|+List of General Secretaries<ref name="cpim">{{cite web |url=http://cpim.org/content/members-pb-elected-previous-congresses |title=CPI (M) Website |access-date=9 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124133818/http://cpim.org/content/members-pb-elected-previous-congresses |archive-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | S. No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"|State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| References
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 1
! scope="row" | 1964–1978
| {{sort|Sundarayya|[[File:Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg|100px]]}}
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-25 |title=Members of PB - 7th to 19th Congress {{!}} Communist Party of India (Marxist) |url=http://cpim.org/content/members-pb-elected-previous-congresses |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125073315/http://cpim.org/content/members-pb-elected-previous-congresses |archive-date=25 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Putchalapalli Sundarayya (An Autobiography) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/putchalapalli-sundarayya-autobiography-nag308/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |After the split of the Communist Party of India in the 7th General meeting, a new political outfit was formed Communist Party of India (Marxist). [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] was elected as its General Secretary.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 2
! scope="row" | 1978–1992
| {{sort|Namboodiripad|[[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|[[Kerala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the archives: E.M.S. Namboodiripad, a very contemporary Marxist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-e-m-s-namboodiripad-a-very-contemporary-marxist-1888241-2021-12-15 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=India Today |date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nandita |date=2019-03-19 |title=EMS Namboodiripad, the communist CM who laid foundation of 'Kerala model' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/ems-namboodiripad-the-communist-cm-who-laid-foundation-of-kerala-model/207502/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |The two time [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] was elected as the General Secretary in the 10th party Congress.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 3
! scope="row" | 1992–2005
| {{sort|Surjeet|[[File:Surjith-6.JPG|100px]]}}
| [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=a7cd9552-34ef-42f0-8861-48711969e8ae&ParentID=1e5b1926-3c9b-44c3-99fe-e0863dedc58a&MatchID1=4736&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1194&MatchID2=4727&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=3&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1191&PrimaryID=4736&Headline=Harkishan+Singh+Surjeet+-+nationalist+to+Communist+and+then+kingmaker |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209082224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=a7cd9552-34ef-42f0-8861-48711969e8ae&ParentID=1e5b1926-3c9b-44c3-99fe-e0863dedc58a&MatchID1=4736&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1194&MatchID2=4727&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=3&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1191&PrimaryID=4736&Headline=Harkishan+Singh+Surjeet+-+nationalist+to+Communist+and+then+kingmaker |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]] came to head the CPI-M as its general secretary in 1992, an influential post he held until 2005 when failing health forced him into virtual retirement.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 4
! scope="row" | 2005–2015
| {{sort|Karat|[[File:PrakashKarat cropped.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[Prakash Karat]]
|[[Delhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Karat in CPI-M general secretary |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/apr/11cpm.htm |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |[[Prakash Karat]] was elected as the general secretary in the 18th party Congress. He was re-elected again to hold office until 2015.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 5
! scope="row" | 2015–2024
|{{sort|Yechury|[[File:Yechuri_1.JPG|100px]] }}
| [[Sitaram Yechury]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Sitaram Yechury gets re-elected as CPI-M general secretary for third time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sitaram-yechury-gets-re-elected-as-cpi-m-general-secretary-for-third-time-122041000536_1.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Sitaram Yechury re-elected as CPI(M) general secretary for third term |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/sitaram-yechury-re-elected-as-cpim-general-secretary-for-third-term-1099418.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |[[Sitaram Yechury]] was first elected as the party general secretary during the 21st party Congress at Visakhapatnam in April 2015. He was re-elected to the post at the 22nd party Congress at Hyderabad on 18 April 2018. Again re-elected for the third time at 23rd Party Congress held at Kannur, Kerala in April 2022 to hold the office until his death on 12 September 2024. Till date he is the only general secretary in the history of the party to die in office.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | Interim Co-ordinator
! scope="row" | 2024-2025
| {{sort|Karat|[[File:PrakashKarat cropped.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[Prakash Karat]]
|[[Delhi]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prakash-karat-to-be-coordinator-of-cpims-polit-bureau-central-committee-as-interim-measure/articleshow/113783757.cms | title=Prakash Karat to be coordinator of CPI(M)'s Polit Bureau, Central Committee as interim measure - the Economic Times }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |[[Prakash Karat]] was elected as the interim coordinator after Yechury's death until the new general secretary was elected.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="2" | 6
! scope="row" | 2025–
| {{sort|Karat|[[File:MABaby.jpg|100px]]}}
| [[M. A. Baby]]
|[[Kerala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=M A Baby elected as General Secretary of CPI(M) at Madurai Party Congress
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/m-a-baby-elected-as-general-secretary-of-cpim-in-madurai-party-congress-3480493|access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |[[M. A. Baby]] was elected as the general secretary in the 24th party Congress held at [[Madurai]] in 2025
|-
|}

=== State Secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"|
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| State Secretary
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| '''D. Ayyappan'''
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| '''[[V. Srinivasa Rao]]'''
|-
|[[Assam]]
| '''[[Suprakash Talukdar]]'''
|-
|[[Bihar]]
| '''Lalan Choudhary'''
|-
|[[Delhi]]
| '''Anurag Saxena'''
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
| '''[[Bal Singh]]'''
|-
|[[Goa]]
| '''Victor Savio Bragança'''
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
| '''Hitendra Bhatt'''
|-
|[[Haryana]]
| '''Prem Chand'''
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| '''[[Sanjay Chauhan (politician)|Sanjay Chauhan]]'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://himachalscape.com/cpim-himachal-pradesh-elects-new-leadership-vows-to-champion-public-causes/?amp=1 | title=CPIM Himachal Pradesh elects new leadership, Vows to champion public causes | date=30 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/new-state-executive-committee-of-cpi-m-formed-sanjay-chauhan-will-be-the-state-secretary-of-cpi-m-2024-11-30 | title=Shimla: माकपा की नई प्रदेश कार्यकारिणी गठित, संजय चौहान होंगे राज्य सचिव, ये बने मंडल सदस्य }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| '''Mohammed Abass Rather'''
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
| '''Prakash Viplav'''
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| '''K. Prakash'''
|-
|[[Kerala]]
| '''[[M. V. Govindan]]'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-28 |title=Kodiyeri Balakrishnan steps down, MV Govindan Master is new CPM Kerala state secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kodiyeri-balakrishnan-steps-down-mv-govindan-master-is-new-cpm-8116975/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| '''Jaswinder Singh'''
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
| '''Ajit Nawale'''
|-
|[[Manipur]]
| '''[[Kshetrimayum Santa]]'''
|-
|[[Odisha]]
| '''Suresh Chandra Panigrahy'''
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| '''Sukhwinder Singh Sekhon'''
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| '''S. Ramachandran'''
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
| '''Kishan Pareek'''
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
| '''[[P. Shanmugam (CPIM)|P. Shanmugam]]'''
|-
|[[Telangana]]
| '''John Wesley'''
|-
|[[Tripura]]
| '''[[Jitendra Chaudhury]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura State Conference of CPI(M) Concludes |url=https://cpim.org/states/tripura-state-conference-cpim-concludes |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |language=en |date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jitendra Choudhury elected CPI(M)'s Tripura state secretary |url=https://theprint.in/india/jitendra-choudhury-elected-cpims-tripura-state-secretary/850242/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tripura CPI(M) State Committee meeting endorses alliance with Congress, smaller left parties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura-cpim-state-committee-meeting-endorses-alliance-with-congress-smaller-left-parties/article66424882.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
| '''Rajendra Purohit'''
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| '''Ravi Shankar Mishra'''
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
| '''[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]'''
|-
|}

=== Principal mass organisations ===
[[File:Cpmcongress (87).JPG|thumb|CPI(M) 18th Congress rally in [[Delhi]]]]
[[File:Communist parade (6297059793).jpg|thumb|right|220px|A [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]] rally in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].]]
* [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]
* [[Students' Federation of India]]
* [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]
* [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]]
* All India Agricultural Workers Union
* [[All India Democratic Women's Association]]
* [[Balasangam]]
* [[Bank Employees Federation of India]]
* [[Ganamukti Parishad]], [[Tripura]]
*[[Tribal Youth Federation]], [[Tripura]]
*Adivasi Kshema Samithi, [[Kerala]]

===International affiliation===
Communist Party of India Marxist is internationally affiliated to [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]] and [[Communist Party of Britain|Unity for Peace and Socialism]].
Its members in Great Britain are in the electoral front [[Communist Party of Britain|Unity for Peace and Socialism]], with the [[Communist Party of Britain]] and the British-domiciled sections of the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece]] (KKE). It stood 13 candidates in the London-wide list section of the [[London Assembly]] elections in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ufps.org.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218093242/http://ufps.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2010 |title=Unity For Peace and Socialism homepage}}</ref>

== Indian general elections results ==
{{main|Electoral history of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Loksabha elections
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Year
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Legislature
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Party Secretary
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Total constituencies
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Seats won / contested
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Change in seats
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Total votes
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Change in vote %
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Party Rank
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Outcome
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| {{ref.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3| [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|520
|{{Composition bar|19|59|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|''New''
|6,246,522
|4.28 %
|''New''
|6th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1967" group="e">{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101610/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=78 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]
|518
|{{Composition bar|25|85|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|7,510,089
|5.12 %
|{{increase}} 0.84%
|{{increase}} 2nd
|{{No|Main Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1971" group="e">{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044322/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=79 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]
|542
|{{Composition bar|22|53|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|8,113,659
|4.29 %
|{{decrease}} 0.83%
|{{decrease}} 3rd
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1977" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1977 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=89}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=4| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|542
|{{Composition bar|37|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 15
|12,352,331
|6.24 %
|{{increase}} 1.95%
|{{steady}} 3rd
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1980" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=86}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|541
|{{Composition bar|22|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
|14,272,526
|5.72 %
|{{decrease}} 0.52%
|{{steady}} 3rd
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1984" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=81}}</ref><ref name="ECI1985" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=15}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|529
|{{Composition bar|33|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 11
|19,691,309
|6.55 %
|{{increase}} 0.83
|{{decrease}} 4th
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}
|<ref name="ECI1989" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=88}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]
|534
|{{Composition bar|35|63|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|17,074,699
|6.14 %
|{{decrease}} 0.41%
|{{steady}} 4th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1991" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=58}}</ref><ref name="ECI1992" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=13}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=4| [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|32|75|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|20,496,810
|6.12 %
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|{{steady}} 4th
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}
|<ref name="ECI1996" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1996 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|32|71|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|18,991,867
|5.16 %
|{{decrease}} 0.96%
|{{increase}} 3rd
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1998" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1998 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|33|72|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|19,695,767
|5.40 %
|{{increase}} 0.24%
|{{steady}} 3rd
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI1999" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|43|69|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|22,070,614
|5.66 %
|{{increase}} 0.26%
|{{steady}} 3rd
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}
|<ref name="ECI2004" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 2004 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=101}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2| [[Prakash Karat]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|16|82|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 27
|22,219,111
|5.33 %
|{{decrease}} 0.33%
|{{decrease}} 8th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI2009" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |title=LS 2009: Performance of National Parties |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|9|93|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
|17,986,773
|3.24 %
|{{decrease}} 2.09%
|{{decrease}} 9th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI2014" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf |title=LS 2014: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sitaram Yechury]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|3|69|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 6
|10,744,908
|1.75 %
|{{decrease}} 1.49%
|{{decrease}} 16th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref name="ECI2019" group="e">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10987-4-list-of-successful-candidate |title=LS 2019: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|543
|{{Composition bar|4|52|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|11,342,553
|1.76%
|{{increase}} 0.01%
|{{increase}} 14th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

{{Vertical bar chart|1967|19|1971|25|1977|22|1980|37|1984|22|1989|33|1991|35|1996|32|1998|32|1999|33|2004|43|2009|16|2014|9|2019|3|2024|4|color=red|full_name=All time-CPI(M) Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|note=}}
=== 1967 general election ===
In the 1967 [[Lok Sabha]] elections, the CPI(M) nominated 59 candidates. In total 19 of them were elected. The party received 6.2 million votes (4.28% of the nationwide vote). By comparison, CPI won 23 seats and got 5.11% of the nationwide vote. In the state legislative elections held simultaneously, the CPI(M) emerged as a major party in Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala, a United Front government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad was formed.{{efn|In Kerala the United Front consisted, at the time of the election, of Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India, the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]], the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], the [[Karshaka Thozhilali Party]] and the [[Kerala Socialist Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/political.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060805205314/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/political.htm |archive-date=5 August 2006}}</ref>}} In West Bengal, the CPI(M) was the main force behind the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government formed. The Chief Ministership was given to [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] of the [[Bangla Congress]] (a regional splinter group of the Indian National Congress).

=== 1971 general election ===
With the backdrop of the Bangladesh War and the emerging role of [[Indira Gandhi]] as a populist national leader, the 1971 election to the Lok Sabha was held. The CPI(M) contested 85 seats and won in 25. In total the party mustered 7510089 votes (5.12% of the national vote). 20 of the seats came from West Bengal (including [[Somnath Chatterjee]], elected from Burdwan), two from Kerala (including A.K. Gopalan, elected from Palakkad), two from Tripura (Biren Dutta and [[Dasarath Deb]]) and one from Andhra Pradesh.<ref group="e">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182735/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |url-status=dead |title=ECI: Statistical Report on the 1971 Lok Sabha Election |archive-date=16 June 2007}}</ref>

In the same year, state legislative elections were held in three states; West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and [[Odisha]]. In West Bengal CPI(M), had 241 candidates, winning 113 seats. In total the party mustered 4241557 votes (32.86% of the statewide vote). In Tamil Nadu CPI(M), contested 37 seats but won none of them, obtaining 259298 votes (1.65% of the statewide vote). In Odisha, the party contested 11 seats and won in two. The CPI(M) vote in the state was 52785 (1.2% of the statewide vote).<ref group="e">[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_OR_71.pdf ECI: Statistical Report on the 1971 Orissa Legislative Election] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182919/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_OR_71.pdf |date=16 June 2007}}, [http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf ECI: Statistical Report on the 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Election] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616183041/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf |date=16 June 2007}}, [http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf ECI: Statistical Report on the 1971 West Bengal Legislative Election] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182944/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |date=16 June 2007}}</ref>

[[File:The Kerala State Committee Office, Thiruvananthapuram 09 16 26 527000.jpeg|thumb|Election symbol of CPIM]]

=== 1977 general election ===
In the 1977 Lok Sabha election, the CPI(M) fielded its candidates on 53 seats scattered around in 14 states and union territories of India. It won 4.29% of the average votes polled in this election. The party had won 17 seats from West Bengal, three from Maharashtra, and one each from Odisha and Punjab. This election was done shortly after the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi and reflected a wide uproar of masses against her draconian rule. A coalition of Opposition parties was formed against the Congress regime; CPI(M) too supported this coalition by not fielding its candidates against the Janta Party.<ref group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=1977 general elections ECI Report |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>

=== 1980 general elections ===
The Janta Party coalition did not last long, and two years after its formation India faced the 1980 Lok Sabha election. This election saw an increase in the vote percentage of CPI(M) and the party secured more seats than the previous elections. The Party had contested elections in the 15 states and union territories of India and fielded its candidates on 64 seats. The party had won 37 seats in total. It won 28 seats in West Bengal, seven in Kerala, and two seats in Tripura. The party emerged out as the whole sole representative of the people of Tripura in this election.<ref group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=1980 General Elections ECI Report |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
=== Previous Lok Sabha elections (1984, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2009) ===
=== 2014 Lok Sabha election ===
{{further|List of Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidates in the 2014 Indian general election}}
Nine CPI(M) candidates were elected in the [[2014 Indian general election]], as well as two CPI(M)-supported independents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-results-2014-lefts-performance-in-lok-sabha-polls-sees-drastic-decline/articleshow/35264970.cms|title=Election Results 2014: Left's performance in Lok Sabha polls sees drastic decline|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=17 May 2014 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> This is further down from the previous number of 16. The national vote share of CPI(M) has also shrunk from 5.33% in 2009 to mere 3.28% in 2014. This is a significant 38.5% reduction within a span of five years which is consistent with the overall decline of the left in India.<ref>{{cite report |title=Archive of GE 2009 – Performance of National Parties |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |volume=1 |year=2009 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209173959/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Archive of GE 2014 – Performance of National Parties |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/20%20-%20Performance%20of%20National%20Parties.pdf |year=2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073314/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/20%20-%20Performance%20of%20National%20Parties.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/left-out-rapid-decline-india-communist-parties|title=Left Out: The Rapid Decline of India's Communist Parties Continues|date=24 May 2019 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> CPI(M) did not win a single seat in Tamil Nadu and its seats went down from 9 to 2 in West Bengal where it is being heavily eroded by [[Mamata Banerjee]] governed [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Kerala is the only state where CPI(M) gained one more seat but this is mainly attributed to the splitting of anti-LDF votes between the UDF and emerging NDA. The NDA saw a sharp spike in vote share in decades which came coupled with a sharp decline in UDF votes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/minorityview/sharp-fall-in-the-udf-vote-share-marks-a-turning-point-in-kerala-politics/|title=Sharp fall in the UDF vote share marks a turning point in Kerala politics|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2024 |last=Raghavan |first=Pyaralal }}</ref> Thus, it is assumed that the NDA cut into UDF votes thereby facilitating victory for LDF. This was again mirrored during the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, which saw the NDA getting entry into the State Assembly for the first time as BJP veteran [[O. Rajagopal]] wins the Nemom seat and CPI(M)'s [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] forming the LDF-ruled government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cpim-led-ldf-regains-power-in-kerala-bjp-opens-account/articleshow/52345612.cms|title=CPI(M)-led LDF regains power in Kerala, BJP opens account|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

=== 2019 general election ===
[[File:Indian Marxist graffiti 2004.jpg|thumb|Mural for CPI(M) candidate [[Sujan Chakraborty]] in [[Jadavpur]]]]
The CPI(M) contested on 69 seats nationwide and won three in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. One seat was won in Kerala, where the CPI(M) is leading the state government. Two other seats were won in Tamil Nadu, where the CPI(M) contested within the DMK-led coalition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/all-but-one-left-front-candidates-lose-security-deposit-in-west-bengal/articleshow/69481742.cms |title=All but one Left Front candidates lose security deposit in West Bengal |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
=== 2024 general election===
The CPI(M) contested on 52 seats nationwide and won four in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]]. One seat was won in Kerala, One seat in Rajasthan and two more in Tamil Nadu under the-DMK led coalition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywisewinresultState-547.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Winning Candidate ( Communist Party of India (Marxist) )|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/poll-results-2024-tribal-party-bap-cpi-m-win-one-seat-each-in-rajasthan-124060401363_1.html|title=Poll results 2024: Tribal party BAP, CPI(M) win one seat each in Rajasthan|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

==Presence in states and politics==

{{as of|2025}}, the CPI(M) heads the state government in [[Kerala]]. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] is Chief Minister of Kerala. In [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] it has 2 MLAs and in the Government with [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] coalition led by [[M. K. Stalin]]. The Left Front under CPI(M) governed [[West Bengal]] for an uninterrupted 34 years (1977–2011) and [[Tripura]] for 30 years, including 25 uninterrupted years between 1993 and 2018. The 34 years of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] rule in West Bengal is the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-12-fg-communists12-story.html|title=Communists Lead Kolkata's Capitalist Makeover|date=May 12, 2006|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> CPI(M) currently has three MPs in Lok Sabha. CPI(M)'s highest tally was in 2004 when it got 5.66% of votes polled in and it had 43 MPs. It won 42.31% on an average in the 69 seats it contested. It supported the new Indian National Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] government, but without becoming a part of it. On 9 July 2008, it formally withdrew support from the UPA government explaining this by differences about the Indo-US nuclear deal and the IAEA Safeguards Agreement in particular.<ref>{{cite news |title=Left meets President, hands over letter of withdrawal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807091250.htm |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713070349/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200807091250.htm |archive-date=13 July 2008 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Current government in State legislative assemblies===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; rowspan="2" |Sr No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; rowspan="2" |State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; rowspan="2" |Govt Since
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; colspan="4" |Chief Minister
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; rowspan="2" |Alliance Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; colspan="2" ; rowspan="2" |Parties in Alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; rowspan="2" |Seats in Assembly
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ;|Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ; colspan="2"|Party
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" ;|Party seats
|-
!Colspan="11"|Alliance Government
|-
|rowspan="4"|2
|rowspan="4"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|rowspan="4"|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|7 May 2021]]
|rowspan="4"| [[M. K. Stalin]]
|rowspan="4"style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};|
|rowspan="4"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|rowspan="4"| 133
|rowspan="4" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| INC(18)
|rowspan=4|{{Composition bar|159|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] (4)
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2)
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| CPI(M) (2)
|-
|rowspan="4"|3
|rowspan="4"|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|rowspan="4"|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1 October 2024]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Omar Abdullah]]
|rowspan="4"style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}};|
|rowspan="4"|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|rowspan="4"| 42
|rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| INC(6)
|rowspan=4|{{Composition bar|49|95|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| CPI(M) (1)
|-
|}

===Current seats in State legislative assemblies===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" |Seats won by CPI(M) in [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]]
|-
! State legislative assembly
! Last election
! Contested seats
! Seats won
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Result
! {{Ref.}}
|-
| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| 4
| {{Composition bar|1|243|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background:green;"|
| [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Vignesh|last2=Sen|first2=Sumant|last3=Singaravelu|first3=Naresh|date=2020-11-17|title=Data {{!}} Bihar Assembly election 2020 was the closest in State's history|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-bihar-assembly-election-2020-was-the-closest-in-states-history/article33095576.ece|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 75
| {{Composition bar|26|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};" |
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
| {{no2| Opposition}}
|<ref group="e">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016/|title=Kerala General Legislative Election 2016|website=eci.gov.in|date=20 August 2018|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506000521/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| 1
| {{Composition bar|1|90|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}};" |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| {{yes2| Coalition}}
|
|-
| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| 3
| {{Composition bar|1|288|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background:blue;"|
| [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha – Trends & Result – Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| 7
| {{Composition bar|1|147|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| colspan="2" {{n/a}}
| {{no2|Others}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Odisha Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503185637/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 5
| {{Composition bar|2|234|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
| [[Secular Progressive Alliance]]
| {{no2| Opposition}}
|<ref group="e">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/httpseci.gov.infilesfile13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/10-%20Detailed%20Results.pdf |title=Detailed Result, Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2021 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| 43
| {{Composition bar|10|60|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| style="background:#f00;"|
| [[Secular Democratic Front]]
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|<ref group="e">{{Cite web |title=2023 Tripura assembly elections - Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|}

===Presence in Legislatures, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and local bodies by states or union territories===
====Andhra Pradesh====
{{See also|List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh#CPI/CPM Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh state}}
[[File:Chennamaneni Rajeshwara Rao Young leader.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Chennamaneni Rajeshwara Rao]] in an election rally in 1957.]]
After formation of CPIM, CPIM came victorious in nine seats in [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]], one seat in [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]], eight seats in [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]], five seats in [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]], 11 seats in [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], in six seats in [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]], 15 seats in [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]], two seats in [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]], nine seats in [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] and one seat in [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]].
In [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]], CPIM won in one seat, which subsequently went to [[Telangana]] state. However, in 2019 CPIM won no seats. CPIM came victorious for many times in local body elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cpim-takes-novel-route-to-highlight-condition-of-roads/article36767766.ece/|title = CPI(M) takes novel route to highlight condition of roads|newspaper = The Hindu|date = October 2021|last = Gilai|first = Harish}}</ref> During the 1988 Lok Sabha election, [[Tammineni Veerabhadram]], one of prominent politicians of CPIM, gathered 352,083 votes (39.01%), finishing in second place, becoming the most voted CPI(M) candidate up to then outside of the left strongholds like West Bengal and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014259/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=eci.nic.in}}</ref>

CPIM had MPs in Andhra Pradesh rajyasabha multiple times including [[Moturu Hanumantha Rao|M. Hanumantha Rao]] from 1988 to 1994, [[Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy]] from 1996 to 2002 and [[Penumalli Madhu]] from 2004 to 2010.

====Assam====
CPIM has a moderate presence in [[Assam]] and had run Government in the state once.
CPIM first time entered [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]] by winning 11 seats followed by two seats in [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]], two seats in [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]] and two seats in 1991. In the 1996 elections, CPIM won two seats with 1,76,721 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/1/www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/1/129|title=IndiaVotes AC: Party-wise performance for 1996|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> and along with [[Asom Gana Parishad]] they were in coalition government headed by [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] for 1996–2001.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assam-assembly/assam-assembly-election-cpim-rides-mahajot-for-comeback-in-state-after-15-years/article34470003.ece/|title = Assam Assembly election | CPI(M) rides 'Mahajot' for comeback in State after 15 years|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 3 May 2021}}</ref> But in 2001 elections, it drew blanks. In [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]], the CPI (M) had won two seats. Ananta Deka, Uddhav Barman represented CPIM from Rangia and Sorbhog seats. In [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and in [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]], CPIM drew blanks.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> In [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]], CPIM made a comeback with [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election#Mahajot|Mahajot]] winning one seat from [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]] by a margin of around 10,000 votes.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>. In 2026, CPIM lost its only seat and once again got zero seats in assembly.

In lok sabha from Assam, CPIM first won in 1974 when [[Nurul Huda (CPI(M) politician)|Nurul Huda]] was elected in a by-election in Cachar lok sabha constituency in early 1974 by-elections. He defeated the Indian National Congress candidate and former Minister Mahitosh Purkayastha by a margin of 19,944 votes.<ref name="Lal1978">{{cite book|author=Shiv Lal|title=Elections Under the Janata Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MslAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Election Archives|page=29}}</ref> CPIM had also won one seat in 1980, one seat in 1991 and one seat in 1996.

====Bihar====
CPIM [[Bihar]] has its large roots in the peasant movements by undivided CPI in the state. Communists were actively involved in various movements from the 1920s. [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS) was founded in 1936, which predominantly became active in Bihar. By 1942, AIKS and communists dominated the peasant movement in the country. The members of AIKS or [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] were mostly communists. This created a political and social base for communists in Bihar. [[Sahajanand Saraswati]], [[Karyanand Sharma]], [[Bhogendra Jha]] were most notable leaders of the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142005|jstor = 44142005|title = Peasant Movements and Emergence of Left Politics in Bihar (1920—1945)|last = Pandey|first = S. N.|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year = 1979|volume = 40|pages = 642–652}}</ref> Afterwards Bakasht movement (1946–1952), Madhubani movement, Darbhanga movement mobilised Left politics in the state. Though after 1967, neither CPIM nor CPI(ML), which was formed in 1969, grew as an alternative to CPI until the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145534|jstor = 44145534|title = Peasant Movement and Communist Mobilization in Bihar: A Case Study of Darbhanga (1950–70)|last1 = Chaudhry|first1 = Vandhana|last2 = Chaudhry|first2 = Vandana|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year = 2003|volume = 64|pages = 1074–1082}}</ref>

CPIM won four seats in [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]], three seats in [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]], 18 seats in [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]], four seats in [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]], seats in [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]], one seat in [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]], six seats in [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]], two seats in [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]], two seats in [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]], one seat in [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|February 2005]], and a seat in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October 2005]]. The party drew blanks in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] and [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]; howeverm it did come back in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] elections by winning two seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/left-scores-in-16-out-of-29-seats-in-bihar-cpi-ml-wins-12-of-19/articleshow/79161263.cms |title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha result: Left scores in 16 out of 29 seats in Bihar, CPI-ML wins 12 of 19 | – Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=2020-11-11 |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/grassroot-presence-and-a-natural-alliance-why-the-embattled-left-did-well-in-bihar/543537/?amp|title=Grassroot presence and a 'natural' alliance — why the embattled Left did well in Bihar|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=14 November 2020}}</ref> CPIM fought election in alliance with [[Rastriya Janata Dal]] and fared well. It is also speculated that if more seats were given to the left parties, the election could be won with majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/grassroot-presence-and-a-natural-alliance-why-the-embattled-left-did-well-in-bihar/543537/|title = Grassroot presence and a 'natural' alliance — why the embattled Left did well in Bihar| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

CPIM had representatives in Lok Sabha from Bihar only for three times: [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] and [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]; each year, it won only one Lok Sabha seat. CPIM also has good presence in the panchayats.

CPIM supported [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] to form coalition government in Bihar in August, 2022. However, it did not take part in the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-2-left-parties-not-to-join-government-cpi-still-uncertain/articleshow/93549202.cms|title=Bihar:2 Left-parties to not join coalition, CPI uncertain |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

====Chhattisgarh====
CPIM registered its first victory in polls in the [[Chhattisgarh]] state in the 2019 municipal corporation elections, in which it bagged two wards. Surthi Kuldeep won Bairotil ward and Rajkumari won in Monkre ward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/english/news/national/cpi-m-opens-account-in-chhattisgarh-municipal-elections/1370|title=CPI(M) Opens Account in Chhattisgarh : Municipal Corporation Elections|website=Deshabhimani}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

====Gujarat====
CPIM has a limited presence in [[Gujarat]]. The party never won any Vidhan Sabha or Lok Sabha seat from Gujarat, though a bit number of panchayat seats are often won. But in 2020, CPIM's student wing SFI historically won the elections of [[Central University of Gujarat]], which is considered as a right-wing bastion in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Jan/26/left-dalit-unity-wins-gujarat-central-university-student-polls-as-abvp-loses-all-seats-2094773.html|title=Left-Dalit unity wins Gujarat Central University student polls as ABVP loses all seats|work=The New Indian Express|date=8 January 2020 }}</ref>

====Himachal Pradesh====
CPIM has the presence in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in areas like [[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/cpi-m-wins-theog-assembly-seat-in-himachal-after-24-years/article21832992.ece/|title = CPI (M) wins Theog assembly seat in Himachal after 24 years|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 December 2017|last = Nair|first = Sobhana K.}}</ref> [[Shimla|Shimla city]], [[Theog]] etc. CPIM's student wing [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] has considerably presence in the [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cpim-to-fight-on-30-assembly-seats-in-himachal-pradesh-says-party-leader-4891364/ |title=CPI(M) to fight on 30 Assembly seats in Himachal Pradesh, says party leader |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date= 15 October 2017|access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> CPIM had representatives in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1967 and 1993. In 1993, [[Rakesh Singha]] won from Shimla seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Gaheyx0VLYCSU3gR9JErVI/CPM-scores-first-win-in-Himachal-Pradesh-in-24-years.html |title=CPM scores first win in Himachal Pradesh in 24 years |publisher=Livemint.com |date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> However, CPIM managed to win many seats in the municipal and panchayat elections.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

In 2012, Shimla Municipal Corporation election, CPI(M) won the posts of Mayor and Deputy Mayor in [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]] with a huge majority with a total of 3 seats.<ref>{{cite news |title= Shimla municipal poll: CPI(M) scripts history |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shimla-municipal-poll-cpim-scripts-history/article3465571.ece |website= The Hindu |date= 28 May 2012 |language=en }}</ref>

In 2016, CPIM won 42 seats out of 331 seats contested and received only two district panchayats. In the [[2017 Shimla Municipal Corporation election]], CPI(M) managed to win only one seat despite being a kingmaker in previous elections.

In [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]], CPIM made a comeback in [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] after 24 years by winning [[Theog Assembly constituency|Theog]] assembly seat. Rakesh Singha, a former CPIM Central Committee member won the seat by a margin of 1,983 seats.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> CPIM contested for 14 seats in the election. After the election, the presence in state started to increase.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/cpim-offers-pro-people-alternative/article19970802.ece|title=CPI(M) offers pro-people alternative in HP|website=The Hindu|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2021, panchayat elections, CPIM increased its tally by jumping to 337 seats. 12 zila parishad (ZP) members, 25 panchayat samiti members, 28 panchayat pradhans, 30 vice-pradhans and 242 ward members got elected from CPIM. Also, CPIM candidates got elected for president in 25 panchayats and vice-president in 30 panchayats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2021/0131_pd/hp-local-body-elections-2021-cpim-wins-more-seats-last-time|title = HP: Local Body Elections 2021, CPI(M) Wins More Seats than Last Time | Peoples Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news8plus.com/42-seats-in-2016-and-337-seats-in-2021-cpi-m-wins-in-himachal-pradesh/|title=42 seats in 2016 and 337 seats in 2021: CPI (M) wins in Himachal Pradesh – News8Plus-Realtime Updates on Breaking News & Headlines|date=February 2021}}</ref>

====Karnataka====
CPIM has not won any seat in [[Karnataka]] since 2004. In [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]], CPIM won 1 seat; in [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]], it won 1 seat; in [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]], it won two seats and in [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]], it won two seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].

====Kerala====
{{Further|Communism in Kerala}}
{{See also|Left Democratic Front|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala}}
[[Kerala]] has a strong presence of CPIM and left parties in its politics and society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |title=One of the few places where a communist can still dream |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> CPIM had the most of its electoral success from Kerala after 2011. After [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], it historically formed Government twice breaking the 40 year old political practice of the state. CPIM currently has 62 seats in the assembly.

[[File:Child holding Communist Party of ndia (Marxist) Flag.jpg|thumb|A Child from Kerala holding Communist Party of India (Marxist) Flag]]

In Kerala, the CPIM has pursued a policy of massive investment in poverty alleviation, including the distribution of procurement cards that provide almost free access to basic foodstuffs and the introduction of a minimum wage twice the national average, as well as in education and health. According to geographer Srikumar Chattopadhyay, "The communists also strongly developed the [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] system, the village councils that allow everyone to participate in the development of the state."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pierre Daum |date=March 2022 |title=Kerala: a state of hope for India's Muslims |url=https://www.justicenews.co.in/kerala-a-state-of-hope-for-indias-muslims/ |access-date= |website=justicenews |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Madhya Pradesh====
CPIM has entered in [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] twice. In [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] and [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] CPIM won [[Sirmour Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1993|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html|website=elections.in|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

====Maharashtra====
Currently the party has one representative in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. CPI(M) candidate Comrade Vinod Nikole, an Adivasi leader and CPI(M) Maharashtra State Committee member won the [[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] by a margin of 4,742 votes. As of 2020, he is also the State Secretary and Thane-Palghar District Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU). Notably, the seat was won by CPIM simultaneously from 1978 with just a single exception of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/cpim-holds-ground-in-1-seat-tall-leader-sees-defeat-771002.html|title = CPI(M) holds ground in 1 seat; tall leader sees defeat|date = 25 October 2019}}</ref>

====Manipur====
CPIM never won a single seat in Manipur since the party participated in [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995 Legislative Assembly election]] for the first time in the state. Currently, CPIM is a part of [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]], an alliance led by Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Six-party alliance, including Congress, CPI, Forward Bloc, named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/six-party-alliance-including-congress-cpi-forward-bloc-named-manipur-progressive-secular-alliance/articleshow/89370846.cms|access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref>

====Odisha====
Presently, CPIM has only one representative in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai]].<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

====Punjab====

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Punjab has an eventful history, connected with the state's socio-political landscape and its struggle for workers' rights, agrarian reforms, and social justice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/once-thriving-left-struggling-for-survival/articleshow/89028059.cms|title=Once thriving, Left struggling for survival in Punjab assembly|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> The roots of the CPI(M) in Punjab can be traced back to the early 20th century with the emergence of various revolutionary movements. Two significant organizations that played a crucial role in shaping the communist movement in Punjab were the Gaddar Party, formed in 1913, and the Lal Communist Party, established in 1928. While the Gaddar Party aimed at seeking India's independence from British colonial rule through armed resistance, the Lal Communist Party focused on empowering peasants and labourers through revolutionary means.

After India gained independence in 1947, the Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed through the amalgamation of various leftist groups, including the Lal Communist Party. However, ideological differences within the CPI led to a split, resulting in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M) in 1964. The CPI(M) in Punjab has consistently advocated for land reforms, workers' rights, and social equality. It has garnered support among the rural and urban poor, particularly in areas with a strong agrarian base. The party actively participated in various social and political movements, aiming to uplift the marginalized sections of society and improve their living conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/punjab-communism-bhagat-singh|title=Che, Lenin, Bhagat Singh: How One Man Is Taking Punjab Down Revolutionary Road|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

During the 1980s, Punjab faced a crisis with the rise of the Khalistan movement, seeking a separate Sikh state. The Khalistan movement posed a significant challenge to not only the Indian state but also to Punjab. During this period, the CPI(M) opposed the Khalistan movement and stood for a united India. In the late 1990s, the CPI(M) faced internal divisions, leading to a significant split. One prominent faction led by Mangat Ram Pasla formed a new party called the Communist Party of Marxist (CPM) in Punjab, pursuing its own ideological path. This internal rift had an impact on the party's organizational structure and electoral presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/left-out-300380|title=Left out|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

Over the years, the CPI(M) experienced a waning presence on the electoral front in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Once thriving, Left struggling for survival in Punjab assembly polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/once-thriving-left-struggling-for-survival/articleshow/89028059.cms |website=The Times of India |date=21 January 2022}}</ref> The changing political dynamics, rise of regional parties, and the diminishing appeal of communist ideology in a globalized world contributed to its reduced influence in electoral politics. Despite the challenges, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in Punjab continues to be active in advocating for workers' and peasants' rights and participating in social and political movements. Its history reflects the complexities of Punjab's political landscape and its contribution to the larger communist movement in India.

====Rajasthan====
In the 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, CPIM secured three seats from Anupgarh, Dhod and Danta Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cpm-betters-performance-wins-three-seats/articleshow/3815463.cms|title=CPM betters performance, wins three seats|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Along with six other parties, CPIM formed [[Loktantrik Morcha (Rajasthan)|Loktantrik Morcha]] in 2013. However, CPIM could not win any seats in the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 Legislative Assembly election]]. The party made a comeback in the state by winning two seats out 28 seats they contested in the 2018 Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2018-cpi-m-set-to-win-two-seats-in-rajasthan/story-henSX1BX5k3cixpTA5HQHL.html|title=Rajasthan assembly election results 2018: CPI(M) set to win two seats in Rajasthan|work=Hindustan Times |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====
[[File:Keezhvenmani martyrs memorial building opening (14).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Members of CPI(M) Tamil Nadu during an inauguration ceremony of a building]]
CPIM, as a part of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] front in [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], won 15 seats.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1989 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf
| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref> In [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]], CPIM was the part of the alliance led by DMK. The party contested in 13 seats and won 9 seats. In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|next election]], CPIM joined [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] coalition and won 10 seats out of the 12 seats they contested. But the party was unable to secure any seat in [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]].<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly Trends & Results 2016|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124073713/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election]], CPIM won two seats from [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] and [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coimbatore-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-p-r-natarajan-of-cpi-m-wins-the-ls-seat/articleshow/69478728.cms|title=Coimbatore Election Result 2019: P R Natarajan of CPI (M) wins the LS seat|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> In [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], CPIM made a comeback by winning two seats. In 2022, CPI(M) won many seats in the municipal corporation elections. T. Nagarajan of CPI(M) got the post of Deputy Mayor in [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai/article65186849.ece|title=T. Nagarajan is CPI (M) candidate for Madurai Deputy Mayor|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

====Telangana====
In 2014, CPIM won in one seat in [[Andhra Pradesh]], which subsequently went to [[Telangana|Telangana state]]. However, in 2018 election CPIM won no seats. In 2022 [[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]] by-election, CPIM supported the candidate fielded by [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]. In [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|2023]], CPIM allianced with [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] to contest election, but didn't.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Left, TRS will contest next polls together: Telangana CPM secretary Tammineni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/nov/14/left-trs-will-contest-next-polls-together-tammineni-2518017.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

====Tripura====
{{See also|Left Front (Tripura)}}

====West Bengal====
{{See also|Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal}}

==State legislative assembly election results ==
===Andhra Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|43,012
|0.13
|175
|{{Composition bar|0|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|—
|{{Decrease}}0.19%
|—
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] 
|1,01,071
|0.32%
|175
|{{Composition bar|0|7|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{decrease}}0.52
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] 
|4,07,376
|0.84%
|175
|{{Composition bar|1|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}}0.59
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] 
|6,03,407
|1.43%
|294
|{{Composition bar|1|18|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|{{decrease}} 0.49
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] 
|6,56,721
|1.84%
|294
|{{Composition bar|9|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|{{increase}} 0.14
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] 
|5,67,761
|1.70%
|294
|{{Composition bar|2|48|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|{{decrease}} 1.26
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] 
|9,23,204
|2.96%
|294
|{{Composition bar|15|16|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|{{increase}} 0.50
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] 
|7,07,686
|2.96%
|294
|{{Composition bar|6|15|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|{{increase}} 0.15
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] 
|5,30,349
|2.69%
|294
|{{Composition bar|11|11|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|{{increase}} 0.20
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===Assam===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]] 
|
|
|126
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] 
|160,758
|0.84%
|126
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{increase}} 0.29
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] 
|93,506
|0.55%
|126
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===Bihar===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|302,974
|0.61%
|243
|{{Composition bar|1|4|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 1
|{{decrease}}0.04%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] 
|274,155
|0.65%
|243
|{{Composition bar|2|4|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{increase}}0.04%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] 
|232,149
|0.61%
|243
|{{Composition bar|0|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 0.21
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===Gujarat===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]] 
|10,647
|0.03%
|182
|{{Composition bar|0|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 0.01%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Haryana===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
![[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
!34,373
!0.25%
!90
!{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
!—
!{{Increase}}0.18%
!—
|-
|}
===Himachal Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] 
|27,812
|0.66%
|68
|{{Composition bar|0|11|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{decrease}} 0.81%
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] 
|55,558
|1.5%
|68
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{decrease}} 0.1%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Jammu and Kashmir===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|33,634
|0.6%
|90
|{{Composition bar|1|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
!-
|{{increase}}0.1%
|{{Yes2|Coalition}}
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|24,017
|0.5%
|87
|{{Composition bar|1|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|—
|{{Decrease}}0.3%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

===Kerala===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]] 
|
|
|140
|{{Composition bar|26|75|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 36
|
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]] 
|5,288,502
|25.38%
|140
|{{Composition bar|62|77|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|{{decrease}} 1.14%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] 
|5,365,472
|26.7%
|140
|{{Composition bar|59|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 14
|{{decrease}} 1.48
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] 
|4,921,354
|28.18%
|140
|{{Composition bar|45|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 16
|{{decrease}} 2.27
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] 
|4,732,381
|30.45%
|140
|{{Composition bar|61|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 37
|{{increase}} 6.60
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] 
|3,752,976
|23.85%
|140
|{{Composition bar|24|74|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 16
|{{increase}} 2.26
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]] 
|3,078,723
|21.59%
|140
|{{Composition bar|40|62|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|{{increase}} 0.15
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] 
|3,082,354
|21.74%
|140
|{{Composition bar|28|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|{{decrease}} 2.12
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]] 
|2,912,999
|22.86%
|140
|{{Composition bar|38|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|{{increase}} 4.06
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]] 
|1,798,198
|18.80%
|140
|{{Composition bar|26|51|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 9
|{{decrease}} 0.55
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]] 
|1,846,312
|19.35%
|140
|{{Composition bar|35|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|{{decrease}} 2.83
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]] 
|1,946,051
|22.18%
|140
|{{Composition bar|17|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 12
|{{decrease}} 1.65
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]] 
|1,794,213
|23.83%
|140
|{{Composition bar|29|73|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 23
|{{increase}} 0.32
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]] 
|1,476,456
|23.51%
|140
|{{Composition bar|52|59|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|{{increase}} 3.64
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]] 
|1,257,869
|19.87%
|140
|{{Composition bar|40|73|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| New
| New
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===Maharashtra===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] 
|222,277
|0.3%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] 
|204,933
|0.37%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] 
|207,933
|0.39%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 0.21%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] 
|270,052
|0.60%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}}2
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===Odisha===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|93,295
|0.37%
|147
|{{Composition bar|1|7|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|—
|{{Increase}}0.07%
|—
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]] 
|70,119
|0.32%
|147
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] 
|80,274
|0.40%
|147
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Punjab===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] 
|9,503
|0.06%
|117
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Rajasthan===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] 
|382,387
|0.96%
|200
|{{Composition bar|0|17|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{decrease}} 0.24
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] 
|434,210
|1.2%
|200
|{{Composition bar|2|28|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{increase}} 0.33
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] 
|629,002
|0.9%
|200
|{{Composition bar|0|38|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|{{decrease}} 0.7
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Tamil Nadu===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]] 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] 
|3,90,819
|0.85%
|234
|{{Composition bar|2|6|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{increase}} 0.13
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]] 
|3,07,303
|0.72%
|234
|{{Composition bar|0|25|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|{{decrease}} 1.58
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] 
|8,88,364
|2.40%
|234
|{{Composition bar|10|12|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{decrease}} 0.3
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] 
|8,72,674
|2.70%
|234
|{{Composition bar|9|13|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|{{increase}} 0.33
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}

===Telangana===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] 
|52,364
|0.22%
|119
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{decrease}} 0.18%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] 
|91,099
|0.40%
|119
|{{Composition bar|2|28|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}
===Tripura===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] 
|6,22,829
|24.62%
|60
|{{Composition bar|11|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|{{decrease}} 17.6
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] 
|9,93,605
|42.22%
|60
|{{Composition bar|16|57|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 33
|{{decrease}} 5.51
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] 
|10,59,327
|48.11%
|60
|{{Composition bar|49|57|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 3
|{{increase}} 0.01
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] 
|9,03,009
|48.01%
|60
|{{Composition bar|46|56|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 8
|{{increase}} 1.10
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] 
|7,11,119
|46.82%
|60
|{{Composition bar|38|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{increase}} 1.30
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] 
|6,21,804
|45.49%
|60
|{{Composition bar|38|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 6
|{{increase}} 0.80
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] 
|5,99,943
|44.78%
|60
|{{Composition bar|44|51|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|{{decrease}} 0.40
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] 
|5,20,697
|45.82%
|60
|{{Composition bar|26|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 11
|{{increase}} 0.10
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|}
===Uttar Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] 
|5,617
|0.01%
|403
|{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{decrease}} 0.03
|{{n/a}}
|-
|}

===West Bengal===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=8|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]] 
|2,837,276
|4.73%
|294
|{{Composition bar|0|136|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 26
|{{decrease}} 15.02
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] 
|10,802,058
|19.75%
|294
|{{Composition bar|26|148|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|{{decrease}} 10.35
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] 
|14,330,061
|30.08%
|294
|{{Composition bar|40|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 136
|{{decrease}} 7.05
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] 
|14,652,200
|37.13%
|294
|{{Composition bar|176|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 33
|{{increase}} 0.54
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] 
|13,402,603
|36.59%
|294
|{{Composition bar|143|211|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|{{decrease}} 1.33
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]] 
|13,670,198
|37.16%
|294
|{{Composition bar|153|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 32
|{{increase}} 1.05
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] 
|11,418,822
|36.87%
|294
|{{Composition bar|182|204|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{decrease}} 2.43
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]] 
|10,285,723
|39.12%
|294
|{{Composition bar|187|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 13
|{{increase}} 0.89
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]] 
|8,655,371
|38.49%
|294
|{{Composition bar|174|209|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{increase}} 3.03
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]] 
|5,080,828
|35.46%
|294
|{{Composition bar|178|224|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 164
|{{increase}} 8.01
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}

== Indian Presidential elections==
=== 2002 presidential election ===
In the 2002 Presidential election, Left Front announced Captain [[Lakshmi Sehgal]] as its presidential candidate. Against her was the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s candidate [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="the_hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/06/15/stories/2002061504230100.htm |title=Left parties to field Lakshmi Sahgal |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 June 2002 |access-date=29 June 2012 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109014435/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/06/15/stories/2002061504230100.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> CPI(M)'s leadership announced that in form of Captain Lakshmi, they were fielding an 'Alternative Candidate'. They said that though it was clear that Captain Lakshmi could not become president because of the opposition of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) and the [[Indian National Congress]] to her, yet through this Presidential Election, the Left wished to raise key national issues and make them heard by the masses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pd.cpim.org/2002/july07/07072002_lakshmi_q&a.htm |title=question & answer on the election |work=cpim.org |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406213248/http://pd.cpim.org/2002/july07/07072002_lakshmi_q%26a.htm |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Captain Lakshmi herself pointed out that this Presidential election reflected the opposition of the Indian Left to the communal-sectarian politics of BJP, and the Left's solidarity with the religious minorities who had suffered greatly under the NDA's leadership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pd.cpim.org/2002/june23/06232002_lakshmi_interview.htm |title=interview with lakshmi sahgal |work=cpim.org |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725201958/http://pd.cpim.org/2002/june23/06232002_lakshmi_interview.htm |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2012 Presidential election ===
While CPI(M) supported [[Pranab Mukherjee]] as presidential candidate in [[2012 Indian presidential election|2012 presidential election]], it was in favour of a non-Congress candidate for the post of the [[Vice-President of India|Vice-President]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cpim-favours-noncongress-candidate-for-vp-post-prakash-karat/973500/ |title=CPI(M) favours non-Congress candidate for VP post: Prakash Karat |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317222928/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cpim-favours-noncongress-candidate-for-vp-post-prakash-karat/973500/ |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of chief ministers from CPI(M) ==
{{main|List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
| style="background:#FFE6E6;"| {{dagger|alt=Current Chief Minister of the State}}
| Denotes the person is the incumbent chief minister
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
!style="background:#FAA0A0"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Name
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Portrait
!colspan="2" style="background:#FAA0A0" | Term of office
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Days in office
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FAA0A0"| [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Kerala]]
|-
| 1
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|[[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|100px|alt=A portrait of E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]
| 6 March 1967
| 1 November 1969
| 2 years 240 days
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2
| rowspan="3" | [[E. K. Nayanar]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg|100px]]
| 25 January 1980
| 20 October 1981
| rowspan="3"|10 years 353 days
|-
|26 March 1987
|23 June 1991
|-
|20 May 1996
|16 May 2001
|-
| 3
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|[[File:Vs achutanandann.jpg|100px|A photograph of V.S. Achutanandan]]
| 18 May 2006
| 17 May 2011
| 4 years 364 days
|- scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe6e6;"
| rowspan="2"|4
| rowspan="2"| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|100px]]
| 25 May 2016
| 20 May 2021
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2016|5|25}}
|- scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffe6e6;"
| 20 May 2021
| 4 May 2026
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FAA0A0"| [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Tripura]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="2"| [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Nripen Chakraborty.jpg|100px]]
| 5 January 1978
| 4 February 1983
| rowspan="2"|10 years 31 days
|-
|5 February 1983
|5 February 1988
|-
| 2
| [[Dasarath Deb]]
|[[File:Dasarathdeb160*150.jpg|100px|]]
| 10 April 1993
| 11 March 1998
| 4 years, 335 days
|-
| rowspan="4"| 3
| rowspan="4"| [[Manik Sarkar]]
| rowspan="4"|[[File:Manik Sarkar Official Portrait.jpg|100px]]
| 11 March 1998
| 26 February 2003
| rowspan="4"|19 years 363 days

|-
|27 February 2003
|23 February 2008
|-
|24 February 2008
|14 February 2013
|-
|15 February 2013
|8 March 2018
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#FAA0A0"|[[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1
| rowspan="5"| [[Jyoti Basu]]
| rowspan="5"|[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|100px]]
| 21 June 1977
| 23 May 1982
| rowspan="5"|23 years 137 days
|-
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|29 March 1987
|-
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|18 June 1991
|-
|19 June 1991
|15 May 1996
|-
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|5 November 2000
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3"| [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2006.jpg|100px]]
| 6 November 2000
| 14 May 2001
| rowspan="3"|{{Ayd|6 November 2000|20 May 2011}}
|-
|15 May 2001
|17 May 2006
|-
|18 May 2006
|20 May 2011
|}

== List of Rajya Sabha members ==
{{see also|List of Rajya Sabha members}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#FAA0A0" |Current [[Rajya Sabha]] members from CPI(M)
|-
! Name
! State
! Appointment date
! Retirement date
|-
|'''[[John Brittas]]'''
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts|4 April 2021}}
|{{dts|23 April 2027}}
|-
|[[V. Sivadasan]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts|24 April 2021}}
|{{dts|23 April 2027}}
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|[[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]]
|[[Kerala]]
|{{dts| 3 April 2022}}
|{{dts|2 April 2028}}
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|}
* '''Bold''' indicates CPI(M) leader in Rajya Sabha

== List of Lok Sabha members ==
{{see also|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
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! colspan="3" style="background:#FAA0A0" |Current [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|18th]]) members from CPI(M)
|-
! Name
! Constituency
! State
|-
|'''[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]'''
|[[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[R. Sachithanantham]]
|[[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
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|[[S. Venkatesan]]
|[[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
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*

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A large number of parties have been formed as a result of splits from the CPI(M), such as
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]]
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* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag|CPI(ML)RF]]
* [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]
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* [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|PDS]] in West Bengal,
* [[Odisha Communist Party|OCP]] in [[Odisha]]
* [[Communist Marxist Party|CMP(J)]] in Kerala
* [[Janganotantrik Morcha]] in Tripura
* Lok Sangharsh Morcha in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Politics|Communism|Socialism|Organized Labour}}
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]
* [[List of communist parties]]
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
* [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]]
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
* [[Left Front (Tripura)]]
* [[Politics of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{reflist|30em}}
;Election reports
{{reflist|30em|group=e}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Basu |first=Jyoti |author-link=Jyoti Basu |title=Memoirs – A Political Autobiography |location=[[Calcutta]] |publisher=National Book Agency |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Basu |first=Pradip |title=Towards Naxalbari (1953–1967) – An Account of Inner-Party Ideological Struggle |location=Calcutta |publisher=Progressive Publishers |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Shanti Shekar |title=A Brief Note on the Contents of Documents of the Communist Movement in India |year=2005 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata}}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=M.V.S. Koteswara |title=Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Prajasakti Book House |year=2003}}.
{{refend}}

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M. F. Husain

2026-05-07T10:24:24Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting A Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian artist (1915–2011)}}
{{for-multi|the Pakistani soldier|Maqbool Hussain|the Bandaleshi politician|Maqbool Hossain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = M. F. Husain
| image = MFHussain2.jpg
| caption = Husain in 2010
| birth_name = Maqbool Fida Husain
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|09|17}}
| birth_place = [[Pandharpur]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|6|9|1915|11|29}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| field = [[Painting]]
| training = [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| movement = [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]
| works = ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'' ''[[Through the Eyes of a Painter]]''
| patrons =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1973) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1991)
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament]] [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 1986
| term_end1 = 11 May 1992
}}
| children = 6, including [[Owais Husain]] and [[Shamshad Hussain]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Fazila Bibi|1941|1998|reason=died}}
}}

'''Maqbool Fida Husain''' (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011) was an Indian painter and film director who painted [[narrative painting]]s in a modified [[Cubism|Cubist style]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=M.F. Husain |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-F-Husain |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728114954/https://www.britannica.com/biography/M-F-Husain |archive-date=28 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the founding members of [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]], Husain is associated with Indian [[modernism]] in the 1940s. His early association with the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group used modern technique, and was inspired by the "new" India after [[Partition of India|the partition]] of 1947. His narrative paintings, executed in a modified [[Cubist]] style, can be caustic and funny as well as serious and sombre. His themes—sometimes treated in series—included topics as diverse as [[Mohandas K. Gandhi|Gandhi]], [[Mother Teresa]], the [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharata]], the [[British Raj]], and motifs of Indian urban and rural life. In September 2020, his painting titled ''Voices'', auctioned for a record $2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 2020|title=MF Husain painting auctioned for ₹18.5cr|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mf-husain-painting-auctioned-for-18-5cr/story-DcBhcdhDD9HUohB7vjNoCM.html|access-date=9 July 2021|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mf-husain-painting-auctioned-for-18-5cr/story-DcBhcdhDD9HUohB7vjNoCM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Husain's later works have stirred controversy, which included [[Nude art|nude portrayals]] of [[Hindu deities]], and a nude portrayal of [[Bharat Mata]]. Right-wing organisations called for his arrest, and several lawsuits were filed against him for hurting religious sentiments. He remained in a self imposed exile from 2006 until his death in 2011, accepting [[Qatar]]i citizenship in 2010.

In 1967, he received the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|National Film Award for Best Experimental Film]] for ''[[Through the Eyes of a Painter]]''.<ref name="15thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231524/http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, he directed ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'', a film he worked on with his artist son [[Owais Husain]], which was screened in the Marché du film section of the [[2004 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/meenaxi-tale-of-3-cities-screened-at-cannes/223181|title=Meenaxi: Tale of 3 cities screened at Cannes|website=Outlookindia.com/|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108130154/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/meenaxi-tale-of-3-cities-screened-at-cannes/223181|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Bombay Progressive Artists Group.jpg|thumb|Husain (first from left) with the other members of the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group|Bombay Progressive Artists Group]]]]
[[File:M. F. Husain in 1956.png|thumb|M. F. Husain in 1956]]
Maqbool Fida Husain<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/m-f-husain-the-master-s-last-works-1554464016997.html|title=M.F. Husain: the master's last works|last=Iyengar|first=Radhika|date=6 April 2019|website=[[Livemint]]|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527184625/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/m-f-husain-the-master-s-last-works-1554464016997.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was born on 17 September 1915 in [[Pandharpur]], [[Bombay Province]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/m-f-hussain.html|title=M. F. Hussain Biography – Paintings, Life History, Achievements, Facts|website=Culturalindia.net|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214038/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/m-f-hussain.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://caravanmagazine.in/essay/understanding-husain|title=Understanding Husain|date=3 May 2012|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630100228/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/essay/understanding-husain|url-status=live}}</ref> in a [[Suleymani Bohra]] family. He picked up taste in art through studying calligraphy while he stayed at a Madrasa in [[Baroda]].<ref name=gulf2/> Husain attended the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]] in [[Mumbai]] but couldn't finish his schooling.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar |first1=Anu |title=JJ Institute: 150 years of lettering the poor |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990109/00950535.html |work=Indian Express |date=9 January 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526071758/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990109/00950535.html |archive-date=26 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early in his career, Husain painted cinema posters in [[Mumbai]]. To earn additional income, he worked for a toy company designing and building toys. He often travelled to [[Gujarat]] to paint landscapes whenever he could afford to travel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Divya |first=Ramachandran |date=10 March 2018 |title=Decoding MF Husain |url=https://divyaramachandran.medium.com/decoding-mf-husain-7ec8f16364bd |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=medium.com |publisher=Medium |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220061703/https://divyaramachandran.medium.com/decoding-mf-husain-7ec8f16364bd |url-status=live }}</ref>

Husain developed his painting skills in the 1930s, painting billboards for the growing [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/arts/design/m-f-husains-modern-india-at-the-art-institute-of-chicago.html|title=M. F. Husain's Modern India at the Art Institute of Chicago|last=Mcdermon|first=Daniel|date=5 July 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 July 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214038/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/arts/design/m-f-husains-modern-india-at-the-art-institute-of-chicago.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was a clique of young artists who wished to break with the nationalist traditions established by the [[Bengal school of art]] and to encourage an Indian avant-garde, engaged at an international level. In 1934,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/history-culture-news/barefoot-m-f-hussain-remained-indian-even-in-exile-5885.html|title=Barefoot M F Hussain remained Indian even in exile|website=Awazthevoice.in|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214039/https://www.awazthevoice.in/history-culture-news/barefoot-m-f-hussain-remained-indian-even-in-exile-5885.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he sold his first painting for 10 rupees on the roadside.<ref name="auto"/> Husain's father, who was an accountant, wanted him to get into business.

The artists cite "The Partition" of India and Pakistan 14 August 1947, with its resulting religious rioting and heavy loss of life as their reason for forming The Progressive Artist's Group in Bombay in December 1947. The artists saw the Partition as a "turning point" for India, and their new style of art was urged on by, and was also a turning point for, (modern) Indian Art.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=progressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview&iid=29&articleid=800|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214145023/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=progressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview&iid=29&articleid=800|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 December 2013|title=Progressive Artists Group of Bombay: An Overview|website=Artnewsnviews.com|access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> Husain's first solo art exhibition was in 1952 in [[Zürich]].<ref name="contemporaryindianart.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/m_f_husain.htm|title=M.F. Husain|website=Contemporaryindianart.com|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523073033/http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/m_f_husain.htm|archive-date=23 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> His first U.S. exhibit was at India House in New York City in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aestheticamagazine.com/m-f-husain-master-modern-indian-painting-va-london|title=Aesthetica Magazine – M.F. Husain: Master of Modern Indian Painting, V&A, London|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214047/https://aestheticamagazine.com/m-f-husain-master-modern-indian-painting-va-london/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/Painter/MF-HUSAIN.html|title=List of Famous Indian Personalities, Great Persons in India|website=Indiaonline.in|access-date=24 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Husain was a special invitee along with [[Pablo Picasso]] at the [[São Paulo Biennial]], Brazil in 1971. He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gktoday.in/topic/maqbool-fida-husain/|title=Maqbool Fida Husain|website=Gktoday.in|date=17 December 2013 |access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214039/https://www.gktoday.in/topic/maqbool-fida-husain/|url-status=live}}</ref> He married Fazila Bibi (d. 1998) in 1941, they had six children: four sons (including artists [[Shamshad Hussain|Shamshad]] and [[Owais Husain|Owais]]) and two daughters - Raisa, his muse and an actress and costume designer in his films and Aqueela, his muse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Women have been artist M.F. Husain's eternal muse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20051003-women-have-been-artist-mf-husain-eternal-muse-786937-2005-10-02 |access-date= |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213151119/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20051003-women-have-been-artist-mf-husain-eternal-muse-786937-2005-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1990–2005===
Although he was raised in a Muslim household, Husain sought freedom to capture the essence of beauty in other religious cultures, for which he received a backlash.<ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/01/mf-husain-barefoot-picasso-indian-art-civilization|title=MF Husain: the barefoot 'Picasso' of Indian art|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=1 June 2014|work=The Observer|access-date=23 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214037/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/01/mf-husain-barefoot-picasso-indian-art-civilization|url-status=live}}</ref> His paintings allegedly hurt the religious sentiments of [[Hindutva#Cultural nationalism|Hindus]], which beginning in the 1990s mounted a campaign of protest against him.<ref name=nytimes/> The paintings in question were created in 1970, but did not become an issue until 1996, when they were printed in ''Vichar Mimansa'', a [[Hindi]] monthly magazine, which published them in an article headlined "M.F. Husain: A Painter or Butcher".<ref name=nytimes/> In response, eight criminal complaints were filed against him. In 2004, [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed these complaints of "promoting enmity between different groups ... by painting [[Hindu]] goddesses – Durga and Sarswati, that was later compromised by [[Hindu]] fundamentalist groups."<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi HC dismisses complaints against M.F. Husain|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/04/09/stories/2004040904231400.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 April 2004|access-date=22 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223055340/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/04/09/stories/2004040904231400.htm|archive-date=23 February 2007|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 1998 Husain's house was attacked by Hindu fundamentalist groups like [[Bajrang Dal]] and art works were vandalised. The leadership of another fundamentalist political party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] endorsed the attack. Twenty-six [[Bajrang Dal]] activists were arrested by the police.<ref>{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=R.|title=Assault on art|url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl1510/15100210.htm|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=22 May 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714034825/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1510/15100210.htm|archive-date=14 July 2006}}</ref> Protests against Husain also led to the closure of an exhibition in [[England]].

He appeared in a scene in film ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]'', which had [[Madhuri Dixit]] in lead role (who was his [[Artistic inspiration|muse]] and the subject of a series of his paintings which he signed ''Fida''). In the film, the paintings that were supposedly done by Madhuri were actually Husain's.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/168469/reema-nath-made-husain-act.html |title=Reema Nath made Husain act in 'Mohabbat' |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=13 June 2011 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214044/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/168469/reema-nath-made-husain-act.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also directed several films, including ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' (2000). The film was intended as a tribute to Ms. Dixit herself.<ref name="muse">{{cite web|title=youtube.com|work=The work of the muse|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aOqSTkZw7I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/5aOqSTkZw7I| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=12 December 2006}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In this film she can be seen portraying various forms and manifestations of womanhood including the muse of [[Kalidasa]], the [[Mona Lisa]], a rebel, and musical euphoria. He went on to make ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'' (with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]). The film was pulled out of cinemas a day after some [[Muslim]] organisations raised objections to one of the songs in it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Shiv|title=Husain pulls Meenaxi out of theatres|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040417/nation.htm#8|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=16 April 2004|access-date=16 May 2007|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324075630/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040417/nation.htm#8|url-status=live}}</ref> The All-India Ulema Council complained that the [[Qawwali]] song "[[Meenaxi (Soundtrack)|Noor-un-Ala-Noor]]" was blasphemous. It argued that the song contained words directly taken from the [[Quran]]. The council was supported by [[Muslim]] organisations like the Milli Council, All-India Muslim Council, Raza Academy, Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind and Jamat-e-Islami. Husain's son stated that the words were a phrase referring to divine beauty that were being sung by the central character played by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. He said there was no intention to offend. Following the wave of protests the enraged artist withdrew his movie from cinemas. The film was well received by the critics, however, and went on to win various awards.

===2006–2011===
In February 2006, Husain was charged with "hurting sentiments of people" because of his nude portraits of [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07nude.htm|title=M F Husain booked for his paintings of nude gods|date=7 February 2006|work=Rediff|access-date=6 September 2019|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214044/https://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07nude.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, on 6 February 2006 issue, ''[[India Today]]'', a national English weekly published an advertisement titled "Art For Mission Kashmir". This advertisement contains a painting of {Bharatmata} (Mother India) as a nude woman posed across a map of India with the names of Indian States on various parts of her body. The exhibition was organised by [[Nafisa Ali]] of Action India – an (NGO) and Apparao Art Gallery. Organisations like VHP protested persistently against Husain displaying the painting on the websites and even in exhibitions in north Europe. As a result, Husain apologised and promised to withdraw the painting from an auction, though it later sold for Rs 80 lakh.<ref>{{cite news|title=MF Hussain apologises for obscene paintings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-07/india/27814790_1_hjs-m-f-hussain-noted-painter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222049/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-07/india/27814790_1_hjs-m-f-hussain-noted-painter|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2006|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HJS lodges FIR against Nafisa Ali for selling Hussain's art|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|date=10 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204065111/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|archive-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> The painting later appeared on Husain's official website. Husain claims that the loss of his mother at the age of a year and a half is a possible reason for his pattern of paintings depicting a maternal Indian figure.<ref name="The Guardian" />

Husain became the best-paid painter in India, his highest-selling piece fetching $1.6 million at a 2008 [[Christie's]] auction.<ref name=welllived>{{cite news|last=Mittra|first=Anwesha|title=MF Husain: A life well lived|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/MF-Husain-A-life-well-lived/articleshow/8789486.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/people/29637678_1_gaja-gamini-mf-husain-painter|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jana|first=Reena|title=The Late M.F. Husain, Already an Icon of Indian Art, Becomes a Market Darling|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/846892/the-late-mf-husain-already-an-icon-of-indian-art-becomes-a|newspaper=[[Art+Auction]]|date=11 December 2012|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214039/http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/846892/the-late-mf-husain-already-an-icon-of-indian-art-becomes-a|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Hundreds of lawsuits in connection with Husain's allegedly obscene art were outstanding as of 2007.<ref name=prop>{{cite news|title=Husain's property: SC issues stay order|url=http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=8 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215193355/http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|archive-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> A warrant was issued for his arrest after he did not appear at a hearing, though this warrant was later suspended.<ref name=prop/><ref name=ndtvmfhussain>{{cite news|title=MF Husain, a self-taught artist|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29638271_1_hindu-gods-hindu-groups-mf-husain|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29638271_1_hindu-gods-hindu-groups-mf-husain|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="iht.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=445526 |title=India's Supreme Court suspends arrest warrant for artist M.F. Husain |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Taiwan News]] |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125232951/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=445526 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Husain lived in self-imposed exile from 2006 until his death.<ref name=ndtvmfhussain/> He generally lived in [[Doha]] and summered in London.<ref name=qnationality>{{cite news|last=Ram|first=N.|title=M.F. Husain gets Qatar nationality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article113018.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 February 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225014513/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/M.F.-Husain-gets-Qatar-nationality/article16550218.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> For the last years of his life Husain lived in Doha and London, staying away from India, but expressing a strong desire to return,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Husain-applies-for-Overseas-Citizen-of-India-card/article16550401.ece|title=Husain applies for Overseas Citizen of India card|date=9 March 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 November 2019|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Husain-applies-for-Overseas-Citizen-of-India-card/article16550401.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> despite fears of being prosecuted.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1095086|title=Police attach MF Husain's property in Mumbai|date=6 May 2007|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=9 May 2007|archive-date=27 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127205435/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1095086|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008 Husain was commissioned to create 32 large-scale paintings of Indian history. He finished 8 before his death.<ref name=":0" /> In 2010, he was conferred Qatari citizenship, and surrendered his Indian passport; though he still held an [[Overseas Citizenship of India]].<ref name=intodayhusseindead>{{cite news|title=MF Husain dead at 95|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/celebrated-painter-m-f-husain-dead-135314-2011-06-08|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=9 June 2011|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090031/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/celebrated-painter-m-f-husain-dead/1/140914.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Has India lost its Husain forever?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/has-india-lost-its-husain-forever-16825|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=25 February 2010|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007155910/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/has-india-lost-its-husain-forever-16825|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=Vani |date=April 2010 |title=Maqbool Fida Husain: Art is ahead of its time |url=https://ummon.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/t-qataraprilmayhusain.pdf |website=Qatar Today |quote= |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226033318/https://ummon.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/t-qataraprilmayhusain.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In [[Qatar]], he principally worked on two large projects, one on the history of [[Arab]] civilisation, commissioned by Qatar's first lady, [[Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned]], and one on the history of Indian civilisation.<ref name=qnationality/> The works are to be housed in a museum in [[Doha]].<ref name=qnationality/>

At the age of 92 Husain was given the prestigious [[Raja Ravi Varma]] award ([[Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram]]) by the government of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MF Husain selected for Raja Ravi Varma award|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/MF-Hussain-selected-for-Raja-Ravi-Varma-award/Article1-222279.aspx|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=12 May 2007|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/MF-Hussain-selected-for-Raja-Ravi-Varma-award/Article1-222279.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> The announcement led to controversy in [[Kerala]] and some cultural organisations campaigned against the granting of the award and petitioned the [[Kerala]] courts. Social Activist, [[Rahul Easwar]], went to [[Kerala]] High Court and it granted an interim order to stay the granting of the award until the petition had been disposed of.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/14/stories/2007091460170400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920123818/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/14/stories/2007091460170400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2008 |title=High Court restraint on award for M.F. Husain |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 September 2007}}</ref>

In 2010, the Jordanian [[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] named Husain as one of the 500 most influential Muslims.<ref name="InflMusl">{{cite web |url=http://www.rissc.jo/docs/0A-FullVersion-LowRes.pdf |title=The 500 Most Influential Muslims |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303130823/https://rissc.jo/docs/0A-FullVersion-LowRes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:M F Husain Grave Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of M. F. Husain in [[Brookwood Cemetery]] in [[Surrey]], England.]]
Husain died, aged 95, on 9 June 2011, following a heart attack. He had been unwell for several months.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/10/arts/design/maqbool-fida-husain-indias-most-famous-painter-dies-at-95.html|title=Maqbool Fida Husain, Indian Painter, Dies at 95|last=Grimes|first=William|date=9 June 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 November 2019|issn=0362-4331|author-link=William Grimes (journalist)|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214037/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/10/arts/design/maqbool-fida-husain-indias-most-famous-painter-dies-at-95.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's most highly prized artist MF Husain dies aged 95|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13708844|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=9 June 2011|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214038/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13708844|url-status=live}}</ref> He died at the [[Royal Brompton Hospital]] in London, and was buried in [[Brookwood Cemetery]] on 10 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2011/06/09/mf-husain-dies-%E2%80%93-lauded-in-exile-by-india%E2%80%99s-artistic-fraternity/|first=John|last=Elliott|title=MF Husain dies – lauded in exile by India's artistic fraternity|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=9 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418054453/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2011/06/09/mf-husain-dies-%E2%80%93-lauded-in-exile-by-india%E2%80%99s-artistic-fraternity/|archive-date=18 April 2012}}</ref>

Other Indian artists expressed criticism. [[Satish Gujral]] publicly asked Husain whether he would dare to portray Islamic figures similarly.<ref>{{cite news|title=A brush with genius|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm17/A-brush-with-genius/Article1-153431.aspx|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022035103/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm17/A-brush-with-genius/Article1-153431.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> However Gujral stated that he deeply regretted the way Husain was treated and forced into an exile because of what Gujral termed "the mob culture".<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Shekar |title=On the record: 'Husain's exile makes me ashamed of my culture. . . the state hasn't expelled him, mob culture has' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/293365-3.html |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=7 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511140359/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/293365-3.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> And Harsh Goenka, a Mumbai-based industrialist, claims that forcing Husain into exile "is, in a way, showing the weakness of the system, that we cannot protect the rights of the citizen".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/world/asia/09india.html|title=An Artist in Exile Tests India's Democratic Ideals|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=8 November 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 November 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214039/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/world/asia/09india.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'', Chandan Mitra wrote, "As long as such a law exists in the statutes, nobody can be faulted for approaching the courts against Husain's objectionable paintings, nor can the judiciary be pilloried for ordering action against the artist for his persistent and deliberate refusal to appear before the court."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitra |first=Chandan |title=Art for God's sake |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=mitra%2Fmitra250.txt&writer=mitra |access-date=27 September 2007 |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035639/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=mitra%2Fmitra250.txt&writer=mitra |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

In response to the controversy, Husain's admirers petitioned the government to grant Husain the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest award. According to [[Shashi Tharoor]], who supported the petition, it praised Husain because his "life and work are beginning to serve as an allegory for the changing modalities of the secular in modern India – and the challenges that the narrative of the nation holds for many of us. This is the opportune and crucial time to honour him for his dedication and courage to the cultural renaissance of his beloved country."<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|title=Our stories|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/11/26/stories/2006112600090300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203055038/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/11/26/stories/2006112600090300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 November 2006|author-link=Shashi Tharoor}}</ref> Husain had such a vast amount of work that spanned over 10 decades producing roughly 40,000 paintings by the end of his lifetime.<ref name="The Guardian" />

On his part Husain stated that leading [[Hindu]] leaders have not spoken a word against his paintings, and they should have been the first ones to have raised their voice and only people with political intentions created controversy.<ref name=gulf2>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=365512&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |title=I just want to work in peace, says Husain |first=Nahla |last=Nainar |newspaper=[[Gulf Times]] |date=2 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607131252/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=365512&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |archive-date=7 June 2010 }}</ref>

After Husain's death, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] chief [[Bal Thackeray]] said, "He only slipped up on the depiction of [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses. Otherwise, he was happy and content in his field. If his demise is a loss for modern art, then so be it. May Allah give him peace!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Husain only 'slipped up' on depiction of Hindu gods: Bal Thackeray|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2091454.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 June 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221125407/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2091454.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Ambarish|title=Gave up the country, not his obduracy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gave-up-the-country-not-his-obduracy/articleshow/8795224.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-10/india/29642114_1_m-f-husain-sena-leader-raj-thackeray|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 June 2011|agency=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bal Thackeray: MF Husain 'slipped'; Raj: Time to put controversies behind|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bal-thackeray-m-f-husain-slipped-raj-time-to-put-controversies-behind_1552998|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=9 June 2011|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104104/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bal-thackeray-m-f-husain-slipped-raj-time-to-put-controversies-behind_1552998|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Padma Shri]] in 1966, [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/his-death-will-cause-a-void-in-art-creativity-pratibha/article2090331.ece| title=His death will cause a void in art, creativity: Pratibha| newspaper=The Hindu| date=9 June 2011| access-date=23 October 2021| archive-date=28 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928201830/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/his-death-will-cause-a-void-in-art-creativity-pratibha/article2090331.ece| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=M.F. Husain, the bold & prolific artist who started his journey painting movie billboards|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/m-f-husain-the-bold-prolific-artist-who-started-his-journey-painting-movie-billboards/247334/|access-date=9 June 2019|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=9 June 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518033404/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/m-f-husain-the-bold-prolific-artist-who-started-his-journey-painting-movie-billboards/247334/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973, [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1991, [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards" />
*Raja Ravi Varma Award in 2007, [[Government of Kerala]].
*Honorary Doctorates from [[Banaras Hindu University]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}, [[Jamia Millia Islamia University|Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[University of Calicut]] (2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Calicut Former Honorary Degree Recipients |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107134605/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> and [[University of Mysore]].
*National Art Award in 2004, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]].
*[[Aditya Vikram Birla]] ‘Kalashikkar’ Award in 1997 for [[Lifetime Achievement]].
*[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|National Film Award for Best Experimental Film]] for [[Through the Eyes of a Painter]], in 1968 India.
*[[Golden Bear (award)|Golden Bear short film award]] for his film [[Through the Eyes of a Painter]] at [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 1967 and purchased by [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA), New York City.<ref name="www.berninale.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1967/03_preistr_ger_1967/03_Preistraeger_1967.html |title=Prizes and Honours 1967 |publisher=[[Berlin International Film Festival]] |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107164050/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1967/03_preistr_ger_1967/03_Preistraeger_1967.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=M.F. Husain 'Through The Eyes Of A Painter': A chronology|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167512/mf-husain-through-eyes-painter.html|access-date=9 January 2013|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=9 June 2011|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212159/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167512/mf-husain-through-eyes-painter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*International Biennale Award in 1959, Tokyo.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
*First Prize at the National Exhibition of Art in 1955, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
*[[Bombay Art Society]] in 1947, [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archerindia.com/about-m-f-husain |title=M. F. Husain Biography |website=www.archerindia.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526192101/http://www.archerindia.com/about-m-f-husain |archive-date=26 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="4" |Credited as
!
|-
!Director
!Writer
!Actor
!Lyricist
! Notes
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Through the Eyes of a Painter]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
| || Short film; also cinematographer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
| ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Meenaxi: Tale of Three Cities]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}|| Also producer
|-
| 2012 || ''Pehla Sitara''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
| || Additional dialogues only<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/mf-husain-indias-lost-talent-13573/|title=MF Husain: India's lost talent|date=9 June 2011|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|}

==Legacy==
Indian film director Santi P. Choudhury made ''Husain'', a documentary film on his life in 1980.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bijoya Ray|authorlink=Bijoya Ray|title=Manik and I: My Life with Satyajit Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7YadsNfe3QC&pg=PT727|date=1 August 2012|publisher=[[Penguin India]]|isbn=978-81-8475-750-7|page=727}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HUSSAIN |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/hussain |website=filmsdivision.org |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129214042/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/hussain |url-status=dead }}</ref> Choudhury had earlier made another documentary on the artist, ''A Painter Of Our Time: Hussain'', in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Painter Of Our Time: Hussain |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0GhddiOesI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/L0GhddiOesI| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Films Division |language=en |date=17 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Both of these were produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]], for whom Husain himself had earlier made the film ''[[Through the Eyes of a Painter]]''.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |last1=Dang |first1=Gitanjali |title=Don't gag, this comes from Films Division Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dont-gag-this-comes-from-Films-Division-Mumbai/articleshow/15610140.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=23 August 2012 |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130041109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dont-gag-this-comes-from-Films-Division-Mumbai/articleshow/15610140.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 September 2015, search engine [[Google]] commemorated M. F. Husain with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on his birth centenary.<ref name="M. F. Husain's Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=M. F. Husain's 100th Birthday | website=Google | date=17 September 2015 | url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mf-husains-100th-birthday/ | access-date=9 April 2019 | archive-date=15 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215061914/https://doodles.google/doodle/mf-husains-100th-birthday/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

A cyclostyled document titled ‘Ghalib Academy: A Lasting Memorial’ from 31 January 1970 lists the following artists in the collection: [[MF Husain|M. F. Husain]],<ref>{{cite web |title=A historic collection of Indian and Pakistani art is gathering dust in Delhi |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1018752/a-historic-collection-of-indian-and-pakistani-art-is-gathering-dust-in-delhi |website=Scroll.in |language=en |date=8 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081610/https://scroll.in/magazine/1018752/a-historic-collection-of-indian-and-pakistani-art-is-gathering-dust-in-delhi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jayant Parikh]], Nirode Mazumdar, KS Kulkarni, Paritosh Sen, GR Santosh, Rathin Mitra, Laxman Pai, A Ramachandran, Reddeppa Naidu, Biren De, J Sultan Ali, YK Shukla, K Sreenivasulu, Shiavax Chavda and [[Anis Farooqi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghalib Museum {{!}} Museum of India |url=https://shop.museumsofindia.org/index.php/node/363 |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=shop.museumsofindia.org |archive-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811175849/https://shop.museumsofindia.org/index.php/node/363 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, [[Lawh Wa Qalam]], museum dedicated to MF Husain was opened in [[Doha]]'s [[Education City]] with the support of [[Qatar Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2025 |title=MF Husain: New Doha museum Lawh Wa Qalam celebrates Indian art legend |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2em8wpkzkxo |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207033934/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2em8wpkzkxo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Saif |title=MF Husain was forced into exile; now his work finds permanent home in Qatar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/12/5/mf-husain-was-forced-into-exile-now-his-work-finds-permanent-home-in-qatar |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207061727/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/12/5/mf-husain-was-forced-into-exile-now-his-work-finds-permanent-home-in-qatar |url-status=live }}</ref> The architecture of the museum's building is inspired by scetches made by MF Husain himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Selections |date=29 November 2025 |title=Noof Mohamed on Lawh Wa Qalam: M. F. Husain Museum • SELECTIONS ARTS MAGAZINE |url=https://selectionsarts.com/noof-mohamed-on-lawh-wa-qalam/ |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=SELECTIONS ARTS MAGAZINE |language=en-US}}</ref> It is said that the creation of the museum was a promise made to Husain before his death by his friend and patron [[Moza bint Nasser]], chair of the Qatar Foundation and mother of current [[Emir of Qatar|Qatari emir]] [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2025 |title=How MF Husain made a global comeback in 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/the-arts/how-mf-husain-made-a-global-comeback-in-2025/articleshow/125763124.cms |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208153303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/the-arts/how-mf-husain-made-a-global-comeback-in-2025/articleshow/125763124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]]
* [[Cubism]]
* [[Expressionism]]
* [[Bengal School of Art]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.mfhussain.com/ Husain's website]
* [https://lawhwaqalam.org.qa/ Lawh Wa Qalam] - museum dedicated to MF Husain in Doha, Qatar
* {{IMDb name|0403967}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m04pr26 Profile] on [[Google Arts & Culture]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0GhddiOesI Documentary on Husain] by [[Films Division of India]] on [[YouTube]]
* Radio autobiography by [[Prasar Bharati]] Archives: Part [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcMCJ3BoRFg one], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lel6VC4Wzcg two], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9f504XjgcI three] & [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYbfGs7mp5Y four] on YouTube (in [[Hindi]])

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Husain, M F}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Qatar]]
[[Category:Artists from Indore]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Qatar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Muslim artists]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]

Jayant B. Udgaonkar

2026-05-07T06:24:24Z

BaileyMetzler: Stub

{{short description|Indian biochemist, molecular biologist (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jayant B. Udgaonkar
| image = Prof. Jayant B. Udgaonkar.jpg
| native_name = {{Transliteration|mr|Jayanta Udgāṁvakara}}
| native_name_lang = mr
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|03|22}}
| birth_place = Maharashtra
| education = [[IIT Madras]] (MSc)
[[Cornell University]] (PhD)
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] (BSc)
| organization = [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune|IISER Pune]]
| known_for = [[Protein-folding]]
| spouse =
| website = {{URL|https://sites.google.com/acads.iiserpune.ac.in/prof-udgaonkar-lab}}
}}
'''Jayant Bhalchandra Udgaonkar''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Jayanta Udgāṁvakara|dʒəjənt̪ᵊ tʃən̪d̪ɾə ud̪əɡaʊ̃kəɾᵊ}}) is a molecular biologist studying the processes by which a random chain of amino acids stabilises into a functional structure during or after translation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayant B. Udgaonkar - IISER Pune |url=https://www.iiserpune.ac.in/research/department/biology/people/faculty/regular-faculty/jayant-b-udgaonkar/348}}</ref><ref name=felicitation>{{cite web|title=Felicitation Event Honouring Prof. Jayant B. Udgaonkar at IISER Pune |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FytNVG5cvto}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Born on 22 March 1960 to [[Bhalchandra Udgaonkar]], a theoretical physicist, and Suhasini Udgaonkar, a renowned historian, Jayant Udgaonkar studied Chemistry at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] (BSc, 1979) and [[IIT Madras]] (MSc, 1981), and Biochemistry at [[Cornell University]].<ref name="felicitation" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Phondke |first1=Bal |url=http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/data/pdf/bmu/udgaonkar-confe.pdf |title=B.M. Udgaonkar: Eminent Scientist and Educationist |last2=Sheth |first2=Parul R. |last3=Naik-Satam |first3=Suhas |last4=Deshpande |first4=A.P. |date=2007 |publisher=National Center for Science Communication; Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Communication |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="Profile on NCBS">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Profile on NCBS |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/sites/default/files/ju_cvbrief_jan16.pdf |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=National Centre for Biological Sciences}}</ref>

== Protein folding ==

While studying the kinetics of [[acetylcholine receptor]]s in response to the binding of [[ACh]] at [[Stanford University]], he was struck by the structural precision of protein molecules that enabled them to perform highly specialized tasks with extreme precision. Consequently, he focused his attention on the processes that make these structures possible, and what may go wrong in these highly accurate processes. In one of his earliest studies, he found that a certain ''[[hydrophobic collapse]]'' is the first stage in a typical protein folding process. His current work focuses on the formation of [[amyloid]]s.<ref name="Jayant Udgaonkar on Google Scholar">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Jayant Udgaonkar on Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.ae/citations?user=UKyLWOQAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=16 October 2016 |work=Author profile |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref><ref name="Jayant Udgaonkar on ResearchGate">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Jayant Udgaonkar on ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayant_Udgaonkar |access-date=16 October 2016 |work=Author profile}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* Vigyan Shri Award under [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] scheme (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) - 2024 : Final List of Awardees |url=https://awards.gov.in/Home/GoToIndex?filename=Award%2FCommunication%2F202488013634H24ZU2.pdf|website=awards.gov.in |publisher=CASU, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar: Chandrayaan-3 team and 32 others selected for first ever edition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-chandrayaan-3-team-and-32-others-selected-for-first-ever-edition-here-is-full-list/articleshow/112349033.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Economic Times | date=7 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>
* Udgaonkar stood first in the BSc chemistry examinations of the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1979.<ref name="Profile on NCBS" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |title=Early folding intermediate of ribonuclease A. |author=Jayant B Udgaonkar, Robert L Baldwin |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=November 1990 |volume=87 |issue=21 |pages=8197–8201 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.21.8197 |pmc=54922 |pmid=2236032 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.8197U |doi-access=free}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=61106 | title=Jayant Udgaonkar, Ph.D. on Chemistry Tree | publisher=Chemistry Tree | work=Scientist profile | date=2016 | access-date=16 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udgaonkar, Jayant B.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kolkata–Sairang Express

2026-05-03T07:33:48Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kolkata - Sairang Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]]
| first = {{start date and age|2025|09|13}} (Inaugural)
{{start date and age|2025|09|16}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway (ER)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} (KOAA)
| end = [[Sairang railway station|Sairang]] (SANG)
| stops = 26
| distance = {{convert|1485|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Tri- Weekly
| trainnumber = 13125 / 13126
| line_used =
| class = General Unreserved '''''(GS)'''''
Sleeper Class '''''(SL)'''''
AC 3 Tier Class
AC 2 Tier Class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = No electric line from Tufanganj to Sairang [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
| speed = {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| map =
}}
The 13125 / 13126 '''Kolkata–Sairang Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between the capital city [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Sairang Railway Station|Sairang]], the city in [[Aizawl]] District of [[Mizoram]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='Deshpande' |first='Gautam' |title=How tourism in India's land of blue mountains will get a boost soon |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Mondal' |first='Ashish' |date=8 September 2025 |title=Passenger trains to run at speed of up to 100 kmph on Mizoram’s Bairabi–Sairang railway line |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1}}</ref>

It inaugurated on 13 September 2025 via conference by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via video conference.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Siddharth |title=13125/Kolkata - Sairang Express - Kolkata to Sairang ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kolkata-sairang-express-13125/274232/7037/10676 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Service ==
● 13125 Kolkata–Sairang Express has an average speed of 47.40 km/h and covers {{convert|1485|km|abbr=on}} in 31 hrs 20 mins.

● 13126 Sairang–Kolkata Express has an average speed of 47.52 km/h and covers {{convert|1485|km|abbr=on}} in 31 hrs 15 mins.

== Routes and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Kolkata – Sairang Express (13125/13126)'''
|-
! colspan=5 | Kolkata → Sairang (13125)
! colspan=5 | Sairang → Kolkata (13126)
|-
! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arrival !! Departure
! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arrival !! Departure
|-
| 1 || '''{{rws|Kolkata}}''' || 1 || – || 12:25 || 1 || {{rws|Sairang}} || 1 || – || 07:15
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Naihati Junction}} || 1 || 13:00 || 13:02 || 2 || {{rws|Bairabi}} || 1 || 08:03 || 08:05
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Krishnanagar City Junction}} || 1 || 14:28 || 14:30 || 3 || [[Hailakandi]] || 1 || 09:13 || 09:15
|-
| 4 || {{rws|Berhampore Court}} || 1 || 15:28 || 15:30 || 4 || ''{{rws|Badarpur Junction}}'' (Loco Reversal)|| 1 || 10:25 || 10:35
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Murshidabad}} || 1 || 15:40 || 15:42 || 5 || {{rws|New Haflong}} || 1 || 13:10 || 13:15
|-
| 6 || [[Azimganj Junction]] || 1 || 15:55 || 16:00 || 6 || {{rws|Hojai}} || 1 || 16:35 || 16:37
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Jangipur Road}} || 1 || 16:41 || 16:43 || 7 || '''{{rws|Guwahati}}''' || 1 || 19:10 || 19:20
|-
| 8 || {{rws|New Farakka Junction}} || 1 || 17:40 || 17:42 || 8 || {{rws|Kamakhya}} || 1 || 19:35 || 19:40
|-
| 9 || '''{{rws|Malda Town}}''' || 1 || 18:25 || 18:35 || 9 || [[Goalpara]] || 1 || 21:25 || 21:27
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Kishanganj}} || 1 || 20:28 || 20:30 || 10 || [[Abhayapuri]] || 1 || 22:05 || 22:07
|-
| 11 || '''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri}}''' || 1 || 21:40 || 21:50 || 11 || [[Bilasipara]] || 1 || 22:45 || 22:47
|-
| 12 || {{rws|New Cooch Behar}} || 2 || 00:10 || 00:20 || 12 || {{rws|Gauripur}} || 1 || 23:45 || 23:47
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Tufanganj}} || 2 || 00:43 || 00:45 || 13 || {{rws|Golokganj}} || 2 || 00:08 || 00:10
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Golokganj}} || 2 || 01:15 || 01:17 || 14 || {{rws|Tufanganj}} || 2 || 00:35 || 00:37
|-
| 15 || {{rws|Gauripur}} || 2 || 01:50 || 01:52 || 15 || {{rws|New Cooch Behar}} || 2 || 01:30 || 01:40
|-
| 16 || [[Bilasipara]] || 2 || 02:25 || 02:27 || 16 || '''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri}}''' || 2 || 03:50 || 04:00
|-
| 17 || [[Abhayapuri]] || 2 || 03:20 || 03:22 || 17 || {{rws|Kishanganj}} || 2 || 05:06 || 05:08
|-
| 18 || [[Goalpara]] || 2 || 03:55 || 03:57 || 18 || '''{{rws|Malda Town}}''' || 2 || 08:05 || 08:15
|-
| 19 || {{rws|Kamakhya}} || 2 || 05:50 || 05:55 || 19 || {{rws|New Farakka Junction}} || 2 || 08:47 || 08:49
|-
| 20 || '''{{rws|Guwahati}}''' || 2 || 06:30 || 06:40 || 20 || {{rws|Jangipur Road}} || 2 || 09:25 || 09:27
|-
| 21 || {{rws|Hojai}} || 2 || 08:35 || 08:37 || 21 || [[Azimganj Junction]] || 2 || 10:18 || 10:23
|-
| 22 || {{rws|New Haflong}} || 2 || 12:30 || 12:35 || 22 || {{rws|Murshidabad}} || 2 || 10:33 || 10:35
|-
| 23 || ''{{rws|Badarpur Junction}}'' (Loco Reversal) || 2 || 15:35 || 15:45 || 23 || {{rws|Berhampore Court}} || 2 || 10:53 || 10:55
|-
| 24 || [[Hailakandi]] || 2 || 16:50 || 16:52 || 24 || {{rws|Krishnanagar City Junction}} || 2 || 12:08 || 12:10
|-
| 25 || {{rws|Bairabi}} || 2 || 18:18 || 18:20 || 25 || {{rws|Naihati Junction}} || 2 || 13:25 || 13:27
|-
| 26 || {{rws|Sairang}} || 2 || 19:45 || – || 26 || '''{{rws|Kolkata}}''' || 2 || 14:30 || –
|}

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train schedule: Kolkata ↔ Sairang Express
|-
! Train no.
! Station code
! Departure station
! Departure time
! Departure day
! Arrival station
! Arrival time
|-
| 13125
| KOAA
| [[Kolkata]]
| 12:25 PM
| [[Sairang]]
| 19:45 PM
| 31h 20m
|-
| 13126
| SANG
| [[Sairang]]
| 7:15 AM
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2:30 PM
| 31h 15m
|}

== Coach composition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train Coach: Kolkata ↔ Sairang Express
|-
! Sl. No
! General Unreserved
! Sleeper Class
! AC 3rd Class Economy
! AC 3rd Class
! AC 2nd Class
! Engine
|-
| 1.
| 4
| 7
| 2
| 5
| 2
| 1
|}

== Traction ==
it runs end to end by both diesel and electric locomotives together below :
*[[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] - [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]] - [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]]:- Electric [[WAP7]] Loco of [[Sealdah]] Loco Shed.

*[[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]] - [[Sairang Railway Station|Sairang]] - [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]: - Diesel [[WDP-4D]] Loco of New [[Guwahati]] Loco Shed.

== Rake reversal ==
The train will reverse 1 time :

# [[Badarpur Junction railway station|Badarpur Junction]]

== See also ==
Some important trains from Kolkata :

# [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]
# [[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express|Kolkata - Dibrugarh Superfast Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Superfast Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Patna Garib Rath Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Agartala Garib Rath Express]]
# [[Kolkata–Ghazipur City Weekly Express]]

Trains from Sairang :

# Kolkata–Sairang Express
# [[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]
# [[Guwahati–Sairang Express]]

Trains using same route:
# [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs 3 times in a week for every direction.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata-Sairang Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
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Projectile motion

2026-05-01T15:49:48Z

BaileyMetzler: started

{{Short description|Motion of launched objects due to gravity}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expert needed|1=Physics|reason=Contains various high-level info without any references.|date=November 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
}}
[[File:ParabolicWaterTrajectory.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Parabolic trajectory|Parabolic trajectories]] of water jets]]
[[File:Ferde hajitas2.svg|thumb|250px|Components of initial velocity of parabolic throwing]]
[[File:Ballistic trajectories.svg|thumb|250px|Ballistic trajectories are parabolic if gravity is homogeneous, and elliptic if it is radial.]]

In physics, '''projectile motion''' describes the motion of an object that is launched into the air and moves under the influence of gravity alone, with air resistance neglected. In this idealized model, the object follows a parabolic path determined by its initial velocity and the constant acceleration due to gravity. The motion can be decomposed into horizontal and vertical components: the horizontal motion occurs at a constant velocity, while the vertical motion experiences uniform acceleration.

This framework, which lies at the heart of classical mechanics, is fundamental to a wide range of applications—from engineering and ballistics to sports science and natural phenomena.

[[Galileo Galilei]] showed that the trajectory of a given projectile is [[parabolic trajectory|parabolic]], but the path may also be [[line (geometry)|straight]] in the special case when the object is thrown directly upward or downward. The study of such motions is called [[ballistics]], and such a trajectory is described as [[external ballistics|ballistic]]. The force of mathematical significance that is actively exerted on the object is gravity, which acts downward, thus imparting to the object a downward [[acceleration]] towards Earth's [[center of mass]]. Due to the object's [[inertia]], no external force is needed to maintain the horizontal velocity [[vector component|component]] of the object's motion.

Taking other forces into account, such as [[drag (physics)|aerodynamic drag]] or internal propulsion (such as in a [[rocket]]), requires additional analysis. A [[ballistic missile]] is a [[missile]] only [[missile guidance|guided]] during the relatively brief initial [[powered flight|powered]] phase of flight, and whose remaining course is governed by the laws of [[classical mechanics]].

Ballistics ({{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|βάλλειν}}'' {{grc-transl|βάλλειν}}|to throw}}) is the science of [[dynamics (physics)|dynamics]] that deals with the flight, behavior and effects of projectiles, especially [[bullet]]s, [[unguided bomb]]s, [[rocket]]s, or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.

[[File:Mplwp ballistic trajectories velocities.svg|right|thumb|320px|Trajectories of a projectile with air drag and varying initial velocities]]

The elementary equations of ballistics neglect nearly every factor except for initial velocity, the launch angle and a gravitational acceleration assumed constant. Practical solutions of a ballistics problem often require considerations of air resistance, cross winds, target motion, acceleration due to gravity varying with height, and in such problems as [[Berlin rocket launching site|launching a rocket]] from one point on the Earth to another, the horizon's distance ''vs'' curvature R of the Earth (its local speed of rotation <math display="inline">v(lat)=\omega R(lat)</math>). Detailed mathematical solutions of practical problems typically do not have [[closed-form expression|closed-form]] solutions, and therefore require [[numerical methods]] to address.

== Trajectory in vacuum ==
In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. This is the principle of ''compound motion'' established by [[Galileo]] in 1638,<ref>Galileo Galilei, ''[[Two New Sciences]]'', Leiden, 1638, p.249</ref> and used by him to prove the parabolic form of projectile motion.<ref>[[David D. Nolte|Nolte, David D.]], Galileo Unbound (Oxford University Press, 2018) pp. 39-63.</ref>
[[File:Compound Motion.gif|thumb|The horizontal and vertical components of a projectile's velocity are independent of each other.]]
A ballistic trajectory is a parabola with homogeneous acceleration, such as in a space ship with constant acceleration in absence of other forces. On Earth the acceleration changes magnitude with altitude as <math display="inline">g(y)=g_0/(1+y/R)^2</math> and direction (faraway targets) with latitude/longitude along the trajectory. This causes an [[Ellipse|elliptic]] trajectory, which is very close to a parabola on a small scale. However, if an object was thrown and the Earth was suddenly replaced with a [[black hole]] of equal mass, it would become obvious that the ballistic trajectory is part of an elliptic [[orbit]] around that "black hole", and not a parabola that extends to infinity. At higher speeds the trajectory can also be circular ([[Astronautics|cosmonautics]] at [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]?, [[Geostationary orbit|geostationary]] satellites at 5<math display="inline">\frac{5}{6}</math> R), parabolic or [[Hyperbola|hyperbolic]] (unless distorted by other objects like the Moon or the Sun).

In this article a ''homogeneous'' gravitational acceleration <math display="inline">(g=g_0)</math> is assumed.

=== Acceleration ===
Since there is acceleration only in the vertical direction, the velocity in the horizontal direction is constant, being equal to <math> \mathbf{v}_0 \cos\theta </math>. The vertical motion of the projectile is the motion of a particle during its free fall. Here the acceleration is constant, being equal to <var>g</var>.{{NoteTag|<var>g</var> is the [[Standard gravity|acceleration due to gravity]]. (<math>9.81\,\mathrm{m/s^2}</math> near the surface of the Earth).}} The components of the acceleration are:
: <math> a_x = 0 </math>,
: <math> a_y = -g </math>.*

''*The y acceleration can also be referred to as the force of the earth'' <math display="inline">(-F_g/m)</math> ''on the object(s) of interest.''

=== Velocity ===
Let the projectile be launched with an initial [[velocity]] <math>\mathbf{v}(0) \equiv \mathbf{v}_0 </math>, which can be expressed as the sum of horizontal and vertical components as follows:
:<math> \mathbf{v}_0 = v_{0x}\mathbf{\hat x} + v_{0y}\mathbf{\hat y} </math>.
The components <math> v_{0x} </math> and <math> v_{0y} </math> can be found if the initial launch angle θ is known:
:<math> v_{0x} = v_0\cos(\theta)</math>,
:<math> v_{0y} = v_0\sin(\theta)</math>

The horizontal component of the [[velocity]] of the object remains unchanged throughout the motion. The vertical component of the velocity changes linearly,{{NoteTag|decreasing when the object goes upward, and increasing when it goes downward}} because the acceleration due to gravity is constant. The accelerations in the <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> directions can be integrated to solve for the components of velocity at any time <var>t</var>, as follows:
: <math> v_x = v_0 \cos(\theta) </math>,
: <math> v_y = v_0 \sin(\theta) - gt </math>.

The magnitude of the velocity (under the [[Pythagorean theorem]], also known as the triangle law):
: <math> v = \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2 } </math>.

=== Displacement ===
[[File:Ferde hajitas3.svg|thumb|250px|Displacement and coordinates of parabolic throwing]]
At any time <math> t </math>, the projectile's horizontal and vertical [[displacement (vector)|displacement]] are:
:<math> x = v_0 t \cos(\theta) </math>,
:<math> y = v_0 t \sin(\theta) - \frac{1}{2}gt^2 </math>.
The magnitude of the displacement is:
:<math> \Delta r=\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 } </math>.

Consider the equations,
:<math> x = v_0 t \cos(\theta) </math> and <math>y = v_0 t\sin(\theta) - \frac{1}{2}gt^2</math>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=James |title=Calculus: Early Transcendentals |last2=Clegg |first2=Dan |last3=Watson |first3=Saleem |date=2021 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-1-337-61392-7 |edition=Ninth |location=Boston, MA |page=919}}</ref>
If <var>t</var> is eliminated between these two equations the following equation is obtained:
:<math> y = \tan(\theta) \cdot x-\frac{g}{2v^2_{0}\cos^2 \theta} \cdot x^2=\tan\theta \cdot x \left(1-\frac{x}{R}\right). </math>
Here R is the [[range of a projectile]].

Since <var>g</var>, <var>θ</var>, and <var>v0</var> are constants, the above equation is of the form
:<math> y=ax+bx^2 </math>,
in which <var>a</var> and <var>b</var> are constants. This is the equation of a parabola, so the path is parabolic. The axis of the parabola is vertical.

If the projectile's position (x,y) and launch angle (θ or α) are known, the initial velocity can be found solving for<var> v0</var> in the afore-mentioned parabolic equation:

:<math> v_0 = \sqrt{{x^2 g} \over {x \sin 2\theta - 2y \cos^2\theta}} </math>.

=== Displacement in polar coordinates ===
The parabolic trajectory of a projectile can also be expressed in polar coordinates instead of [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian]] coordinates. In this case, the position has the general formula
:<math> r( \phi ) = \frac{2v_0^2 \cos^2\theta}{|g|} \left(\tan\theta\sec\phi -\tan\phi\sec\phi \right) </math>.
In this equation, the origin is the midpoint of the horizontal range of the projectile, and if the ground is flat, the parabolic arc is plotted in the range <math> 0 \leq \phi \leq \pi </math>. This expression can be obtained by transforming the Cartesian equation as stated above by <math> y = r \sin\phi </math> and <math> x = r \cos\phi </math>.

=== Time of flight or total time of the whole journey ===
The total time <var>t</var> for which the projectile remains in the air is called the time-of-flight.
:<math> y=v_0 t\sin(\theta) -\frac{1}{2} g t^2 </math>

After the flight, the projectile returns to the horizontal axis (x-axis), so <math> y=0 </math>.
:<math> v_0 t\sin(\theta) =\frac{1}{2} g t^2 </math>

:<math> v_0 \sin(\theta) = \frac{1}{2}gt </math>

:<math> t=\frac{2 v_0\sin(\theta)}{g} </math>

Note that we have neglected air resistance on the projectile.

If the starting point is at height <var>y0</var> with respect to the point of impact, the time of flight is:
: <math> t = \frac{d}{v \cos\theta} = \frac{v \sin \theta + \sqrt{(v \sin \theta)^2 + 2gy_0}}{g} </math>

As above, this expression can be reduced (<var>y0</var> is 0) to

: <math> t = \frac{v\sin{\theta} + \sqrt{(v\sin{\theta})^2}}{g} = \frac{2v\sin{\theta}}{g}, </math> = <math> \frac{2v\sin{(45^\circ)}}{|g|} = \frac{\sqrt{2}v}{|g|}</math>

if <var>θ</var> equals 45°.

=== Time of flight to the target's position ===
As shown above in the '''Displacement''' section, the horizontal and vertical velocity of a projectile are independent of each other.

Because of this, we can find the time to reach a target using the displacement formula for the horizontal velocity:

<math>x = v_0 t \cos(\theta)</math>

<math>\frac{x}{t}=v_0\cos(\theta)</math>

<math>t=\frac{x}{v_0\cos(\theta)}</math>

This equation will give the total time ''t'' the projectile must travel for to reach the target's horizontal displacement, neglecting air resistance.

=== Maximum height of projectile ===
[[File:Ferde hajitas4.svg|thumb|250px|Maximum height of projectile]]
The greatest height that the object will reach is known as the peak of the object's motion.
The increase in height will last until <math> v_y=0 </math>, that is,
:<math> 0=v_0 \sin(\theta) - gt_h </math>.
Time to reach the maximum height(h):
:<math display="inline"> t_h = \frac{v_0 \sin(\theta)}{|g|} </math>.
This matches the formula found above (the time of flight) as the maximum height (in a parabola) sits in the middle of its roots. This means the projectile reaches ''h'' in the middle of the journey, therefore, in half of the time.

For the vertical displacement of the maximum height of the projectile:
:<math> h = v_0 t_h \sin(\theta) - \frac{1}{2} gt^2_h </math>
:<math> h = \frac{v_0^2 \sin^2(\theta)}{2|g|} </math>
The maximum reachable height is obtained for ''θ''=90°:
:<math> h_{\mathrm{max}} = \frac{v_0^2}{2|g|} </math>

If the projectile's position (x,y) and launch angle (θ) are known, the maximum height can be found by solving for h in the following equation:
:<math>h=\frac{(x\tan\theta)^2}{4(x\tan\theta-y)}. </math>

Angle of [[elevation]] (φ) at the maximum height is given by:
:<math>\phi = \arctan{{\tan\theta\over 2}}</math>
{{clear}}

=== Relation between horizontal range and maximum height ===
The relation between the range <var>d</var> on the horizontal plane and the maximum height <var>h</var> reached at <math> \frac{t_d}{2} </math> is:
:<math> h = \frac{d\tan\theta}{4} </math>

{{Collapse top|title=Proof}}
<math> h = \frac{v_0^2\sin^2\theta}{2|g|} </math>
:<math> d = \frac{v_0^2\sin2\theta}{|g|} </math>
:<math> \frac{h}{d} = \frac{v_0^2\sin^2\theta}{2|g|} </math> × <math> \frac{g}{v_0^2\sin2\theta} </math>
:<math> \frac{h}{d} = \frac{\sin^2\theta}{4\sin\theta\cos\theta} </math>
<math> h = \frac{d\tan\theta}{4} </math>.

If <math>h = R</math>
:'''<math> \theta = \arctan(4)\approx 76.0^\circ </math>'''
{{Collapse bottom|}}

=== Maximum distance of projectile ===
[[File:Ferde hajitas5.svg|thumb|250px|The maximum distance of projectile]]

The range and the maximum height of the projectile do not depend upon its mass. Hence range and maximum height are equal for all bodies that are thrown with the same velocity and direction. The horizontal range <var>d</var> of the projectile is the horizontal distance it has traveled when it returns to its initial height (<math display="inline">y=0</math>).
: <math> 0 = v_0 t_d \sin(\theta) - \frac{1}{2}gt_d^2 </math>.

Time to reach ground:
: <math> t_d = \frac{2v_0 \sin(\theta)}{|g|} </math>.
From the horizontal displacement the maximum distance of the projectile:
: <math> d = v_0 t_d \cos(\theta) </math>,
so{{NoteTag|<math> 2\cdot\sin(\alpha)\cdot\cos(\alpha) = \sin(2\alpha) </math>}}
: <math> d = \frac{v_0^2}{|g|}\sin(2\theta). </math>

Note that <var>d</var> has its maximum value when
: <math> \sin(2\theta)=1, </math>
which necessarily corresponds to <math display="inline"> 2\theta=90^\circ </math>, or <math display="inline"> \theta=45^\circ </math>.[[File:Ideal projectile motion for different angles.svg|thumb|350px|Trajectories of projectiles launched at different elevation angles but the same speed of 10 m/s, in a vacuum and uniform downward gravity field of 10 m/s2. Points are at 0.05 s intervals and length of their tails is linearly proportional to their speed. ''t'' = time from launch, ''T'' = time of flight, ''R'' = range and ''H'' = highest point of trajectory (indicated with arrows).]]

The total horizontal distance <var>(d)</var> traveled.<ref>{{cite book |title=Doing Physics with Scientific Notebook: A Problem Solving Approach |first1=Joseph |last1=Gallant |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-119-94194-1 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtDfrk6zersC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=AtDfrk6zersC&pg=PA132 Extract of page 132]. Note that the source's y-y0 is replaced with the article's y0</ref>

: <math> d = \frac{v \cos \theta}{|g|} \left( v \sin \theta + \sqrt{(v \sin \theta)^2 + 2gy_0} \right) </math>

When the surface is flat (initial height of the object is zero), the distance traveled:<ref>{{cite book |last=Tatum |url=https://orca.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/classmechs/class7.pdf |title=Classical Mechanics |year=2019 |pages=Ch. 7}}</ref>

: <math> d = \frac{v^2 \sin(2 \theta)}{|g|} </math>

Thus the maximum distance is obtained if <var>θ</var> is 45 degrees. This distance is:

: <math> d_{\mathrm{max}} = \frac{v^2}{|g|} </math>

=== Application of the work energy theorem ===
According to the [[Work (physics)#Work–energy principle|work-energy theorem]] the vertical component of velocity is:
:<math> v_y^2 = (v_0 \sin \theta)^2-2gy </math>.

These formulae ignore [[Drag (physics)|aerodynamic drag]] and also assume that the landing area is at uniform height 0.

=== Angle of reach ===
The "angle of reach" is the angle (<var>θ</var>) at which a projectile must be launched in order to go a distance <var>d</var>, given the initial velocity <var>v</var>.

: <math> \sin(2\theta) = \frac{gd}{v^2} </math>
There are two solutions:
: <math> \theta = \frac{1}{2} \arcsin \left( \frac{gd}{v^2} \right) </math> (shallow trajectory)
and because <math> \sin(2\theta) = \cos (2\theta - 90^\circ )</math>,

: <math> \theta = 45^\circ + \frac{1}{2} \arccos \left( \frac{gd}{v^2} \right) </math> (steep trajectory)

=== Angle <var>θ</var> required to hit coordinate (<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>) ===
[[Image:Trajectory for changing launch angle.gif|right|thumb|330px|Vacuum trajectory of a projectile for different launch angles. Launch speed is the same for all angles, 50 m/s, and g is 10 m/s2.]]
To hit a target at range <var>x</var> and altitude <var>y</var> when fired from (0,0) and with initial speed <var>v,</var> the required angle(s) of launch <var>θ</var> are:

: <math> \theta = \arctan{\left(\frac{v^2\pm\sqrt{v^4-g(gx^2+2yv^2)}}{gx}\right)} </math>

The two roots of the equation correspond to the two possible launch angles, so long as they aren't imaginary, in which case the initial speed is not great enough to reach the point (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>) selected. This formula allows one to find the angle of launch needed without the restriction of <math display="inline"> y= 0 </math>.

One can also ask what launch angle allows the lowest possible launch velocity. This occurs when the two solutions above are equal, implying that the quantity under the [[square root]] sign is zero. This, tan θ = v2/gx, requires solving a [[quadratic equation]] for <math> v^2 </math>,<ref>with V=v2, V2 - 2gy.V - (gx)2 = 0: <math>V_{1,2}=(2gy \pm \sqrt{4g^2y^2 + 4(gx)^2})/2</math></ref> and we find
:<math> v^2/g = (2gy\pm g\sqrt{4y^2+4(1x)^2})/2g = y\pm\sqrt{y^2+x^2}. </math>
This gives
:<math> \theta=\arctan\left(y/x+\sqrt{y^2/x^2+1}\right). </math>

If we denote the angle whose tangent is {{mvar|y/x}} by {{mvar|α}},<ref><math display="inline">tan(\theta) = y/x+\sqrt{(y/x)^2+1} </math> where <math display="inline">y/x = sin(\alpha)/cos(\alpha): sin^2\alpha+cos^2\alpha=1=(tan^2\alpha+1)cos^2\alpha</math></ref> then
:<math> \tan\theta=\frac{\sin\alpha+1}{\cos\alpha}, </math> its reciprocal:
:<math> \tan(\pi/2-\theta)=\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\alpha+1}, </math><ref><math>1/\tan(\pi/2-\theta)=\cos(\pi/2-\theta)/\sin(\pi/2-\theta)=\sin\theta/\cos\theta</math>

<math>
=(\sin\alpha+1)/\cos\alpha=\tan\alpha+1/\cos\alpha</math>

<math>=\tan\theta</math></ref>
:<math> \cos^2(\pi/2-\theta)=\frac 12(\sin\alpha+1) </math>
:<math> 2\cos^2(\pi/2-\theta)-1=\cos(\pi/2-\alpha) </math>
This implies
:<math> \theta = \pi/2 - \frac 12(\pi/2-\alpha). </math>

In other words, the launch should be at the angle <math display="inline"> (\pi/2 + \alpha)/2 </math> halfway between the target and [[zenith]] (vector opposite to gravity).

=== Total Path Length of the Trajectory ===
The length of the parabolic arc traced by a projectile, <var>L</var>, given that the height of launch and landing is the same (there is no air resistance), is given by the formula:

:<math>L = \frac{v_0^2}{2g} \left( 2\sin\theta + \cos^2\theta\cdot\ln \frac{1 + \sin\theta}{1 - \sin\theta} \right) = \frac{v_0^2}{g} \left( \sin\theta + \cos^2\theta\cdot\tanh^{-1}(\sin\theta) \right)</math>

where <math>v_0</math> is the initial velocity, <math>\theta</math> is the launch angle and <math>g</math> is the acceleration due to gravity as a positive value. The expression can be obtained by evaluating the [[Arc length|arc length integral]] for the height-distance parabola between the bounds ''initial'' and ''final'' displacement (i.e. between 0 and the horizontal range of the projectile) such that:

:<math>L = \int_{0}^{\mathrm{range}} \sqrt{1 + \left ( \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right )^2}\,\mathrm{d}x = \int_{0}^{v_0^2 \sin(2\theta)/g} \sqrt{1+\left (\tan\theta -{g\over {v_0^2 \cos^2\theta}}x\right)^2}\,\mathrm{d}x .</math>

If the time-of-flight is ''t'',
:<math>L = \int_{0}^{t} \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_y^2}\,\mathrm{d}t = \int_{0}^{2v_0\sin\theta/g} \sqrt{(gt)^2-2gv_0\sin\theta t+v_0^2}\,\mathrm{d}t.</math>

== Trajectory in air ==
[[File:Inclinedthrow2.gif|thumb|400px|Trajectories of a mass thrown at an angle of 70°: 
{{color box|black}} without [[Drag (physics)|drag]] (a parabole) 
{{color box|blue}} with [[Stokes' law|Stokes' drag]] 
{{color box|green}} with [[Newtonian drag]]]]
Air resistance creates a force that (for symmetric projectiles) is always directed against the direction of motion in the surrounding medium and has a magnitude that depends on the absolute speed: <math>\mathbf{F_{air}} = -f(v)\cdot\mathbf{\hat v}</math>. The speed-dependence of the friction force is linear (<math>f(v) \propto v</math>) at very low speeds ([[Stokes drag]]) and quadratic (<math>f(v) \propto v^2</math>) at large speeds ([[Drag equation|Newton drag]]).<ref name="ThorntonMarion2007">{{cite book|author1=Stephen T. Thornton|author2=Jerry B. Marion|title=Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30rWGAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Brooks/Cole|isbn=978-0-495-55610-7|page=59}}</ref> The transition between these behaviours is determined by the [[Reynolds number]], which depends on object speed and size, density <math display="inline">\rho</math> and [[Viscosity|dynamic viscosity]] <math display="inline">\eta</math> of the medium. For Reynolds numbers below about 1 the dependence is linear, above 1000 ([[Turbulence modeling|turbulent flow]]) it becomes quadratic. In air, which has a [[kinematic viscosity]] <math>\eta/\rho</math> around 0.15 cm2/s, this means that the drag force becomes quadratic in ''v'' when the product of object speed and diameter is more than about 0.015 m2/s, which is typically the case for projectiles.
* Stokes drag: <math>\mathbf{F_{air}} = -k_{\mathrm{Stokes}}\cdot\mathbf{v}\qquad</math> (for <math display="inline">Re\lesssim 1</math>)
* Newton drag: <math>\mathbf{F_{air}} = -k\,|\mathbf{v}|\cdot\mathbf{v}\qquad</math> (for <math display="inline">Re\gtrsim 1000</math>)

[[Image:Free body diagram gravity air resistance.svg|right|thumb|320px|Free body diagram of a body on which only gravity and air resistance act.]]
The [[free body diagram]] on the right is for a projectile that experiences air resistance and the effects of gravity. Here, air resistance is assumed to be in the direction opposite of the projectile's velocity: <math>\mathbf{F_{\mathrm{air}}} = -f(v)\cdot\mathbf{\hat v}</math>

=== Trajectory of a projectile with Stokes drag ===
Stokes drag, where <math>\mathbf{F_{air}} \propto \mathbf{v}</math>, only applies at very low speed in air, and is thus not the typical case for projectiles. However, the linear dependence of <math>F_\mathrm{air}</math> on <math>v</math> causes a very simple differential equation of motion
:<math>\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\begin{pmatrix}v_x \\ v_y\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-\mu\,v_x \\ -g-\mu\,v_y\end{pmatrix}</math>
in which the 2 cartesian components become completely independent, and it is thus easier to solve.<ref name="AryaArya1997">{{cite book|author1=Atam P. Arya|author2=Atam Parkash Arya|title=Introduction to Classical Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxWMAAAACAAJ|date=September 1997|publisher=Prentice Hall Internat.|isbn=978-0-13-906686-3|page=227}}</ref> Here, <math>v_0</math>,<math>v_x</math> and <math>v_y</math> will be used to denote the initial velocity, the velocity along the direction of <var>x</var> and the velocity along the direction of <var>y</var>, respectively. The mass of the projectile will be denoted by <var>m</var>, and <math>\mu:=k/m</math>. For the derivation only the case where <math display="inline">0^o \le \theta \le 180^o </math> is considered. Again, the projectile is fired from the origin (0,0).

{{Collapse top|title=Derivation of horizontal position}}
The relationships that represent the motion of the particle are derived by [[Newton's second law]], both in the x and y directions.
In the x direction <math> \Sigma F = -kv_x = ma_x </math> and in the y direction <math> \Sigma F = -kv_y - mg = ma_y </math>.

This implies that:

<math> a_x = -\mu v_x = \frac{\mathrm{d}v_x}{\mathrm{d}t} </math> (1),

and

<math> a_y = -\mu v_y - g = \frac{\mathrm{d}v_y}{\mathrm{d}t} </math> (2)

Solving (1) is an elementary [[differential equation]], thus the steps leading to a unique solution for <var>vx</var> and, subsequently, <var>x</var> will not be enumerated. Given the initial conditions <math> v_x = v_{x0} </math> (where <var>vx0</var> is understood to be the x component of the initial velocity) and <math> x=0 </math> for <math> t=0 </math>:

<math> v_x = v_{x0} e^{-\mu t} </math> (1a)
{{Collapse bottom}}
:<math> x(t) = \frac{v_{x0}}{\mu}\left(1-e^{-\mu t}\right) </math> (1b)
{{Collapse top|title=Derivation of vertical position}}
While (1) is solved much in the same way, (2) is of distinct interest because of its non-homogeneous nature. Hence, we will be extensively solving (2). Note that in this case the initial conditions are used <math> v_y=v_{y0} </math> and <math> y=0 </math> when <math> t=0 </math>.

<math> \frac{\mathrm{d}v_y}{\mathrm{d}t} = -\mu v_y - g </math> (2)

<math> \frac{\mathrm{d}v_y}{\mathrm{d}t} + \mu v_y = - g </math> (2a)

This first order, linear, non-homogeneous differential equation may be solved a number of ways; however, in this instance, it will be quicker to approach the solution via an [[integrating factor]] <math> e^{\int \mu \,\mathrm{d}t} </math>.

<math> e^{\mu t}(\frac{\mathrm{d}v_y}{\mathrm{d}t} + \mu v_y) = e^{\mu t}(-g) </math> (2c)

<math> (e^{\mu t}v_y)^\prime = e^{\mu t}(-g) </math> (2d)

<math> \int{(e^{\mu t}v_y)^\prime \,\mathrm{d}t} = e^{\mu t}v_y = \int{ e^{\mu t}(-g) \,\mathrm{d}t} </math> (2e)

<math> e^{\mu t}v_y = \frac{1}{\mu} e^{\mu t}(-g) + C </math>(2f)

<math> v_y = \frac{-g}{\mu} + Ce^{-\mu t} </math> (2g)

And by integration we find:

<math> y = -\frac{g}{\mu}t - \frac{1}{\mu}(v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu})e^{-\mu t} + C </math> (3)

Solving for our initial conditions:

<math> v_y(t) = -\frac{g}{\mu} + (v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu})e^{-\mu t} </math> (2h)

<math> y(t) = -\frac{g}{\mu}t - \frac{1}{\mu}(v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu})e^{-\mu t} + \frac{1}{\mu}(v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu}) </math> (3a) 
 
With a bit of algebra to simplify (3a):
{{Collapse bottom}}
:<math> y(t) = -\frac{g}{\mu} t + \frac{1}{\mu} \left(v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu} \right) (1 - e^{-\mu t} ) </math> (3b)

{{Collapse top|title=Derivation of the time of flight}}
The total time of the journey in the presence of air resistance (more specifically, when <math>F_{air}=-kv</math>) can be calculated by the same strategy as above, namely, we solve the equation <math>y(t)=0</math>. While in the case of zero air resistance this equation can be solved elementarily, here we shall need the [[Lambert W function]]. The equation
<math>y(t)= -\frac{g}{\mu}t + \frac{1}{\mu}(v_{y0} + \frac{g}{\mu})(1 - e^{-\mu t}) = 0</math>
is of the form <math>c_1t+c_2+c_3e^{c_4t}=0</math>, and such an equation can be transformed into an equation solvable by the <math>W</math> function (see an example of such a transformation [[Lambert W function#Solving equations|here]]). Some algebra shows that the total time of flight, in closed form, is given as<ref name = 'Bernardo'>{{Cite journal | last1 = Reginald Cristian | first1 = Bernardo | last2 = Jose Perico | first2 = Esguerra | last3 = Jazmine Day | first3 = Vallejos | last4 = Jeff Jerard | first4 = Canda | title = Wind-influenced projectile motion | year = 2015 | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | journal = European Journal of Physics | article-number = 025016 | doi=10.1088/0143-0807/36/2/025016| bibcode = 2015EJPh...36b5016B | s2cid = 119601402 }}</ref>
{{Collapse bottom}}
:<math>t=\frac{1}{\mu} \left(1+ \frac{\mu}{g} v_{y0} + W\bigl(-(1+ \frac{\mu}{g} v_{y0}) e^{-(1+ \frac{\mu}{g} v_{y0})} \bigr)\right)</math>.

=== Trajectory of a projectile with Newton drag ===
[[File:Mplwp skydive trajectory.svg|thumb|250px|Trajectories of a [[skydiver]] in air with Newton drag: para-flight; bomber near(ly above) target. <math display="inline"> v.d=10^3.\nu=150 </math> cm2/s?]]
The most typical case of [[air resistance]], in case of [[Reynolds number]]s above about 1000, is Newton drag with a drag force proportional to the speed squared, <math>F_{\mathrm{air}} = -k v^2</math>. In air, which has a [[kinematic viscosity]] around 0.15 cm2/s, this means that the product of object speed and diameter must be more than about 0.015 m2/s.

Unfortunately, the equations of motion can '''''not''''' be easily solved analytically for this case. Therefore, a numerical solution will be examined.

The following assumptions are made:
* Constant [[gravitational acceleration]] <math display="inline">g</math>
* Air resistance is given by the following [[drag equation|drag formula]],
::<math>\mathbf{F_D} = -\tfrac{1}{2} c \rho A\, v\,\mathbf{v}</math>

::Where:

:*''FD'' is the drag force,
:*''c'' is the [[drag coefficient]],
:*ρ is the [[air density]],
:*''A'' is the [[cross sectional area]] of the projectile. Again <math>\mu=k/m :=</math> <math>c\rho A/(2m)</math> <math>= c \rho/(2\rho_p l)</math>. Compare this with theory/practice of the [[ballistic coefficient]].

==== Special cases ====
Even though the general case of a projectile with Newton drag cannot be solved analytically, some special cases can. Here we denote the [[terminal velocity]] in free-fall as <math display="inline">v_\infty=\sqrt{g/\mu}</math> and the characteristic ''settling time'' constant <math display="inline">t_f\equiv1/(v_\infty \mu) =1/\sqrt{g\mu}</math>. (Dimension of <math>g</math> [m/s2], <math>\mu</math> [1/m])
*Near-'''horizontal''' motion: In case the motion is almost horizontal, <math>|v_x|\gg|v_y|</math>, such as a flying bullet. The vertical velocity component has very little influence on the horizontal motion. In this case:<ref name="Greiner2003">{{cite book|author=Walter Greiner|title=Classical Mechanics: Point Particles and Relativity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7Rwdc6JMb8C|year=2004|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=0-387-95586-0|page=181}}</ref>
::<math>\dot{v}_x(t) = -\mu\,v_x^2(t)</math>
::<math>v_x(t) = \frac{1}{1/v_{x,0}+\mu\,t}</math>
::<math>x(t) = \frac{1}{\mu}\ln(1+\mu\,v_{x,0}\cdot t)</math>
:The same pattern applies for motion with friction along a line in any direction, when gravity is negligible (relatively small <math>g</math>). It also applies when vertical motion is prevented, such as for a moving car with its engine off.

*Vertical motion '''upward''':<ref name="Greiner2003"/>
::<math>\dot{v}_y(t) = -g-\mu\,v_y^2(t)</math>
::<math>v_y(t) = v_\infty \tan\frac{t_{\mathrm{peak}}-t}{t_f}</math>
::<math>y(t) = y_{\mathrm{peak}} + \frac{1}{\mu} \ln \bigl(\cos\frac{t_\mathrm{peak}-t}{t_f} \bigr)</math>
:Here
::<math>v_\infty \equiv\sqrt{\frac{g}{\mu}}</math> and <math>t_f=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu g}},</math>
::<math>t_{\mathrm{peak}} \equiv t_f \arctan{\frac{v_{y,0}}{v_\infty}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu g}} \arctan{\left(\sqrt\frac{\mu}{g}v_{y,0}\right)},</math>
:and
::<math>y_{\mathrm{peak}} \equiv -\frac{1}{\mu}\ln{\cos{\frac{t_\mathrm{peak}}{t_f}}} = \frac{1}{2\mu} \ln{ \bigl(1+\frac{\mu}{g} v_{y,0}^2 \bigr)}</math>
:where <math>v_{y,0}</math> is the initial upward velocity at <math>t = 0</math> and the initial position is <math>y(0) = 0</math>.
:A projectile cannot rise longer than <math>t_\mathrm{rise}=\frac{\pi}{2}t_f</math>  in the vertical direction, when it reaches the peak (0 m, ypeak) at 0 m/s.

*Vertical motion '''downward''':<ref name="Greiner2003"/>
::<math>\dot{v}_y(t) = -g+\mu\,v_y^2(t)</math>
::<math>v_y(t) = -v_\infty \tanh\frac{t-t_{\mathrm{peak}}}{t_f}</math>
::<math>y(t) = y_{\mathrm{peak}} - \frac{1}{\mu} \ln(\cosh\biggl(\frac{t-t_\mathrm{peak}}{t_f}\biggr))</math> With ''hyperbolic'' functions
:After a time <math>t_f</math> at y=0, the projectile reaches almost terminal velocity <math>-v_\infty</math>.

==== Numerical solution ====
A projectile motion with drag can be computed generically by [[numerical methods for ordinary differential equations|numerical integration]] of the [[ordinary differential equation]], for instance by applying a [[Ordinary differential equation#Reduction to a first-order system|reduction to a first-order system]]. The equation to be solved is

:<math>\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\begin{pmatrix}x \\ y \\ v_x \\ v_y\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}v_x \\ v_y \\ -\mu\,v_x\sqrt{v_x^2+v_y^2} \\ -g-\mu\,v_y\sqrt{v_x^2+v_y^2}\end{pmatrix}</math>.

This approach also allows to add the effects of speed-dependent drag coefficient, altitude-dependent air density (in product <math>c(v)\rho(y)</math>) and position-dependent gravity field <math display="inline">g(y)=g_0/(1+y/R)^2 </math> (when <math display="inline">y \ll R: g \lesssim g_0/(1+2y/R) \approx g_0(1-2y/R)</math>, is linear decrease).

==Lofted trajectory==
[[File:Trajectories of Hwasong-14.svg|thumb|right|Lofted trajectories of North Korean ballistic missiles [[Hwasong-14]], [[Hwasong-15]] and [[Hwasong-17]]]]
A special case of a ballistic trajectory for a rocket is a lofted trajectory, a trajectory with an [[apogee]] greater than the [[Minimum total potential energy principle|minimum-energy]] trajectory to the same range. In other words, the rocket travels higher and by doing so it uses more energy to get to the same landing point. This may be done for various reasons such as increasing distance to the horizon to give greater viewing/communication range or for changing the angle with which a missile will impact on landing. Lofted trajectories are sometimes used in both missile rocketry and in [[spaceflight]].<ref>[https://definedterm.com/a/document/10803 Ballistic Missile Defense, Glossary, v. 3.0], [[US Department of Defense]], June 1997.</ref>

== Projectile motion on a planetary scale ==
[[File:Ballistic-trajectories-planet2.svg|thumb|left|Projectile trajectory around a planet, compared to the motion in a uniform gravity field]]
When a projectile travels a range that is significant compared to the Earth's radius (above ≈100 km), the [[curvature of the Earth]] and the non-uniform [[Earth's gravity]] have to be considered. This is, for example, the case with spacecrafts and intercontinental [[Ballistic missile|missiles]]. The trajectory then generalizes (without air resistance) from a parabola to a Kepler-[[ellipse]] with one focus at the center of the Earth (shown in fig. 3). The projectile motion then follows [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion]].

The trajectory's parameters have to be adapted from the values of a uniform gravity field stated above. The [[Earth radius]] is taken as <var>R</var>, and <var>g</var> as the standard surface gravity. Let <math>\tilde v:=v/\sqrt{Rg}</math> be the launch velocity relative to the first cosmic velocity (the velocity required for a [[circular orbit]]).

Total range <var>d</var> between launch and impact:
: <math> d = \frac{v^2 \sin(2 \theta)}{g} \Big/ \sqrt{1-\left(2-\tilde v^2\right)\tilde v^2\cos^2\theta}</math> (where launch angle <math>\theta=\tfrac12\arccos\left(\tilde v^2/(2-\tilde v^2)\right)</math>)
Maximum range of a projectile for optimum launch angle θ=45o:
: <math> d_{\mathrm{max}} = \frac{v^2}{g} \big/ \left(1-\tfrac12\tilde v^2\right)</math>       with <math>v<\sqrt{Rg}</math>, the [[first cosmic velocity]]
Maximum height of a projectile above the [[planetary surface]]:
:<math> h = \frac{v^2 \sin^2\theta}{g} \Big/ \left(1-\tilde v^2+\sqrt{1-\left(2-\tilde v^2\right)\tilde v^2\cos^2\theta}\right) </math>
Maximum height of a projectile for vertical launch (<math>\theta=90^\circ</math>):
:<math> h_{\mathrm{max}} = \frac{v^2}{2g} \big/ \left(1-\tfrac12\tilde v^2\right) </math>       with <math>v<\sqrt{2Rg}</math>, the [[second cosmic velocity]] or [[escape velocity]],
Time of flight:
:<math> t = \frac{2v\sin\theta}{g} \cdot \frac{1}{2-\tilde v^2} \left(1 + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2-\tilde v^2}\,\tilde v\sin\theta}\arcsin\frac{\sqrt{2-\tilde v^2}\,\tilde v\sin\theta}{\sqrt{1-\left(2-\tilde v^2\right)\tilde v^2\cos^2\theta}}\right) </math>

== See also ==
*[[Equations of motion]]
*[[Phugoid]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kinematics]]

Apurna Narzary

2026-04-26T20:26:09Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Apurna Narzary
| fullname = Apurna Narzary
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|2004|1|8}}
| birth_place = [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| clubnumber = 24
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows|Indian Arrows Women]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Women|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2024–2026
| clubs4 = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2026–
| clubs5 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalyears1 = 2022–
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalcaps2 = 5
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| image =
| caption = Apurna Narzary with Kerala Blasters FC Women's Jersey
}}

'''Apurna Narzary''' (born 8 January 2004) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national team]].<ref name="the-aiff.com 2022">{{cite web | title=A new Narzary on the block: Apurna shines for Indian Arrows | website=the-aiff.com | date=2022-05-07 | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-new-narzary-on-the-block-apurna-shines-for-indian-arrows | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>

==Club career==
Apurna started her senior career with [[Indian Arrows]] and played for them in the [[Indian Women's League]]. She Scored six goals in seven appearances for the Arrows and two Hero of the Match awards. She also scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win against Odisha Police.<ref name="ANI News 2022">{{cite web | title=IWL: Apurna shines for Indian Arrows, becomes new Narzary on block | website=ANI News | date=2022-05-07 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/iwl-apurna-shines-for-indian-arrows-becomes-new-narzary-on-block20220507174802/ | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref><ref name="DCunha Olley Marsden Llorens 2022">{{cite web | last1=D'Cunha | first1=Zenia | last2=Olley | first2=James | last3=Marsden | first3=Sam | last4=Llorens | first4=Moises | title=Arrows provide a rare ray of hope for the future of women's football in India | website=ESPN | date=2022-05-19 | url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4668755/indian-arrows-iwl-rare-ray-hope-womens-football | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref><ref name="Imtiaz 2022">{{cite web | last=Imtiaz | first=Md | title=Top 5 Indian players from IWL who have impressed us | website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports | date=2022-05-13 | url=https://thebridge.in/iwl/top-5-indian-iwl-players-impressed-31459 | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref> In 2022, she was signed by [[Kerala Blasters FC (women)|Kerala Blasters]] as a part of their newly launched women's team.<ref name="Kerala Blasters FC ">{{cite web | title=Apurna Narzary – Kerala Blasters FC | website=Kerala Blasters FC | date=2014-05-27 | url=https://keralablastersfc.in/player/apurna-narzary/ | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref><ref name="OnManorama 2022">{{cite web | title=KWL: Apurna hits hat-trick in Kerala Blasters victory | website=OnManorama | date=2022-08-28 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/08/28/kerala-womens-league-kerala-blasters-luca-win.html | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>

==International career==

Apurna debuted for India at the junior level in 2022, after represented the India U-18 team at the 2022 SAFF U-18 Women's Championship.<ref name="PiPa News 2022">{{cite web | title=Assam footballer Apurna Narzary ready to play against USA for U-19 India women's team | website=PiPa News | date=2022-06-25 | url=https://pipanews.com/assam-footballer-apurna-narzary-ready-to-play-against-usa-for-u-19-india-womens-team/ | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref><ref name="Home 2022">{{cite web | title=Assam footballer Apurna Narzary: ত্ৰিদেশীয় শৃংখলা, ছুইডেনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে খেলাৰ পিছত এইবাৰ USAৰ বিৰুদ্ধে খেলিবলৈ সাজু কোকৰাঝাৰৰ অপৰ্ণা নাৰ্জাৰী | website=Home | date=2022-06-25 | url=https://assam.news18.com/news/sports/assam-footballer-apurna-narzary-ready-to-play-against-usa-for-u-19-india-women-team-bipul-gb-232635.html | language=as | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref> In September 2022, she was included in the final 23 squad of Indian team to play in the 2022 SAFF Women's Championship.<ref name="Biswas 2022">{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Joseph | title=India announce squad for SAFF Women's Championship 2022 | website=Khel Now | date=2022-09-04 | url=https://khelnow.com/football/saff-womens-championship-2022-india-announce-squad/ | access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/173289 Apurna Narzary] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|apurna-narzary/528961}}
* [https://bodopedia.com/famous-people/apurna-narzary-biography-footballer/ Apurna Narzary] at Bodo Pedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narzary, Apurna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC (women) players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Hanumangarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T12:44:56Z

BaileyMetzler: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hanumangarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-8-Hanumangarh.svg
| mla = [[Ganeshraj Bansal|Ganesh Raj Bansal]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Hanumangarh district]]
| established = 1957
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 8
}}

'''Hanumangarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Hanumangarh Constituency covers all voters from part of [[Hanumangarh|Hanumangarh tehsil]], which includes [[Hanumangarh|ILRC Hanumangarh]] including Hanumangarh Municipal Board, ILRC Ronawali,ILRC Pucca Sarnan, IIRC Fatehgarh, ILRC Lakhuwali and ILRC Norangdesar.<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2| Shoopat Singh Makasar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independent}}<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B Prakash
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ram Chandra Chaudhary
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Shoopat Singh Makasar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Atam Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Shoopat Singh Makasar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Vinod Kumar Lilawali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=2| Ram Pratap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan=2| Vinod Kumar Lilawali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Ram Pratap
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Vinod Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Ganeshraj Bansal|Ganesh Raj Bansal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Hanumangarh<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ganeshraj Bansal|Ganesh Raj Bansal]]
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:89323}}
|percentage = 37.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:79625}}
|percentage = 33.01
|change = -9.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59366}}
|percentage = 24.61
|change = -25.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Raghuveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2843}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change = -0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1715}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9698}}
|percentage = 4.02
|change = -2.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241223}}
|percentage = 81.01
|change = -2.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Hanumangarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:111207}}
|percentage = 49.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rampratap
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95685}}
|percentage = 42.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Raghuver Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4347}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jetha Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2529}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2215}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15522}}
|percentage = 6.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223819}}
|percentage = 83.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.58|74.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Hanumangarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T08:33:12Z

BaileyMetzler: starting new article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{distinguish|Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gannavaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (71-Gannavaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gannavaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1955
| district = [[Krishna district|Krishna(Partial)]] & [[NTR district|NTR(Partial)]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 258,031
| mla = [[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| constituency_no = 71
| type = SLA
}}

'''Gannavaram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Krishna district|Krishna(Partial)]] & [[NTR district|NTR(Partial)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0171.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Election Commission of India }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 258,031 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Bapulapadu mandal|Bapulapadu]]
|-
| [[Gannavaram mandal|Gannavaram]]
|-
| [[Unguturu, Krishna district|Unguturu]]
|-
| [[Vijayawada Rural mandal|Vijayawada Rural]] (Part)
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|rowspan=2| [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| V. Seetha Ramayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1968
| [[Kakani Venkata Ratnam]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| T. S. Anand Babu
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Puchalapalli Sundarayya
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| M. Rathna Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| M. Balakrishna Rao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| M. Rathna Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| D. V. BalavardhanaRao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| M. Venkateswara Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| D. V. Balavardhana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2| [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party = Telugu Desam Party |candidate = [[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]] |votes = 135552 |percentage = 56.59 |change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party |candidate=[[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]] |votes= 97,924 |percentage=40.88 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kallam Venkateswara Rao|votes= 1,219|percentage=0.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,731|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,628|percentage=15.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,39,525|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
|votes = 1,03,881
|percentage = 47.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]]
|votes = 1,03,043
|percentage = 46.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Afsar Syed
|votes = 6,675
|percentage = 03.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 838
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 220,718
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|| winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
|votes = 99,163
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Dutta Ramachandrarao
|votes = 89,615
|percentage = 44.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,548
|percentage = 4.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|| winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Dasari Venkata Bala Vardhana Rao
|votes = 82,218
|percentage = 47.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Muddaraboina Venkateswara Rao
|votes = 66,923
|percentage = 38.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Bathina Rama Mohana Rao
|votes = 19,806
|percentage = 11.33
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,295
|percentage = 8.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 174,847
|percentage = 86.74
|change = 2.63
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent (politician)|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.54|80.80|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}
{{Krishna district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Rakesh Pandey (UP politician)

2026-04-24T14:11:07Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting Post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1952)}}
{{About|the Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh|others|Rakesh Pandey (disambiguation){{!}}Rakesh Pandey}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Pandey
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 =
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2007
| predecessor1 = [[Subhash Rai]]
| successor1 =
| predecessor2 = [[Sher Bahadur Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Sher Bahadur Singh]]
| constituency2 = [[Jalalpur Assembly constituency|Jalalpur]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| successor3 = [[Hari Om Pandey]]
| predecessor3 = Constituency established
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|8|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Kotwa Mohamadpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Manju Pandey|1971}}
| children = 2 (including [[Ritesh Pandey]])
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (January 2022 - present)
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (till January 2022)
| education =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
| date = 30 July
| year = 2019
| source = https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4293
| relations = [[Pawan Pandey]] (younger brother)
}}

'''Rakesh Pandey''' (born 14 August 1952) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Jalalpur Assembly constituency|Jalalpur]] as a [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate.<ref name="News18"/> He was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] as a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) candidate. From 2002 to 2007, he was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Rakesh Pandey |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4293&lastls=15 |website=Govt. of India |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> In January 2022, Pandey left [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and joined [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="SP"/>

==Personal life==
Pandey was born in Kotwa Mohamadpur in [[Ambedkar Nagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Jagmohan Pandey and Raghuraji Devi. He studied till [[matriculation]] and is an agriculturalist by profession. Pandey married Manju Pandey on 29 June 1971. They have two sons.<ref name="Profile"/><ref name="MyNeta">{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Pandey(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- Ambedkar Nagar (Uttar Pradesh) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=8014 |website=MyNeta |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> His younger son, [[Ritesh Pandey]] is an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] from the [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] constituency. His older son, Ashish Pandey is a [[Lucknow]] based real estate businessman.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Raj |title=Delhi: Ex-BSP MP Rakesh Pandey son Ashish Pandey brandishes gun at Delhi's five-star hotel, booked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/man-brandishes-gun-at-delhis-five-star-hotel-booked/articleshow/66232318.cms |access-date=30 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajesh Kumar |date=17 October 2018 |title=BSP leader whose son brandished gun outside Delhi hotel has huge business empire |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsp-leader-whose-son-brandished-gun-outside-delhi-hotel-has-huge-business-empire/story-4tRj8KNI9H6vl0d9QYkIWK.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Pandey was a member in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2002 to 2007.<ref name="Profile"/> As a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] politician, he was a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] from 2007 to 2014.<ref name="Profile"/>

In January 2022, Pandey left [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and joined [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="SP">{{cite news |last1=Abhishek |first1=Kumar |title=यूपी: बसपा को बड़ा झटका, सांसद रितेश पांडेय के पिता राकेश पांडेय सपा में हुए शामिल |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/ambedkar-nagar-mp-ritesh-pandey-father-rakesh-pandey-to-join-samajwadi-party-ahead-up-election-ntc-1385542-2022-01-03 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=Aaj Tak |date=3 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> Subsequently, Pandey won from the [[Jalalpur (Assembly constituency)|Jalalpur]] constituency in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'s Rajesh Singh by a margin of 13,630 votes.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=rakesh-pandey in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/rakesh-pandey-jalalpur-candidate-s24a280c04/ |website=News18 |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh - Jalalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24280.htm?ac=280 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Panskura Junction railway station

2026-04-20T15:32:03Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting A Info

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
:{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Panskura Junction
| type = {{Plainlist|
* [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Panskura Station.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panskura Junction railway station,
| address = Panskura Station Road, Panskura,
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.392738|87.742675|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| tracks =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PKU
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Kharagpur}}
}}
| opened = 1900
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1967–69
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway
|line=South Eastern|left=Khirai|right=Narayan Pakuria Murail|to-left=Midnapore|to-right=Howrah Junction|type=[[Howrah–Kharagpur line|Main line]]
|line2=South Eastern|left2=Raghunathbari|right2=Narayan Pakuria Murail|to-left2=Haldia|to-right2=Howrah Junction|type2=[[Pakuria–Haldia branch line]]}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Panskura Junction
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| line = [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
| other =
| platform = 6
| accessible =
|route_map = {{Howrah–Kharagpur line}}
|map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Panskura Junction''' is a railway junction station on the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] and is located in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It serves [[Panskura]].

==History==
[[ File:Panskura Station 005.jpg |thumb|left|Panskura Junction railway station]]
The Howrah–Kharagpur line was opened in 1900.<ref name=ser>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major events in formation of S.E.Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 10 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The Panskura–Durgachak line was opened in 1968, at a time when [[Port of Kolkata#Haldia Dock Complex|Haldia Port]] was being constructed. It was subsequently extended to Haldia.<ref name=ser/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1347084874753-PlacesOfInterest.pdf|title = Haldia| publisher= Indian Railways| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Howrah–Kharagpur line was electrified in 1967–69. The Panskura–Haldia line was electrified in 1974–76.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 February 2013}}</ref>

==Car shed==
There is a car shed of South Eastern Railway at Panskura.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

==Railway Park==
Panskura Junction railway station has a beautiful park for children in the station area.

==Facilities==
{{stack|[[ File:Foot Over Bridge.jpeg |thumb|upright|Panskura Junction foot overbridge]]}}

The major facilities available are First class and Second class waiting rooms, running rooms, computerised reservation facilities, reservation counters, vehicle parking, etc. There are tea stalls, a R.M.S. and a Government Railway police (GRP) office. Automatic ticket vending machines are installed to reduce the queue for train tickets in the station.

==Platforms==
There are six platforms in Panskura Junction railway station. The platforms are interconnected with a foot overbridge(FOB).
The ruins of the historic cities of Tamluk and Raghunathbari are approachable from Panskura Junction railway station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/panskura-pku-to-kolkata-howrah-hwh/166/0/1 Trains at Panskura]

{{commons category|Panskura Junction railway station}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, South Eastern}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

ViswaSanthi Foundation

2026-04-18T21:36:58Z

BaileyMetzler: made first data w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = ViswaSanthi Foundation
| logo = ViswaSanthi Foundation.png
| logo_size = 150px
| type = Non-governmental organisation [[section-8]] company
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015||}}
| founder = [[Mohanlal]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Mohanlal|[[Damodaran M. Vasudevan]]|[[Major Ravi]]}}
| awards =
| location = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| focus = {{Bulleted_list|Education|Health care}}
| website = {{URL|viswasanthifoundation.com}}
}}
'''ViswaSanthi Foundation''' is a non-profit organization established by actor [[Mohanlal]] in the names of his parents Viswanathan and Santhakumari in 2015.<ref name="MathrubhumiAmrita">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal launches project to raise aid for children's heart surgeries |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-launches-project-to-raise-aid-for-children-s-heart-surgeries-kerala-1.4019081 |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721123429/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-launches-project-to-raise-aid-for-children-s-heart-surgeries-kerala-1.4019081 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |title=Mohanlal's blog on his "ViswaSanthi Development Foundation" |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal%E2%80%99s-blog-on-his-%E2%80%9Cviswasanthi-development-foundation%E2%80%9D-news-malayalam-sfvmRLaiacfid.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523032545/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal%E2%80%99s-blog-on-his-%E2%80%9Cviswasanthi-development-foundation%E2%80%9D-news-malayalam-sfvmRLaiacfid.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is registered as a [[Non-profit laws of India#Section-8 Company|Section-8 Company]] of the [[Companies Act 2013]], under the name ViswaSanthi Development Foundation.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Viswasanthi |url=https://www.viswasanthifoundation.com/about |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807150544/https://viswasanthifoundation.com/about |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation was started with the objective of creating and delivering high impact and focused programs to the under privileged sections of the society in the areas of health care and education.<ref name="Amrita">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal's ViswaSanthi Foundation collaborates with Amrita Hospital on new Healthcare Project |url=https://amritaworld.org/basic-needs/basic-needs-healthcare/mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-collaborates-with-amrita-hospital-on-new-healthcare-project/ |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055004/https://amritaworld.org/basic-needs/basic-needs-healthcare/mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-collaborates-with-amrita-hospital-on-new-healthcare-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="about" />

==Activities==
In 2018, Mohanlal met with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and briefed about the foundation's social initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Mohanlal meets PM Narendra Modi on Janamshtami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-meets-pm-narendra-modi-on-janamshtami/articleshow/65661432.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905053549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-meets-pm-narendra-modi-on-janamshtami/articleshow/65661432.cms |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The foundation has sent relief materials to different parts of [[Kerala]] during [[2018 Kerala floods|2018]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=ദുരിതബാധിതര്‍ക്ക് ആശ്വാസവുമായി മോഹന്‍ലാലിന്റെ വിശ്വശാന്തി ഫൗണ്ടേഷന്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/viswasanthi-foundation-mohanlal-1.3142330 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818105251/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/viswasanthi-foundation-mohanlal-1.3142330 |url-status=live |language=ml }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Mohanlal Apologises For "Emotional Response" On Kerala Nun Rape Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/mohanlal-apologises-for-emotional-reaction-on-kerala-nun-rape-case-1917423 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010525/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/mohanlal-apologises-for-emotional-reaction-on-kerala-nun-rape-case-1917423 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2019 Kerala floods]] including new house to the family of a flood rescue operator<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal promises new house for Linu's family |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-promises-new-house-for-linu-s-family-1.4042933 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055003/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-promises-new-house-for-linu-s-family-1.4042933 |url-status=live }}</ref> and children's education for one of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal to sponsor education of flood victim Abdul Razak's kin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/18/mohanlal-to-sponsor-education-of-flood-victim-abdul-razaks-kin-2020423.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914094421/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/18/mohanlal-to-sponsor-education-of-flood-victim-abdul-razaks-kin-2020423.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal sponsors education of Abdul Razack's children |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-sponsors-education-of-abdul-razack-s-children-1.4046623 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117054950/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-sponsors-education-of-abdul-razack-s-children-1.4046623 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The foundation launched the ''Amrita-ViswaSanthi Health Care'' project to help children below the age of 18 years from socio-economically backward sections suffering from [[Cardiovascular disease|heart ailments]] and meet their [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgery]] expenses in [[Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences|Amrita hospital]]. Simran, a five-year-old girl from a [[Bihar]] village, becomes the first non-[[Malayalis|Malayali]] beneficiary of this scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Mohanlal launches project to raise aid for children's heart surgeries |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-launches-project-to-raise-aid-for-children-s-heart-surgeries-kerala-1.4019081 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721123429/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-launches-project-to-raise-aid-for-children-s-heart-surgeries-kerala-1.4019081 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-06 |title=Bihar girl becomes first non-Malayali beneficiary of Amrita-ViswaSanthi scheme |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Aug/06/bihar-girl-becomes-first-non-malayali-beneficiary-of-amrita-viswasanthi-scheme-2014663.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023035/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/aug/06/bihar-girl-becomes-first-non-malayali-beneficiary-of-amrita-viswasanthi-scheme-2014663.html |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
During [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the foundation has donated [[Personal protective equipment|PPE]] kits and [[N95 mask]]s to healthcare workers and police officials in [[Kerala]],<ref name='janam'>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2020 |title=Mohanlal's ViswaSanthi Foundation extends support to Kerala Police: hands over COVID-19 preventive equipment |url=https://national.janamtv.com/mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-extends-support-to-kerala-police-hands-over-covid-19-preventive-equipment-24298/ |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Janam TV]] |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117054950/https://english.janamtv.com/mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-extends-support-to-kerala-police-hands-over-covid-19-preventive-equipment-24298/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=COVID-19: Mohanlal's ViswaSanthi Foundation extends help to Tamil Nadu |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/covid-19-mohanlal-s-viswasanthi-foundation-extends-help-to-tamil-nadu-1.4756754 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518225734/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/covid-19-mohanlal-s-viswasanthi-foundation-extends-help-to-tamil-nadu-1.4756754 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pune]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=ViswaSanthi Foundation handed over 1000 PPE kits and N95 masks to Mayor of Pune |url=https://twitter.com/Mohanlal/status/1260198647997673472 |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=[[Twitter]] |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514191921/https://twitter.com/Mohanlal/status/1260198647997673472 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawant |first=Gajanan Zilu |date=12 May 2020 |title=Actor Mohanlal donates 1000 PPE kits for medical staffs in Pune |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/coronavirus-updates-actor-mohanlal-donates-1000-ppe-kits-for-medical-staff-in-pune/articleshow/75698026.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003150503/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/coronavirus-updates-actor-mohanlal-donates-1000-ppe-kits-for-medical-staff-in-pune/articleshow/75698026.cms |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021 |language=mr |website=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref> and laptops, [[Tablet computer|tablets]] and television sets for schools across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2020 |title=Viswasanthi Foundation donate laptop and tv sets for schools across Kerala |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/movies-mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-donate-laptop-and-tv-sets-for-schools-across-kerala-mm-255325.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |language=ml |website=[[News18 Kerala]] |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804210118/https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/movies-mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-donate-laptop-and-tv-sets-for-schools-across-kerala-mm-255325.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation had extended its support to [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] run hospitals in [[Mumbai]] by donating PPE kits to [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital|Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital]], [[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital]] and to healthcare workers in [[Andheri]] and [[Dharavi]].<ref name='janam' />

The foundation donates an [[autonomous robot]], KARMI-Bot, for the [[isolation ward]] at [[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]], which helps to dispense food, medicine, collect the trash left away by [[COVID-19]] patients, perform [[disinfection]] and enable video call between the doctors and patients.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2020 |title=Mohanlal donates robot for fighting Covid-19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/apr/26/mohanlal-donates-robot-for-fighting-covid-19-2135358.html |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721123426/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/apr/26/mohanlal-donates-robot-for-fighting-covid-19-2135358.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=Kerala government hospital deploys robot to serve COVID-19 patients |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-hospital-deploys-robot-to-serve-covid-19-patients/article31432663.ece |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722162725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-hospital-deploys-robot-to-serve-covid-19-patients/article31432663.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=Bulbul |date=30 April 2020 |title=COVID-19: Kudos! Mohanlal's Viswasanthi Foundation donates 'KARMI-Bot' to Kochi hospital; how it works |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-kudos-mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-donates-karmi-bot-to-kochi-hospital-how-it-works/1944155/ |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923194800/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-kudos-mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-donates-karmi-bot-to-kochi-hospital-how-it-works/1944155/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2021, the foundation has provided beds with oxygen and ventilator support and portable [[X-ray machine|X-ray machines]] to various hospitals in Kerala. They also provide support for the installation of [[Medical gas supply|Oxygen pipeline]] to two wards and [[Triage]] ward of Government Medical College, Ernakulam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=Mohanlal's ViswaSanthi donates beds with oxygen,ventilator support to 13 hospitals in Kerala |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-s-viswasanthi-donates-beds-with-oxygen-ventilator-support-to-13-hospitals-in-kerala-1.5682798 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The foundation executes this {{INR}}1.5 crore project with [[Ernst & Young|EY Global Delivery Services]] (EY GDS) and [[UST (company)|UST]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=V. |first=Mohanlal |author-link=Mohanlal |date=21 May 2021 |title=Viswasanthi Foundation on Covid19 |url=https://twitter.com/Mohanlal/status/1395661559263686660 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=UST extends a helping hand amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ust-extends-a-helping-hand-amidst-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-india/673925/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

In April 2022, the foundation, with the support of [[Ernst & Young|EY GDS]], chose 20 students from the 6th grade in tribal villages from [[Attappadi]], to provide them with free education, mentorship and resources, for the next 15 years in order to secure their future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=Mohanlal's Project Vintage to Provide 20 Kids With Free Education for Next 15 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mohanlals-project-vintage-to-provide-20-kids-with-free-education-for-next-15-years-4987249.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415130834/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mohanlals-project-vintage-to-provide-20-kids-with-free-education-for-next-15-years-4987249.html |archive-date=2022-04-15 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=These little ones will now fly under Mohanlal's shade; dream project 'Vintage' begins |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=792802&u=these-little-ones-will-now-fly-under-mohanlal%E2%80%99s-shade-dream-project-%E2%80%98vintage%E2%80%99-begins-792802 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}</ref>

In June 2023, the foundation, in association with EY GDS, established an automated drinking water plant to alleviate the water shortage faced by residents of ward-1 of [[Edathua]] [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Kuttanad]] region. The initiative aims to provide clean and safe drinking water to about 1000 individuals, a few schools and places of worship in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Actor Mohanlal donates drinking water plant to Kuttanad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2023/Jun/07/actor-mohanlal-donates-drinking-water-plant-to-kuttanad-2582513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721095931/https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2023/Jun/07/actor-mohanlal-donates-drinking-water-plant-to-kuttanad-2582513.html |archive-date=2024-07-21 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Mohanlal gifts drinking water plant to Kuttanad residents on Environment Day |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-gifts-drinking-water-plant-to-kuttanad-residents-on-environment-day-1.8619392 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930153345/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-gifts-drinking-water-plant-to-kuttanad-residents-on-environment-day-1.8619392 |archive-date=2023-09-30 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

In December 2023, the foundation, in association with [[Baby Memorial Hospital]] announced a project ''Step Forward'', offering free [[Pediatric surgery|pediatric]]-[[orthopedic surgery]] program under which 25 physically challenged children would undergo surgery and treatment free of cost. The project covers children with issues such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[congenital limb deformities]] and [[scoliosis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=Kerala hospital to offer free surgery to differently-abled children |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hospital-to-offer-free-surgery-to-differently-abled-children/article67642164.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805165634/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hospital-to-offer-free-surgery-to-differently-abled-children/article67642164.ece |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In June 2024, the foundation has joined the ‘'Idukki Oru Midukki'’ project, coordinated by the [[Idukki district]] administration and the District Skill Committee. [[Mohanlal]] inaugurated a newly set up library at [[Anchuruli]] and also the distribution of adult diapers at a function in [[Thodupuzha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Actor Mohanlal inaugurates newly set up library |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-mohanlal-joins-idukki-oru-midukki-project/article68304746.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619014732/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/actor-mohanlal-joins-idukki-oru-midukki-project/article68304746.ece |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

When the landslide hit the [[Wayanad district]] in July 2024, Mohanlal donated {{INR}}25 lakhs to [https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/ CMDRF].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Wayanad landslide: Mohanlal appreciates the rescue operations, and contributes to CMDRF |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/02/wayanad-landslide-mohanlal-appreciates-the-rescue-operations-and-contributes-to-cmdrf |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He also visited the [[2024 Wayanad landslides|landslide-hit Wayanad]] as a Lieutenant Colonel (Hon) of [[Indian Territorial Army]] in August 2024 and announced {{INR}}3 crores aid for the rehabilitation of the region from ViswaSanthi Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Deepu |date=2024-08-03 |title=Mohanlal announces Rs 3 cr for rehabilitation after visiting landslide-hit Wayanad |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/mohanlal-announces-rs-3-cr-for-rehabilitation-after-visiting-landslide-hit-wayanad-dmn-shmoku |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=2024-08-03 |title=Mohanlal Visits Landslide-Hit Wayanad in Army Uniform, Offers Support Amid Crisis |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-visits-landslide-hit-wayanad-in-army-uniform-offers-support-amid-crisis-watch-8988665.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> [[Major Ravi]], managing director of the foundation, said that the foundation will oversee the rebuilding of Mundakkai Government Lower Primary School, which was collapsed in the landslide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=ആ കാഴ്ച മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ കണ്ണുനിറച്ചു, ഉടന്‍ തീരുമാനമെടുത്തു: മേജർ രവി പറയുന്നു |trans-title=That sight filled Mohanlal's eyes, immediately took a decision: Says Major Ravi |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/08/03/mohanlal-donates-3-crores-to-wayanad-disaster-areas.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Wayanad landslide: Mohanlal's ViswaSanthi Foundation to donate Rs 3 crore, rebuild school |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/wayanad-landslide-actor-mohanlal-donates-three-crore-rupees-through-viswasanthi-foundation-1.9782252 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

In May 2025, Mohanlal announced a new collaborative initiative between the foundation and Baby Memorial Hospital, aimed at providing affordable liver transplants to children from economically weaker sections of society at a significantly lower expense. The project is designed to support families who often can’t afford such life-saving surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Malayalam superstar, Mohanlal, makes two big announcements on his 65th birthday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-makes-two-big-announcements-on-his-65th-birthday/articleshow/121310349.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Liver transplantation initiative |url=https://x.com/Mohanlal/status/1925026175401001286 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=[[Twitter|X]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.viswasanthifoundation.com Official website]
{{Mohanlal}}

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Mohanlal]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Kerala]]

Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai

2026-04-18T17:40:42Z

BaileyMetzler: Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayakumar
| image = Jayakumar_Pillai_Kollam.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[Cartoonist]]}}
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Jayakumar Parameshwaran Pillai''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam film]]s and television shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/thattem-muttem-fame-ayakumar-parameshwaran-arjunan-shares-photos-of-five-generation-q4m080|title=അഞ്ചു തലമുറകളെ ഒറ്റഫോട്ടോയാക്കി 'അര്‍ജുനന്‍'; പൗരത്വം തെളിയിക്കാനാണോയെന്ന് ആരാധകര്‍|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=ml|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> He is best known for portraying comedic roles, but has also played character roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8042383/|title=Jayakumar Parameshwaran Pillai|website=IMDb|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>

==Acting career==
He started his career as a theatre artist with professional Nataka Samithi and later associated with Athulya Nataka Samithi. He later started his acting career through jayaram movie ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' and gained popularity through ''[[Thatteem Mutteem]]'' started in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/01/29/thatteem-mutteem-actor-jayakumar-interview.html|title='പയ്യൻസിന്റെ' ജീവതം മാറ്റിമറിച്ച രാജസേനൻ; 'തട്ടീം മുട്ടീം' 7 വർഷങ്ങൾ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/for-a-long-innings/article7006897.ece|title=For a long innings|date=19 March 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Television==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role!!Channel!!Notes
|-
|||Bhagyanakshatram||||rowspan=2|[[DD Malayalam]]||Lead role / Debut
|-
|||Marubhoomiyil Pookkalam||||
|-
|2005||Aalipazham||||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2006||Ohari||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2007||Nombarapoovu||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|Sreeguruvayoorappan||||Surya TV||
|-
|2009–2011||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''||Sasi||Asianet||
|-
|2011–2012||Parinayam||||rowspan=3|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2012–2023||[[Thatteem Mutteem]]||Arjunan||Main lead
|-
|2012–2013||Malakhamar||Kunjappy||
|-
|2012||[[Chandralekha (Malayalam TV series)|Chandralekha]]||||rowspan=2|Asianet||
|-
|2013||[[Sthreedhanam]]||||
|-
|2014||Njgal Santhushtaranu||Raveendra Varma||[[Asianet Plus]]||
|-
|2014–2018||[[Karuthamuthu]]||Sadanam Sadhu||Asianet||
|-
|2015||Uggram Ujjwalam||rowspan=2|Kavi Arjuna||rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama||Reality show
|-
|2016/2021||[[Marimayam]]||Crossover episodes with Thateem Muttem
|-
|2017||5 Star Thattukada||Madhavan||Asianet Plus||
|-
|2017||Padmasree Padmavathy||Padmanabhan||Amrita TV||
|-
|2019||Suharayum Suhasiniyum||Gandhian||Asianet||Telefilm
|-
|2020||[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney|Funny Nights]]||various roles||[[Zee Keralam]]||Comedy Chat show
|-
|2020||Comedy stars season 2 ||various roles||Asianet||reality show
|-
|2020–2021||[[Swantham Sujatha]]||Jayan||Surya TV||
|-
|2021||Madhavi Naadu Vaanidum Kalam||Vasu||[[Kaumudy TV]]||Telefilm
|-
|2021–2022||Urulakku Upperi||Manikuttan||Amrita TV||
|-
|2021||''Appanum Koppanum''||Jyotsyan Babuleya Panicker ||[[YouTube]]||Short film
|-
|2023–present||''Varan Doctoraanu''||constable manoharan a.k.a ammavan||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
|2024–present||''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum|Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum 2]]''||Krishnanunni||[[Flowers TV]]
|}
;Other Shows
*Sell me the answer (Asianet)
*Onnum Onnum Moonu (Mazhavil Manorama)
*Take it easy (Mazhavil Manorama)
*Minute to win it (Mazhavil Manorama)

==Filmography==

===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class"unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]]'' || Autorickshaw Driver ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]'' || Govindan's employee ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Swarna Kaduva]]'' || Father ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''Kadhantharam'' || ||
|-
| ''Haddiya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Chalakkudykkaran Changathi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ningal Camera Nireekshnathilanu'' || ||
|-
| ''Vazhuthana'' || Kamalasanan || Short film
|-
| ''Chila New Gen Naatuvisheshangal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Backpackers (film)|Backpackers]]'' || Ammachan ||
|-
| ''Dinkanaka'' || Singer || Music album
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''Santacruz'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Appu Kurup ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-27 |title=Siju Wilson stars as warrior Aarattupuzha Velayudha Panicker in Vinayan film 'Pathonpatham Noottaandu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-stars-as-warrior-aarattupuzha-velayudha-panicker-in-vinayan-film-pathonpatham-noottaandu/articleshow/80467690.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2023 || ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''Swachandamruthyu'' || Jayan ||
|-
| ''Thee'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]'' || Autodriver Kodamani ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Many popular actors refused to play role of goddess in 'Kallanum Bhagavathiyum': Director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/07/kallanum-bhagavathiyum-fantasy-movie-east-coast-vijayan-actress-moksha.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || Principal ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-07-01 |title=Kunchacko Boban is back as quintessential romantic hero in this new song from Padmini |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jul/01/kunchacko-boban-is-back-as-quintessential-romantic-hero-in-this-new-song-from-padmini-45156.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2024 || ''[[Vayasethrayaayi? Muppathiee..!!]]'' || Sulu's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Iyer In Arabia]]'' || Major Soman Pillai ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Teaser Of Mukesh And Urvashi's Iyer In Arabia Hints At Rib-Tickling Comedy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-mukesh-and-urvashis-iyer-in-arabia-hints-at-rib-tickling-comedy-8750391.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Anandapuram Diaries'' || Divakaran ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Actress Meena All Set For Her Malayalam Debut In Anandapuram Diaries |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-meena-all-set-for-her-malayalam-debut-in-anandapuram-diaries-8576291.html |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nunakkuzhi]]'' || Magistrate ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-07 |title=Nunakuzhi trailer: Basil Joseph is a rich man entangled in a web of lies in this comedy thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/07/nunakuzhi-trailer-basil-joseph-is-a-rich-man-entangled-in-a-web-of-lies-in-this-comedy-thriller |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manorathangal]]''|| ||Segment: Swargam Thurakkuna Samayam<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-16 |title='Manorathangal' trailer: Kamal Haasan, Mammootty, Mohanlal and more unite to pay tribute to M T Vasudevan Nair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manorathangal-trailer-kamal-haasan-mammootty-mohanlal-and-more-unite-to-pay-tribute-to-m-t-vasudevan-nair/article68409473.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
;[[Asianet Television Awards]]
*2015: Special Jury award for Humorous role – [[Karuthamuthu]]
* 2016: Best actor in a humorous role – [[Karuthamuthu]]
;[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]
* 2016: Best actor in a humorous role – [[Karuthamuthu]]
; poovachal Kader award
*2023: Best comedian -[[Thatteem Mutteem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|8042383}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakumar}}
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Adhika-masa

2026-04-18T12:47:52Z

BaileyMetzler: made new article from scratch

{{Short description|Intercalary month in Hindu calendar}}
'''Adhika-māsa''' ({{Langx|sa|अधिकमास|translit=Adhikamāsa}}), also called the '''Adhik-mas''', '''Mala-māsa''', and the '''Purushottama-māsa''', is an intercalated month<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLct2qLz-_cC&dq=adhika+masa&pg=PA311 |title=What India Thinks: Being a Symposium of Thought Contributed by 50 Eminent Men and Women Having India's Interest at Heart |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1880-0 |pages=311 |language=en}}</ref> in the [[Hindu calendar]] that is inserted to keep the [[lunar calendar]] aligned with the months of the year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=adhika+masa&pg=PA151 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0 |pages=151 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Selin |first=Helaine |author-link=Helaine Selin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&dq=adhika+masa&pg=PA1801 |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2008-03-12 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |pages=1801 |language=en}}</ref> The adhika-masa is an extra lunar month added to the solar calendar every three years<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&dq=adhika+masa&pg=PA490 |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |date=2007-07-05 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4 |pages=490 |language=en}}</ref> so that the lunar and the solar years are synchronised, along with the agricultural cycle and seasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44MTBwAAQBAJ&dq=adhika+masa+extra+month&pg=PA124 |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=2015-02-23 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-52818-1 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Adhika'' refers to the [[Sanskrit]] word for additional or extra,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanchett |first=Suzanne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzVyEAAAQBAJ&dq=adhika+extra&pg=PP47 |title=Coloured Rice (second edition): Symbolic Structure in Hindu Family Festivals |date=2022-05-01 |publisher=Development Resources Press |isbn=978-0-9906337-9-2 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> while ''masa'' means month.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgenroth |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnTsDwAAQBAJ&dq=masa+sanskrit+month&pg=PA218 |title=Sanskrit and World Culture: Proceedings of the Fourth World Sanskrit Conference of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies, Weimar, May 23–30, 1979 |date=2020-05-18 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-232094-5 |pages=218 |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
When the [[Sun]] does not at all transit into a new ''[[Rāshi (Jyotiṣa)|rāshi]]'' (30° sidereal zodiac) but simply keeps moving within a ''rāshi'' in a [[lunar month]] (before a [[new moon]]), then that lunar month will be named according to the first upcoming transit. It will also take the epithet ''adhika'' or "extra". The transition of the Sun from one ''rāshi'' to the next is called ''sankranti''. For example, if a lunar month elapsed without a ''sankranti'' and the next transit is into Mesha (Aries), then this month without transit is labelled Adhika Chaitra. The next month will be labeled according to its transit as usual and will get the epithet ''nija'' ("original") or ''shuddha'' ("clean"), in this case Nija Chaitra. The terms Pratham (first) Chaitra and Dvitiya (second) Chaitra may also be used.

Above description is for the amanta system. For the same example, in purnimanta system it would be first half of Chaitra, then Adhika Chaitra, then second half of Chaitra.

An extra month, or adhika-masa falls every 32.5 months on an average. The solar year is made up of 365 days and about 6 hours, and the lunar year is made up of 354 days. This causes a gap of 11 days, 1 hour, 31 minutes and 12 seconds between the lunar and the solar years. As this gap accumulates each year, it approximates in 2.7 years to one month. No adhika-masa falls during the months of [[Agrahayana|Margashirsha]] to [[Magha (month)|Magha]]. An adhika-masa during the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] is extremely rare, but in the 250-year span (1901-2150 CE) it occurred once, in 1963 CE.

== Scientific calculation ==
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#adhikamasa}}
The [[Moon]] takes about 27.3 days to make one complete orbit around the Earth. The Earth orbits around the Sun once every 365.2422 days (= Earth's orbital speed of 29.79 km per second). The Earth and the Moon in 29.53 days have moved as a system about 1/12 of the way around the Sun. This means that from one full moon to the next full moon, the Moon must travel 2.2 extra days before it appears again as a full moon, due to the curve of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This creates a variance of 10.87 days a year between a lunar year and a solar year. To compensate for this difference, the additional month is added after every 32.5 months on average.

==Religious practices==
A month-long ''[[mela]]'' (fair) is celebrated in [[Machhegaun]] village in [[Nepal]] during adhika-masa. It is general belief that one can wash away all his sins by taking a bath in the pond at Machhenarayan temple.

Specific festivals such as [[Navratri|Dussehra]] or [[Diwali|Deepavali]] are not marked during this month. Regarded to be a holy month, many people perform the ''adhika masa [[vrata]]''. People engage in practices such ''mala japas'', ''pradakshinas'', pilgrimages, scriptural reading, and ''parayanas''.

During adhika-masa, people perform various types of religious rituals such as keeping fast, recitation of religious scriptures, mantras, prayers, performing various types of ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' and ''[[havan]]''. ''[[Vrata]]s'' (fasts) of various durations (full day, half day, weekly, fortnight, full month) are often undertaken. The ''vratas'' may be of complete fasting with liquids only or without liquids, fasting with fruits only or keeping fast with vegetarian food, as the individual can tolerate. It is said that the persons performing good deeds (''satkarma'') in this month conquer their senses (''indriyas'') and they totally come out of ''punar janam'' (the cycle of rebirth).

This month is often regarded to be inauspicious (mala), where the performance of rites such as [[Hindu wedding|weddings]] do not take place. It also serves as a compensatory period for adherents who had previously neglected their religious duties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Werner |first=Karel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__yQAgAAQBAJ&dq=adhika+masa&pg=PT32 |title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism |date=2005-08-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79752-2 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Beed district]] of [[Maharashtra]], there is a small village called Purushottampuri, where there is a temple of Purushottam, a regional form of [[Krishna]]. Every adhika-masa, there is a big fair and thousands of people come from various places to invoke the blessings of the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-31 |title=The Greatness of Puruṣottama [Chapter 18] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365859.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Tithi]]
* [[Ekadasi|Ekadashi]]
* [[Blue moon]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{calendars}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Calendar}}
[[Category:Hindu calendar| ]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Basavakalyan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:50Z

BaileyMetzler: made initial details added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basavakalyan
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 47
| map_image = 47-Basavakalyan constituency.svg
| mla = [[Sharanu Salagar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[B. Narayan Rao]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:246581}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Basavakalyan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 assembly constituencies of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of India. This constituency falls under [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/basavakalyan.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Basavakalyan Assembly constituency) Assembly constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf The Delimitation Act, 2002]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Annapurna Bai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Sanganbasappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bapurao Anand Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bapurao Hulsoorkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Basawaraj Shankarappa Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="3" | [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[M. G. Muley]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Mallikarjun Khuba]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[B. Narayan Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 elections in India#Karnataka|2021 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 24 September 2020}} || rowspan="2" | [[Sharanu Salagar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Basavakalyan">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Basavakalyan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1047.htm?ac=47 |access-date=19 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419060631/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1047.htm?ac=47 |archive-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharanu Salagar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,920 |percentage = 52.80% |change = {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 78,505 |percentage = 44.61% |change = {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjukumar Wadekar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,526 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 502 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,415 |percentage = 8.19% |change = {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,099 |percentage = 71.42% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,991}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,581 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2021 elections in India#Karnataka|2021 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sharanu Salagar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,012 |percentage = 48.46% |change = {{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mala B. Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,383 |percentage = 34.38% |change = {{decrease}}7.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayed Yasrub Ali Quadri |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,402 |percentage = 7.78% |change = {{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,457 |percentage = 6.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Razzak Baba Chowdhary |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 2,174 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 889 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,629 |percentage = 14.08% |change = {{increase}}2.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,739 |percentage = 61.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,981 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/basavakalyan-election-result/ | title=Basavakalyan Election Result 2018 Live: Basavakalyan Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result) }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Narayan Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,425 |percentage = 42.27% |change = {{increase}}26.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,153 |percentage = 30.38% |change = {{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. R. Sindhia |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 31,414 |percentage = 21.62% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Malgar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,747 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,272 |percentage = 11.89% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,476 |percentage = 64.85% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.29 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 37,494 |percentage = 27.57% |change = {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Narayan Rao]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,601 |percentage = 15.88% |change = {{decrease}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. G. Muley]] |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 18,214 |percentage = 13.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Attur Mallamma Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 17,965 |percentage = 13.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay D. Patwari |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,431 |percentage = 12.82% |change = {{decrease}}23.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Khan |party = Welfare Party of India |votes = 2,742 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaganath Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,595 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallamma Biradar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Razaq |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,489 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,893 |percentage = 11.68% |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,296 |percentage = 63.78% |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,011 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,015 |percentage = 36.49% |change = {{increase}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. G. Muley]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,077 |percentage = 29.07% |change = {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,905 |percentage = 22.36% |change = {{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthappa G. Patil |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,427 |percentage = 6.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagirathi Shivaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,195 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yuvaraj Baliram Patil |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,893 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Kumar Shivaji Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Milind Guruji |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,938 |percentage = 7.42% |change = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,071 |percentage = 56.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,131 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mallikarjun Khuba]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,557 |percentage = 27.15% |change = {{decrease}}23.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,132 |percentage = 20.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. G. Muley]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,857 |percentage = 18.24% |change = {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthappa G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,034 |percentage = 16.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nisar Ahmed Md. Hussain |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,862 |percentage = 10.90% |change = {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Siddanna Varkale |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,350 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,355 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivappa Dhulappa Holkunde |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,214 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Sharanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,033 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,425 |percentage = 6.82% |change = {{decrease}}13.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,856 |percentage = 61.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,854}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,323 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}23.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. G. Muley]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 48,166 |percentage = 50.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 29,002 |percentage = 30.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthappa G. Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 5,381 |percentage = 5.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gundappa Sherikar Janawada |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,880 |percentage = 5.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meer Jahangir Ali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,574 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{decrease}}28.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharadkumar Ganure |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,924 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Amaranath Jamadar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,541 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}8.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sardar Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 694 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,164 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{increase}}12.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,062 |percentage = 65.76% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,162}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,888 |percentage = 6.75% |change = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,196 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,728 |percentage = 40.10% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muley Maruthirao Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,299 |percentage = 32.68% |change = {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan. M. G |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,586 |percentage = 14.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaijanath Tulsiram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,006 |percentage = 10.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goverdhan Palam |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivraj Timmanna Bokke |party = Independent politician |votes = 603 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,429 |percentage = 7.42% |change = {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,790 |percentage = 62.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,603}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,187 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,606 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,404 |percentage = 41.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marutirao Muley |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,705 |percentage = 37.72% |change = {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayanrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,104 |percentage = 17.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Ghatke |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,315 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jiyanand Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 549 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,699 |percentage = 3.43% |change = {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,612 |percentage = 63.09% |change = {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,745}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,867 |percentage = 5.82% |change = {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,521 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,556 |percentage = 52.56% |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marutirao Muley |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,951 |percentage = 42.52% |change = {{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Gudage |party = Independent politician |votes = 807 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakanth Mhetre |party = Independent politician |votes = 683 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nawab. S. M. Kamaloddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 678 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapurao Hulsoorkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 514 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,605 |percentage = 10.05% |change = {{decrease}}11.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,269 |percentage = 64.74% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,740}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,529 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,909 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basawaraj Shankarappa Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,494 |percentage = 44.40% |change = {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nawab. S. M. Kamaloddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,144 |percentage = 22.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapurao Hulsoorkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,150 |percentage = 21.24% |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa Chandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,780 |percentage = 6.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidramappa Sanganbasappa Khuba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,068 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bamma Reddy Mannure |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,288 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,350 |percentage = 21.56% |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,386 |percentage = 69.14% |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,924}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,462 |percentage = 2.31% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,683 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapurao Hulsoorkar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,827 |percentage = 45.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tajuddin Nawazbhai |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,868 |percentage = 36.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddappa Khelgi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,629 |percentage = 8.93% |change = {{decrease}}46.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bammareddy Hanmanth Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,497 |percentage = 6.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naganna Halshetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 606 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikappa Siddalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 418 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,959 |percentage = 9.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,649 |percentage = 61.65% |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,845}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,804 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,022 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapurao Anand Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,995 |percentage = 55.10% |change = {{increase}}33.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidramappa Sanganbasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,367 |percentage = 44.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,628 |percentage = 10.20% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,516 |percentage = 60.59% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,767 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Basavakalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sanganbasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,115 |percentage = 44.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapurao Anand Rao|party = Independent politician |votes = 10,233 |percentage = 28.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Vaijnath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,887 |percentage = 21.83% |change = {{decrease}}30.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chitambar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,892 |percentage = 5.24% |change = {{decrease}}16.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,882 |percentage = 16.28% |change = {{decrease}}9.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,802 |percentage = 65.32% |change = {{increase}}17.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,127}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,403 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annapurna Bai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,868 |percentage = 52.11% |change = {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Shastry |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,481 |percentage = 26.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Patwardhan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,343 |percentage = 21.64% |change = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,387 |percentage = 25.87% |change = {{decrease}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,310 |percentage = 48.26% |change = {{decrease}}22.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,512 |ref = |change = {{increase}}72.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annapurna Bai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,133 |percentage = 58.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zampa Bai |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,659 |percentage = 25.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Patwardhan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,569 |percentage = 15.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,474 |percentage = 33.42% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,361 |percentage = 70.94% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,361}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,523 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Kalaburagi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|17.87|76.95|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]

LenDenClub

2026-04-11T02:06:46Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting The Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|P2P lending platform}}
{{orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LenDenClub
| logo = LenDenClub logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Financial
| founded = 2015
| hq_location = Lendenclub house, Data mandir road, next to COD, Malad east, Mumbai-400098
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Bhavin Patel (Co-Founder & CEO) Dipesh Karki (Co-founder & CTO)<ref>{{cite news |title=Forbes India Innovation Dialogues: Making Cloud Work For You |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-india-innovation-dialogues/forbes-india-innovation-dialogues-making-cloud-work-for-you/53881/1 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>
| parent = Innofin Solutions
| website = {{URL|http://lendenclub.com}}
}}

'''LenDenClub''' is an Indian [[Peer-to-peer|P2P]] lending platform owned and operated by Innofin Solutions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Aprajita |date=2021-04-28 |title=14% return in a year: P2P lending catches investors' eyes |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/investment/story/14-percent-return-in-a-year-p2p-lending-catches-investors-eyes-294575-2021-04-28 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 2015, the company's headquarters are situated in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Kavya |date=2023-05-01 |title=LenDenClub: India's Largest Peer-to-Peer Lending Platform |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/finance/lendenclub-indias-largest-peer-to-peer-lending-platform/450722 |access-date= |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
LenDenClub was founded by Bhavin Patel and Dipesh Karki in 2015 as a web-based platform. In 2016, the company received funding in a seed round led by Venture Catalysts and launched an [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based application to connect borrowers with individual lenders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Shalini |date=2016-04-12 |title=Venture Catalysts funds LenDen Club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/venture-catalysts-funds-lenden-club/articleshow/51794362.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As of 2016, LenDenClub had 700 lenders and 1,120 borrowers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Aparna |date=2016-04-12 |title=Peer-To-Peer Lending Platform LenDenClub Gets Seed Funding |url=https://inc42.com/flash-feed/lendenclub-funding/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, LenDenClub raised another $1.5 million in its Pre-series A round,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Khatri |first=Bhumika |date=2019-08-29 |title=LenDenClub Raises $1 Mn Pre-Series A Funding Led By Artha Venture Fund |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/lendenclub-raises-1-mn-pre-series-a-funding-led-by-artha-venture-fund/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> and its parent company Innofin received a license from [[Reserve Bank of India]] to operate as an [[Non-bank financial institution|NBFC]]-[[Peer-to-peer|P2P]] company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Teena Jain |date=2023-07-12 |title=Rise of P2P lending platforms: Why users need to exercise caution before diving into it |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/money-today/story/rise-of-p2p-lending-platforms-why-users-need-to-exercise-caution-before-diving-into-it-389409-2023-07-12 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> By 2019, the company expanded its operations to six states.<ref name=":1" /> In December 2019, the RBI increased the lending limit on P2P platforms to Rs 50 lakh, up from the previous limit of Rs 10 lakh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Thanawala |first=Hiral |date=2022-08-30 |title=Can LenDenClub deliver on its intent of 12% return on P2P product? A Moneycontrol review |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/can-lendenclub-deliver-on-its-intent-of-12-return-on-p2p-product-a-moneycontrol-review-9103921.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, LenDenClub was chosen to participate in the [[Microsoft for Startups]] program and its co-founders Bhavin Patel and Dipesh Karki were featured in the [[Businessworld]]'s BW Disrupt 40 Under 40 list. LenDenClub works with fintech companies such as [[BharatPe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BharatPe Redefined India's Payment Ecosystem. The Unicorn Now Wants To Challenge India's Banks |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/bharatpe-redefined-indias-payment-ecosystem-the-unicorn-now-wants-to-challenge-indias-banks/70299/1 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> [[PhonePe]], [[Google Pay (mobile app)|Google Pay]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2023-11-29 |title=P2P companies log revenue jump, thanks to business partnerships |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/p2p-startups-show-strong-revenue-leverage-partnership-business-to-the-fullest/articleshow/105570146.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and announced its collaboration with [[Samir Kochhar]], to launch its first brand campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LenDenClub's campaign raises awareness on P2P lending through Samir Kochhar |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/lendenclubs-campaign-raises-awareness-on-p2p-lending-through-samir-kochhar/87851140 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2023-06-06 |title=After online payments, digital loans, now P2P lending under RBI lens |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/after-online-payments-digital-loans-now-p2p-lending-under-rbi-lens/articleshow/100775366.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In December 2021, LenDenClub received $10 million in series A round funding, with participation from various investors at a valuation of $51 million.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mahtta |first=Priyal |title=LenDenClub to invest in six fintech startups under incubator program |url=https://www.vccircle.com/lendenclubto-invest-in-six-fintech-startups-under-incubator-program |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the company launched a Fixed-Maturity P2P Plan (FMPP), which enables its members to lend money for a fixed tenure.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |date=2022-07-29 |title=Earn 10-12% return on this P2P debt product by LenDenClub: Should you invest? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/earn-10-12-return-on-this-p2p-debt-product-by-lendenclub-should-you-invest/articleshow/93202261.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In April 2022, 'LenDenClub Alpha,' a corporate venture, was launched to provide mentorship and support to early-stage startups during their seed and pre-Series stages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-04-12 |title=LenDenClub launches fintech venture fund to support start-ups |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/lendenclub-launches-fintech-venture-fund-to-support-startups-11649746447706.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Also, in October, LenDenClub started The Bharat Fintech Program’ in association with Reseau and announced a ₹2 crores investment in rural fintech startups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=Bits and Bytes: Know about startup, business news in Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/bits-and-bytes-know-about-startup-business-news-in-pune-101667040942580.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The company participated in a fundraise round for Hubbler, a no-code platform.<ref name=":3" /> LenDenClub is the first P2P lending company to enable [[Employee Stock Ownership Plan|ESOP]] (Employee Stock Ownership Plan) liquidation for its employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Lending Platform Enable ESOP Liquidity |url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Lending-Platform-LenDenClub-Enable-ESOP-Liquidity-/22-06-2023-481439 |access-date= |website=BW Disrupt |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, LenDenClub appointed Indian cricketer [[Hardik Pandya]] as its [[brand ambassador]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |title=RBI Fines LenDenClub ₹1.99 Cr for P2P Lending Violations |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fintech/rbi-imposes-monetary-penalty-on-lendenclub-liquiloans-for-nbfc-p2p-lending-violations/112743005?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] fined Lendencub Rs 1.99 crores in February 2024 for violating [[Peer-to-peer lending|P2P lending]] and digital lending norms after a statutory inspection found non-compliance with NBFC-P2P guidelines.<ref name=":4" />

== Awards ==
* [[Deloitte|Deloitte Tech Fast 50]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Fast 50 {{!}} 2023 winners report |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/tf50-2023-winners-report.html |access-date= |website=Deloitte India |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{FinTech in India}}

{{coord|19|10|27.5797|N|72|50|39.9833|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2015]]

Zion Church, Chintadripet

2026-04-08T19:34:14Z

BaileyMetzler: made the pg first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox church
|name = Zion Church
|fullname =
|image =
|caption = Front view of the church
|pushpin map = India Chennai
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|13|04|30.7|N |80|16|18.9|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Chintadripet]], [[Chennai]]
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Church of South India]]
|website = {{url|http://www.csizionchurch.com/}}
|bull date =
|founded date = {{start date|df=yes|1847}}
|founder =
|dedication =
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|status =
|functional status = Active
|architect =
|architectural type = [[Chapel]]
|style = [[Gothic architecture]]
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|demolished date =
|capacity =
|parish =
|archdiocese = [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India]]
|archbishop =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest =
|chaplain =
|logo =
|logosize =
|logolink =
|logoalt =
}}
'''Zion Church''' is one of the oldest churches in Chintadripet area of [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The original structure was built in [[Gothic architecture]] in 1847 by US missionaries. The church is the oldest church built by US missionaries in Chennai. The church also has the second oldest bell in the city.

Zion Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows [[Protestant]] sect of [[Christianity]]. The church also celebrates Harvest festival every year during the month of November. In modern times, it is under the dominion of [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India]]. It is one of the most prominent landmarks of Chintadripet.

==Architecture==
The church is built in [[Gothic architecture]]. The bell in the church is the second oldest church in the city. It was installed during 1878 and was sent by the Christian Missionary Society church. It was restored in 2008. The inscription in the bell indicates that it was built by J Warner & Sons, London.<ref name="times">{{cite news|title=Bell that rang in Zion flock makes comeback|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bell-that-rang-in-Zion-flock-makes-comeback/articleshow/3201745.cms|publisher=The Times of India|work=TNN|first=Daniel P|last= George|date=6 December 2008|access-date=6 March 2018|location=Chennai}}</ref> The pipe organ in the church was manufactured during the last decade of the 19th century and installed in the church in 1895. The instrument was not operational for several years and was restored in 2006 with artisans from [[England]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Century-old church pipe organ restored and rededicated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/centuryold-church-pipe-organ-restored-and-rededicated/article3030891.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2006|access-date=6 March 2018|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Page 122 Life in India or Madras, the Neilgherries, and Calcutta.png|thumb|left|Illustration of the building complex in 1855]]
As per historian Muthiah, the church is the oldest church built by US missionaries in Chennai and also has the second oldest bell in the city. The church was built as a smaller one by Dr. John Scudder and Rev. Miron Winslow the American missionary returning from [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The church was sold to [[Church Mission Society]] of London in 1878 at Rs. 10,000.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Madras' first American Church|publisher=The Hindu|work=Madras Miscellany|first=Muthiah|last=S.|date=18 April 2018|location=Chennai}}</ref> As per another account, the church was founded in 1734 by governor George Mortin Pith. He is believed to have settled 230 weaver families beside the [[Cooum river]] to produce cotton fabric. The church was reconstructed in 2003 at a cost of Rs 50 lakh.<ref name=times/>

==Worship practises==
The second pastor of the church was Rev. WT Sathianathan in 1862. The family continued for five generations with WD Clarke, the son-in-law of Sathianathan after 30 years of his service. Clarke was followed by his son Samuel Clarke, who was in turn continued by his son Sundar Clarke.<ref name=hindu2/> In modern times, the Church is administered by the [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India]]. Mass is performed in the church from Monday to Friday on 8 a.m., 8:30 a.m. and 5 p.m. on Saturdays and 8:30 a.m. and 6 p.m. on Sundays.<ref>{{cite web|title=CSI Zion Church|url=http://www.csizionchurch.com/|publisher=Zion Church, Chennai|year=2014|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> The festival of the temple is celebrated during the Christmas times for eight days, starting with flag hoisting on 24 December and ending with a feast and religious lectures.<ref name=home-schedule>{{cite web|title=Carrol rounds schedule|url=http://www.csizionchurch.com/carrol-rounds-schedule/|publisher=Zion Church, Chennai|year=2014|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}Bell that rang in Zion flock makes comeback

Read more at:
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/3201745.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bell-that-rang-in-zion-flock-makes-comeback/articleshow/3201745.cms July 6th 2008

==External links==
* [http://www.csimadrasdiocese.org/pastorate.php?cat=1 Zion Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174208/http://www.csimadrasdiocese.org/pastorate.php?cat=1 |date=6 May 2018 }}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Chennai]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1847]]

Virender Singh (wrestler, born 1986)

2026-03-30T14:05:48Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Virender Singh
| image = Virender 2013 Deaflympics.jpg
| caption = Virender with the Indian flag after the 2013 Gold Medal finish
| birth_name = Virender Singh Yadav
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1 April 1986}}
| birth_place = [[Sasroli]], [[Jhajjar]], [[Haryana]]
| website = {{URL|virendersinghwrestler.com}}
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = Men's [[Wrestling]]
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[Deaflympics]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2005 Summer Deaflympics|2005 Melbourne]]|Freestyle 84kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2009 Summer Deaflympics|2009 Taiwan]]|Freestyle 84kg}}
{{MedalGold|[[2013 Summer Deaflympics|2013 Bulgaria]]|Freestyle 74kg}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Turkey]]|Freestyle 74kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|World Deaf Wrestling Championship}}
{{MedalSilver|2008 Armenia|}}
{{MedalBronze|2012 Bulgaria|}}
{{MedalGold|2016 Iran|}}
}}

'''Virender Singh''' '''Yadav''' (not to be confused with [[Virender Sehwag]]) (born 1 April 1986) is an Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?12009|title=Virender Singh {{!}} Deaflympics|last=|first=|date=|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222429/http://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?12009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Competing in the 74 kg weight division, he has won 3 [[Deaflympics]] Gold Medals and a bronze medal in 4 appearances. He won gold medals at [[2005 Summer Deaflympics|2005 Summer Deaflympics (Melbourne, Australia)]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9nFYX7GZBHT9ElOg5NXSAO/Virender-Singh--Gold-naturally.html|title=Virender Singh {{!}} Gold, naturally|last=Sengupta|first=Rudraneil|date=2013-08-12|work=www.livemint.com/|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> [[2013 Summer Deaflympics|2013 Summer Deaflympics (Sofia, Bulgaria)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-at-deaflympics-india-s-deaf-and-mute-wrestler-virender-singh-wins-gold-medal-1870656|title=At Deaflympics, India's deaf and mute wrestler Virender Singh wins gold medal {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2013-08-06|work=dna|access-date=2017-08-26|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Summer Deaflympics (Samsun, Turkey)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-win-three-medals-in-deaflympics/articleshow/59778592.cms|title=India win three medals in Deaflympics - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> In addition to that, he also won a bronze at [[2009 Summer Deaflympics|2009 Summer Deaflympics (Taipei, Chinese Taipei)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/deaflympics-wrestler-virender-singh-wins-gold-medal-629399.html|title=Deaflympics: Wrestler Virender Singh wins gold medal|work=News18|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/Virender-Singh-only-medallist-for-India-at-Sofia-Deaflympics/articleshow/21636483.cms|title=Virender Singh only medallist for India at Sofia Deaflympics - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref>

Virender also won the world title at the world championship and has gold, silver and bronze apiece at the three World Deaf Wrestling Championships that he has been to. Virender won a gold at 2016 World Deaf Wrestling Championship (Tehran, Iran), a silver at 2008 World Deaf Wrestling Championship (Yerevan, Armenia) and a bronze at the 2012 World Deaf Wrestling Championship (Sofia, Bulgaria).<ref name=":0" /> This makes it seven medals at the seven international events that Virender has been a part of.

In July 2015, he received the prestigious [[Arjuna Award]] – India's sporting honour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-silent-courage-of-virender-singh/articleshow/59509716.cms|title=The silent courage of Virender Singh - Mumbai Mirror -|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> Before that, he had received the Rajiv Gandhi State Sports Award, awarded by the Government of Delhi, India.

== Biography ==
Virender Singh was born to a farmers' family of Sasroli village, near [[ jhajjardistrict|jhajjar]] in [[haryana]]. His father, Ajit Singh, was a CISF ''Jawan'', while his mother, Manna Devi, is a homemaker.

Virender was inspired to take up wrestling by his father and uncle, who were wrestlers as this was a family tradition passed on by generations. Virender, as a deaf kid, was bullied in the village and his uncle Surinder Pehelwan brought him to Delhi to live at the CISF ''akhara'' with him and his father. Watching his father and uncle wrestle, Virender developed an interest in wrestling and they also found talent in him and started honing his skills. Kumar trained in [[pehlwani]] wrestling at major wrestling ''[[Mud wrestling|akharas]],'' namely the [[Chhatrasal Stadium]] and [[Guru Hanuman]] ''akhara''. With minimal funds and poor training facilities for wrestling in India, even for the Deaflympics team, his family made sure he obtained the necessary dietary supplements by sending him tinned milk, [[ghee]] and fresh vegetables.

Kumar is presently employed with the [[Sports Authority of India]] as a Junior Sports Coach training the next generation of wrestlers.

== Career ==
Virender started training in [[pehlwani]] at the CISF ''akhada'' at the age of 9. He was trained at the ''akhada'' by Surinder Pehelwan, his uncle, later by Dronacharya Awardee Coaches [[Maha Singh Rao]] and Ramphal Singh.

Virender's first success came at the National Rounds of the World Cadet Wrestling Championships in 2002, where he won the gold medal. Even though the win meant automatic qualification for the world event, he was unfairly disqualified from going to the world event by the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI), citing his deafness as the reason for doing so. It has to be said here that the world body doesn't disqualify deaf players or disabled players from the event but the WFI sent the Silver medallist and Virender was ignored. This was his initiation into the world of discrimination which dogged him all throughout his career. After this, in the year 2005, he got to know of the [[Deaflympics]], formerly The World Games for the Deaf or The Silent Games, and keen on showing his mettle made it to the [[2005 Summer Deaflympics]] in Melbourne, Australia and won the gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jan/14deaf.htm|title=Virender Singh wins gold at Deaflympics|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> There was no stopping him after that as he had found recognition amongst his own. He never gave up on the dream of representing India at the Olympics, but consistent discrimination and lack of knowledge on the part of the Wrestling Federation of India meant that he could never get referees that could govern matches for the deaf.<ref name=":0" /> He focused on the deaf games and in 2008 went to the World Deaf Wrestling Championships in Armenia, and secured a silver.<ref name="sportskeeda.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wrestling/deaf-and-mute-virender-singh-becomes-indias-only-medallist-by-bagging-gold-in-wrestling-at-deaflympics|title=Deaf and mute Virender Singh becomes India's only medallist by bagging gold in wrestling at Deaflympics|date=2013-08-06|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> Post that, at the [[2009 Summer Deaflympics]] he bagged the bronze in Taipei, China.<ref name="sportskeeda.com"/> At the 2012 World Deaf Wrestling Championships, he won a bronze in Sofia, Bulgaria. Again, at the [[2013 Summer Deaflympics]] his performance was stellar earning him a gold medal.<ref name=":0" /> This was to be the best phase of his career as post this he followed it up with a gold medal at the 2016 World Deaf Wrestling Championships in Tehran, Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deaflymp.ru/images/results/wc/Wrestling_free_WC_2016.pdf |title=World Deaf Wrestling Championships, May 2016 |date=May 2016 |website=www.deaflymp.ru |author= |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705031725/https://www.deaflymp.ru/images/results/wc/Wrestling_free_WC_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> And this was followed by the [[2017 Summer Deaflympics]] in Samsun, Turkey where he again won a gold medal. Virender was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] for his stellar contribution to Indian Sports.
he has also won Padma Shri for sports in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/padma-awards-2021-p-anitha-mouma-das-and-4-others-get-padma-honour/711857|title = Padma Awards 2021: Wrestler Virender Singh, TT player Mouma das among Padma Shri winners| date=25 January 2021 }}</ref>

== Film on his Life ==
Virender Singh also became the subject of a documentary titled, ''[[Goonga Pehelwan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/Goonga-Pehlwan-Virender-wants-to-fight-in-2016-Rio-Olympics/articleshow/27681522.cms|title='Goonga Pehlwan' Virender wants to fight in 2016 Rio Olympics - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref>''.'' The name of the film translates to 'The Mute Wrestler', which although is a politically incorrect term was used because that is how the world knew him and his real name was almost forgotten in the wrestling circles and even his family usually referred to him as Goonga. The 45-minute documentary film went on to play at film festivals across the Globe and also won the highest Indian film honour, [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] in the year 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/goonga-pehelwan-gets-national-award/|title=Goonga Pehelwan gets national award|date=2015-03-25|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Government Snub ==
Even after his successes, he has been consistently ignored for top sporting honours and cash awards for much of his career.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/deaflympics-2017-indian-medallists-protest-against-governments-apathy-refuse-to-leave-delhi-airport-3880407.html|title=Deaflympics 2017: Indian medallists protest against government's apathy, refuse to leave Delhi airport|date=2017-08-01|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-08-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Even though the competition levels at the [[Paralympic Games|Paralympics]] and the [[Deaflympics]] are similar and both events are officially sanctioned by the [[International Olympic Committee]], the Government of India has paid no attention to the Deaf Games. The Paralympic Sports Movement has found much support with awards at all levels for para-athletes but deaf athletes have been ignored throughout, thereby pushing Virender Singh and athletes of his kind into the background and financially difficult circumstances.

== See also ==

* [[India at the Deaflympics]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/virender-singh Virender Singh] at [[Deaflympics]]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Virender}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Deaf martial artists]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Deaflympic competitors for India]]

Chembai

2026-03-21T18:27:04Z

BaileyMetzler: basic adjusted intro for clarity also and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Indian singer (1896–1974)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar
| image = Chembai 1996 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Chembai in an Indian Stamp
| birth_name = Vaidyanatha Iyer
| website = {{URL|chembai.com}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|08|28}}
| birth_place = [[Lokanarkavu]], [[Vatakara]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/history-of-legendary-warriors-of-vadakara/article26794028.ece | title=The warriors of Vadakara - A glimpse of the 16th century history of the legendary heroes of Vadakara through its tangible heritage structures| website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="manorama1">{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2018/10/17/go-on-a-thrilling-trip-to-the-martial-arts-heritage.html | title=Go on a thrilling trip to the martial arts heritage of Kadathanad}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1974|10|16|1896|9|1}}
| death_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Carnatic Music]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1904–1974
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], Inreco, BMG, Vani Cassettes
}}

'''Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar''' (born '''Vaidyanatha Iyer''', 28 August 1896 – 16 October 1974) was an Indian [[Carnatic music]] singer from [[Kerala]]. He was born in [[Vatakara]], Kerala, and moved to [[Palakkad kottayi]] along with his family during his childhood.<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref name="manorama1"/><ref name="cs">L. R. Viswanatha Sarma (1954), ''Chembai Selvam'' (Biography of Chembai), 1954: Amudha Nilayam Ltd.</ref> He is popularly known as ''Chembai'', or sometimes simply as ''Bhagavatar''. Chembai was noted for his powerful voice and majestic style<ref name="sruti">N. Pattabhi Raman and K.S. Krishnamurthi, ''Sruti'', Issue 98, November 1992</ref> of singing. His first public performance was in 1904, when he was nine. A recipient of several titles and honours (including the Madras Music Academy's [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 1951), he was known for his encouragement of upcoming musicians and ability to spot new talent.<ref name="cs"/> He was responsible for popularising compositions like ''Rakshamam Saranagatam'' and ''Pavana Guru'', among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-01 |title=Chembai: Artist with a strong voice and a noble heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/chembai-artist-with-a-strong-voice-noble-heart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129044632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/chembai-artist-with-a-strong-voice-noble-heart/ |archive-date=2020-01-29 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The music critic 'Aeolus' described him as "the musician who has meant the most to Carnatic Music in the first fifty years of the 20th century."<ref>Aeolus, ''Shankar's Weekly'', 12 December 1963</ref> His prominent disciples include Chembai Narayana Bhagavathar, Mangu Thampuran, Guruvayur Ponnammal, [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]], V. V. Subramaniam, [[P. Leela]], [[K. G. Jayan]], K. G. Vijayan, [[K. J. Yesudas]], Kudumaru Venkataraman and Babu Parameswaran, among others.<ref name="cmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/05/30/stories/2006053000250400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107123521/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/05/30/stories/2006053000250400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chembai Memorial Govt. Music College |date=30 May 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> He also mentored many young accompanists, including [[Palghat Mani Iyer]], [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]], [[T. N. Krishnan]], [[Palani Subramaniam Pillai]] and [[L. Subramaniam]]. Memorial music festivals have been held in his honour annually since his death in 1974, the most important being the annually celebrated [[Chembai Sangeetholsavam]].

==Early life==
[[Image:Chembai.jpg|thumb|right|290px]]
Chembai was born to Anantha Bhagavatar and Parvati Ammal on 28 August 1896,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chembai - My Discovery of a Legend - National Award Winning Documentary (2016) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zs9AELxSvfI&t=09m50s|last=Sadanandan |first=Soumya |date=2016-06-30 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> into a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family in Perakkool Madom, adjacent to [[Lokanarkavu]], [[Vatakara]] in [[Kozhikode]], on [[Janmashtami]] day.<ref name="manorama1"/> He lived here until he was five years old when the family moved to [[Palakkad]].

The family's connection with classical music spans five centuries. Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar's father, Anantha Bhagavatar, was a violinist and singer from Chembai, near Palakkad, to whom a local Maharaja awarded the title "Ghana Chakratanam", indicating his mastery of a special closed-mouth style of singing [[tanam]].<ref name="sruti" /> At age 3, Chembai began to learn [[Carnatic music]] from his father<ref name="cs" /> in the customary [[guru]]-[[sishya]] tradition, and also began violin and flute training in 1912. Chembai is also one of 12 names of Sirkazhi, the birthplace of Saint Gnanasambandar 7th century CE in [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Singing career==

{{main| Concerts of Chembai}}

Some of the noteworthy early events that helped shape Chembai's career include his ''arangetram'' (debut concert) in [[Ottapalam]] in 1904, performances at [[Vaikom]] and [[Guruvayur]] in 1907, his year with [[Kaliakudi Natesa Sastry]] (1909) and the accolades he received from [[Palghat Anantharama Bhagavatar]] (1911). Between 1913 and 1927, he performed at many different music festivals and sabhas, notably including the [[Madras Music Academy]] and the often forgotten Jagannatha Bhakta Sabha.
In 1952 Chembai lost his voice and couldn’t chant the name of his favourite deity, Guruvayurappan. He prayed fervently, and subsequently underwent an 18-day course of Ayurvedic treatment at Pulamanthole, Kerala, under the Ashtavaidya Pulamanthole Mooss tradition at Ashtavaidyan Pulamanthole Mooss Ayurveda Hospital. Following the treatment, Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar experienced a marked improvement in his voice and resumed singing with renewed vigour. Thereafter, he is noted to have donated a substantial portion of his earnings to the Guruvayur Temple.
===Release of recordings===
Chembai has many [[phonograph]] recordings to his credit, recorded from 1932 to 1946. Those were the days before the advent of the concert [[microphone]], and a singer was entirely dependent on the timbre and reach of his voice for a successful concert. Chembai had a voice of great depth.<ref name="sruti"/> Further, the perception that Chembai's repertoire of songs was limited is highly incorrect. The number of different compositions he recorded is in the hundreds (let alone the total number he performed in concerts and on radio during his career).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chembai.com/chembairecordings.html |title=''Chembai - Recordings'' |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915001324/http://chembai.com/chembairecordings.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Lalita Dasar Kritis (1945)===
Chembai's old friend, T. G. Krishna Iyer, from [[Tripunithura]], had settled in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) and offered a house to Chembai on Palace Road near [[Santhome]]. He had composed some 155 [[kriti (music)|kriti]]s in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] under the [[mudra (music)|mudra]] 'Lalita dasar' and requested Chembai to popularise them. Chembai set the kritis to classical music and got them published under the name ''Lalita Dasar Keertanaigal''. He made it a practice to sing these kritis in most of his concerts. He also released a record containing selected kritis from Lalita Dasar's kritis like Evariki Telusunamma ([[Dhanyasi]]), Ennil Kaninda ([[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Shankarabharanam]]), Pavana Guru ([[Hamsanandi]]), Varijadala Lochani ([[Arabhi]]), among others.<ref name="cs" />

===Performing ability and style===
Chembai had a vigorous, strong, vibrant, ringing, and resonant voice. He would sing in a clear, open-throated style that requires high levels of physical and mental endurance to pull off, yet, he did so in a seemingly effortless manner.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} He had a wonderful sense of accurate kala pramana (time measure). He could do a [[niraval]] and swaraprastara from any given point, which bespoke of mental alertness in a concert.<ref name="taal">{{cite web |url=http://taal.20m.com/chembai.html |title=Chembai Vaidyanath Bhagavathar |publisher=Taal.20m.com |date=16 October 1974 |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531154509/http://taal.20m.com/chembai.html |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> His empathy for his accompanists and disciples was noteworthy, and he would go to great lengths to encourage them.<ref name="taal" /> Chembai has given his full emotion in the kriti ''Ksheera Saagara''depicting the mind of [[Tyagaraja]] in the phrase''Tarakanama''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thekekara |first=Shaji Antony |date=2020 |title=International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research |url=https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/paperpdf-1589981797.pdf |journal=Prominence of Chembai Vaidyanathan in Carnatic Music and on Music Festivals (2020-2021) |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=219 |via=Research Publish Journals}}</ref>

Other stalwarts have admired the strengths of Chembai's singing. For instance, upon witnessing that Chembai was able to sing three major concerts in a single day, [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] is said to have remarked "These are not ordinary men. These are the [[Asura]]s of the music field. If I sing one concert, I need to rest the whole of next day".<ref name="reminisces">{{cite web |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/zz1pp01ju36y94v/musicians_reminisces.pdf | title=A Musician's Reminisces - Prof. Mysore V. Ramarathnam}}</ref> Legendary percussionist [[Pudukkottai Dakshinamurthy Pillai]] would call him "Laya Brahma" for his impeccable grasp of tala and laya.<ref name="reminisces" /> [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]] has also remarked on Chembai's ability to hold notes aligned perfectly to sruti for extended intervals of time.<ref name="kvn">{{cite web |url=http://www.narada.org/interview-with-kvn.html | title=Interview with KVN}}</ref>

===Disciples===
Chembai had many students, including [[K. J. Yesudas]] and many noted musicians like [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090201460200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903011341/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090201460200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2006 |title=A maestro's music |date=2 September 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> [[P. Leela]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613053852/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=P. Leela's death mourned |date=1 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> and the [[K. G. Jayan|Jaya]]-Vijaya twins,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/26/stories/2005082601090200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903185141/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/26/stories/2005082601090200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2010 |title=In memory of a legendary guru |date=26 August 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> Kudumaru Venkataraman, Paramasivan Bhagavathar and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/chembai-vaidyanathan-bhagvatar-2/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[Prasar Bharati]]}}</ref>

==Death==
Chembai died suddenly on 16 October 1974, aged 78, of a cardiac arrest. Shortly before that, he performed his last concert at Poozhikunnu Sri [[Krishna]] temple in [[Ottapalam]] (the venue of his first concert),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Maestro's tanpura taken to Guruvayur Chembai Music Fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/maestros-tanpura-taken-to-guruvayur-chembai-music-fest/article66149895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722002247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/maestros-tanpura-taken-to-guruvayur-chembai-music-fest/article66149895.ece |archive-date=2023-07-22 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2011-12-20 |title=A rags to riches story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-rags-to-riches-story/article2729798.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130140/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-rags-to-riches-story/article2729798.ece |archive-date=2022-11-22 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and concluded the concert with his favourite song "[[Karuna Cheyvan Enthu|Karuna Cheyvan Enthu Thamasam Krishna?]]" (''Why is there so much delay in conferring your mercy, Krishna?'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Ottapalam railway station gets a mural makeover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ottapalam-rly-stn-gets-a-mural-makeover/articleshow/80617384.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He was talking to his disciple Olappamanna Vasudevan Namboothiripad when he suddenly collapsed and died. His nephew said he had always spoken about an easy death, and had attained it. He was cremated in his birth village. He was survived by his wife and daughter, both of them who died later. The government music college in [[Palakkad]] was renamed to [[Chembai Memorial Government Music College]] in his memory.

==Awards and titles==
{{main|List of awards and honours received by Chembai}}
[[File:Chembai1.jpg|thumb|Chembai statue in Kerala]]
Chembai received several awards and titles during his career, most notably including:

* "Gayana Gandharva" (a title bestowed by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] in 1940)<ref name="cs"/>
* [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] (1951; highest accolade in Carnatic music)<ref name="cs"/>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1958)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_music_carnatic_vocal.html |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |publisher=Sangeetnatak.com |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927131942/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_music_carnatic_vocal.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] (1964; by The Fine Arts Society, Chennai)
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] (1972)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1973) – The Padma Bhushan is a national award bestowed by the President of India on select musicians and other eminent people. Chembai was selected to receive the award in 1973 from the then president V. V. Giri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/composeres/chembai.htm|title=Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar}}</ref>
* The Department of Posts, Govt of India released a special issue stamp in Chembai's birth centenary year (1996).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Currency/Paisa/Alpha/C/CHEMBAI%20VAIDYANATHA%20BHAGAVATHAR |title=Chembai Stamp Released |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=28 August 1996 |access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref>

==Music festivals==
{{main |Chembai Sangeetholsavam}}
Chembai had been conducting a music festival in his native village from 1924 onwards. This was continued by his family and now by Chembai Sreenivasan and Chembai Suresh (C. A. Subramanian). The concert, called Chembai Ekadasi Music Festival, is held annually in February–March. Chembai also held a music festival on [[Guruvayur Ekadasi]] Day (mid-November) at Guruvayur every year. This festival, now called [[Chembai Sangeetholsavam]] in his honour, is officially conducted by the [[Devaswom#Guruvayur Devaswom Board|Guruvayur Devaswom Board]].<ref name="gd">{{cite web |url=http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/chembai.shtml |title=Guruvayur Devaswom |publisher=Guruvayur Devaswom |date=16 October 1974 |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114112928/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/chembai.shtml |archive-date=14 November 2009 }}</ref>

==Guruvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram==
The Sri Guvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram, awarded by Sree Krishna Temple, [[Guruvayur]], is instituted in Chembai's memory of the late Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar. This award, comprising a cash prize of INR 50,001, a gold locket of Sree [[Guruvayurappan]], a citation and ''ponnadai'' (a shawl adorned around the shoulders of a dignitary who is being honored), is usually presented during the annual Chembai Music Festival.

The recipients of the Chembai puraskaram include:
*Saxophonist [[Kadri Gopalnath]] (2013)<ref name="hind13">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chembai-puraskaram-for-kadri-gopalnath/article5299149.ece Chembai Puraskaram for Kadri Gopalnath], ''The Hindu'', 31 October 2013.</ref>
*Carnatic musician [[Trichur V. Ramachandran]]<ref name="hind12">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chembai-award-for-2012-announced/article3957350.ece Chembai award for 2012 announced], ''The Hindu'', 2 October 2012.</ref>
*Veena maestro A. Ananthapadmanabhan (2011)
*Carnatic musician [[K. G. Jayan]] (2010)
*Carnatic vocalist [[Parassala B. Ponnammal|Parassala Ponnammal]] (2009)
*Mridangam maestro [[Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair]] (2008)
*Carnatic vocalist [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] (2007)
*Violin maestro [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]] (2006)
*Carnatic musician and mridangam maestro [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]] (2005)

==See also==
*[[Carnatic music]]
*[[List of Carnatic singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chembai}}
{{sister project links|Chembai}}
*http://chembai.com
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060610105948/http://chembaismruthi.org/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070104210611/http://www.cmana.org/cmana/articles/gmcm.htm
*{{YouTube|j-8eA7Fl4q4|A movie clip showing Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar performing a concert}} accompanied by [[Chowdiah]] on the violin and [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] on the [[Mridangam]]
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Music of Kerala}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chembai}}
[[Category:Chembai| ]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Howrah–Seoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line

2026-03-21T07:38:23Z

BaileyMetzler: Stub

{{short description|Indian railway line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px]] Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line
| color = {{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Eastern}}
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Kamarkundu station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Kamarkundu railway station lies on Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line
| type = [[Heavy rail]]
| system = Electrified
| status = Partially Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Sheoraphuli}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Goghat}}
| stations = 9
| routes =
| open = {{start date and age|1885}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|39|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = up to {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line|inline=y}}
| map_state = show
}}

The '''Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line''' also known as '''Bishnupur—Tarakeshwar Railway line''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Sheoraphuli}} on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] and {{stnlnk|Bishnupur}}. The {{convert|39|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} railway line traverses [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Sheoraphuli is {{convert|23|km}} from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]. It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

==History==
The broad gauge Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line was opened by the Tarkessur Railway Company on 1 January 1885 and was worked by [[East Indian Railway Company]].<ref>"Administration Report on the Railways in India" 1884–85</ref><ref name=east>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802133149/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-08-02 | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2011-11-17 }}</ref> The Tarkessur company was taken over by the East Indian Railway in 1915.<ref>"Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1910–11 to 1919–20" London: His Majesty's Stationery Office 1922, which is on a DSAL statistical site at the University of Chicago.</ref>

The [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]], which crosses this branch line at {{stnlnk|Kamarkundu}}, was opened in 1917.<ref name=east/> In Railway budget 2010–11, restoration of {{convert|51|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Tarakeswar-to-Magra section as 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Broad Gauge railway line was proposed. The work is sanctioned in 2010–11. at a cost of 365.17 Cr. Also Tarakeswar–Furfura Sharif {{convert|21.8|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} New Line project work was sanctioned in year 2012–13 at a cost of Rs. 162.37 Cr. Final location survey completed. Alignment plan for {{convert|20.1|km|mi}} approved. Land plan under finalisation. Formation and bridge work completed in railway land. 219 hectares of land will be required. Formation and bridge work completed in railway land. Work could not be started due to non-availability of land. However, the work has been kept in abeyance by Railway board.<ref name=gift>{{cite web | url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamatas-gift-to-bengal/484939/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122163536/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamatas-gift-to-bengal/484939/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-01-22 | title = Mamata's Gift to Bengal | publisher = Express News Service, 4 July 2009 | access-date = 2011-11-17 }}</ref>

==Electrification==

The Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line was first electrified with 3,000 V DC system in 1957. Subsequently, when the Railways decided to adopt the AC system, the branch line was converted to 25 kV AC system in 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | title = Indian Railways History (after independence) | access-date = 2011-11-17 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005074811/http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] coaches were introduced on electrification.

==Tarakeswar–Bishnupur extension==
[[File:Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line map.png|thumb|left|Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line map]]
The {{convert|102|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Tarakeswar–Bishnupur project was sanctioned in 1999–2000, but not much work was done for the next decade. After Mamata Banerjee again became railway minister in 2009, work was speeded up.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951258_1_railway-projects-railway-minister-joka-bbd-bag-stretch | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616144031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951258_1_railway-projects-railway-minister-joka-bbd-bag-stretch | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 June 2013 |title = Rail projects in jeopardy after Mamata quits UPA II| date=19 September 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref> Eastern Railway gave out details of the project in 2003. The proposed fully electrified line was divided into three parts: Tarakeswar–Arambagh {{convert|25.6|km|mi}} long, Arambagh–Kodabari {{convert|19.6|km|mi}} long, and Kodabari–Bishnupur {{convert|56.8|km|mi}} long.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-15/kolkata/27185244_1_rail-link-bishnupur-station-new-route | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616153804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-15/kolkata/27185244_1_rail-link-bishnupur-station-new-route | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 June 2013 |title =Eastern Railway plans new route | date=15 July 2003| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref>

Train services were opened in the Tarakeswar–Talpur section on 25 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=410824&catid=72 |title = ER officials gear up to complete project before deadline | work= The Statesman | date=22 May 2012| access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref> The Talpur–Arambagh sector was opened on 4 June 2012, without electrification and auto signaling.<ref name=arambagh>{{cite web| url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=412071&catid=36|title = Rly gives nod to Mamata project| work= The Statesman | date=3 June 2012| access-date = 16 April 2013 }}</ref>

At the time of inaugurating the line, the Chief Minister had said that the Arambag railway station was to be named after former West Bengal chief minister Prafulla Chandra Sen and the Mayapur railway station was to be named after Raja Rammohan Ray.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.indiamart.com/story/mamata-banerjee-set-it-hub-chinsurah-hooghly-district-161847.html| title = Mamata Banerjee to set up IT hub at Chinsurah in Hooghly district| work = SME News, India Mart| date = 5 June 2012| access-date = 16 April 2013| archive-date = 29 June 2013| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130629121158/http://news.indiamart.com/story/mamata-banerjee-set-it-hub-chinsurah-hooghly-district-161847.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Without the overhead electrification the railways had no option but to run [[diesel-electric multiple unit]] (DEMU) trains initially.<ref name=arambagh/> Mukul Roy, railway minister, inaugurated the electrified line to Tarakeswar on 16 September 2012. [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] services have since been introduced.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://online-train-information.blogspot.in/2012/09/introduction-of-emu-train-services-on_16.html|title = Introduction of EMU train services on Tarakeswar–Arambagh| access-date = 16 April 2013}}</ref>

The completion of the Bishnupur–Gokulnagar sector was announced in the railway budget for 2009–10.<ref name=gift/>

In June 2016, the Tarakeshwar–Goghat section was commissioned for EMU trains with the introduction of three pairs of Howrah–Goghat locals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhabadighi Residents' Decade-long Fight to Save Their Waterbody from Railway Project |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/residents-of-this-west-bengal-village-have-been-fighting-for-over-a-decade-to-protect-their-waterbody |date=2025-02-27 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Down To Earth}}</ref>

In March 2024, construction work between Maynapur & Kamarpukur has started.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=8698&id=0,4,268 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Status update of the under-construction section of the line ===
{| class="wikitable sticky-header-multi"
|-
!Section
! Physical Progress
! Estimated Commissioning
! Total progress
|-
! MAYP-BRGNP
|100%
|commissioned,
December 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Summary |url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=220100272&stat=O |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.cspm.gov.in}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |75%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Summary |url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=220100272&stat=O |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.cspm.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! BRGNP-JYRMB
|100%
| Commissioned,
March 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Summary |url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=220100272&stat=O |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.cspm.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! JYRMB-KMPKR
|44%
| Estimated,
February 2026
|-
!KMPKR-GOGT
|65%
|Estimated,
March 2026
|}

== Stations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:95%;"
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur line'''
|-
! style="width:1%;" |#
! style="width:5%;" |Station Name
! style="width:1%;" |Station Code
! style="width:5%;" |Connections
|-
| 1|| {{rws|Bishnupur}} || VSU ||[[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line]]
|-
|2
|Birsha Munda Halt
|BSMH
|None
|-
|3
|Gokulnagar-Joypur
|GNJP
|None
|-
|4|| {{rws|Maynapur}} || MAYP ||None
|-
|5
|Baragopinathpur
|BRGNP
|None
|-
|6
|Jayrambati
|JRBI
|None
|-
|7
|Kamarpukur
|KMPKR
|None
|-
|8|| {{rws|Goghat}} || GOGT ||None
|-
|9|| {{rws|Arambagh}} || AMBG ||None
|-
|10|| {{rws|Tarakeswar}} || TAK ||None
|-
|11|| {{rws|Haripal}} || HPL |||None
|-
|12|| {{rws|Kamarkundu}} || KQU |||[[Howrah–Barddhaman chord line|Howrah–Bardhaman chord]]
|-
|13|| {{rws|Sheoraphuli}} || SHE |||[[Howrah–Barddhaman main line|Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Bankura topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheoraphuli-Bishnupur branch line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1885]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English

2026-03-17T07:04:07Z

BaileyMetzler: minor edit

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Award for English
| image = Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to English literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1960
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 53
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[R. K. Narayan]]
| award3_type = Most Recent winner
| award3_winner = [[Easterine Kire]]
| website = [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ENGLISH sahitya-akademi.gov.in]
| previous =
| next =
}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
The [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] is a literary honor in India awarded by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, which aims at "promoting Indian literature throughout the world". The Akademi annually confers on writers of "the most outstanding books of literary merit". The awards are given for works published in any of the 24 languages recognised by the akademi.<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp|title=Akademi Awards|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=23 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925203857/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp|archive-date=25 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Instituted in 1954, the award recognizes and promotes excellence in writing and acknowledge new trends. The annual process of selecting awardees runs for the preceding twelve months. {{As of|2024}}, the award consists of an engraved copper-plaque, a shawl and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|1|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2024.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

== Recipients ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Book
! Writer
!Image
! Category of Books
! Ref.
|-
| 1960
| ''[[The Guide]]''
| [[R. K. Narayan]]
|[[File:RK Narayan 2009 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|thumb|76x76px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1964
| ''[[The Serpent and the Rope]]''
| [[Raja Rao]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin]]''
| [[Verrier Elwin]]
|[[File:Verrier Elwin.jpg|thumb|63x63px]]
| Autobiography
|
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Shadow From Ladakh]]''
| [[Bhabani Bhattacharya]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1969
| ''[[An Artist in Life]]''
| [[Niharranjan Ray]]
|
| Biography
|
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Morning Face]]''
| [[Mulk Raj Anand]]
|[[File:Mulk Raj Anand.jpg|thumb|79x79px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Scholar Extraordinary]]''
| [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]]
|
| Biography
|
|-
| 1976
| ''Jawaharlal Nehru''
| [[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
|
| Biography
|
|-
| 1977
| ''Azadi''
| [[Chaman Nahal]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1978
| ''Fire on the Mountain''
| [[Anita Desai]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Inside the Haveli]]''
| [[Rama Mehta]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1980
| ''On the Mother''
| [[K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
|[[File:KRSrinivasaiyengar.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Biography
|
|-
| 1981
| ''Relationship''
| [[Jayanta Mahapatra]]
|[[File:Jayanta Mahapatra.JPG|thumb|57x57px]]
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[The Last Labyrinth]]''
| [[Arun Joshi]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 1983
| ''Latter-Day Psalms''
| [[Nissim Ezekiel]]
|
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1984
| ''The Keeper of the Dead''
| [[Keki N. Daruwalla]]
|[[File:Keki N. Daruwalla 2016 International Poetry Festival of Medellín.png|thumb|67x67px]]
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Collected Poems''
| [[Kamala Das]]
|[[File:Kamala das.jpg|thumb|63x63px]]
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Rich Like Us]]''
| [[Nayantara Sahgal]]
|[[File:Nayantara Sahagal,Indian writer in English language,India.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1987
| ''Trapfalls In the Sky''
| [[Shiv K. Kumar]]
|
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[The Golden Gate (Vikram Seth novel)|The Golden Gate]]''
| [[Vikram Seth]]
|[[File:Vikram Seth, in Oxfordshire (cropped).jpg|thumb|71x71px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[The Shadow Lines]]''
| [[Amitav Ghosh]]
|[[File:Amitav Ghosh by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|67x67px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1990
| ''That Long Silence''
| [[Shashi Deshpande]]
|[[File:Shashi Deshpande1.jpg|thumb|67x67px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1991
| ''The Trotter-Nama''
| [[Allan Sealy]]
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Irwin Allan Sealy, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2012.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra]]''
| [[Ruskin Bond]]
|[[File:Ruskin Bond in Bangalore, India (Jim Ankan Deka photography) (cropped).jpg|thumb|61x61px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1993
| ''After Amnesia''
| [[G. N. Devy]]
|
| Essays
|
|-
| 1994
| ''Serendip''
| [[Dom Moraes]]
|
| Poetry
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Memories of Rain]]''
| [[Sunetra Gupta]]
|[[File:Kulldorff gupta bhattacharya (Sunetra Gupta cropped).jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Final Solutions and Other Plays''
| [[Mahesh Dattani]]
|
| Drama
|
|-
| 1999
| ''The Collected Poems''
| [[A. K. Ramanujan]]
|
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Cuckold (book)|Cuckold]]''
| [[Kiran Nagarkar]]
|[[File:Kiran Nagarkar - Leipziger Buchmesse 2013.jpg|thumb|75x75px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Rajaji: A Life''
| [[Rajmohan Gandhi]]
|[[File:Rajmohan Gandhi (1960).jpg|thumb|67x67px]]
| Biography
|
|-
| 2002
| ''A New World''
| [[Amit Chaudhuri]]
|[[File:Amit Chaudhuri - Kolkata 2014-01-31 8146.JPG|thumb|75x75px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[The Perishable Empire]]''
| [[Meenakshi Mukherjee]]
|[[File:Girish Karnad and Meenakshi Mukherjee - ACLALS 2004 (cropped) - Meenakshi Mukherjee.jpg|thumb|68x68px]]
| Essays
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[The Mammaries of the Welfare State]]''
| [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Algebra of Infinite Justice]]''
| [[Arundhati Roy]]
|[[File:Arundhati Roy W.jpg|thumb|75x75px]]
| Essays
|
|-
| 2006
| ''The Sari Shop''
| [[Rupa Bajwa]]
|[[File:Rupa Bajwa, Author.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Disorderly Women''
| [[Malathi Rao]]
|
| Novel
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Mahabharata: An Inquiry into the Human Condition''
| [[Chaturvedi Badrinath]]
|
| Criticism
|
|-
| 2010
| ''The Book of Rachel''
| [[Esther David]]
|[[File:Esther David.jpg|thumb|75x75px]]
| Novel
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[India after Gandhi]]''
| [[Ramachandra Guha]]
|[[File:Ramachandra Guha at National Law School of India in 2024 (2).jpg|thumb|83x83px]]
| Historical Narrative
|<ref>{{Cite press release|title=POETS DOMINATE SAHITYA AKADEMI AWARDS 2011 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |date=2011-12-21 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award-2011.pdf |accessdate=2011-12-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031321/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award-2011.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Guha wins it for narrative history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2735882.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''These Errors are Correct''
| [[Jeet Thayil]]
|[[File:Jeet Thayil performing at Goobe's Book Republic, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|75x75px]]
| Poetry
|<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Jeet Thayil among 24 selected for Sahitya Akademi Awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/jeet-thayil-among-24-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-awards/article4222947.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Laburnum For My Head]]''
| [[Temsula Ao]]
|[[File:Temsula Ao.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
| Short stories
|<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Trying to Say Goodbye''
|[[Adil Jussawalla]]
|
|Poetry
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Chronicle of a Corpse Bearer]]''
|[[Cyrus Mistry (writer)|Cyrus Mistry]]
|
|Novel
|
|-
|2016
| ''[[Em and the Big Hoom]]''
|[[Jerry Pinto]]
|[[File:Jerry Pinto at KLF-2018.jpg|thumb|50x50px]]
|Novel
|
|-
|2017
| ''The Black Hill''
| [[Mamang Dai]]
|[[File:Mamang Dai.jpg|thumb|68x68px]]
|Novel
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2024-03-13 |title=Tiruchi-based Tamil writer Kannaiyan Daksnamurthy wins Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tiruchi-based-tamil-writer-kannaiyan-daksnamurthy-wins-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/article67946172.ece |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''The Blind Lady's Descendants''
| [[Anees Salim]]
|
| Novel
|<ref name="2018Award">{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2018.pdf |title=Sahitya Akademi Main Award 2018 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=5 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| ''[[An Era of Darkness]]''
| [[Shashi Tharoor]]
|[[File:Shashi Tharoor at MEDEF.jpg|thumb|68x68px]]
| Novel (non-fiction)
|<ref name="2019Award">{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2019.pdf |title=Sahitya Akademi Main Award 2019 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''When God is a Traveller''
| [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]]
|[[File:Arundhathi Subramaniam bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 4208 January 27, 2018.jpg|thumb|70x70px]]
| Poetry
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/veerappa-moily-arundhathi-subramania-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-7225734/lite/|title=Veerappa Moily, Arundhathi Subramania among others to receive Sahitya Akademi Award-2020|work=Indian Express|date=12 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Things to Leave Behind''
|[[Namita Gokhale]]
|[[File:Namita Gokhale at PubliCon 2012.jpg|thumb|55x55px]]
|Novel
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=K. Sreenivasarao|date=30 December 2021|title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2021 - List of Winners|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf|website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[All the Lives We Never Lived]]''
|[[Anuradha Roy (novelist)|Anuradha Roy]]
|
|Novel
|<ref name="2022 award">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Requiem in Raga Janaki''
|[[Neelum Saran Gour|Neelam Gour]]
|[[File:NeelumSaranGour.jpg|thumb|67x67px]]
|Novel
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Sreeparna |date=2023-12-20 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2023 announced |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2023-announced/article67658599.ece |access-date=2023-12-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Spirit Nights''
|[[Easterine Kire]]
|
|Novel
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi poet Gagan Gill English writer Easterine Kire among recipients of Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/12/18/lst4-awards-sahitya-akademi.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Navtej Sarna
|Crimson Spring
|
|Novel
|
|}

==Further reading==
*[[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akademi Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sahitya}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English}}

[[Category:Lists of books|Sahitya Akademi Award Winners For English Language]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English|*]]
[[Category:Indian English|*Sahitya Akademi Award Winners For English Language]]
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|English]]

First Battle of Eran

2026-03-14T11:43:46Z

BaileyMetzler: redirect created

{{Short description|5th century confrontation in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date= December 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Battle of Eran
| image = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|border = none
|width = 270
|caption = {{center|[[Find spot]]s of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500 and 530 CE,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |language=en}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref> with neighbouring polities,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=25 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and territorial extent of the Alchon Huns (brown).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (k) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21|N |long=79|E |label= |position= |label_size=0|mark=Map of the Southern Hunas (territory).png|marksize=270 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.83|N |long=74.25|E |label=[[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli]] |position=left |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.5|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran]] |position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.22|N |long=78.17|E |label=[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior]] |position=top |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Sondani inscription|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=24.38|N |long=74.70|E |label=[[Choti Sadri|Choti Sadri]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=32.40|N |long=72.47|E |label=[[Salt Range|Kura]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.33|N |long=81.39|E |label=[[Kausambi|Kausambi]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.1106152|N |long=75.3033907|E |label=[[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.75|N |long=77|E |label={{center|[[Alchons|'''ALCHON HUNS''']]}}|text-align=right|label_size=85|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36|N |long=67|E |label=[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=32|N |long=72|E |label=[[Nezak Huns|NEZAK HUNS]]|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=30|N |long=67|E |label=[[Sasanian Empire|SASA- NIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25|N |long=73|E |label=[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24|N |long=95|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|GUPTAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18|N |long=78|E |label=[[Vakataka dynasty|VAKATAKAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31|N |long=90|E |label={{center|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG KINGDOM]]}}|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=98|E |label=[[Northern Wei|Northern Wei]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=90|E |label=[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
}}
| partof = First Hunnic War
| date = 498 CE
| place = [[Eran]] (Modern day [[India]])
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.0890|N|78.1650|E|region:IT_type:event_scale:50000|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[Alchon Huns|Hunnic]] victory
| territory = [[Malwa]] fell to the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]]
| combatant2 = [[Alchon Huns]]
| combatant1 = [[Gupta Empire]]
| commander2 = [[Toramana]] Harigupta Bhuta
| commander1 = [[Budhagupta]] Suraśmicandra [[Mātṛviṣṇu]]{{KIA}} [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]{{Surrender}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| map_type = South Asia
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 15
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Location of the battle within India
}}
The '''First Battle of Eran'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=33 |language=en |quote=Alkhan invasion in Western India in first year of the reign of Mahārājādhirāja Toramāna First Battle of Eran (Betwā Valley), in which [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] is probably killed. His younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] installs a Varāhamūrti in Eran (SB X.032).}}</ref> was a key engagement of the First Hunnic War that took place in 498 CE at Airikana ([[Eran]]), [[India]]. It was fought between the [[Gupta Empire]] and the invading army of [[Alchon Huns]]. The battle involved the Emperor [[Budhagupta]], his viceroys, and [[Toramana]], an acclaimed [[Alchon Huns|Hunnic]] king. The confrontation had significant consequences for the political and territorial situation in the region. The conflict concluded with a victory for the [[Alchon Huns]] that influenced subsequent events in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |pages=337–342}}</ref>

==Prelude==
{{Location map+
| Hephthalites
| width = 300 
| float = center
| border = none
| nodiv= 1 | mini= 1 | relief= yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|35|90|[[Sasanian Empire|'''SASANIAN EMPIRE''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|50|[[Hephthalite|'''HEPHTHALITES''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|123|[[Alchon Huns|'''ALCHON HUNS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|139|86|[[Nezak|'''NEZAK HUNS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|120|15|[[Yueban|'''''Yueban''''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|40|1|[[Magyars|'''''Magyars''''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|0|15|[[Oghurs|'''''Oghurs''''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|205|58|[[Tocharians|'''TOCHARIANS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|200|140|[[Gupta Empire|'''GUPTA EMPIRE''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|200|100|[[Zhangzhung|'''ZHANGZHUNG''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|175|[[Vakatakas|'''VAKATAKAS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|255|25|[[Rouran Khaganate|'''ROURAN KHAGANATE''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|210|02|[[Tiele people|'''''Gaoju Turks''''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|272|176|[[Template:Continental Asia in 400 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:Asia 576 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Territory of the Hepthalite Empire, circa 500}}
}}

The invasion of the [[Hepthalites]] followed a geographical trajectory similar to that of the [[Indo-Greeks]] during the post-[[Maurya period]] and was later mirrored by the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]]. Like the Indo-Greeks and the Turks, the Hunas initially consolidated their power in the [[Punjab]] region. After their defeat by [[Skandagupta]], they shifted their focus back to [[Persia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive/page/n1084/mode/1up |title=History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century |page=1085}}</ref> In 456 CE, [[Yazdegerd II]] continued his struggle against them. Following his death in 457 CE, the [[Sassanian Empire]] came under the rule of [[Peroz I]], who was defeated by the [[Hephthalite]] king Akun (or [[Akhshunwar]]) and forced to pay tribute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |page=337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory0000keay/mode/1up |title=India : a history |date=1999 |publisher=London : HarperCollins |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-00-255717-7 |page=144}}</ref>

In 484 CE, [[Peroz I]] launched an offensive against the [[Hephthalites]] but was defeated and killed. According to [[Édouard Chavannes|Chavannes]], based on [[Chinese language|Chinese]] historical accounts, by around 500 CE, the [[Hepthalites|Huna Empire]] included [[Tokharistan]], [[Kabulistan]], and [[Zabulistan]], with [[Gandhara]] and [[Chitral]] being the only regions of "[[Greater India|India proper]]" under their control. The Chinese traveler [[Song Yun]], who visited Gandhara in 520 CE, provided further details on the state of the region during that time:
{{Quote|text=This is the country which the Ye-thas destroyed, and afterwards set up a
Tch'e-le (a tegin, prince or the member of the royal family) to be the king over the country; since which event two generations have passed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |page=337}}</ref>|author=[[Song Yun]]|title=The Chinese traveler}}
[[Song Yun]]'s account suggests that the power of [[Toramana|Jaūvla]] extended to [[Gandhara]] approximately two generations before his visit in 520 CE. The identity of the Huna king who led the conquest of Gandhara remains uncertain. However, it is plausible that King Ramanila, known only from his coins, preceded [[Toramana]] and played a key role in the Huna conquest of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar/page/36/mode/1up |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age |date=1970 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |page=36}}</ref> Nevertheless, it cannot be ruled out that Ramanila belonged to a different dynasty than that of Toramana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |page=338}}</ref>[[File:Toramana portrait and initials Tora.jpg|190px|center|thumb|{{center|Portrait of Toramana and [[Gupta script]] initials [[File:Gupta allahabad to.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_r.svg|25px]] ''Tora'', from his bronze coinage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=180, Figure 11 |jstor=24049314 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24049314.pdf |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>]]}}
[[Toramana]], a prominent ruler of the [[Alchon Huns|Alchon dynasty]], successfully established political and cultural dominance in the [[Punjab]], which fostered his imperial ambitions. During this time, the [[Sasanian Empire]] was in turmoil following a coup against [[Kawad I]] in 496 CE. Although [[Kawad I]] regained power in 498 CE, his authority remained heavily reliant on the [[Hephthalites]], the [[Huns|Hunnic]] rulers north of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref name=":4" />
[[File:India 500 AD.jpg|{{center|Charles Joppen's construction in 1907 of possible Indian map in 500 AD}}|250px|thumb]]
Capitalizing on this opportunity, Toramana launched an invasion of northern and western India from the Punjab, possibly from a stronghold on the banks of the [[Chenab River|Candrabhaga River]]. Within a year, he assumed the title of [[Maharajadhiraja]], or Emperor, as evidenced by the inscription on the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Boar of Eran]], which describes him as 'the glorious Toramana, of great fame and great lustre.'<ref name=":4" />

== Background ==
=== Toramana's prospect ===
[[File:Toramana gold coin circa 490-515.jpg|thumb|255px|{{center|A rare gold coin of [[Toramana]] with [[Lakshmi]] on the reverse ({{Circa|490}}–515), inspired from contemporary Gupta coins, such as those of [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]]. The obverse legend reads "avanipati torama(no) vijitya vasudham divam jayati": "The lord of the earth, [[Toramana]], having conquered the earth, wins Heaven".<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301345 CNG Coins]</ref><ref>[http://coinindia.com/Prakasaditya.pdf The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', October 2015.]</ref>]]}} The [[Alchon Huns|Alkhans]] gradually expanded their influence in the northwest of the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the latter half of the 5th century. This culminated with [[Toramana]]'s rise to power as the leader of the Alkhan quadrumvirate, declaring himself "King of Kings" ([[Rajadhiraja]]) as evidenced by the. [[Khurai|Khura]] Stone Inscription. By the close of the century, the Alkhan had significantly integrated into Indian society and culture.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |pages=338–339}}</ref> According to [[Hans T. Bakker|Bakker]], this integration may have fueled Toramana's ambitions for territorial expansion, guided not by the supposed ferocity often attributed to the [[Huns]], of which there is scant evidence, but by principles from the Indian Book of State, which emphasized the ideal ruler's duty to pursue conquest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=71–72 |language=en |quote=Arthaśāstra 6.2.13: rājā ātmadravyaprakrtisampanno nayasyādhisthānam vijigīsuh}}</ref>

=== Toramana's campaign ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 450
| caption_align = center
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Hephthalite Silver Bowl (side view).jpg
| caption1 = {{center|The silver bowl in the [[British Museum]]}}
| image2 = Alchon horseman on the Hephthalite Silver Bowl.jpg
| caption2 = {{center|Alchon horseman.<ref name="MA">{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |pages=274–275 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>}}
| footer = The so-called "[[Hephthalite bowl]]" from [[Gandhara]], features two [[Kidarites|Kidarite]] hunters wearing characteristic crowns, and as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with [[skull deformation]]), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.<ref name="MA"/> [[Swat District]], [[Pakistan]], 460–479 CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.</ref><ref name="British Museum notice">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=247021&partId=1|title=British Museum notice|website=[[British Museum]]|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}
[[Toramana]] emerged as a formidable and charismatic leader with exceptional military skills. His dominance over rival [[Huns|Hunnic]] factions, forcing them into subordinate roles, and his strategic establishment of Parvatikā on the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] (Candrabhaga) River in [[Punjab]] as his operational base underscore his tactical acumen.<ref name=":5" /> His rapid military campaigns resulted in the conquest of large areas of northern and western India within a few years, culminating in the construction of the [[Goparaja]] funereal monument in AD 510.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=71–72 |language=en |quote=Alkhan invasion in Western India in first year of the reign of Mahārājādhirāja Toramāna First battle of Eran (Betwā Valley), in which [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] is probably killed. His younger brother Dhanyavisnu installs a Varāhamūrti in Eran (SB X.032).}}</ref>

== Battle ==
[[File:Eran archaeological site map, 1880 sketch.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.3|{{center|Eran archaeological site map, 1880 sketch]]}}
This conflict, which [[Hans T. Bakker|Bakker]] refers to as the First Hunnic War, began with a campaign led by [[Toramana]] around AD 498. The [[Alchon|Alkhan]] king invaded the [[Doab#The_Doab|Ganga–Yamuna Doab]], capturing [[Mathura]], crossing the [[Yamuna]] near [[Kalpi]] (Kalapriyanatha), and advancing south into the [[Betwa]] valley to attack the western territories of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Eran]] Pillar inscription of [[Budhagupta]] from Gupta Year 165 (AD 484) mentions Suraśmicandra, the Gupta viceroy of these territories, who claimed to govern the region between the [[Ganga]] and [[Narmada]] rivers. Suraśmicandra confronted [[Toramana]] alongside [[Budhagupta]] in the battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+Eran+Gupta+victory&pg=PA34 |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2015-06-29 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Eran Budhagupta inscription.jpg|250px|thumb|{{center|Budhagupta pillar inscription at Eran.]]}}
The [[Budhagupta]] inscription is dated to 484–485 CE. It is a [[Vaishnava]] inscription. It describes that the Gupta kingdom stretched from Kalindi River to Narmada River, that the inscription marks the raising of a column in honour of [[Janardana]], another name of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Fleet|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n303 88]}}
{{Quote|text=A. [Tibetan: H. = Hūṇa], having come from the West, was a great king. He occupied the banks of the Ganges up to the East. He was of Śūdra caste, a mahārāja of large army and great power. From his base on the Ganges, from all sides he invaded the city of the Gauḍas called Tīrtha and remained there as a powerful king. There that Kṣatriya boy with a merchant entered at night, and was acknowledged at the dawn by the Śūdra king, who then retired to Nandapura [=Pāṭaliputra] on the Ganges, and in Magadha installed that boy as king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&q=hunnic+people+in+south+and+Central+India |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |pages=293–294 |language=en |quote="Jayaswal: H., the Śūdra from the western country who invaded Magadha and Gauḍa, seems to have been the Hūṇa Toramāṇa. Later, in verse 777 he is described as having enjoyed kingdoms of others. To the author of this passage, who probably lived in the seventh century or around the turn of the eighth, the remnants of the Huns in India who had become part of the population and who have come down in several castes to our own times, would have been easily regarded as Śūdras."}}</ref>|title=Installation of Pra[kaṭāditya] by H[ūṇa]|source=Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa}}
[[File:Eran Budhagupta pillar built circa 476–495 CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|{{center|The [[Buddhagupta]] pillar at Eran (c.476–495 CE), raised in honour of [[Janardana]], another name of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Fleet|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n303 88]}} On top is a double statue of [[Garuda]], holding a serpent in his hands, with a [[chakra]] wheel behind the head.<ref name="Indian Numismatic Studies">{{cite book |last1=Bajpai |first1=K. D. |title=Indian Numismatic Studies |date=2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-035-8 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref>]]}}
The two powers eventually clashed in the fertile plains around [[Eran]], also known as Airikana, or the "Refreshing Fields," where the [[Betwa]] and [[Bina River (India)|Bina]] rivers meander. On the southern banks of the Bina, [[Budhagupta]] had overseen of a religious complex dedicated to [[Vishnu]], the [[Gupta Empire]]’s tutelary deity. In this area, two local feudatories, Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] and his younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], had constructed a twin temple, which was guarded by a 13-meter-high pillar, the 'Column of [[Janardana]]' (Vishnu/Krishna).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=73–75 |language=en}}</ref>

The two inscriptions discovered at [[Eran]] provide valuable insight into the period. The first inscription, dated to 484 CE, records a pious construction by Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] and his younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] during the reign of [[Budhagupta]]. The second inscription, however, documents [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]'s construction of a temple after his brother’s death, in the first year of Rajadhiraja Maharaja [[Toramana]] Sahi Jauvla's rule. This suggests that [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], a prominent official, abandoned the Gupta emperor during this critical time to offer his allegiance to the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]]. This shift in loyalty likely occurred sometime after 484 CE, but within a generation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |pages=341–342}}</ref>

The Kuvayamālā, a jain work composed in 778 CE, mentions Harigupta, linked to the [[Gupta dynasty]], as the mentor of [[Toramana]]. It also notes another of his students, Devagupta, who is referred to as a royal sage ([[Rajarshi]]). Furthermore, copper coins found in the [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] area, which was part of the ancient [[Panchala]] region, suggest the presence of a ruler named Maharaja Harigupta, who is believed to have been active around 500 CE. Harigupta, likely a scion of the Gupta imperial family, is believed to have established himself in northern Panchala. The reasons for his potential alliance with the Huna invaders are not fully explained by the available historical sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. R. Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967 |pages=339–340 |quote=According to Altekar, the find-spot of these coins would suggest the possibility of the identity of Harigupta, the adviser of Toramana with Harigupta of these coins.}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Kura inscription of Toramana.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|{{center|The Kura inscription of Toramana. Starting "In the prosperous reign of the King of Kings, the Great King Toramana Shahi [[Jauhkha]]...".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |pages=326–327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA327 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=James |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.1 |date=1898 |pages=238–241 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56636/page/n273/mode/2up}}</ref> "Toramana" ([[File:Toramana in the Kura inscription of Toramana (1st line).jpg|40px]] [[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad to.jpg|9px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad maa2.jpg|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|9px]] ''Toramāṇa'', appears in the 1st line of the inscription.]]}}
The first battle of Eran, fought under the banner of the [[Garuda|Imperial Eagle]], marked a substantial defeat. During the early phase of his campaign, [[Toramana]] adopted the title [[Maharajadhiraja]], as recorded in the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran Stone Boar Inscription]] superseding his earlier title [[Rajadhiraja]], mentioned in the [[Khurai|Khura]] Stone Inscription. This elevated title had traditionally been associated with the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperors, symbolizing Toramana’s assertion of imperial authority.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |page=76 |language=en}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 175
| image1 = Location of the Eran boar inscription of Toramana.jpg
| caption1 = {{center|The Eran boar, under the neck of which the Toramana inscription can be found (area indicated in red).}}
| image2 = 5th century Varaha boar statue with goddess earth hanging, sages and saints reliefs on its body.jpg
| caption2 = {{center|The Eran Varaha boar statue with ruins in late 19th-century, showing the relief on the boar's body.}}
}}

After these events, the local ruler [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] was compelled to decide between submitting to [[Toramana]]’s rule or facing death. He chose submission. Although the power of the former empire had waned, a sense of resilience persisted. This resilience was reflected in the completion of a 3.5-meter-high [[Varaha]] statue, a representation of the boar incarnation of [[Vishnu]], which [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] was allowed to finish.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Vishnu temple mandapa at Eran, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|250px|center|{{center|[[Mandapa]] of the Vishnu Temple at Eran}}|thumb]]
The monument reflects [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]'s devotion to [[Vishnu]], who, according to the [[Mahabharata]], rescued the earth during times of cosmic distress by lifting it on his tusks. [[Toramana]], noted for his favorable stance toward [[Vaishnavism]], may have viewed the statue’s symbolism as aligning with the moment’s significance circumstances.<ref name=":3" />

== Aftermath ==

=== Toramana's endeavors ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
|direction=horizontal
| total_width =400
| title=Kausambi
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi.jpg
| caption1 ={{center|The monastery of Ghoshitarama in [[Kausambi]] was probably destroyed by the Alchon Huns under Toramana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=174–175 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| image2=Kosambi Huna Raja seal impression.jpg
| caption2={{center|"''Hūna Rāja''" Toramana seal impression, Kausambi<ref>{{cite book |page=18 |title= Indian Archaeology 1954–55 A review|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201954-55%20%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>}}
}}
[[Toramana]]'s actions suggest that his goal was not merely to dismantle the [[Gupta Empire]] but to bring it under his dominion. After consolidating control over the western territories, the [[Alchon]] king advanced toward the empire's core. Archaeological evidence provides crucial insights into this campaign. Excavations at the ancient city of [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]] reveal widespread destruction in its final phase of occupation, indicating a significant attack. Among the findings was a seal impression from the Ghositarama monastery bearing the letters "To Ra Ma Na," likely linking the devastation to Toramana. The evidence also suggests that Kaushambi never fully recovered from this event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDxTzQEACAAJ |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=77–81 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Access to Arabian sea ===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 330
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Hunnic silver vase, Chilek near Smarkand, second third of 5th century CE.jpg
| image2 = Chilek silver bowl Alchon ruler.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = {{center|The [[Chilek bowl]], with an Alchon Hun ruler in the central medallion, surrounded by naked Indian-style dancers.}}
}}
[[File:Fragment of a Lid with a Hunting Scene, Gandhara, 5-6th century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|{{center|Fragment of a lid with a hunting scene, Gandhara, 5-6th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=153, Fig.13 |jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>}}]]
[[Toramana]]'s numismatic and epigraphic records demonstrate his appreciation for [[Indian culture]], which is also reflected in his military campaigns in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. Seeking to control the western trade route from [[Mathura]] to the [[Arabian]] Sea, Toramana launched an expedition in his second or third year, passing through Madhyamika (Nagari) and Dasapura ([[Mandasor]]) toward Bharukaccha (modern [[Bharuch]]) on the [[Gulf of Cambay]]. Along this route was Vadrapali, a significant trade center mentioned in three copper plates, likely corresponding to the modern town of [[Sanjeli]] in North Gujarat, where the plates were discovered.<ref name=":1" />

=== Sanjeli copper plate ===
{{see also|Sanjeli inscriptions}}
[[File:Pashupatinath Mandsaur.jpg|thumb|{{center|Idol of Lord Pashupatinath in Mandsaur}}]]
[[Sanjeli]]'s unique geographical features, surrounded by low, rocky mountains that formed natural fortifications, made it an ideal strategic site for caravans traveling to the coast. Demonstrating his organizational abilities, [[Toramana]] appointed Bhuta as governor of the Sivabhagapura district, located about 1,000 kilometers south of his Panjab homeland. The first [[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli copper plate]] records that—

{{Blockquote|text="In the third year of the reign of the supreme lord [[Maharajadhiraja]], the illustrious [[Toramana]], thanks to whose grace Śivabhagapura is ruled by Maharaja Bhuta as district governor."<ref name=":1" />|title=First Sanjeli copper plate}}

=== Major routes ===
[[File:Invasions of the Alchon Huns.jpg|{{center|Routes taken by [[Alchon]] Huns}}|thumb|270px]]
[[Toramana]]'s route through [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] appears to have followed the ancient caravan track from [[Mathura]] to the [[Gulf of Cambay]], bypassing the eastern [[Betwa]] valley route taken in his earlier invasion.This is supported by the location where the [[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli copper plates]] were found, which may have been a town in the Sivabhagapura district, and the list of merchants involved in the tax agreement, hailing from places connected by these trade routes. Within three years of the Battle of Eran, Toramana had secured control over major trade routes in western India, effectively linking the [[Central Asian]] trade network, controlled by his [[Hephthalite]] allies, with India’s commercial infrastructure and its key seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]]. His power was derived not from plunder, as often suggested, but from his control over this expansive transnational trade network.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Second battle of Eran]]
* [[Skandagupta]]
* [[Battle of Sondani]]
* [[Kidara I]]
* [[Hepthalites]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=Ahistory of the Imperial Guptas.With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar |date=1967 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&q=hunnic+people+in+south+and+Central+India |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bajpai |first=K. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA19 |title=Indian Numismatic Studies |date=2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-035-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Jas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56636/page/n273/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.1 |date=1892}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleet |first=John F. |series=Inscriptionum Indicarum |volume=III |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |edition=3rd Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254 |location=Varanasi, India |publisher=Indological Book House |orig-date=1888 |date=1960}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+Eran+Gupta+victory&pg=PA34 |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2015-06-29 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Hyun Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ |title=The Huns |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |language=en}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.degruyter.com/database/byz/entry/byz.a2e03228-9c79-495e-a8f4-33785f40530b/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOopdlaI4U78peGQ5-CeSj69ID_6lrE-5rBHRxWHIcspM6cNmV27G|The Gupta empire in the face of the Hunnic threat. Parallels to the late Roman empire?] in ''De Gruyter''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eran 1st}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Khurai]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:490s conflicts]]
[[Category:498]]

Vipul Aggarwal

2026-03-12T02:04:05Z

BaileyMetzler: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vipul Aggarwal
| image = Vipul Aggarwal at Harvard India Conference.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Vipul Aggarwal at Harvard India Conference 2023
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|07|08}}{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = MBBS, MBA, MBL, MPM, MA (English), PhD, MPH
| alma_mater = [[Maulana Azad Medical College]]<ref name="medicaldialogues">{{cite web |author1=Garima |title=National Health Authority gets a new Deputy CEO in IPS Officer Dr Vipul Aggarwal |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/national-health-authority-gets-a-new-deputy-ceo-mamc-passout-turned-cop-dr-vipul-aggarwal-63500 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en |date=28 February 2020}}</ref> [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boston |first=Harvard University |date=2022-11-08 |title=Vipul Aggarwal, MBBS, MBA, MPH(c) |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/health-systems-innovation-lab/people/vipul-aggarwal/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Harvard Health Systems Innovation Lab |language=en-US}}</ref>
| occupation = Civil servant
| years_active = 2001-
| known_for =
| notable_works = Served as Deputy CEO of [[National Health Authority]] and [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Department of Health & Family Welfare]]
}}

Dr. '''Vipul Aggarwal''' is a 2001 batch [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from the Gujarat cadre.<ref name="medicaldialogues"/> He has been appointed as the Principal Commissioner of the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2024-03-16 |title=Vipul Aggarwal appointed Principal Commissioner Delhi Development Authority |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2024/03/vipul-aggarwal-appointed-principal-commissioner-delhi-development-authority/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Elets eGov |language=en-GB}}</ref> Before this new role, he served as the [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Department of Health & Family Welfare]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=In major reshuffle, 29 officers appointed as Joint Secretaries in Central Gov't departments |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-reshuffle-29-officers-appointed-as-joint-secretaries-in-central-govt-departments/article67096000.ece |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Prior to this, he also served as the Deputy CEO of the [[National Health Authority]], a government agency responsible for implementing healthcare schemes in India, from February 2020 to August 2022. During his tenure, he played a pivotal role in the policy formulation and implementation of the world's largest health assurance scheme, [[Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana]] (AB PM-JAY), which provided coverage to an estimated 540 million Indian citizens.<ref name="medicaldialogues"/><ref name="Express Feb 2020"/>

Aggarwal is also pursuing his PhD and serves as a researcher and policy fellow at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]. Having completed his Master of Public Health (MPH) from the same institution, he continues to contribute to research projects related to public health and policy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boston |first1=Harvard University |last2=Ma 02115 +1495‑1000 |date=2022-11-08 |title=Vipul Aggarwal, MBBS, MBA, MPH(c) |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/health-systems-innovation-lab/people/vipul-aggarwal/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Harvard Health Systems Innovation Lab |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Aggarwal was born and raised in Delhi, India, where he completed his primary and secondary education. He attended Delhi Public School, R K Puram, and was the All India topper in his grade 10 secondary school examination. Vipul Aggarwal received an [[MBBS]] from [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] in 1999 with a gold medal in [[forensic medicine]].

Aggarwal is currently pursuing a PhD at Gujarat University, as well as an MPH degree from the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] in Boston, Massachusetts.

==Career==
Vipul joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 2001 from the Gujarat cadre.<ref name="medicaldialogues"/> At the Sardar Vallabh Bhai National Police Academy (SVPNPA) he was the batch topper and the recipient of the coveted Home Minister's Revolver and PM's Baton for “Best All-Round Officer Trainee". In 2010 Aggarwal was police superintendent in the [[Dahod district]].<ref name="Mehta 2014"/>

Aggarwal held several key positions in law enforcement in India, including Superintendent of Police in Porbandar, Banaskantha, and Dahod districts, as well as Joint Commissioner of Police for Ahmedabad city. Notably, during his time as Superintendent of Police in Porbandar, Aggarwal apprehended notorious criminal [[Santokben Jadeja]]. He is also credited with implementing a number of successful reforms as district police chief of Dahod, earning him high praise from the public and official recognition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-04 |title=Before arrest, Dahod SP was in news for all the right reasons |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/before-arrest-dahod-sp-was-in-news-for-all-the-right-reasons/articleshow/5884294.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During his time in Ahmedabad, Aggarwal adopted 100 children affected by [[Thalassemia]], and was instrumental in making the city police the first comprehensive [[ISO certification|ISO certified]] police force in India. His contributions to law enforcement were significant, and his innovative approach resulted in improvements in the quality and efficiency of police services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad police to become first in country to follow ISO standards |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad-police-to-become-first-in-country-to-follow-iso-standards/68349521.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

===Health administration===
At the end of 2014 Aggarwal was eligible for a government posting but without a position in the police service.<ref name="Mehta 2014"/> In January 2015 he accepted an appointment as director of the [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM).<ref name="Shaikh 2015">{{cite web |last1=Shaikh |first1=Sarfaraz |title=Encounter accused Vipul Aggarwal made NHRM director, Dinesh MN promoted as DIG |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Encounter-accused-Vipul-Aggarwal-made-NHRM-director-Dinesh-MN-promoted-as-DIG/articleshow/46007339.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=25 January 2015}}</ref> Around this time he also took police training for 7 weeks in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Times News Network |title=After bail, IPS Vipul Agarwal heads to Australia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/After-bail-IPS-Vipul-Agarwal-heads-to-Australia/articleshow/46426036.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=2 March 2015}}</ref>

Aggarwal's training in Australia could have made him eligible for promotion in the police force.<ref name="Jha 2015">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Satish |title=Tulsiram case: After NRHM, IPS Vipul Aggarwal appointed as MD of GMSCL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/tulsiram-case-shunted-out-of-nrhm-ips-vipul-aggarwal-appointed-as-md-of-gmscl/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=9 April 2015}}</ref> While he was in training and away from his post, the [[2015 Indian swine flu outbreak]] became severe.<ref name="Jha 2015"/> In the context of the pandemic and after relieving from NRHM Aggarwal, was available for another government posting.<ref name="Jha 2015"/> Aggarwal then joined the Gujarat Medical Service Corporation as director.<ref>{{cite web |title=How encounter accused fared |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/how-encounter-accused-fared/articleshow/58332058.cms |website=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en |date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

Before being appointed as Deputy CEO of the [[National Health Authority]], he served as the Joint Commissioner of Police (Admin) of Ahmedabad city, a position with immense administrative responsibilities, human resource and finance management. In February 2020 Aggarwal accepted an appointment as Deputy CEO of the [[National Health Authority]].<ref name="Express Feb 2020">{{cite web |author1=Express News Service |title=Vipul Aggarwal becomes deputy CEO of National Health Authority |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vipul-aggarwal-becomes-deputy-ceo-of-national-health-authority-6286813/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> In this role he would oversee the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]], which is the [[publicly funded health care]] system of India.<ref name="Express Feb 2020"/> Launched in 2018 September, [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] the world's largest public-sector health insurance scheme covering 40% of our country's vulnerable population has completed 24 months since inception. Ayushman Bharat is among the very few schemes in the country that is completely data-driven. It is using data and analytics for all operations—policy design, fraud control, hospital empanelment, operational monitoring, COVID-19, etc.

====COVID-19 Management====
Aggarwal also held the responsibility of managing the 1075 COVID helpline of the government of India and was the nodal officer for managing hospital payments during the pandemic. He also coordinated the CoWIN global conclave, which was inaugurated by Prime minister Narendra Modi and where India presented the CoWIN platform to the world. 142 countries participated in the conclave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoWin platform to be made open source, available to any and all countries: PM Modi in Co-WIN Conclave|url=https://www.ciol.com/cowin-platform-made-open-source-available-countries-pm-modi/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.ciol.com|date=5 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates the Co-WIN Global Conclave |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1732897 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh==
{{main|Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh}}
In May 2010 the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] arrested Aggarwal and others on accusations of their involvement in the [[Tulsiram Prajapati killing]] and the [[death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh]].<ref name="Mehta 2014">{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Satyakam |title=Gujarat IPS officers involved in fake encounter released to "weaken" the prosecution: State government insiders |url=https://www.counterview.net/2014/12/gujarat-ips-officers-involved-in-fake.html |website=Counterview |date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Manas |title=In a surprise move, IPS officer held in Prajapati case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-a-surprise-move-IPS-officer-held-in-Prajapati-case/article16298255.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The investigation and case ran from Sohrabuddin's death in 2005 till the end of a trail in 2018, including many turns and twists.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=Sohrabuddin encounter case: A timeline |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sohrabuddin-encounter-case-timeline-1414376-2018-12-21 |website=India Today |language=en |date=21 December 2018}}</ref> On 10 October 2014 the [[Bombay High Court]] granted Aggarwal bail after he had been incarcerated for four years.<ref name="Mehta 2014"/> A month later, Aggarwal rejoined the police force after the Gujarat government revoked his suspension.<ref name="Mehta 2014"/> In September 2018 Aggarwal was one of a few officers to get discharged from the case for lack of any evidence.<ref name="PTI September 2018">{{cite web |author1=Press Trust of India |author1-link=Press Trust of India |title=HC upholds discharge of Vanzara, 4 others in Sohrabuddin case |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hc-upholds-discharge-of-vanzara-4-others-in-sohrabuddin-case/1380199 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=10 September 2018}}</ref> In December 2018 the case ended with the discharge of remaining defendants.<ref name="theprint December 2018">{{cite web |last1=Phadke |first1=Manasi |title=CBI court acquits all 22 accused in Sohrabuddin & Prajapati 'fake encounters' |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/cbi-court-acquits-all-22-accused-in-sohrabuddin-prajapati-fake-encounters/167067/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

Aggarwal's supporters said that prosecutors charged him due to mistaken association with [[D. G. Vanzara]].<ref name="George 2011">{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Varghese K |title=IPS men unite, raise funds to defend officer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/ips-men-unite-raise-funds-to-defend-officer/story-2u99gj0UQimq5FYEza00xM.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=1 February 2011}}</ref> Supporters said that at the time of his arrest, he only had {{INR|23000}} as movable assets and consequently they organized a fundraiser for his legal defense.<ref name="George 2011"/> A 2012 profile of Aggarwal described him as wealthy after using a [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] request to find that he owned real estate worth {{INR|1.35}} crores. However it was reportedly due to revaluation of his residential house purchased before joining the government service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=D. P. |title=Over 18 senior IPS officers in Gujarat are crorepatis, reveals RTI |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/over-eighteen-senior-ips-officers-in-gujarat-are-crorepatis-reveals-rti-115422-2012-09-07 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=7 September 2012}}</ref>

Shortly after his detention, the court held Aggarwal in additional [[remand (detention)|remand]] in the course of the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |author1= |title=Sohrabuddin Shaikh case: Vipul Aggarwal's remand extended |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sohrabuddin-shaikh-case-vipul-aggarwal-s-remand-extended-1382069 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |date=12 May 2010}}</ref> The police incarcerated Aggarwal in [[Palanpur]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Express News Service |title=Vipul Aggarwal sent to Palanpur jail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vipul-aggarwal-sent-to-palanpur-jail/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=18 May 2010}}</ref> While incarcerated the [[Gujarat High Court]] had refused to release him on bail.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Saeed |title=The Gujarat high court has refused bail to IPS officer Vipul Agrawal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-Gujarat-high-court-has-refused-bail-to-IPS-officer-Vipul-Agrawal-who-was-jailed-in-connection-with-the-Tulsiram-Prajapati-encounter-case-Agrawal-was-Banaskanthas-superintendent-of-police-when-encounter-took-place-in-his-jurisdiction-He-was-booked-on-charge-of-conspiracy-At-present-CBI-investigates-the-case-upon-SC-orders-/articleshow/12344033.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The CBI alleged that Aggarwal could tamper with evidence if released on bail.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Tulsi case: CBI opposes Vipul Agrawal's bail plea |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tulsi-case-cbi-opposes-vipul-agrawal-s-bail-plea-1611970 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |date=13 November 2011}}</ref> Prosecutors named then Gujarat state minister [[Amit Shah]] as being key conspirator in the case and Aggarwal as the key offender.<ref name="Soni 2013">{{cite web |last1=Soni |first1=Nikunj |title=Amit Shah, IPS officers face triple murder case |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-amit-shah-ips-officers-face-triple-murder-case-1825483 |website=DNA India |publisher=[[Zee News]] |language=en |date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

==Other activities==
In 2019 Aggarwal made public announcements inviting the public to have coffee with him while discussing community and government.<ref>{{cite web |title=પોલીસ પ્રત્યે પ્રજાના રોષના કારણ જાણવા IPS વિપુલ અગ્રવાલ કોફી વીથ વિપુલ કાર્યક્રમ યોજશે |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/madhya-gujarat/latest-news/ahmedabad/news/ips-vipul-aggarwal-will-launch-a-coffee-with-vipul-program-to-know-the-reason-for-the-anger-of-people-1560162520.html |website=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu |date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=TV9 Webdesk11 |title=પોલીસ અને જનતા વચ્ચે સેતૂ બંધાય તે માટે લોકોને કોફી પીવડાવશે અમદાવાદના આ |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/latest-news/coffee-with-ips-officer-ahmedabad-amdavad-na-aa-ips-adhikari-loko-ne-potani-sathe-coffee-mate-nimtaran-aapi-rha-chhe-92931.html |website=[[Tv9 Gujarati]] |language=gu-IN |date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

Aggarwal requested education reform in the arbitrary [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] practical exam grading system.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ahmedabad Mirror |title=IPS officer flays CBSE's IA system |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ips-officer-flays-cbses-ia-system/articleshow/69224815.cms |website=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en |date=8 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=ABP Asmita |author1-link=ABP Asmita |title=JCP Vipul Agrawal interview on complain against Rachna school of Ahmedabad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiBVXy_y0gs |website=www.youtube.com |date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=News18 Gujarati |title=અમદાવાદ : દીકરીને ઓછા માર્ક્સ આવતા IPS અધિકારીએ સ્કૂલ સામે ઠાલવ્યો રોષ |url=https://gujarati.news18.com//news/madhya-gujarat/ahmedabad-ips-vipul-aggarwal-writes-to-cbse-chairman-regarding-his-daughters-result-868300.html |website=News18 Gujarati |language=gu |date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Navrang |title=અમદાવાદ: દીકરીને 10મા ધોરણમાં ઓછા માર્ક્સ આવતા IPS અધિકારીની સ્કૂલ સામે ફરિયાદ |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/ips-vipul-aggarwal-writes-cbse-over-internal-assessment-system/articleshow/73905677.cms |website=Iam Gujarat |language=gu |date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

Various [[tabloid journalism|tabloid journalists]] reported an argument in which Aggarwal countered some socio political twitter comments of actress [[Swara Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ahmedabad Mirror |title=Ahmedabad Additional CP trolls Swara Bhasker, faces backlash |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ahmedabad-additional-cp-trolls-swara-bhaskar-faces-backlash/articleshow/69990520.cms |website=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en |date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Quint Entertainment |title=How Swara Bhasker Shut Down an IPS Officer for Trolling Her |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-shuts-down-ips-police-officer-twitter |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en |date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="JKR June 2019">{{cite web |author1=J. K. R. Staff |title=Gujarat IPS officer faces condemnation for trolling Swara Bhasker, deletes tweet after apology |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/gujarat-ips-officer-faces-condemnation-for-trolling-swara-bhasker-deletes-tweet-after-apology/251286/ |website=[[Janta Ka Reporter]] |date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="koimoi 2019">{{cite web |author1=Koimoi.com team |title=Swara Bhasker Hits Back An IPS Officer For Trolling Her: "My Being 'Selective' Doesn't Harm Anyone" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/swara-bhasker-hits-back-an-ips-officer-for-trolling-her-my-being-selective-doesnt-harm-anyone/ |website=Koimoi |date=28 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Dainik Bhaskar Hindi |title=इस IPS ने स्वरा को 'सिलेक्टिव' बताते हुए की ट्रोल करने की कोशिश, बचाव में उतरे फैंस |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/bollywood/news/an-ips-officer-vipul-aggarwal-tried-to-trolling-swara-bhaskar-but-he-failed-71822 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar|दैनिक भास्कर हिंदी]] |language=hi |date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

Aggarwal was a panelist at the Harvard India Conference 2023, where he spoke about India's PM-JAY program and the path towards achieving Universal Health Coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers - Register for Join India Conference 2023 with Professionals at Harvard |url=https://harvardindiaconference.in/speakers/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=harvardindiaconference.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.ipsvipul.com/}}

{{Indian civil servants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Vipul}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]

Alchon Huns

2026-03-08T22:01:11Z

BaileyMetzler: small improve section per standard format additionally per sources

{{Short description|370–670 CE nomadic people who invaded India}}
{{distinguish|Huns}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Alchon Huns
| common_name = Alchon Huns
| currency = [[Ancient drachma|Drachm]]
| government_type = [[Nomadic empire]]
| era = [[Late antiquity]]
| year_start = 370
| year_end = 670
| p1 = Sassanian Empire
| p2 = Kidarites
| p3 = Gupta Empire
| s1 = Hephthalites
| s2 = Nezak Huns
| s3 = Turk Shahi
| s4 = Second Aulikara dynasty
| s6 = Maukhari dynasty
| s7 = Later Gupta dynasty
| s5 = Karkota dynasty
| s8 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s9 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| header=
| image1 = Alchon Khingila portrait.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Alchon_Tamga.png
| caption2 =
| footer=
}}
| symbol_type = Portrait of Alchon king [[Khingila]] ({{circa|450 CE}}), and the bull/lunar [[tamga]] of the Alchon (known as Tamgha S1),{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} as visible on [[:File:HunCoinDerivedFromSassanianDesign5thCE.JPG|Alchon coinage]].
| image_map =
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|border = none
|width = 270
|caption = {{center|[[Find spot]]s of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500-530 CE,{{sfn|Bakker|2020}} with neighbouring polities,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E.|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=25 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=062#gsc.tab=0}}</ref> and territorial extent of the Alchon Huns (brown).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E.|author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (k)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21|N |long=79|E |label=|position= |label_size=0|mark=Map of the Southern Hunas (territory).png|marksize=270 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.83|N |long=74.25|E |label=[[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli]] |position=left |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.5|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran]] |position=bottom |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.22|N |long=78.17|E |label=[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior]] |position=top |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Sondani inscription|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=24.38|N |long=74.70|E |label=[[Choti Sadri|Choti Sadri]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=32.40|N |long=72.47|E |label=[[Salt Range|Kura]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.33|N |long=81.39|E |label=[[Kausambi|Kausambi]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.1319|N |long=75.336|E |label=[[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal]] |position=right |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.75|N |long=77|E |label={{center|[[Alchons|'''ALCHON HUNS''']]}}|text-align=right|label_size=85|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36|N |long=67|E |label=[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=32|N |long=72|E |label=[[Nezak Huns|NEZAK HUNS]]|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=30|N |long=67|E |label=[[Sasanian Empire|SASA- NIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25|N |long=73|E |label=[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24|N |long=95|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|GUPTAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18|N |long=78|E |label=[[Vakataka dynasty|VAKATAKAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31|N |long=90|E |label={{center|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG KINGDOM]]}}|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=98|E |label=[[Northern Wei|Northern Wei]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=90|E |label=[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|185|[[Western Ganga dynasty|WESTERN GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|165|[[Kadamba dynasty|KADAMBAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
}}
| common_languages = [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] (written)
| capital = [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]] [[Udabhanda]]<ref name="Bakker 2017">{{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-6984-715-3 |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory |at=Section 4 |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111041719/https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/monuments-of-hope-gloom-and-glory |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sagala]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PA113|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|last=Bakker|first=Hans|date=16 July 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004277144|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&q=mihirakula+sialkot&pg=PA142|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120815407|language=en}}</ref>
| religion = [[Shaivism|Hinduism]] [[Mahayana|Buddhism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp290_horse_rider_statuette.pdf |access-date=16 February 2023 |first1=Ulf |last1=Jäger |title=A Unique Alxon-Hunnic Horse-and-Rider Statuette (Late Fifth Century CE) from Ancient Bactria / Modern Afghanistan in the Pritzker Family Collection, Chicago |website=Sino-Platonic Papers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404015732/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp290_horse_rider_statuette.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| leader5 =
| year_leader5 =
| today = [[Afghanistan]] [[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}
The '''Alchon Huns''', ([[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]: {{lang|xbc|αλχον(ν)ο}} ''Alkhon(n)o'' or {{lang|xbc|αλχαν(ν)ο}} ''Alkhan(n)o'') also known as the '''Alkhan''', '''Alchono''', '''Alxon''', '''Alkhon''', '''Alakhana''', and '''Walxon''', were a nomadic people who established states in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 4th and 6th centuries CE.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} They were first mentioned as being located in [[Paropamisadae|Paropamisus]], and later expanded south-east, into the [[Punjab]] and [[Central India]], going as far as [[Eran]] and [[Kausambi]]. The Alchon invasion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] eradicated the [[Kidarites|Kidarite Huns]] who had preceded them by about a century, and contributed to the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]], in a sense bringing an end to [[Classical India]].<ref>"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in {{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004181595 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA162 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bakker 2017"/>

The invasion of India by the [[Huna people]]s follows invasions of the subcontinent in the preceding centuries by the Yavana ([[Indo-Greeks]]), the Saka ([[Indo-Scythians]]), the Pahlava ([[Indo-Parthians]]), and the Kushana ([[Yuezhi]]). The Alchon Empire was the second of four major Huna states established in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Alchon were preceded by the [[Kidarites]] and succeeded by the [[Hephthalites]] and [[Nezak Huns]] in [[Bactria]] and the [[Hindu Kush]] respectively. The names of the Alchon kings are known from their extensive coinage, Buddhist accounts, and a number of commemorative inscriptions throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The Alchons have long been considered a part or a sub-division of the [[Hephthalites]], or as their eastern branch, but are now regarded as a separate entity.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}}<ref>"Note 8: It is now clear that the Hephtalites were not part of those Huns who conquered the land south of the Hindu-Kush and Sind as well in the early 6th century. In fact, this latter Hunnic group was the one commonly known as Alkhon because of the inscriptions on their coins (Vondrovec, 2008)."</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |journal=King of the Seven Climes |year=2021 |page=207 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225 |language=en}}</ref>

== Identity ==
{{see also|Origin of the Huns}}

===Name===
The etymology of "Alchon" is disputed. It is only attested on the script of their coins and seals, where it appears as {{lang|sog|alkhon(n)o}} or {{lang|sog|alkhan(n)o}} in Bactrian script or {{lang|sa|lakhāna}} in Sanskrit.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=4, 17-18}} Frantz Grenet, pointing to the [[Middle Persian]] apocalyptic book [[Zand-i Wahman yasn]], argued that a name attested there, {{lang|pal|Karmīr Xyōn}} ("red Chionites") could represent a translation of {{lang|sog|Alkhonno}}, with the first element, {{lang|sog|al}} being a Turkic word for red and the second element representing the ethnic name "Hun".{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=107-108}} An older suggestion, by H. Humbach, also connects the second element to "Hun", but argues that {{lang|pal|al-}} comes from the ethnic name [[Alans|Alan]].{{sfn|Alemanny|2000|p=346}}

[[File:Alchono legend with coin.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The word "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in [[Greek script|Greek]] ([[Bactrian script|Greco-Bactrian cursive script]]), on a coin of [[Khingila]].<ref name=Alchono>[[File:Khingila Alchono inscription.jpg|30px]] [[Khingila]] with the word "Alchono" in the [[Bactrian script]] (αλχονο) and the [[Tamgha]] symbol on his coins [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=114833 CNG Coins].</ref>{{sfn|Alemanny|2000|p=346}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=90023|title=CNG: eAuction 145. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Khingila. Circa AD 440-490. AR Drachm (30mm, 3.62 g)|website=www.cngcoins.com|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>]]
Hans Bakker argues that the second spelling {{lang|sog|-khan-}} makes it unlikely that the term contains the ethnic name "Hun", as the [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] word for "Hun" is {{lang|xbc|*uono}} (plural {{lang|xbc|uonono}}).{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=17}} Likewise, Khodadad Rezakhani argues that the name Alkhana is attested for a ruler in Western [[Kashmir]], meaning it was probably initially a personal name.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=108}} Bakker instead argues that the ethnic name has been used as a personal name.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=18}} Furthermore, the “Red Huns” theory requires that the Alchon spoke a Turkic language, which is highly disputed.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=108}} Agustí Alemanny similarly disputes Humbach's etymology as relying on insufficient evidence of an Alan-Hun ethnic group.{{sfn|Alemanny|2000|p=347}}

Because the name "Alchon" is only attested on coins and seals, there is some debate about whether the Alchon were a separate entity from the [[Hephthalites]].{{sfn|Rezakhani| 2017|p=125}} To contemporaneous observers in India, the Alchon were one of the ''[[Huna people|Hūṇa]]'' peoples (or Hunas).{{sfn|Schottky|2004}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar H. |title=History of Indian Nation : Ancient India |date=20 February 2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref> A seal from [[Kausambi]] associated with [[Toramana]], bears the title ''Hūnarāja'' ("Huna King"),<ref name=Gupta/> although the authenticity of this seal is questionable.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=13}} Toramana is also described as a ''Huna'' ([[File:Gupta ashoka huu.jpg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad nnaa.jpg|17px]] ''Hūṇā'') in the [[Rīsthal inscription]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PP4 Cover], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PR8 viii] |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PP4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SPR">{{cite book |last1=Tewari |first1=S.P. |last2=Ramesh |first2=K.V. |title=JOURNAL OF THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA |volume=10 |date=1983 |publisher=THE EPIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, DHARWAR |pages=[https://archive.org/details/journaloftheepig014921mbp/page/n105 98]–99 |url=https://archive.org/details/journaloftheepig014921mbp}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1989 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=4 and 27 |doi=10.1163/000000089790082971 |issn=0019-7246|jstor=24654606 }}</ref>

The Hunas appear to have been the peoples known in contemporaneous Iranian sources as ''Xwn'', ''Xiyon'' and similar names, which were later Romanised as [[Xionites]] or Chionites. The Hunas are often linked to the [[Huns]] that invaded Europe from Central Asia during the same period. Consequently, the word Hun has three slightly different meanings, depending on the context in which it is used: 1) the Huns of Europe; 2) groups associated with the [[Huna people]] who invaded northern India; 3) a vague term for Hun-like people. The Alchon have also been labelled "Huns", with essentially the second meaning, as well as elements of the third.<ref name="HCCE 119">{{cite book|author1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author2=B. A. Litvinsky|author3=Unesco|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA119|date=1 January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-3-103211-0|pages=119}}</ref><ref name="Hyun">{{cite book|author=[[Hyun Jin Kim]]|title=The Huns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon-on-Thames|isbn=978-1-317-34090-4|pages=50}}</ref>

===Visual appearance===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| header =
| image1 = Khingila portrait (young).jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Afrasiab, elongated skull 600-800 CE, Afrasiab Museum.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = '''Left''': Portrait of Alchon king [[Khingila]], from his coinage ({{Circa|450 CE}}). '''Right''': [[Elongated skull]] excavated in [[Samarkand]] (dated 600-800 CE), [[Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand]]
}}

The Alchons are generally recognised by their elongated skull, a result of [[artificial skull deformation]], which may have represented their "corporate identity". The elongated skulls appear clearly in most of the portraits of rulers in the coinage of the Alkhon Huns, and most visibly on the coinage of [[Khingila]]. These elongated skulls, which they obviously displayed with pride, distinguished them from other peoples, such as their predecessors the [[Kidarites]]. On their coins, the spectacular skulls came to replace the [[Sasanian]]-type crowns which had been current in the coinage of the region. This practice is also known among other peoples of the steppes, particularly the [[Huns]], and as far as Europe, where it was introduced by the Huns themselves.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=17, 46}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |page=274 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>

In another ethnic custom, the Alchons were represented beardless, often wearing a [[moustache]], in clear contrast with the [[Sasanian Empire]] prototype which was generally bearded.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=109, 123}}

The emblematic look of the Alchons seems to have become rather fashionable in the area, as shown by the depiction of the Iranian hero [[Rostam]], mythical king of [[Zabulistan]], with an elongated skull in [[:File:Rostam, Iranian hero, mythical king of Zabulistan. Panjikent, 7th century CE.jpg|his 7th century CE mural]] at [[Panjikent]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=124}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hermitage Museum |url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/what-s-on/temp_exh/2015/blue_hall_paintings?lng=en |website=Hermitage Museum}}</ref><ref>"It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)." {{cite journal |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Aydogdy |title=THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS |journal=Tyragetia |date=2014 |pages=317–334 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488311404.pdf}}</ref>

===Symbolism===
Another way for the Alchon Huns to affirm their identity and to differentiate themselves from their predecessors the [[Kidarites]], was the use of a specific symbol, or ''[[tamgha]]'', which regularly appears on their coinage and seals.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=17, 46}}

== History ==
===Invasion of Bactria (370 CE)===
{{Location map+
|West Asia
|float = right
|width = 310
|caption = The Alkhons are initially recorded in the area of [[Bactria]] circa 370 CE, from where they confronted the [[Sasanian Empire]] to the west and the [[Kidarites]] to the southeast.
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=38|N |long=35|E |label=[[Byzantine Empire|BYZANTINE]] [[Byzantine Empire|EMPIRE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=37.5|N |long=66|E |label=|position=top |label_size=70|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=35}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=40|N |long=66|E |label=ALKHON HUNS|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35|N |long=55|E |label=[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN]] [[Sasanian Empire|EMPIRE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=33|N |long=72|E |label=[[Kidarites|KIDARITES]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=28|N |long=77|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|GUPTA]] [[Gupta Empire|EMPIRE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Emergence of the Alchon tamgha
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 CE Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II.jpg
| image2 = Alchon tamgha on coinage.jpg
| footer = An early Alchon coin based on the design of [[Sasanian coinage]], with bust imitating Sasanian king [[Shapur II]] (r.309 to 379 CE), only adding the Alchon [[Tamgha]] symbol [[File:Alchon_Tamga.png|16px]] and "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in [[Bactrian script]] on the [[obverse]]. Dated 400-440 CE.<ref name="JB">{{cite book |last1=Braarvig |first1=Jens |title=Buddhist Manuscripts |date=2000 |publisher=Hermes Pub. |isbn=9788280340061 |page=257 |edition=Vol.3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTDYAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tandon2013"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=65481|title=CNG: Feature Auction CNG 69. [Medieval] HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 AD. AR Drachm (3.43 gm, 3h). Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II. Kabul or Gandhara mint.|website=www.cngcoins.com|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}

During the reign of [[Shapur II]], the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] gradually lost the control of [[Bactria]] to these invaders from [[Central Asia]], first the [[Kidarites]] from around 335 CE, then the Alchon Huns from around 370 CE, who would follow up with the invasion of [[India]] a century later, and lastly the [[Hephthalites]] from around 450 CE.<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004181595 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA159 |language=en}}</ref>

Early confrontations between the [[Sasanian Empire]] of [[Shapur II]] with the nomadic hordes from Central Asia called the "[[Chionites]]" were described by [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, "repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes" of the [[Chionites]] and the Euseni ("Euseni" is usually amended to "Cuseni", meaning the [[Kushans]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheers |first1=Simone |last2=Quaegebeur |first2=Jan |title=Studia Paulo Naster Oblata: Orientalia antiqua |date=1982 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=9789070192105 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsbsTTwxjYC&pg=PA55 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_16_book16.htm XVI-IX]</ref> finally making a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani, "the most warlike and indefatigable of all tribes", in 358 CE.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_17_book17.htm XVII-V]</ref> After concluding this alliance, the [[Chionites]] (probably of the [[Kidarites]] tribe)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cosmo |first1=Nicola Di |last2=Maas |first2=Michael |title=Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750 |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108547000 |page=698 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOdTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT698 |language=en}}</ref> under their King [[Grumbates]] accompanied Shapur II in the war against the Romans, especially at the [[Siege of Amida (359)|siege of Amida]] in 359 CE. Victories of the Xionites during their campaigns in the Eastern [[Caspians|Caspian]] lands were also witnessed and described by [[Ammianus Marcellinus]].<ref name="HCCE 38">History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, [[Unesco]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA38 p.38 sq]</ref>

The Alchon Huns occupied Bactria circa 370 CE, chasing the Kidarites in the direction of India, and started minting coins in the style of Shapur II but bearing their name "Alchono".{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Invasion of Kabulistan (c.385 CE)===
Around 380-385 CE, the Alchons emerged in [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]], taking over Kabulistan from the [[Sassanian]] Persians, while at the same time the [[Kidarites]] (Red Huns) ruled in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="CC">{{cite book|author=Michael Maas|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0dcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|date=29 September 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-316-06085-8|pages=286}}</ref> The Alchons are known to have reused the mint and the coin dies of [[Shapur II]] south of the Hindu Kush, again simply adding their name "Alchono" to Sasanian coinage.<ref name="MA7">{{cite book |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title="The numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref> The Alchon Huns are sometimes said to have taken control of [[Kabul]] in 388.<ref name="CC"/>

===Coinage===
The Alchon Huns initially issued anonymous coins based on [[Sasanian]] designs.<ref name="Tandon2013">{{cite journal |title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |year=2013 |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |issue=216 |pages=24–34 |url=http://coinindia.com/Alchon.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 }}</ref> Several types of these coins are known, usually minted in [[Bactria]], using Sasanian coinage designs with busts imitating Sasanian kings [[Shapur II]] (r.309 to 379 CE) and [[Shapur III]] (r.383 to 388 CE), adding the Alchon [[Tamgha]] [[File:Alchon_Tamga.png|16px]] and the name "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in [[Bactrian script]] (a slight adaptation of the [[Greek script]] which had been introduced in the region by the [[Greco-Bactrians]] in the 3rd century BCE) on the obverse, and with attendants to a [[fire altar]], a standard Sasanian design, on the reverse.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=81794|title=CNG: eAuction 136. HUNNIC TRIBES. Kidarites. Uncertain King. 5th century AD. AR Drachm (30mm, 4.00 g).|website=www.cngcoins.com|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Rienjang |first1=Wannaporn |last2=Stewart |first2=Peter |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=Archaeopress |isbn=9781784918552 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7dTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |language=en}}</ref> It is thought the Alchons took over the Sasanian mints in Kabulistan after 385 CE, reusing dies of [[Shapur II]] and [[Shapur III]], to which they added the name "Alchono".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |page=268 |issn=0078-2696|jstor=44710198 }}</ref>

===Gandhara (460 CE)===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 175
| image1 = Khingila portrait.jpg
| caption1 = Portrait of an older King [[Khingila]], founder of the Alchon Huns, on one of his coins, c. 430 – 490 CE.
}}

Around 430 King [[Khingila]], the most notable Alchon ruler, and the first one to be named and represented on his coins with the legend "χιγγιλο" (''Chiggilo'') in [[Bactria (satrapy)|Bactria]]n, emerged and took control of the routes across the [[Hindu Kush]] from the Kidarites.<ref name="CC"/>{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} Coins of the Alchons rulers Khingila and [[Mehama]] were found at the Buddhist monastery of [[Mes Aynak]], southeast of [[Kabul]], confirming the Alchon presence in this area around 450-500 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |page=274 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198}}</ref> Khingila seems to have been a contemporary of the [[Sassanian]] ruler [[Bahram V]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} As the Alchons took control, diplomatic missions were established in 457 with [[China]].<ref name="Neelis">{{cite book|author=Jason Neelis|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-18159-5}}</ref>{{rp|162}} Khingila, under the name ''Shengil'', was called "King of India" in the [[Shahnameh]] of [[Ferdowsi]].<ref name="academia.edu"/>

Alchon ruler [[Mehama]] (r.461-493) was elevated to the position of Governor for [[Sasanian]] Emperor [[Peroz I]] (r. 459–484), and described himself as "King of the people of [[Baghlan Province|Kadag]] and governor of the famous and prosperous King of Kings Peroz" in [[:File:Bactrian_language_letter_from_Meyam,_King_of_the_people_of_Kadag,_461-462_CE.jpg|a 462-463 letter]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=118}} He allied with Peroz I in his victory over the [[Kidarites]] in 466 CE, and may also have helped him take the throne against his brother [[Hormizd III]]. But he was later able to wrestle autonomy or even independence.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=120-122}}

Between 460 and 470 CE, the Alchons took over [[Gandhara]] and the [[Punjab]] which also had remained under the control of the [[Kidarites]], while the [[Gupta Empire]] remained further east.<ref name="HCCC123">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |pages=123–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA123 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hyun"/> The Alkhon Huns may simply have filled the power vacuum created by the decline of the Kidarites, following their defeat in India against the [[Gupta Empire]] of [[Skandagupta]] in 455 CE,{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=18}} and their subsequent defeat in 467 CE against the [[Sasanian Empire]] of [[Peroz I]], with [[Hephthalite]] and Alchon aid under [[Mehama]], which put an end to Kidarite rule in [[Transoxiana]] once and for all.<ref>The Huns, [[Hyun Jin Kim]], Routledge, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 p.50 sq]</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Hephthalite Silver Bowl (side view).jpg
| caption1 = The silver bowl in the [[British Museum]]
| image2 = Alchon horseman on the Hephthalite Silver Bowl.jpg
| caption2 = Alchon horseman.<ref name="MA">{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |pages=274–275 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>
| footer = The so-called "[[Hephthalite bowl]]" from [[Gandhara]], features two [[Kidarite]] hunters wearing characteristic crowns, and as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with [[skull deformation]]), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.<ref name="MA"/> [[Swat District]], [[Pakistan]], 460–479 CE. [[British Museum]].<ref>Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.</ref><ref name="British Museum notice">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=247021&partId=1|title=British Museum notice|website=[[British Museum]]|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}

The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "Hephthalite bowl" from [[Gandhara]], now in the [[British Museum]], suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two [[Kidarite]] noble hunters wearing their characteristic crowns, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the Alchons inside a medallion.<ref name="MA"/> At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of [[Khingila]].<ref name="MA"/>

The Alchons apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and [[stupas]] at [[Taxila]], a high center of learning, which never recovered from the destruction.<ref name="AG"/> Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of [[Taxila]] were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where apparently some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions.<ref name="AG">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amalananda |title=Taxila |date=1965 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA791 |language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the [[Kanishka stupa]], one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The [[Mankiala stupa]] was also vandalised during their invasions.<ref name="Le">{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&q=hephthalite+peshawar&pg=PA51|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

The rest of the 5th century marks a period of territorial expansion and eponymous kings, several of which appear to have overlapped and ruled jointly.<ref name="Kurbanov2010">{{cite thesis|last=Kurbanov|title=The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis|oclc=863884689|url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/01_Text.pdf|access-date=17 June 2018|year=2010|publisher=Free University of Berlin|location=Berlin|page=120|first=Aydogdy|degree=Phd|author-link=Aydogdy Kurbanov}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Here, for the first time, the names of Hepthalite (Alchon) kings are given, some of them otherwise known only from coins. Another important fact is that it dates all these kings in the same time." from {{cite book | author=Aydogdy Kurbanov |author-link=Aydogdy Kurbanov | title=The hephthalites: archaeological and historical analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDUOmgEACAAJ | access-date=17 June 2018 | year=2010|oclc=863884689| publisher=Free University of Berlin | location=Berlin | page=120 }}</ref> The Alchon Huns invaded parts of northwestern India from the second half of the 5th century.<ref name="PB"/> According to the [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta|Bhitari pillar inscription]], the Gupta ruler [[Skandagupta]] already confronted and defeated an unnamed Huna ruler {{Circa|456-457 CE}}.<ref name="PB">{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004185258 |pages=105–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref>

===Sindh===
[[File:Sind. Uncertain Hunnic chieftain. 5th century.jpg|thumb|Uncertain Hunnic chieftain. [[Sindh]]. 5th century.]]
{{main|Sasanian coinage of Sindh}}

From circa 480 CE, there are also suggestion of Hunnic occupation of [[Sindh]], between [[Multan]] and the mouth of the [[Indus River]], as the local [[Sasanian coinage of Sindh]] starts to incorporate sun symbols or a Hunnic [[tamgha]] to the design.<ref name="RCS"/> These little-known coins are usually described as the result of the invasions of the "[[Hephthalites]]".<ref name="RCS">{{cite journal |last1=Senior |first1=R.C. |title=The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest |journal=Oriental Numismatic Society |date=1991 |volume=129 |issue=June–July 1991 |pages=3–4 |url=http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/Files/ONS_129.pdf |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926175600/http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/Files/ONS_129.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The quality of the coins also becomes very much degraded by that time, and the actual gold content becomes quite low compared to the previous Sasanian-style coinage.<ref name="NS">{{cite book |last1=Schindel |first1=Nikolaus |last2=Alram |first2=Michael |last3=Daryaee |first3=Touraj |last4=Pendleton |first4=Elizabeth |title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702105 |pages=126–129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqONDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Contributions ====
The Hūṇas were precisely ruling the area of [[Malwa]], at the doorstep of the [[Western Deccan]], at the time the famous [[Ajanta Caves]] were made by ruler [[Harisena]] of the [[Vakataka]] Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004185258 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Auctores Varii |title=Ajanta Dipinta – Painted Ajanta Vol. 1 e 2: Studio sulla tecnica e sulla conservazione del sito rupestre indiano – Studies on the techniques and the conservation of the indian rock art site |date=2016 |publisher=Gangemi Editore |isbn=9788849274905 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS34CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |language=en}}</ref> Through their control of vast areas of northwestern India, the Huns may actually have acted as a cultural bridge between the area of [[Gandhara]] and the Western Deccan, at the time when the Ajanta or [[Pitalkhora|Pitalkhora caves]] were being decorated with designs of Gandharan inspiration, such as Buddhas dressed in robes with abundant folds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brancaccio |first1=Pia |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004185258 |pages=106–107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA107 |language=en}}</ref>

===First Hunnic War: Central India===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| title = Kausambi
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi.jpg
| caption1 = The monastery of Ghoshitarama in [[Kausambi]] was probably destroyed by the Alchon Huns under Toramana.<ref name=Gupta/>
| image2 = Kosambi Huna Raja seal impression.jpg
| caption2 = "''Hūna Rāja''" Toramana seal impression, Kausambi<ref>{{cite book |page=18 |title= Indian Archaeology 1954–55 A review|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201954-55%20%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>
}}

In the [[First Hunnic War]] (496–515),{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}} the Alchon reached their maximum territorial extent, with King [[Toramana]] pushing deep into Indian territory, reaching [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[Central India]], and ultimately contributing to the downfall of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="Neelis"/>{{rp|162}} To the south, the [[Sanjeli inscriptions]] indicate that Toramana penetrated at least as far as northern [[Gujarat]], and possibly to the port of [[Bharukaccha]].<ref name="Bakker2014">{{cite book|author=Hans Bakker|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|date=16 July 2014|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-27714-4|pages=34}}</ref> To the east, far into [[Central India]], the city of [[Kausambi]], where seals with Toramana's name were found, was probably sacked by the Alkhons in 497–500, before they moved to occupy [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}}<ref name="Agnihotri2010">{{cite book|editor=V.K. Agnihotri|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA81|edition=26|year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4|pages=81}}</ref><ref name="Sinha1977">{{cite book|author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha|title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA70|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|id=GGKEY:KR1EJ2EGCTJ}}</ref>{{rp|70}}<ref name="Gupta1989">{{cite book|author=Parmanand Gupta|title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA175|year=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New DELHI|isbn=978-81-7022-248-4|pages=175}}</ref> In particular, it is thought that the monastery of Ghoshitarama in Kausambi was destroyed by Toramana, as several of his seals were found there, one of them bearing the name ''Toramana'' impressed over the official seal of the monastery, and the other bearing the title ''Hūnarāja'' ("King of the Huns"), together with debris and arrowheads.<ref name=Gupta>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmanand |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170222484 |pages=174–175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA175 |language=en}}</ref> Another seal, this time by Mihirakula, is reported from Kausambi.<ref name=Gupta/> These territories may have been taken from Gupta Emperor [[Budhagupta]].<ref name="Sinha1977"/>{{rp|79}} Alternatively, they may have been captured during the rule of his successor [[Narasimhagupta]].<ref name="Mookerji"/>

====First Battle of Eran (510 CE)====
A decisive battle occurred in [[Malwa]], where a local Gupta ruler, probably a governor, named [[Bhanugupta]] was in charge. In the ''[[Bhanugupta]] [[Eran]]'' inscription, this local ruler reports that his army participated in a great battle in 510 CE at [[Eran]], where it suffered severe casualties.<ref name="Mookerji">{{cite book|author=Radhakumud Mookerji|title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA120|edition=5th|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-0440-1|pages=120}}</ref> Bhanugupta was probably vanquished by Toramana at this battle, so that the western Gupta province of [[Malwa]] fell into the hands of the Hunas.<ref name="Mookerji"/>

[[File:Toramana portrait from coin.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Portrait of [[Toramana]]. He sacked [[Kausambi]] and occupied [[Malwa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=Three Hunnic Bullae from Northwest India |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=180, Figure 11 |jstor=24049314 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24049314.pdf |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>]]
According to a 6th-century CE Buddhist work, the ''[[Manjusri-mula-kalpa]]'', Bhanugupta lost Malwa to the "[[Shudra]]" [[Toramana]], who continued his conquest to [[Magadha]], forcing [[Narasimhagupta]] Baladitya to make a retreat to [[Bengal]]. Toramana "possessed of great prowess and armies" then conquered the city of [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] in the [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] country (modern [[Bengal]]).<ref name="Thakur1967">{{cite book|author=Upendra Thakur|title=The Hūṇas in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drQ9AAAAMAAJ|volume=58|year=1967|oclc=551489665|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office|location=Varanasi|page=122}}</ref><ref group="Note">"After the successful conclusion of the [[Eran]] episode, the conquering [[Hunas]] ultimately burst out of Eastern [[Malwa]] and swooped down upon the very heart of the Gupta empire. The eastern countries were overrun and the city of the Gaudas was occupied. The Manjusrimulakalpa gives a scintillating account of this phase of Toramana's conquest. It says that after [[Bhanugupta]]'s defeat and discomfiture, Toramana led the Hunas against Magadha and obliged Baladitya (Narasimha-gupta Baladitya, the reigning Gupta monarch) to retire to [[Bengal]]. This great monarch (Toramana), Sudra by caste and possessed of great prowess and armies took hold of that position (bank of the Ganges) and commanded the country round about. That powerful king then invested the town called [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] in the [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] country." in {{cite book|author=Upendra Thakur|title=The Hūṇas in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drQ9AAAAMAAJ|volume=58|year=1967|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office|oclc=551489665|location=Varanasi|page=122}}</ref> Toramana is said to have crowned a new king in [[Benares]], named Prakataditya, who is also presented as a son of Narasimha Gupta.<ref name="Mookerji"/>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 220
| image1 = Eran Boar.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Eran]] "[[Varaha]]" boar, under the neck of which can be found the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran boar inscription]] mentioning the rule of Toramana.<ref name="pro.geo.univie.ac.at">{{Cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en |title=Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101061621/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| image2 = Maharajadhiraja Sri Toramana on Eran boar inscription.jpg
| caption2 = {{center|[[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka haa.jpg|16px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|13px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad dhi.jpg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|10px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|14px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad to.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad_r.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad maa2.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|14px]] ''Mahārājadhirāja Shrī Toramāṇa'' "Great King of Kings, Lord Toramana" in the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana]] in the [[Gupta script]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n4 158]–161 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref>}}
| image3 = Toramana gold coin circa 490-515.jpg
| caption3 = A rare gold coin of [[Toramana]] in the style of the Guptas. The obverse legend reads: "The lord of the Earth, Toramana, having conquered the Earth, wins Heaven".<ref name="CNG Coins">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301345|title=CNG: Feature Auction Triton XIX. HUNNIC TRIBES, Alchon Huns. Toramana. Circa 490-515. AV Dinar (18mm, 9.53 g, 12h).|website=www.cngcoins.com|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="coinindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://coinindia.com/Prakasaditya.pdf|title=The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Boston University|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

Having conquered the territory of Malwa from the Guptas, Toramana was mentioned in a famous inscription in [[Eran]], confirming his rule on the region.<ref name="Mookerji"/> The ''[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana]]'' (in [[Eran]], Malwa, 540 km south of [[New Delhi]], state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]) of his first regnal year indicates that eastern [[Malwa]] was included in his dominion. The inscription is written under the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of [[Sanskrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]]. The first line of the inscription, in which Toramana is introduced as ''Mahararajadhidaja'' (The Great King of Kings),<ref name="Sinha1977"/>{{rp|79}} reads:

{{blockquote|In year one of the reign of the King of Kings Sri-[[Toramana]], who rules the world with splendor and radiance...|[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana]]<ref name="pro.geo.univie.ac.at"/>}}

On his gold coins minted in India in the style of the Gupta Emperors, Toramana presented himself confidently as:
{{blockquote|''Avanipati Torama(no) vijitya vasudham divam jayati''

The lord of the Earth, Toramana, having conquered the Earth, wins Heaven
|Toramana gold coin legend.<ref name="CNG Coins"/><ref name="coinindia.com"/>}}

The fact that the Alchon Huns issued gold coins, such as the Toramana issue, in addition to their silver and copper coins, suggest that their empire in India was quite rich and powerful.<ref>"This makes it quite clear that the Alchon Huns in India must have had a substantial and rich empire, with the capacity to issue a relatively large volume of gold coins." in {{cite journal |last1=TANDON |first1=PANKAJ |s2cid=43869990 |title=The Identity of Prakāśāditya |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=7 July 2015 |volume=25 |issue=4 |page=668 |doi=10.1017/S1356186315000346 |hdl=2144/37851 |hdl-access=free }} [http://coinindia.com/Prakasaditya.pdf Full article]</ref>

====Defeat (515 CE)====
Toramana was finally defeated by local Indian rulers. The local ruler [[Bhanugupta]] is sometimes credited with vanquishing Toramana, as his 510 CE inscription in [[Eran]], recording his participation in "a great battle", is vague enough to allow for such an interpretation. The "great battle" in which Bhanagupta participated is not detailed, and it is impossible to know what it was, or which way it ended, and interpretations vary.<ref name="Misra2003">{{cite book|author=Om Prakash Misra|title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA7|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-874-7|pages=7}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{cite book|author=S. B. Bhattacherje|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC|volume=A15|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}</ref><ref name="Pruthi2004">{{cite book|author=R.K. Pruthi|title=The Classical Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3cEERlSo4wC|year=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7141-876-3|page=262}}</ref> [[Radha Kumud Mukherjee|Mookerji]] and others consider, in view of the inscription as well as the ''[[Manjusri-mula-kalpa]]'', that Bhanugupta was, on the contrary, vanquished by Toramana at the 510 CE Eran battle, so that the western Gupta province of [[Malwa]] fell into the hands of the Hunas at that point,<ref name="Mookerji"/> so that Toramana could be mentioned in the [[Eran]] boar inscription, as the ruler of the region.<ref name="Mookerji"/>

Toramana was finally vanquished with certainty by an Indian ruler of the [[Aulikaras|Aulikara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]], after nearly 20 years in India. According to the [[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal stone-slab inscription]], discovered in 1983, King [[Aulikaras|Prakashadharma]] defeated Toramana in 515 CE.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}}<ref name="Bakker2014" /><ref name="Ojha2001">{{cite book|author=N. K. Ojha|title=The Aulikaras of Central India: history and inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlZuAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Arun Pub. House|location=Chandigarh|isbn=978-81-85212-78-4|pages=48–50}}</ref> The First Hunnic War thus ended with a Hunnic defeat, and Hunnic troops apparently retreated to the area of [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}} The ''Manjusri-mula-kalpa'' simply states that Toramana died in [[Benares]] as he was returning westward from his battles with Narasimhagupta.<ref name="Mookerji"/>

===Second Hunnic War: to Malwa and retreat===
[[File:Mihirakula portrait.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Mihirakula]] on one of his coins. He was finally defeated in 528 by King [[Yasodharman]].]]
The Second Hunnic War started in 520, when the Alchon king [[Mihirakula]], son of Toramana, is recorded in his military encampment on the borders of the [[Jhelum]] by Chinese monk [[Song Yun]]. At the head of the Alchon, Mihirakula is then recorded in [[Gwalior]], [[Central India]] as "Lord of the Earth" in the [[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula]].{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}} According to some accounts, Mihirakula invaded India as far as the Gupta capital [[Pataliputra]], which was sacked and left in ruins.<ref name="Sharma1978">{{cite book|author=Tej Ram Sharma|title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions|oclc=923058151|url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft|year=1978|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=Delhi|page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/232 232]|id=GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9}}</ref><ref name="Sinha1977"/>{{rp|64}}

{{blockquote|There was a king called Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo (Mihirakula), who established his authority in this town ([[Sagala]]) and ruled over India. He was of quick talent, and naturally brave. He subdued all the neighbouring provinces without exception.|[[Xuanzang]] "The Record of the Western Regions", 7th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hsüan-tsang |first1=ca 596-664 |last2=Beal |first2=Samuel |title=Si-yu-ki, Buddhist records of the Western world; |date=1884 |publisher=London : Trübner |page=[https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft/page/167 167] |url=https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft}}</ref>}}

The destructions of Mihirakula are also recorded in the [[Rajatarangini]]:<ref name="academia.edu"/>

{{blockquote|Mihirakula, a man of violent acts and resembling [[Kāla]] (Death) ruled in the land which was overrun by hordes of [[Mlecchas]]... the people knew his approach by noticing the vultures, crows, and other [birds], which were flying ahead to feed on those who were being slain within his army's [reach]|The Rajatarangini<ref name="academia.edu"/>}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 200
| image2 = Sondani.jpg
| caption2 = Pillar of [[Yashodharman]] at [[Sondani]] near [[Mandsaur]], with the [[Sondani inscription]] claiming victory over [[Mihirakula]] of the Alchons in 528 CE.
}}

Finally however, Mihirakula was defeated in 528 by an alliance of Indian principalities led by [[Yasodharman]], the [[Aulikara]] king of Malwa, in the [[Battle of Sondani]] in [[Central India]], which resulted in the loss of Alchon possessions in the Punjab and north India by 542. The [[Sondani inscription]] in [[Sondani]], near [[Mandsaur]], records the submission by force of the Hunas, and claims that Yasodharman had rescued the earth from rude and cruel kings,<ref name="PM">{{cite news |url=http://www.punjabmonitor.com/2013/04/sondhni-pillars-where-punjabis-met-with.html |title=Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago |work=Punjab Monitor |location=Amritsar |publisher=Bhai Nand Lal Foundation |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref group="Note">"The earth betook itself (for succour), when it was afflicted by kings of the present age, who manifested pride; who were cruel through want of proper training; who, from delusion, transgressed the path of good conduct; (and) who were destitute of virtuous delights " from {{cite news |url=http://www.punjabmonitor.com/2013/04/sondhni-pillars-where-punjabis-met-with.html |title=Sondhni pillars: where Punjabis met with their Waterloo 1500 years ago |work=Punjab Monitor |location=Amritsar |publisher=Bhai Nand Lal Foundation |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> and that he "had bent the head of Mihirakula".{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}} In a part of the Sondani inscription [[Yasodharman]] thus praises himself for having defeated king [[Mihirakula]]:<ref name="pro.geo.univie.ac.at"/>

[[File:Mihirakula of the Alchon Huns.jpg|thumb|[[Mihirakula]] used the Indian [[Gupta script]] on his coinage. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in [[Gupta script]] ([[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|14px]])[[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tu.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad mi.jpg|14px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka hi.jpg|18px]][[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad l.svg|14px]],<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script.</ref> ''(Ja)yatu Mihirakula'' ("Let there be victory to Mihirakula").<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script. Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants, a design adopted from [[Sasanian coinage]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781643248813 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09FqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829732 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA376 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj | pages=24–34|title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer |date=2013 |publisher= Oriental Numismatic Society |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]</ref>]]
{{blockquote|He (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king [[Mihirakula]], whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling) obeisance|[[Sondani inscription|Sondani pillar inscription]]<ref name="PM"/><ref name="Fleet1888">{{cite book|author=John Faithfull Fleet|editor=John Faithfull Fleet|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta kings and their successors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HON9OAAACAAJ|volume=3|year=1888|oclc=69001098|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print|location=Calcutta|pages=147–148|archive-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395/2015.108395.Corpus-Inscriptionum-Indicarum-Vol3-inscriptions-Of-The-Early-Gupta-Kings_djvu.txt|archive-date=2015-07-01}}</ref>}}

The [[Gupta Empire]] emperor [[Narasimhagupta]] is also credited in helping repulse Mihirakula, after the latter had conquered most of India, according to the reports of Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]].<ref name="Kailash">{{cite book|author=Kailash Chand Jain|title=Malwa Through The Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA249|date=31 December 1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Dewlhi|isbn=978-81-208-0824-9|page=249}}</ref><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4|page=48}}</ref> In a fanciful account, Xuanzang, who wrote a century later in 630 CE, reported that Mihirakula had conquered all India except for an island where the king of [[Magadha]] named Baladitya (who could be Gupta ruler [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]]) took refuge, but that was finally captured by the Indian king. He later spared Mihirakula's life on the intercession of his mother, as she perceived the Hun ruler "as a man of remarkable beauty and vast wisdom".<ref name="Eraly"/> Mihirakula is then said to have returned to [[Kashmir]] to retake the throne.<ref name="Agrawal1989">{{cite book|author=Ashvini Agrawal|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA245|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=245}}</ref><ref name="Neelis"/>{{rp|168}} This ended the Second Hunnic War in {{circa}} 534, after an occupation which lasted nearly 15 years.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|pp=484-534}}

====Victories of the Maukharis====
According to the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]], the [[Maukharis]] also fought against the Hunas in the areas of the [[Gangetic Doab]] and [[Magadha]].<ref name="MG145">{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=145–146 |jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> The Aphsad inscription of [[Aditya-sena|Ādityasena]] mentions the military successes of kings of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] against the Maukharis, and explains that the Maukharis were past victors of the Hunas:<ref name="MG145"/>

{{blockquote|[[File:Aphsad_Stone_of_Adityasena_(photograph).jpg|thumb|150px|left|The [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]]]]The son of that king ([[Kumara-gupta|Kumaragupta]]) was the illustrious [[Damodara-gupta|Dâmôdaragupta]], by whom (his) enemies were slain, just like the demons by (the god) [[Damodar (name of Krishna)|Dâmôdara]]. Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the Maukhari, which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the Hûnas (in order to trample them to death), he became unconscious (and expired in the fight).|Line 8 of the [[Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madan |first1=A. P. |title=The History of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-38-0 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr1AAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}

The Maukharis led by their king [[Ishanavarman]], rather than any of the [[Guptas]], were therefore pivotal in repelling the Hunas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Michael |title=Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2005 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=140 and 149 |jstor=25188529 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188529 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>

===Retreat to Gandhara and Kashmir (530 CE)===
[[File:Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Sri Pravarasena]], successor of Mihirakula, and supposed founder of [[Srinagar]]. ''Obverse:'' Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena". ''Reverse:'' goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE]]

The Alchon Huns resettled in the area of [[Gandhara]] and [[Kashmir]] in northwestern [[India]] under the rule of [[Sri Pravarasena]] (c.530-590 CE), thought to be the son of Toramana.<ref name="HCCC169"/> His reign probably lasted about 60 years from circa 530 CE.<ref name="HCCC169">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA169 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TH58">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |author-link=Hyun Jin Kim|title=The Huns |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317340911 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Kalhana]]'s 12th century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', Pravarasena established a new capital named Pravarapura (also known as Pravarasena-pura). Based on topographical details, Pravarapura appears to be same as the modern city of [[Srinagar]].<ref name="MAS_1989">{{cite book |author=M. A. Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&pg=PA439 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |pages=439–441 |author-link=Marc Aurel Stein }}</ref><ref name="HCCC169"/> He also built a temple named "Pravaresha".<ref name="HCCC169"/><ref name="TH58"/>

Pravarasena was probably succeeded by a king named [[Gokarna (king)|Gokarna]], a follower of [[Shiva]], and then by his son king [[Narendraditya Khinkhila]].<ref name="TH58"/><ref name="HCCC169"/> The son of Narendraditya was [[Yudhishthira (Huna king)|Yudhishthira]], who succeeded him as king, and was the last known king of the Alchon Huns.<ref name="HCCC169"/> According to the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' Yudhishthira ruled 40 years, probably until circa 625 CE, but he was dethroned by Pratapaditya, son of the founder of the [[Karkoṭa Empire]], [[Durlabhavardhana]].<ref name="HC170">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9789231032110 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA170 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=PAL|first1=PRATAPADITYA|date=1973|title=Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41371150|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|volume=121|issue=5207|page=727|issn=0035-9114|jstor=41371150|quote="Before the Karkotas came to the throne, Kashmir may have been occupied by a long succession of foreign rulers or tribes. Certainly both the Kushänas and the Huns were present in the area for centuries. Indeed, the history of Kashmir begins to take shape only with the foundation of the Karkota dynasty around AD 625. The immediate predecessors of the Karkotas appear to have been Huns..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyun Jin|author-link=Hyun Jin Kim|title=The Huns|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34090-4|pages=58|language=en|chapter=THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS|doi=10.4324/9781315661704|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315661704-11/huns-central-asia-south-asia-kidarite-hephthalite-white-huns-hyun-jin-kim|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125135448/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315661704-11/huns-central-asia-south-asia-kidarite-hephthalite-white-huns-hyun-jin-kim|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Kashmir descendants of the Alchon Huns====
Several rulers with Alchon names appear in [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Raj |title=History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.) |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-635-8 |pages=318–319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEJ-sXBmBIkC&pg=PA318 |language=en|quote="But the name of Toramana is found on a species of Kashmir copper coins of which remarkably large quantities have been preserved to this day . The connection of this coinage with Kalhana's notice cannot be doubted."}}</ref> Although the chronology of the ''Rajatarangini'' is largely deficient, several of the names of these rulers, especially those belonging to the so-called [[Gonanda dynasty (II)]], have been confirmed by coin finds in Kashmir and dated to the 7th century CE. They were "very likely" descendants of the Alchon Huns in the Kashmir area.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cribb |first=Joe |title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly |journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |date=1 April 2017 |page=99 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|quote=It seems very likely therefore that the rulers of Kashmir at this period were descendants of the Hun kings who ruled large parts of northwestern India from the mid-4th to the 6th century"}}</ref>

===Retreat to Kabulistan and displacement of the Nezak Huns===
[[File:Narendraditya portrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of [[Toramana II]], from his coinage.]]
Around the end of the 6th century CE, the Alchons withdrew to [[Kashmir]] and, pulling back from [[Punjab]] and [[Gandhara]], moved west across the [[Khyber Pass]] where they resettled in [[Kabulistan]] under the leadership of [[Toramana II]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014a |volume=174 |page=278 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref> There, their coinage suggests that they merged with the [[Nezak]] – as coins in Nezak style now bear the Alchon ''[[tamga]]'' mark.<ref name="cngcoins.com"/><ref name="pro.geo.univie.ac.at"/>

[[File:Alkhan-Nezak Crossover coin circa 580 590 to 650 680.jpg|thumb|Alchon-[[Nezak]] "crossover coinage", 580–680. Nezak-style bust on the obverse, and [[Alchon]] [[tamga]] [[File:Alchon_Tamga.png|15px]] within double border on the reverse.<ref name="cngcoins.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=305767|title=CNG: eAuction 369. HUNNIC TRIBES, "Alkhan–Nezak Crossover". Circa 580/90–650/80. Æ Hemidrachm (23mm, 3.10 g, 1h).|website=www.cngcoins.com|accessdate=2 April 2023}}</ref>]]
During the 7th century, continued military encounters are reported between the Hunas and the northern Indian states which followed the disappearance of the Gupta Empire. For example, [[Prabhakaravardhana]], the [[Vardhana dynasty]] king of [[Thanesar]] in northern India and father of [[Harsha]], is reported to have been "A lion to the [[Huna people|Huna]] deer, a burning fever to the king of the [[Indus]] land".<ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|year=1999|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref>{{rp|253}}

The Alchons in India declined rapidly around the same time that the [[Hephthalites]], a related group to the north, were defeated by an alliance between the Sassanians and the [[Western Turkic Kaghanate]] in 557–565 CE.<ref name="Vondrovec2014">{{cite book|author=Klaus Vondrovec|title=Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek6_jgEACAAJ|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|location=Vienna|year=2014|isbn=978-3-7001-7695-4}}</ref>{{rp|187}} The areas of [[Khuttal]] and [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]]-[[Gandhara]] had remained independent kingdoms under the Alchon Huns, under kings such as [[Narendraditya Khinkhila|Narendra]], but in 625 CE they were taken over by the expanding [[Western Turks]] when they established the [[Yabghus of Tokharistan]].<ref name="HC370">"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in {{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinsky |first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 |date=January 1996 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 |pages=370–375 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA370 |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, the Nezak-Alchons were replaced by the [[Turk Shahi]] dynasty around 665 CE.<ref name="Vondrovec2014" />{{rp|187}}
{{clear left}}

==Religion and ethics==
===Buddhism===
[[File:Alchon devotee, Butkara I (construction phase 4), 5th century CE.jpg|thumb|Alchon devotee, [[Butkara Stupa|Butkara I]] (construction phase 4), 5th century CE.<ref name="Vaissiere2007">{{cite journal |title=A Note on the Schøyen Copper Scroll: Bactrian or Indian? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |year=2007 |last=de la Vaissiere |first=Etienne |volume=21 |page=127 |jstor=i24047314 |url=https://ja.scribd.com/document/346304237/A-Note-on-the-Schoyen-copper-scroll-Bact-pdf |format=PDF |access-date=8 July 2018 }}</ref>]]
The four Alchon kings [[Khingila]], [[Toramana]], Javukha, and [[Mehama]] are mentioned as donors to a Buddhist stupa in the [[Talagan copper scroll]] inscription dated to 492 or 493 CE, that is, at a time before the Hunnic wars in India started. This corresponds to a time when the Alchons had recently taken control of [[Taxila]] (around 460 CE), at the center of the Buddhist regions of northwestern India.<ref name="Vaissiere2007"/> Numerous Alchon coins were found in the dedication compartment of the "Tope Kalān" stupa in [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |title=Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan: Explorations, Excavations, Collections 1832–1835 |date=2017 |publisher=British Museum |pages=34 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3355036 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3355036}}</ref>

Mural with paintings of probable Alchon devotees can be seen in the Buddhist complex of the [[Butkara Stupa]] (Butkara I, construction phase 4). Dated to the 5th century CE, they suggest that the Alchon Huns may have been participants to the local Buddhist culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase7?language=en | title = The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 7. ALKHAN: KING KHINGILA AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF HUNNIC POWER IN NORTHWEST INDIA | last1 = Alram | first1 = Michael | last2 = Filigenzi | first2 = Anna | last3 = Kinberger | first3 = Michaela | last4 = Nell | first4 = Daniel | last5 = Pfisterer | first5 = Matthias | last6 = Vondrovec | first6 = Klaus | newspaper = Pro.geo.univie.ac.at | publisher = Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna | access-date = 16 July 2017 | archive-date = 16 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170716204739/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase7?language=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Persecution of Buddhism===
Later, however, the attitude of the Alchons towards Buddhism is reported to have been negative. Mihirakula in particular is remembered by [[Buddhist]] sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of their religion" in [[Gandhara]] in northern (modern day) [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Rene">{{cite book|author=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/71 71]}}</ref> During his reign, over one thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed.<ref name=kurt>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|date=2004|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004135956}}</ref> In particular, the writings of Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of [[Buddhism]] and the expulsion of monks.<ref name="Neelis"/>{{rp|162}} Indeed, the Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular [[Greco-Buddhist art]], becomes essentially extinct around that period. When Xuanzang visited northwestern India in {{circa|630}} CE, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.<ref name="HeirmanBumbacher2007">{{cite book|author1=Ann Heirman|author2=Stephan Peter Bumbacher|title=The Spread of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ|date=11 May 2007|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-474-2006-4|page=60}}</ref>

Although the Guptas were traditionally a [[Hindu]] dynasty,<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=521}}</ref> around the period of the invasions of the Alchon the Gupta rulers had apparently been favouring Buddhism. According to contemporary writer [[Paramartha]], [[Mihirakula]]'s supposed nemesis [[Narasimhagupta Baladitya]] was brought up under the influence of the [[Mahayanist]] philosopher [[Vasubandhu]].<ref name="Singh"/> He built a [[sangharama]] at [[Nalanda]] and a {{convert|300|feet|abbr=on}} high [[vihara]] with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the [[Bodhi tree]]". According to the ''[[Manjushrimulakalpa]]'' (c. 800 CE), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ([[Dhyāna in Buddhism|Dhyana]]).<ref name="Singh"/> Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son Vajra, who also commissioned a sangharama, "possessed a heart firm in faith".<ref name="sankalia">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24898 | title=The University of Nālandā | publisher=B. G. Paul & co. |location=Madras | oclc=988183829 | author=Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal | author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia | year=1934}}</ref>{{rp|45}}<ref name="sdutt">{{cite book |author=Sukumar Dutt |title=Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture |year=1988 |orig-year=First published in 1962 |publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd. |location=London| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C |isbn=81-208-0498-8 }}</ref>{{rp|330}}

The 12th century [[Kashmir]]i historian [[Kalhana]] also painted a dreary picture of Mihirakula's cruelty, as well as his persecution of the Buddhist faith:

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| title = Solar symbolism
| image1 = Toramana sun symbol.jpg
| caption1 = Solar symbol on the coinage of [[Toramana]].
| image2 = Alchon Huns ruler Khingila circa 440-490 CE with solar symbol.jpg
| caption2 = [[Khingila]] with solar symbol.
| image3 = Alchon Huns Uncertain king Mid-late 5th century.jpg
| caption3 = Alchon king with small male figure wearing solar [[Halo (religious iconography)|nimbus]].
}}

{{blockquote|In him, the northern region brought forth, as it were, another god of death, bent in rivalry to surpass... [[Yama]] (the god of death residing in the southern regions). People knew of his approach by noticing the vultures, crows and other birds flying ahead eager to feed on those who were being slain within his army's reach. The royal [[Vetala]] (demon) was day and night surrounded by thousands of murdered human beings, even in his pleasure houses. This terrible enemy of mankind had no pity for children, no compassion for women, no respect for the aged| 12th century [[Kashmir]]i historian [[Kalhana]]<ref name="Eraly"/>}}

===Hinduism (Sun cult, Vaishnavism and Shivaism)===
[[File:Khingila Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Coinage of [[Khingila]] with Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]].]]
The Alchons are generally described as sun worshipers, a traditional cult of [[steppe nomads]]. This stems from the appearance of sun symbols on some of their coins, combined with the probable influence they received from the worship of [[Surya]] in India.<ref name="Melton2014">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History: 5,000 Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ|volume=1|date=15 January 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-1-61069-026-3|page=455}}</ref>

The Hindu [[Vaishnavite]] goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess of wealth, fortune, power, beauty, fertility and prosperity and also an ancient goddess of [[Buddhism]], also appears on the coinage of some rulers, especially [[Khingila]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Göbl |first1=Robert |title=Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien |date=1967 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |page=90, Em. 91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lpNHxfbKIEC&pg=PA90 |language=de}}</ref><ref>Alram ''Alchon und Nēzak: Zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Mittelasien''</ref> and [[Toramana]].

Mihirakula is also said to have been an ardent worshiper of [[Shiva]],<ref name="Sagar1992">{{cite book|author=Krishna Chandra Sagar|title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC|year=1992|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7211-028-4|page=270}}</ref><ref name="Joshi1987">{{cite book|author=Lal Mani Joshi|title=Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-epU7NHNCOQC|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-0281-0|page=320}}</ref> although he may have been selectively attracted to the destructive powers of the Indian deity.<ref name="Eraly"/>

Mihirakula is said to have been the founder of the [[Shankaracharya Temple]], a shrine dedicated to [[Shiva]] in [[Srinagar]],<ref>"He is credited with the building of the temple named Jyeshteswara on the Gopa (Sankaracharya) hill in Srinagar" in {{cite book |last1=Bamzai |first1=Prithivi Nath Kaul |title=Kashmir and Central Asia |date=1980 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COgeAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=112}}
{{clear left}}

==Consequences for India==
{{See also|Classical India|Decline of Buddhism in India}}
The Alchon invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to the [[middle kingdoms of India]].<ref name="Eraly"/>

===Destructions===
{{South Asia in 600 CE||{{center|Political fragmentation of South Asia after the fall of the [[Gupta Empire]] and the retreat of the Alchon Huns to the northwest, circa 600 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (i) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|80|41|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|25px]]}}}}
Indian urban culture was left in decline. Major traditional cities, such as [[Kausambi]] and probably [[Ujjain]] were in ruins, [[Vidisha]] and [[Mathura]] fell into decline.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=93, 98-99}} [[Buddhism]], gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks, started to collapse.<ref name="Eraly"/> Great centers of learning were destroyed, such as the city of [[Taxila]], bringing cultural regression.<ref name="Eraly"/> The [[art of Mathura]] suffered greatly from the destructions brought by the Hunas, as did the [[art of Gandhara]] in the northwest, and both schools of art were nearly wiped out under the rule of the ''Huna'' [[Mihirakula]].<ref name="HP">{{cite journal |last1=Parmentier |first1=Henri |title=J. Ph. Vogel : La sculpture de Mathurâ |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |date=1930 |volume=30 |issue=1 |page=457 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1930_num_30_1_3215}}</ref> New cities arose from these destructions, such as [[Dashapura]], [[Kanyakubja]], [[Sthaneshvara]], [[Valabhi]] and [[Shripura]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}}

===Political fragmentation===
Soon after the invasions, the [[Gupta Empire]], already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers, ended as well.<ref name="Sen1999"/>{{rp|221}} Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC|date=1 December 2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-207-2503-4|page=174}}</ref> Many autonomous regional states rose to prominence following the dislocation of Gupta power: the [[Aulikaras]], the [[Maukharis]], the [[Maitrakas]], the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalacuris]] or the [[Vardhanas]], all in a constant flux of rivalry.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=93, 98-99}} With the end of Hunnic power, some India polities, such as the [[Maukhari dynasty]] were able to establish direct contacts with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Sasanian Empire]]: the Maukhari King [[Śarvavarman]] of [[Kannauj]] is said to have introduced the game of [[chess]] to the Sasanian court of [[Khosrow I]], between the beginning of Śarvavarman's reign in 560/565 and the end of Khosrow's reign in 579.<ref name="ME" >{{cite book |last1=Eder |first1=Manfred A. J. |title=South Asian Archaeology 2007 Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007, Volume II |date=2010 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-4073-0674-2 |page=69 |url=http://history.chess.free.fr/papers/Eder%202007-2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker|title=The Huns in Central and South Asia. How Two Centuries of War against Nomadic Invaders from the Steps are Concluded by a Game of Chess between the Kings of India and Iran |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34156496}}</ref>

===Rise of Saivism===
[[Vaisnavism]], which had been strongly supported by the Gupta Empire, was discredited by the decline and the ultimate failure of the Empire.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} All the newly arising regional powers preferred adopting [[Saivism]] instead, as did the Alchon Huns under Mihirakula, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of [[Shiva]], and its ideology of power.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}} Vaisnavism only remained strong in the territories which had not been affected by these events: [[South India]] and [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=105-124}}

===Artistic syncretism: "A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art"===
[[File:Fragment of a Lid with a Hunting Scene, Gandhara, 5-6th century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Fragment of a lid with a hunting scene, Gandhara, 5-6th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |page=153, Fig.13 |jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>]]
The advances of the Alchon Huns in India seems to have fostered a type of syncretic art in Gandhara during the 5th-6th century, mixing [[Gupta art]] with [[Sasanian art|Sasanian]] and Hunish inspiration and themes.<ref name="MG"/> Particularly significant are a type of decorated lids from [[Gandhara]] which display courtly or hunting scenes, mixing them with Gupta decorative designs.<ref name="MG">{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=145–158 |jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>
<gallery>

File:Lid with Combat between a Man and a Lion. Cleavealand Museum of Art.jpg|Lid with Combat between a Man and a Lion. Cleveland Museum of Art.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=GHOSE|first1=MADHUVANTI|title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|date=2003|volume=17|page=151, Fig.10|jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312|issn=0890-4464}}</ref>
File:Box Lid with a Winged Lion and Remnant of an Iron Hinge, Gandhara, 5th century CE.jpg|Box Lid with a Winged Lion, Gandhara, 5th century CE
File:Box Lid with a Lion Attacking an Elephant, Gandhara, 5th century CE.jpg|Box Lid with a Lion Attacking an Elephant, Gandhara, 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=GHOSE|first1=MADHUVANTI|title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|date=2003|volume=17|page=150, Fig.9|jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312|issn=0890-4464}}</ref>
File:Box Lid with a Phoenix, Gandhara, 5th century CE.jpg|Box Lid with a Phoenix, Gandhara, 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=GHOSE|first1=MADHUVANTI|title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|date=2003|volume=17|page=150, Fig.6|jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312|issn=0890-4464}}</ref>
</gallery>

====The Chilek silver bowl====
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Hunnic silver vase, Chilek near Smarkand, second third of 5th century CE.jpg
| image2 = Chilek silver bowl Alchon ruler.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = The [[Chilek bowl]], with an Alchon Hun ruler in the central medallion, surrounded by naked Indian-style dancers.
}}

{{main|Chilek silver bowl}}

Several silver bowls related to the Alchons have been found in the area of [[Samarkand]], including the "Chilek bowl" ("Čilek bowl"), which is considered as the "best known specimen of Hephthalite art", and is similar in composition with the [[Hephthalite silver bowl]], but represents "six dancers in Indian costume with Iranian ribbons and Hephthalite-short heads". Each of the dancers is positioned under a pointed arch in Indian style, and seems to be derived from contemporary [[Gupta art]].<ref name="Gray"/> This bowl, too, is considered as an Alchon object, but was possibly manufactured in India at the request of the Alchons. It is now in the [[State Museum of Culture History of Uzbekistan|Samarkand Museum]].<ref name="BB">{{cite journal |last1=Brentjes |first1=B. |title=The Hoard of Hephthalite Silver Vessels Found near Samarkand |journal=East and West |date=1971 |volume=21 |issue=1/2 |pages=77–78 |jstor=29755649 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755649 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurbanov |first1=Aydogdy |title=The hephthalites: iconographical materials |journal=Tyragetia |date=2014 |volume=VIII [XXIII] |page=328 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2017/4586-1488311404.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite journal |last1=GRAY |first1=BASIL |title=Post-Sasanian Metalwork |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=1991 |volume=5 |page=61 |jstor=24048285 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048285 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>

The man in the medallion at the bottom of the Chilek bowl has a clearly [[elongated skull]], characteristic of the Alchons Huns at that time and place.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=24}}

===Coinage legacy (6th-12th century CE)===
{{main|Indo-Sasanian coinage}}

As they invaded northern and central India circa 500 CE, the Alchon Huns issued several types of coinage on the model of the [[Sasanian Empire]], with ruler in profile on the obverse and sacred fire with attendants on the reverse.<ref name="HPR"/> It is thought that in the process of minting coins in occupied lands, they transmitted Sasanian coin designs to northern and western India.<ref name="HPR"/> This created a major type of [[Indian coinage]] called "[[Indo-Sasanian coinage]]", which lasted in degraded form until the 12th century CE as far as the Gangetic region.<ref name="HPR">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=161–165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ethnic legacy===
[[File:Sindh. Gurjura Confederacy. Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara Confederacy]], [[Peroz I]] type. [[Sindh]], circa 570-712 CE.]]
The [[Gurjaras]] and [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the [[Hunas]] invasion of that region.{{sfn|Puri|1957|p=2}} The Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the Alchon Huns ("White Huns") and native Indian element, and can probably be considered as a [[Hunas|Hunnic state]], although its precise origins remain unclear.<ref name="HJK">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |author-link=Hyun Jin Kim|title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1 |pages=62–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |language=en|quote="Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India, had a powerful [[Hephthalite|White Hunnic]] element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries."}}</ref> In [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (7th century CE), the Gurjaras are associated with the Hunas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the Hunas may also have contributed to the formation of the warlike [[Rajputs]].<ref name="HJK"/>

==Sources==
[[File:Talagan copper scroll.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|The [[Talagan copper scroll]]]]
Ancient sources refer to the Alchons and associated groups ambiguously with various names, such as [[Huna people|Huna]] in Indian texts, and [[Xionites]] in Greek texts. [[Xuanzang]] chronicled some of the later history of the Alchons.<ref name="Kailash"/>

The references in Sanskrit sources to the dynasty of [[Mihirakula]] are of great importance as they throw light on the character of the rulers. The largest number of references is found in Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=178}}</ref>

Modern archaeology has provided valuable insights into the history of the Alchons. The most significant cataloguing of the Alchon dynasty came in 1967 with Robert Göbl's analysis of the coinage of the "[[Iranian Huns]]".<ref name="Göbl1967">{{cite book|author=Robert Göbl|title=Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lpNHxfbKIEC | year=1967 | oclc=2561645 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | location= Wiesbaden | id=GGKEY:4TALPN86ZJB}}</ref> This work documented the names of a partial chronology of Alchon kings, beginning with Khingila. In 2012, the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] completed a [http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en reanalysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217071007/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/?language=en |date=17 February 2021 }} of previous finds together with a large number of new coins that appeared on the antiquities market during the [[Second Afghan Civil War]], redefining the timeline and narrative of the Alchons and related peoples.<ref name="Vondrovec2014" />

===Talagan copper scroll===
{{main|Talagan copper scroll}}

A significant contribution to our understanding of Alchon history came in 2006 when Gudrun Melzer and Lore Sander published their finding of the "[[Talagan copper scroll]]", also known as the "Schøyen Copper Scroll", dated to 492 or 493, that mentions the four Alchon kings Khingila, Toramana, Javukha, and Mehama (who was reigning at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary [[stupa]].<ref name="Meizer2000">{{cite book|author1=Gudrun Melzer|author2= Lore Sander|editor=Jens Braarvig|title=A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns.|isbn=9788280340061|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTDYAAAAMAAJ|series=Buddhist manuscripts|volume=3|year=2000|publisher=Hermes Pub.|location=Oslo|pages=251–278}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Together with the great sahi Khingila, together with the god-king Toramana, together with the mistress of a great monastery Sasa, together with the great sahi Mehama, together with Sadavikha, together with the great king Javukha, the son of Sadavikha, during the reign of Mehama."from {{cite book|author1=Gudrun Melzer|author2= Lore Sander|editor=Jens Braarvig|title=A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns.|isbn=9788280340061|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTDYAAAAMAAJ|series=Buddhist manuscripts|volume=3|year=2000|publisher=Hermes Pub.|location=Oslo|pages=251–278}}</ref><ref group="Note">For an image of the copper scroll: Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna [http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase8?language=en Showcase 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115150326/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase8?language=en |date=15 November 2020 }}</ref>

==Rulers==
{{Alchon Huns}}
The rulers of the Alchons practised skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the [[Huns]] that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings survive on coins<ref name="Göbl1967" /> and religious inscriptions:<ref name="Meizer2000" />
* anonymous kings (400 - 430 CE)
* [[Khingila]] (c. 430 – 490 CE)
* [[Javukha]]/Zabocho (c. mid 5th – early 6th CE)
* [[Mehama]] (c. 461 – 493 CE)
* Lakhana Udayaditya (c. 490's CE)
* Aduman
* [[Toramana]] (c. 490 – 515 CE)
* [[Mihirakula]] (c. 515 – 540 CE)
* [[Toramana II]] (c. 530 – 570 CE)
* [[Sri Pravarasena|Pravarasena]] (c. 530 – 590 CE)
* Gokarna (c. 570 – 590 CE)
* [[Narendraditya Khinkhila]] (c. 590 – 630 CE)
* [[Yudhishthira (Huna king)|Yudhishthira]] (630-670 CE)

==Coinage==
[[File:Alchon Huns. Uncertain King. 5th century AD. Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur III.jpg|thumb|An early Alchon Huns coin based on a Sasanian design, with bust imitating Sasanian king [[Shapur III]]. Only the legend "Alchono" appears on the obverse in the Greco-Bactrian script.<ref name=JB/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj | pages=24–34|title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer |date=2013 |publisher= Oriental Numismatic Society |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]</ref>]]

;Early Bactrian coinage based on Sasanian designs
The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on [[Sasanian]] designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon ''[[tamgha]]'' and a mention of "Alchon" or "Alkhan".<ref name="Tandon2013"/> Various coins minted in [[Bactria]] and based on Sasanian designs are known, often with busts imitating Sasanian kings [[Shapur II]] (r.309 to 379 CE) and [[Shapur III]] (r.383 to 388 CE), with attendants to a [[fire altar]] on the reverse.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="auto"/> It is thought that the Sasanids lost control of [[Bactria]] to the [[Kidarites]] during the reign of Shapur II circa 370 CE, followed by the [[Hephthalites]], and subsequently by the Alchon.<ref name="BRILL"/>

;Later original coinage
Later Alchon coinage became original and differed from predecessors in that it was devoid of Iranian (Sasanian) symbolism.<ref name="CC"/> The rulers are depicted with elongated skulls, apparently a result of [[artificial cranial deformation]].<ref name="CC"/>

After their invasion of India the coins of the Alchon were numerous and varied, as they issued copper, silver and gold coins, sometimes roughly following the Gupta pattern. The Alchon empire in India must have been quite significant and rich, with the ability to issue a significant volume of gold coins.<ref name="Tandon2015">{{cite journal |title= The Identity of Prakasaditya |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |year=2015 |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=647–668 |url=http://coinindia.com/Prakasaditya.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |doi=10.1017/S1356186315000346 |hdl=2144/37851 |s2cid=43869990 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Coinage===
<gallery>
File:Toramana coin in Western Gupta style.jpg|Silver coin of [[Toramana]] in Western [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] style, with the Gupta peacock and [[Brahmi]] legend on the reverse. Similar to the silver coin type of [[Skandagupta]]. On the obverse the date "52" is also inscribed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|last2=Edwardes|first2=Stephen Meredyth|authorlink2=Stephen Edwardes|title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great|date=1924|publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press|page=Plate 2|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76}}</ref> A modern Image:[http://coinindia.com/H119-BM.jpg].
File:Alchon Tamgha on a coin of Khingila.jpg|Alchon [[Tamgha]] symbol on a coin of Khingila.
File:Khingila Alchono inscription.jpg|[[Khingila]] with the word "Alchono" in [[Bactrian script]] (αλχονο) and the [[Tamgha]] symbol on his coins.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=199}}<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=114833 CNG Coins]</ref>
File:Khingila of the Alchon Huns Circa 440-490 CE.jpg|Silver drachm of [[Khingila]] (early portrait) without headdress, mid-late 5th century.<ref group="Note">For equivalent coin, see [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=156855 CNG Coins]</ref>
File:HunCoinDerivedFromSassanianDesign5thCE.JPG|Silver drachm of Khingila (mature portrait), [[Bactrian script|Bactrian]] legend: χιγγιλο αλχοννο "Khiggilo Alchono".<ref group="Note">This coin is in the collection of the [[British Museum]]. For equivalent coin, see [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=156854 CNG Coins]</ref>
File:Javukha of the Alchon Huns Mid-late 5th century.jpg|Silver drachm of Javukha, mid-late 5th century.
File:Mehama_silver-drachm.png|Silver drachm of [[Mehama]] legend: “ṣāhi mehama", mid-late 5th century.
File:Lakhana of the Alchon Huns Late 5th-early 6th centuries.jpg|Silver drachm of Lakhana, late 5th-early 6th centuries.
File:Adomano of the Alchon Huns Mid-late 5th century.jpg|Gold dinar of Adomano, [[Kushano-Sasanian]] style, mid-late 5th century.
File:Mihirakula Coin.jpg|Silver drachm of [[Mihirakula]], early-mid 6th century.
File:Toramana_II_bronze_coin.png|Bronze drachm of Toramana II wearing trident crown, late-phase Gandharan style. mid 6th century.
File:Alchon Huns Toramana II Circa AD 540-570.jpg|Silver stater of Toramana II, [[Kashmir]] style, mid-late 6th century.
File:Narana-Narenda of the Alchon Huns late 4th-early 5th century CE.jpg|Bronze drachm of Narana-Narenda (possibly Toramana II) wearing trident crown, late 6th century.
File:Khingila of the Alchon Huns young circa AD 440-490.jpg|Khingila as a young king, without headdress. [[Artificial cranial deformation]] clearly visible.
File:VishnuGandhara.JPG|[[Vishnu Nicolo Seal]] representing [[Vishnu]] with a worshipper (probably [[Mihirakula]]), 4th–6th century CE. The inscription in cursive [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] reads: "[[Mitra (Vedic)|Mihira]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]". [[British Museum]].
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Alemanny|first=Austí |title= Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation |publisher=Brill |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11442-5 }}
* {{citation |first=Baij Nath |last=Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] }}
*{{cite book|last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |publisher=Barkhuis |year=2020 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv13nb6sv |jstor=j.ctv13nb6sv|isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 }}
*{{cite book|last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2017 |doi=10.1515/9781474400305 |isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schottky |first=Martin |article=Huns |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/huns |year=2004 }}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase11?language=en Nezak Kings in Zabulistan and Kabulistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181417/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase11?language=en |date=26 July 2020 }} Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
* [http://grifterrec.rasmir.com/huns/huns.html Coinage of the Hephthalites/ Alchons], Grifterrec

{{India topics}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Huns}}
{{Ancient India and Central Asia}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Empires}}
{{Afghanistan topics}}

[[Category:Alchon Huns| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Ghazni Province]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Huns]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]

Love in Simla

2026-03-04T04:00:51Z

BaileyMetzler: refine intro for accuracy per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love in Simla
| image = Love in simla.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[R.K. Nayyar|R. K. Nayyar]]
| producer = [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]]
| writer = [[Aghajani Kashmeri|Agha Jani]] [[R.K. Nayyar|R. K. Nayyar]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Joy Mukherjee]] [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
| music = [[Iqbal Qureshi]]
| cinematography = D. K. Dhuri
| editing = Indu Kumar
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1960}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love in Simla''''' is a 1960 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[romance film]], produced by [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] and his Filmalaya production house. Directed by R. K. Nayyar, who co-wrote the script with [[Aghajani Kashmeri|Agha Jani]], the film had the producer's son, [[Joy Mukherjee]], in the lead role. The actress [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] made her Hindi movie lead debut in the film and became a star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress|title=Page on top actresses of Bollywood |publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref> The film also starred Azra, [[Shobhana Samarth]] and [[Durga Khote]].
The film was a light musical with humour as well as slapstick comedy. It became a hit at the box office.<ref name="gold">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! – Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=2011-11-01 |accessdate=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103185138/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is a part of the ''Love in'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/joy-mukherjee-s-love-in-bombay-set-for-release-after-40-years-395957|title=Joy Mukherjee's Love in Bombay set for release after 40 years|website=Movies.ndtv.com|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=23 June 2017|archive-date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007134155/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/joy-mukherjee-s-love-in-bombay-set-for-release-after-40-years-395957|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was inspired by the 1938 English film ''[[Jane Steps Out]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/sadhana-s-fringe-benefits-from-audrey-hepburn/story-cNVsRoJfB68gvxTwCtKlqI.html|title=Sadhana's fringe benefits from Audrey Hepburn|date=28 August 2011|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
After the untimely death of her father and mother, Sonia is orphaned and lives with her aunt and paternal uncle (General and Mrs. Rajpal Singh). Sonia is plain-looking, like her real mother, and often invites unappreciative taunts and critical remarks from her aunt and cousin, Sheela. Sheela has a boyfriend, Dev Kumar Mehra, and she plans to marry him. Fed-up with hearing frequent taunts and adverse remarks about her plain-looks, Sonia challenges Sheela that she will make Dev fall in love with her.

==Songs==
Lyrics of all songs were written by Rajendra Krishan.

#"Dil Tham Chale Hum Aaj Kidhar" – [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Love Ka Matlab Hai Pyar" – Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Gaal Gulabi Kiske Hai" – Mohammed Rafi
#"Alif Zabar Aaa Alif Zer Ae Alif Pesh O" – Mohammed Rafi, Sudha Malhotra
#"Ae Baby Ae Jee Idhar Aao" – Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
#"Hasinon Ki Sawari Hai" – Mohammed Rafi, [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
#"Kiya Hai Dilruba Pyar Bhi Kabhi" – Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
#"Dar Pe Aaye Hain" – Mukesh
#"Muskuraye Khet Pyase Tarse Tarse" – Mohammed Rafi, Suman Kalyanpur
#"Husnwale Wafa Nahi Karte" – Mohammed Rafi, Shamshad Begum
#"Dil Tham Chale Hum Aaj Kidhar v2" – Mohammed Rafi
#"Yoon Zindagi ke raaste sanwaarte chale gaye" – Mohammed Rafi

==Cast==
* [[Joy Mukherjee]] as Dev Kumar Mehra
* [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] as Sonia
* Azra as Sheela
* [[Kishore Sahu]] as General Rajpal Singh (Sonia's uncle)
* [[Shobhna Samarth]] as Mrs. Rajpal Singh (Sheela's mom)
* [[Durga Khote]] as Sonia's grandmother
* Vijayalaxmi as Vijaya
* [[Hari Shivdasani]] as Announcer
* Master Ramesh
* Bazid Khan
* Fouza Singh
* [[Ravi Tandon]]
* Saibee Sabherwal
* Kiran Kumar
* Cesar
* Muhammad Ali

==Box office==
In India, ''Love in Simla'' was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1960.<ref name="gold"/> It grossed [[Indian rupee|{{INR}}]]1.7 [[crore]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |title=Box Office India |accessdate=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014060830/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |archivedate=14 October 2013}}</ref>

In the [[Soviet Union]], the film was released in 1963 and came third place on the year's [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|Soviet box office chart]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ ''Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin''], page 210, [[Indiana University Press]], 2005</ref> The film drew a Soviet box office audience of 35 million viewers, making it one of the top 20 most successful Indian films in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|website=Kinanet.livejournal.com|accessdate=2017-06-23}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
Love in Simla had 2 sequels thus forming a trilogy. The first one was [[Love in Tokyo]] starring Mukherjee and [[Asha Parekh]] in the lead roles and was released in 1966<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love-in-tokyo | title=Love in Tokyo | Rotten Tomatoes | publisher=Rotten Tomatoes }}</ref> and the second one was [[Love in Bombay]] starring Mukherjee and [[Waheeda Rehman]] which released in 2013 due to going over the budget.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why it took 42 YEARS to release Joy Mukherjee's Love in Bombay |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-why-it-took-42-years-to-release-joy-mukherjees-love-in-bombay/20130730.htm |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/mar/08dinesh.htm |title=Love in Simla: Grin fairytale |website=Rediff.com |accessdate=2017-06-23}}
* {{IMDb title|0318405|Love in Simla}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Iqbal Qureshi]]
[[Category:1960 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]

Gawaahi

2026-03-03T23:48:45Z

BaileyMetzler: quick added section based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|1989 Bollywood film by Anant Balani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gawaahi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Anant Balani]]
| producer = Rajiv Mehra [[Aditya Raj Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Hemendra Bhatia]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Night of January 16th]]''|[[Ayn Rand]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Shekhar Kapur]] [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| music = Uttam-Jagdish [[Sardar Anjum]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = [[Naga_(director)|Nagarajan Lingam]]
| editing = Rajendra Mahajan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|||India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Gawaahi''''' ({{langx|en|Testimony}}) is a 1989 [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[Anant Balani]]. It was his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anant Balani: Indian Director |first=Shilpa Bharatan |last=Iyer |date=3 September 2003 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/people-news/anant-balani-1117891881/}}</ref> The film stars [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Shekhar Kapur]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] and [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]. It was based on the 1934 play ''[[The Night of January 16th]]'', a courtroom drama by [[Ayn Rand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eyecatchers: Baba Amte nominated for prestigious UN Human Rights Award |date=31 December 1988 |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19881231-baba-amte-nominated-for-prestigious-un-human-rights-award-798071-1988-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=That Touch of Class |first=Rajiv |last=Vijayakar |date=10 December 2010 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/that-touch-of-class/722528/0 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222195658/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/that-touch-of-class/722528/0 |archivedate=22 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A courtroom drama around the disclosures and cross-examinations of key witnesses of mysterious death of leading business tycoon Ranjeet Chaudhary (Shekhar Kapoor).

== Cast ==
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as Janhvi Kaul
*[[Tanuja]] as Advocate Bharucha
*[[Shekhar Kapur]] as Ranjeet Chaudhary
*[[Ranjeeta Kaur]] as Shashi Chaudhary
*[[Ashutosh Gowariker]] as Sayed Akhtar Rampuri
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Prosecutor Tiwari
*[[Vivek Vaswani]] as Tejchand Advani
* Avinash Kharshikar as Ramakant Shinde
*[[Hosi Vasunia]] as Inspector Vasunia
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Betty Lobo
*[[Ravi Patwardhan]] as Judge
* G.P. Singh as Colonel Ghai
* Rakesh Shrivastav as building watchman
* Gautam Siddharth as handwriting expert

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sardar Anjum]]
| all_music = Uttam-Jagdish

| title1 = Bhool Bhulaiyya Sa Yeh Jeevan
| extra1 = [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]

| title2 = Dekh Ke Tumko
| extra2 = Pankaj Udhas, Anuradha Paudwal

| title3 = Dil Ki Baatein Hain
| extra3 = Pankaj Udhas, Anuradha Paudwal

| title4 = Khat Mein Likha Hai
| extra4 = Anuradha Paudwal
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0215789|title=Gawaahi}}

{{Ayn Rand|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Ayn Rand]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anant Balani]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Edureeta

2026-03-03T21:45:54Z

BaileyMetzler: further improve information per standard format also and fixed typos

{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Edureeta
| image = Edureeta.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| story = [[Shaktipada Rajguru]]
| based_on = ''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]'' (1975)
| producer = Sakhamuri Ramachandra Rao
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = Kotagiri Gopal Rao [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| studio = Indira Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977|7|22}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Edureeta''''' ({{translation|''Flowing Against''}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Vanisri]], with music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]. It is a remake of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]/[[Hindi]] film ''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]'' (1975). The film was released on 22 July 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Forty Five Years Edureetha : నలభై ఐదేళ్ళ ‘ఎదురీత’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/forty-five-years-edureetha-202099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725051826/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/forty-five-years-edureetha-202099.html |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[NTV (Indian TV channel)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village where Inspector Ananda Rao, a newly appointee, comes across sundry characters: the diabolic president Bhushaiah, a benevolent Dr. Dharmaiah, and his sister Radha, a schoolteacher. Anand Rao is particularly fascinated by a drunkard, Madhu, who constantly lies in a cauldron of misery. Indeed, Madhu belongs to a Zamindar family who lost all, and the village ostracizes him, including his beloved Radha. Currently, he makes rowing a boat his livelihood, and the only one showing affection for him is the cute village girl Manga. Besides, Madhu always impedes the enormities of Bhushaiah. So, he forms a false allegation about him when Anand Rao misconstrues without going into the merits and whips him. Later, Dharmaiah pins on Anand Rao by divulging the past.

Madhu returned after accomplishing his education when Bhushaiah used to be their Diwan at his grandfather, the Zamindar. He affirms the construction of a barrage to shield the village from the floods. Accordingly, he requests his grandfather for funds, which he denies. Exploiting it, Bhushaiah heists the amount, incriminating Madhu, so Zamindar files a case that sentences him. Plus, he denounces him for deceiving a girl and charges her death on him, which Radha deludes. Following the return, Madhu spots Bhushaiah grabbing his property and utilizing Zamindar's death.

Listening to it, Anand Rao repents and embarks on a mission by reforming Madhu when the two turn into besties. Moreover, he attains a dam contract, which Madhu fulfills commendably. Parallelly, Anand Rao arouses Madhu's virtue before Radha. A catastrophe arises when the village is endangered by raging floodwaters threatening to breach the dam. During that plight, they seek Madhu to take the mantle of saving, but he spurns them, accusing them of his grief. Anyhow, on request by Radha, he relents and saves them from havoc, which restores his honor with his love. At last, Madhu ceases Bhushaiah. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Madhu & Radha.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Madhu
*[[Vanisri]] as Radha
*[[Jayasudha]] as Manga
*[[Jaggayya]] as Inspector Ananda Rao
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Bhushaiah
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Dr. Dharmaiah
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Priest
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Zamindar
*[[J. V. Ramana Murthi|Ramana Murthy]] as Engineer Prasada Rao
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Thoka Anjaneyulu
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Subbulu
*[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Abbulu
*Jagga Rao as Jaggu

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edhureetha (1977)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CSL/info |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Godaari Varadhallo"
|[[Veturi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:10
|-
|2
|"Ee Radha Chivaraku"
|Veturi
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:17
|-
|3
|"Tholisaari Muddivva"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:23
|-
|4
|"Thaagithe Uyyaalaa"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:48
|-
|5
|"Balaraju"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|5:33
|-
|6
|"Edureethaku Antham"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:51
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1380087}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|edureeta}}
{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Shaktipada Rajguru]]

Badal

2026-03-03T12:02:04Z

BaileyMetzler: small changes

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badal
| image = Badal 2000 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Kanwar]]
| producer = Salim Akhtar Shama Akhtar
| story = Raj Kanwar
| screenplay = Sutanu Gupta Robin Bhatt Santosh Saroj (dialogues)
| starring = [[Bobby Deol]] [[Rani Mukerji]] [[Amrish Puri]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Background Score:''' [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| editing = Waman Bhonsle
| cinematography = Harmeet Singh
| studio = Aftab Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|2|11}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}10 [[crore]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=717|title=Badal – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111012032/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=717|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|26.91 crore}}<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Badal''''' ({{Translation|Cloud}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/badal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtiymdq|title=Badal|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031070210/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/badal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtiymdq|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Raj Kanwar]]. The film stars [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] in lead roles with [[Amrish Puri]]. It was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badal - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=717|access-date=2020-11-06|website=boxofficeindia.com|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111012032/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=717|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Badal is a young man with a tragic childhood. As a child, he had witnessed his entire family, his loving father, mother, and baby sister, murdered in a village massacre by ruthless and corrupt police officer Jaisingh Rana, who kills people for sadistic fun. He is then brought up by his late father's friend Jeetram, who himself is on the run from Rana. Years later, Badal has become a dreaded terrorist working for Jeetram under the name Rajveer, whose main target in life is exacting revenge on Jaisingh Rana for his family's horrible death. In this endeavor, Badal travels to a small town, where he meets a good-natured police officer, [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ranjeet Singh, who takes Badal under his wing, and Rani, a bubbly, free-spirited girl who falls madly in love with him. Ranjeet Singh and his wife Simran start considering Badal as their son, and his daughters start to look up to Badal as an elder brother. Through both Singh's family and Rani, Badal is given a new lease of life and comes to understand the values of sentiments, love, and relationships, all of which he has missed out on in his life.

Meanwhile, Rana has now been promoted to DIG but still hasn't changed his old evil ways. He has Jeetram captured and tortured to know the location of his accomplices. Badal frees Jeetram and is pursued by the police force led by Ranjeet Singh. However, Jeetram commits suicide to protect Badal's identity from getting revealed, much to the latter's shock and grief.

==Cast==
*[[Bobby Deol]] as Rajveer / Badal
*[[Rani Mukerji]] as Rani
*[[Mayuri Kango]] as Soni
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as DIG Jai Singh Rana
*[[Amrish Puri]] as ACP Ranjeet Singh
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Jeet Ram
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Guler Mehndi
*[[Upasana Singh|Upasna Singh]] as Guler Mehndi's wife
*[[Neena Kulkarni]] as Simran Singh
*[[Sana Saeed]] as Preeti
*[[Alok Nath]] as Badal's father
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Rani's Grandfather
*[[Akash Khurana]] as Minister Satyaprakash Shinde
*[[Harish Patel]] as Daya Shankar
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Police Constable Mangeram
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Sahab Singh
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)]] as Aaatankwadi Asgar
*[[Jeetu Verma]] as Rafiq, and Asgar's younger brother
*[[Dina Pathak]] The old woman who slapped Minister Satyaprakash
*[[Salim Ghouse]]
*[[Suman Ranganathan]] as item number Allah Allah (special appearance)
*[[Mink Brar]] as item number Laal Garara (special appearance)
*[[Pappu Polyester]]
*Dinesh Anand
*[[Mandira Bedi]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badal
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| released = 4 December 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 48:08
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Anu Malik]]
}}
The music for ''Badal'' was composed and produced by [[Anu Malik]] while the lyrics where penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The film has six original songs, a medley, and one instrumental song, featuring some popular songs like "Yaar Mere Yaaram" and others.

===Track list===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Jugni Jugni" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || 7:40
|-
| "Na Milo Kahin Pyar" || [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] || 6:47
|-
| "Yaar Yara Mere Yaaram" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] || 5:40
|-
| "Medley Song" || - || 5:21
|-
| "Allah Allah" || [[Mukesh Kumar Munna]], [[Dominique]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] || 5:30
|-
| "Lal Garara" || [[Anu Malik]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Sapna Awasthi]] || 6:50
|-
| "Tujhe Dekh Ke Dil" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Jaspinder Narula]] || 5:33
|-
| "Na Milo Kahin Pyar (Instrumental)" || [[Instrumental]] || 6:47
|}

==Reception==
Sharmila Taliculam of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "A word of warning before you watch this film -- for the sake of your sanity, leave your brains behind. There are so many things here that don't make sense."<ref>{{cite web |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=12 February 2000 |title=What a waste! |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/12badal.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0247944|title=Badal}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:2000 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kanwar]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2000 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]

Navamani Elia Peter

2026-03-02T08:26:00Z

BaileyMetzler: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian theologian and evangelist (1933–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox clergy
| child =
| honorific_prefix = [[Deaconess]]<ref name="NCCI"/>
| name = Navamani-Elia Peter, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]] ''[[Honoris causa]]'' ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]) (2000)<ref name="List">''List of the Recipients of the Degree of Doctor of Divinity (Honoris Causa)''[https://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/recipients-degree-of-doctor-of-divinity-honoris-causa/]</ref>
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| citizenship = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Govada Navamani Kamalaratnam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|04|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[Northern Circars]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|06|29|1933|04|06|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nadiad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| burial_place = Indian Christian Cemetery (Gate 1), Hosur Road, Bangalore
| other_names =
| years_active = 1980–2025
| occupation =Priesthood
| education =
* [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]])<ref name="Hiwale"/>
* [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]] (Andhra)<ref name="Hiwale"/>
* [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]<ref name="Hiwale"/>)
| alma_mater =
* Lady Amphtill Government School, [[Machilipatnam]]
* Hindu College, Machilipatnam
* St. Joseph's College of Education for Women, [[Guntur]]
* [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]
| known_for = Espousing women's leadership and mentoring youth
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| parents = 
| children =
| relatives =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| nocat_wdimage =
| religion = Christianity
| church = [[Methodist Church in India]] (MCI)<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/auburnpub/name/norma-daly-obituary?id=27665261 ''Norma Daly Obituary'', 2010]</ref>
| ordained =12 January 1986<ref name="NCCI">''Navamani Peter Ordained'', ''[[National Council of Churches Review]]'', Volume 106, 1986, p.404.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQDZAAAAMAAJ&q=navamani+peter+deacon+methodist+india]</ref>
| laicised =
| writings =
* 1989, Bible study: Practical exhortation: Hebrews 3:7–15<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=N-0tAQAAIAAJ&q=navamani+peter ''Asian Journal of Theology'', 1989, pp.576–581]</ref>
* 1996, A Christian View of the Family<ref name="Family">[https://repositorio.comillas.edu/jspui/bitstream/11531/20979/1/DEA000170.pdf] [https://catalogue.defap-bibliotheque.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=55143 ''National Council of Churches Review'', 1996]</ref>
* 1998, Biblical Paradigms for Women's Ministry in Asia<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tD77DwAAQBAJ&dq=navamani+peter&pg=PA128 ''Theology for our times'', Number 5, June 1998]</ref>
* 1999, Woman! Reclaim your image!<ref name="PK"/>
| congregations =MCI-Indiranagar Methodist Church, Bangalore<ref name="NCCI"/>
| offices_held =
| title = Deaconess<ref name="NCCI"/>
| module =
}}

'''Navamani Elia Peter''' (6 April 1933 – 29 June 2025) was an Indian [[deaconess]], who espoused women's leadership in the church, focusing on [[Ordination of women in Christianity]]. She was in the forefront of the movement for gender equality since the eighties. Navamani held key positions of leadership globally.<ref name="Mizo"/> Peter was at the helm of leadership in multifaced Church-based organisations, notably the [[National Council of Churches in India]],<ref name="NCCI"/> [[World Methodist Council]],<ref name="PK"/> [[World Day of Prayer|World Day of Prayer International Committee]]<ref name="Who"/> and [[Christian Conference of Asia]].<ref name="PK"/>

In 2007 she was elected as President of [[Bible Society of India|The India Bible Society Trust Association]], the first woman to hold the position since the inception of the trust in 1811. She held the position in [[Bangalore]] from 2007<ref name="GDV">G. D. V. Prasad, Chiranjivi J. Nirmal, ''Imaging the Word: A Twenty-First Century Perspective'', The Bible Society of India 1811–2011, Bible Society of India, Bangalore, 2000, (revised edition 2011), p.115. [http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/02/stories/1302017e.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> through 2013. Navamani has been member of the [[Association of Theologically Trained Women of India]] and held the elected post of President for two bienniums.<ref name="ATTWI"/>

From 2020,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elia Peter|first1=Navamani|author1-link=Navamani Peter|title=Meet Our Writers – Navamani Peter (Karnataka, India)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEDRwEiQmro|website=youtube.com |publisher=The Upper Room|language=en |format=video |date=19 January 2023}}</ref> she spent her time writing motivational articles for the young generation<ref name="IIT">Praisy David, ''The Battle of Being a Christian Feminist: Reclaiming the Original Design'', ''Campus Link'', Volume 24, Number 4, July–August 2022.[https://campuslinklive.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Jul-Aug-2022-Work-vs-Vocation_Ecopy_compressed.pdf]</ref> to lead meaningful and better lives through ''[[The Upper Room (Devotional and Ministry Organization)|The Upper Room]]''.<ref>[https://www.upperroom.org/devotionals/blog-posts/2158 ''More From Navamani Peter'', ''The Upper Room'', December 15, 2022]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Peter was born in the [[Port|port town]] of [[Machilipatnam]] in [[Northern Circars]] ([[Madras Presidency]]) in [[Colonial India]] on 6 April 1944.<ref name="PK"/> She did her schooling from Lady Ampthill Government School, Machilipatnam. For [[Undergraduate education]], she studied at The Hindu College, taking a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] degree, also in Machilipatnam. She also did her specialization in education from JMJ-St. Joseph's College of Education for Women in [[Guntur]] leading to [[Bachelor of Education|BEd]].<ref name="PK"/>

During the 1980s, she enrolled at [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] for spiritual studies leading to [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Past students of the college diploma course.</ref> It was here that she was exposed to learned faculty comprising<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Joshua Russell Chandran]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], [[E. C. John]], CSI, [[G. D. Melanchthon]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], [[Theodore N. Swanson]], [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]]. The [[Cultural diversity]] at the campus enriched her learning experience. The presence of [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|Carmelite]] [[Church Fathers]] among the college faculty, also provided her with an ecumenical exposure.<ref name="Shared">''Shared Search – Souvenir of the inauguration of the academic collaboration between the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] and the [[Dharmaram College]], [[Bangalore]]'', 1975, Bangalore, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/702131970]</ref> After completion of her studies, The Senate of Serampore College (University), led by Registrar [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> awarded her a B. D. degree.

==Career==
Peter began her career as a Teacher in [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]–Stanley Girls High School, [[Hyderabad]], beginning in the 1950s. Since the 1980s, her leadership in the Church made her take up greater assignments both nationally and globally.

Peter participated in a number of local<ref>[https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1290&context=rogerhedlundpapers ''Subject file of Roger Hedlund'']</ref> and international institutional leadership and management meetings, notably the [[Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians]] sponsored national consultation on women's perspectives held in India in 1984,<ref>Aruna Gnanadason, ''Theology of Humanhood: Women's Perspectives : Report of a national consultation'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 1986, p.155.[Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians]</ref> the [[World Council of Churches]] Assembly held in Australia in 1991<ref>''Signs of the Spirit – Official Report, Seventh Assembly, Canberra, Australia, 7–20 February 1991'', World Council of Churches Assembly, 1991, p.313.[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8ji4N-6F3sC&q=navamani%20peter]</ref> and the World Methodist Conference held in Brazil in 1996.<ref>[http://worldmethodistconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/01_1996_rio_conf_bop.pdf World Methodist Conference, 1996]</ref> She was also at the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities) at its forty-ninth session held in Switzerland in 1997.<ref name="UN">''[[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (Sub-commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)'', 1997, p.22.[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/241447/files/E_CN.4_Sub.2_1997_1_Misc.1-ES.pdf]</ref>

===Offices held===
During the course of participation in international institutional meetings, Peter had been elected to the leadership of many global organisations worldwide.
* President/Chairperson
** All India Women's Society of Christian Service {{small|(1980–1984)}}<ref name="PK">Prasanna Kumar (Edited), ''Women in Church and Society'', Department of Women Studies, [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], Chennai, 1999.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BejYAAAAMAAJ&q=World%20Federation%20of%20Methodist%20Women%20navamani] [https://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy022/2001294272.html] [https://cbeinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/PP341.pdf]</ref>
** All India Council of Christian Women<ref name="NCCI"/> {{small|(1982–1986)}}
** [[World Methodist Council|World Family Life Committee of World Methodist Council]] {{small|(1986–1991)}}<ref name="PK"/>
** [[Association of Theologically Trained Women of India]] {{small|(1990–1997)}}<ref name="ATTWI"/>
** [[World Day of Prayer|World Day of Prayer International Committee]] {{small|(1990–1999)}}<ref>''Yearbook of international organizations 1998/99'', Volume 3, K.G. Saur, München, 1998, p.1530.[https://archive.org/search.php?query=external-identifier%3A%22urn%3Aoclc%3Arecord%3A1302547165%22]</ref><ref name="Who">''Whoʼs who in International Organizations: A Biographical Encyclopedia of More Than 12,000 Leading Personalities'', K.G. Saur, Germany, 1992, p.141.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WWdmAAAAMAAJ&q=navamani%20peter]</ref>
** [[Bible Society of India|The India Bible Society Trust Association]]<ref name="Mizo">''BSI Executive Committee Members visit Mizoram'', Government of Mizoram press release, 4 November 2011.[https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/bsi-executive-committee-member-te-lawmna-inkhawm-chief-minister-in-hmanpui]</ref> {{small|(2007–2013)}}
* Vice-president
** [[World Methodist Council|World Federation of Methodist Women]] {{small|(1986–1991)}}<ref>Linda W. Kiester, ''Methodist Women elect American'', ''Louisiana United Methodist'', Volume 133, Number 9, 8 August 1986, p.3.[https://archive.org/details/louisianaunitedm1986unit/page/n145/mode/2up?q=navamani+peter]</ref>
** Asian Church Women's Conference {{small|(1990–1994)}}<ref name="PK"/>
* Executive committee member
** [[Christian Conference of Asia|Evangelism Committee of Christian Conference of Asia]] {{small|(1982–1986)}}<ref name="PK"/>
** The Fellowship of the Least Coin {{small|(1990–1999)}}<ref name="PK"/>

==Writings==
The writings of Peter have been acknowledged by both Theologians and other Scholars. Paul Arasu Selvanathan as a 2017 doctoral student at the [[Comillas Pontifical University]] in Spain defines an ''Indian Family''<ref>Paul Arasu Selvanathan, ''Learn to Live with Others: A Spiritual Reading of the Story of Abraham-Lot (Gen 13: 1–12) in Relation to the Indian Family'', [[Comillas Pontifical University]], Madrid, 2017, p.72.[https://repositorio.comillas.edu/jspui/bitstream/11531/20979/1/DEA000170.pdf]</ref> on the basis of Navamani's<ref name="Family"/> article. Pushpa Samuel of [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], United States espouses ordination of women in the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] through a 2020 article, citing the work of Navamani.<ref>Pushpa Samuel, '' "Let Your Yes Be Yes": Progressing Toward Female Ordination in the Mar Thoma Church'', ''Priscilla Papers'', Volume 34, Number 1, Winter 2020, pp.20–25.[https://cbeinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/PP341.pdf]</ref> Praisy David, a 2020 student of [[IIT Gandhinagar|Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar]]<ref name="IIT"/> takes a cue from Navamani on espousing [[Gender equality]], she quotes,
{{blockquote|As Navamani E. Peter, in the introduction of the book ''Jesus Talks to Women'' writes that,<ref name="IIT"/>
''[[Jesus Christ|Jesus]] saw women as intelligent, thinking humans, equal with men. His attitude with women was remarkable in a day when men thought women were a lower grade than themselves.''}}

In theological matters, Sirirat Pusurinkham of the Presbyterian Church of Thailand was critical of Navamani's observation of a love story in the episode of [[Levite's concubine]].<ref>Sirirat Pusurinkham, ''Oppressed Women in Scripture and in Contemporary Thailand'' in Meehyun Chung, ''Breaking Silence: Theology from Asian Women's Perspective'', ISPCK/EATWOT, New Delhi, 2006, p.165.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wh4mTPTcdPkC&q=navamani]</ref> Navamani's writings appeared in the public domain since the 1980s. She continued to write articles through ''The Upper Room''.
* {{cite journal |last=E. Peter |first=Navamani |date=October 1989 |title=Bible study: Practical exhortation: Hebrews 3:7–15 |url= |journal=Asian Journal of Theology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=576–581 |doi= |access-date=}}
* {{cite journal |last=E. Peter |first=Navamani |date=September 1996 |title=A Christian View of the Family |url=https://repositorio.comillas.edu/jspui/bitstream/11531/20979/1/DEA000170.pdf |journal= [[National Council of Churches Review]]|volume= |issue= |pages=258–''ff.'' |doi= |access-date=}}
* {{cite journal |last=E. Peter |first= Navamani|date=June 1998 |title=Biblical Paradigms for Women's Ministry in Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD77DwAAQBAJ&dq=Biblical%20Paradigms%20for%20Women's%20Ministry%20in%20Asia%20navamani&pg=PA128 |journal= Theology of Our Times|volume= |issue=5 |pages=99–101 |doi= |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |last=E. Peter|first=Navamani|date=1999|editor-last=Kumari|editor-first=Prasanna|title=Women in Church and Society: Essays in Honour of Florence Robinson|publisher=GLTC, Chennai|pages=155–'ff.'|chapter=Woman! Reclaim your image!|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BejYAAAAMAAJ&q=Woman!%20Reclaim%20your%20image!%20navamani |isbn=}}

==Death==
Peter died on 29 June 2025, at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute: Dr Navamani Peter |url=https://attwi.in/tribute/ |website=Association of Theologically Trained Women in India |access-date=3 August 2025 |date=29 June 2025}}</ref>

==Honours==
In 2000, in recognition of women's leadership, the nation's first<ref name="UNESCO">[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001790/179035eb.pdf UNESCO Structures of University Education in India, 1952]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] conferred upon Navamani an honorary [[Doctor of Divinity]].<ref name="List">''List of the Recipients of the Degree of Doctor of Divinity (Honoris Causa)''[https://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/recipients-degree-of-doctor-of-divinity-honoris-causa/]</ref>
{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box
| before=K. J. Samuel 2000–2006<ref name="GDV"/>
| title=President, [[Bible Society of India]]
| after=P. N. S. Chandra Bose 2014<ref>The Bible Society of India, ''Office Bearers''.[http://www.bsind.org/our_board.html Office Bearers]</ref>–2019
| years=2007–2013
}}
{{succession box
| before=Padmasani Gallup 1987–1990<ref name="ATTWI">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SgN0HAAACAAJ&q=association+of+theologically+trained+women+of+india+handbook ATTWI Handbook]</ref>
| title=President, [[Association of Theologically Trained Women of India]]
| after=Jessie Nesakumar 1997–2002
| years=1990–1997
}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=John C. B. Webster, Ellen Low Webster
| title=The Church and women in the Third World
| publisher=Westminster Press
| year=1985
| volume=
| isbn=978-0-664-24601-3| url =https://archive.org/details/churchwomeninthi0000webs
| url-access=registration
| quote=elizabeth paul church of south india.
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Ruth Tucker, Walter L. Liefeld
| title=Daughters of the Church: Women and Ministry from New Testament times to the present
| year=1987
| volume=
| isbn=978-0-310-45741-1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6e5yCGh1JsC
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Carol Graham, P. Dharmagnani
| title=Sister Carol Graham, the beloved "Amma"
| year=1989
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty0xAAAAMAAJ&q=order+of+sisters+church+of+south+india
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Jacqueline Field-Bibb
| title=Women towards Priesthood: Ministerial politics and feminist praxis
| publisher=CUP Archive
| year=1991
| volume=
| isbn=978-0-521-39283-9| url =https://archive.org/details/womentowardsprie0000fiel
| url-access=registration
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Sakhi Mariamma Athyal
| title=Indian Women in Mission
| year=1995
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CBc_AAAAIAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Leonie Beth Liveris
| title=Ancient taboos and gender prejudice: challenges for Orthodox women and the church
| year=2005
| volume=
| isbn=978-0-7546-5344-8| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=B_YrluQ2jgoC
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter, Navamani Elia}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Methodist theologians]]
[[Category:Methodist evangelists]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Methodist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Methodist missionaries]]

India Gate

2026-02-23T11:13:39Z

BaileyMetzler: basic rework layout based on references additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|War memorial arch in New Delhi, India}}
{{Distinguish|Gateway of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military memorial
|name=India Gate
|country={{flag|India}}
|image=[[File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|200px]]
|use_dates=1914–1921 ([[British Raj]])
|established= {{start date and age|10 February 1921}}
|inaugurated={{start date and age|12 February 1931}}
|coordinates={{Coord|28|36|46.31|N|77|13|45.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
|lat_deg= 28.61288
|lon_deg= 77.22953
|designer=[[Sir Edwin Lutyens]]
|commemorates=in commemoration of the martyred soldiers of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] who lost their lives during the [[First World War]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
|caption=}}

'''India Gate''', formerly known as the All India War Memorial, is a prominent [[war memorial]] situated on the eastern edge of the [[Rajpath|ceremonial axis]] of [[New Delhi]] [[India]], officially known as [[Kartavya Path]]. It stands as a memorial commemorating 74,187 [[Indian Army during World War I|soldiers]] of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] who died between 1914 and 1921 in the [[World War I|First World War]], in [[Indian Army during World War I|France]], [[First Battle of Ypres|Flanders]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]], [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persia]], [[German East Africa|East Africa]], [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. Around 13,300 servicemen’s names, including those of some British soldiers and officers, are inscribed on the gate. Designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]], the memorial draws inspiration from ancient Roman [[triumphal arches]] such as the [[Arch of Constantine]] and is frequently compared to the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="DELHI MEMORIAL">{{cite web|title=Delhi Memorial (India Gate)|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142700/DELHI%20MEMORIAL%20%28INDIA%20GATE%29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035151/https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/142700/delhi%20memorial%20(india%20gate)/|archive-date=14 April 2021|access-date=24 January 2022|website=|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]}}</ref>

Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], a memorial structure comprising a [[Ashford Black Marble|black marble]] plinth, a reversed [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|rifle]] capped with a [[Combat helmet|war helmet]], and surrounded by four [[Eternal flame|eternal flames]] was established beneath the archway. Known as the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] (Flame of the Immortal Soldier), it served as India’s [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]. From 1971 to 2022, Amar Jawan Jyoti, serving as the focal point for national military remembrance. For decades, it was customary for the [[Prime Minister of India]] and other dignitaries to pay [[tribute]] at this site during major national occasions, including [[Republic Day]]. In January 2022, the eternal flame at Amar Jawan Jyoti was ceremonially merged with the eternal flame at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], located nearby.
India Gate is counted among the largest war memorials in India and remains an important [[Monuments of National Importance|national landmark]]. It is also a prominent public space, frequently visited by [[tourists]] and historically associated with civil society gatherings and protests.

== History ==
[[File: India Gate in 1930s.jpg|thumb|left|Armoured cars passing through the gate, in the 1930s]]
The India Gate was part of the work of the [[Imperial War Graves Commission]], which came into existence in December 1917 under the [[British Raj|British Raj rule]] for building war graves and memorials to soldiers who were killed in the First World War.<ref name="The History Teacher /9 April">{{cite journal |last=David A. Johnson |author2=Nicole F. Gilbertson |title=Commemorations of Imperial Sacrifice at Home and Abroad: British Memorials of the Great War |journal=The History Teacher |date=4 August 2010 |volume=43 |series=4 |pages=564–584 |url=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/Johnson_and_Gilbertson.pdf|access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> The foundation stone of the Gate, then called the All India War Memorial, was laid on 10 February 1921, at 4:30 p.m., by the visiting [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] in a ceremony attended by officers and men of the Imperial Indian Army, [[Imperial Service Troops]], the Commander-in-Chief, and [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], the Viceroy.<ref name="Duke, war memorial">{{cite book|last=Connaught, Duke of|first=Arthur|title=His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught in India 1921 Being a Collection of the Speeches Delivered by His Royal Highness.|year=1921|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing|location=Calcutta|pages=69–71|ol=17945606M}}</ref> On the occasion, the Viceroy is reported to have said, "The stirring tales of individual heroism, will live forever in the annals of this country", and that the memorial which was a tribute to the memory of heroes, "known and unknown", would inspire [[future generations]] to endure hardships with similar fortitude and "no less valour".<ref name="Duke, war memorial"/> The Duke also read out a message from the King, which said, "On this spot, in the central vista of the Capital of India, there will stand a Memorial Archway, designed to keep", in the thoughts of future generations, "the glorious sacrifice of the officers and men of the Indian Army who fought and fell". During the ceremony, the [[Deccan Horse]], 3rd Sappers and Miners, [[6th Jat Light Infantry]], [[34th Sikh Pioneers]], [[39th Garhwal Rifles]], [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)]], [[117th Mahrattas]], and [[5th Gurkha Rifles]]. The land was owned by contractor [[Sir Sobha Singh]] who helped construct large tracts of New Delhi and was the primary contractor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Nadia |date=2013-01-27 |title=Khushwant Singh: An Unequivocal Spokesman of Politics in Truth, Love & a Little Malice: An Autobiography |journal=Stamford Journal of English |volume=4 |pages=111–123 |doi=10.3329/sje.v4i0.13492 |issn=2408-8838|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBRYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sir+sobha+singh%22+%22india+gate%22&pg=PT21 |title=Delhi A Travel Guide |date=2020 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=9798128819703 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:India Gate from Rajpath.jpg|thumb|right|India gate, as seen from Kartavya Path]]

Ten years after the foundation stone's laying on 12 February 1931, the memorial was inaugurated by the Viceroy, [[Lord Irwin]], who, on the occasion, said "those who after us shall look upon this monument may learn in pondering its purpose something of that sacrifice and service which the names upon its walls record."<ref name="Metcalf, India gate">{{cite journal|last=Metcalf|first=Thomas R.|author-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=31 March 2014|title=WW I: India's Great War Dulce Et Decorum Est India Gate, our WW-I cenotaph, now stands for an abstracted ideal|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?289882|url-status=dead|journal=Outlook|issue=31 March 2014|access-date=8 April 2014|archive-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002957/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?289882}}</ref> In the decade between the laying of foundation stone of the memorial and its inauguration, the rail-line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and the [[New Delhi Railway Station]] was opened in 1926.<ref name=htlux>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127160500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}</ref>

The Gate, which is illuminated every evening from 7 o’clock until 9:30 hrs, today serves as one of Delhi's most important tourist attractions. Cars used to travel through the gate until it was closed to traffic.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The Republic Day Parade starts from [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] and passes around the India Gate.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The India Gate is often a location for civil society protests, including demonstrations in response to the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|2011 anti-corruption movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dutta|first=Aesha|date=23 December 2012|title=India Gate turns war zone as protests swell|work=Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/india-gate-turns-war-zone-as-protests-swell/article20543914.ece1|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/limit-public-access-to-india-gate-delhi-police/articleshow/15863509.cms?from=mdr |title=Limit public access to India Gate: Delhi Police |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=28 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protest-held-at-india-gate-to-demand-justice-for-unnao-rape-survivor-1574997-2019-07-29 |title=Protest held at India Gate to demand justice for Unnao rape survivor |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 July 2019 |work=India Today|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, the India Gate was [[Sister city|twinned]] with the [[Arch of Remembrance]] in [[Leicester]], England, another Lutyens war memorial, following a very similar design but on a smaller scale. In a ceremony, India's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom laid a wreath at the arch in Leicester and the British High Commissioner to India laid one at the India Gate.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2017|title=Leicester and New Delhi war memorials links ceremonies|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-40045122|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

== Design and structure ==
[[File:India Gate For Soldiers.JPG|thumb|Angled view]]
The memorial gate was designed by [[Sir Edwin Lutyens|Edwin Lutyens]], who was not only the main architect of New Delhi but also a member of the Imperial War Graves Commission and one of Europe's foremost designers of war graves and memorials. He designed sixty-six war memorials in Europe, including the highly regarded [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall|Cenotaph in London]] in 1919, the first national war memorial erected after World War I, for which he was commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]], the British Prime Minister.<ref name="The History Teacher /9 April"/> The memorial in New Delhi, like the Cenotaph in London, is a secular memorial, free of religious and "culturally-specific iconography such as crosses". Lutyens according to his biographer, Christopher Hussey, relied on the "elemental mode", a style of commemoration based on a "universal architectural style free of religious ornamentation".
[[File:India Gate ceiling.jpg|thumb|Looking up, through the main arch]]

The India Gate, which has been called a "creative reworking of the Arc de Triomphe" has a span of {{convert|30|ft|m}} across the larger opening and lies on the eastern axial end of Kingsway, present-day Kartavya Path, the [https://centralvista.gov.in/ central vista] and main ceremonial procession route in New Delhi.<ref name="The History Teacher /9 April"/> The {{convert|42|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} India Gate stands on a low base of red [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] stone and rises in stages to a huge [[cornice]] moulding above a [[frieze]] with [[sunburst]] motifs. The shallow domed bowl at the top was intended to be filled with burning oil on anniversaries, but this is rarely done.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The memorial-gate hexagon complex, with a diameter of about {{convert|625|m|ft}}, covers approximately {{cvt|306,000|m2|sqft}} in area.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The India Gate structure is oblong, with a large archway on each of the four faces, but the arches on the long sides are larger and higher. The arches on the shorter sides are blocked at the bottom, with doorways, but open higher up. Technically the four arches make the building a [[tetrapylon]]. There is a large ornament in stone above the blocked bottom of the arches on the shorter sides. [[Molding (decorative)|Mouldings]] run around the building at the levels from which both sizes of arch rise, and the [[Keystone (architecture)|keystones]] of the arches protrude slightly. The top of the keystones on the short sides' arches touch the bottom of the moulding at the base level of the higher long sides' arches. The ceilings and undersides of the arches are decorated with well-spaced [[coffer]]s.

=== Inscriptions ===
The cornice of the India Gate is inscribed with Imperial suns while both sides of the arch have INDIA, flanked by the dates MCMXIV ('1914'; on the left) and MCMXIX ('1919'; on the right). Below the word INDIA, in capital letters, is inscribed:
[[File:India Gate, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Inscription at top of the gate]]
{{blockquote|To the dead of the Indian Armies who fell and are honoured in France and Flanders, Mesopotamia and Persia, East Africa, Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and Far East and in Sacred Memory also of those whose names are here recorded and who fell in India on the North West Frontier and during the Third Afghan War.}}
13,313 names are engraved out of which 12,357 are Indian.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=78}}<ref name="DELHI MEMORIAL" /> Access to read the names on the memorial is restricted, though they can be seen on the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) website, which lists the names with their respective date of death, unit name, regiment, place on gate where name is inscribed, location, and other information).<ref name="war Dead, India gate">{{cite web|title=Find War Dead: DELHI MEMORIAL (INDIA GATE)|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/search-results/?Surname=&Forename=&Initials=&ServiceNum=&Regiment=&Cemetery=DELHI+MEMORIAL+(INDIA+GATE)&CemeteryExact=true&CountryCommemoratedIn=null&Unit=&Rank=&SecondaryRegiment=&AgeOfDeath=0&DateDeathFromDay=1&DateDeathFromMonth=January&DateDeathFromYear=&DateDeathToDay=1&DateDeathToMonth=January&DateDeathToYear=&DateOfDeath=&Honours=null&AdditionalInfo=&Tab=&Page=1|access-date=3 September 2014|website=|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC)}}</ref>

== Canopy ==
[[File: Canopy behind India Gate.jpg|alt=Canopy behind India gate|thumb|Canopy in the vicinity of the gate]]

About {{Convert|150|m|ft}} east of the gate, at a junction of six roads, is a {{Convert|73|ft|m}} [[cupola]], inspired by a sixth-century pavilion from [[Mahabalipuram]]. Lutyens used four [[Delhi Order]] columns to support the domed canopy and its ''[[chhajja]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944) |chapter=King George V Memorial, Princes' Place, New Delhi |last=Stamp |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Stamp |year=1981 |publisher=[[Arts Council of Great Britain]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7287-0304-9 |page=180}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gradidge|first=Roderick|title=Edwin Lutyens: Architect Laureate|publisher=George Allen and Unwin|year=1981|isbn=978-0-04-720023-6|location=London|page=151|author-link=Roderick Gradidge}}</ref>

=== Statue of King-Emperor George V ===
[[File:Statue av Kong Georg V av Storbritannia ved India Gate (1952) (16872147692).jpg|thumb|Canopy in 1952 with the George V statue still in place]]
In the autumn of 1930, [[Jagatjit Singh]], the Maharaja of [[Kapurthala State]], organized an appeal amongst the Indian princely rulers to erect a statue of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King-Emperor George V]] in New Delhi to commemorate the sovereign's recent recovery from [[sepsis]].<ref>{{cite news|author= |date=4 October 1930 |title=The Indian Princes and the King-Emperor|work=The Times|page=9}}</ref> As originally conceived, the statue would have depicted the monarch in marble riding in a howdah atop a red stone elephant; a canopy was not then included in the design.<ref>{{cite news|author= |date=3 April 1932 |title=King-Emperor's Statue In Delhi|work=The Times|page=11}}</ref> The final concept, approved by George V before his death, dispensed with the elephant, instead incorporating a red stone canopy and pedestal, with the pedestal standing {{convert|34.5|ft|m|2}} tall.<ref name="statue_Times"/> An {{convert|18.75|ft|m|2}} tall marble statue of the King-Emperor wearing his [[Delhi Durbar]] coronation robes and [[Imperial State Crown]], bearing the British [[globus cruciger]] and sceptre, was placed atop the pedestal, which bore the Royal Coat of Arms and the inscription GEORGE V R I, the "R I" designating him as 'Rex Imperator' or 'King Emperor'.<ref name="statue_Times"/><ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/>

The combined height of the statue and pedestal was {{convert|53.25|ft|m|2}}; while the pedestal and canopy were designed by Lutyens, the statue was designed by [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] of the [[Royal Academy of Arts]]. The canopy was topped by a gilded [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and bore the Royal Cyphers of George V,<ref name="crown">{{cite news|author= |date=14 August 1958 |title=Crown over Delhi Statue Removed - George V Memorial|work=The Times|page=6}}</ref> with the completed monument intended to "mark the loyalty and attachment of the Ruling Princes and Chiefs of India to the Person and Throne of the King-Emperor."<ref name="statue_Times">{{cite news|author= |date=25 August 1934 |title=Delhi Statue Of King-Emperor|work=The Times|page=9}}</ref> Following the premature death of Jagger, the statue's head and crown were completed by one of his assistants in England and then shipped to India, while the remainder of the monument was carved in India.<ref name="statue_George">{{cite news|author= |date=21 January 1936 |title=Delhi Statue Of King George|work=The Times|page=14}}</ref>

The statue's installation in the autumn of 1936,<ref name="statue_George"/> amidst the [[Indian independence movement]], made it a target for Independence activists; on the night of 3 January 1943, during the [[Quit India movement]], [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]] and [[Manubhai Shah]] scaled the statue, smashed its nose and draped it with a large black cloth inscribed "Death to the Tyrant."<ref>{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Naveen |title=Freedom Fighters Remember |year=1997 |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-230-0575-X |page=76}}</ref> The statue remained standing at its original site for two decades following the nation's independence in 1947, but certain political factions increasingly objected to its continued presence in its central location, particularly after the tenth anniversary of Independence and the centennial of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947">{{cite journal |last1=McGarr |first1=Paul |year=2015 |title=The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi: British symbols of power in post-colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=787–831 |doi= 10.1017/s0026749x14000080|doi-access=free }}</ref> On the night of 12–13 August 1958, the royal insignia of George V and the Tudor Crown atop the canopy were removed.<ref name="crown"/>

With increasing pressure from Socialist members of Parliament, then-Deputy Minister Home Affairs [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] stated in May 1964 that all British statuary would be removed from the national capital by 1966.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Two days before [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in 1965, members of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] overpowered two constables guarding the site, covered the statue in tar and defaced its imperial crown, nose and one ear, also leaving a photo of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] at the monument.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Despite the resulting adverse publicity and the growing controversy over the situation, the matter of relocating the statue dragged on for several years.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> The British government rejected a proposal to repatriate the monument to the United Kingdom, citing the lack of an appropriate site and sufficient funds, while the British High Commission in New Delhi declined to have the statue relocated to their compound, due to limited space.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Efforts to move the statue to a Delhi park were strongly opposed by the nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], which then held power in the city.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Finally, in late 1968, the statue was removed from its position beneath the canopy and briefly placed in storage before being moved to Delhi's [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], where it joined other British Raj-era statues.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/>

During and after the statue's removal, it was often suggested that a statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] be placed under the canopy.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947" /> The suggestion was even discussed in the Indian Parliament.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} In 1981, the government had in response to a question in the Parliament, confirmed that it was considering the installation of a Gandhi statue under the empty canopy, but nothing came of it.<ref name="PeopleSabha1903">{{cite book|author1=India. Parliament. House of the People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlI3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197|title=Lok Sabha Debates|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|year=1981|pages=197–}}</ref>

=== Subhas Chandra Bose statue ===
{{main|Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi unveils the statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate, during the inauguration of the ‘Kartavya Path’, in New Delhi on September 08, 2022 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] unveils the statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate, during the inauguration of the 'Kartavya Path', in New Delhi on 8 September 2022.]]
On 21 January 2022, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that a statue of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] would be installed in the canopy at India Gate. The announcement came two days before the 125th anniversary of his birth. A 28 feet high and 6 feet wide 3D [[Holography|holographic]]{{Clarify|date=April 2025}} statue of Bose was inaugurated at the site on 23 January 2022, celebrated as [[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Diwas]] (Courage Day).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Netaji birth anniversary: PM Modi to unveil hologram statue today at India Gate|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/netaji-subash-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-pm-modi-to-unveil-hologram-statue-today-at-india-gate-11642910983225.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti: PM Modi to install hologram statue at India Gate today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-jayanti-pm-modi-to-install-hologram-statue-at-india-gate-today-320012-2022-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123045524/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-jayanti-pm-modi-to-install-hologram-statue-at-india-gate-today-320012-2022-01-23 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> On this occasion, an award in the name of Bose was instituted for the exemplary work in disaster management. On 8 September 2022, Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the newly made statue of Bose near the India Gate.

== Amar Jawan Jyoti ==
{{main|Amar Jawan Jyoti}}

[[File:Amar Javan Jyoti.jpg|thumb|right|241x241px|Amar Jawan Jyoti, beneath the arch of the gate]]
Amar Jawan Jyoti, or the flame of the immortal soldier, is a structure consisting of black marble plinth, with reversed rifle, capped by war helmet, bound by four urns, each with the permanent light (''jyoti'') from compressed natural gas flames,<ref name="gupta, 10dec">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Geeta|date=10 June 2012|title=Keeper of the flame|newspaper=Indian Express Archive|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keeper-of-the-flame/960016/0|access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> erected under the India gate to commemorate Indian soldiers martyred in the war of the liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971. It was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 26 January 1972, the twenty-third Indian Republic Day.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Since the installation of the Amar Jawan Jyoti, it has served as India's [[tomb of the unknown soldier]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} It is staffed around the clock by the Indian armed forces.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wreaths are placed at the Amar Jawan Jyoti every Republic Day, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]], and Infantry Day{{Efn|Infantry Day is the day Indian infantry air landed at Srinagar on 27 October 1947 to stop and defeat the Pakistani mercenaries' attack on Jammu and Kashmir.}} by the Prime Minister and the Chiefs of the Armed Forces.<ref name="Goswami,10 April">{{cite news|last=Goswami|first=Col (retd) Manoranjan|date=30 August 2009|title=War memorial|newspaper=Assam Tribune|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=aug3009/edit3|url-status=dead|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143631/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=aug3009/edit3|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

On 21 January 2022 the Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate was merged with the Amar Jawan Jyoti at the National War Memorial.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2022-01-21|title=In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== National War Memorial ==
{{Main article|National War Memorial (India)}}

{{National War Memorial complex and India Gate OSM Location map}}
In July 2014, the government announced plans to construct a [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] in the C-Hexagon (India Gate Circle), and an adjoining National War Museum. The cabinet allocated {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on}} for the project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy|author-link=Josy Joseph|date=7 October 2015|title=Cabinet clears Rs. 500 crore for National War Memorial|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-clears-rs-500-crore-for-war-memorial-museum-for-postindependence-martyrs/article7734542.ece|access-date=2019-01-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The National War Memorial was completed in January, 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 January 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|website=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> Since January 2022, it houses the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]], or the "Flame of the Immortal Soldier".<ref name=":2" />
{{clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:India-gate-names.jpg|Engravings on the walls of the gate
File:India Gate - Architecture inside.jpg|The ornaments on the side axis
File:Indian Armed Forces flags.jpg|Flags of the Indian Armed Forces at the gate
File:Defense.gov photo essay 120606-D-BW835-022.jpg|Indian army at the gate
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[Gateway of India]]
* [[Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial]]
* [[Delhi War Cemetery]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last=Chhina|first=Rana T.S.|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|title=Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World.|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|others=A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs|year=2014|isbn=978-81-902097-9-3|ref={{sfnref|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014}}|author-link=Rana Chhina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120044036/https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2022|url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}

[[Category:Gates of Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Triumphal arches in India]]
[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:World War I memorials in India]]
[[Category:Terminating vistas in India]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Works of Edwin Lutyens in India]]
[[Category:War memorials by Edwin Lutyens]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]
[[Category:Road junctions in India]]
[[Category:Squares in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

World Trade Center Bengaluru

2026-02-21T15:08:08Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = World Trade Center Bengaluru
| image = World Trade Center, Bangalore (2025) 27.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = WTCB in 2025
| completion_date = 2010
| building_type = [[Commerce|Commercial]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0123|77.5562|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| roof = {{convert|128|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| floor_count = 32
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| website = {{Official website}}
| architect =
}}

The '''World Trade Center Bengaluru''' ('''WTCB''') is a building complex located in [[Malleshwaram]] West, [[Bengaluru]], India, which was opened for operation in 2010. Built by [[Brigade Group]] who obtained the [[World Trade Centers Association|WTCA]] license for its construction, the building became the second [[List of World Trade Centers|World Trade Center]] in India after the one in [[World Trade Centre, Mumbai|Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=World Trade Centre in Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/World-Trade-Centre-in-Bangalore/article16144574.ece|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> At 128 m, the WTCB was the tallest commercial building in [[south India]] from 2010 till 2015<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rai|first1=Saritha|title=Helipads change Bangalore skyscape, but can’t take off|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/helipads-change-bangalore-skyscape-but-cant-take-off/|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=20 April 2014}}</ref> and the tallest building in Bangalore between 2010 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhamijal|first1=Anshul|title=Bangalore: The tall storey|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-The-tall-storey/articleshow/30673603.cms|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Times of India|date=19 February 2014}}</ref>However, it still remains the tallest commercial building of Bengaluru. The building is part of an integrated enclave called "Brigade Gateway", along with [[Orion Mall]], [[Manipal Hospitals India|Manipal Hospital]], [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]] Hotel, Brigade School and Brigade Gateway Apartments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brigade Gateway bags recognition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/Brigade-Gateway-bags-recognition/article15510692.ece|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Hindu|date=8 January 2011}}</ref>

The WTCB is close to [[ISKCON Temple Bangalore|ISKCON Temple]], [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]] and [[Sandal Soap Factory]] metro station.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
World Trade Center, Bangalore (2025) 04.jpg|Front view of the WTCB
World Trade Center, Bangalore (2025) 18.jpg|Side view of the WTCB
World Trade Centre In Bengaluru.jpg|WTC tower from Sheraton Grand Bangalore Hotel
World Trade Center, Bangalore (2025) 12.jpg|Skywalk connecting WTCB and Sheraton Grand Bangalore Hotel
Brigade Gateway.gif|WTCB (left) and Brigade Gateway Apartments(right) at nighttime
ISCKON Bangalore.JPG|WTCB (left) and [[ISKCON Temple Bangalore|ISKCON Temple]] (right) during the night
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of world trade centers]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:World Trade Centers|Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Economy of Bengaluru]]

Tejasvi Surya

2026-02-18T09:02:40Z

BaileyMetzler: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}
{{Resume-like|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Tejasvi Surya.jpg
| caption = Surya in 2022
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Lawyer
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Lakya Suryanarayana Tejasvi Surya
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sivasri Skandaprasad|6 March 2025}}
| parents =
| relatives = [[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]] (uncle)
| office = 14th [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| termstart = {{start date|2020|09|26|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[Poonam Mahajan]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|2019|05|23|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[Ananth Kumar]]
| constituency1 = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South, Karnataka]]
| website = {{URL|tejasvisurya.in}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
}}

'''Lakya Suryanarayana''' '''Tejasvi Surya''' ({{IPA|kn|t̪eːdʒɐsʋi suːɾja}}; born 16 November 1990) is an Indian politician, [[RSS swayamsevak]] and lawyer serving as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], representing the [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]] constituency.<ref>{{citation |title=Bangalore South Lok Sabha election Live: Tejasvi Surya won |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1026.htm?ac=26 |work=[[2019 Indian general election]] |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133810/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1026.htm?ac=26 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TOATweet">{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/national/lok-sabha-election-2019/another-abusive-tweet-by-bjp-mp-candidate-tejasvi-surya-spotted/ |title=Another abusive tweet by BJP MP Candidate Tejasvi Surya spotted |date=28 March 2019 |website=Times of Assam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061115/https://twitter.com/Tejasvi_Surya/status/579923974794022912 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2019 }}</ref> He is also the president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] since 26 September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Team Nadda, Tejasvi Surya Becomes BJP's Yuva Morcha Chief, Ram Madhav Dropped as Gen Secy |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nadda-announces-23-new-office-bearers-of-bjp-2911153.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=News18 |date=27 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Reshuffle: Ram Madhav Replaced, Tejasvi Surya Heads Youth Wing |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-announces-new-team-of-national-office-bearers-general-secretaries |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=26 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="family" />

==Early and personal life==
Lakya Suryanarayana Tejasvi Surya was born on 16 November 1990 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=L.S. Tejasvi Surya {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/ls-tejasvi-surya|access-date=16 May 2021|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> He is the son of the former Joint Commissioner of Excise, L. A. Suryanarayana, and Rama, his mother. His uncle is the three-time MLA from [[Basavanagudi Assembly constituency|Basavanagudi constituency]], [[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]].<ref name="family">{{cite news |title=Who is Tejasvi Surya? 28-year-old lawyer, BJP's surprise pick for prestigious Bengaluru South seat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/tejasvi-surya-bjp-candidate-from-bengaluru-south-lok-sabha-seat-who-is-he/1527897/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Surya, Shri L.S. Tejasvi |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5182 |website=Lok Sabha |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-midnight-surprise-bjp-picks-young-face-tejasvi-over-ananthkumars-wife-from-bengaluru-south-2077869.html|title=In Midnight Surprise, BJP Picks Young Face Tejasvi Over Ananthkumar's Wife from Bengaluru South|website=News18|access-date=11 December 2019|date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

At the age of 9, Surya sold his paintings and donated the proceedings to the Army's Kargil fund while studying at the [[St. Paul's High School, Belgaum]].<ref name="IEKargil1998">{{Cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/TejasviSuryaSchoolboyKargil|title=School boy sells paintings, raises money for Kargil victims|date=21 July 1998|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2001, while studying at the Sri Kumaran Children's Home, [[Thyagarajanagar]], he received the [[National Bal Shree Honour|National Balashree Honour]] for Creative Scientific Innovation.<ref name="ParentsHindu2002">{{Cite news|last=Kappan|first=Rasheed|date=28 January 2002|title=Whizkid bags awards, laurels|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/whizkid-bags-awardslaurels/article28592368.ece|access-date=28 May 2019}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="ListofAwardees">{{cite news |title=List of National Bal Shree Awardees 1995 to 2016|url=http://nationalbalbhavan.nic.in/Files/1995to2016istofBalShreeAwardees.pdf |access-date=15 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He later graduated from Bangalore Institute of Legal Studies with a Bachelor of Academic Law and an [[LLB]].<ref name="CMBangalore">{{Cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/meet-tejasvi-surya-mp-elect-bangalore-south-34972|title=Meet Tejasvi Surya, the MP-elect from Bangalore South|first=Akanksha|last=Choudhary|date=24 May 2019|website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>

Surya is trained in [[Carnatic music]]. In 2008, he founded the NGO, Arise India, dedicated to school education initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneur India 35 Under 35 2025: The Yuva Leader |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/entrepreneur-india-35-under-35-2025-the-yuva-leader/488725 |website=Entrepreneur |date=19 March 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="PrintArab20">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/arab-women-orgasm-to-shaheen-bagh-mughals-bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-cant-resist-controversy/405540/|title='Arab women orgasm to Shaheen Bagh Mughals', BJP MP Tejasvi Surya can't resist controversy|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=21 April 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> He has previously written for ''IndiaFacts''.<ref name="CMBangalore" /><ref>[05:40] (powermail) https://tejasvisurya.in/my-speech-in-mysuru-during-the-launch-of-savarkar-echoes-of-a-forgotten-past {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921143159/https://www.tejasvisurya.in/my-speech-in-mysuru-during-the-launch-of-savarkar-echoes-of-a-forgotten-past |date=21 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=जाणून घ्या, भाजपाच्या सर्वात तरुण खासदाराविषयी; डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर त्याचे प्रेरणास्थान |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections-news/bjp-youngest-mp-tejasvi-surya-from-bengaluru-south-who-is-he-1899664/ |work=Loksatta |language=mr |date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2024, he became the first Indian public representative to complete the [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman]] challenge.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dwarakanath |first1=Nagarjun |date=27 October 2024 |title=BJP MP Tejasvi Surya completes Ironman challenge, PM lauds commendable feat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/bengaluru-mp-tejasvi-surya-1st-indian-lawmaker-complete-ironman-triathlon-goa-2624084-2024-10-27 |magazine=India Today |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

He is married to Chennai-based classical singer, dancer and YouTuber Sivasri Skandaprasad, who is known for rendition of various scores including Kannada version of songs of ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)#Track listing|Ponniyin Selvan Part 2]]''. They got married on 6 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Sanya |date=6 March 2025 |title=Who is Sivasri Skandaprasad, Carnatic singer who married Bengaluru MP Tejasvi Surya? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-is-sivasri-skandaprasad-carnatic-singer-who-married-bengaluru-mp-tejasvi-surya-101741256619390.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP MP Tejasvi Surya ties the knot with singer-dancer Sivasri Skandaprasad in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-ties-the-knot-with-singer-dancer-sivasri-skandaprasad-in-bengaluru/article69297895.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306153333/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-ties-the-knot-with-singer-dancer-sivasri-skandaprasad-in-bengaluru/article69297895.ece |archive-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
===Early years===
Surya was an active member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) and was even the General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-from-head-boy-to-bangalore-south-mp-the-meteroric-rise-of-tejasvi-surya-2753398|title=From Head Boy to lower house of Parliament: The meteoric rise of Tejasvi Surya |website=DNA India}}</ref> He had actively contributed to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election]]<ref name="IndiaTodayWhoIs2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/who-is-tejasvi-surya-the-28-year-old-bjp-candidate-from-bangalore-south-1487275-2019-03-26|title=Who is Tejasvi Surya, the 28-year-old BJP candidate from Bangalore South?|first=Nagarjun |last=Dwarakanath|date=26 March 2019|website=India Today|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> and in 2017 he helped organise the BJP's 'Mangalore Chalo' rally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-bjp-chose-tejasvi-surya-for-bengaluru-south-over-ananth-kumars-widow-tejaswini/212119/|title=Why BJP chose Tejasvi Surya for Bengaluru South over Ananth Kumar's widow Tejaswini|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=26 March 2019|website=ThePrint|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> He then led the Digital Communications Team of Karnataka BJP during the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="IndiaTodayWhoIs2019" /> As a lawyer, he has represented many BJP leaders like Mahesh Hegde ([[Editing|editor]] of ''Post-Card News''), [[Pratap Simha]] (MP from [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]) and assisted [[senior advocate]] Ashok Haranhalli in defending [[B.S. Yeddyurappa]] against corruption cases.<ref name="MeteorNews18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/from-assistant-head-boy-in-school-to-mp-ticket-the-meteoric-rise-of-bjps-bangalore-south-candidate-tejasvi-surya-2156653.html|title=From Assistant Head Boy in School to MP Ticket, The Meteoric Rise of BJP's Bangalore South Candidate Tejasvi Surya|website=News18|first1=Deepa |last1=Balakrishnan |first2= Stacy |last2=Pereira|date=23 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> He has been mentored by [[R. Ashoka]] and [[V. Somanna]].<ref name="ToIHindutva2019" /> While his uncle, [[Ravi Subramanya]], is a senior leader of the BJP and an [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Basavanagudi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/jun/27/tejasvi-surya-debutant-mp-is-millennial-neta-hindutva-mascot-1995976.html|title=Tejasvi Surya: Debutant MP is millennial neta, Hindutva mascot|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 June 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> Surya maintains that his politics was never connected and remains unconnected with his uncle's.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moudgal |first=Sandeep |date=27 March 2019 |title=Lok Sabha elections: I'm ambassador of Modi's new India, says Tejasvi Surya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/karnataka/news/lok-sabha-elections-im-ambassador-of-modis-new-india-says-tejasvi-surya/articleshow/68591078.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
[[File:E-smf2VVQAIbobi.jpg|thumb|Surya in a rally in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]] with [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana]] president [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]].]]

===17th Lok Sabha===

==== Parliamentary record ====
The [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]] was represented since 1996 by former minister [[Ananth Kumar]] until his death in 2018. Tejasvi Surya was chosen to contest for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections from this constituency over Kumar's wife, [[Tejaswini Ananth Kumar]].<ref name="IndiaTodayWhoIs2019" /> While she initially had the support of BJP Karnataka state president [[B. S. Yediyurappa|B.S. Yeddyurappa]], senior BJP and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] leader B.L. Santosh convinced the party's leadership to choose Surya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/modi-and-i-are-the-two-factors-in-the-bangalore-south-seat-tejasvi-surya/214671/|title=Modi, Ananth Kumar & I are main factors in Bangalore South seat: Tejasvi Surya|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=30 March 2019|website=ThePrint|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> He, subsequently, defeated [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate [[B. K. Hariprasad]] by {{formatnum:331192}} votes,<ref name="CMBangalore" /> becoming the youngest MP in the BJP at the age of 28 years, 6 months, 7 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/tejasvi-surya-omg-a-28-year-old-rookie-in-a-bjp-stronghold/articleshow/68580398.cms|title=Tejasvi Surya: OMG! A 28-year-old rookie in a BJP stronghold|last=M|first=Akshatha|date=27 March 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/bjp-gets-its-youngest-mp-from-bengaluru/story/349613.html|title=BJP gets its youngest MP from Bengaluru- Business News|work=Business Today|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

Surya took the MP's oath in Kannada on 17 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/will-raise-issues-related-to-bengalurus-crumbling-infrastructure-in-parliament-tejasvi-surya-5786046/|title=Will raise issues related to Bengaluru's crumbling infrastructure in Parliament: Tejasvi Surya|date=18 June 2019|website=The Indian Express|first=Kaunain|last=Sheriff M|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> In June 2019, he requested the central government to reinstate the local language requirement for recruitment in banks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejasvi Surya bats for bank jobs for Kannadigas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/jun/27/surya-bats-for-bank-jobs-for--kannadigas-1995975.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IBPS RRB to be conducted in 13 regional languages: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/jobs/bank-jobs/ibps-rrb-to-be-conducted-in-13-regional-languages-union-finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-ibps-in-5814650/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 July 2019 }}</ref> In his maiden speech in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], Surya requested the [[Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] to extend the [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) to Karnataka, citing the increasing influx of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in his state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, BJP MP Tejasvi Surya demands NRC in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-mp-tejasvi-surya-demands-nrc-in-karnataka/article28355194.ece |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=10 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tejasvi Surya wants NRC in Karnataka 'due to influx of Bangladeshi immigrants' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tejasvi-surya-wants-nrc-karnataka-due-influx-bangladeshi-immigrants-105245 |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The News Minute |date=11 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Discussions ongoing for implementation of NRC in Karnataka, says state Home Minister Bommai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/discussions-ongoing-for-implementation-of-nrc-in-karnataka-says-state-home-minister-bommai-119100300674_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka government mulling introducing NRC in state |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karnataka-government-mulling-introducing-nrc-in-state/cid/1709642 |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=Telegraph India.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Karnataka plans to roll out NRC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/now-karnataka-plans-to-roll-out-nrc-765918.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 October 2019 }}</ref>

When a holy site was vandalised in [[Hampi]], Surya raised the issue in Parliament, urging the government to ensure better security for the country's sacred monuments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejaswi Surya Raises Issue of Hampi Holy Site Vandalism in Lok Sabha, Govt Assures Action |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tejaswi-surya-raises-hampi-holy-site-vandalism-in-lok-sabha-govt-assures-action-2236845.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2019 |title=Govt assures action after Hampi holy site vandalised |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-assures-action-after-hampi-holy-site-vandalised-1571055-2019-07-18 |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref> He sought to know whether the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] would ban [[electronic nicotine delivery systems]] (ENDS), including [[Electronic cigarette|e-cigarettes]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Department of Health and Family Welfare |first1=Government of India |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.4407 To Be Answered on 19th July, 2019 |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU4407.pdf |website=Loksabha Questions |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2019 |title=PM Modi's Mann Ki Baat: E-cigarettes banned to prevent India from being destroyed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-mann-ki-baat-speech-felicitate-daughters-diwali-share-it-on-social-media-1604431-2019-09-29 |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

Over the course of the [[17th Lok Sabha]], Surya submitted 379 questions to Ministers, participated in 36 debates, and became a member of the Standing Parliamentary Committees on Communications and [[Information technology|Information Technology]], [[Science and technology in India|Science and Technology]], the Environment and [[Climate change|Climate Change]] and the [[Joint committee (legislative)|Joint Committees]] on Offices of Profit and the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> His parliamentary work earned him the 'Best Debutant [[Parliamentarian (consultant)|Parliamentarian]] of the Year' Award from the [[Lokmat]] Group in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Bengaluru MP Tejasvi Surya wins Best Debutant Parliamentarian award |url=https://english.publictv.in/bengaluru-mp-tejasvi-surya-wins-best-debutant-parliamentarian-award/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Parliament, he advocated for regional language inclusion in Rural Bank examinations which led to the introduction of RRB exams in 13 regional languages including [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2019 |title=Tejasvi Surya bats for bank jobs for Kannadigas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/Jun/27/surya-bats-for-bank-jobs-for--kannadigas-1995975.html |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also spoke for Bengaluru's classification as a [[Metro cities of India|metro city]] under IT rules for 50% HRA benefits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thadhagath |first=Pathi Venkata |date=15 December 2022 |title=Tejasvi Surya requests FM to include Bengaluru in metro cities under IT rules. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/tejasvi-surya-requests-fm-to-include-bengaluru-in-metro-cities-under-it-rules-101671098572218.html |work=Hindustan Times |pages=1}}</ref> As a member of the Standing Committee on IT and Joint Committee on the Data Protection Bill, he contributed to drafting the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023|Digital Personal Data Protection Act]].<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5182?from=members |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> His other parliamentary initiatives included addressing drug abuse concerns, promoting ease of doing business for the hospitality industry, supporting the "[[One Nation, One Election]]" concept, and advocating for amendments to the Prevention of [[Cruelty to animals|Cruelty Against Animals]] Act.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in">{{Cite web| title=Tejasvi surya, mp Bengaluru South work done from 2019-24 | url=https://tejasvisurya.in/assets/images/tejasvi-surya-5years-report-card.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417230032/https://tejasvisurya.in/assets/images/tejasvi-surya-5years-report-card.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>

==== Bengaluru's civic issues ====
In October 2019, Surya expressed his concern over the short term of the city's Mayor. He urged the [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]] to draft and pass a bespoke legislation for Bangalore, the Nava Bengaluru Act, to replace the Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayoral polls now is a game of musical chairs: Tejasvi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/oct/03/mayoral-polls-now-is-a-game-of-musical-chairs-tejasvi-2042631.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On the problem of garbage in Bangalore, Surya responded that he could only bring it to the notice of the authorities and suggested to admonish them. He then claimed he lacked any authority to solve the problem. This response received mixed criticism from the public.<ref name="GarbageSolution">{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Nolan |date=23 October 2019 |title=Bengaluru South MP's solution to solve garbage crisis: Scold the people |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengaluru-garbage-mp-scold-people-woman-mission-twitter-selfie-1612302-2019-10-23 |access-date=14 December 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref>

Surya also runs the NaMo Vidya Nidhi Scheme independent of the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMO Vidhyanidhi Scholarship |url=https://www.theglobalscholarship.org/scholarship/namo-vidhyanidhi-scholarship-?source=main |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=The Global Scholarship}}</ref> In 2023, it was reported that over 1000 benefitted from the scheme that aids underprivileged children's access to quality education.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deve Gowda hands Rs 10,000 scholarship cheques of BJP MP Surya's NaMo Vidyanidhi program |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/deve-gowda-hands-rs-10000-scholarship-cheques-of-bjp-mp-suryas-namo-vidyanidhi-program-803083 |work=The Hans India |agency=IANS |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==== Healthcare and COVID-19 response ====
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Surya launched a [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]] coronavirus task force, which included free home delivery of essential goods, emergency medical assistance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arakal |first=Ralph Alex |date=12 April 2020 |title=COVID-19: Now, dial or text helpline number for doorstep delivery of essentials in Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/covid-19-bengaluru-lockdown-helpline-number-for-doorstep-delivery-of-essentials-6359066/ |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Bengaluru South MP Tejasvi Surya's online delivery of essentials gaining ground |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/coronavirus-bengaluru-south-mp-tejasvi-surya-s-online-delivery-of-essentials-gaining-ground-823913.html |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and mobile COVID-19 testing kiosks.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2020 |title=Bengaluru gets mobile testing kiosks for COVID-19 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-gets-mobile-testing-kiosks-covid-19-122719 |access-date=14 August 2020 |work=thenewsminute}}</ref> He revamped 4 hospitals through MP Local Area Development Scheme ([[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme|MPLADS]]) funds, adding over 350 ICU beds at a time of severe shortage and facilitating the purchase of 2 mobile healthcare units.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/>

During his first term in Parliament, Surya ensured that under PM Modi's [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana|Ayushman Bharat]] Mission, 1.5 lakh free treatments worth approximately ₹431 crore were offered to residents of Bengaluru South constituency — accounting for over half of the total beneficiaries in the city.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/> In the same time, the number of Jan Aushadhi Kendras in Bengaluru were increased from 14 to over 120 — the highest in any Parliamentary constituency in India.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/>

On 7 March 2023, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Minister]] Dr. [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] inaugurated the NaMo Free Dialysis Centre in Bengaluru South that was set up by Surya under MPLADS.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 March 2023 |title=NaMo free dialysis centre, 100th Janaushadhi Kendra launched in Bengaluru |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/namo-free-dialysis-centre-100th-janaushadhi-kendra-launched-in-bengaluru-123030700754_1.html |journal=Business Standard |pages=1}}</ref>

Surya's office also runs the NaMo Arogya Nidhi Scheme independent of the government, through which he has provided over ₹1.2 crore worth free [[Prescription drug|prescription medicines]] to 1000 underprivileged senior citizens during his term.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/>

==== Infrastructure ====
Surya has facilitated the [[Namma Metro]] development, helping secure approvals for its Phases 2A and 2B, spanning 73.92 km at ₹14,788 crore, connecting [[Central Silk Board metro station|Central Silk Board]] to the [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru International Airport.]]<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/> He has also been pushing to expedite the approvals for Phase 3 of Namma Metro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=MP Tejasvi Surya says Centre awaiting revised DPR from state govt for Metro Phase 3 project |url=https://english.publictv.in/mp-tejasvi-surya-says-centre-awaiting-revised-dpr-from-state-govt-for-metro-phase-3-project/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> He advocated for the [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project]] (BSRP), a 148 km rapid transport system costing ₹15,767 crore, and monitored the development of the 280 km [[Satellite Town Ring Road]] (STRR) aimed at reducing traffic congestion by 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2024 |title=Centre is ready to take over Bengaluru Suburban Railway Project from Karnataka govt: BJP MP Tejasvi Surya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-suburban-railway-project-karnataka-govt-tejasvi-surya-9161665/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejasvi Surya inspects Satellite Town Ring Road |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/tejasvi-surya-inspects-satellite-town-ring-road-1242053.html |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PPP lease off the table, K-RIDE to buy trains for Bengaluru suburban rail |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/ppp-lease-off-the-table-k-ride-to-buy-trains-for-bengaluru-suburban-rail-3164104 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Surya campaigned for prompt completion of the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Metro Line]] from [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|RV Road]] to [[Bommasandra metro station|Bommasandra]], and the operationalisation of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]. He also supported the expansion of [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International Airport's]] Terminal 2 at a cost of ₹5,000 crore. He helped BMTC secure approval for 1,500 electric buses to improve public transportation.<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/> When the Mantri Serenity Apartment project in Bengaluru was stalled due to funding shortages, Surya helped secure ₹900 crore from [[Narendra Modi|PM Modi]]'s SWAMIH scheme, enabling 1,200 middle-class families to receive possession of their homes by 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Mantri Developers gets SWAMIH fund to complete 'Mantri Serenity' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/mantri-developers-gets-swamih-fund-to-complete-mantri-serenity/article32816324.ece |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He contributed significantly to amending the [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation|DICGC]] Act and represented the interests of the distressed Guru Raghavendra Bank depositors during moratorium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Guru Raghavendra Bank depositors to be benefitted by DICGC Bill. says Tejasvi Surya |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/all-guru-raghavendra-bank-depositors-to-be-benefitted-by-dicgc-bill-says-tejasvi-surya20210809185036/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> These amendments brought [[Cooperative banking|cooperative banks]] under [[RBI (India)|RBI]] supervision, increased deposit insurance to ₹5 lakh, and ensured timely payout within 90 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12k depositors of Bengaluru coop bank get Rs 401-cr deposit insurance cover |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12k-depositors-of-bengaluru-coop-bank-get-rs-401-cr-deposit-insurance-cover-121112901163_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619124116/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12k-depositors-of-bengaluru-coop-bank-get-rs-401-cr-deposit-insurance-cover-121112901163_1.html |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Following its implementation, more than 12,000 Guru Raghavendra Bank depositors received deposit insurance coverage, with disbursements of ₹401 crore as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depositors of Bengaluru-based SGRSBN receive insurance cover of Rs 401 crore |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/depositors-of-bengaluru-based-sgrsbn-receive-insurance-cover-of-rs-401-crore-1055914.html |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In total, Guru Raghavendra Bank received ₹753.61 crore as deposit insurance against 21,983 claims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Over 12k depositors of B'luru-based coop bank receive deposit insurance cover of Rs 401 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/over-12k-depositors-of-bluru-based-coop-bank-receive-deposit-insurance-cover-of-rs-401-cr/articleshow/87986065.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

He has led delegations to address startup concerns and organised ministerial interactions to encourage Bengaluru's startup ecosystem, currently spanning over 24,000 startups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New tech focus in Budget will benefit Bengaluru: Tejasvi Surya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/new-tech-focus-in-budget-will-benefit-bengaluru-tejasvi-surya-1083256.html |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> SBI, subsequently, launched India's first dedicated startup branch in [[Koramangala]], Surya's constituency, offering comprehensive services from startup formation to [[Initial public offering|Initial Public Offerings]].<ref name="tejasvisurya.in"/>

Tejasvi Surya asked the highest number of questions and spent the most MPLADS funds of any of the four Bengaluru MPs in the 17th Lok Sabha, emerging as the best performing MP in an analysis by the [[Bangalore Political Action Committee|Bangalore Political Action Committee (B.PAC)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2024 |title=Asking the highest number of questions and spending more MPLADS funds, Tejasvi Surya emerges top performer among Bengaluru city MPs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/asking-the-highest-number-of-questions-and-spending-more-mplads-funds-tejasvi-surya-emerges-top-performer-among-bengaluru-city-mps/article68035801.ece |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== 18th Lok Sabha ===
In March 2024, Surya was announced as the BJP candidate for the Bangalore South constituency in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title=Second list of BJP candidates for ensuing General Elections 2024 to the Parliamentary Constituencies of different states finalised by BJP CEC |url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/second-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-elections-2024-parliamentary |website=bjp.org |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> A day before polls, on 25 April, a case was registered against him for "soliciting votes on the ground of religion", after he shared a video on his official [[Twitter]] account of the ''surya tilak'' on [[Rama]], the deity in [[Ayodhya]]'s [[Ram Mandir]], with the caption"...For Bharatiyata to survive, vote for BJP!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Case Registered Against Tejasvi Surya for Alleged Religious Appeal in Election Campaign |url=https://thenews21.com/case-registered-against-tejasvi-surya-for-alleged-religious-appeal-in-election-campaign |access-date=25 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was booked under the section 123 (3) of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: EC books BJP MP Tejasvi Surya for 'soliciting' votes in the name of religion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-ec-books-bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-for-soliciting-votes-in-the-name-of-religion-2996480 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] confirmed that it filed a case on his violation of the [[Model Code of Conduct]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MCC violation: BJP's Tejaswi Surya, K Sudhakar booked by election commission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mccviolation-bjp-s-tejaswi-surya-k-sudhakar-booked-by-election-commission-101714143685609.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

In June 2024, he returned to Parliament for a second term by a margin of nearly 2.8 lakh votes.<ref name=eci>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 – Parliamentary Constituency 26 - Bangalore South (Karnataka) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1026.htm }}</ref> His nearest opponent was [[Sowmya Reddy|Soumya Reddy]], former Congress MLA for [[Jayanagar, Bengaluru|Jayanagar]] in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka State Assembly]] and daughter of eight-time MLA, [[Ramalinga Reddy]].<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore South">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1026.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414183442/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1026.htm |archive-date=14 April 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Meet Ramalinga Reddy, new Karnataka Minister and Congress' face for Bengaluru |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/meet-ramalinga-reddy-new-karnataka-minister-and-congress-face-in-bengaluru-16717141.htm |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

In his second term in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], Surya has been appointed member of the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] in addition to the standing Committees on [[Agriculture]], [[Animal husbandry|Animal Husbandry]], and [[Food processing|Food Processing]], and on Science and Technology, Environments, Forest and Climate Change.<ref name="Centre"/>

==Political views==
Surya is a staunch advocate of [[Hindutva]].<ref name="ScrollYoungest2019">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/924637/elections-2019-tejasvi-surya-becomes-youngest-bjp-mp-with-win-in-bangalore-south|title=Elections 2019: Tejasvi Surya becomes youngest BJP MP with win in Bangalore South|website=Scroll.in|date=24 May 2019 |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> He credits [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Aurobindo]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|BR Ambedkar]] and [[Veer Savarkar]] with inspiring him and shaping his ideology of Hindutva.<ref name="ToIHindutva2019">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-am-committed-to-hindutva-ideology-tejasvi-surya/articleshow/69509000.cms|title=I am committed to Hindutva ideology: Tejasvi Surya |date=26 May 2019|first=B. V. |last=Shiva Shankar |website=The Times of India|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> Surya is a vocal critic of socialism and "[[Nehruvian socialism|Nehruvian Socialism"]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Today Conclave South: BJP's Tejasvi Surya says Nehruvian socialism kept India poor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/conclave-south-2021/story/india-today-conclave-south-bjp-tejasvi-surya-congress-supriya-shrinate-new-india-debate-1778630-2021-03-12 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=12 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

He attributed the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] to be led by 'uneducated, illiterate, and puncture-wallahs'. Surya had previously said "If you are with [[Narendra Modi]], you are with India", and claimed that those who did not support Modi were "strengthening anti-India forces".

On another occasion, he had said that the "BJP should unapologetically be a party for [[Hindus]]".<ref name="ScrollYoungest2019"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/call-me-a-bigot-tejasvi-suryas-old-tweets-reveal-his-sexist-communal-past_in_5c9b5d26e4b072a7f602378d|title='Call Me A Bigot': Twitter Dug Out BJP Candidate Tejasvi Surya's Old Tweets, And It Ain't Pretty|date=27 March 2019|website=HuffPost India|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Surya's 2015 [[Twitter|tweet]] quoting [[Tarek Fatah]]'s sexual remarks on [[Arab]] women was criticised by [[Sanjay Jha (politician)|Sanjay Jha]] and the citizens of Arab countries in April 2020.<ref name="PrintArab20" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/arab-fury-erupts-on-bjp-mp-for-tweet-on-women/cid/1766686|title=Arab fury erupts on BJP MP for tweet on women|first=K.M.|last=Rakesh|date=21 April 2020|website=Telegraph India|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Swamy |first1=Rohini |title=MP Tejasvi Surya's 'disrespectful' 2015 tweet on Arab women kicks up new row, deletes post |url=https://theprint.in/india/mp-tejasvi-suryas-disrespectful-2015-tweet-on-arab-women-kicks-up-new-row-deletes-post/405116/ |work=ThePrint |date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, the Indian National Congress, an Indian political party, shared screenshots of tweets posted by a woman who alleged that Surya had abused her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Tejasvi Surya next MJ Akbar, asks Congress as abuse charge surfaces against BJP candidate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/tejasvi-surya-bjp-karnataka-congress-abuse-allegation-1488197-2019-03-28 |access-date=29 May 2019 |publisher=India Today |date=28 March 2019}}</ref> Following this and the announcement of his Lok Sabha candidature, Surya obtained a temporary [[injunction]] against 49 media outlets and social media platforms, restraining them from publishing any "defamatory statements" against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/tejasvi-surya-bjp-ex-parte-temporary-injunction-press-freedom-5653555/|title=Lift the gag|date=2 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/poll-time-censorship/article26714401.ece|title=Poll-time censorship: on gag order obtained by BJP's Tejasvi Surya|date=3 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 2019, Surya was summoned by the Karnataka State Commission for Women for his alleged abuse of the woman, in addition to a tweet of his that opposed reservations for women (after [[Mahila Congress]] lodged complaint against him).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/womens-commission-summons-tejasvi-surya/article26736997.ece|title=Women's commission summons Tejasvi Surya|date=4 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/karnataka-high-court-gag-order-bjp-tejasvi-surya|title=Karnataka High Court Sets Aside Gag Order Obtained by BJP's Tejasvi Surya|website=The Wire|date=12 April 2019|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> The Commission later dropped the case at the request of the woman in question, who wrote that she and Surya were "good friends" and that the complaint against him by the Congress was "politically motivated".<ref>{{cite news |title=Women's panel drops complaint against Surya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-politics/womens-panel-drops-complaint-against-surya-730343.html |access-date=8 March 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 April 2019|quote=I haven’t filed any complaint against Tejasvi and we are good friends. The complaint by Congress leaders was politically motivated to ruin the political career of Surya, which should be dropped.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Women's panel drops charges against Bengaluru South BJP candidate Tejasvi Surya LS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/womens-panel-drops-charges-against-tejasvi/articleshow/69014877.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 March 2020 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

On 5 May 2021, Surya along with his uncle [[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]] claimed to have unearthed a scam in [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]'s hospital bed allocation system for [[COVID-19]] patients. He was criticised for reading out the names of only 17 out of the 204 employees in BBMP's COVID war room; all the employees he named were Muslim and Surya was accused of communalising the issue.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bharadwaj|first=K. V. Aditya|date=6 May 2021|title=Bed allotment scam: Tejasvi Surya, other BJP legislators draw flak for communalising COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bed-blocking-scam-bjp-mp-and-legislators-draw-flak-for-communalising-covid-19/article34492145.ece|access-date=28 November 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A total of seven people involved in the scam were arrested by the police by 10 May, with Central Crime Branch officers stating that the accused had allegedly blocked real-time data entry to the Central Hospital Bed Management System hosted by the BBMP and allowed admissions of other patients to the hospital illegally.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=Bengaluru Covid bed allocation 'scam': 3 more held, total arrests by CCB now 7|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-covid-bed-allocation-scam-3-more-held-total-arrests-by-ccb-now-7-7309734/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> None of those arrested were the employees named by Surya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=Bengaluru 'hospital bed scam': No one whose names were mentioned by BJP MP Surya have been arrested, say top police sources|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/five-held-in-connection-with-hospital-bed-scam/articleshow/82457562.cms|access-date=29 November 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, he apologised to Muslim [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] staffers by saying that "If anyone or any community is hurt emotionally by my visit, I apologise for that.”<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP MP Tejasvi Surya apologises to Covid war room staff for his communal remarks, say reports |url=https://scroll.in/latest/994291/bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-apologises-to-covid-war-room-staff-for-his-communal-remarks |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=7 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, it was reported by the news media that he opened the emergency exit of an [[IndiGo]] plane while the cabin crew was briefing about the passenger safety.<ref name="News18_Jan2023">{{Cite news |last=Bisht |first=Shilpy |date=19 January 2023 |title='Good Karma': IndiGo Flyer Recounts Door Incident; Tejasvi Surya Calls It 'Political Hit Job' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/good-karma-indigo-flyer-recounts-door-incident-tejasvi-surya-calls-it-political-hit-job-6866065.html |work=News18 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> An eyewitnesses reported that the emergency door was moved slightly out of position after Surya's elbow inadvertently knocked against it. The same witness said Surya immediately alerted the cabin crew.<ref name="News18_Jan2023"/> He was made to apologise for the action. As per [[Standard Operating Procedures]], the incident was logged and the aircraft underwent mandatory engineering checks, which led to a delay in the flight's departure.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=BJP MP Tejasvi Surya opened the emergency exit of an IndiGo plane, claims media report |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/01/17/bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-opened-emergency-exit-of-indigo-plane-chennai.html |magazine=The Week |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, he was booked along with editors of some Kannada news portals for spreading fake news linking a farmer's suicide to land disputes with [[Waqf]] board. The post was deleted by the MP later after [[Haveri]] district Superintendent of Police termed the news article as fake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP MP Tejasvi Surya, editors of Kannada news portals booked for allegedly spreading fake news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-mp-tejasvi-surya-editors-of-kannada-news-portals-booked-for-allegedly-spreading-fake-news/articleshow/115077324.cms | work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://tejasvisurya.in}}

{{17th LS members from Karnataka|state=collapsed}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surya, Tejasvi}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Ambalapuzha Gopakumar

2026-02-05T22:41:05Z

BaileyMetzler: made initial bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1944–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gopakumar, Ambalapuzha
| image = ambalapuzhagopakumar.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|6|27}}
| birth_place = [[Ambalapuzha]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|7|21|1944|6|27}}
| death_place = Ambalapuzha, [[Kerala]], India
| citizenship = India
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = *Sanathana Dharma College, [[Alappuzha]]
* [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery]]
| occupation = Poet, Historian, Professor
| title = *
| notable_works = ''Rappadi, Shyamakrishnan, Idayante Pattu, History of Ambalapuzha Temple, Kunchan Nambiar, ''
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Thathamathu Nanupilla Gopakumaran Nair''' (27 June 1944 – 21 July 2024) was an Indian [[Malayalam]] poet, historian, orator and writer from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mintonsunday.livemint.com/news/ambalapuzhas-payasam/2.3.2289558410.html|title=Ambalapuzha's payasam|website=mintonsunday.livemint.com/|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150725/nation-current-affairs/article/ramayana-vignettes-ramayana-emphasises-thought-over-desire|title=Ramayana vignettes: Ramayana emphasises thought over desire|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> He was the recipient of the Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature Award, in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksicl.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=55|title=Award|last=Administrator|website=www.ksicl.org|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033519/http://www.ksicl.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=55|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gopakumar was also the author of 'History of Ambalapuzha Sree Krishna Temple' which describes the origin and history of [[Ambalappuzha|Amabalapuzha]] and the famous Sreekrishna Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news198402|title=യുദ്ധാനന്തരം നാട്ടു ചരിത്രത്തില്‍ ഇങ്ങനെ ചിലതു സംഭവിച്ചു|last=ജന്മഭൂമി|website=ജന്മഭൂമി|date=10 May 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> He was widely regarded as an authority on the history of Chemapakassery, the erstwhile name of Ambalapuzha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.godsowncountry.info/keralatourism/celebrations|title=Celebrations {{!}} godsowncountry.info|website=www.godsowncountry.info|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320002537/http://www.godsowncountry.info/keralatourism/celebrations|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gopakumar was the director of the Vaikom Kshetra Kalapeedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/malayalam-news/ampalappuzha-1.1245642|title=ഡോ. അമ്പലപ്പുഴ ഗോപകുമാര്‍ വൈക്കം ക്ഷേത്രകലാപീഠം ഡയറക്ടര്‍|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921044809/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/malayalam-news/ampalappuzha-1.1245642|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2016, he was given the 'Janmashtami' award for literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkVLTTAxNDI5NTk=&xP=RExZ&xDT=MjAxNi0wOC0xMyAwMDozNTowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=Mw==|title=ജന്മാഷ്ടമി പുരസ്‌കാരം ഡോ. അമ്പലപ്പുഴ ഗോപകുമാറിന്|language=en-US|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814224248/http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkVLTTAxNDI5NTk=&xP=RExZ&xDT=MjAxNi0wOC0xMyAwMDozNTowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=Mw==|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also the recipient of [[Amrita Keerti Puraskar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.amritapuri.org/activity/cultural/amritakeerti|title=Amrita Keerti Puraskar - Amma, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi|newspaper=Amma, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi|language=en-US|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> in 2016, in recognition of his contributions to spiritual, philosophical, and cultural literature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/amritakeerti-puraskar/article9134293.ece|title=Amritakeerti Puraskar|date=22 September 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ambalapuzha Gopakumar was born to Thathamathu C K Nanupilla and K. M. Rajamma, on 27 June 1944 at [[Ambalapuzha]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] in Kerala. He lost his father when he was nine. His childhood days were spent in Ambalapuzha where he attended the public 'Government Model High School, Ambalapuzha'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=388|title=books.puzha.com - Author Details|website=www.puzha.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422142454/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=388|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gopakumar was a professor at [[SD College, Alappuzha|Sanatana Dharma College]] and retired as the Head of the Malayalam Department in 1999. He was a member of the advisory board of the Human Rights Protection Mission<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrpmindia.org/html/who_we_are.html|title=HRPM|website=www.hrpmindia.org|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005045613/http://www.hrpmindia.org/html/who_we_are.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a director board member of Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Malayalam-week-celebrations-from-November-1/2013/11/01/article1866871.ece?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406124153/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Malayalam-week-celebrations-from-November-1/2013/11/01/article1866871.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2016|title=Malayalam week celebrations from November 1|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> He died on 21 July 2024, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/poet-cum-historian-dr-ambalapuzha-gopakumar-passes-away-1.9745077 Poet-cum-historian Dr. Ambalapuzha Gopakumar passes away]</ref>

==Writings==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
Gopakumar's first published work was ''Udayathinu Munmpu'', which the National Book Stall published. His poems have appeared in all leading literary magazines in Malayalam. His published works also include essays, biographies, and a history of ancient art forms of Chempakassery.

===Poetic works===
* Udayathinu Mumpu
* Idayante Patu
* shyamakrishnan
* Manyamahajanam
* Amruthapuriyile Kattu
* Amruthadarshanam
* Harimadhavam
* Gangamayya
* Poliye Poli
* Sreekrishnaleela
* Akuthikuthu
* Rappadi

===Prose list===
* Ambalapuzha Kshethra Charithram
* Sukrutha Paithrukam
* Thirakal Maykatha Padamudrakal
* Ambalapuzha Sahodaranmar
* Sathyathinte Nanarthangal
* Velakali
* Charithra Padhathile Nakshatra Vilakku
* Ente Ullile Kadal
* Kairaliyude Varadanagal
* Ente Ullile Kadal (found and published Thakazhi's unknown work)
* Leelankanam (found and published changampuzha's unknown work)

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
* 2011 – Prof. Kozhisseril Balaraman Award for Literature
* 2012 – Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature award
* 2012 – Narayaneeyam Puraskaram for contributions to the spiritual domain
* 2014 – Ekatha Award for Literature, Sharja
* 2015 – Vasudeva Puraskaram from Ambalapuzha Temple
* 2015 – Venmani Award for Literature
* 2015 – Karuvatta Chandran Memorial Award for Literature
* 2016 – Janmashtami Award
* 2016 – Amritakeerthy Puraskar

==Positions held==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
* Prof. and the head of the Dept. of Malayalam, S. D. College
* Ph.D. Board member, University of Kerala
* Director board member, Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishath
* President, P. K. Memorial Library, Ambalapuzha
* President, Ambalapuzha Temple Advisory Committee
* Secretary, Kunchan Nambiar Memorial, Ambalapuzha
* Chief editor, Sreevatsam
* Administrator, Jawahar Balabhavan, Alappuzha

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160406101328/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article228962.ece?service=print Indian Express]
* [http://asianetindia.com/kavalam-narayana-panicker-bags-award/ Asianet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408014155/http://asianetindia.com/kavalam-narayana-panicker-bags-award/ |date=8 April 2016 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbbDbeO-Giw Akashavani Interview]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopakumar, Ambalapuzha}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from falls]]

Ramanthali inscriptions

2026-02-04T15:52:34Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting Bio

{{Infobox artifact
| name = Ramanthali Inscription (Mushika)
| native_name = Ezhimala-Narayankannur Inscription
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Granite
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = 929 CE; [[Kerala]]
| location = Narayankannur Temple
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Ezhimala, [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Ramanthali Inscription (Alupa)
| native_name = Ezhimala-Narayankannur Inscription
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Granite
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = 1075 CE; [[Kerala]]
| location = Narayankannur Temple
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
}}

'''Ramanthali inscriptions,''' also known as '''Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscriptions,''' are two medieval stone epigraphs from [[Ramanthali]], near [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]] in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]]. The first inscription, mentioning [[Mushika dynasty|Mushika]] ([[Malayalam]]: Ezhimala) Validhara Vikrama Rama and the merchant guild [[manigramam]], is dated to 929 CE and the second inscription, mentioning [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa]] king Kunda Alupa, is dated to 1075 CE. Both inscriptions are written in [[old Malayalam]] with [[Vatteluttu script|Vattezhuthu]] script (with some [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters).<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 475-76.</ref><ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 483.</ref>

* The first inscription can be found on a single granite slab in the courtyard of the Narayankannur Temple.<ref name=":1" /> It records the original endowment to the temple by Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama in 929 CE.<ref name=":1" /> He donates land for nanda vilakku (the permanent lamp) and nivedyam (the food offering) to the deity Narasinga Vinnakar Thevar. The so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record. Merchant guild [[manigramam]] was appointed as the guardian of the temple.<ref name=":1" />
* The second inscription, dated to 1075 CE, is engraved on obverse sides of three granite blocks in the base of central shrine of Narayankannur Temple.<ref name=":0" /> This is the second dated inscription of [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa]] king Kunda Alupa who probably extended his influence to northern parts of the [[Kannur district]] in the 11th century CE.<ref name=":0" /> The temple inscription shows the time of the renovation of the temple (including construction of the image of the deity, and the srikoyil, and the shrine).<ref name=":0" /> The srikoyil (central shrine) of the temple was built in granite with the help of king Kunda Alupa.<ref name=":0" />

King Kunda Alupa is also mentioned in a Sanskrit record (dated 1068 AD) from [[Kadri Manjunath Temple|Kadri Manjunatha Temple]], [[Mangalore]] also.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:10th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:11th-century inscriptions]]

Shandilya Samhita

2026-01-31T19:26:45Z

BaileyMetzler: made first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Treatise of Sage Shandilya}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=Brahmarshi [[Shandilya]]|sutras=Shandilya Sutras|verses=3600 (Approximately)|period=[[Sanatana]]|language=[[Sanskrit]]|name=Shandilya Samhita|subheader=शांडिल्य संहिता|footnotes=[[Pancharatra]] Tradition dedicated to Lord Vishnu or Krishna|misc=}}{{Related|For the Smriti text of Shandilya Rishi [[Shandilya Smriti]]}}
'''Shandilya Samhita''' ([[Sanskrit]]: '''शांडिल्य संहिता''') is a Sanskrit text attributed to the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage [[Brahmarshi]] [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Dr Shyamkant |url=https://www.sanskrit.nic.in/books_archive/021_Vaishnava_Tantra_of_Dr_Shyamakanta_Dwivedi.pdf |title=Vaishnav Tantra |publisher=Chaukhambha Publishers |year=2013 |edition=First |location=Varanasi |pages=10–12 |language=Hindi}}</ref> It is treatise on [[Dharma]], [[Artha]], [[Kama]], [[Moksha]] and [[Bhakti]]. It is the collection of ''Shandilya Sutras to the'' devotion of the God. It includes Sanskrit verses on spiritual devotion, it's prescribed practices, virtues of faith, wisdom and self-control, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शांडिल्य संहिता - Shandilya Samhita [Bhakti Khanda] {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/shandilya-samhita-bhakti-khanda-nzz046/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Lakshmīśvara Prasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1e0YAAAAIAAJ |title=Bhāratīya darśanoṃ meṃ kāmatattva |date=1986 |publisher=Kiśora Vidyā Niketana |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Narada|Devashree Narada]] and [[Shandilya|Maharshi Shandilya]] were two major followers of ''[[Pancharatra]] Bhakti'' tradition in the ancient period of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. ''Devashree Narada'' wrote “''Narada Pancharatra''” for devotion of Lord Vishnu. Similarly, it is said that when Maharshi Shandilya did not find the ultimate goal even in the four Vedas, he took refuge in [[Pancharatra]] and got indescribable satisfaction from it. He then contributed towards ''Bhakti Sutras'' in the Pancharatra Tradition. He wrote "Shandilya Samhita" under Pancharatragama.

''Shandilya Samhita'' is one of the important text that form the expansion of [[Pancharatra]] literature in Hindu tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&q=sandilya+samhita |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1261-1 |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&q=sandilya+samhita |title=Vaisnavism |date=1994-11-30 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1235-2 |pages=273 |language=en}}</ref> It is based on Shandilya Sutras which is the earliest known text that systematized the devotional Pancharatra doctrine. "In some old texts ''Pancharatra Samhita'' is also referred as ''Shandilya Samhita"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maitra |first=Susil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RogzRteCJEsC |title=Studies in Philosophy and Religion |date=1956 |publisher=Chuckervertty, Chatterjee |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University |url=http://archive.org/details/gTtE_shandilya-samhita-bhakti-khand-of-maharshi-shandilya-by-anant-shastri-and-gopina |title=Shandilya Samhita Bhakti Khand Of Maharshi Shandilya By Anant Shastri And Gopinath Kaviraj Saraswati Bhavan Granthamala Vol. 60 Sampurnanand Sanskrit University}}</ref>

Shandilya Samhita is considered as the authentic text of ''[[Smarta tradition|Smarta]] - Bhakti'' tradition in Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmanātha Gūrelāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=049jAAAAMAAJ |title=Madhyakālīna bhakti-kāvya ke punarmūlyāṅkana meṃ upayogī sandarbha |date=1992 |publisher=Mahārājā Sayājīrava Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref> It had made a special contribution to the development of the Vaishnava sect. H Daniel Smith in his text "Vaishnava Iconography" has mentioned all the available Samhitas. Shandilya Samhita is one among the available Samhitas mentioned in the text.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Bhavanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJVuEAAAQBAJ |title=धर्मायण, 2077 वि.सं. भाग-3, अंक 101-104 |publisher=Mahavir Mandir, Patna |pages=33 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
In modern times, professor ''Anant Shastri Fadke'' of Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi, introduced the present version of Shandilya Samhita. It was edited by [[Gopinath Kaviraj]] and again in 1996 with a foreword by the vice chancellor Mandan Mishra of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampoornanand Sanskrit University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University |url=http://archive.org/details/gTtE_shandilya-samhita-bhakti-khand-of-maharshi-shandilya-by-anant-shastri-and-gopina |title=Shandilya Samhita Bhakti Khand Of Maharshi Shandilya By Anant Shastri And Gopinath Kaviraj Saraswati Bhavan Granthamala Vol. 60 Sampurnanand Sanskrit University}}</ref> The original Shandilya Samhita contains five sections (Khanda) on Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha and Bhakti. It is said that the first four sections of the Shandilya Samhita namely Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha have been lost. Only fifth section called as Bhakti Khanda has been survived.<ref>{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=http://archive.org/details/TheShandilyaSamhitaBhaktiKhandaPartI1935No.60Ed.GopinathKaverajPrincessOfWalesSaraswatiBhavanaTexts |title=The Shandilya Samhita Bhakti Khanda Part I 1935 No. 60 Ed. Gopinath Kaveraj Princess Of Wales Saraswati Bhavana Texts}}</ref> The present version of Shandilya Samhita's Bhakti Khanda has four sections.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University |url=http://archive.org/details/gTtE_shandilya-samhita-bhakti-khand-of-maharshi-shandilya-by-anant-shastri-and-gopina |title=Shandilya Samhita Bhakti Khand Of Maharshi Shandilya By Anant Shastri And Gopinath Kaviraj Saraswati Bhavan Granthamala Vol. 60 Sampurnanand Sanskrit University}}</ref> The first shloka of the first chapter in the Bhakti Khanda of the Shandilya Samhita asserts that the four lost Khandas of the Shandilya Samhita were discussed previously before the starting of the Bhakti Khanda.

{{Verse translation|भगवन्‌ भवताऽस्मभ्यं पुरुषार्थचतुष्टयम्‌ । धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाख्यैः खण्डेरुक्तं विभागशः।।|O Lord, you have granted us the fourfold purpose of life. It is stated in sections by the names of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha.|attr1=शांडिल्य संहिता भक्ति खण्ड (१.१.१)}}
The Shandilya Samhita consists of approximately 3600 verses devoted to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. In the text Shandilya Samhita, Lord Krishna is identified as the supreme god or the ultimate truth. The text deals with the ethical behavior and the methods of sacred conduct followed by devotees. It is classified as a ''[[Sattva|sāttvika]]'' text in the ''Muniprokta'' group of [[Pancharatra]] Aagama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Shandilyasamhita, Śāṇḍilyasaṃhitā, Shandilya-samhita: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shandilyasamhita |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Sections of Bhakti Khanda ==
There four sections in the present survived Bhakti Khanda of Shandilya Samhita. The sections are further divided into chapters. All sections have their own different numbers of chapters. There are 20, 9, 11 and 16 chapters in the first, second, third and fourth sections respectively. These chapters are the collection of the discussion of sages with the teacher Maharshi Shandilya about philosophical questions.
== Sources ==

* Kaviraj, Gopinath. The Sandilya Sanhita Bhaktikhanda. N.p., Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
* Rosen, Steven. Vaisnavism. India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited), 1994.
* Sandilya Samhita, Bombay Sake, 1809
* Part I & II Sandilya Samhita. Edited by Pandit Ananta (Gopal Phadke, Professor, Government Sanskrit College. Benares
* Government Gazette. India, n.p, 1964.
* Maitra, Susil Kumar. Studies in Philosophy and Religion. India, Chuckervertty, Chatterjee, 1956.
* Pathak, Vishwambhar Sharan. Smārta Religious Tradition: Being a Study of the Epigraphic Data on the Smārta Religious Tradition of Northern India, C. 600 A.D. to C. 1200 A.D.. India, Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1987.
* Accessions List, South Asia. India, E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi, 1993.
* Shri Gulabravmaharaj: Sadhana aur Sahitya. N.p., Vani Prakashan.
* Śrīvāstava, Kiraṇa Kumārī. Ahirbudhnya saṃhita, saṅkshipta rūparekhā. India, Ekseleṃsa Pabliśarsa, 1993.
* Siṃha, Lakshmīśvara Prasāda. Bhāratīya darśanoṃ meṃ kāmatattva. India, Kiśora Vidyā Niketana, 1986.
* Upadhyaya, Baldeva. Vaishṇava sampradāyoṃ kā sāhitya aura siddhānta: Bhāratavarsha ke pradhāna Vaishṇava sampradāyoṃ ke sāhitya tathā siddhānta kā sāṅgopāṅga vivecana. India, Caukhambā Amarabhāratī Prakāśana, 1978.
* Śarmā, Bhāratī. Bhakti, Bhāgavata aura Mānasa ke sandarbha meṃ. India, Hindī Pracāraka Pablikeśansa, 1995.
* Choudhary, Ramswarth. Madhura rasa: svarūpa aura vikāsa. India, Rājakamala Prakāśana, 1968.
* धर्मायण, 2077 वि.सं. भाग-3, अंक 101-104. N.p., Mahavir Mandir, Patna.
* Dwivedi, Dr Shyamkant (2013). Vaishnav Tantra (in Hindi) (First ed.). Varanasi: Chaukhambha Publishers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]

B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology

2026-01-26T04:27:07Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|Private university in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology
| image_name = B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto =
| native_name =
| established = {{start date and age|1984|11|05}}<ref name=":2" />
| type = [[Deemed University]]
| chancellor = Qurrath Jameela
| president =
| vice_chancellor = T. Murugesan
| founder = [[B. S. Abdur Rahman]]
| city = [[Vandalur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|12|52|39|N|80|5|5|E|display=inline,title}}
| academic_staff = 295 (2020)<ref name="NAAC 2024" />
| students = 9,239 (2024)<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework 2024 Data for Overall Category |url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/6.-OVERALL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905171631/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/6.-OVERALL.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-05 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
| undergrad = 7,556 (2024)<ref name=":3" />
| postgrad = 1,240 (2024)<ref name=":3" />
| doctoral = 443 (2024)<ref name=":3" />
| other_name =
| former_names = B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College (1984–2008) B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent University (2008–2017)
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]}}
| academic_affiliation = {{hlist|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Bar Council of India|BCI]]|[[Council of Architecture|COA]]|[[Indian Institute of Architects|IIA]]|[[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]]}}
| campus = [[Suburb|Suburban Campus]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|50|acre}}
| logo = B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology Logo with Name.png
| website = {{URL|http://www.crescent.education|crescent.education}}
}}
'''B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology''' is a private [[deemed university]] located in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Founded in 1984, Crescent was one of the first self-financing engineering institutions in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. After being affiliated to [[University of Madras]] and [[Anna University]] for 25 years, Crescent was [[Deemed university|Deemed to be University]] by [[Government of India|Indian Government]] and was known as B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent University. Since 2017, Crescent is known as B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology.<ref name=":2" />

Crescent is organized into twelve constituent schools, which together comprise a total of eighteen departments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-27 |title=B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/b-s-abdur-rahman-crescent-institute-science-and-technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715134535/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/b-s-abdur-rahman-crescent-institute-science-and-technology#content-primary |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date= |website=[[Times Higher Education]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Schools |url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063744/https://crescent.education/university/schools/ |archive-date=2023-06-26 |access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref> While Crescent is governed by the Institute's Board of Management, the Institute's Academic Council is the principal academic body that supervises Crescent's academic policy. Additionally, each department constitutes a Board of Studies composed of experts from academia and industry, deliberates and finalizes the [[curriculum]] for the respective programmes.<ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=The Structure of the Governance|url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CRESCENT-IQAC-6.2.2-FUNCTIONING-OF-THE-INSTITUTIONAL-BODIES.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913145141/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CRESCENT-IQAC-6.2.2-FUNCTIONING-OF-THE-INSTITUTIONAL-BODIES.pdf|archive-date=2024-09-13|publisher=B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology}}</ref><ref name="NAAC 2024">{{Citation |last=B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology |title=Self Study Report |year=2020 |url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NAAC-SSR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626064018/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NAAC-SSR.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-26 |publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Memorandum of Association: Modified in Accordance with UGC (Institutions Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2019. |date=2022-01-12 |url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/MOA-Aligned-in-Accordance-with-UGC-13.01.2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626064431/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/MOA-Aligned-in-Accordance-with-UGC-13.01.2022.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-26 |publisher=B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology}}</ref>

==History==
B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology was founded by philanthropist and entrepreneur [[B. S. Abdur Rahman|B.S. Abdur Rahman]] in 1984 as B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College, one of the first self-financing engineering institutions in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State Government]] granted permission to establish Crescent as a private engineering college affiliated with the [[University of Madras]] in September 1984. Subsequently, the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] granted approval for Crescent College in December 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=UGC Expert Committee Report on B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Engineering College, Chennai |year=2008 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/bsabdulrehman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905081051/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/bsabdulrehman.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-05 |place=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="NAAC 2024" />

In December 2001, the Tamil Nadu State Government decided to bring all the engineering colleges in the State of Tamil Nadu under Anna University to standardize the curriculum.<ref>{{Cite act|index=24 of 2010|date=|legislature=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|title=Anna University, Chennai (Amendment) Act|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223154524/https://www.tniuscbe.org/download/gg10/gg4/10egg177.pdf|prefix=Act No.}}</ref> Consequently, affiliation of Crescent College was changed from the University of Madras to [[Anna University]]. This affiliation status continued until 2008, when Crescent was deemed to be University.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="NAAC 2024" />

On 16 December 2008, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]], on the advice of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]], granted the status of [[Deemed university|Institution Deemed to be University]] to the Crescent.<ref name="NAAC 2024" /><ref>{{Citation |title=B.S. Abdur Rahman Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, declared deemed-to-be-University by the Central Government |publication-date=2009-01-26 |type=Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=46752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906201845/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=46752 |archive-date=2024-09-06 |place=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=University Grant Commission |title=Annual Report: 2017-2018 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/5595965_UGC-ANNUAL-REPORT-English-2017-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113656/https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/5595965_UGC-ANNUAL-REPORT-English-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-25 |place=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[University Grant Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]]}}</ref>

==Campus==
Crescent's Campus covers 50 acres and is located in Vandalur, a suburb of Chennai. The campus is located on GST Road between [[Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai|Kilambakkam Bus Terminus]] and [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park|Vandalur Zoo]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Administration ==
Crescent is governed by the Board of Management and the Academic Council is the [[Academic senate|principal academic body]] that supervises Crescent's academic policy. Crescent is organized into twelve constituent schools, which together comprise a total of eighteen departments. Each of these departments constitutes a Board of Studies composed of experts from academia and industry, deliberates and finalizes the [[curriculum]] for the respective programmes.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="NAAC 2024" /><ref name=":11" />

=== Officers ===
==== Chancellor and Pro-Chancellor ====
The [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] is a titular head of the Crescent, whose role is largely ceremonial, such as presiding over the [[Graduation|convocation]]. When the Chancellor nominates members to bodies, such as Board of Management, they are required to nominate persons who will advance the objectives of the Crescent as outlined in the Memorandum of Association.<ref name=":11" />

The [[Pro-chancellor|Pro-Chancellor]] serves as a deputy to the Chancellor and is responsible for carrying out the duties assigned to the Chancellor when the Chancellor is unavailable.<ref name=":11" />

==== Vice-Chancellor and Pro-Vice-Chancellor ====
The Vice-Chancellor is the [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] of Crescent, who exercise general supervision and control over the affairs of the Institute. The Vice-Chancellor is responsible for implementation of decisions made by [[Deliberative assembly|deliberate bodies]], such as the Board of Management, the Academic Council, the Finance Committee and the Planning and Monitoring Board.<ref name=":11" />

==== Head of the Department ====
These twelve schools together comprise a total of eighteen departments.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Departments |url=https://crescent.education/departments/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905144254/https://crescent.education/departments/ |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

=== Board of Management ===
The Board of Management is the executive council of the Crescent, which makes final decisions on every matter, including academic, administrative, personnel, financial, and developmental matters. The Board of Management is composed of [[Chancellor (education)#Vice-chancellor|Vice Chancellor]], [[Pro-vice-chancellor]], two Deans and three teaching staff of Crescent, three eminent academics nominated by [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]], one representative nominated by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and a maximum of four members nominated by the sponsoring body.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

== Academics ==
=== Schools ===
Crescent is organized into twelve constituent schools—four engineering and two science schools, as well as Crescent School of Architecture, Crescent School of Business, Crescent School of Law, Crescent School of Pharmacy, School of Arabic and Islamic Studies, and School of Social Sciences and Humanities. The engineering schools are the School of Mechanical Sciences, the School of Infrastructure, the School of Electrical and Communication Sciences and the School of Computer Information and Mathematical Sciences. The science schools are the School of Physical and Chemical Science and the School of Life Sciences.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==== School of Mechanical Sciences ====
The School of Mechanical Sciences has four departments: Mechanical Engineering, Polymer Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and Automobile Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Mechanical Sciences|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-mechanical-science/department-of-mechanical-engineering/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063219/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-mechanical-science/department-of-mechanical-engineering/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Infrastructure ====
The School of Infrastructure has Department of Civil Engineering, which offers an undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programme. The department was established in 1984, making it one of oldest in the Crescent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Infrastructure |url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-infrastructure/department-of-civil-engineering/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905235640/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-infrastructure/department-of-civil-engineering/overview/ |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Electrical and Communication Sciences ====
The School of Electrical and Communication Sciences has three departments: Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, and Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Electrical and Communication Sciences|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-electrical-and-communication-sciences/department-of-electricals-and-electronics-engineering/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063312/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-electrical-and-communication-sciences/department-of-electricals-and-electronics-engineering/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Computer, Information and Mathematical Sciences ====
The School of Mechanical Sciences has four departments: Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technology, Computer Applications and Mathematics & Actuarial Science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Computer, Information and Mathematical Sciences|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-computer-information-and-mathematical-sciences/department-of-computer-science-and-engineering/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063155/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-computer-information-and-mathematical-sciences/department-of-computer-science-and-engineering/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Life Sciences ====
The School of Life Sciences offers both professional and science degrees in Biotechnology. Additionally, the school offers science degrees in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Microbiology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Life Sciences|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-life-sciences/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063305/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-life-sciences/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Physical and Chemical Sciences ====
The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences has two departments: Physics and Chemistry. The Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry were established in 1984, making it one of oldest in the Crescent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Physical and Chemical Sciences|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-physical-and-chemical-science/department-of-chemistry/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063145/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-physical-and-chemical-science/department-of-chemistry/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== Crescent School of Business ====
Crescent Business of School (CBS) has Department of Management Studies, which offers a postgraduate and doctoral programme. The Department of Management Studies was established in the year 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent School of Business|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-business/department-of-management-studies/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063546/https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-business/department-of-management-studies/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== School of Arabic and Islamic Studies ====
The School of Arabic and Islamic Studies was established in 2009. The school combines the faith-based education with modern education, to promote balanced approach to spiritual and religious knowledge. The school offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Arabic and Islamic Studies|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-arabic-islamic-studies/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063351/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-arabic-islamic-studies/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== Crescent School of Architecture ====
{{Main|Crescent School of Architecture}}
The [[Crescent School of Architecture]] (CSA) was established in 2010. CSA was approved by [[Council of Architecture]] in the same year for providing 5-year architecture programme.<ref name="COA B.Arch">{{Citation |last=Council of Architecture |title=Approval Letter (B.Arch) |date=2010-06-11|url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CoA-approval-B.Arch-2010-112011-12-and-2012-13.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063807/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CoA-approval-B.Arch-2010-112011-12-and-2012-13.pdf|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> CSA is an affiliated with [[Indian Institute of Architects]], the oldest Indian professional society for architects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Indian Institute of Architects (IIA) |title=Affiliated Colleges and Institutes |url=https://indianinstituteofarchitects.com/colleges-institutes-affiliated-with-iia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224511/https://indianinstituteofarchitects.com/colleges-institutes-affiliated-with-iia/ |archive-date=2021-08-13 |access-date= |website= |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Architects]]}}</ref> In 2018, Council of Architecture granted CSA permission to offer 2-year postgraduate programme in architecture.<ref name="COA M.Arch">{{Citation |last=Council of Architecture |title=Approval Letter (M.Arch) |date=2010-06-11|url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CoA-approval-M.Arch-2018-19.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063643/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CoA-approval-M.Arch-2018-19.pdf|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2019, CSA was approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] to offer three-year [[Bachelor of Design]] programme in Interior Design.<ref>{{Citation |last=All India Council for Technical Education|title=Approval Letter|date=2019-04-30|url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/AICTE-EOA-Approval-Certificate-for-the-AY-2019-20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063603/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/AICTE-EOA-Approval-Certificate-for-the-AY-2019-20.pdf|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Among its alumni<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/crescent_school_architecture/reel/C7mDBMKSWuV/?locale=ne_NP&hl=af |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is Mohammed Salman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/salmansurfs/?locale=ne_NP&hl=af |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> who went on to co-found [https://tinttoneandshade.com Tint Tone and Shade], an [[Interior design|interior design firm]] with a notable presence in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]].

==== School of Social Sciences and Humanities ====
The School of Social Sciences & Humanities was established in 2013. The School of Social Sciences & Humanities has three departments: Public Policy, English and Commerce. Additionally, the school offers courses in Economics, Sociology, German and Tamil to engineering students, to provide holistic perspective on the social and economic values as well as develop their communicative competence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Social Sciences and Humanities|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/department-of-commerce/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063358/https://crescent.education/university/schools/school-of-social-sciences-and-humanities/department-of-commerce/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== Crescent School of Law ====
Crescent School of Law (CSL) was established in 2017. CSL was approved by [[Bar Council of India]] in the same year for providing 5-year law programmes.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Bar Council of India |title=Approval Letter |date=2018-03-22 |url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/7.1.16-Law-approval-letter.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063600/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/7.1.16-Law-approval-letter.pdf|archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent School of Law|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-law/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063209/https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-law/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== Crescent School of Pharmacy ====
Crescent School of Pharmacy (CSP) was established in 2017. CSP was approved by [[Pharmacy Council of India]] in the same year for providing undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes in Pharmacy.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pharmacy Council of India |title=Approval Letter |date=2017-08-02 |url=https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Pharmacy-Programme-Approval-Letter-2017-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063725/https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Pharmacy-Programme-Approval-Letter-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent School of Pharmacy|url=https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-pharmacy/overview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063257/https://crescent.education/university/schools/crescent-school-of-pharmacy/overview/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

=== Centres ===

==== Crescent Innovation and Incubation Council ====
Crescent Innovation and Incubation Council (CIIC) was established in March 2019 as start-up incubator. Crescent's Institution Innovation Council (IIC), aided by CIIC, is approved by Indian Ministry of Education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent School of Pharmacy|url=https://iic.mic.gov.in/council-detail/IC201810168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908080335/https://iic.mic.gov.in/council-detail/IC201810168|archive-date=2024-09-08|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref> In 2020, the Indian Ministry of Education granted 5 star rating to IIC based on their performance in Innovation and Entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Citation |title=Top performer IICs: All 5 Star Institutes 2019-20 |year=2020 |url=https://miciicsta01.blob.core.windows.net/miciiccontainer1/uploads/institutes/homePageNews/TOP_IICs_2019-20_5Star.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908082603/https://miciicsta01.blob.core.windows.net/miciiccontainer1/uploads/institutes/homePageNews/TOP_IICs_2019-20_5Star.pdf|archive-date=2024-09-08 |place=New Delhi, India |publisher=Innovation Cell, [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>

==== Centre for Sustainable Development ====
The Centre for Sustainable Development (CSD) advances [[Sustainable Development Goals|UN Sustainable Development Goals]] by promoting sustainable infrastructure and renewable energy. CSD fosters faculty collaboration and strengthens research and international partnerships to further the Sustainable Development Goals.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Centre for Sustainable Development |url=https://crescent.education/center-for-sponsored-research/about-us/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063224/https://crescent.education/center-for-sponsored-research/about-us/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

==== Centre for Innovation in Teaching and Learning ====
The Centre for Innovation in Teaching and Learning (CITL) was established in the year 2018, to explore new teaching strategies and promote innovations in teaching and learning process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Innovation in Teaching and Learning |url=https://crescent.education/research/research-centers/centre-for-innovation-in-teaching-and-learning/citl-home/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626063242/https://crescent.education/research/research-centers/centre-for-innovation-in-teaching-and-learning/citl-home/|archive-date=2023-06-26|access-date= |website=B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology}}</ref>

=== Ranking ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type =
| NIRF_A_2024 = 40
| NIRF_E_2024 = 151–200
| NIRF_P_2024 = 84
}}
In 2024, the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] ranked Crescent in the 151–200 band among Indian engineering institutes, 40th among architecture schools and 84th among pharmacy institute.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2024/><ref name=Rankings_NIRF_A_2024/><ref name=Rankings_NIRF_P_2024/>

== Notable alumni ==
[[P. V. Midhun Reddy]] represents [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]] as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=P.V. Midhun Reddy (YSRCP) - Rajampeta Constituency (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4626 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405125614/https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4626 |archive-date=2024-04-05 |access-date= |website=MyNeta}}</ref> Alumni celebrities include actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=2017-03-08 |title=Tempted by tiramisu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arya-talks-about-his-food-preferences/article17427209.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416182712/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arya-talks-about-his-food-preferences/article17427209.ece |archive-date=2023-04-16 |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> actor [[Karthi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-15 |title=10 famous celebrities with degrees in Engineering |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/10-famous-celebrities-with-degrees-in-engineering-in-pictures-1030689-1558150#1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910144333/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/10-famous-celebrities-with-degrees-in-engineering-in-pictures-1030689-1558150#6 |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> and actress [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Priya Bhavani Shankar |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/priya-bhavani-shankar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321131623/https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/priya-bhavani-shankar |archive-date=2024-03-21 |access-date= |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref> [[Arun kumar T C ]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.crescent.education}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Universities in Chennai]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with Anna University]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology| ]]

Sundara Manamadhe Bharli

2026-01-25T08:31:29Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|2020 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SMB serial.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer = [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]]
| producer = [[Manava Naik]]
| director = Girish Mohite
| company = Strawberry Pictures
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|08|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|08|14}}
| num_episodes = 981
| opentheme = "Sundara Manamadhe Bharli" by Maithili Panse Joshi and [[Avdhoot Gupte]]
}}

'''''Sundara Manamadhe Bharli''''' ({{translation|Beauty filled mind}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]]. It premiered from 31 August 2020 and ended on 14 August 2023 completing 981 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sameer Paranjape: It's a refreshing change to see new subjects on Marathi TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sameer-paranjape-its-a-refreshing-change-to-see-new-subjects-on-marathi-tv/articleshow/78039698.cms|access-date=2021-03-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred Akshaya Naik and Sameer Paranjape in lead roles. It is produced by [[Manava Naik]] under the banner of Strawberry Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=नवी मालिका: दिलदार प्रेमाची वजनदार गोष्ट ‘सुंदरा मनामध्ये भरली’, अभिनेत्री मनवा नाईकची आहे निर्मिती|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/new-marathi-serial-sundara-manamdhe-bharli-produced-by-actress-manava-naik-127650630.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Latika is a very warm-hearted and intelligent girl filled with optimism. A perfect daughter, sister and a friend. Even though her life looks ideal, she faced several rejections for marriage alliances due to her obesity. Whereas her late husband Abhimanyu was a fitness enthusiast who wanted everyone to be healthy.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Akshaya Naik as Latika "Lati" Dhumal Karkhanis – Eknath and Jayshree's younger daughter; Surekha's sister; Abhimanyu's childhood friend and widow; Devrat's wife; Adhira's mother; Vikya, Sajjan and Nandini's friend; Kamini, Sarjerao and Daulatrao's arch rival
* Sameer Paranjape as Abhimanyu "Abhya" Jahagirdar – Uttamrao and Indumati's younger son; Ashutosh's brother; Latika's first husband; Adhira's father; Latika and Surekha's childhood friend; Devrat, Vikya, Sajjan and Nandini's friend; Kamini, Sarjerao and Daulatrao's arch rival
* Kunal Dhumal as Devrat "Deva" Karkhanis – Vidya's son; Latika's second husband; Adhira's step-father; Abhimanyu, Vikya, Sajjan and Nandini's friend; Kamini, Sarjerao and Daulatrao's arch rival

=== Recurring ===
* Adhira Aundhkar as Adhira Jahagirdar – Latika and Abhimanyu's daughter; Devrat's step-daughter
* Prakash Dhotre as Uttamrao "Appa" Jahagirdar – Indumati's husband; Ashutosh and Abhimanyu's father; Adhira's grandfather
* [[Atisha Naik]] as Indumati Jahagirdar – Uttamrao's wife; Ashutosh and Abhimanyu's mother; Adhira's grandmother
* Pranav Prabhakar as Ashutosh Jahagirdar – Uttamrao and Indumati's elder son; Abhimanyu's brother; Hemlata's husband
* Pramiti Narke / Sharvari Pendharkar as Hemlata Jahagirdar – Ashutosh's wife
* Gauri Kiran as Surekha Dhumal – Eknath and Jayashree's elder daughter; Latika's sister; Abhimanyu's childhood friend
* Umesh Damle as Eknath "Bapu" Dhumal – Mrs. Dhumal's son; Jayashree's husband; Surekha and Latika's father; Adhira's grandfather
* Poonam Chaudhari-Patil as Jayashree Dhumal – Eknath's wife; Surekha and Latika's mother; Adhira's grandmother
* Unknown as Mrs. Dhumal – Eknath's mother; Surekha and Latika's grandmother; Adhira's great-grandmother

=== Others ===
* Chaitanya Bagul as Vikya – Latika, Abhimanyu, Devrat, Sajjan and Nandini's friend
* Sandesh Uppasham as Sajjan – Latika, Abhimanyu, Devrat, Vikya and Nandini's friend
* Aditi Dravid as Nandini – Latika, Abhimanyu, Devrat, Vikya and Sajjan's friend
* Pooja Purandare as Kamini (Miss Nashik) – Latika, Abhimanyu and Devrat's arch rival
* Hrishikesh Shelar as Daulat Nimbalkar – Latika, Abhimanyu and Devrat's arch rival
* Kalpesh Patil as Kalpya
* Mukund More as Mukya
* Nikhil Rahane as Ravi
* Radha Sagar as Abhilasha
* Sanjay Kulkarni as MK
* Chitra Kulkarni as Sajjan's mother
* Dhananjay Wable / Umesh Bolake as Daulat's father
* [[Swanandi Tikekar]] as Pratiksha

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Akshaya Naik and Sameer Paranjape were selected for the roles of Latika and Abhimanyu, respectively. Later, Kunaal Dhumal replaced Sameer Paranjape as a new lead of the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sameer Paranjpe to feature in new show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sameer-paranjpe-to-feature-in-new-show/articleshow/77857704.cms|access-date=2022-06-11|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2020}}</ref> [[Atisha Naik]] is selected for the role of Indumati.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: "It doesn't matter whether you play an antagonist or protagonist; there is always something to learn," says Atisha Naik - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-it-doesnt-matter-whether-you-play-an-antagonist-or-protagonist-there-is-always-something-to-learn-says-atisha-naik/articleshow/80585645.cms|access-date=2021-03-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Sundara Manamadhe Bharli'' सुंदरा मनामध्ये भरली
| 31 August 2020
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 14 August 2023
| Original
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| ''Maru Man Mohi Gayu'' મારૂં મન મોહી ગયું<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Marathi TV show Sundara Manamadhe Bharli to be remade in Gujarati as Maru Man Mohi Gayu; Akshaya Naik shares her excitement - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-tv-show-sundara-mana-madhye-bharli-to-be-remade-in-gujarati-as-maru-man-mahi-gayu-akshaya-naik-shares-her-excitement/articleshow/85625783.cms|access-date=2022-08-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 27 September 2021
| [[Colors Gujarati]]
| 30 September 2024
| rowspan="3"| Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Sohag Chand]]'' সোহাগ চাঁদ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know ‘Sohag Chand’ is the remake of Marathi show ‘Sundara Manamadhe Bharli?’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/did-you-know-sohag-chand-is-the-remake-of-marathi-show-sundara-manamadhe-bharli/articleshow/98750982.cms|access-date=2023-03-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 28 November 2022
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 7 November 2024
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| ''[[Meri Bhavya Life]]'' मेरी भव्य लाइफ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors TV Announces New Show 'Meri Bhavya Life' Featuring Prisha Dhatwalia|url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/colors-tv-announces-new-show-meri-bhavya-life-featuring-prisha-dhatwalia/|access-date=2024-01-06|website=Just Showbiz}}</ref>
| 30 April 2025
| [[Colors TV]]
| 1 August 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13896138}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/sundara-manamadhe-bharli/1971002389 ''Sundara Manamadhe Bharli''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Tadikonda mandal

2026-01-23T13:42:13Z

BaileyMetzler: made basic details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadikonda mandal
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Tadikonda]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = G. Anil Kumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 194.23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 67,962<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|format=PDF|page=285|title=Gunur District Census Handbook|website=Guntur.nic.in|accessdate=2016-01-05}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Tadikonda mandal''' is one of the 18 [[mandal]]s in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The mandal is under the administration of [[Guntur revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Tadikonda]].

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 67,92. The total population constitute, 33,655 males and 34,305 females —a sex ratio of 1019 females per 1000 males. 6,683 children are in the age group of 0–6 years.

== Towns and villages ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 12 villages.
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
# Pamulapadu
# Bejatpuram
# Lachannagudipudi
# Mothadaka
# Nidumukkala
# Tadikonda
# Ponnekallu
# Ravela
# Bandarupalle
# Damarapalle
# Lam
# Kantheru
}}

== Administration ==
The mandal forms a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 September 2015|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is under the control of a [[tahsildar]] and the present tahsildar is G. Anil Kumar <ref>{{cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf |format=PDF |title=List of RDOs working in Guntur District as on 1 October 2015 |website=Guntur.nic.in |accessdate=2016-01-05}}</ref>
Tadikonda mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|5 mandals]] under [[Assembly constituency]], which in turn represents [[Tadikonda (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tadikona Assembly]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archivedate=7 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 7,592 students enrolled in over 63 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archivedate=8 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281739&mandalName=TADIKONDA|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

==Transport==
Buses are available at regular timings between [[Guntur]] and Tadikonda. Guntur is {{convert|18|km|abbr=off}} from Tadikonda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tadikonda Town , Tadikonda Mandal , Guntur District|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Guntur/Tadikonda/Tadikonda|website=One Five Nine |accessdate=16 March 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#A|Villages in Tadikonda mandal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Guntur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Dakhni Sarai

2026-01-19T00:42:31Z

BaileyMetzler: starting initial data needs work...

{{Infobox historic site
| designation1 = MANI
| caption = The courtyard of the sarai. The western side and gateway is seen in the background.
| image = Dakhni Sarai in Evening.jpg
| designation1_number = N-PB-12
| location = [[Mallian Kalan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| built = 1640
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Dakhni Sarai''', also known as '''Dakhini Sarai''', is a [[caravanserai]] located on the outskirts of [[Mallian Kalan]], in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22}}

Located on the medieval route between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]], it was built in the 17th century. It is an example of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architecture. It is in the form of a quadrangle, with large gateways on the eastern and western sides. A mosque is also located within the complex.{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22-23}}

==Background==
A [[caravanserai]] (or ''sarai'') is a type of roadside [[inn]], providing accommodation for travelers and caravans. During the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]], several ''sarais'' were built at regular intervals along the major highways of the empire.{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}} The Dakhni ''sarai'' is located on the medieval (now little-used) [[Grand Trunk Road#Suri and Mughal Empires|highway]] between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]].{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}}

Owing to the absence of a foundation inscription, the ''sarai'' is dated on the basis of its style. Its architectural features and designs resemble those of the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], suggesting that it may have been constructed around the same time, in the 1630s, and possibly commissioned by the same patron, that is, [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]].{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=172-173}} Other sources mention it having been built by [[Ali Mardan Khan]], in 1640.{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22}}

In 1870, a [[leper colony]] was established at the ''sarai'', and it had a capacity of 300 patients.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=dakhni+sarai&pg=RA3-PA65 |title=Gazetteer of the Ambala District: 1883 |date=1883 |pages=66 |language=en }}</ref>{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=23}}

== Description ==
[[File:Dakhni Sarai near nakoder.JPG|thumb|The western gateway. Each gateway is flanked by octagonal bastions which contain five levels of recessed panels, and is topped with a ''[[chhatri]]''.]]
It is located on the highway between [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]], and was intended to provide shelters to travelers along the route.{{Sfn|Begley|1983|p=167}} The ''sarai'' is in the form of a quadrangle, with dimensions of {{Dimensions|180|172}} meters. It consists of a [[courtyard]], surrounded by thirty rooms on each side. Each room is 3.8 meters long and 3.3 meters wide. An additional, larger room is located at the center of both the northern and southern sides, while large gateways are provided at the center of the eastern and western sides.{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22-23}}

Each gateway features a central [[arch]] that serves as the entrance, flanked on both sides by smaller [[Niche (architecture)|recessed]] arches. Above these, two stories of triple openings with projecting balconies are present. The openings of the middle story were adorned with ''[[jali]]'' screens, traces of which survive on the eastern gateway. At either end of each gateway, octagonal [[Bastion|bastions]] are provided. Each of the bastions contain recessed panels arranged in five levels, and is topped with a ''[[chhatri]]''.{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22}}{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=22}}

Towards the southwest is a mosque, which is surrounded by a wall. The mosque is crowned with three [[Dome|domes]], and its façade is flanked by two [[Minaret|minarets]]. It measures {{Dimensions|21.5|16}} meters. To the east of the mosque are some ruins, presumably of a ''[[hammam]]''.{{Sfn|Parihar|1984|p=23}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.72767/page/n39/mode/2up |title=Mughal Monuments in the Punjab and Haryana |publisher=Inter-India Publications |year=1984 |pages=22–23 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Begley |first=Wayne E. |date=1983 |title=Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523076 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=1 |pages=167–179 |doi=10.2307/1523076 |jstor=1523076 |issn=0732-2992 |url-access=subscription }}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite magazine |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=March 1991 |title=Dakhini Sarai: An Architectural Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQhDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Dakhini+Sarai%22 |magazine=Indica (Bombay) |volume=28 |issue=1 }}

[[Category:Mughal caravanserais]]

List of Bengali films of 1955

2026-01-14T10:13:19Z

BaileyMetzler: expanded content

#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]

Kabirdham district

2026-01-10T22:25:19Z

BaileyMetzler: brief cleaned up information for clarity also and updated info per sources

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kabirdham district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Biodiversity Rich Maikal Hills.jpg
| image_caption = [[Maikal Hills]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Kawardha
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = Durg
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kawardha]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Kawardha
Pandaria
Bodala
Lohara
Rengakhar
| area_total_km2 = 4,447
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 822,526
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 61.95%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 991
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 2
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH 30 and NH 130A
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 491xxx (Kabirdham)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Kabirdham/ Kabirdham]</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://kawardha.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Kabirdham district''' is one of the 33 administrative [[Districts of Chhattisgarh|districts]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in central [[India]]. The district was earlier known as Kawardha district. The district is located between 21.32' to 22.28' north latitude and 80.48' to 81.48' east longitude. The district covers an area of {{convert|4447.5|km2|abbr=on}}. The city of [[Kawardha]] is its administrative headquarters. This district is known for the [[Bhoramdeo Temple|Bhoramdeo temple]] (which is also known by the sobriquet, "the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh") located at a distance of 18 km from the district headquarters, Kawardha and its surrounding [[Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary]].

The boundaries of the district are [[Dindori district|Dindori District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the north, [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]] and [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]] districts to the east, [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon District]] to the south, [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]] and [[Mandla district|Mandla]] districts of Madhya Pradesh to the west. The northern and western parts are surrounded by the Maikal mountain ranges of Satpura.

The current district collector is Mr Ramesh Kumar Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जिला सरगुजा, छत्तीसगढ़ शासन {{!}} साक्षर, स्वस्थ, स्वच्छ और सुन्दर सरगुजा {{!}} भारत |url=https://surguja.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==History==
On July 2, 1998 the government of Madhya Pradesh state decided to constitute a new district, Kawardha by combining the erstwhile tehsil of Kawardha of Rajnandgaon district and the erstwhile tehsil of Pandariya of Bilaspur district.<ref name=offhistory>[http://kawardha.nic.in/Introduction1.htm History of Kabirdham district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409232921/http://kawardha.nic.in/Introduction1.htm |date=2009-04-09 }} from official website, accessed 06-Sep-2008</ref> The town of Kawardha was decided as the headquarters for this new district. The new district came into existence on July 6, 1998.<ref name=offhistory/> The district is now known as Kabirdham district.

The name of the district was changed from Kawardha to Kabeerdham on 17 January 2003 by then chief minister of state [[Ajit Jogi]] on the occasion of sixth century birth celebration of Dhani Dharm Das, the founder of Kabir panth in Chhattisgarh. Kabirdham name is given due to Kawardha was Guru Gaddi Pith of kabir panth from 1806 to 1903. Eighth Guru of Kaber panth Haq Nam Saheb established Guru Gaddi here in 1806. Ninth Guru Pak Nam Saheb, Tenth Guru Prakat Nam Saheb and Eleventh Guru Dhiraj Nam Saheb resided here. Twelfth Guru Ugr Nam Saheb changed Guru Gaddi place from Kawardha to Damakheda in 1903, where Guru Gaddi is now situated.

The present day tehsil of Kawardha was a [[princely state]], formed in the year 1751 by Mahabali Singh. In 1895, it became Kawardha tehsil of Mandla district. In 1903, it was included in Bilaspur district. In 1912, it was shifted to Raipur district and in 1948 it became a part of Durg district. On January 26, 1973 a new district, Rajnandgaon came into existence and it became a part of it.<ref name=offhistory/>

The other tehsil Pandariya was known as Pandariya [[zamindari]] until 1952. In 1952, it became a community block of Bilaspur district and in 1986 its status was raised to a tehsil.<ref name=offhistory/> The headquarters of Kabirdham is Kawardha. Kawardha City was established by first Jamindar of Kawardha riyasat Mahabali Singh on 1751.

==Demographics==

{{historical populations
|11=1901|12=1,38,788|13=1911|14=1,64,093|15=1921|16=1,56,953|17=1931|18=1,77,872|19=1941|20=1,94,469|21=1951|22=2,08,092|23=1961|24=2,47,255|25=1971|26=3,25,139|27=1981|28=4,06,771|29=1991|30=5,13,496|31=2001|32=5,84,552|33=2011|34=8,22,526|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Chhattisgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43355/download/47046/22%20A-2%20Chhattisgarh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kabirdham district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.35}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|3.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.49}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kabirdham district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 822,526,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kabirdham |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/326/download/954/DH_2011_2208_PART_A_DCHB_KABEERDHAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Comoros]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Comoros 794,683 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[South Dakota]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2010-12-27
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=South Dakota 814,180
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 479th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 195 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 40.66%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kabirdham has a [[sex ratio]] of 997 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 61.95%. 10.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.56% and 20.31% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kabirdham district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 96.13 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.32 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.55 |color3 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 96.13% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi and 2.32% Hindi as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Divisions==
The district is divided into four tehsils, [[Kabirdham]], [[Bodla]], [[Sahaspur - Lohara]] and [[Pandariya]]. Each tehsil is a single block of same name.<ref>[http://kawardha.nic.in/gen.htm Divisions of Kabirdham district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504083449/http://kawardha.nic.in/gen.htm |date=2014-05-04 }} lohara from official website, accessed 06-Sep-2008</ref> The two Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district are Kawardha and Pandariya.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://kawardha.nic.in/}}
*[http://explore-chhattisgarh.blogspot.com/2013/01/explore-kawardha-kabirdham-district.html Kabirdham District Map]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kabirdham district
|North = [[Dindori district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]
|Southeast = [[Durg district]]
|South = [[Rajnandgaon district]]
|Southwest = [[Balaghat district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|West = [[Mandla district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Kabirdham}}
{{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22|01|N|81|15|E|source:itwiki_type:adm3rd|display=title}}

[[Category:Kabirdham district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kuchela (film)

2026-01-10T00:32:20Z

BaileyMetzler: Details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuchela
| image = Kuchela 1936.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Subramaniam]]
| producer = Krishnaswamy
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Papanasam Sivan]] [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1936|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kuchela''''' ({{translation}} ''Devotee Kuchela'') is a 1936 Indian devotional film in [[Tamil language]] directed and produced by lawyer turned filmmaker [[K. Subramaniam]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=581|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf}} Listed as Bhakta Kuchela</ref> The film featured [[Papanasam Sivan]] as Kuchela and [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] in dual roles as Krishna and Kuchela's wife Susheela.<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails8.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129045056/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails8.asp|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bhaktha-Kuchela-1936/article16836377.ece|title=Bhaktha Kuchela (1936)|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 January 2010|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204133027/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article77029.ece|archive-date=4 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicted the tale of friendship between the poor Brahmin [[Sudama|Kuchela]] who had 27 children and [[Krishna]], a major Hinduism god.

== Cast ==
The following list was adapted from [[The Hindu]] review article by [[Randor Guy]]<ref name=hindu /> and from the film's song book.
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Papanasam Sivan]] as Kuchela
*Vidwan Shankaralingam as Balaraman
*[[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]] as Saandheepa Muni
*Jolly Kittu as Dwarapaalakar
*G. Pattu Iyer as Samba Moorthi
*Kunjithapatham Pillai as Vevukaar
*Salem Sundaram as Rich Mirasudar
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Lord Krishna and Suseelai
*K. K. Parvathi as Rukmini
*Poornima as Sathyabhama
*[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi|Bala Saraswathi]] as Young Krishnan
*Neelambal as Young Kuchela
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
Subramanyam cast Subbulakshmi in a double role as a male (Lord Krishna) and a female (Susheela, Kuchela's wife). Such casting was the first of its kind in Tamil film history and even Indian cinema.<ref name=hindu /> Cinematography was handled by Sailen Bose<ref name=anandan /> and the continuity (Editing) was supervised by G. Pattu Iyer.

=== Title ===
The Encyclopedia of Indian cinema and The Hindu review article gives the title of the film as Bhaktha Kuchela. Whereas, [[Film News Anandan]]'s database and the Song Book gives the title as Kuchela.

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Papanasam Sivan]] who also penned the lyrics.<ref name=anandan /> There were more than 30 songs in the film.<ref name=hindu /> The song book gave the details of orchestra.
*Parthasarathy Naidu – Harmonium
*[[S. Rajam|Rajam Iyer]] – Fiddle (Violin)
*Ekambara Achari – Mridangam

== Reception ==
Writing in 2010, Randor Guy said the film was a success. He said the film is "Remembered for the innovative casting, pleasing music and Subbulakshmi's performance."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|gFQYbELO18s|Thaal Vananguvorkku}} - A rare duet by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] from this film.
*{{youTube|hy5c9K1yoN4|A Viruttam sung by Papanasam sivan}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subramanyam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Leslie Alfred Charles Fry

2026-01-01T10:31:25Z

BaileyMetzler: minor cleanup

{{Short description|British diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sir Leslie Fry
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Major_Sir_Leslie_Alfred_Charles_Fry.jpg
| alt =
| order =
| ambassador_from = United Kingdom
| country = Hungary
| term_start = 1955
| term_end = 1959
| predecessor = Sir [[George Labouchère]]
| successor = Sir [[Ivor Pink]]
| order2 =
| ambassador_from2 = United Kingdom
| country2 = Indonesia
| term_start2 = 1959
| term_end2 = 1963
| predecessor2 = Dermot MacDermot
| successor2 = Sir [[Andrew Gilchrist]]
| order3 =
| ambassador_from3 = United Kingdom
| country3 = Brazil
| term_start3 = 1963
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = Sir [[Geoffrey Wallinger]]
| successor3 = Sir [[John Russell (diplomat)|John Russell]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1908|4|17}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1976|10|21|1908|4|17}}
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| education = [[Royal Masonic School for Boys|Royal Masonic School]], [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
| occupation =
| profession = Diplomat and ambassador
| awards = KCMG
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir Leslie Alfred Charles Fry''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|
|OBE}} (17 April 1908 – 21 October 1976) was a British diplomat, who served as Ambassador to Hungary, Indonesia and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fry, Major Sir Leslie Alfred Charles |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-154651 |website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=20 October 2018 |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U154651 |date=December 2007}}</ref> He was awarded Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross by the Government of Brazil. When the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956 to repress the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]], he opened the doors of the British embassy to Hungarian refugees, receiving a knighthood the following year.

==Life==
Leslie "Bunny" Fry was born in 1908 in [[Monmouthshire]], Wales and christened in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

Fry's parents were Florence Rose Fry (née Stokes, 1882–1918) and Alfred Andrew Fry MBE (1870–1919).<ref name=LOTFWW>{{Lives of WWI |id= 6848948 | name= Alfred Andrew Fry }}</ref> Leslie Fry's father was a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]]<ref>Library and Museum of Freemasonry; London, England; ''Freemasonry Membership Registers''; Description: ''Membership Registers: Country K 816–940 to Country L 941–1013''; Reel Number: ''13''</ref> who prior to [[World War I]] had served in the [[South Wales Borderers]] as a Lieutenant and Quartermaster, [[Monmouthshire Regiment]], 3rd Battalion, and during World War I as both a captain in the [[British Army]], [[Monmouthshire Regiment]], 3rd Battalion (Territorial) and a lieutenant in the [[Royal Air Force]], 12th Wing.

Fry attended the [[Royal Masonic School for Boys|Royal Masonic School]] and later graduated from the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]].<ref name="Office1963">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Foreign Office|title=The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdkfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 October 2018|year=1963|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=212}}</ref>

Fry's first wife was Mary Cuerden, from whom he separated and remarried. Mary Cuerden's second husband was [[Basil Gerritsen Ivory|Captain Basil Gerritsen Ivory]], formerly of the [[Special Operations Executive]] and director of the [[investment trust]] [[British Assets Trust]] Limited. Fry's second wife was Marian Bentley, whom he married in 1954.

==British Army career==
Fry joined the [[British Army]] in India from 1928. On 2 February 1928, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant, Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33510/page/4274|title=No. 33510|date=28 June 1929|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> In 1933, he transferred to the [[Indian Political Department|Indian Political Service]]. Between 1941 and 1944, he served as Undersecretary of the Government of India in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1946, he became Deputy Secretary of the Government of India in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

==Diplomatic career==
[[File:Adhemar de Barros-Sir Leslie Fry-Marian Bentley-Leonor Mendes de Barros (1964).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sir Leslie Fry and Marian Bentley in Brazil with [[Adhemar de Barros|Adhemar]] (left) and Leonor Mendes de Barros (right), 1964. [[Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo]].]]
On 23 June 1947, Fry joined His Majesty's Foreign Service at the Seventh Grade<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38534/page/698|title=No. 38534|date=8 February 1949|website=The London Gazette}}</ref><ref name="Besier2015">{{cite book|author=Gerhard Besier|title='Intimately Associated for Many Years': George K. A. Bell's and Willem A. Visser 't Hooft's Common Life-Work in the Service of the Church Universal – Mirrored in their Correspondence (Part Two 1950–1958)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7MPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1070|accessdate=20 October 2018|date=25 November 2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-8625-3|page=1070}}</ref> listed alongside his cousin, Robert Morton Saner OBE. On 30 October 1947, Fry transferred from the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] to the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38148/page/5943|title=No. 38148|date=16 December 1947|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> From 1951 to 1953, he served as Minister-Counsellor in [[Lisbon]]. Between 1953 and 1955, he was Head of the Foreign Office's Eastern Department.

On 24 October 1955, he was appointed Her Majesty's [[Envoy (title)|Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary]] to Hungary.<ref name="Cook2012">{{cite book|author=Chris Cook|title=The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k89anpKEY6YC&pg=PA76|accessdate=20 October 2018|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-50961-2|page=76}}</ref> On 11 February 1959, he was ambassador to Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41676/page/2264|title=No. 41676|date=7 April 1959|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> On 16 June 1963, he replaced [[Geoffrey Wallinger]] as ambassador to Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43093/page/7201|title=No. 43093|date=27 August 1963|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>

Fry retired in 1966 and returned to Britain.

===Awards and honours===
* [[1944 New Year Honours]] awarded MBE<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36309/supplement/23|title=No. 36309|date=1 January 1944|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> when serving in the Indian Political Service as "Under Secretary to the Government of India in the External Affairs Department"
* 14 August 1947 awarded [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38161/supplement/26|title=No. 38161|date=30 December 1947|website=The London Gazette}}</ref> when "Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations Department"
* [[1955 Birthday Honours]] awarded [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40497/supplement/3261|title=No. 40497|date=9 June 1955|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>
* [[1957 Birthday Honours]] awarded KCMG<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41089/supplement/3371|title=No. 41089|date=13 June 1957|website=The London Gazette}}</ref>

===Bibliography ===
Fry's memoirs, published in 1978:

* {{Cite book|title=As Luck Would Have It: A Memoir|last=Fry|first=Leslie|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Phillimore & Company|isbn=9780850333145|edition= UK|location=London}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fry, Leslie Alfred Charles}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:British diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century British diplomats]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Masonic School for Boys]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]

Hermann Oldenberg

2025-12-07T22:18:02Z

BaileyMetzler: updated details

{{Short description|German Indologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hermann Oldenberg
| image = Oldenberg1895 low res.png
| caption = Hermann Oldenberg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1854|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hamburg]], Germany
| death_date = {{death date and age|1920|05|18|1854|10|31|df=y}}
| occupation = [[oriental studies|Orientalist]], [[Indology|Indologist]]
}}
'''Hermann Oldenberg''' (31 October 1854 – 18 March 1920) was a German scholar of [[Indology]], and Professor at [[Kiel]] (1898) and [[Göttingen]] (1908).

==Work==
Oldenberg was born in [[Hamburg]]. His 1881 study on [[Buddhism]], entitled ''Buddha: Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde'', based on [[Pāli]] texts, popularized Buddhism and has remained continuously in print since its first publication. With [[T. W. Rhys Davids]], he edited and translated into English three volumes of [[Theravada]] [[Vinaya]] texts, two volumes of the (Vedic) [[Grhyasutras]] and two volumes of [[Vedas|Vedic hymns]] on his own account, in the monumental [[Sacred Books of the East]] series edited by [[Max Müller]]. With his ''Prolegomena'' (1888), Oldenberg laid the groundwork to the philological study of the [[Rigveda]].

In 1919 he became a foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002135 |title=Hermann Oldenberg (1854 - 1920) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>

He died in [[Göttingen]].

==Selected publications==
* Oldenberg, Hermann, ''Die Religion des Veda''. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
* Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. Müller, Max, ed. [https://archive.org/details/vedichymns02ml ''Vedic Hymns''], part 2: Hymns to Agni. The [[Sacred Books of the East]], vol. 46, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1897. Reprint: Low Price Publications 1996, {{ISBN|8175360321}}.
* Oldenberg, Hermann, trans./ed. [https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien02oldegoog "The Dîpavaṃsa]: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record, London: Williams and Norgate 1879.
* Oldenberg, Hermann. [https://archive.org/details/buddhalife00oldeuoft Buddha: his life, his doctrine, his order], London, Williams 1882.
* Oldenberg, Hermann, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886
* Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. Müller, Max, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892
* Rhys Davids, T. W.; Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. (1881–85). ''Vinaya Texts'', ''Sacred Books of the East'', volumes XIII, XVII & XX, Clarendon/Oxford. Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (Dover, New York) [https://archive.org/details/1922707.0013.001.umich.edu Vol. XIII, Mahavagga I-IV], [https://archive.org/details/1922707.0017.002.umich.edu Vol. XVII, Mahavagga V-X, Kullavagga I-III], [https://archive.org/details/1922707.0020.003.umich.edu Vol. XX, Kullavagga IV-XII]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629233451/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/o/oldenberg.shtml |band=6|spalten=1177-1178|autor=Walter Troxler|artikel=OLDENBERG, Hermann}}
* {{NDB|19|507|508|Oldenberg, Hermann|Friedrich Wilhelm|118973592}}

==External links==
*{{wikisource author-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldenberg, Hermann}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:German scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Writers from Hamburg]]
[[Category:German Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Pali–English translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]

{{Germany-theologian-stub}}

Ganokh

2025-11-23T07:42:28Z

BaileyMetzler: starting some article w/ refs...

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ganokh
| settlement_type = Village
| official_name =
| other_name = Ganoks
| native_name = Ganisha
| nickname =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Gilgit Baltistan#Kashmir#Pakistan
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kharmang District|Kharmang]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of Gilgit-Baltistan|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kharmang Valley|Kharmang]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Union councils of Gilgit-Baltistan|Union Council]]
| subdivision_name4 = Hamzigond
| area_water_km2 =
| population_blank2 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = +5
| timezone_DST = GMT+5
| coordinates = {{coord|34|45|23|N|76|18|28|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Ganokh''',{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Ganok'''{{sfn|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|pp=241, 323}} and '''Ganoks'''{{sfn|Bhan|2006|p=51}}{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}}} ({{bo|w=ga nog}})<ref name="Francke">{{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327/page/272 |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |year=1926 |location=Calcutta |page=272 |author-link=A. H. Francke |via=archive.org}}</ref> locally called '''Ganishah,'''{{sfn|Bhan|2006|p=51}} is a village in the [[Kharmang District]] of [[Baltistan]], Pakistan, close to the [[Line of Control]] with Indian-administered [[Ladakh]]. It is populated by [[Brokpa]]s professing [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015|p=206}}

== Geography ==
The village of Ganokh consists of two census settlements, '''Gamba Ganokh''' and '''Goma Ganokh'''. Both lie in the valley of the Ganokh Nala, a tributary of the [[Indus River]]. The [[Line of Control]] (LOC) with [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] ([[Ladakh]]) run south of the valley, about {{convert|2|km}} along the Indus, on a ridge line that forms the watershed between the Ganokh Nala and the Ghargurdo and Yaldor Nalas on the other.{{efn|Alternative spellings: Gurgurdo, Gurugurdo.}} It continues on to the [[Chorbat La]] pass.

== Demographics ==
Ganokh is populated by [[Brokpa]]s professing [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015|p=206}} According to a 2022 news report, it is the only village in Pakistan where the [[Brokskat]] language is spoken.<ref>
{{Cite web |author=Zafar Syed |date=16 March 2022 |script-title=ur:بروسکت: پاکستان میں ایک نئی زبان دریافت |trans-title=Bruskat: A new language discovered in Pakistan |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/96706 |website=Independent Urdu |language=ur}}
</ref>

== History ==
Historically, Ganokh and the adjacent regions were populated by [[Brokpa]] people. Folklore maintains that they arrived there from the [[Gilgit]] region through the Gavis valley (to the north of the Ganokh valley) and colonised Ganokh, Yaldor, and Hanu before spreading to Dha.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=73}} Their chieftains wielded significant autonomy in the region, pledging nominal allegiance to the Maqpon rulers of Skardu.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}

However, things changed in the seventeenth century when [[Jamyang Namgyal]] of Ladakh faced a conflict with [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] of Skardu and had to accept Gurgurdho as a boundary between their territories.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} Consequently, Ganokh was integrated into Baltistan and became influenced by Shia Islam.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} Nevertheless, the local Brokpas continued to maintain marital relations with their ethnic kin in the [[Dah Hanu region]] of Ladakh; cross-border trade also occurred, with the village serving as a tax collection post.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}

Family connections ceased when the latter accepted Buddhism in c. late nineteenth century.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}} In the aftermath of the [[First Kashmir War]] (1947–1948), Ganokh fell in Pakistan and became permanently inaccessible for Dah-Hanu Brokpas.{{sfn|Bhan|2006|p=51}} During the 1999 [[Kargil War]], the Ganokh valley provided a key infiltration route for Pakistani forces, through which they accessed the Dah-Hanu region.<ref>Lt Gen H. S. Panag, [https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/04/07/memories-of-munthu-dhalo Memories Of Munthu Dhalo], News Laundry, 7 April 2017.</ref> The ensuing shelling and fighting caused much loss of life and property in Ganokh; many had to be evacuated and remain [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]] even two decades after the war.<ref>
{{Cite news |date=2019-07-26 |title=Kargil: The forgotten victims of the world's highest war |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49101016 |access-date=2023-01-29}}
</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Chulichan]]
* [[Garkon]]
* [[Dha, Ladakh|Dha]]
* [[Darchik]]
* [[Hanoo]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mona |last=Bhan |title=Visible Margins: State, Identity, and Development among Brogpas of Ladakh (India) |publisher=Rutgers University |date=2006 |id={{ProQuest|305292033}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nicolaus |first=Peter |title=Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=201–264 |date=October 2015 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150302 |issn=1573-384X |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283245716 |via=researchgate.net}}
* {{citation |first=Rohit |last=Vohra |title=Ethnographic Notes on the Buddhist Dards of Ladakh: The Brog-Pā |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=107 |number=1 |year=1982 |pages=69–94 |jstor=25841799}}

{{Kharmang District}}
{{Gilgit-Baltistan topics}}
[[Category:Populated places in Kharmang District]]

Bhawani Singh of Jhalawar

2025-11-13T21:40:33Z

BaileyMetzler: made initial bio first draft

{{Short description|Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar from 1899 to 1929}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhawani Singh
| title = Maharaj Rana
| image = Jhalawar-Maharaj-Rana-Sir-Shri-BHAWANI-SINGH-Bahadur-1.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Bhawani Singh
| succession = [[Jhalawar State|Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar]]
| reign = 6 February 1899 – 13 April 1929
| cor-type = Investiture
| predecessor = [[Zalim Singh II]]
| successor = [[Rajendra Singh of Jhalawar|Rajendra Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|09|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Fatehpur, [[Jhalawar State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|04|13|1874|09|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Aden]], [[Yemen]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Rajendra Singh of Jhalawar|Rajendra Singh]]
| full name = Bhawani Singh Jhala
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jhalawar.svg}} [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]]
| house-type =
| father = Chhatrasal Jhala
| investiture = 6 February 1899
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
}}

[[Sir]] '''Bhawani Singh''' [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (4 September 1874 – 13 April 1929) was the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] from 1899 until his death.

== Birth ==
Bhawani Singh was born on 4 September 1874 to Thakur Chhatrasal of Fatehpur, a descendant of Madho Singh, the first Jhala [[Faujdar|Foujdar]] of the [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota State]] troops.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35556 |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements, And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries Volume Iii Containing The Treaties Amp C., Relating To The States In Rajpuratana |date=1909 |pages=366}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1 |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=89–90}}</ref>

== Education ==
He received his education at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], which he entered in 1881 and left in 1891.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=87}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Feilden |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr4-AQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Empire Royal Book: Containing a True Account of the Commercial Relations of Great Britain and the Indian Empire... |date=1912 |publisher=BPBC |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> During his time there, he excelled in both academics and outdoor sports.<ref name=":1" /> Following the completion of his education, he was employed by the Jhalawar State Police.<ref name=":2" />

== Succession ==
On 22 March 1896, [[Zalim Singh II]] was deposed due to his inability to govern Jhalawar effectively.<ref name=":4" /> Following this, the Government of India reconstructed the [[Jhalawar State]] by restoring a significant portion of the tracts ceded by [[Kingdom of Kota|Kota State]] in 1838 to create the [[principality]] of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] on 1 January 1899.<ref name=":3" /> At the same time, the title was reduced from ''Maharaj Rana'' to ''Raj Rana'', and the [[gun salute]] was decreased from 15 to 11 guns.<ref name=":5" /> Thus, a new state was formed, of which Bhawani Singh was installed as the first chief and invested with full powers on 6 February 1899 by Sir Arthur Martindale, the then Governor-General's Agent in [[Rajputana]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
One of his first acts upon assuming the reins of the administration was the grant of remission of Rs. 3,64,627 in the arrears of rent owed to the State.<ref name=":1" /> After his investiture, he also had to deal with the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]], which had struck [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":1" /> He personally supervised the relief work.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> He quickly set up shelters for the poor, saving thousands of lives.<ref name=":1" /> At the same time, he brought in a large quantity of food grains from the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], which were sold to government workers and the public at prices significantly lower than those people were paying at the time.<ref name=":1" /> He remitted the arrears of rent amounting to about four lacs to the subjects.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=295–297 |language=en}}</ref> He adopted the Imperial Postal Union and British currency and weights in his state.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> He introduced the [[Nāgarī script]] in the courts and offices of the state and remitted a number of petty, vexatious taxes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> He promoted social improvements such as the removal of untouchability, supported widow remarriage, and encouraged education for girls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Tryna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKnGJGOEQukC |title=The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34417-5 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> He established several Mofussil and girls' schools.<ref name=":8" /> Education in all schools, including the high school, was provided free of charge,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seesodia |first=Jessrajsingh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctBAAAAAIAAJ |title=The Rajputs: a Fighting Race: A Short Account of the Rajput Race, Its Warlike Past, Its Early Connections with Great Britain, and Its Gallant Services at the Present Moment at the Front |date=1915 |publisher=East and West, Limited |pages=142–147 |language=en}}</ref> and books and other school materials were distributed gratis.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg87AQAAMAAJ |title=Asian Review |date=1915 |publisher=East & West |pages=423 |language=en}}</ref> The initiatives he undertook to encourage female education led to significant improvements in female literacy.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Rajendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6S8iAAAAMAAJ |title=Education and Social Amelioration of Women: A Study of Rajasthan |date=1978 |publisher=Sanghi Prakashan |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> His state had the highest number of educated women in India,<ref name=":8" /> and The Indian Ladies' Magazine praised him, stating that he had done more for female education than any other Indian ruler.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Group photograph of Indian royalty at Motimahal Bundi Govindnathji Temple in 1921.jpg|thumb|Bhawani Singh with other Indian royals at Govind Nath Ji's temple at Moti Mahal, Bundi, in 1921.]]
In 1908, he was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] and received the insignia at the investiture held in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in February 1909.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

In 1912, during his time in [[London]], he studied the methods of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8RSAAAAIBAJ |title=The Morning Leader |publisher=The Morning Leader |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> After returning to [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], he introduced a constitutional government but kept considerable power for himself.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVZCAAAAIBAJ |title=The Grape Belt |publisher=The Grape Belt |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Delhi Durbars ==
{{Main|Delhi Durbar}}
He attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Durbars]] of 1903 and 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/coronationdurbar030742mbp |title=Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Press |others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India |pages=209}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207683 |title=History Of The Delhi Coronation Durbar 1903 |date=1904}}</ref>

== Overseas trips ==

=== Visit to Europe ===
In 1904, he visited [[Europe]] for the benefit of his health, accompanied by Major R.A.E. Benn.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> After visiting [[England]] and most of the countries in [[Europe]], he returned to [[India]] in November of that year.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> He recorded his experiences on that occasion in a diary, which he published in 1912 primarily for the benefit of his subjects in a book titled ''Travel Pictures: The Record of a European Tour''.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Bhavãni Singh |first=raj rama of Jhalawar |url=https://archive.org/details/travelpicturesre00bhavrich |title=Travel pictures, the record of a European tour |date=1912 |publisher=London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green, and co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=vii–viii, 26–28, 39–40, 74}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=1930MNRAS..90..370. Page 370 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=1930 |volume=90 |page=370 |doi=10.1093/mnras/90.4.370 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1930MNRAS..90..370. }}</ref> On 11 May 1904, [[Martin Gosselin]] informed him, while he was in [[Lisbon]], that he would be presented to [[Carlos I of Portugal]] the following day in [[Sintra]].<ref name=":10" /> He proceeded to [[Sintra]] immediately, and the next day, [[Martin Gosselin|Gosselin]] accompanied him to the palace, where he had an audience with [[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]].<ref name=":10" /> While in [[England]], [[Curzon Wyllie]] called him and invited him to [[Buckingham Palace]], where a court was to be held on 20 May 1904.<ref name=":10" /> There, he was received in audience by [[Edward VII]], who treated him with the utmost consideration.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> While in [[London]], Bhawani Singh inspected the new premises of [[Bystander (magazine)|The Bystander]] on [[Street names of the City of London#T|Tallis Street]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47QcxUwBVnsC |title=The Bystander: An Illustrated Weekly, Devoted to Travel, Literature, Art, the Drama, Progress, Locomotion |date=1904 |publisher=[[Bystander (magazine)|The Bystander]] |pages=198 |language=en}}</ref> On 18 June 1904, he laid a wreath at the [[Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore]], the tomb of [[Queen Victoria]] and her husband, [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert, the Prince Consort]].<ref name=":10" /> Later, while in [[Mariánské Lázně]], he frequently encountered [[Edward VII]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

=== Visit to England ===
In 1912, he arrived in [[England]] for an extended stay, accompanied by a group of officials, including Pandit Shyam Shankar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Napier |date=25 May 1929 |title=The Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/123805a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=123 |issue=3108 |pages=805–806 |doi=10.1038/123805a0 |bibcode=1929Natur.123..805S |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> He regularly attended the International Commission meetings on Maritime Meteorology and Weather Telegraphy, held in [[London]] that September.<ref name=":12" /> He visited [[Cambridge]] that year, where he was hosted for lunch and later for dinner at [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]].<ref name=":12" />

== World War I ==
During [[World War I]], he placed all the resources of his state at the disposal of the Government of India and offered his personal services.<ref name=":5" /> He organized weekly lectures for his people during the war to spread correct information and counter the rumors.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Russell |url=https://archive.org/details/maharajasatlondo0000harr |title=Maharajas at the London studios : National Portrait Gallery, London |date=2001 |publisher=New Delhi : Roli Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7436-182-0 |pages=22}}</ref> The title of ''Maharaj Rana'' was conferred on him on 1 January 1918, as a hereditary distinction for his services in connection with the war.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=77}}</ref> Also, the salute of his state was raised from 11 to 13 guns on 1 January 1921.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

== Bhawani Natyashala ==
{{Main|Bhawani Natyashala}}
He built [[Bhawani Natyashala]] in 1921 for the performance of plays and cultural events, inspired by the opera houses he had seen in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-05-04 |title=Bhawani Natyashala: The opera house at Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/05/05/bhawani-natyashala-the-opera-house-at-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmgkAQAAMAAJ |title=The India Travel Planner |date=1996 |publisher=Cross Section Publications (P) Limited |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref>

== Art patronage ==
Ghasiram Hardev Sharma was an artist associated with the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Tryna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKnGJGOEQukC |title=The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34417-5 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Relia |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BylQCgAAQBAJ |title=The Indian Portrait: An artistic journey from miniature to modern |date=2010-10-12 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> In 1916-17, during Bhawani Singh's visit to [[Nathdwara]], he learned about Ghasiram and offered him a salary double what he was earning there, convincing him to move to [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-04-26 |title=The painted rooms of the Garh Mahal of Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/04/26/the-painted-rooms-of-the-garh-mahal-of-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref> Ghasiram remained at the Jhalawar court for approximately 10 to 12 years.<ref name=":11" /> During his time in Jhalawar, he created exceptional mural paintings, portraits, and fully painted rooms at the [[Garh Palace, Jhalawar|Garh Palace]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bautze |first=Joachim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP7qAAAAMAAJ |title=Interaction of Cultures: Indian and Western Painting, 1780-1910 : the Ehrenfeld Collection |date=1998 |publisher=Art Services International |isbn=978-0-88397-124-6 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

=== Marriage ===
He was married in 1894 to the daughter of Maharaja Durjan Sal of Kherti, under [[Kota state|Kota State]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rai Bahadur |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35942 |title=Report On The Administration Of The Jhalawar State(1909) |date=1909 |pages=1}}</ref>

=== Children ===
He had a son, [[Rajendra Singh of Jhalawar|Rajendra Singh]], born to him on 13 July 1900.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
He died on board the mail steamer Ranpura near Aden on April 13, 1929, while traveling to Europe for treatment of heart trouble.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90A_AAAAIBAJ |title=The Glasgow Herald |publisher=The Glasgow Herald |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=141–142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by his only son, [[Rajendra Singh of Jhalawar|Rajendra Singh]], as Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

== Honours ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Year
!Honour
!Class/Grade
!'''Ribbon'''
!Post-nominal letters
|-
|{{flagu|British Raj|name=British India}}
|1903
|[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)]]
|Gold
|[[File:Delhi_Durbar_1903_ribbon.jpg|70x70px]]
|
|-
|{{flagu|British Raj|name=British India}}
|1911
|[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)]]
|Gold
|[[File:UK_King_George_V_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]
|
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}}
|1908
|[[Order of the Star of India]]
|Knight Commander
|[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|70x70px]]
|KCSI
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Jhalawar, Maharaja of; H.H. Maharaja Rama Sir Bhawani Singh Bahadur|Bhawani Singh}}
* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp61373/ Bhawani Singh] at the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sir Bhawani}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Prashant Pandey

2025-10-29T11:05:38Z

BaileyMetzler: basic updated information per standard format additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2012}}
'''Prashant Pandey''' is an Indian screenwriter, lyricist, and director. He began his career writing [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s critically acclaimed ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008) featuring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]].

Educated at [[Hansraj College]] [[University of Delhi]], and [[AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre]] [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], Prashant Pandey had a brief stint as a journalist for [[Asian News International|ANI]]-[[REUTERS]] and later as a creative head with [[Zee TV]] talent hunt SAREGAMAPA.

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Dil Dosti Etc]]'' (lyrics)
* ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008) (screenplay, dialogue and lyrics)
* ''[[Contract (2008 film)|Contract]]'' (2008) (story, screenplay, dialogue and lyrics)
* ''[[Phoonk]]'' (2008) (lyrics)
* ''[[Agyaat]]'' (2009) (lyrics)
* ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' (2010) (story, screenplay and dialogues)
* ''[[Turning 30]]'' (2011) (lyrics)
* ''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (2011) (lyrics)
* ''[[Bubble Gum (film)|Bubble Gum]]'' (2011) (lyrics)
* ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'' (2013) (dialogue)
* ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]'' (2016) (dialogue)
* ''[[Poorna: Courage Has No Limit]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'' (2024) (lyrics)

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2864993}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Prashant}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Sheoraj Singh Bechain

2025-10-29T11:03:27Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=April 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sheoraj Singh Bechain
| image = Sheoraj Singh Bechain.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1960|01|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Writer and Professor
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship =
| education = [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| subject = Literature
| spouse =
}}

'''Sheoraj Singh Bechain''' is an Indian poet, short story writer, and essayist.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |url=http://du.ac.in/du/uploads/Faculty%20Profiles/2016/Hindi/nov2016_Hindi_Sheoraj.pdf |title=Faculty Profile |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=University of Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=department-of-hindi |title=Department of Hindi, University of Delhi |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=University of Delhi}}</ref><ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speakers/dr-sheoraj-singh-bechain/articleshow/66863360.cms |title=Dr. Sheoraj Singh Bechain |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Times of India|date=29 November 2018 }}</ref> When he started writing and progressing academically, he adopted the pen name "Bechain".<ref name=jaipur>{{cite web |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/2019/speaker/sheoraj-singh-bechain |title=Sheoraj Singh Bechain |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Jaipur Literature Festival|date=17 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name=long>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/what-a-long-long-way/article7089062.ece |title=What a Long Way |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Hindu|date=11 April 2015 |last1=Basu |first1=Prof Tapan }}</ref>
He was appointed Professor on an unreserved position in the Department of Hindi at the [[University of Delhi]] in 2010 and became the first Dalit Professor in the department. He is currently serving as the Head of the Hindi Department at the University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/no-hod-for-hindi-department-in-du-students-teacher-protest-for-appointment/story-1ifkEgYLhoaJZNIbQLKr5J.html |title=No HoD for Hindi department in DU; students, teacher protest for appointment |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=department-of-hindi |title=Department of Hindi, University of Delhi |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=University of Delhi}}</ref>

Bechain has written more than two dozen books in [[Hindi]]. The most well-known of his writings is his autobiography ''Mera Bachpan Mere Kandhon Par'', published by [[Vani Prakashan]] in 2009.<ref name=reality>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/books/my-childhood-on-my-shoulders-sheoraj-singh-bechain-review |title=Dalit Literature That Reflects a Grotesque Reality Surviving in India |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

His career includes teaching, researching and writing. He is a regular contributor of articles to national newspapers and magazines. His [[Ph.D. thesis]] ''Hindi Dalit Patrakarita Par Patrakar Ambedkar Ka Prabhav'',which was published as a book, was mentioned in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' in 1999.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} His other notable works include ''Kronch Hoon Main'', ''Bhor Ke Andhere Me'', ''Nai Fasal'', ''Meri Priya Kahaniyaan'', ''Haath to Ug hi Aate Hain'', ''Mook Nayak Ke Sau Saal Aur Asmita Sangharsh Ke Sawal'' and ''Hindi Dalit Patrakarita Par Patrakar Ambedkar Ka Prabhav''.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

==Early life==
He was born into an extremely poor family of [[Chamar]] caste on 5 January 1960 in the village of Nadroli in [[Budaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=reality/>

His father died when he was around 5 to 6 years old. As leather workers and landless agricultural laborers where no one was literate before his generation, the members of his family had no source of income after the death of his father, who had been its sole wage-earner and suffered from acute financial distress. Bechain had to travel to several places in North India and worked as a child labourer at different times for his survival. He along with his mother, brother and sister worked on agricultural farms in [[Bajpur]]. When he went to [[Delhi]], he again took up several small jobs to sustain himself in the big city.<ref name=reality/><ref name=common>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/life-writing-stories-book-publishing-laxman-rao-sheoraj-singh-bechain-basu-rai-kailash-satyarthi-maniyan-pillai-surayya-banu-mrinalkanti-dutta/story/1/5935.html |title=What's common among a tea seller, sex worker, thief and more? |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Daily O}}</ref> He kept up with his studies. His experiences as a [[Child labour in India|child labourer]] are recorded in his autobiography, ''Mera Bachpan Mere Kandhon Par'' ("My Childhood on My Shoulders").<ref name=TOI1/>

==Education==
Bechain has a postgraduate degree (M.A.) in [[Hindi literature]], and a B.Ed. from [[Rohilkhand University]]. He passed the [[UGC NET]] test in 1992. He was awarded a Ph.D degree on his work "Hindi ki Dalit Patrkarita Par Patrkar Ambedkar ka Prabhav" in 1995. He was awarded a D.Litt. on 'Non Dalit Hindi Novels' in 2007.<ref name=faculty/>

==My Childhood On My Shoulders==
His autobiography 'Mera Bachpan Mere Kandhon Par' was translated into English titled ''My Childhood on My Shoulders'' and published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/weapon-of-choice-my-childhood-on-my-shoulders-5268431/ |title=Weapon of Choice |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express|date=21 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name=long/>

The book narrates a tale of a Dalit's life and describes different aspects of social humiliation in the [[Indian caste system]].<ref name=common/><ref name=childhood>{{cite journal |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/43/book-review/dalit-childhood.html |title=A Dalit Childhood|access-date=22 March 2022 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=5 June 2015 |volume=48 |issue=43 |pages=7–8 }}</ref><ref name=long/>
As a story of a child labourer, it gained wide attention from Indian media.<ref name=childhood/> It was debated at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in 2013.<ref name=jaipur/>

The second part of the book is yet to be released. {{fact|date=January 2023}}

==Editorship==
Sheoraj Singh 'Bechain' was the Chief Editor of the magazine ''Bahur Nahi Awana''. He was guest editor of a special Dalit Issue of [[Hans (magazine)|''Hans'']] magazine in August 2004,{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} and was the editor of 'Dalit Prakriya' monthly and 'Samay Sarokar' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-interview-with-sheoraj-singh-bechain-jagran-special-20413820.html |title=बार-बार पकाएं रचना को: श्यौराज सिंह बेचैन |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

==Journalism==
Bechain is a regular contributor for ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', ''[[Dainik Hindustan]]'', ''[[Jansatta]]'', and ''[[Rashtriya Sahara]]''. He started his writing career as a columnist with ''Amar Ujala'' in 1987.<ref name=faculty/><ref name=reality/>

==Adaptations==
His story 'Ashthiyon Ke Akshar' was adapted into a play by the [[National School of Drama]] in [[New Delhi]]. The play was staged in 2004 in the NSD where the writer was invited to deliver a speech.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Awards==
Bechain has received the following awards:<ref name=faculty/>
* International Literary Award, Paris, France in 2014.
* 'Subramanian Bharti National Literary Award' by President of India, Pranab Mukherjee in 2016
* 'Sahitya Bhushan Samman' from Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow in 2007
* 'National Baba Saheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar Smriti Samman' from Mhow (Madhya Pradesh) in 2002
* 'National Rashtra Bhasha Gaurav Samman' in 2014
* 'Dr. Ambedkar National Award' in 2014
*'National Kabir Sewa Samman' in 1997
* 'National Bhim Ratan Award' in 2008
* ‘Gadya Vidya Samman' of Hindi Academy, Delhi, 2019
* 'Guru Ghasidas Samman' in 2018
*Nai Dhara Rachna Samman in 2019
* Sant Ram B.A. Samman - 2019

==Notable works==
* 'Meri Priya Kahaniyaan', Rajpal and Sons, New Delhi, Edition - 2019, {{ISBN|9789389373059}}.<ref name=faculty/>
* 'Media Me Samajik Loktantra Ki Talash', Anamika Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, Edition - 2022<ref name=faculty/>
*'Muknayak Ke 100 Saal Aur Asmita Sangharsh Ke Sawal', MUC Publications, Soniya Vihar, Delhi, Edition - 2022, {{ISBN|9789391798567}}
*'Hath To Ug Hi Aate Hain', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 2020
*'Chamar Ki Chai', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 2017, {{ISBN|9789352296064}}
*'Bhor Ke Andhere Me', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 2018, {{ISBN|9789387648906}}
*'Dalit Sahitya Aur Samajik Nyay' (Edited), IIAS, Shimla, Edition - 2014
*'Mera Bachpan Mere Kandhon Par', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 2009
*'My Childhood on My Shoulders', Oxford University Press, Edition - 2018
*'Samkalin Hindi Patrakarita Me Dalit Uvach', Anamika Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, {{ISBN|8179751570}}
*'Ambedkar, Gandhi Aur Dalit Patrakarita', Anamika Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2010<ref name=faculty/>
*'Nai Fasal Aur Anya Kavitayen', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 1989.
* 'Bharose Ki Bahan', Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, Edition - 2010<ref name=faculty/>
* 'Dalit Kranti Ka Sahitya', Samta Prakashan, Shahdara, Delhi-32, Edition - 2019
*'Hindi Dalit Patrakarita Par Patrakar Ambedkar Ka Prabhav', Samta Prakashan, Shahdara, New Delhi, Edition - 1998
*'Jindagi ko dhundte hue',Vani prakashan, Dariyaganj, Delhi,2024

==Personal life==
Bechain is married with two children.<ref name=long/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bechain, Sheoraj Singh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:People from Budaun district]]

Satyanarayan Singh Yadav

2025-10-06T21:33:30Z

BaileyMetzler: made the bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyanarayan Singh
| image = SN.singhmladehri.jpg
| office1 = MLA from Dehri [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 24 May 2019
| term_end1 = 10 November 2020
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[MD Illiyas Hussain]]
| office3 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
| term_start4 = 2005
| term_end4 = 2010
| constituency4 = Obra, Aurangabad, Bihar
| predecessor4 = Raja Ram Singh
| successor4 = Somprakash Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|03|08}}
| birth_place = [[Daudnaagr, Aurangabad]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| education = Undergraduate
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Late Jagdish Singh Late Lakhpati Devi
| spouse = Mrs. Meena Devi
| children = Er. Vivek Narayan Dr. Umang Narayan
}}
'''Satyanarayan Singh Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dehri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehri]] in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2019 by election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. By-elections happen due to Disqualification Of [[Mohammad Iliyas Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-dehri-assembly-bypoll-rashtriya-janata-dal-runner-up/story-aK3f9ZXYMOcz6OqbrOnERP.html|title = BJP wins Dehri assembly bypoll, Rashtriya Janata Dal runner-up|date = 24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-13 |title='RJD will never compromise with BJP': Tejashwi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rjd-will-never-compromise-with-bjp-tejashwi/story-MupNaz0kmgwoVfXXBLcPcJ.html |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-bihar-minister-iliyas-hussain-acquitted-in-bitumen-scam-case/story-LhtwrGzG200Z40JvB2qS9L.html| title=Former Bihar minister Iliyas Hussain acquitted in bitumen scam case|date=24 May 2017| newspaper=Hindustan Times| accessdate=8 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3732|title=Satyanarayan Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DEHRI : BYE ELECTION ON 19-05-2019(ROHTAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
Apart from this, he was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly twice from [[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra constituency]].

==Political career==

He became MLA twice from RJD in 2005. Before him, CPI-ML's Rajaram Singh was MLA from Obra assembly constituency for ten years. RJD's base voters were feeling a void. Veteran Ram Bilas Singh lost in 1995 and Ramnaresh Singh lost in 2000. RJD needed a clean and acceptable face to the whole society. When Satyanarayan Singh came, being of a business character, he successfully prevented the polarization of votes in favor of CPI-ML against his party. As a result, in February 2005, he successfully defeated Rajaram by 3875 votes by getting 38575 votes. But the government was not formed and the bugle for mid-term elections was sounded. Elections were held again in October 2005. A new candidate from JDU was Pramod Singh Chandravanshi. He again faced Rajaram and won by 8595 votes, securing 32618 votes. In 2014 Loksabha election he was fighting as an independent candidate from the Karakat Loksabha constituency but washed off badly in the Modi wave. In the 2019 Bihar By-election he was selected as the NDA candidate from 212 Dehri constituency and won the election with one of the biggest margins in the history of the Dehri constituency, he defeated Mohammad Firoz Husain of Rashtriya Janata Dal by a margin of 33,971 votes. Satyanarayan Singh got 71,845 votes, while Husain got 37,874 votes. In the 2020 Bihar election again he got selected as the NDA candidate from the same constituency, but he failed to secure the seat and lost the election with a minor margin of 450 votes.

==Personal beliefs==
He is known for his Humble nature and polite behavior. He is a true socialist and supporter of Karpuri Thakur, JP Narayan, Pt. Deen dayal and Syama Prasad Mukherjee. He is known for his social and plantation program on the bank of River Son. His efforts for Clean Dehri Green Dehri gave Dehri its second park named Eco Park. He became the first person to be elected as MLA of Dehri from BJP(NDA) after independence.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Satyanarayan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ritesh Agarwal (scientist)

2025-09-18T08:21:09Z

BaileyMetzler: Starting New Stub...

{{about|a bio-medical enginner/scientist|Indian entrepreneur|Ritesh Agarwal}}
'''Ritesh Agarwal''' is an Indian medical doctor and professor in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER Chandigarh]] having research interests in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in [[Medical Sciences]] in the year 2020 for his contributions in the field of ABPA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=570 |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>

Agarwal has published many research papers exploring the ABPA and novel criteria for the diagnosis and classification of ABPA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Ritesh Agarwal awarded Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for the year 2020 in Medical Sciences |url=https://indiachest.org/ssb-award/ |publisher=Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Ritesh Agarwal secured his M.B.B.S. degree in 1998 from [[Stanley Medical College]], Chennai, and completed his Fellowship in pulmonary and critical care medicine from PGIMER in 2004.

==Honours and recognitions==

Besides the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, Rohit Srivastava has been conferred several awards including the following:<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Ritesh Agarwal, Professor|url=https://indiachest.org/dr-ritesh-agarwal/ |publisher=Department of Pulmonary Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

* [[ICMR]] Kamal Satbir Award, 2009
* [[NASI]]-[[Scopus]] Young Scientist Award (Medicine category), 2011
* ICMR Shakuntala Amir Chand Award, 2012
* ICMR Chaturvedi Ghanshyam Das Jaigopal Memorial Award, 2019
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], 2020
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[American College of Chest Physicians]]
* Fellow of Asian Pacific Society of Respirology
* Fellow of Indian Chest Society
* Fellow of [[Royal College of Physicians of Glasgow]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|4thaxXUAAAAJ}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy

2025-09-14T16:01:44Z

BaileyMetzler:

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023–24 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy
| fromdate = 28 March
| todate = 11 April 2024
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = India
| champions = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| runner up = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| count = 1
| participants = 6
| matches = 5
| player of the series = [[Deepti Sharma]] (East Zone)
| most valuable player =
| most runs = [[Punam Raut]] (258) (Central Zone)
| most wickets = [[Deepti Sharma]] (27) (East Zone)
| previous_year = 2017–18
| previous_tournament = 2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game
| next_year = 2025–26
| next_tournament = 2025–26 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy
}}
'''2023–24 Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy''' was the fifth season of the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]], a women's [[first-class cricket]] competition played in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 14 January 2024|title=BCCI Set To Revive Women's Multi-Day Red-Ball Games |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/36330-bcci-set-to-revive-womens-multi-day-red-ball-games.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref> It took place from 28 March to 11 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=BCCI to conduct women's red-ball tournament in Pune from March 28 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bcci-to-conduct-womens-red-ball-tournament-in-pune-from-march-28/articleshow/108138747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref> The tournament featured six zonal teams – [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]], [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]], [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces multi-day tournament for women cricketers from March 28 |url=https://www.wionews.com/cricket/bcci-announces-multi-day-tournament-for-women-cricketers-from-march-28-695559 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> The fixtures were hosted by the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] at [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= March 2024|title=Women's red-ball domestic cricket tournament to return to India after six years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/bcci-senior-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy-womens-cricket-13744085.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The tournament saw the teams competing in five knockout games including the final, with each match lasting a maximum of three days.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Women's red-ball cricket to return to India's domestic calendar |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-red-ball-cricket-to-return-to-indias-domestic-calendar-1423158 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> It was the first women's domestic red-ball competition in India since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red ball cricket for women returns to India's domestic calendar after six years |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/red-ball-cricket-for-women-returns-to-indias-domestic-calendar-after-six-years20240301173917/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ANI News}}</ref> North Zone were the defending champions. East Zone were crowned as the champions after beating South Zone by one wicket in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Annapurna Das and Titas Sadhu guides East Zone to Victory in Inter-Zonal Multi-Day Trophy |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/39926-annapurna-das-and-titas-sadhu-guides-east-zone-to-victory-in-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Format ==

Unlike the previous four seasons in which the five participating teams played against each other team once in the round-robin and the table topper was crowned the winner, the 2023-24 season was in a single-elimination format. After a drawing of lots, North Zone and South Zone were immediately placed in the semi-finals. East Zone faced North East Zone and West Zone faced Central Zone in the quarter-finals. <ref name=":0" />

In case of a draw, the team with the lead in the first innings would proceed to the next round, as West Zone's first innings lead in the quarter-finals and South Zone's first innings lead in the semi-finals took them to the semi-finals and the final respectively. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Womens Inter Zonal Multi Day Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/288/senior-womens-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>
== Fixtures ==

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 28–30 March 2024
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 385/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (100 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dhara Gujjar]] 140 (216)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Debasmita Dutta 5/76 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 108 (34.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Prodhan Samayita 40 (72)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 5/9 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 157 (75.3 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = Ningthoujam Devi 39 (84)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Suravi Roy 2/0 (1.3 overs)

| result = East Zone won by an innings and 120 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426783.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pune Club Ground]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = Ritika Buley and [[Kaushik Gandhi]]
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 28–30 March 2024
| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 245 (87.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Punam Raut]] 84 (209)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anuja Patil]] 5/75 (27.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 356 (76.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Anuja Patil]] 122 (120)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 7/116 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 307/4[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (92 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Punam Raut]] 174 (281)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 2/69 (25 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426784.html Scorecard]
| venue = DY Patil Academy, [[Ambi, Mawal|Ambi]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha and [[Anoop Pai]]
| motm =
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–5 April 2024
| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 132 (71.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Monika Das]] 29 (75)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 2/4 (5.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 144 (41.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shafali Verma]] 58 (88)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Mamta Paswan 5/53 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 282/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (80 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dhara Gujjar]] 58 (131)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mannat Kashyap]] 4/72 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 135 (48.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 49 (66)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 6/49 (20 overs)

| result = East Zone won by 135 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426785.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pune Club Ground]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patil]] and Rohan Shrivastava
| motm =
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–5 April 2024
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 289 (94.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 85 (166)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 4/72 (21.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 230 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 67 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Minnu Mani]] 6/73 (23.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 262/5 (101 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Tamanna Nigam 99 (200)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Shradda Pokharkar 2/23 (12 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426786.html Scorecard]
| venue = DY Patil Academy, [[Ambi, Mawal|Ambi]]
| umpires = HD Rawle and [[Tanmay Srivastava]]
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–11 April 2024
| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 133 (54.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 57 (122)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 4/28 (14.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 129 (43.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 25 (43)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Minnu Mani]] 5/47 (15.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 179 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Miriyala Durga 64 (130)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 6/61 (25.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 184/9 (61.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 46 (92)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sahana Pawar]] 3/44 (17 overs)

| result = East Zone won by 1 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1426787.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]]
| motm =
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="150" |Player
! width="125" |Team
! width="60" |Matches
! width="60" |Innings
! width="60" |Runs
! width="60" |Average
! width="60" |{{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
! width="60" |100s
! width="60" |50s
|-
|[[Punam Raut]]
|[[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]]
|1
|2
|'''258'''
|129.00
|174
|1
|1
|-
|[[Dhara Gujjar]]
|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
|3
|5
|'''236'''
|47.20
|140
|1
|1
|-
|Tamanna Nigam
|[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
|2
|4
|'''190'''
|47.50
|99
|0
|2
|-
| colspan="9" |Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/senior-women-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy-2023-24-16226 ESPNcricinfo]
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! width="150" |Player
! width="150" |Team
! width="60" |Overs
! width="60" |Wickets
! width="60" |Average
! width="60" |5w
!{{Abbr|BBI|Best bowling in an innings}}
|-
|[[Deepti Sharma]]
|[[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
|94.1
|'''27'''
|7.29
|3
|6/49
|-
|[[Minnu Mani]]
|[[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
|61
|'''14'''
|13.21
|2
|6/73
|-
|[[Radha Yadav]]
|[[West Zone women's cricket team|West Zone]]
|90.5
|'''9'''
|28.77
|0
|4/72
|-
| colspan="7" |Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/senior-women-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy-2023-24-16226 ESPNcricinfo]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/senior-women-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy-2023-24-1426781 Series home] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023–24]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]]