https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Bahoglalat 2026-08-17T10:23:19Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipendra_Prasad&diff=497340 2026-05-07T06:23:05Z

<p>Bahoglalat: starting new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1960)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | image = Dipendra Prasad (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | name = Dipendra Prasad<br /> |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|03|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ghazipur]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | field = Mathematics<br /> | work_institution = {{Nowrap|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]&lt;br&gt;[[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IIT Kanpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]<br /> | doctoral_advisor = [[Benedict Gross]]<br /> | known_for = [[Gan–Gross–Prasad conjecture]]<br /> | prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] (2002)&lt;br&gt; [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|JC Bose Fellowship 2010-2025]] &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[TWAS Prize]] (2019)<br /> | website = https://sites.google.com/view/dipendra-prasad/home<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dipendra Prasad''' (born 1960)&lt;ref name=&quot;insa&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P03-1342 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812230500/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P03-1342 | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=Indian Fellow: Professor Dipendra Prasad | publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] | accessdate=3 January 2013|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian mathematician. He is an Emeritus Fellow of mathematics at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]. He is a [[number theorist]] known for his work in the areas of [[automorphic representations]] and the [[Gan–Gross–Prasad conjecture]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last1=Gan | first1=Wee Teck | last2=Gross | first2=Benedict H. | last3=Prasad | first3=Dipendra | title=Symplectic local root numbers, central critical L-values, and restriction problems in the representation theory of classical groups | mr=3202556 | year=2012 | journal=[[Astérisque]] | isbn=978-2-85629-348-5 | volume=346 | pages=1–109}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kyodo/kokyuroku/contents/pdf/1338-17.pdf|access-date=2017-03-11|date=2003|title=Restriction of Hermitian Maas Lifts and the Gross-Prasad Conjecture}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/bookstore-getitem/item=AST-346|title = American Mathematical Society Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the president of Commission for Developing Countries (CDC) of [[International Mathematical Union]] (2018–2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathunion.org/organization/imu-leadership-2019-2022|title=IMU Leadership 2019 – 2022 &amp;#124; International Mathematical Union (IMU)}}&lt;/ref&gt; and of Indian Math Society (2021–2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmathsociety.org.in/thecouncil.htm|title=Thecouncil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Presently, he is the Chairman of the National <br /> Board of Higher Mathematics (NBHM) in India.<br /> <br /> Two of his siblings, [[Gopal Prasad]] and [[Shrawan Kumar (mathematician)|Shrawan Kumar]], are also mathematicians.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Prasad obtained his [[bachelor's degree]] from the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] in 1978 before moving to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] for a [[Master's degree|Masters]] which he completed in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iitk.ac.in/dora/profile/Dr-Dipendra-Prasad|title = Dr Dipendra Prasad}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1980–1985, Prasad worked as a research scholar at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (TIFR Mumbai).&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;/&gt; He then completed his PhD under the supervision of [[Benedict Gross]] at Harvard, in 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{MathGenealogy|id=30163}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> From 1989–1997, Prasad was a research assistant, fellow, and then reader at TIFR Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;/&gt; From 1992–1993, Prasad was a member of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;/&gt; From 1994–2004, Prasad was an associate professor and then full professor at the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] in [[Allahabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;/&gt; From 2004 until 2019, Prasad was a professor at TIFR Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr-home&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=D. Prasad |last=Prasad |first=Dipendra |url=http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~dprasad/#exp |accessdate=27 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Prasad moved to the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iitb.ac.in/en/employee/prof-dipendra-prasad |title=Prof. Dipendra Prasad |website=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |accessdate=27 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> In recognition of his contributions, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in [[mathematical sciences]] for 2002. In 2010 he was awarded the JC Bose of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/Notices/search.php?sp=20&amp;past=Y&amp;appid=awardshonours_notices|title = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research &amp;#124; TIFR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105025410/https://www.tifr.res.in/Notices/search.php?sp=20&amp;past=Y&amp;appid=awardshonours_notices|archive-date=2013-11-05|url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a recipient of the Swarna Jayanti Fellowship in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;insa&quot;/&gt; He was Invited Speaker on the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] 2018 in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in Section 7 (Lie Groups and Generalizations) with the talk 'Ext-analogues of branching laws'.<br /> <br /> ===List of awards and honours===<br /> * Fellowship of TWAS (2023).{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br /> * TWAS Prize (2019), [https://twas.org/article/winners-2019-twas-prizes-announced The World Academy of Sciences] <br /> * Invited speaker at ICM(2018){{cn|date=December 2025}}<br /> * Jean-Morlet Chair, [[Centre International de Rencontres Mathématiques]] (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Semesters|url=http://www.chairejeanmorlet.com/semesters.html|website=Chaire Jean-Morlet|accessdate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Srinivasa Ramanujan Birth Centenary Award of The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), 2005.{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br /> * Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;insa&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], 2002.{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br /> * Fellow of [[The National Academy of Sciences, India]] (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;nasi&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P<br /> | title=Fellows&amp;nbsp;– The National Academy of Sciences, India<br /> | publisher=[[The National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]<br /> | accessdate=11 January 2013<br /> | archive-date=4 March 2016<br /> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044529/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P<br /> | url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1995).{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Selected publications==<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> |last1=Prasad |first1=Dipendra<br /> |year=1990<br /> |title=Trilinear forms for representations of &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{GL}(2)&lt;/math&gt; and local &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt;-factors<br /> |journal=[[Compositio Mathematica]]<br /> |volume=75<br /> |pages=1–46<br /> |url=http://www.numdam.org/item/CM_1990__75_1_1_0/}}<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> |last1=Gross | first1=Benedict H.<br /> |last2=Prasad |first2=Dipendra<br /> |year=1992<br /> |title=On the decomposition of a representation of &lt;math&gt;SO_n&lt;/math&gt; when restricted to &lt;math&gt;SO_{n-1}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Mathematics]]<br /> |volume=44<br /> |pages=974–1002<br /> |doi=10.4153/cjm-1992-060-8 |doi-access=free}}<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> |last1=Prasad |first1=Dipendra<br /> |last2=Ramakrishnan |first2=Dinakar<br /> |year=2012<br /> |title= On the self-dual representations of division algebras over local fields<br /> |journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]<br /> |volume= 134| issue = 3<br /> |pages=749–772<br /> |doi=10.1353/ajm.2012.0017|arxiv=0807.0240|s2cid=15266018 }}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Gan | first1=Wee Teck |last2=Gross | first2=Benedict H. |last3=Prasad | first3=Dipendra | title=Sur les conjectures de Gross et Prasad | publisher= Astérisque (Societé mathématique de France) | publication-place=Paris | date=2012 | isbn=978-2-85629-348-5 | oclc=827954844 | chapter=Symplectic local root numbers, central critical L-values, and restriction problems in the representation theory of classical groups| pages=1-109}}<br /> *{{cite conference<br /> | last1=Prasad | first1=Dipendra<br /> | title=Ext-analogues of branching laws<br /> | book-title=Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians<br /> | location=Rio de Janeiro<br /> | volume=II. Invited lectures<br /> | pages=1367–1392<br /> | publisher=World Scientific Publishing, Hackensack, NJ<br /> | date=2018<br /> | doi=10.1142/9789813272880_0101<br /> | arxiv=1306.2729}} <br /> *{{cite journal<br /> | last1=Prasad | first1=Dipendra<br /> | title=A refined notion of arithmetically equivalent number fields, and curves with isomorphic Jacobians<br /> | journal=[[Advances in Mathematics]]<br /> | volume=312<br /> | date=2017<br /> | pages=198–208<br /> | doi=10.1016/j.aim.2017.03.017 | doi-access=free| arxiv=1409.3173<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> | last1=Prasad | first1=Dipendra<br /> | title=A mod-p Artin–Tate conjecture, and generalizing the Herbrand–Ribet theorem<br /> | journal=[[Pacific Journal of Mathematics]]<br /> | volume=303<br /> | issue=1<br /> | date=2019<br /> | pages=299–316<br /> | doi=10.2140/pjm.2019.303.299| arxiv=1703.01563<br /> | s2cid=119150809<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> | last1=Prasad | first1=Dipendra<br /> | title=Generic representations for symmetric spaces<br /> | journal=[[Advances in Mathematics]]<br /> | volume=348<br /> | date=2019<br /> | pages=378–411<br /> | doi=10.1016/j.aim.2019.03.016<br /> | arxiv=1802.01397| s2cid=119305415<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite journal<br /> | last1=Gan | first1=Wee Teck<br /> | last2=Gross | first2=Benedict H.<br /> | last3=Prasad | first3=Dipendra<br /> | title=Branching laws for classical groups: the non-tempered case<br /> | journal=[[Compositio Mathematica]]<br /> | volume=156<br /> | issue=11<br /> | date=2020<br /> | pages=2298–2367<br /> | doi=10.1112/S0010437X20007496<br /> | arxiv=1911.02783| s2cid=207847322<br /> }} <br /> *{{cite journal<br /> | last1=Nair | first1=Arvind N.<br /> | last2=Prasad | first2=Dipendra<br /> | title=Cohomological representations for real reductive groups<br /> | journal=Journal of the London Mathematical Society<br /> | volume=104<br /> | issue=4<br /> | pages=1505–1571<br /> | date=2021<br /> | doi=10.1112/jlms.12468<br /> |issn=0024-6107 <br /> | arxiv=1904.00694| s2cid=90262556<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{MathGenealogy|id=30163}}<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Dipendra}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]<br /> [[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ghazipur]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratheesh_Balakrishnan_Poduval&diff=529847 2026-05-04T18:51:56Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Started a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval <br /> | birth_place = [[Payyanur]], Kannur, [[Kerala]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter}}<br /> | yearsactive = 2019–present<br /> }}<br /> '''Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He made his debut cinema with [[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]],&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=50th Kerala State Film Awards: Winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/50th-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-list-6723151/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; released on 8 November 2019. His films include [[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-11-11 |title=Nivin Pauly discusses 'Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham' and the process behind getting into 'Moothon' and 'Thuramukham' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-pauly-new-malayalam-film-kanakam-kaamini-kalaham/article37435192.ece |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Mammootty, Vincy best actors, 'Nanpakal...' best film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-announcement-malayalam-movies.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Onmanorama}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|Madanolsavam]]. He won Best Screen play award in [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards|53rd Kerala state film awards]] for the film Nna Thaan Case Kodu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=സംസ്ഥാന ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം; മികച്ച നടൻ മമ്മൂട്ടി, നടി വിൻസി അലോഷ്യസ്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-best-actress-actor-cinema-director-2022-2023-1.8749311 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> *''All films are in Malayalam language''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot; <br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Director<br /> !Writer<br /> !Actor<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]''<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |Debut film<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]''<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |Cameo Appearance<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |Cameo Appearance, Won best screenplay award (53rd Kerala State Film Awards)<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|Madanolsavam]]''<br /> | {{No}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha]]''<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> | {{Yes}}<br /> |Spin-off of Nna Than Case Kodu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Watch: Trailer of 'Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha' is out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nna-thaan-case-kodu-spin-off-trailer-out-1.9480217 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2026 || ''[[Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-03-08 |title=It's a wrap for Kunchacko Boban's Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-kunchacko-bobans-oru-durooha-saahacharyathil |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> | [[50th Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | Best Debut Director<br /> | [[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> | 2023<br /> | Best Screenplay (Original)<br /> | [[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam wins Best Film, Mammootty and Vincy Aloshious win acting honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-wins-best-film-mammootty-and-vincy-aloshious-win-acting-honours/article67105863.ece |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Kunchacko Boban's 'Nna Thaan Case Kodu' wins big |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-kunchacko-bobans-nna-thaan-case-kodu-wins-big/articleshow/102019608.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|nm10365311}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratheesh, Balakrishnan}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kannur district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Kannur district]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Kerala]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aarti_Gupta_Surendranath&diff=484070 2026-05-04T15:29:20Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added initial post v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian model and actress}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aarti Gupta Surendranath<br /> | image = &lt;!-- Add image file name if available --&gt;<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | other_names = Aarti Gupta<br /> | birth_place = Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> | occupation = Model • Actress • Producer • Stylist • Creative Consultant<br /> | years_active = 1980s–present<br /> | known_for = Modelling, Films, Advertising, Wildlife Advocacy<br /> | spouse = [[Kailash Surendranath]]<br /> (m.1985)<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> '''Aarti Gupta Surendranath''' is an Indian model, actress, producer, creative director, consultant, and stylist renowned for her work in advertising, cinema, and public service advertising, as well as her involvement in charitable and social causes, including animal welfare and cultural advocacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We live in Hope: Producer, Former Actor &amp; Model Aarti Gupta Surendranath {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/we-live-in-hope-producer-former-actor-model-aarti-gupta-surendranath-285764.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Born in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], Gupta Surendranath she began her professional journey as a model, at just the age of 15, after being selected through a nationwide search for the prestigious [[Sunsilk]] shampoo advertisement campaign in the Mid-1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/arti-gupta |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her early success in extensive print and television advertising brought her national recognition and made her one of the widely recognised faces of the 1980s, eventually leading to her transition into films and creative production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=pavan |date=21 December 2019 |title=Powerhouse! – Aarti Gupta Surendranath |url=https://www.youandi.com/powerhouse-aarti-gupta-surendranath/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=You and I |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She became a recognisable screen presence in Hindi cinema through her roles in 1980s horror films. Her work in the genre began with [[Purana Mandir]] (1984), which became a major box-office success and one of the highest-grossing films of its time, contributing to the popularity of the Ramsay Brothers’ horror wave during the period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-06-14 |title=Bollywood monsters that haunted the silver screen with iconic terror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-monsters-that-haunted-the-silver-screen-with-iconic-terror/photostory/121660542.cms?picid=121763542 |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Purana Mandir: How a no-star, A-rated horror film rocked the Hindi film industry in 1984 |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/purana-mandir-how-a-no-star-a-rated-horror-film-rocked-the-hindi-film-industry-in-1984 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Parallel to her work in advertising and films, Gupta Surendranath also had a fashion venture focused on bridal trousseaus and couture garments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta Surendranath: The Multi-Faceted Diva |url=https://peaklife.in/aarti-gupta-surendranath-the-multi-faceted-diva/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=peaklife.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gupta Surendranath was widely recognised for her influence on fashion and style during the 1980s and 1990s. In addition to her work in cinema and advertising, she has been actively involved in initiatives supporting wildlife conservation, animal welfare and women's rights. She is a co-founder of the production company Kailash Picture Company. Since 1984, She has been married to filmmaker [[Kailash Surendranath]], with whom she has two children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-05-11 |title=Amit Sadh, Iulia Vantur felicitate acid attack survivor Lakshmi Agarwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/amit-sadh-iulia-vantur-felicitate-acid-attack-survivor-lakshmi-agarwal/articleshow/64120567.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early Life and education ==<br /> Aarti Gupta Surendranath (née Gupta) was born in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], into a family with a military background. Daughter of an army officer, Major Gyanchandra Gupta, who served as Aide-de-Camp (A.D.C) to the then President of India, in the Indian Army's 3rd Guards Battalion from 1962 to 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta Surendranath: The Multi-Faceted Diva |url=https://peaklife.in/aarti-gupta-surendranath-the-multi-faceted-diva/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=peaklife.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She received her education at St. Joseph's Convent of Jesus &amp; Mary in [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], during one of her father's postings. Alongside her studies, Gupta participated in extracurricular activities, including dramatics. While still in school, at the age of 15, she began her modelling career, which marked her entry into the entertainment industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/arti-gupta |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Modelling ===<br /> Aarti emerged as a prominent face in Indian print magazines and television advertising from the mid-1970s through the 1980s, beginning her modelling career at the age of 15 while still in school. She made her debut in the nationwide [[Sunsilk]] shampoo campaign, for which she was selected from among 30–40 young models and featured walking down the hilly slopes of Kodaikanal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/arti-gupta |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She went on to model extensively for leading consumer and lifestyle brands, including [[Nescafé]], [[Band-Aid]], [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Tea]], [[Clearasil]], Charmis Vanishing Cream, [[Carefree (feminine hygiene)|Carefree]] ([[Johnson &amp; Johnson]]), [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Cadbury’s]] Nut Mate, [[Brooke Bond]] Taj Mahal Tea, [[Pond's|Pond’s]] shampoo, Halo Shampoo, [[Campa Cola]] and others. During Campa Cola, she introduced [[Salman Khan]] to her then-fiancé, Kailash Surendranath, which led to Salman's first appearance as a model in the entertainment industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Throwback: The making of Campa-Cola’s maiden television ad |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/throwback-the-making-of-campa-colas-maiden-television-ad-3227.htm |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to her advertising work, Aarti Gupta Surendranath participated in numerous fashion shows across India and abroad, reinforcing her presence within the fashion and textile industries. She fronted the inaugural Garden Silk Sarees campaign for [[Bombay Dyeing]] and remained the face of the brand for three consecutive years, styling her own ethnic-inspired look. Around the same period, her double-spread Bombay Dyeing saree advertisements in major national newspapers increased her visibility. She also appeared in premium textile campaigns, including Modella Suitings’ 1981 “Bonded” series. Her versatility across product categories and advertising formats, she became one of the most recognisable faces of the period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2002-01-13 |title=Famous faces at 40-plus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/famous-faces-at-40-plus/articleshow/1807872593.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garden Vareli: A brand that captivated the nation |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/garden-vareli-a-brand-that-captivated-the-nation-11912.htm |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her modelling work also extended to runway shows and editorial features. She was featured in [[Cine Blitz]] in pictorials for Tajurba and [[Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai]], appeared as the cover girl for the October 1986 issue of Swagat, and was featured on a Holi themed cover of [[Dharmyug|Dharamyug]] 1984. She was also a frequent presence in Star &amp; Style, one of the prominent entertainment magazines of the period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Gupta |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/arti-gupta |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Acting and Film Work ===<br /> Aarti Gupta made her acting debut with [[Purana Mandir]] (1984). The film was a commercial success and is regarded as a cult horror film in India. She had also worked in the film [[Aamne Samne (1982 film)|Aamne Saamne]] (1982), an action-crime drama directed by [[Ashim Samanta]], opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]], in which she played the role of Rita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Purana Mandir: How a no-star, A-rated horror film rocked the Hindi film industry in 1984 |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/purana-mandir-how-a-no-star-a-rated-horror-film-rocked-the-hindi-film-industry-in-1984 |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Aamne Samne (1982 film) |date=2026-04-04 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aamne_Samne_(1982_film)&amp;oldid=1347045393 |access-date=2026-04-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aarti was also cast in Apna Jahan (1985) for the role, a friend of the main leads, [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Deepti Naval]]. She continued her association with the horror genre by starring in [[Saamri]] (1985) which was recognised as India's first 3D Hindi horror film and [[Tahkhana]] (1986). Aarti acted in the art film Aashiana (1986), directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], where she portrayed a tribal girl alongside [[Marc Zuber]] and [[Deepti Naval]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=‘The Kapoors would laugh at us, but watched our films’: Bollywood’s ‘other’ film family also came from Pak, attained ‘sleazy’ success |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramsay-brothers-the-kapoors-bollywood-film-family-rise-and-fall-10227431/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to Hindi cinema, Aarti also worked in regional cinema and played the female lead opposite [[Mohanlal]] in the Malayalam film [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985), directed by [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]. She then acted in the film [[Janbaaz]] (1986), directed by [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], she appeared alongside [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]], and [[Dimple Kapadia]].<br /> <br /> Aarti has appeared in numerous advertisements and films leaving a lasting impression with her versatile talent and timeless elegance. She also made a cameo appearance in [[Om Shanti Om]] (2007), directed by [[Farah Khan]], appearing in the film's finale sequence alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dangor |first=Kimi |date=2007-02-26 |title=Aarti Surendranath's come back with a flash role in Farah Khan's Om Shanti Om |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20070226-arti-gupta-producer-of-a-mighty-heart-749120-2007-02-25 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Advertising and Creative Direction ===<br /> Aarti played a significant role in nurturing early talent in Indian advertising, contributing to the early screen appearances of numerous actors and models who later established careers in film, television, and fashion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We live in Hope: Producer, Former Actor &amp; Model Aarti Gupta Surendranath {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/we-live-in-hope-producer-former-actor-model-aarti-gupta-surendranath-285764.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is credited with identifying a young [[Salman Khan]], whom she noticed as a teenager at a swimming pool, and recommending him for a [[Campa Cola]] commercial directed by Kailash Surendranath. This became Khan's first on-screen appearance and a well-documented early milestone in his career.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=When Campa Cola gave Salman Khan his first break |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/advertising/when-campa-cola-gave-salman-khan-his-first-break/93960429 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the early works she was associated with the 1982 [[Nirma]] washing-powder commercial featuring [[Sangeeta Bijlani]], for which she designed the costumes and styling. She later played a key creative role in the [[Jagatjit Cotton &amp; Textile FC|JCT Phagwara textile]] advertisement featuring [[Juhi Chawla]] in the mid-1980s, contributing to one of Chawla's first campaigns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=How JCT Phagwara and Juhi Chawla wove the fabric of equality |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/advertising/how-jct-phagwara-and-juhi-chawla-wove-the-fabric-of-equality/95156067 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1990s, she continued working across major [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]] brands, including co-conceiving, styling, and casting the [[Fair &amp; Lovely (cosmetics)|Fair &amp; Lovely]] commercial featuring [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] becoming one of Bhatnagar's earliest notable television appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=Nostalgia with Deepti Bhatnagar: “I bought my dream house in 11 months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-deepti-bhatnagar-within-11-months-of-being-in-mumbai-i-bought-my-dream-house-101671819822163.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was involved in the MR Coffee campaign featuring [[Arbaaz Khan]] and [[Malaika Arora]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shocking 1990s Ad featuring Malaika Arora and Arbaaz Khan goes viral, fans can't believe their eyes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebscoop/shocking-1990s-ad-featuring-malaika-arora-and-arbaaz-khan-goes-viral-fans-cant-believe-their-eyes/articleshow/122627365.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; one of their earliest paired appearances, and worked on early advertisements featuring child actors who went on to become successful film personalities, including [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Jugal Hansraj]], [[Hansika Motwani]] and many more.<br /> <br /> Aarti also worked on influential advertising projects that featured [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Sangeeta Bijlani]] during their early careers, including the classic [[Cadbury]] Drinking Chocolate commercial directed by Kailash Surendranath.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=When chills of Kashmir and steams of Cadbury drinking chocolate came together |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/advertising/when-chills-of-kashmir-and-steams-of-cadbury-drinking-chocolate-came-together/96471223 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Production Work===<br /> [[File:Kailash Surendranath &amp; Aarti Surendranath Mile Sur Mera Tumhara.jpg|thumb|344x344px|Aarti Gupta Surendranath and Kailash Surendranath for their work 'Mile Sur Mera Tumhara']]<br /> Beyond acting and advertising, Aarti contributed significantly to Indian media and industry. She was the associate producer for ''[[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]'' (1986), a film promoting national integration, and produced its sequel ''[[Phir Mile Sur Mera Tumhara|Phir Mile Sur]]'' (2010). She also worked as a creative producer for the ''[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Har Ghar Tiranga]]'' campaign (2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title='Har Ghar Tiranga' and 'Mile Sur Mera Tumhara': There's really no need to compare, says Kailash Surendranath - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/har-ghar-tiranga-and-mile-sur-tumhara-theres-really-no-need-to-compare-says-kailash-surendranath/93533601 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her contributions to feature films include roles as a producer, writer, stylist, and creative consultant for projects such as ''[[Love You Hamesha]]'' (2001) and the web series ''[[Chakravyuh – An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller|Chakravyuh: An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller]]'' (2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 March 2021 |title=#HowIMadeIt! Shiv Pandit: I lost a film because of 'FIR' and I quit that TV show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/howimadeit-shiv-pandit-i-lost-a-film-because-of-fir-and-i-quit-that-tv-show/articleshow/81773815.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also a creative consultant and line producer for the international film ''[[A Mighty Heart (film)|A Mighty Heart]]'' (2007), starring [[Angelina Jolie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2007 |title=Aarti Surendranath's come back with a flash role in Farah Khan's Om Shanti Om |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20070226-arti-gupta-producer-of-a-mighty-heart-749120-2007-02-25 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Event Projects ===<br /> <br /> ==== Catalunya Lifestyle &amp; Fashion Event (2013) ====<br /> In 2013, Aarti Gupta Surendranath was the event coordinator for a Catalonia-themed cultural and fashion showcase held in Mumbai. The event coincided with the official visit of the President of the [[Government of Catalonia]] at the time and aimed to promote cultural and creative collaboration between Spain and India.<br /> <br /> Held on November 27, 2013, at the Grand Central Hotel in Mumbai, the event brought together Indian celebrities, international guests, and government officials. Actress [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] served as the showstopper, while Spanish actress [[Ariadna Cabrol]] hosted the event. The showcase aimed to enhance cross-cultural exchange and introduce Spanish fashion to the Indian market. The event was organised by the Government of Catalonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-01-05 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari at a party hosted by the President of Catalonia and his wife in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/aditi-rao-hydari-the-right-honourable-aarti-surendranath/articleshow/26529520.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Art and Cultural Associations ===<br /> She has also been associated with the Indian art and cultural space, including inaugurating exhibitions by contemporary artists such as painter Subodh Poddar in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Art Exhibition 2009 |first=Yash Birla |last2=Yash Birla |title=Yash Birla launches art exhibition |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/birla-launches-art-exhibition/yash-birla-launches-art-exhibition/articleshow/3976712.cms |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Public Advocacy, Conservation and Charity Work ==<br /> <br /> === Say No to Shahtoosh Campaign (2000–2005) ===<br /> Aarti is actively involved in wildlife conservation, particularly through her work with the [[Wildlife Trust of India]]. She has advocated for the protection of the critically endangered animal, the [[Tibetan antelope]] ([[chiru]]). It's undercoat is used to create [[shahtoosh]] shawls, a practice that has led to the decline of the species.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The resurgence of the Shahtoosh – 350+ high-value shawls seized from Northern India |url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/the-resurgence-of-the-shahtoosh-350-high-value-shawls-seized-from-northern-india/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was honoured with the title of Campaign Advisor for the initiative—a collaboration between the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and the [[World Land Trust]] (UK). The campaign aimed to end the trade and use of shahtoosh shawls. As part of the campaign, Surendranath worked to build awareness within India’s fashion and film communities, engaging designers, industry leaders, and public figures in the conservation advocacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Celebrities endorse Shahtoosh campaign at India Fashion Week |url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/bollywood-celebrities-endorse-shahtoosh-campaign-at-india-fashion-week/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 April 2002 |title=Arti Surendranath: Up, close and personal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/arti-surendranath-up-close-and-personal/articleshow/8103034.cms |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The campaign gained remarkable momentum at events like India Fashion Week, where leading voices from Bollywood and fashion—including [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Pooja Batra]], and others—endorsed the cause by signing a symbolic scroll. Their support, alongside Aarti's strategic outreach, helped bring ethical fashion and wildlife conservation to the national spotlight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2001-08-09 |title=Say no to Toosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/say-no-to-toosh/articleshow/1592655516.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Emeralds for Elephants Charity Auction (2011) ===<br /> In October 2011, Aarti Gupta Surendranath was involved in the Emeralds for Elephants charity auction held at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace]] in Mumbai, organized by [[The Gemfields|Gemfields]] in association with the [[Wildlife Trust of India]] (WTI) and the [[World Land Trust]]. The initiative aimed to raise funds to establish a network of elephant corridors across India to reduce human-elephant conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EOCA |date=2011-10-05 |title=Emeralds for Elephants - The World Land Trust {{!}} EOCA {{!}} Conservation Funding {{!}} Conservation Grants |url=https://www.eocaconservation.org/emeralds-for-elephants-the-world-land-trust/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=EOCA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Aarti served as the event designer and curator, overseeing the creative execution of the showcase. The collection featured 11 exclusive emerald jewellery pieces, including a 630-carat emerald Ganesh sculpture by artist Arzan Khambatta. Participating jewellers included leading houses from across India, such as Abaran Jewellers (Bangalore), Anmol Jewellers (Mumbai), and Gem Palace (Jaipur), the latter of which Surendranath was working with. The collection launched in July and culminated in a grand auction on 14 October 2011. The initiative was supported by sponsors such as [[Jaguar Land Rover]], The Taj Hotels, [[Sotheby's|Sotheby]]’s, and the [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA India).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Emeralds to conserve elephants |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/Aug/30/emeralds-to-conserve-elephants-286105.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian chapter of the project was launched by actress [[Madhuri Dixit]], who was present at the event alongside other notable figures including World Land Trust patron and former cricketer [[David Gower]], members of the Indian royal families, public figures from the entertainment, fashion, and business communities. The auction raised an estimated US$750,000 for elephant conservation efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=service |first=diamond world news |date=2011-10-19 |title=Gemfields 'Emeralds for Elephants' auction in Mumbai churns US$750,000 |url=https://www.diamondworld.net/news/6400 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Diamond World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social and Civic Engagement ===<br /> In addition to her formal conservation campaigns, Surendranath has also participated in public advocacy efforts, including peace marches and civic protests in Mumbai in 2008, reflecting her engagement with social and humanitarian causes alongside environmental work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aarti Surendranath, Kailash at Peace protest march at Gateway of India on 3rd December 2008 |url=https://hamaraphotos.com/photo_-151922.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Hamara Photos |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peace rally News Photo 'Mumbaikars' gather for a peace ... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/news/Peace-rally/118246 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours and Recognition ==<br /> <br /> === IMC Ladies’ Wing Annual Felicitation (2018) ===<br /> On 18 June 2018, she also served as chairperson of the awards committee and moderated the IMC Ladies’ Wing annual felicitation, organized by the [[Indian Merchants' Chamber|Indian Merchants’ Chamber]], which felicitated women achievers from various fields, where the chief guest was former Principal Scientific Adviser [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]] and Ashok Kurien was guest of honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-06-18|title=Honouring the game-changers: IMC Ladies' Wing felicitated women who made a difference|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/honouring-the-game-changers-imc-ladies-wing-felicitated-women-who-made-a-difference/articleshow/64628105.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-08-29|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === I Am Woman Recognition (2019) ===<br /> In 2019, Aarti Gupta Surendranath and her husband Kailash Surendranath were featured at the [[IE Business School]] and [[Karan Gupta]] Education Foundation's “[[I Am Woman (film)|I Am Woman]]” event, which honoured women from diverse fields. The profile listed them among the notable industry figures recognised for their contributions to advertising, culture, and social impact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-26|title=A celebration of women achievers|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-celebration-of-women-achievers/articleshow/69052341.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-07-31|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Femina Special Feature – ''We Live in Hope'' (2025) ===<br /> Aarti was featured in [[Femina (India)|Femina magazine]]’s special edition titled “We Live in Hope” in January 2025, which profiled Indian women known for their resilience and social impact. In the feature, she reflected on her journey and shared her thoughts on generational resilience among those born between the 1950s and 1970s, artificial intelligence, gender acceptance, and environmental advocacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We live in Hope: Producer, Former Actor &amp; Model Aarti Gupta Surendranath {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/we-live-in-hope-producer-former-actor-model-aarti-gupta-surendranath-285764.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Aarti Gupta Surendranath is married to ad filmmaker [[Kailash Surendranath]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 November 2011 |title=Extra special day for Arti, Kailash Surendranath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/extra-special-day-for-arti-kailash-surendranath/articleshow/10679127.cms |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been involved in creative work as well as animal welfare, environmental advocacy, and event organisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 August 2019 |title=Over 1,000 Mumbaikars gathered to protest outside the building where Lucky was beaten |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/justice-for-lucky-cry-outraged-mumbaikars-at-a-protest/articleshow/70467477.cms |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Together they have two children, a son, Angadveer Surendranath, a director, who co-directed the ‘[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Har Ghar Tiranga]]’ campaign and worked on the Bollywood film ''[[Race 3]]'' and a daughter, Kshiraja Surendranath, who is a classical [[Odissi]] dancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran ad filmmaker Kailash Surendranath's daughter Kshiraja makes her grand solo Manch Pravesh as an accomplished Odissi dancer |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/veteran-ad-filmmaker-kailash-surendranaths-daughter-kshiraja-makes-her-grand-solo-manch-pravesh-as-an-accomplished-odissi-dancer |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aarti is also known for her active social engagement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 May 2018 |title=Amit Sadh, Iulia Vantur felicitate acid attack survivor Lakshmi Agarwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/amit-sadh-iulia-vantur-felicitate-acid-attack-survivor-lakshmi-agarwal/articleshow/64120567.cms |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female models]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film producers]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y._Ramakka&diff=545916 2026-05-02T16:07:25Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> '''Y. Ramakka''' (born 1954) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-06-29 |title=Case registered against KGF MLA Ramakka, five others |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/case-registered-against-kgf-mla-ramakka-five-others/article4860894.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2013 from [[Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kolar Gold Field Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kolargoldfield-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Total women winners:Karnataka 2013 Election |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/index.php?action=summary&amp;subAction=winner_women&amp;sort=party |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Ramakka is from [[Jigani]] hobli, Anekal taluk. She completed her SSLC in 1968 from Government High School, Kallubalu, Jigani. She is the daughter of Yallappa T.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramakka. Y(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KOLAR GOLD FIELD(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=535 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her son Y Sampangi is also a former MLA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-05-02 |title=KGF candidates mine insider advantage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/kgf-candidates-mine-insider-advantage/articleshow/19827445.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-04-24 |title=Six legislators are among 100 contestants in Kolar district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/six-legislators-are-among-100-contestants-in-kolar-district/article4647718.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Ramakka first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Kolar Gold Field Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kolar Election Result 2023 LIVE: Kolar MLA Election Result &amp; Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kolar-assembly-elections-ka-148/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She polled 55,014 votes and defeated her nearest rival, M. Backthavachalam of [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal (S)]], by a margin of 26,022 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Kolar District 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/district/ac/229/www.indiavotes.com/district/ac/229/255 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/kolar-gold-field.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakka, Y.}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kolar district]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safia_Abdul_Wajid&diff=531742 2026-04-29T19:59:57Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian political activist and elected officeholder}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Safia Abdul Wajid<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1952<br /> | term_end = 1957<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Bareilly East (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly East]]<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | father = <br /> | party = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> | website = <br /> | ambassador_from2 = <br /> | other_party = <br /> }}<br /> '''Safia Abdul Wajid,''' also known as [[Begum]] Abdul Wajid, was an Indian educator, [[Activism|political activist]] and an elected representative in the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh (UP)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI&quot;&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf &quot;1952 UP Election Results&quot; Election Commission of India website]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author1=Shukla, Shashi |author2=Shukla, Sashi |year=1996 |title=Political Participation of Muslim Women |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855734 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=57 |issue=1/4 |pages=1-13 |jstor=41855734}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WEiAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Safia%20Abdul%20Wajid |title=Muslim Feminism and Feminist Movement: South Asia |last2=Khanam |first2=Rashida |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87746-00-3 |location=India |pages=77 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; She became an active participant in the [[Indian independence movement]] after quitting her position as a Mathematics lecturer at a government institution during the 1942 [[Quit India Movement]] to protest [[British Raj|British rule]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.acmepublication.com/eminent-personalities-in-india/3.-women-in-freedom-movement/1 |title = Eminent Personalities of Indian History (2016) }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://lotusarise.com/freedom-fighters-of-india-upsc/?srsltid=AfmBOoqGRurUQcOtB6VAftAtvzRD0I0kejuz62XCXOJSXoGSCtk6l0gP |title = Freedom Fighters of India &amp; Significant Personalities }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> She was elected to the [[Moradabad]] (North-East) constituency of the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] Legislative Assembly, having contested as a 'Nationalist Muslim' candidate in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Deutsch |first=Karin Anne |date=1998 |title=Muslim women in colonial North India circa 1920-1947 : politics, law and community identity<br /> |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/items/7f30dc3d-1517-4139-8b07-6fb84d64714c |work= |degree=PhD |location=UK |publisher=University of Cambridge |pages= 255,268 |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=Peter |url=https://ia902900.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.118516/2015.118516.A-Handbook-To-Elections-In-Uttar-Pradesh-1920-1951_text.pdf |title=A Handbook to Elections in Uttar Pradesh, 1920-1951 |last2=Graham |first2=Bruce Desmond |last3=Goodman |first3=JM |year=1975 |page=359 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Post-independence, she remained active in politics and served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] from the [[Bareilly]] East constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]], having won the election to the seat in [[1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly|1952 (1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR&quot; /&gt; She was one of the first female members ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) of a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]] in independent India and, thus far, one of the few Muslim women to be elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UP State Assembly]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She was married to Maulvi Abdul Wajid, an advocate and freedom fighter himself, who was elected to the [[Rohilkhand]] and Kumaun Divisions constituency in 1938 and was subsequently imprisoned by the [[British Raj|British]] in 1941 for his role in the [[Indian independence movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=Peter |url=https://ia902900.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.118516/2015.118516.A-Handbook-To-Elections-In-Uttar-Pradesh-1920-1951_text.pdf |title=A Handbook to Elections in Uttar Pradesh, 1920-1951 |last2=Graham |first2=Bruce Desmond |last3=Goodman |first3=JM |year=1975 |pages=49,51 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> [[1st Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] <br /> <br /> [[Women's political participation in India]]<br /> <br /> [[Indian independence activists]] <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Safia Abdul Wajid}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists]]<br /> [[Category:Possibly living people]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arup_Mitra&diff=487716 2026-04-29T05:02:32Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian academician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arup Mitra<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | education = MA Economics , M. Phil., Ph. D , [[Delhi School of Economics]]; Post Doctorate (1995), Northwestern University, USA<br /> | known_for = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arup Mitra''' is an Indian academician,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/43079919|title= Migration, Livelihood and Well-being: Evidence from Indian City Slums by Arup Mitra |website=JSTOR |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; currently serving as the Professor of Economics, [[South Asian University]], New Delhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://sau.int/faculty/arup-mitra |title= Professor Arup Mitra |website=South Asian University |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and previously served as Director General of [[National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development]] (IAMR), an autonomous Institute under [[NITI Aayog]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://nilerd.ac.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Brochure_1924.pdf|title= Brochure for International Programmes|website=NILERD |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His research interests include [[development economics]], labour and welfare, industrial productivity growth and employment, [[urban development]], and [[gender inequality]]. He authored in [[Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems]] ([[EOLSS]]) Mathematical Models in Economics, developed under [[UNESCO]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c02/e6-154-08-00.pdf |title=Labor Market Analysis: Issues and Facts |website=NILERD |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Encyclopaedia of Sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://berkshirepublishing.com/assets/pdf/Sustainability-contributors-all.pdf |title=Contributors to Volumes 1–10 of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability |website=NILERD |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Handbook of Labour, Human Resources and Population Economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_14-1 |title=Employment Impact of Technologies in the Developing World |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Arup Mitra received the Mahalanobis Memorial Gold Medal from the Indian Econometric Society for his outstanding contributions to quantitative economics. In 2019, he was awarded the Professor S. R. Sen Best Book Award for his book, Insights into Inclusive Growth, Employment and Wellbeing in India, recognizing the analysis of employment dynamics and poverty reduction strategies.<br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Arup Mitra completed his MA in Economics , M. Phil. and [[Ph.D]] from [[Delhi School of Economics]]. His title for the PhD thesis was Urbanisation, Slums and Informal Sector: Interconnections and Interregional Variations. Thereafter he also obtained a Post Doctorate Degree from [[Northwestern University]] Evanston, USA (1995). His supervisor was Professor [[Edwin Mills (economist)|Edwin S. Mills]] and the title of the work was &quot;Urban Development and Urban Ills.&quot;<br /> <br /> He previously worked as a Professor of Economics at the [[Institute of Economic Growth]] (IEG), Delhi. He also served as the Director General of [[NILERD]], Government of India. He held the Indian Economy Chair at Sciences Po. Paris, worked as a senior researcher at ILO (Geneva) and served many organizations as visiting fellow/professor. <br /> <br /> Arup served as a member of various committees such as the Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee for City GDP Estimation, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], Government of India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/india/governance/you-know-indias-gdp-but-do-you-know-your-citys-govt-takes-key-step-to-boost-growth-of-cities/2514183/ |title=Telling Tales|website=Times of India, India Times|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; member of Expert Group Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey by Labour Bureau, [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], Government of India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://www.indrastra.com/2021/10/Quarterly-Employment-Survey-Labour-Bureau.html<br /> |title=Quarterly Employment Survey of the Labour Bureau|website=Indra Stra|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and pursued research projects sponsored by [[WHO]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/po13he98.pdf |title=Official document|website=Unctad|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many other organisations including World Bank, ILO and ADB. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/400139d320ead96a0ec624d3608d9b56-0310012025/original/India-Country-Economic-Memorandum-2024-0227c.pdf |title=India Country Economic Memorandum|website=World Bank|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://vvgnli.gov.in/sites/default/files/Labour_and_Development-December_2021.pdf |title=Labour and Development|website=VVGNLI Government of India|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/453811468764959485/pdf/multi0page.pdf | title=The world bank research program |website=World Bank |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has authored a large number of research papers in various reputed journals, both international and national, and edited volumes. Besides, he has several books to his credit. He is also on editorial board of various journals such as Indian Journal of Labour Economics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/journal/41027/editorial-board|title= Indian Journal of Labour Economics| website= Springer|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; editorial board member of International Journal of Sustainable Development Research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://sciencepg.com/journal/381/editorial-board|title= Editorial Board| website= SciencePG|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other journals.<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> Some of the books, he has authored and coauthored, include the following:<br /> <br /> * Barriers to Employment: Impact of Macro, Individual and Enterprise-level Variables,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-99-4570-2 |title=Barriers to Employment: Impact of Macro, Individual and Enterprise-level Variables |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Springer Brief, 2023, {{ISBN|978-9819945696 }}<br /> * Urban Headway and Upward Mobility in India, Cambridge University Press, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/urban-headway-and-upward-mobility-in-india/380AB64C7025C8B34E522BDEC6EC4AA3 |title= Urban Headway and Upward Mobility in India |website=Cambridge University Press |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|9781108496360}}<br /> <br /> * Climate change, Livelihood Diversification and well-being: The case of rural Odisha&quot; Springer Brief, 2021. (jointly with Saudamini Das and others)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-7049-7|title=Climate change, Livelihood Diversification and well-being: The case of rural Odisha |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-981-16-7048-0}}<br /> <br /> * Labour Force Participation in India, Springer Brief in Economics, Springer, 2018 (jointly with Aya Okada),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-7143-0 |title=Labour Force Participation in India, Springer Brief in Economics |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-9811071430}}.<br /> * Corruption and Development in Indian Economy, Cambridge University Press, 2016. (jointly with Chandan Sharma)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/corruption-and-development-in-indian-economy/763A911A84FB4745A95EB9F597D74421 |title=Corruption and Development in Indian Economy |website=Cambridge University Press |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|9781107152670}}<br /> <br /> * Industry-led Growth: Issues and Facts, Springer Brief in Economics, Springer, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-0009-6 |title=Industry-led Growth: Issues and Facts, Springer Brief in Economics |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-9811000072}}<br /> <br /> * Insight into Inclusive Growth, Employment and Wellbeing in India, Springer, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-81-322-0656-9 |title=Insight into Inclusive Growth, Employment and Wellbeing in India |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-81-322-0655-2}}<br /> <br /> * Occupational Choices, Networks and Transfers: An Exegesis Based on Micro Data from Delhi Slums, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414605 |title=Review: Networks and Slum Dwellers |website=JSTOR |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|81-7304-483-X}}<br /> * Urban Development and Urban Ills, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1997, (Jointly with Edwin S. Mills).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://iimsucat.iimb.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=387139<br /> |title=Urban Development and Urban Ills |website=IIMSUCAT.IIMB.AC.In |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|9788171693993}}<br /> <br /> * Urbanisation, Slums, Informal Sector Employment and Poverty: An Exploratory Study B.R. Pub. Corp. (D.K. Pub. and Dist.), Delhi, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3036&amp;shelfbrowse_itemnumber=3271#shelfbrowser |title=Urbanisation, Slums, Informal Sector Employment and Poverty: An Exploratory Study |website=Library NITI Government of India |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|817018830X}}<br /> <br /> Some of the books he has edited include:<br /> <br /> * Youth in Indian Labour Market: Issues, Challenges and Policies, Springer, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/youth-in-indian-labour-market/26886024|title=Youth in Indian Labour Market: Issues, Challenges and Policies |website=Springer |accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-9819703784}}.<br /> <br /> * Economic Growth in India and Its Many Dimensions, Orient BlackSwan, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=<br /> https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80448&amp;query_desc=su%3A%22DEVELOPMENT%22 |title=Economic growth in India and its many dimensions|website=Orient Blackswan|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|9789352870875}}<br /> <br /> * Studies in Macro Economics and Welfare, Academic Foundation, Delhi, 2005 (jointly with [[B. B. Bhattacharya]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=69678&amp;shelfbrowse_itemnumber=79758 |title=Studies in Macro Economics and Welfare|website=Library NITI Government of India|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|817188461X}}<br /> <br /> He has also authored books published in English Literature such as Awakening,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=48389&amp;query_desc=su%3A%22ENGLISH%20POETRY%22 |title=Awakening|website=Library NITI Government of India|accessdate=18 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{ISBN|8171695078}}), In Search of the Lotus-feet ({{ISBN|978-8126901753}}), Light on the Lotus ( {{ISBN|978-8189973018}}), Poverty Profile ({{ISBN|978-9380009612}}), A Letter to Mother: From Destruction to Construction ({{ISBN|978-8126901463}}), Spread the Wings: Globalising India ({{ISBN|978-9386487728}}), and Convergence of Diversity ({{ISBN|978-9349315099}})other books.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Arup}}<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian academics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian economists]]<br /> [[Category:Regional economists]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandharpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=524113 2026-04-29T00:56:41Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative assembly of Maharashtra state, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Pandharpur<br /> | constituency_no = 252<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | map_image = 252-Pandharpur.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]]<br /> | district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | mla = [[Samadhan Autade]] <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | alliance = <br /> | electors =374,225 <br /> }}<br /> '''Pandharpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Solapur district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt; It is a segment of [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> Two families, Paricharak and Bhalke, have been prominent in local politics since last 3-4 decades. Sudhakar Paricharak was elected five times, from 1985 to 2004. In 2009, NCP fielded Vijaysinh Mohite Patil but he lost to Bharat Bhalke. Then in 2014, Bhalake, by now in Congress, defeated Shailendra Paricharak. In 2019, Bhalke defeated Sudhakar Paricharak who had contested as BJP candidate. In August 2020, Sudhakar Paricharak died during Corona epidemic at the age of 84. In November 2020, sitting MLA Bhalke also died after contracting the novel coronavirus at the age of 60.<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises [[Mangalvedha taluka]], revenue circles Kasegaon and Pandharpur of [[Pandharpur taluka]] and [[Pandharpur Municipal Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pandharpur Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pandharpur.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | Raghunath Namdeo Raul<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Audumbar Patil<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | Pandurang Dingare<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Bharat Bhalke]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swabhimani Paksha}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 elections in India|2021]]^<br /> | Rowspan=2|[[Samadhan Autade]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pandharpur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pandharpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13252.htm |accessdate=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114080510/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13252.htm |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samadhan Autade|Samadhan Mahadev Autade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 125,163 |percentage = 47.82% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhagirathdada Bharat Bhalke |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 116,733 |percentage = 44.60% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Anil Subhash Sawant|party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 10,217 |percentage = 3.90% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dilip Kashinath Dhotre |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,568 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 638 |percentage = 0.24% |change={{decrease}}0.02 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,430 |percentage = 3.22% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 262,362 |percentage = 70.11% |change= {{increase}}3.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 261,724}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 374,225|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.60 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.46 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly By-election 2021=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2021 elections in India#Maharashtra|2021 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samadhan Autade|Samadhan Mahadev Autade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 109,450 |percentage = 48.28% |change={{increase}}16.29 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhagirathdada Bharat Bhalke |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 105,717 |percentage = 46.63% |change={{increase}}9.05 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sidheshwar Baban Autade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,955 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shaila Dhananjay Godase|party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 1,607 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 599 |percentage = 0.26% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,733 |percentage = 1.65% |change= {{decrease}}3.95 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 224,090 |percentage = 65.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 226,707}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,435|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.19 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.70 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharat Bhalke|Bharat Tukaram Bhalake]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 89,787 |percentage = 37.58% |change={{increase}}36.23 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paricharak Sudhakar Ramchandra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,426 |percentage = 31.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[ Samadhan Autade| Samadhan Mahadeo Autade]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 54,124 |percentage = 22.65% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shivajirao Bajirao Kalunge|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,232 |percentage = 3.03% |change={{decrease}}37.19 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Santosh Mahadev Mane|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,938 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dattatraya Tatya Khadatare |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,862 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 639 |percentage = 0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,361 |percentage = 5.59% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 239,691 |percentage = 71.74% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 238,919}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,120|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.30 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.64 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharat Bhalke|Bharat Tukaram Bhalake]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 91,863 |percentage = 40.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paricharak Shailendra Alias Prashant Prabhakar |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 82,950 |percentage = 36.32% |change={{decrease}}19.92 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Samadhan Autade| Samadhan Mahadeo Autade]]|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,910 |percentage = 17.91% |change={{increase}}16.15 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Prabhakar Bagal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{decrease}}35.10 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 819 |percentage = 0.36% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,913 |percentage = 3.90% |change= {{decrease}}15.90 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 229,492 |percentage = 75.76% |change= {{increase}}6.65 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 228,394}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,914|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.34 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swabhimani Paksha |swing= {{decrease}}16.02 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharat Bhalke|Bharat Tukaram Bhalake]] |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 106,141 |percentage = 56.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil| Vijaysinh Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,778 |percentage = 36.44% |change={{decrease}}5.66 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Yetala Narayan Bhagat|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,330 |percentage = 1.76% |change={{decrease}}19.88 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dilip Kashinath Dhotre|party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,998 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Somnath Alias Raju Manohar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,877 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhangrao Hemant Bhagwat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thengil Suryakant Dnyanoba |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 1,619 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,363 |percentage = 19.80% |change= {{increase}}7.78 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 188,878 |percentage = 68.80% |change= {{decrease}}10.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,725}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,527|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.95 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Swabhimani Paksha |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}14.14 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2004=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 84,554 |percentage = 42.11% |change={{decrease}}10.85 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Yashwantrao Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 60,415 |percentage = 30.08% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharat Bhalke|Bharat Tukaram Bhalake]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,460 |percentage = 21.64% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Ganpat Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,228 |percentage = 1.61% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Raosaheb Chavan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,186 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukund Pandurang Adhatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,043 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdulrauf Jafar Mulani |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,507 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,139 |percentage = 12.02% |change= {{increase}}2.28 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 200,904 |percentage = 79.73% |change= {{increase}}4.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,815}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,981|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.89 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.85 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1999=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 83,559 |percentage = 52.96% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Vasantrao Shrimant |party=Independent politician |votes = 68,196 |percentage = 43.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagal Bajrang Sambhaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,023 |percentage = 3.82% |change={{decrease}}43.56 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,363 |percentage = 9.74% |change= {{increase}}6.09 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 167,208 |percentage = 79.56% |change= {{decrease}}9.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,778}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,179|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.77 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.58 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1995=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 80,084 |percentage = 47.38% |change={{decrease}}29.56 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Rajaram Audumbar |party=Independent politician |votes = 73,914 |percentage = 43.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Dattatraya Baburao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 12,893 |percentage = 7.63% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,170 |percentage = 3.65% |change= {{decrease}}64.91 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 172,229 |percentage = 85.85% |change= {{increase}}20.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 169,035}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,618|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.02 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}29.56 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1990=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 89,597 |percentage = 76.94% |change={{increase}}21.44 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Prakash Bhivaji |party=Janata Dal |votes = 9,751 |percentage = 8.37% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mane Jayawant Mohan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,228 |percentage = 7.92% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dombe Balasaheb Shivling |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,720 |percentage = 5.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 79,846 |percentage = 68.56% |change= {{increase}}56.11 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 118,476 |percentage = 64.97% |change= {{decrease}}12.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,455}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,353|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.26 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.44 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1985=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,817 |percentage = 55.50% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yeshawantrao Gopalrao Patil |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 47,173 |percentage = 43.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mulani Mubarak Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,644 |percentage = 12.45% |change= {{increase}}8.34 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 111,449 |percentage = 77.17% |change= {{increase}}12.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,586}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,425|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.15 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}3.89 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dingare Pandurang Bhanudas |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,198 |percentage = 51.60% |change={{increase}}49.79 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Audumbar Kondiba |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 36,999 |percentage = 47.50% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,199 |percentage = 4.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 79,641 |percentage = 65.15% |change= {{decrease}}10.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,900}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,242|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.90 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.08 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1978=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Audumber Kondiba Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,205 |percentage = 49.52% |change={{decrease}}14.46 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paricharak Sudhakar Ramchandra |party=Janata Party |votes = 35,543 |percentage = 44.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sagar Sarjerao Kondiba |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 1.94% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagal Bajarang Sambhaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 1,434 |percentage = 1.81% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dombe Bal Shivling |party=Independent politician |votes = 764 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Digamber Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,662 |percentage = 4.63% |change= {{decrease}}31.62 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 81,344 |percentage = 75.80% |change= {{increase}}17.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,172}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,320|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.02 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.46 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Audumber Kondiba Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,412 |percentage = 63.98% |change={{increase}}11.58 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dombe Balu Shivling |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,915 |percentage = 27.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanvare Mahadeo Keru |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,350 |percentage = 4.37% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Sidhanath Nivarti |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,955 |percentage = 3.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,497 |percentage = 36.25% |change= {{increase}}12.88 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 55,610 |percentage = 58.57% |change= {{decrease}}1.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,785}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,953|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.07 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.58 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Audumber Kondiba Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,336 |percentage = 52.40% |change={{decrease}}6.94 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. G. More |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,591 |percentage = 29.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. V. Gurjar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,329 |percentage = 18.56% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,745 |percentage = 23.37% |change= {{decrease}}8.08 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 55,568 |percentage = 63.83% |change= {{decrease}}3.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,256}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,055|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.80 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.94 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1962=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Audumber Kondiba Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,246 |percentage = 59.34% |change={{increase}}18.14 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jayawant Ghanashyam More |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,275 |percentage = 27.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Babaji Badeve |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 2,710 |percentage = 5.69% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalchandra Dattatraya Nadgauda |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,114 |percentage = 4.44% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Imam Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,114 |percentage = 2.34% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,971 |percentage = 31.45% |change= {{increase}}23.40 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 50,580 |percentage = 64.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,599}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,867|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.05 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}10.09 }} <br /> {{Election box end}} <br /> ===Assembly Election 1957=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pandharpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raul Raghunath Namdeo |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,755 |percentage = 49.25% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gurjar Raghunath Vishnu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,526 |percentage = 41.20% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Annarao Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,830 |percentage = 9.55% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,229 |percentage = 8.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 40,111 |percentage = 61.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 40,111}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,861|ref = |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Solapur district topics}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|19.8382|N|75.2658|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Nabin&diff=481343 2026-04-28T02:08:59Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Nitin Nabin<br /> | image = Nitin Nabin(cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = 220px<br /> | caption = Nabin in 2025<br /> | office = 11th [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | leader = <br /> | predecessor = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | term_start = 20 January 2026<br /> | term_end = <br /> | term_label2 = National Working President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | term_start2 = 15 December 2025<br /> | term_end2 = 20 January 2026<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]<br /> | office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start3 = 10 April 2026<br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | successor3 = <br /> | predecessor3 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br /> | office4 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Road Construction of Bihar]]<br /> | term_end4 = 16 December 2025<br /> | successor4 = [[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal]]<br /> | term_start4 = 26 February 2025<br /> | 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]<br /> | term_start5 = 9 February 2021<br /> | term_end5 = 9 August 2022<br /> | 1blankname5 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata5 = Nitish Kumar<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]<br /> | office6 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Urban Development &amp; Housing of Bihar]]<br /> | term_end6 = 16 December 2025<br /> | term_start6 = 20 November 2025<br /> | 1blankname6 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata6 = Nitish Kumar<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Jibesh Kumar]]<br /> | successor6 = Vijay Kumar Sinha<br /> | term_start7 = 15 March 2024<br /> | term_end7 = 26 February 2025<br /> | 1blankname7 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata7 = Nitish Kumar<br /> | predecessor7 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]<br /> | successor7 = [[Jibesh Kumar]]<br /> | office8 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Law &amp; Justice of Bihar]]<br /> | term_start8 = 15 March 2024<br /> | term_end8 = 26 February 2025<br /> | 1blankname8 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata8 = Nitish Kumar<br /> | predecessor8 = [[Shamim Ahmad]]<br /> | successor8 = Mangal Pandey<br /> | office9 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start9 = 24 November 2010<br /> | term_end9 = 30 March 2026<br /> | predecessor9 = ''Constituency established''<br /> | constituency9 = [[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]<br /> | term_start10 = 11 May 2006<br /> | term_end10 = 24 November 2010<br /> | constituency10 = [[Patna West Assembly constituency|Patna West]]<br /> | predecessor10 = Nabin Kishore Prasad Sinha<br /> | successor10 = ''Constituency abolished''<br /> | birth_name = Nitin Nabin Sinha<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Bihar]], India&lt;br&gt;(present-day [[Jharkhand]])<br /> | education = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | spouse = Dr. Deepmala Shrivastava<br /> | successor9 = ''TBA''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nitin Nabin''' (born 23 May 1980) is an Indian politician, political organiser, and activist who has been serving as the 16th [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) since January 2026 and an [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] in the upper chamber of the [[Indian Parliament]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] since April 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu_RS2026_Live&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha elections highlights on March 16, 2026: Nitish Kumar, Nitin Nabin win from Bihar; BJP wins 3 in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-election-2026-live-updates/article70748537.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nitin Nabin elected national BJP president unopposed: To take charge January 20; PM Modi to attend event|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-national-bjp-president-unopposed-to-take-charge-january-20-pm-modi-to-attend-event/articleshow/126684522.cms|access-date=19 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the national working president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from December 2025 to January 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed BJP's National Working President |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-appointed-bjp-national-working-president-XXXXXX |work=India Today |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-gets-new-chief-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-appointed-national-working-president/articleshow/XXXXXX.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the youngest president of the party, rising to the post at the age of 45.<br /> He also served as a minister in the [[Nitish Kumar]]–led [[Government of Bihar]], holding the Ministry of Road Construction portfolio from 2024 to 2025 and Ministry of Urban housing and development and [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law]] and Justice. He represented the [[Bankipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankipur]] constituency in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Who is Nitin Nabin: 45 year old leader takes charge as the youngest ever BJP chief - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/who-is-nitin-nabin-45-year-old-leader-takes-charge-as-the-youngest-ever-bjp-chief-511687-2026-01-20 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=20 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Nitin Nabin Sinha was born on 23 May 1980 in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] in a [[Hindu]] [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family. He is the son of veteran BJP leader and former MLA Nabin Kishore Prasad Sinha. Following his father's death in 2006, he entered active electoral politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-leader-Navin-Kishore-dead/articleshow/1354658.cms |title=BJP leader Navin Kishore dead |work=The Times of India |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=14 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He completed his intermediate education in 1998 from C. S. K. M. Public School, Delhi.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Nabin won his first election in a by-election from Patna West in 2006 and became a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-Nitin-Navin-wins-Patna-West-seat/articleshow/1507095.cms |title=BJP's Nitin Navin wins Patna West seat |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2006 |access-date=3 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After constituency delimitation, he began representing the [[Bankipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankipur]] seat. He has been re-elected in the 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. In the 2025 election, he secured 98,299 votes and defeated [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] candidate Rekha Kumari by a margin of 51,936 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bankipur Assembly election result 2025: Nitin Nabin wins by over 51,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-election-2025/bankipur-result-XXXXXX |work=India Today |date=November 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nabin has held multiple ministerial portfolios in the Government of Bihar. He served as Minister of Road Construction from February 2021 to August 2022 and was reappointed to the same portfolio in February 2025 and served till December 2025. Between March 2024 and February 2025, he served as Minister of Urban Development &amp; Housing and Minister of Law &amp; Justice. His tenure had included initiatives related to road infrastructure, urban housing and welfare measures such as support for journalists and incentives for ASHA and Mamta workers.<br /> <br /> In March 2026, BJP nominated Nabin as a candidate for Bihar in the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], which he ultimately won. He assumed office in April.&lt;ref name=&quot;rsnomi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BJP president Nitin Nabin set for Rajya Sabha entry; party rewards performers with tickets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-nine-nominees-for-biennial-rajya-sabha-polls-party-president-nabin-nominated-from-bihar/article70698886.ece/ |date=3 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=রাজ‍্যসভার প্রার্থী বাছাইয়ে শিকে ছিঁড়ল 'আদি' নেতার, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ থেকে রাহুল সিংহকে মনোনয়ন, বিহার থেকে নবীন নিতিন |trans-title='Old' leaders gets a break in Rajya Sabha candidate selection, Rahul Singh nominated from West Bengal, Nabin Nitin from Bihar |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/rahul-sinha-and-nitin-nabin-are-nominated-for-rajya-sabha-candidate-from-west-bengal-and-bihar-by-bjp-leadership-dgtl/cid/1671670 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu_RS2026_Live&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha elections highlights on March 16, 2026: Nitish Kumar, Nitin Nabin win from Bihar; BJP wins 3 in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-election-2026-live-updates/article70748537.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Party organisation roles==<br /> Nabin has held several organisational positions within the BJP. He has served as National General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM) and State President of BJYM Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bjp-mla-nitin-navin-slams-shatrughan-sinha-1177641.html |title=BJP MLA Nitin Nabin appointed BJYM Bihar president |work=News18 Hindi |access-date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his association with BJYM, he participated in youth mobilisation campaigns, including the National Unity Yatra in Jammu and Kashmir and a tribute march from Guwahati to Tawang commemorating the martyrs of the 1965 war. He has also served as BJP in-charge for [[Sikkim]] and as co-in-charge for [[Chhattisgarh]], contributing to organisational activities and electoral campaigns in those states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin takes charge of Chhattisgarh BJP, replaces Om Mathur |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-of-chhattisgarh-bjp-replaces-om-mathur-1503317569.html |work=The Statesman |date=6 July 2024 |access-date=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Nitin Nabin, National President of Bharatiya Janata Party meeting with the President of India, Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan (2025).jpg|thumb|Nabin with [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in 2026]]<br /> <br /> ==National President of BJP==<br /> In December 2025, the BJP parliamentary board appointed Nabin as the National Working President of the party. He succeeded [[J. P. Nadda]] as national president in January 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin Becomes BJP National President, Succeeds JP Nadda |url=http://brutimes.com/news/bjp/nitin-nabin-bjp-national-president |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin elected BJP national president unopposed in move seen as generational shift |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-bjp-national-president-unopposed-as-party-signals-leadership-reset-prnt/cid/2143463 |website=telegraphindia |access-date=20 January 2026 |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political timeline==<br /> * 1980 – Born on 23 May in Ranchi, Bihar (formerly) <br /> * 1998 – Completed intermediate education <br /> * 2006 – Won by-election from Patna West and became MLA <br /> * 2010 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur <br /> * 2015 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur <br /> * 2020 – Won fourth consecutive term as MLA <br /> * 2021–2022 – Minister of Road Construction, Bihar <br /> * 2024–2025 – Minister of Urban Development &amp; Housing and Law &amp; Justice, Bihar<br /> * 2025 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur <br /> * December 2025 – Appointed National Working President of BJP&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-appoints-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-partys-working-president/articleshow/125960933.cms |access-date=16 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216070326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-appoints-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-partys-working-president/articleshow/125960933.cms |archive-date=16 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nitin Nabin takes charge as BJP working president&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Nitin Nabin takes charge as BJP working president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-as-bjp-working-president/article70399535.ece |access-date=16 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216070403/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-as-bjp-working-president/article70399535.ece |archive-date=16 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * January 2026 – Appointed National President of BJP<br /> * March 2026 - Elected as [[Rajya Sabha]] member from [[Bihar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rsnomi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsOnAir_RajyaSabha_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/nda-wins-on-all-five-rajya-sabha-seats-from-bihar/ |title=NDA wins on all five Rajya Sabha seats from Bihar |website=News On AIR |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu_RS2026_Live&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha elections highlights on March 16, 2026: Nitish Kumar, Nitin Nabin win from Bihar; BJP wins 3 in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-election-2026-live-updates/article70748537.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nabin, Nitin}}<br /> [[Category:1980 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Anti-Doping_Agency_(India)&diff=520803 2026-04-26T16:27:40Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started a article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Details about NADA}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = National Anti-Doping Agency<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2005|11|24}}<br /> | extinction = <br /> | type = Non-profit<br /> | status = <br /> | purpose = Anti-doping in sports<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | location = <br /> | coordinates = <br /> | region_served = National<br /> | num_members = <br /> | language = [[English language|English]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Hindi]]<br /> | general_secretary = <br /> | leader_title = Chairman<br /> | leader_name = [[Minister of Sports (India)]]<br /> | leader_title2 = Director General<br /> | leader_name2 = Ashish Bhargava, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | main_organ = <br /> | parent_organization = <br /> | affiliations = [[Indian Olympic Committee]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | num_staff = <br /> | num_volunteers = <br /> | website = {{URL|nadaindia.org}}<br /> | remarks = <br /> | former_name = <br /> }}<br /> The '''National Anti-Doping Agency''' of India is India's national organisation responsible for promoting, coordinating, and monitoring the [[Blood doping|doping]] control program in sports in all its forms. <br /> <br /> As listed on its official web portal, the agency deals with adopting and implementing anti-doping rules and policies which conform with the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]], cooperates with other anti-doping organisations and promotes anti-doping research and education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About NADA|url=http://www.nada.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=355|publisher=National Information Commission|accessdate=3 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512075909/http://www.nada.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=355|archivedate=12 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The agency is formed by the Union Government under National anti doping Act 2022 and includes scientists and representatives from the [[Indian Olympic Association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/national-anti-doping-agency-formed/article3171693.ece|title=National Anti Doping Agency formed|date=2006-03-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Sports|India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Agence francaise de lutte contre le dopage}}<br /> [[Category:Anti-doping organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Sports organisations of India]]<br /> [[Category:Drug policy of India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-sport-stub}}<br /> {{sport-org-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Lal_Sharma&diff=534532 2026-04-21T11:53:48Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = Shankar Lal Sharma<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2013<br /> | term_end1 = 2018<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | constituency1 = [[Dausa Assembly constituency]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Murari Lal Meena]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | other_party = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | education = B.Com<br /> | alma_mater = [[Rajasthan University]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Shankar Lal Sharma''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dausa Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;g451&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=shankar lal sharma rajasthan shankar-lal-sharma-dausa candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News | website=ABPLive | date=2024-11-19 | url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/shankar-lal-sharma-rajasthan-dausa-candidate-profile.html | access-date=2024-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t006&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News | website=Shankar Lal Sharma, BJP Candidate from Dausa Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History &amp; Political Journey, Winning or Losing | date=2023-11-03 | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/shankar-lal-sharma-s20aed2008a088e2023c003/ | access-date=2024-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muyyam&diff=519352 2026-04-20T00:39:55Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Kannur district, Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{coord|12.037787|N|75.374367|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Taliparamba Muyyam 2.jpg|thumb|Muyyam village]]<br /> '''Muyyam''' is a village located in the [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Muyyam is located near Karimbam town in Taliparamba taluk of Kannur district in Kerala state.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Muyyam,+Kerala+670142/@12.0263509,75.3823041,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba43f74d9e66f7b:0x567d628cfeb7bc4e!8m2!3d12.0269179!4d75.3893096|publisher=google.co.in|title=Google Maps|accessdate=2016-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;keralatourism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/muyyam/id/20368|publisher=keralatourism.org|title=Muyyam, Kurumathoor Municipality, Kannur District, Kerala, India &amp;#124; Kerala Tourism|accessdate=2016-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post office==<br /> There is a post office at Muyyam and the [[Postal Index Number|postal code]] is 670142.&lt;ref name=&quot;pincode&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/KANNUR/M/MUYYAM|publisher=pincode.net.in|title=Pin Code: MUYYAM, KANNUR, KERALA, India, Pincode.net.in|accessdate=2016-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Varadool Temple.jpg|thumb|Varadool Temple, Muyyam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Kannur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages near Taliparamba]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badshahpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=489000 2026-04-19T19:37:59Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added first post and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Badshahpur Assembly constituency&lt;!-- The name of the constituency --&gt;<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Badshahpur Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = '''[[Rao Narbir Singh]]'''<br /> | party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | alliance = &lt;!--Name of the current MLA's party alliance. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | region = <br /> | state = [[Haryana]]<br /> | district = [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]]<br /> | constituency_no = 76<br /> | established = &lt;!-- 2009 --&gt;<br /> | electors = 5,13,878<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Badshahpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Haryana]], a northern state of [[India]]. It is a part of [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;elections&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/Badshahpur.html|website=elections.in|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Badshahpur Assembly constituency|accessdate=2020-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Badshahpur Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates &amp; News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/badshahpur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] <br /> | [[Dharampal Yadav|Rao Dharmapal Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br /> | [[Rao Narbir Singh]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] <br /> | [[Rakesh Daultabad|Ch. Rakesh Daultabad]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] <br /> | [[Rao Narbir Singh]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badshahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rao Narbir Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,45,503 |percentage=51.54% |change={{increase}}8.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vardhan Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=84,798 |percentage=30.04% |change={{increase}}25.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumudni Rakesh Daultabad |party=Independent politician |votes=30,885 |percentage=10.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh Biru Sarpanch |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=12,943 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrade Balwan Singh |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=3,038 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,561 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,803 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,705 |percentage=21.50% |change= {{increase}}17.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,82,285 |percentage=54.19% |change= {{decrease}}3.09 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,13,878 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.46 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badshahpur&lt;ref name=results2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Daultabad]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,06,827 |percentage=47.06 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Yadav |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=96,641 |percentage=42.58|change={{increase}}2.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamalbir Singh (Mintu) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,610 |percentage=4.67 |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Raj Rana |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,964 |percentage=1.31 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,654 |percentage=0.73 |change={{increase}}0.14 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,186 |percentage=4.49 |change= {{decrease}}3.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,26,990 |percentage=57.28 |change= {{decrease}}11.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,96,281 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.82 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badshahpur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rao Narbir Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=86,672 |percentage=39.82 |change={{increase}}29.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Daultabad]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=68,540 |percentage=31.49 |change={{increase}}13.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Mukesh Sharma (Haryana politician)|Mukesh Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=35,297 |percentage=16.22 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Singh Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,989 |percentage=5.05 |change={{decrease}}29.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,433 |percentage=3.87 |change={{increase}}2.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhpat |party=Independent politician |votes=2,373 |percentage=1.09 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Bhardwaj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,913 |percentage=0.88 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,287 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,132 |percentage=8.33 |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,17,676 |percentage=68.56 |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,17,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.35 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.23 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badshahpur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharampal Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,557 |percentage=34.59 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Daultabad]]|party=Independent politician |votes=39,172 |percentage=26.80 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopi Chand |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,824 |percentage=17.67 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukesh Sharma (Haryana politician)|Mukesh Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,163 |percentage=10.37 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,148 |percentage=4.89 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,341 |percentage=1.60 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiksha Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,770 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beg Raj |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,581 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subash |party=Independent politician |votes=811 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,385 |percentage=7.79 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,156 |percentage=64.61 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,26,206 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Haryana constituencies}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|28.398|77.054|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_witch_hunts&diff=518046 2026-04-19T17:10:11Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> [[File:Witchcraft laws.svg|thumb|300px|[[Laws against witchcraft|Witchcraft-related laws by country]]:<br /> {{legend|#921c1c|Practice of magic is illegal}}<br /> {{legend|#f22|Using witchcraft against another person is illegal}}<br /> {{legend|#47a7fa|Accusing someone of being a witch is illegal}}<br /> {{legend|#ca31f1|Pretending to be a witch and accusing someone of being a witch is illegal}}<br /> {{legend|#f9b968|Practice of fortune-telling is illegal}}<br /> {{legend|#40b650|Law repealed}}]]<br /> <br /> [[Witch hunt]]s are a contemporary phenomenon occurring globally, with notable occurrences in [[Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Witch hunts in India|India]], [[Witch hunts in Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]. '''Modern witch hunts''' surpass the body counts of [[Witch trials in the early modern period|early-modern witch-hunting]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Behringer, Wolfgang 2004: Witches and Witch-hunts. A global History. Cambridge: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, and Nigeria, experiences a high prevalence of witch-hunting. In Cameroon, accusations have resurfaced in courts, often involving child-witchcraft scares. Gambia witnessed government-sponsored witch hunts, leading to abductions, forced confessions, and deaths.<br /> <br /> In [[Witchcraft in Ghana|Ghana, witch]] hunting has historical roots, with sanctuaries for victims identified. In the southern regions, accusations tend to remain peaceful, while mass-panics involving media-induced hysteria have occurred. Kenya has a history of witch-hunts, with lynchings reported in the past. Nigeria sees accusations leading to deadly consequences, often considered a form of community service. Tanzania has witnessed intense witch-hunts, with economic strains and exploitation as contributing factors. Zambia experienced witchfinders using a mix of Christian and native traditions.<br /> <br /> In India, witch hunts involve accusations against women, often widows or divorcees, leading to violence and sometimes death. Indonesia has a history of superstition and belief in witchcraft, with vigilante witch-hunts reported post-Suharto era. In Nepal, low-caste women are targeted in witch hunts due to superstitions, lack of education, and societal issues. Papua New Guinea experiences extrajudicial torture and murder of alleged witches, driven by jealousy and economic factors. Witch-hunts against children have seen a significant increase in sub-Saharan regions, with estimates of 40,000 child-related witch-hunt orphans in Kinshasa alone.<br /> <br /> == Africa ==<br /> {{See also|Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa}}<br /> <br /> Most witch hunts today take place in modern sub-Saharan [[Africa]]. The majority of ethnographic literature on the subject remains on a local level. Summarizing studies and meta-analysis remain scarce due to the amount of data involved. Max Marwick, John Middleton, Mary Douglas&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |title=Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations<br /> |editor-first=Mary|editor-last=Douglas<br /> |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis Group<br /> |year=2010<br /> |isbn=9780415611619<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Lucy Mair&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Mair|first=Lucy P.<br /> |year=1969<br /> |title=Magie im schwarzen Erdteil<br /> |location=München|publisher=Kindler Verlag<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; were among the first to cover a wider range of witch-hunts. In recent times, Wolfgang Behringer has provided an overview about witch hunts throughout history and continents.&lt;ref&gt;Behringer, Wolfgang 2006: Witches and Witch-hunts.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A particularly high prevalence of recent witch hunting has been noted for the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]], [[South Africa]],&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Ashforth|first=Adam<br /> |year=2005<br /> |title=Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa<br /> |location=Chicago<br /> |publisher=University of Chicago Press<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |editor-last=Niehaus|editor-first=Isak<br /> |year=2001<br /> |title=Witchcraft, Power and Politics. Exploring the Occult in the South African Lowveld<br /> |location=Claremont|publisher=David Philip Publishers<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] and [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Harnischfeger|first=Johannes<br /> |year=2007<br /> |chapter=Sozialer Niedergang und Kampf gegen das Böse: Hexerei im postmodernen Afrika<br /> |editor1-last=Burghardt|editor1-first=Schmidt<br /> |editor2-last=Schulte|editor2-first=Rolf<br /> |title=Hexenglauben im Modernen Afrika<br /> |trans-title=Witchcraft in Modern Africa<br /> |pages=96–109<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other states showing ongoing and repeated witch hunts are [[Malawi]], [[Ghana]], [[Gambia]], [[Benin]], [[Angola]] and [[Central African Republic]]. While some societies suffer at most sporadic and low-level witch-hunts ([[Senegal]], [[Namibia]], [[Rwanda]]), the entire Sub-Saharan Africa shows a high prevalence of beliefs in the existence of witchcraft and a considerable prevalence of violent witch hunts. Nonetheless, many if not most ethnic groups believe in the existence of witchcraft but do not or do not normally accuse people of witchcraft. Where accusations occur, accusations do not all lead to violence and can even be used for benefits by the accused person.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}<br /> <br /> === Cameroon ===<br /> Several African states, including [[Cameroon]], reestablished witchcraft-accusations in courts after their independence.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Geschiere|first=Peter<br /> |year=1997<br /> |title=The Modernity of Witchcraft. Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa<br /> |location=Charlottesville, London<br /> |publisher=University of Virginia Press<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; From Cameroon, Robert Brain and Peter Geschiere delivered ethnographic accounts on a child-witchcraft scare that tended to remain largely peacefully. After confessions, the accused or self-accused children were rewarded with large amounts of meat to induce a purifying vomiting.&lt;ref&gt;Geschiere, Peter 1983: Child Witches against the Authority of their Elders. Anthropology and History in the Analysis of Witchcraft Beliefs of the Maka (Southeast Cameroon). In: Schefold, Schoorl and Tennekes (eds.): Man, Meaning and History. Essays in Honour of H.G. Schulte Nordholt. Leiden publisher Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 268–299&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brain, Robert 1970: Child Witches. In: Douglas, Mary (ed.) 1970: Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, witch doctors have been used as expert witnesses in trials, according to a 1998 study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fisiy|first=Cyprian F.|date=1998|title=Containing Occult Practices: Witchcraft Trials in Cameroon|journal=African Studies Review|volume=41|issue=3|pages=143–163|doi=10.2307/525357|issn=0002-0206|jstor=525357|s2cid=144761536 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, it was reported that the Cameroonian President [[Paul Biya]] had urged citizens to use witchcraft as a means of combatting [[Boko Haram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theworld.org/stories/2017/01/10/cameroon-has-been-using-witchcraft-fight-boko-haram|title=Cameroon has been using witchcraft to fight Boko Haram|website=Public Radio International|date=10 January 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Gambia ===<br /> In March 2009, Amnesty International reported that up to 1,000 people in [[Gambia]] had been abducted by government-sponsored &quot;witch doctors&quot; on charges of witchcraft, and taken to detention centers where they were forced to drink a poisonous concoction at gunpoint, known as ''kubejaro''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2009/03/hundreds-accused-039witchcraft039-persecuted-gambia-20090318/|title=Hundreds accused of 'witchcraft' persecuted in The Gambia|last=|first=|date=18 March 2009|website=Amnesty International|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 21 May 2009, the ''New York Times'' reported that the alleged witch-hunting campaign had been sparked by the Gambian President, [[Yahya Jammeh]]. The president continued a series of &quot;witch hunts&quot; over the next seven years, in which rural villagers experienced beatings, kidnappings, and forced confessions (after the ingestion of ''kubejaro'', which often made the victims extremely weak or unconscious). Deaths that occurred during the time were due to the side effects of drinking ''kubejaro'', such as kidney failure, or beatings. Later, the Gambian government launched an investigation of these crimes and opened a center to support the victims. A ''Washington Post'' report found that many of the victims had received no support or outreach from such initiatives. Many of the victims also still suffer from health problems, such as pains, weakness, and anxiety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/gambias-dictator-ordered-a-witch-hunt-this-village-is-still-haunted-by-it/2018/05/27/bb8a4fc2-32a9-11e8-b6bd-0084a1666987_story.html|title=Gambia's dictator ordered a witch hunt. This village is still haunted by it.|last=Hayden|first=Sally|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jammeh fled the country in 2017 after losing an election. In January 2019, investigators began interviewing people about their experiences of the atrocities, as either torturers or victims. The hearings may last two years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/world/africa/gambia-witch-hunt-testimony.html|title=Women in Gambia Describe Torture After Ex-President Called Them Witches|last=Turkewitz|first=Julie|date=2019-11-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the truth and reconciliation commission publicizes the interviews through social media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/31/world/africa/gambia-truth-commission-yahya-jammeh.html|title=Now Streaming on YouTube: Confessions From a Presidential Hit Squad in Gambia|last=Turkewitz|first=Julie|date=2019-08-31|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ghana ===<br /> Research on witch hunting in [[Ghana]] dates back into the early 20th century. Arthur W. Cardinall may be the first anthropologist to mention the ghetto for victims of witch-hunts at an [[earth-shrine]] in Gnani (Tindang, Gnaani).&lt;ref name=Reidel2014&gt;<br /> {{cite thesis<br /> |last=Riedel|first=Felix<br /> |year=2014<br /> |title=Hexenjagd und Aufklärung in Ghana. Eine vergleichende Forschung über Hexereianklagen im Film und in der Realität der Ghettos für Hexenjagdflüchtlinge<br /> |publisher=Marburg, unpubl.<br /> |type=PhD<br /> |page=262<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A later research paper by Susan Drucker-Brown observed and discussed the renowned ghetto in [[Gambaga]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> |last=Drucker-Brown|first=Susan<br /> |title=Mamprusi witchcraft, subversion and changing gender relations<br /> |year=1993<br /> |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute<br /> |volume=63|number=4<br /> |location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press<br /> |pages=531–549<br /> |doi=10.2307/1161005<br /> |jstor=1161005<br /> |s2cid=145493870<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Witches in Exile'', the 2004 documentary by Allison Berg, followed the structure of accusations in Kukuo, the biggest ghetto near Bimbilla. Another documentary, ''[[The Witches of Gambaga]]'', follows over 10 years the inmates of Gambaga.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Palmer|first=Karen<br /> |year=2010<br /> |title=Spellbound. Inside West Africa's Witch Camps<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/spellboundinside00palm|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Free Press<br /> |isbn=9781439120507<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last=Haase-Hindenberg|first=Gerhard<br /> |year=2009<br /> |title=Die Hexe von Gushiegu. Wie afrikanischer Geisterglaube das Leben der Asara Azindu zerstörte<br /> |location=Munich<br /> |publisher=Wilhelm Heyne Verlag<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Bradt Travel Guides]]'' mentions the ghetto in Gambaga as a tourist attraction. <br /> A total of eight sanctuaries for witch-hunt victims were listed by the Ethnologist Felix Riedel. The list of sanctuaries includes so far (locations with inmates):&lt;ref name=Reidel2014/&gt;<br /> * Kukuo (Bimbilla, Nanumba South): 450.<br /> * Tindang (Gnani, Gnaani): 350.<br /> * Gushiegu: 120.<br /> * Gambaga: 80.<br /> * Nabule (Chereponi): 55.<br /> * Kpatinga: 40.<br /> * Duabone: 10.<br /> * Banyasi (Bonyanse): 3–8.<br /> <br /> While all are sanctuaries that offer protection for outcasts, at least five of the eight ghettoes are dominated by an earth-priest. They then serve as sites for traditional exorcisms, that involve a chicken-ordeal to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person and a concoction to cleanse the supposed witchcraft-power. The local earth is believed to neutralize the witchcraft powers.&lt;ref name=Reidel2014/&gt; <br /> <br /> Ethnographic research and journalistic interest in the comparably safe and well-researched Northern Ghana sometimes lead to an overrepresentation of Ghana what witch-hunting concerns. Neighbouring regions and countries appear underrepresented in current research in comparison.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> In the southern parts of Ghana as in its urban areas witch-hunting as mass-violence occurs, but far less frequent than in the Northern Regions. Deadly mass-panics in Accra and Kumasi involved media-induced penis-theft-hysterias common throughout Western and Central Africa. In general, witchcraft accusations in Southern Ghana today tend to stay rather peaceful or at least quiet, leading to social isolation of a person.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} A study of Van der Geest also showed, that almost every person in a Southern Ghanaian town has both experienced an accusation and accused another person.&lt;ref&gt;Bleek, Wolf (Sjaak van der Geest) 1976: Witchcraft, Gossip and Death: A social Drama. In: Man 11/4. Hg. von Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 526–541.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 20th century, several witch hunting movements spread from Northern Ghana's shrine Tongnaab into Southern Ghana and into Nigeria. Those movements tended to stay rather peaceful, while harassment, beating and fining of accused persons occurred on a regular basis.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last1=Allman|first1=Jean<br /> |first2=John|last2=Parker<br /> |year=2005<br /> |title=Tongnaab. The History of a West African God<br /> |location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kenya ===<br /> [[Kenya]] has a long-covered history of witch hunts. In the past years, lynchings were a frequent feature of public violence.{{example needed|date=November 2019}} For example, it was reported on 21 May 2008 that in Kenya a mob had burnt to death at least 11 people accused of witchcraft.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<br /> <br /> The Western region of Kenya is particularly known for witch hunts,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/12/kenya.witches/index.html|title=Deadly hunt for 'witches' haunts Kenya villagers - CNN.com|website=www.cnn.com|access-date=2019-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the district of [[Kisii County|Kisii]] has been labeled a &quot;sorcery belt&quot;. In this region, elders are often targeted and labeled as witches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/12/2009122683921769977.html|title=Kenyan witch-hunt targets elders|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nigeria ===<br /> People accused of being witches in [[Nigeria]] include a seventy-year-old widow from [[Irrua]] named Auntie B. As of 2019, she had avoided being made to drink a magical potion of toxic substances. In the nearby Ozalla community, at least twenty accused people since 2004 have died under similar circumstances. &quot;Killing an alleged witch is considered a form of community service, a way to avenge and neutralize the source of danger to the community.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Igwe |first=Leo |authorlink=Leo Igwe |date=November–December 2019 |title=Witch Hunting Requires an International Response |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/11/witch-hunting-requires-an-international-response/ |magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=16–17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200327154219/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/11/the-gigo-problem-crop-circle-research-edition/ |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Tanzania ===<br /> [[Tanzania]] has seen some of the most intense witch-hunts in Africa, with an estimated 20,000 people brought to death throughout the past 20 years.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Mostly elderly women were affected by the violence. As a main factor, economic strains and exploitation are named by documentaries, state-reports and independent observers.<br /> <br /> As much as 93% of the population believe in magic and witchcraft, and witchdoctors play an important role in society as healers, and everyday helpers, with as much as 100,000 registered in the county's healthcare system protocols.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/10/05/world/africa/tanzania-witchcraft/index.html|title=Witchcraft in Tanzania: the good, bad and the persecution|author=Errol Barnett|website=CNN|date=5 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Black magic and witchcraft are feared and not just for superstitious reasons. Incidents of abductions, maimings and even bestial killings by witchdoctors and their helpers, are regularly experienced in Tanzania, where human body parts are used in some witchcraft rituals or as magical charms. In particular the country's [[albino]] population is targeted for this, but not exclusively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1080165/witchcraft-tanzania-children-ritual-killing|title=Witchcraft horror: Tanzania children have genitals and tongues cut off in ritual killing|first=Ciaran|last=McGrath|date=January 30, 2019|website=Express.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Zambia ===<br /> [[Audrey I. Richards]], in the journal ''Africa'', relates in 1935 an instance when a new wave of witchfinders, the ''Bamucapi'', appeared in the villages of the [[Bemba people]] of [[Zambia]]. They dressed in European clothing, and would summon the headman to prepare a ritual meal for the village. When the villagers arrived they would view them all in a [[mirror]], and claimed they could identify witches with this method. These accused persons would then have to &quot;yield up his horns&quot;; i.e. give over the [[horn (anatomy)|horn]] containers for [[curse]]s and evil [[potion]]s to the witch-finders. The bamucapi then made all drink a potion called ''kucapa'' which would cause a witch to die and swell up if he ever tried such things again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> |title=A Modern Movement of Witch Finders<br /> |first=Audrey I|last=Richards<br /> |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute<br /> |volume=VIII<br /> |year=1935<br /> |publisher=Oxford University Press<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The villagers related that the witch-finders were always right because the witches they found were always the people whom the village had feared all along. The bamucapi utilised a mixture of Christian and native religious traditions to account for their powers and said that God (not specifying which god) helped them to prepare their medicine. In addition, all witches who did not attend the meal to be identified would be called to account later on by their master, who had risen from the dead, and who would force the witches by means of drums to go to the graveyard, where they would die. Richards noted that the bamucapi created the sense of danger in the villages by rounding up ''all'' the horns in the village, whether they were used for anti-witchcraft charms, potions, snuff or were indeed receptacles of black magic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richards&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Asia ==<br /> <br /> === India ===<br /> {{Main|Witch-hunts in India|Dayan (witch)}}<br /> <br /> Some people in [[India]], mostly in villages, have the belief that [[witchcraft]] and [[black magic]] are effective. On one hand, people may seek advice from witch doctors for health, financial or marital problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;blackmagic&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Black Magic practices in India|url=http://www.dw.de/black-magic-practices-in-india/a-15969540|accessdate=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=23 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, people, especially women, are accused of witchcraft and attacked, occasionally killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;witchbeaten&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Village 'witches' beaten in India|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8315980.stm?ls|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=20 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;witchfamilies&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title='Witch' family killed in India|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7449825.stm|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=12 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been reported that mostly widows or divorcees are targeted to rob them of their property.&lt;ref name=&quot;widow witch&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Bengal tribesmen kill 'witches'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2166856.stm|access-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=27 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reportedly, revered village witch-doctors are paid to brand specific persons as witches ([[Dayan (witch)|dayan]]), so that they can be killed without repercussions. The existing laws have been considered ineffective in curbing the murders.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Witch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights:a review of the evidence|url=http://www.unhcr.org/4981ca712.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHRC]]|accessdate=13 September 2013|author=Jill Schnoebelen}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2013, [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) reported that according to [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) statistics, 768 women had been murdered for allegedly practising witchcraft since 2008 and announced plans for newer laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCW Witch&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=NCW demands stringent law against witch-hunts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ncw-demands-stringent-law-against-witchhunts/article4779831.ece|accessdate=14 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Recent cases====<br /> Between 2001 and 2006, an estimated 300 people were killed in the state of [[Assam]].&lt;ref name=assam300&gt;{{cite news|title=Killing of women, child &quot;witches&quot; on rise, U.N. told|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-witchcraft-idUSTRE58M4Q820090923|accessdate=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=23 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 2005 and 2010, about 35 witchcraft related murders reportedly took place in [[Odisha]]'s [[Sundergarh district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;orissa witch&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Witch Killings in Orissa District Cause Concern|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=705806|accessdate=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202175052/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=705806|archivedate=2 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2003, three women were branded as witches and humiliated, afterwards they all committed suicide in Kamalpura village in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in [[Bihar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;witch suicide&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Three 'witches' kill themselves|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3211535.stm|access-date=13 September 2013|date=24 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2013, a couple were hacked to death by a group of people in [[Kokrajhar district]] in Assam.&lt;ref name=assamwitch&gt;{{cite news|title=In Assam, a rising trend of murders on allegations of witchcraft|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-assam-a-rising-trend-of-murders-on-allegations-of-witchcraft-414016|accessdate=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=4 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2013, in the [[Jashpur district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], a woman was murdered and her daughter was raped on the allegation that they were practising black magic.&lt;ref name=jashpur&gt;{{cite news|title=Girl raped, mom killed for her alleged indulgence in black magic in Chhattisgarh|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-03/raipur/41725310_1_black-magic-jharkhand-jashpur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906085820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-03/raipur/41725310_1_black-magic-jharkhand-jashpur|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2013|accessdate=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 2010 estimate places the number of women killed as witches in India at between 150 and 200 per year, or a total of 2,500 in the period of 1995 to 2009.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Hindu]]'', [http://www.thehindu.com/news/article533407.ece Nearly 200 women killed every year after being branded witches], 26 July 2010. ''[[Herald Sun]]'',<br /> [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/witches-killed-in-india-each-year-report/story-e6frf7jx-1225897181523 200 'witches' killed in India each year – report], 26 July 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; The lynchings are particularly common in the poor [[North India|northern states]] of [[Jharkhand]],&lt;ref&gt;A Jharkhand case publicized in international media in 2009 concerned five Muslim women. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8315980.stm BBC News], 30 October 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bihar]] and the [[Central India|central state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Witch hunts are also taking place among the tea garden workers in [[Jalpaiguri district]], [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2012/witch-hunts-targeted-by-grassroots-women/ | title=Witch hunts targeted by grassroots women's groups}}&lt;/ref&gt; The witch hunts in Jalpaiguri are less known, but are motivated by the stress in the tea industry on the lives of the [[adivasi]] (tribal) workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739149942 |title = Witches, Tea Plantations, and Lives of Migrant Laborers in India: Tempest in a Teapot}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In India, labeling a woman as a witch is a common ploy to grab land, settle scores or even to punish her for turning down sexual advances. In a majority of the cases, it is difficult for the accused woman to reach out for help and she is forced to either abandon her home and family or driven to commit suicide. Most cases are not documented because it is difficult for poor and illiterate women to travel from isolated regions to file police reports. Less than 2 percent of those accused of witch-hunting are actually convicted, according to a study by the Free Legal Aid Committee, a group that works with victims in the state of Jharkhand.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womensenews.org/story/the-world/070716/recourse-rare-witch-hunt-victims-in-india Womensnews.org].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, Frederick George 1994: The Witch-Hunt, or the Triumph of Morality. New York: Cornell University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Indonesia ===<br /> Superstition and belief in magic is most common in [[Indonesia]], where services from ''[[dukun]]'', as Indonesian male and female witch-doctors are called, help with [[healing]]s, blessings, fortune telling, and other magical tasks in everyday life on a regular basis. Belief in, and fear of, black magic and sorcery from ''dukun'' is also prevalent and a source of conflict and sometimes even witch-hunts and killings.<br /> <br /> The collapse of the violent [[Suharto]] era in 1998 was accompanied by vigilante witch-hunts with about 400 killings in the following years,&lt;ref&gt;Siegel, James 2006: Naming the Witch. Stanford: Stanford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; including the [[1998 East Java ninja scare]]. The large scale persecutions has diminished since then, but accusations, witch-hunts and sometimes killings still occur regularly on a smaller scale in Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/witchhunts-fuelled-by-vivid-dreams-20170119-gtu5z0.html|title=East Java's villagers hunt witches to put an end to nightmares and sickness|first=Jewel Topsfield, Amilia|last=Rosa|date=January 20, 2017|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear if superstition and genuine fear of sorcery is the motivating factor in these incidents, or the prospect of grabbing victims' possessions and property is more important.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/02/world/witch-hunts-in-java-called-a-cover-for-murders.html|title=Witch Hunts in Java Called a Cover for Murders|first=Calvin|last=Sims|newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 2, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; The law and penal code of Indonesia does not encompass magic or the supernatural, but there has been public pressure and debate about including it since at least 1981, hoping to outlaw witches and witchcraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideindonesia.org/legislating-against-the-supernatural|title=Legislating against the supernatural|website=Inside Indonesia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nepal ===<br /> {{main|Witch hunts in Nepal|Boksi}}<br /> <br /> [[Witch hunts in Nepal]] are common, and are targeted especially against low-caste women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7241937/Witch-hunts-of-low-caste-women-in-Nepal.html | title=Witch-hunts of low-caste women in Nepal| date=2010-02-15| last1=Shrestha| first1=Deepesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whrin.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Informal Sector Service Centre |title=A Study on Violence due to Witchcraft Allegation and Sexual Violence |url=http://www.whrin.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Witchcraft-report-INSEC.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main causes of witchcraft related violence include widespread belief in superstition, lack of education, lack of public awareness, illiteracy, [[Caste system in Nepal|caste system]], male domination, and economic dependency of women on men. The victims of this form of violence are often beaten, tortured, publicly humiliated, and murdered. Sometimes, the family members of the accused are also assaulted.&lt;ref name=&quot;whrin.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> In 2010, Sarwa Dev Prasad Ojha, Minister for Women and Social Welfare, said, &quot;Superstitions are deeply rooted in our society, and the belief in witchcraft is one of the worst forms of this.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-02-07/witch-hunt-victim-recounts-torture-ordeal/2580662 | title=Witch-hunt victim recounts torture ordeal| website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]| date=2010-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Papua New Guinea ===<br /> {{main|Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea}}<br /> Though the practice of &quot;white&quot; magic (such as [[faith healing]]) is legal in [[Papua New Guinea]], the 1976 Sorcery Act imposes a penalty of up to two years in prison for the practice of [[black magic|&quot;black&quot; magic]]. In 2009, the government reports that extrajudicial torture and murder of alleged witches—usually lone women—are spreading from the highland areas to cities as villagers migrate to urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-9 Channel4.com].&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in June 2013, four women were accused of witchcraft because the family &quot;had a 'permanent house' made of wood, and the family had tertiary educations and high social standing&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 witch burning in New Guinea&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.yahoo.com/witch-hunts-papua-guinea-linked-jealousy-054301668.html | title=Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea linked to jealousy | agency=Associated Press | date=10 June 2013 | accessdate=10 June 2013 | author=McGuirk, Rod}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of the women were tortured and Helen Rumbali was beheaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 witch burning in New Guinea&quot;/&gt; Helen Hakena, chairwoman of the North Bougainville Human Rights Committee, said that the accusations started because of economic jealousy born of a mining boom.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013 witch burning in New Guinea&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Reports by UN agencies, Amnesty International, Oxfam and anthropologists show that &quot;attacks on accused sorcerers and witches—sometimes men, but most commonly women—are frequent, ferocious and often fatal.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler&quot;&gt;It's 2013, And They're Burning 'Witches.' By [[Jo Chandler]], The Global Mail. February 15, 2013 {{cite web |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/its-2013-and-theyre-burning-witches/558/ |title=It's 2013, and They're Burning 'Witches' &amp;#124; the Global Mail |accessdate=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002115725/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/its-2013-and-theyre-burning-witches/558/ |archivedate=2013-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It's estimated about 150 cases of violence and killings are occurring each year in just the province of Simbu in Papua New Guinea alone.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} Reports indicate this practice of witch hunting has in some places evolved into &quot;something more malignant, sadistic and voyeuristic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler&quot; /&gt; One woman who was attacked by young men from a nearby village &quot;had her genitals burned and fused beyond functional repair by the repeated intrusions of red-hot irons.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler&quot; /&gt; Few incidents are ever reported, according to the 2012 Law Reform Commission, which concluded that they have increased since the 1980s.<br /> <br /> == Other regions ==<br /> <br /> === Amazonia ===<br /> Neil L. Whitehead and Robin Wright presented a collection of essays on witch-hunts among native tribes in the amazon high- and lowlands. While prevalent in many tribes, especially child-witch-hunts among [[Ashaninka]] have attracted interest and raised questions about methodological strategies in reporting abusive practices in an already biased environment.&lt;ref&gt;Whitehead, Neil L./Wright, Robin 2004: In Darkness and Secrecy. The Anthropology of Assault Sorcery and Witchcraft in Amazonia. Durham &amp; London: Duke University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bolivia ===<br /> Witch trials have taken place in the parallel justice of the [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]] until the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Banse, M., Stanka, H. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12286-025-00640-3 The complex relationship between legal pluralisms and the ''Rechtsstaat'' in Peru and Bolivia]. ''Z Vgl Polit Wiss'' 19, 291–311 (2025), p. 306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-025-00640-3&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Brazil ===<br /> In 2017, an effigy of philosopher [[Judith Butler]] was burned as a witch while she helped organize a conference at SESC, a research organization in São Paulo. Butler was accused of witchcraft at a protest, and was accused of trying to destroy people's gender identities and trying to undermine the values of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Judith Butler discusses being burned in effigy and protested |publisher=Inside Higher Education |year=2017 |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/11/13/judith-butler-discusses-being-burned-effigy-and-protested-brazil }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Peru ===<br /> The ''[[rondas campesinas]]'' perform witch trials.&lt;ref&gt;Banse, M., Stanka, H. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12286-025-00640-3 The complex relationship between legal pluralisms and the ''Rechtsstaat'' in Peru and Bolivia]. ''Z Vgl Polit Wiss'' 19, 291–311 (2025), p. 300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-025-00640-3&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Saudi Arabia ===<br /> Witchcraft or sorcery remains a criminal offense in Saudi Arabia, although the precise nature of the crime is undefined.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Precarious Justice – Arbitrary Detention and Unfair Trials in the Deficient Criminal Justice System of Saudi Arabia |journal=Human Rights Watch |year=2008 |page=143 |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/62304/section/23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The frequency of prosecutions for this in the country as whole is unknown. In November 2009, it was reported that 118 persons had been arrested in the province of Makkah that year for practising magic and &quot;using the Book of Allah in a derogatory manner&quot;, 74% of them being female.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Distance witch finally caught; 118 detained this year |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2009110453524&amp;archiveissuedate=04/11/2009 |newspaper=Saudi Gazette |date=4 November 2009 |accessdate=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110161629/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2009110453524&amp;archiveissuedate=04%2F11%2F2009 |archivedate=10 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Human Rights Watch]] in 2009, prosecutions for witchcraft and sorcery are proliferating and &quot;Saudi courts are sanctioning a literal witch hunt by the religious police.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Saudi Arabia: Witchcraft and Sorcery Cases on the Rise |date=24 November 2009 |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/24/saudi-arabia-witchcraft-and-sorcery-cases-rise |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, an illiterate Saudi woman, [[Fawza Falih]], was convicted of practising witchcraft, including casting an impotence spell, and sentenced to death by beheading, after allegedly being beaten and forced to fingerprint a [[false confession]] that had not been read to her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=King Abdullah urged to spare Saudi 'witchcraft' woman's life |newspaper=The Times |date=16 February 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After an appeal court had cast doubt on the validity of the death sentence because the confession had been retracted, the lower court reaffirmed the same sentence on a different basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Letter to HRH King Abdullah bin Abd al-'Aziz Al Saud on &quot;Witchcraft&quot; Case |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=12 February 2008 |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/12/letter-hrh-king-abdullah-bin-abd-al-aziz-al-saud-witchcraft-case |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2007, Mustafa Ibrahim, an Egyptian national, was executed, having been convicted of using sorcery in an attempt to separate a married couple, as well as of adultery and of desecrating the Quran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi executes Egyptian for practising 'witchcraft' |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/03/2080777.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103180007/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/03/2080777.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 3, 2007 |newspaper=ABC News |date=3 November 2007 |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also in 2007, Abdul Hamid Bin Hussain Bin Moustafa al-Fakki, a Sudanese national, was sentenced to death after being convicted of producing a spell that would lead to the reconciliation of a divorced couple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sudanese man facing execution in Saudi Arabia over 'sorcery' charges |url=http://www.afrik-news.com/article17642.html |newspaper=Afrik News |date=15 May 2010 |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, [[Ali Hussain Sibat|Ali Sibat]], a Lebanese television presenter who had been arrested whilst on a pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia, was sentenced to death for witchcraft arising out of his fortune-telling on an Arab satellite channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lebanese TV host Ali Hussain Sibat faces execution in Saudi Arabia for sorcery |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7085303.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525071845/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7085303.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 25, 2010 |newspaper=The Times |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His appeal was accepted by one court, but a second in Medina upheld his death sentence again in March 2010, stating that he deserved it as he had publicly practised sorcery in front of millions of viewers for several years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Lebanese PM should step in to halt Saudi Arabia 'Sorcery' execution |publisher=Amnesty International |date=1 April 2010 |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18702 |accessdate=6 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2010, the Supreme Court refused to ratify the death sentence, stating that there was insufficient evidence that his actions had harmed others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi court rejects death sentence for TV psychic |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/saudi-court-rejects-death-sentence-for-tv-psychic-1.574429 |publisher=CTV News |agency=Associated Press |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120092804/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20101113/saudi-psychic-sentenced-101113/ |archive-date=20 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 December 2011, Amina bint Abdulhalim Nassar was beheaded in [[Al Jawf Province]] after being convicted of practicing witchcraft and sorcery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agence France-Presse&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia: Woman Is Beheaded After Being Convicted of Witchcraft|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-woman-is-beheaded-after-being-convicted-of-witchcraft.html|accessdate=13 December 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 December 2011|agency=Agence France-Presse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another very similar situation occurred to Muree bin Ali bin Issa al-Asiri and he was beheaded on 19 June 2012 in the [[Najran Province]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18503550|title=Saudi man executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery'|work=BBC News |date=June 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Children==<br /> {{main|Witchcraft accusations against children}}<br /> Witch-hunts against children appear in the early ethnographic literature and in many modern circumstances. In Cameroon, DRC, Ghana, but also in Brazil sporadic child-witch-hunts have a tradition of at least 100 years. In the past 20 years and especially in the past 10 years an unprecedented increases in child-witch-hunting has been noted in Southern Nigeria, DRC, Angola, Ghana and other sub-Saharan regions. Several sources estimate 40,000 children in Kinshasa alone as witch-hunt-related orphans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.whrin.org/felix-riedel-children-in-african-witch-hunts-an-introduction-for-scientists-and-social-workers/ |title = Felix Riedel: Children in African Witch-Hunts – an introduction for Scientists and Social Workers. – WHRIN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * {{anli|Moral panic}}<br /> * {{anli|Satanic panic}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{incomplete citations|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:African witchcraft]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in Papua New Guinea]]<br /> [[Category:Modern witch hunts| ]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Sachithanantham&diff=527741 2026-04-11T20:12:07Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Started a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = R. Sachithanantham<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | constituency = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]<br /> | predecessor = [[P. Velusamy]]<br /> | party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | image =<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]], social activist, farmer<br /> | parents = Rathinavel (father)<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | alma_mater = GTN Arts &amp; Science College<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc)<br /> | source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5628?from=members <br /> }}<br /> '''Rathnavel Sachithanantham''' is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. In [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024, he was elected t]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;o the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]] on behalf of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=CPM names Su Venkatesan, Sachidanandam as candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cpm-renominates-su-venkatesan-and-names-r-sachidanandam-as-candidates-latest-updates/articleshow/108536610.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | date=2024-06-04 |title=Sachidanandam of CPI(M) wins Dindigul seat by a huge margin of more than 4 lakh votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sachidanandam-of-cpim-wins-dindigul-seat-by-a-huge-margin-of-more-than-4-lakh-votes/article68251921.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dindigul Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dindigul-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916573.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sachidanandam, R.}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> {{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Mandir_Dhwajarohan&diff=528987 2026-04-11T14:46:12Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ceremony of hoisting Lord Rama's sacred flag on Ram Mandir}}<br /> {{Being merged|Ram Mandir Dharma Dhwaj|date=January 2026|discuss=Talk:Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan#Proposed merge of Dharma Dhwaj into Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan#Dharma Dhwaja|dir=from}}<br /> {{Infobox event<br /> | title = Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan<br /> | image = Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir Dhwaja.jpg<br /> | caption = Prime Minister Narendra Modi standing before the saffron flag featuring the 'Om' symbol within a glowing Sun and the Kovidāra tree during the Ram Mandir consecration ceremony in Ayodhya<br /> | native_name = राम मंदिर ध्वजारोहण<br /> | English_name = Ram Mandir Flag Hoisting<br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | time = 11:45 am – 12:29 pm (Abhijit Muhurat)<br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | date = {{start date|2025|11|25}}<br /> | venue = [[Ram Mandir]]<br /> | location = [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.7956|N|82.1943|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | also_known_as = Ram Dharma Dhwajarohan<br /> | type = [[Religious]], Ceremonial<br /> | theme = Dharma Dhwaja; Purnahuti (Final culmination)<br /> | cause = Completion of the temple's main spire (Shikhar)<br /> | patron = [[Narendra Modi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Yogi Adityanath]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mohan Bhagwat]]<br /> | organisers = [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust]]<br /> | participants = [[Narendra Modi]] (Prime Minister)&lt;br /&gt;[[Mohan Bhagwat]] (RSS Chief)&lt;br /&gt;[[Yogi Adityanath]] (Chief Minister)&lt;br /&gt;[[Anandiben Patel]] (Governor)&lt;br /&gt;Vedic Acharyas and Priests<br /> | outcome = Installation of the 42-foot flagstaff and hoisting of the Dharma Dhwaja<br /> | blank_label = Flag Dimensions<br /> | blank_data = 22 ft × 11 ft (Triangle)<br /> | blank1_label = Flag Material<br /> | blank1_data = Specialized parachute fabric<br /> | blank2_label = Key Symbols<br /> | blank2_data = [[Surya|Sun]], [[Om]], [[Bauhinia variegata|Kovidara Tree]]<br /> | notes = Hoisting of the sacred Dharma Dhwaja flag on the top Shikhar of Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan''' (Devanagari: राम मंदिर ध्वजारोहण) or '''Ram Mandir Flag Hoisting''' was the ceremonial raising of the sacred flag (''[[Dharma Dhwaj]]'') on November 25, 2025, atop the 161-foot (49&amp;nbsp;m) gold-plated spire of the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir]]. The temple is situated on the banks of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu River]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The ceremony was led by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical context==<br /> Following the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] verdict that awarded the disputed land for the construction of the temple, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] performed the ''[[bhoomi pujan]]'' (groundbreaking ceremony) on August 5, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2020-08-05 |title=PM Narendra Modi performs bhoomi pujan for Ram temple in Ayodhya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhumi-pujan-ram-temple-pm-narendra-modi-bhoomi-ayodhya-1708013-2020-08-05 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple was inaugurated on January 22, 2024, marked by the ''[[Prana pratishtha|pran pratishtha]]'' (consecration ceremony) of [[Ram Lalla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Sud |first2=Vedika |last3=Farooqui |first3=Sania |last4=Iyer |first4=Aishwarya S |last5=Taylor |first5=Jerome |date=2024-01-22 |title=India's Ayodhya Ram Mandir temple inaugurated by Modi |url=https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/india-ram-mandir-ayodhya-inauguration-24-01-22-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the temple was opened to devotees following the consecration in January 2024, construction of the temple's main spire remained unfinished. By November 25, 2025, the construction of the main spire, designed in the North Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara architectural style]], was completed. The installation of a 42-foot (13&amp;nbsp;m) flagstaff atop this 161-foot (49&amp;nbsp;m) spire marked the official conclusion of the temple’s structural construction. Prime Minister Modi characterized the flag-hoisting ceremony as the ''purnahuti'' (final culmination) of a 500-year ''[[yajna]]'' (sacred endeavor).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Flag-hoisting trial conducted at Ram temple ahead of Nov 25 event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/flaghoisting-trial-conducted-at-ram-temple-ahead-of-nov-25-event-101758390595385.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Seth |first=Maulshree |date=2025-11-28 |title=4,000 workers, 5 years, Rs 1,800 crore: Inside the making of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/inside-making-ram-mandir-ayodhya-workers-years-10389016/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> November 25 coincided with [[Vivaha Panchami]], celebrated as the wedding anniversary of Lord Ram and Goddess Sita. According to the Hindu calendar, in 2025, the ''Panchami Tithi'' commenced at 9:22 pm on November 24 and continued until 10:56 pm on November 25. Within this duration, the Abhijit Muhurat (11:45 am – 12:29 pm) is regarded as an auspicious window for sacred activities. Notably, both the ''bhoomi pujan'' and the ''pran pratishtha'' of the Ram Mandir were also performed during this timeframe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Mahima |date=2025-11-25 |title=Vivah Panchami 2025: Date, Time, Puja Rituals and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vivah-panchami-2025-date-time-puja-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/125546134.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Ayodhya all decked up for historic flag hoisting to mark completion of Ram temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/grand-flag-hoisting-to-mark-completion-of-ram-temple-will-be-a-4-minute-affair/articleshow/125525482.cms |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dharma Dhwaja==<br /> <br /> {{main|Ram Mandir Dharma Dhwaj}}<br /> <br /> The focal point of the ceremony was the saffron standard known as the ''[[Dharma Dhwaja]]'', hoisted atop the temple's spire. According to guidelines from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] and most authoritative sources, the flag is a right-angled triangle measuring 22 feet (6.7 m) in length and 11 feet (3.4 m) in width,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Ahmedabad-based company making flag for Ayodhya Ram temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ahmedabadbased-company-making-flag-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-101762449455542.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; though some media reports cited dimensions of 20 feet by 10 feet.<br /> <br /> Because the temple spire stands at 161 feet (49&amp;nbsp;m), where wind velocities are significantly higher, the flag was fashioned from a specialized parachute fabric. A manufacturer based in [[Ahmedabad]] stated that the flag can withstand gale-force winds of up to 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph), although other sources indicate it was tested for wind speeds of 60&amp;nbsp;km/h (37 mph).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; To accommodate these conditions, the flag is mounted on a 42-foot (13&amp;nbsp;m) flagpole equipped with a specialized 360-degree ball-bearing mechanism.<br /> <br /> The saffron expanse of the flag features three prominent symbols embroidered in golden thread: the [[Surya|Sun]], the ॐ ([[Om]]) symbol, and the [[Bauhinia variegata|kovidara]] tree. The Sun represents Lord Ram's lineage, the [[Suryavansha]] (Solar Dynasty); Om signifies the primordial cosmic sound representing creation, preservation, and dissolution; and the kovidara tree marks the revival of a lost emblem from the ancient royal standard of Ayodhya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Dharma Dhwaj Has Om, Sun &amp; Kovidara: Is The Flag Same For All Gods &amp; Temples? |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/ayodhya-ram-mandir-dharma-dhwaj-has-om-sun-kovidara-is-the-flag-same-for-all-dieties-temples-ws-kl-9729948.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir flag: Made with parachute fabric, withstands 200 kmph winds and more interesting facts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-flag-made-with-parachute-fabric-withstands-200-kmph-winds-and-more-interesting-facts/ayodhya-ram-mandir-flag-ceremony-details-and-festivities/slideshow/125534497.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kovidara tree==<br /> <br /> Scientifically designated as ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'', the kovidara tree belongs to the [[Fabaceae|Leguminosae family]]. In various Indian vernaculars, it is commonly referred to as Raktakanchan or Kanchan. Ancient Ayurvedic treatises, the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', explicitly refer to it as 'Kovidara,' noting that its bark, flowers, and roots are used to treat diverse ailments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Kovidara Tree: PM Modi hoists Dharma Dhwaj in Ayodhya with this plant, know its significance and medicinal value |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/kovidara-tree-pm-modi-hoists-dharma-dhwaj-in-ayodhya-with-this-plant-know-its-significance-and-medicinal-value-1503517127.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=How Kovidar tree, inscribed on 'dharm dhwaj', is rooted in Ayodhya's tradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/how-kovidar-tree-inscribed-on-dharm-dhwaj-is-rooted-in-ayodhyas-tradition/articleshow/125574188.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tree's historical association with the royal standard was rediscovered by Indologist Lalit Mishra during his research into an ancient illustrated manuscript of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' from the Mewar School. Upon observing a distinct tree depicted on the flag of [[Ayodhya]], he consulted experts from [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU), who identified it as the kovidara. Mishra subsequently traced a specific textual reference to this emblem in the ''[[Ayodhya Kanda]]'' of the ''[[Valmiki Ramayana]]''. In the 84th ''sarga'' (canto), 3rd ''shloka'' (verse), as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] journeys to Chitrakoot to persuade Rama to return, [[Lakshmana]] identifies him from a distance solely by the insignia on his chariot:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-22 |title=&quot;Om, Sun and Kovidara tree&quot;: Indologist Lalit Mishra discovers Ayodhya's ancient flag |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/om-sun-and-kovidara-tree-indologist-lalit-mishra-discovers-ayodhyas-ancient-flag20251122190339/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=ANI News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Varma |first=Ananya |date=2025-11-25 |title=The Sacred Kovidara Tree on Ayodhya Ram Mandir's 'Dharma Dhwaj': Symbolism, History, And A Lost Ramayana Story |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/the-sacred-kovidara-tree-on-ayodhya-ram-mandirs-dharma-dhwaj-symbolism-history-and-a-lost-ramayana-story-article-153202391 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Verse transliteration-translation|यथा तु खलु दुर्बुद्धिर्भरत स्स्वयमागतः।<br /> स एष हि महाकायः कोविदारध्वजो रथे॥&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sloka &amp; Translation |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&amp;language=dv&amp;field_sarga_value=84 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Valmiki Ramayanam |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;|yathā tu khalu durbuddhirbharata ssvayamāgataḥ {{!}}<br /> sa eṣa hi mahākāyaḥ kovidāradhvajo rathe|It appears that the evilminded Bharata himself has come here.<br /> The emblem of a huge kovidara tree is seen on his chariot.|lang=sa|originalHeading=Original Sanskrit|transliterationHeading=[[IAST]] transcription|translationHeading=English translation}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Hindu]] tradition, the sage [[Kashyapa]] created the kovidara by hybridizing the celestial ''mandara'' tree with the terrestrial ''[[parijata]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the death of King [[Brihadbala]] of Ayodhya in the [[Kurukshetra War]], the city was stripped of its former glory, and over time, the memory of this royal standard faded. While the poet [[Kalidasa]] referenced the kovidara flower in his literary works, he made no allusion to its significance as a heraldic symbol.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=The Kovidara Tree: A Sacred Flowering Icon of India's Civilisational Heritage |url=https://indianblog.co.in/the-kovidara-tree-a-sacred-flowering-icon-of-indias-civilisational-heritage/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=THE INDIAN BLOG}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Events and rituals==<br /> To mark the occasion, the city of Ayodhya and the temple complex were adorned with nearly 100 tons of flowers. Security was tightened across the city, featuring the deployment of approximately 6,970 security personnel, including ATS commandos, NSG snipers, and the Rapid Action Force. While the temple remained closed to the general public for the day, special access passes were arranged for invited dignitaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Dhwajarohan ceremony at Ram Mandir today: PM Modi to hoist sacred flag, tight security in Ayodhya; top points |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/dhwajarohan-ceremony-at-ram-mandir-today-pm-modi-to-hoist-sacred-flag-tight-security-in-ayodhya-top-points-503520-2025-11-25 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Business Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Ayodhya turns high-securityzone for 'dhwajarohan' event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ayodhya-turns-high-securityzone-for-dhwajarohan-event/articleshow/125549457.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ceremonial rituals commenced on November 21. Dr. Anil Mishra, a member of the [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust]], accompanied by his wife, officiated as the ''Pradhan Yajman'' (chief host) for the Navagraha Puja and the sacrificial ''yajna''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-21 |title=Religious flag hoisting ceremony at Ayodhya's Ram Mandir begins with 'Navgraha Pujan' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/religious-flag-hoisting-ceremony-at-ayodhyas-ram-mandir-begins-with-navgraha-pujan-1503515565.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festivities included a ''Kalash Yatra'', a procession wherein thousands of women carried sacred water collected from the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu River]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Puri |first=Sagar |date=2025-11-21 |title=Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan 2025: From rituals and flag hoisting timings to security plan, guest list, PM Modi's full schedule |url=https://news24online.com/india/ram-mandir-dhwajarohan-2025-from-rituals-and-flag-hoisting-timings-to-security-plan-guest-list-pm-modis-full-schedule-complete-guide-here/672654/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the day of the flag hoisting, the sanctity of the occasion was upheld by 21 Vedic Acharyas and 100 priests, who engaged in continuous Vedic chanting and ritual sacrifices.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Ayodhya Ram Temple flag hoisting ceremony: What do Sun, Om and Tree on 'Dharma Dhwaj' signify? Explained |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ayodhya-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-ceremony-what-do-sun-om-and-tree-on-dharma-dhwaj-signify-explained/articleshow/125557685.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg|thumb|View of the decorated ''Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir'' during the ceremony of the ''Dhwajarohan'']]<br /> <br /> On the morning of November 25, Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed at [[Ayodhya Airport]], where he was received by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] and Governor [[Anandiben Patel]]. From there, he proceeded to the temple premises via a roadshow. Crowds of devotees lining the route welcomed him with chants of ''[[Jai Shri Ram]]'' and showers of flower petals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=PM Modi holds roadshow to Ram temple ahead of flag ceremony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/pm-modi-roadshow-ayodhya-ram-temple-nov-25-2025/article70320492.ece |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=PM Modi Holds Roadshow Ahead Of Flag-hoisting Ceremony At Ayodhya Ram Temple » IndiaPost NewsPaper |url=https://indiapost.com/pm-modi-holds-roadshow-ahead-of-flag-hoisting-ceremony-at-ayodhya-ram-temple/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=IndiaPost NewsPaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Prime Minister first offered prayers at [[Hanumangarhi]] before visiting the newly constructed ''Sapta Mandir'' complex (shrines dedicated to [[Maharishi Valmiki]], [[Vasishtha|Vashishtha]], [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]], [[Agastya]], [[Shabari]], Nishadraj, and [[Ahalya]]). Subsequently, he performed a special puja and aarti within the ''[[Garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum sanctorum) of [[Balak Ram (idol)|Ram Lalla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=M |first=Rahul |date=2025-11-25 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Visits Sapt Mandir In Ayodhya, Temple Dedicated To 7 Spiritual Figures |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/prime-minister-narendra-modi-visits-sapt-mandir-in-ayodhya-temple-dedicated-to-7-spiritual-figures |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Free Press Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the auspicious Abhijit Muhurat approached, just prior to 12:00 pm, the Prime Minister ascended to the temple's third floor. Using a remote-control mechanism, he formally hoisted the ''Dharma Dhwaja'' atop the 161-foot (49&amp;nbsp;m) spire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Arora |first=Kamna |date=2025-11-25 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan: Key highlights from PM Modi's historic flag hoisting |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-dhwajarohan-live-updates-2025-1503516997.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; This moment was marked by flower petals showered from helicopters, while the air resonated with the blowing of conch shells and the ringing of bells. At this culmination, the Prime Minister was flanked by RSS Chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] and Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Prashant |date=2025-11-24 |title=What is the flag-hoisting ceremony that PM Modi will lead at Ram temple in Ayodhya |url=https://theprint.in/india/what-is-the-flag-hoisting-ceremony-that-pm-modi-will-lead-at-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/2790990/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Patra |first=Shuddhanta |date=2025-11-25 |title=PM Modi Leads Ram Temple Flag Hoisting With Yogi Adityanath, Mohan Bhagwat |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-leads-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-with-yogi-adityanath-mohan-bhagwat-watch-9729933.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Prime Minister's address===<br /> Following the flag-hoisting ceremony, Prime Minister Modi addressed the assembly. He spoke about history, colonialism, and the future of India. He declared, &quot;Today, the city of Ayodhya is witnessing another turning point in India’s cultural consciousness. Today, all of India, the entire world, is filled with the divine presence of Ram. There are unparalleled contentment, boundless gratitude, and immense supernatural joy in the heart of every devotee of Ram. The wounds of centuries are healing, the pain of centuries is finding an end today, the resolution of centuries is achieving success today. Today marks the final offering of a yajna whose fire burned for 500 years.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;g437&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Dixit |first=Pawan |date=2025-11-26 |title=Modi hoists flag, Ayodhya project formally complete |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modihoists-flag-ayodhya-project-formally-complete-101764095807548.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his address, the Prime Minister invoked British historian [[Thomas Babington Macaulay]]. He asserted that the education system introduced by Macaulay 190 years ago constituted a conspiracy designed to sever Indians from their cultural roots. Identifying the year 2035, marking the bicentenary of 'Macaulay’s Minute' as a critical milestone, he urged that within the next decade, India must liberate itself from the shackles of inferiority and the colonial mindset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Achom |first=Debanish |date=2025-11-25 |title=What Is 'Macaulay Mindset'? Debate Over British Politician's India Impact |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-spoke-of-macaulay-mindset-british-politician-india-impact-decoded-9697755 |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=www.ndtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Drawing upon the symbolism of the kovidara tree, he remarked, &quot;The Kovidar tree reminds us that when we forget our identity, we lose ourselves. And when identity returns, the nation’s self-confidence also returns.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2014-03-17 |title=PM's speech during the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Dhwajarohan Utsav |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-speech-during-the-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-mandir-dhwajarohan-utsav/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Prime Minister of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Message of inclusivity===<br /> Representatives from indigenous tribal communities hailing from [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] and other forested regions were invited to attend the ceremony. This initiative was conceived to commemorate the relationship Lord Ram shared with forest dwellers and tribal populations during his exile, as chronicled in the ''[[Ramayana]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Ram temple flag ceremony: Tribals, forest dwellers, Babri litigant's son among special guests |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ram-temple-flag-ceremony-tribals-forest-dwellers-babri-litigants-son-among-special-guests |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Iqbal Ansari, one of the principal litigants in the [[Babri Masjid]] title suit, attended the event at the invitation of the Trust. Expressing his sentiments, he remarked, &quot;I am delighted to attend the programme. Ayodhya is a city of harmony.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Tribals, Babri litigant's son: Check special guest list for Ram Mandir flag ceremony |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-mandir-flag-ceremony-tribals-forest-dwellers-babri-litigants-son-among-guests-101764051555902.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reactions==<br /> ===National===<br /> * [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader and former MP Rashid Alvi alleged that by hoisting the saffron flag at the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, Modi was attempting to stoke religious sentiments to secure political gains in the 2027 Uttar Pradesh elections. He further questioned whether Modi would ever hoist a similar flag at a mosque, a gurdwara, or a church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=&quot;Will he hoist flag on mosque, Gurudwara or church?&quot;: Rashid Alvi slams PM Modi for hoisting Dharma Dhwaja at Ram temple |url=https://www.malaysiasun.com/news/278722121/will-he-hoist-flag-on-mosque-gurudwara-or-church-rashid-alvi-slams-pm-modi-for-hoisting-dharma-dhwaja-at-ram-temple |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Malaysia Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> * Israel’s Ambassador to India, [[Reuven Azar]], extended his greetings to India on &quot;restoring such an important civilizational symbol.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title='Congratulations India for restoring important civilizational symbol': Israeli envoy on Ayodhya Dhwajarohan ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congratulations-india-for-restoring-important-civilizational-symbol-israeli-envoy-on-ayodhya-dhwajarohan-ceremony/articleshow/125561340.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====India-Pakistan exchange====<br /> On November 25, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Office of Pakistan]] issued a statement formally condemning the event. The statement alleged that, driven by &quot;Hindutva ideology,&quot; concerted efforts were underway in India to erase the religious sites and cultural heritage of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Pakistan warns of India's targeting of religious minorities, Muslim cultural heritage |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1957314/pakistan-warns-of-indias-targeting-of-religious-minorities-muslim-cultural-heritage |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Dawn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of India]] issued a rebuttal to these remarks. [[Randhir Jaiswal]], the Official Spokesperson for the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], stated, &quot;We have seen the reported remarks and reject them with the contempt they deserve.&quot; He further asserted, &quot;As a country with a deeply stained record of bigotry, repression, and systemic mistreatment of its minorities, Pakistan has no moral standing to lecture others. Rather than delivering hypocritical homilies, Pakistan would do better to turn its gaze inwards and focus on its own abysmal human rights record.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=India slams Pakistan's Ayodhya Ram Temple flag hoisting remarks: 'No moral standing to lecture others' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-slams-pakistans-ayodhya-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-remarks-no-moral-standing-to-lecture-others-10387732/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title='No moral standing': India slams Pak for remarks on Ram Temple flag-hoisting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-moral-standing-india-slams-pak-for-remarks-on-flag-hoisting-at-ram-temple-101764161133038.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]]<br /> [[Category:Organized events]]<br /> [[Category:Ayodhya]]<br /> [[Category:Rama]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:November 2025 in India]]<br /> [[Category:2025 in religion]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Narendra Modi]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IndusInd_General_Insurance&diff=504473 2026-04-04T15:20:39Z

<p>Bahoglalat: adding a pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian insurance company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = IndusInd General Insurance Company Limited<br /> | former_name = Reliance General Insurance Company Limited&lt;br&gt;(2000 - 2025)<br /> | logo = <br /> | caption =<br /> | type = [[Private company|Private]]<br /> | industry = [[Financial services]] <br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|17 August 2000}} <br /> | founders = [[Anil Ambani]] <br /> | location_city = Westin, Goregaon, [[Mumbai]] <br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | area_served = <br /> | key_people = Rakesh Jain (CEO)&lt;br&gt;Hemant K Jain (CFO)&lt;br&gt;Prabhdeep Batra (CMO)&lt;br&gt;Raman Arora (COO)<br /> | num_employees = 7,233 (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reliance General Insurance |url=https://www.datanyze.com/companies/reliance-general-insurance/406007102 |website=Datanyze |access-date=8 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | products = [[General insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Health insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vehicle insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Travel insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Home insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Crop insurance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Marine insurance]]<br /> | revenue =<br /> | operating_income =<br /> | net_income =<br /> | assets = <br /> | equity = <br /> | subsid =<br /> | parent = [[IndusInd Capital]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.indusindinsurance.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''IndusInd General Insurance Company Limited''' formerly '''Reliance General Insurance Company Limited''' is a private [[general insurance]] company and a subsidiary of [[Reliance Capital]], part of the [[Hinduja Group]]. Founded in 2000, it is headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India. As of March 2023, the company operates through a distribution network comprising over 131 branches and more than 75,000 intermediaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jaiswar |first1=Pooja Sitaram |title=Reliance General Insurance going strong, gross written premium rises 13% YoY to ₹8,208 cr in 9MFY23 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-general-insurance-going-strong-gross-written-premium-rises-13-yoy-to-rs-8-208-cr-in-9mfy23-11677313634512.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=February 25, 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208171649/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-general-insurance-going-strong-gross-written-premium-rises-13-yoy-to-rs-8-208-cr-in-9mfy23-11677313634512.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of April 2017, it held a 7.3% market share in the private sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;india.com&quot;/&gt; It is the 5th largest private general insurance company in India,&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint&quot;/&gt; with a 4.43% share in the overall [[general insurance]] market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shilpy |title=Reliance General raises Rs 200 crore from Reliance Capital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-general-raises-rs-200-crore-from-reliance-capital/articleshow/102258313.cms |date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801225427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-general-raises-rs-200-crore-from-reliance-capital/articleshow/102258313.cms |archive-date=August 1, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> ''IndusInd General Insurance'' was incorporated on 17 August 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Reliance General Insurance Company Limited|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/reliance-general-insurance-company-limited/U66603MH2000PLC128300|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413160311/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/reliance-general-insurance-company-limited/U66603MH2000PLC128300|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as ''Reliance General Insurance''. The company obtained its license to operate in the general insurance sector from the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) on 23 October 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In the matter of M/s. Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd. |url=https://irdai.gov.in/en/document-detail?documentId=379644 |publisher=IRDAI |date=September 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reliance General Insurance is a 100% subsidiary of [[Reliance Capital |Reliance Capital Limited]], a diversified financial services holding company which was promoted by [[Reliance Group]] till 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Sangita |title=Reliance General Insurance says no new biz if capital not received soon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-general-insurance-says-no-new-biz-if-capital-not-received-soon/articleshow/98193091.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214060504/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-general-insurance-says-no-new-biz-if-capital-not-received-soon/articleshow/98193091.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company has participated in various government crop insurance initiatives, including the [[Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana]]. In FY 2016-2017, the company provided insurance coverage to over 3 million farmers as part of this financial inclusion initiative.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance gets IRDAI nod for initial public offering |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/reliance-general-insurance-gets-irdai-nod-for-initial-public-offering-4011073.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=September 5, 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208175239/https://www.firstpost.com/business/reliance-general-insurance-gets-irdai-nod-for-initial-public-offering-4011073.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2022, the company partnered with the [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) to implement [[Aadhaar]]-based e-KYC services, enabling paperless identity verification and real-time claims processing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singha |first1=Anand |title=Reliance General Insurance &amp; Paytm partner to offer customisable health solutions to customers |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/reliance-general-insurance-and-paytm-partner-to-offer-customisable-health-solutions-to-customers-14735091.htm |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=September 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2023, Reliance General Insurance partnered with [[YES Bank]] to become the first general insurer in India to accept premium payments using the [[Reserve Bank of India]]'s Central Bank Digital Currency, [[e-Rupee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=D'Cruze |first1=Danny |title=Reliance General Insurance starts accepting premiums in RBI's e-Rupee |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/reliance-capital-takeover-hindujas-iihl-gets-regulator-nod-for-rs-9650-crore-buy-heres-what-happens-next-429228-2024-05-12 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=April 27, 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208175237/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/reliance-capital-takeover-hindujas-iihl-gets-regulator-nod-for-rs-9650-crore-buy-heres-what-happens-next-429228-2024-05-12 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2023, the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] approved the transfer of shares in [[Reliance Capital]]'s insurance subsidiaries, including Reliance General Insurance, Reliance Health Insurance, and [[Reliance Nippon Life Insurance]], to the [[Hinduja Group]]'s Aasia Enterprises, as part of the insolvency resolution process. The transfer had faced delays due to concerns over the proposed structure but was cleared after discussions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hinduja Group gets IRDAI approval for Reliance Capital acquisition |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-capital-acquisition-hinduja-group-iihl-gets-irdai-approval/article68165423.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=May 11, 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208175232/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-capital-acquisition-hinduja-group-iihl-gets-irdai-approval/article68165423.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2023, the company raised ₹200 crore by issuing equity shares to its parent company, [[Reliance Capital]], to support its solvency margin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance gets Rs 200 cr capital infusion from parent |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/reliance-general-insurance-gets-rs-200-cr-capital-infusion-from-parent/articleshow/102254910.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 30, 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208181653/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/reliance-general-insurance-gets-rs-200-cr-capital-infusion-from-parent/articleshow/102254910.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2023, Reliance General Insurance was awarded the contract to implement the Megha Health Insurance Scheme and the [[Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana]] (Phase 6) for the citizens of [[Meghalaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance insurance bags contract for Meghalaya universal health insurance scheme |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/reliance-insurance-bags-contract-for-meghalaya-universal-health-insurance-scheme/articleshow/102536325.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 8, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the ''[[Forbes India]]'' Health Claim Settlement Ratio list for 2023-24, Reliance General Insurance reported a settlement ratio of 98.75%, with most claims settled within the first three months of initiation, placing it among the top private insurers in the sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Health insurance companies and claim settlement ratio |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/health-insurance-claim-settlement-ratio/93305/1 |publisher=[[Forbes India]] |date=June 10, 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208175804/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/health-insurance-claim-settlement-ratio/93305/1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Anulekha |title=Latest health and general insurance claim settlement ratio released in 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/health-insurance/latest-health-and-general-insurance-claim-settlement-ratio-in-india-released-in-2024/articleshow/108621073.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=March 19, 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208175804/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/health-insurance/latest-health-and-general-insurance-claim-settlement-ratio-in-india-released-in-2024/articleshow/108621073.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has established a diversified distribution network through partnerships with multiple banks, including [[IndusInd Bank]], [[Catholic Syrian Bank]], [[Andhra Bank]], and [[Bank of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;financialexpress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Products and services ==<br /> IndusInd General Insurance offers insurance policies in categories such as car, two-wheeler, commercial vehicle, travel, home, office, personal accident, property, health, fire, engineering, and marine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reliance General Insurance Co Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/9256037Z:IN |website=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;india.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance logs Rs 4,007 cr premium in FY17 |url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/reliance-general-insurance-logs-rs-4007-cr-premium-in-fy17-2074512/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=April 27, 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208165448/https://www.india.com/news/agencies/reliance-general-insurance-logs-rs-4007-cr-premium-in-fy17-2074512/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Finance ==<br /> In the quarter ending March 2024, Reliance General Insurance reported a net profit of ₹58.31 crore and revenue of ₹1,741.55 crore, with year-on-year growth of 1.13% and 16.21%, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance Company standalone net profit rises 1.13% in the March 2024 quarter |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/reliance-general-insurance-company-standalone-net-profit-rises-1-13-in-the-march-2024-quarter-124050700195_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=May 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the fiscal year 2023, Reliance General Insurance reported a turnover of ₹103,390 crore, marking a 9.88% increase from the previous year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=List of main insurance companies in India: ranking per 2023 turnover |url=https://www.atlas-mag.net/en/article/list-of-main-insurance-companies-in-india |publisher=Atlas Mag |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company's [[Gross Written Premium]] for FY23 grew by 10%, rising from ₹9,504 crore in FY22 to ₹10,489 crore in FY23.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance Company Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202402150231_Reliance_General_Insurance_Company_Limited.pdf |publisher=Careratings |date=February 28, 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208180701/https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202402150231_Reliance_General_Insurance_Company_Limited.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2017, the company reported a 40% growth in gross written premium, reaching {{INR}}4,007 crore, with a net worth of {{INR}}1,257 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;financialexpress&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance IPO inches ahead; company files draft papers with IRDA |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/reliance-general-insurance-ipo-inches-ahead-files-draft-papers-with-sebi-807599/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=August 14, 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235148/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/reliance-general-insurance-ipo-inches-ahead-files-draft-papers-with-sebi-807599/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the financial year 2013-14, Reliance General Insurance reported a net profit of {{INR}}64.1 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance, Universal Sompo earn maiden net profit in FY14 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/reliance-general-insurance-universal-sompo-earn-maiden-net-profit-in-fy14/articleshow/37895517.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=October 8, 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329122429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/reliance-general-insurance-universal-sompo-earn-maiden-net-profit-in-fy14/articleshow/37895517.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> In connection with an investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], allegations were made regarding the involvement of unknown officials from the Finance Department of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]], who, in conspiracy with Trinity Reinsurance Brokers, Reliance General Insurance Company, and other unidentified public servants, were accused of criminal conspiracy and misconduct. The allegations suggested that the actions led to pecuniary advantage for the involved parties and caused wrongful loss to the state exchequer during the period 2017-2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CBI raids Satya Pal Malik's ex-press secretary's house in corruption case |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/cbi-raids-satya-pal-maliks-ex-press-secretarys-house-in-corruption-case |publisher=[[National Herald]] |date=May 17, 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416232433/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/cbi-raids-satya-pal-maliks-ex-press-secretarys-house-in-corruption-case |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2023, Reliance General Insurance received [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] notices totaling ₹922.6 crore from the [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence]]. The notices were related to issues regarding GST payments on re-insurance commissions, co-insurance premiums, and input tax credits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Dev |title=Reliance General Insurance gets Rs 922 crore GST notices from DGGI |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/reliance-general-insurance-gets-rs-922-crore-gst-notices-from-dggi-123100800262_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=October 8, 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208172549/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/reliance-general-insurance-gets-rs-922-crore-gst-notices-from-dggi-123100800262_1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> In 2021, the company received the Business Leader of the Year Award at the World Leadership Congress and Awards. It was also recognized as the Best General Insurance Company for Innovations at the 4th Insurance Alertss Conclave &amp; Excellence Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reliance General Insurance Company Limited |url=https://www.smcinsurance.com/insurance-companies/reliance-general-insurance |publisher=Smcinsurance |date=2021 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118063853/https://www.smcinsurance.com/insurance-companies/reliance-general-insurance |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, Reliance General Insurance was awarded ''[[The Economic Times]]'' Best Brand Award for the third consecutive year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Reliance General Insurance Bags ‘The Economic Times Best Brand 2021’ Tag |url=https://www.apnnews.com/reliance-general-insurance-bags-the-economic-times-best-brand-2021-tag/ |publisher=APN News |date=December 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was ranked #1 in the list of top 10 health insurance brands based on customer loyalty, according to an [[IMRB International|IMRB]] report released in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Saraswathy |first1=M |title=LIC, Reliance General win the loyalty race |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/lic-reliance-general-win-the-loyalty-race-115091601415_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=September 16, 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203185341/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/lic-reliance-general-win-the-loyalty-race-115091601415_1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of insurance companies in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Insurance in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 2000]]<br /> [[Category:General insurance companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Shamsher_Khan_(Batala)&diff=541654 2026-03-31T22:18:58Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox historic site<br /> | designation1 = MANI<br /> | designation1_offname = Shamsher Khan's tomb<br /> | designation1_number = N-PB-7<br /> | image = Shamsher Khan's Tomb, Batala, Gurdaspur (Punjab).jpg<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|31|48|43.7|N|75|12|48.2|E|type:landmark_IN-PB|display=inline,title}}<br /> | location = [[Batala]], Punjab, India<br /> | architecture = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]<br /> | built = c. 1589–90<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tomb of Shamsher Khan''' is a [[mausoleum]] and historic site located in [[Batala]], in the Indian state of [[Punjab]]. Built during the 16th century, it is an example of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architecture. Situated upon a raised platform, the tomb is octagonal in plan, with each side featuring two rows of recessed arches. It is surmounted by a low dome. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Punjab |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_punjab.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714020029/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_punjab.asp |archive-date=2014-07-14 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI Inventory&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.84884/page/n161/mode/2up |title=Inventory of monuments and sites of national importance |date=1999 |publisher=The Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |volume=1, Part 2: Chandigarh Circle |location=New Delhi |pages=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> An inscription, carved near the entrance of the southern tomb, states that Shamsher Khan had built a reservoir, a mosque, and a garden in [[Batala]] in 1589–90, during the reign of [[Akbar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI Inventory&quot; /&gt; While there is no mention of the tomb, it was presumably constructed around the same time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.72767/page/n49/mode/2up |title=Mughal monuments in the Punjab and Haryana |date=1953 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |location=New Delhi |pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Not much is known about the identity of Shamsher Khan. The only contemporary source in which the name appears is the ''[[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh]]'', where it is noted that he was an [[eunuch]] who served as the superintendent of the exchequer in 1577–78. Later sources variously describe him as a foster brother of Akbar, or as a ''[[Rajput]]''. However, the inscription of the tomb does not identify him as so.{{sfn|Parihar|1999|pp=106}}<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:Hazira park.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Shamsher Khan]]<br /> <br /> The tomb is an example of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architecture. It is situated on a platform, measuring {{Dimensions|34|39}} meters. At each corer of the platform, a circular [[Turret (architecture)|turret]] is provided, crowned with a small dome. A low wall runs around it, with a ''[[mihrab]]'' (prayer-niche) carved into its western side. The platform is accessible through an entrance at the southern side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Parihar|1999|pp=104}}<br /> <br /> The plan of the mausoleum is an irregular octagonal, with sides that alternate in length. Each side of the facade features two stories of [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] formed by pointed [[Arch|arches]]. The smaller sides, measuring 6 meters in length, have semi-octagonal niches, while rectangular niches are found on the larger sides which measure about 8.3 meters in length. The larger sides correspond with the cardinal directions. The [[Spandrel|spandrels]] of the arches are decorated with [[Arabesque]] designs, and each arch is flanked by two rows of panels on either side.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Parihar|1999|pp=104}}<br /> <br /> A [[parapet]] runs along the top of the building, with its height including the parapet being 10.4 meters. It is surmounted by a [[dome]], resting upon a [[Tholobate|drum]] about 1.6 meters tall. The entrance to the tomb is from the south, and features the tomb's inscription, carved into red [[sandstone]]. The interior is a regular octagon, with each side measuring about 3 meters. The interior as well as the exterior of the mausoleum contained painted floral, geometric, and calligraphic designs. However, while the decoration on the interior has survived, only traces of it remain on the exterior.{{sfn|Parihar|1999|pp=104}} A pattern of ''[[Swastika|swastikas]]'' runs along the base of the [[soffit]] of the dome.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hlxZfrFPEoC&amp;dq=%22tomb+of+shamsher+khan%22&amp;pg=PA10 |title=Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture |date=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-381-6 |pages=104–106 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Shamsher Khan's Tomb}}<br /> * [https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1239&amp;siteid=6959&amp;minrange=0&amp;maxrange=0&amp;assetid=68452&amp;self_archive_id=105728&amp;index=5&amp;page=&amp;count=24 Some images of the tomb] <br /> <br /> [[Category:Domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Mughal tombs]]<br /> [[Category:Tombs in India]]<br /> [[Category:Historic sites in Punjab, India]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y._V._S._Chowdary&diff=545923 2026-03-31T10:05:05Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer, director, and producer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Y. V. S. Chowdary<br /> | caption = Chowdary on sets of ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]''<br /> | image = YVS@Work.jpg<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_name = Yalamanchili Venkata Satyanarayana Chowdary<br /> | birth_place = [[Gudivada, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Y.V.S. Chowdary |url=http://m.ragalahari.com/stars/interviews/117/yvs-chowdary.aspx |access-date=28 January 2019 |date=18 July 2005 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010115/http://m.ragalahari.com/stars/interviews/117/yvs-chowdary.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; India<br /> | occupation = {{Hlist|screenwriter|film director|film producer|film distributor|film exhibitor|music label owner}}<br /> | website = <br /> | years_active = 1998 – present<br /> }}<br /> '''Yalamanchili Venkata Satyanarayana Chowdary''' is an Indian [[Telugu cinema]] writer, director, producer, distributor, exhibitor and a music company owner. He made his debut as a director in 1998 with the film ''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]'' produced by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] under the banner &quot;Great India Entertainments&quot;. He then directed ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' starring Nagarjuna and [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], and [[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|''Yuvaraju'']] starring [[Mahesh Babu]]. He then established his own production house &quot;Bommarillu Vari&quot; and started producing his own directorial efforts with ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]''. Later, he directed ''[[Seetayya]], [[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]], [[Okka Magaadu]], [[Saleem (film)|Saleem]], [[Rey (film)|Rey]]''. Among these, Saleem is the only film which is not from his production house.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saleem Announcement&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Saleem announcement |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/announcement-saleem.html |access-date=1 February 2019 |date=14 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has directed nine films till date. In 2012, he produced ''[[Nippu]]'' starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Deeksha Seth]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67052.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528035843/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/67052.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2011 |title=Deeksha Seth in 'Nippu' – Telugu Movie News |work=IndiaGlitz |date=26 May 2011 |access-date=2012-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; under the direction of [[Gunasekhar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCine.ma Page for Chowdary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://indiancine.ma/list/year/Y.V.S._Chowdary | title=Y.V.S. Chowdary |access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Nippu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with YVS Chowdary |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/yvschowdary-nippu.html |access-date=1 February 2019 |date=8 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdary says he entered the Telugu film industry inspired by [[Nandamuri, Taraka Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with YVS Chowdary by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_yvschowdary.html |access-date=28 January 2019 | date=9 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary Interview for 123 Telugu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chitchat with Y.V.S.Chowdhary : Movie lovers have always blessed me |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/chitchat-with-y-v-s-chowdhary-movie-lovers-have-always-blessed-me.html |access-date=28 January 2019 | date=1 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He introduced various actors including [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]], Chandini and Chandu with his debut film ''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]'' (1998), [[Aditya Om]] and [[Ankitha]] with ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' (2002), [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[Ileana]] with [[Devadasu (2006 film)|''Devadasu'']] (2006), [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Saiyami Kher]] with [[Rey (film)|''Rey'']] (2015), though [[Sai Dharam Tej]]'s second film ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' (2014) was released earlier than [[Rey (film)|''Rey'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCine.ma Page for Chowdary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> Chowdary was born on at [[Gudiwada]] of [[Krishna district]] as a last child to the couple Yalamanchili Narayana Rao and Ratnakumari. His father was a truck driver and mother was a housewife. His family was of lower middle class and his parents were uneducated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He joined a college at Gudiwada to pursue Intermediate and joined an engineering college at [[Madras]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Film career ==<br /> <br /> === Early years ===<br /> <br /> Chowdary joined as an assistant to editor Narasimha Rao. He also worked under [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] in ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986), ''[[Sahasa Samrat]]'' (1987), ''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' (1987), ''[[Donga Ramudu (1988 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1988), ''[[Janaki Ramudu]]'' (1988), ''[[Rudranetra]]'' (1989), and ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990).<br /> <br /> === Career expansion ===<br /> Chowdary's directorial debut, ''[[Sri Sitaramula Kalyanam Chutamu Rarandi]]'' (1998), started with Nagarjuna as producer, under the &quot;Great India Entertainments&quot; production house.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt; Starring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] and debutant [[Venkat (actor)|Venkat]] in the lead roles, it released on 26 June 1998 to positive reviews and was successful, which brought him 26 offers from different producers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IMDB Page for Sri Sitaramula Kalyanam Chutamu Rarandi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sri Sitaramula Kalyanam Chutamu Rarandi (1998) |website = [[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1633247/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_9 |access-date=2 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|date=March 2019}} After the success of his debut film, Nagarjuna gave Chowdary another opportunity to direct him, which turned out to be his second film, ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' (1999), also starring [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harikrishna's Anna Telugu Desam Party&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nandamuri Harikrishna, a rebel in family politics of TDP |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nandamuri-harikrishna-a-rebel-in-family-politics-of-tdp/articleshow/65587951.cms |access-date=2 February 2019 | date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later directed ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' (2000), starring [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], and [[Sakshi Shivanand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt; Unlike his first two films, ''Yuvaraju'' opened to mixed reviews and was only an average grosser at the box office.<br /> <br /> === Turning into producer: ''Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo'' (2002) ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Bommarillu_Vari_Logo.jpg|right|thumb|Logo of Chowdary's production house &quot;Bommarillu Vaari&quot;. &quot;Bommarillu means a house that makes films or a house that exhibits films&quot;, Chowdary said in an interview.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;]]<br /> <br /> His first production, ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' (2002), starring [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], was named after the title of a song from the popular and evergreen Telugu film, ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), directed by [[K. V. Reddy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt; The film became successful and ran for 100 days and he organized the event at Gudiwada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;100 days for Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=100 days function of Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/function-l3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020828152308/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/function-l3.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 February 2019 | archive-date=28 August 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview, Chowdary stated that [[R. Narayana Murthy]], who established &quot;Sneha Chitra&quot; and [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]], who established [[E. V .V. Cinema]], inspired him to establish &quot;Bommarillu Vaari&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;100 days for Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary about Harikrishna&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=30 August 2018|title=హరికృష్ణ ని హీరోగా పెట్టి ఎందుకు సినిమా తీశానంటే : వై వి ఎస్ చౌదరి|url=https://www.telugu360.com/te/yvs-chowdary-shares-his-memories-with-nandamuri-harikrishna/|access-date=2 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary about Bommarillu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=1 May 2013|title=Rey will collect a minimum of 30 crores – YVS Chowdary Bommarillu Vaari banner completes 11 years|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/yvschowdary-bommarilluvaari.html|access-date=2 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Later years (2003–present) ===<br /> [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] became a commercially successful actor at the age of 48 with ''[[Seetayya]]'' (2003), directed by Chowdary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary about Harikrishna&quot; /&gt; After ''Seetayya'', Chowdary met [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] for a directorial opportunity. The film, ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]'' (2006), featured Kishore's nephew, [[Ram Pothineni]], and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in the lead roles. It was released on 11 January 2006 and became a slow blockbuster after a theatrical run of 47 days, eventually grossing {{INR}}17 crores.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Interview for Devadasu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chitchat with YVS Chowdary on Devadasu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-yvs.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=5 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devadas Collections&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=A few hits and many flops |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=29 December 2006|newspaper=The Hindu }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devadasu Success&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 10 - Trade report - First half of year 2006 |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810141258/http://idlebrain.com/trade/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2006 |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=4 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the post production of ''Devadasu'', Chowdary approached [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] to collaborate for ''[[Okka Magaadu]].'' It was released on 11 January 2008. The film became a flop and most of the theaters were seen vacant after the first week of release.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary Interview on Okka Magaadu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=YVS Chowdary About Okka Magadu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-yvs-okkamagaadu.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=15 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Okka Magadu' Black Tickets Story In Hyderabad |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-gossip/okka-magadu-black-tickets-story-in-hyderabad-5094.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=15 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Okka Magaadu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Okka Magadu |url=https://indiancine.ma/AVZS/info |access-date=6 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdary then directed [[Saleem (film)|''Saleem'']] starring [[Manchu Vishnu]], [[Ileana]] and [[Mohan Babu]] in prominent roles. It was produced by Mohan Babu in his production house [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]. This was the only film Chowdary didn't produce after establishing his own production house. It was released on 12 December 2009 and failed to get appreciation from audiences and critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saleem Announcement&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Review of Saleem on Great Andhra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='Saleem' Review: Heads Boil Like 'Haleem' |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/saleem-review-heads-boil-like-haleem-17914.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=12 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Review of Saleem on Idlebrain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Saleem |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-saleem.html |access-date=20 January 2019 |date=12 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCineMa Page for Saleem&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Saleem |url=https://indiancine.ma/AWYM/info |access-date=6 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, Chowdary produced the film ''[[Nippu]]'' under the direction of [[Gunasekhar]], starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Deeksha Seth]]. Chowdary and Ravi Teja shared same room and Gunasekhar lived in another floor of same building at [[Madras]], during their trails in film industry. This film was released on 17 February 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Link for Nippu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nippu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BAIA/info |access-date=5 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Though it got good openings it turned out to be a flop later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Nippu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nippu Collections&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ravi Teja's Nippu opens up to massive response at Box Office |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/nippu-box-office-180212.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=18 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nippu Release Date&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nippu release postponed to Feb 17 |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37959/tollywood/nippu-release-postponed-to-feb-17-news-details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125053333/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37959/tollywood/nippu-release-postponed-to-feb-17-news-details |url-status=usurped |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nippu Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='Nippu' Review: No Fire, Only Smoke |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/nippu-review-no-fire-only-smoke-35851 |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=17 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ravi Teja All Movies Box Office Collection Hits or Flops Analysis List |url=http://movieboxofficecollection.com/ravi-teja-movies-box-office-collection-hits-flops-analysis/ |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Chowdary launched the film [[Rey (film)|Rey]] introducing [[Chiranjeevi]]'s nephew [[Sai Dharam Tej]] and [[Saiyami Kher]] as lead actors. The release was then postponed to 2013 but it didn't happen too. Finally, the film was released on 27 March 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinemMa Page for Rey&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Rey |url=https://indiancine.ma/BAMC/info |access-date=6 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Tej's second film ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' directed by A. S. Ravikumar Chowdary was released. However, ''Rey'' became a flop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary Interview for 123 Telugu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey Film Launch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Rey film launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-rey.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=17 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with YVS Chowdary |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/interview-yvschowdary.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=24 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview : Y.V.S.Chowdary- Rey is the shout for success |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-y-v-s-chowdary-rey-is-the-shout-for-success.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=26 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sai dharam tej movies boxoffice collections |url=https://www.indianmoviebiz.com/sai-dharam-tej-movies-boxoffice-collections/ |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212101/https://www.indianmoviebiz.com/sai-dharam-tej-movies-boxoffice-collections/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdary is now in trails of launching his next film with debut actors again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=YVS Chowdary to launch newcomers for his next |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/yvs-chowdary-to-launch-newcomers-for-his-next/articleshow/64319200.cms |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> <br /> While working for [[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|''Ninne Pelladata'']], Chowdary liked actress Geetha who played the role of [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'s sister. With mutual consent, they both wanted to get married but Chowdary's parents were not willing to accept an inter-caste marriage. Later, he convinced them and married Geetha. She also acted in ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' opposite [[Ravi Teja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Idlebrain Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot; /&gt; After ''[[Seetayya]]'', Chowdary took a break of one year as his brother expired and Chowdary's elder daughter was born.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's Interview for Devadasu&quot; /&gt; Chowdary has two daughters.<br /> <br /> Chowdary had a good personal rapport with [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] from the time of [[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|''Pattabhishekam'']], as the latter was the producer of that film. Harikrishna personally took Chowdary along with him to many places. &quot;He was the person who taught me the etiquettes of star hotels. I never knew how to use forks&quot;, Chowdary remembered his relationship with Harikrishna in an interview.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary's interview for Ragalahari&quot; /&gt; After the success of ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'', Chowdary held a function at a place where Harikrishna contested and failed in elections, to show the following he had.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary about Harikrishna&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other work ==<br /> <br /> Chowdary is a big fan of [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] whom he claims as his inspiration to enter the film industry. Every film produced in his production house &quot;Bommarillu Vaari&quot; starts with a prayer song on NTR by showing his picture on screen. It ends showing his picture again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=YVS Chowdary tribute to NTR |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/yvs-tribute-to-ntr.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=28 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prayer song was written, composed and sung by music director [[M. M. Keeravani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ఎన్టీఆర్ వర్ధంతి సందర్భంగా వైవిఎస్ చౌదరి లేఖ |url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=521533 |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203084914/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=521533 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdary started an audio company &quot;Yuktha Music&quot; named after his elder daughter Yuktha and released the audio of [[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]] as the first album through it. He printed 36-page and 24-page special invitations for the film launch and audio launch events respectively of Devadasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Devadasu Audio Launch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Audio release - Devadasu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-devadasu.html |access-date=2 February 2019 |date=27 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdary purchased the &quot;Gopala Krishna&quot; theater at [[Gudivada]]. He renovated it and renamed it as &quot;Bommarillu&quot; after his production house. It was the first [[movie theater]] at Gudivada with AC and [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]] technologies. He exhibited ''[[Okka Magaadu]]'' as the first film in it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chowdary Interview on Okka Magaadu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan=2| Year<br /> !rowspan=2| Film<br /> !colspan=3|Credited as<br /> !rowspan=2| Notes<br /> !rowspan=2| Ref.<br /> |-<br /> ! Director !! Writer !! Producer <br /> |-<br /> |1998 || ''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} || || &lt;ref name = &quot;IMDB Page for Sri Sitaramula Kalyanam Chutamu Rarandi&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1999 || ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Sitaramaraju&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Seetharamaraju|url=https://indiancine.ma/BDBU/info|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2000 || [[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|''Yuvaraju'']] ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Yuvaraju&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Yuvaraju|url=https://indiancine.ma/ARKZ/info|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2002 || ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo (2002)|url=https://indiancine.ma/ASFJ/info|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2003 || ''[[Seetayya]]''||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || ||&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Seetayya&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Seetayya|url=https://indiancine.ma/BEZK/info|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Editor || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|title=Movie review - Tiger Harischandra Prasad|date=18 December 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006 || [[Devadasu (2006 film)|''Devadasu'']] ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || || &lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCinema Page for Devadasu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Devadasu|url=https://indiancine.ma/AUJW/info|access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2008 || ''[[Okka Magaadu]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || || &lt;ref name = &quot;IndianCinema Page for Okka Magaadu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2009 || [[Saleem (film)|''Saleem'']] ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} || ||&lt;ref name = &quot;IndianCineMa Page for Saleem&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012 || ''[[Nippu]]''||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes}} || ||&lt;ref name = &quot;IndianCinema Link for Nippu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015 || [[Rey (film)|''Rey'']] ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} || ||&lt;ref name = &quot;IndianCinemMa Page for Rey&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{YVS Chowdary}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=nm2435387}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdary, Yvs}}<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabarmati_River&diff=474387 2026-03-27T16:18:50Z

<p>Bahoglalat: updated lead further and updated info per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Sabarmati River<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | name_other = <br /> | name_etymology = &lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;<br /> | image = Sabarmati River (2020).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = Cities<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]<br /> &lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;<br /> | length_km = 371<br /> | length_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;MOWR_Sabarmati&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | width_min = <br /> | width_avg = <br /> | width_max = <br /> | depth_min = <br /> | depth_avg = <br /> | depth_max = <br /> | discharge1_location = <br /> | discharge1_min = <br /> | discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge1_max = <br /> | discharge2_location = [[Ahmedabad]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad<br /> | publisher = UNH/GRDC<br /> | url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235451/http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html<br /> | archive-date = 4 October 2013 |url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | discharge2_min = {{convert|0|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> &lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;| source1 = <br /> | source1_location = [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]<br /> | source1_coordinates = <br /> | source1_elevation = {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}<br /> | mouth = <br /> | mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]<br /> | mouth_coordinates = <br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | progression = <br /> | river_system = <br /> | basin_size_km2 = 30,680<br /> | basin_size_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;MOWR_Sabarmati&quot; /&gt;<br /> | tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River&lt;ref name=&quot;MOWR_Sabarmati&quot; /&gt;<br /> | tributaries_right = Sei River&lt;ref name=&quot;MOWR_Sabarmati&quot; /&gt;<br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Sabarmati River''' ({{ipa|gu|sabəɾmət̪iː|lang}}) is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0a&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati &amp; Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14|archive-date=3 March 2017|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122932/http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan, and [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0a&quot; /&gt; {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0a&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Course ==<br /> The Sabarmati River originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The total length of the river is {{Convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn= |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |location= |pages=466 |oclc=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After travelling {{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] where it is joined by a left bank tributary, [[Wakal River|Wakal]], near the village Ghonpankhari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn= |location=Dordrecht |pages=589–579 |bibcode=2007hwri.book.....J |oclc=}}&lt;/ref&gt; From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the [[Sei River]]. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the [[Dharoi dam]] it meets another left bank tributary, the [[Hathmati River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the [[Vatrak River]]. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], in the [[Arabian Sea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Basin==<br /> The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|21674|km2}} out of which {{cvt|4124|km2}} lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining {{cvt|18550|km2}} in Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/Sabarmati.htm|title= Sabarmati River, India|publisher=National River Conservation Directorate}}&lt;/ref&gt; The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from {{cvt|450|to|800|mm}} in different parts of the basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridhar_etal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sridhar |first1=Alpa |last2=Chamyal |first2=L.S. |last3=Patel |first3=Mansi |title=Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat |journal=Current Science |date=25 August 2014 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=675–679 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/107/04/0675.pdf |access-date=12 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thokchom_etal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Thokchom |first1=Sarda |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Falguni |last3=Prasad |first3=A. Durga |last4=Dogra |first4=N.N. |last5=Rastogi |first5=B.K. |title=Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability |journal=Quaternary International |date=2017 |volume=454 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026 |bibcode=2017QuInt.454....1T |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318838980 |access-date=13 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0a&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabarmati_ICID&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India |date=2005 |publisher=International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasinAssessment_ICID |access-date=27 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is {{cvt|308|m3}} per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of {{cvt|1545|m3}} per capita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2016|location=New Delhi|pages=1|archive-date=7 March 2017|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123825/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/IHD2016_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridhar_etal&quot; /&gt; An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3|-1}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNH_GRDC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sridhar_etal&quot; /&gt; when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3|-1}} per second was measured at Dharoi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rakhecha_2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Significance in Hinduism ==<br /> In [[Rajasthan]], it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on [[Mount Abu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |location=New York |pages=283}}&lt;/ref&gt; His penance had pleased [[Shiva]] and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the [[Ganges]] River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The sacrificial maiden river |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Women washing clothes at the Sabarmati river, Ahmedabad (late 19th or early 20th century).jpg|thumb|Women washing clothes at the Sabarmati river, Ahmedabad (late 19th or early 20th century)]]<br /> [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it &quot;Sambhramavati&quot; (literally, &quot;full of fickleness&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1959 |pages=77, 22 (translation section) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain acharya [[Buddhisagarsuri]] has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-08-16|title=पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं|language=hi|work=BBC News Hindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49361515|access-date=2020-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, an assessment by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the [[List of most-polluted rivers|most polluted river stretches]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-river-stretches-critically-polluted-cpcb/article24962440.ece |title=More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board |author=Jacob Koshy |date=2018-09-17 |newspaper=The Hindu }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in [[Motera]] resulted in further pollution of the river water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-15 |title=Delay in Motera STP project turns river into toxic channel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/delay-in-motera-stp-project-turns-river-into-toxic-channel/articleshow/110129541.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] and future [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]] are situated near the river.<br /> <br /> === Sabarmati Riverfront ===<br /> {{main|Sabarmati Riverfront}}<br /> <br /> The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa &amp; Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Indian Express 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[KPMG]] has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-03 |title=Sabarmati riverfront among top 100 global projects |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Sabarmati-riverfront-among-top-100-global-projects/article20466471.ece |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dams==<br /> There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Gujarat’s Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-dharoi-dam-water-release-sabarmati-riverfront-closed-8097254/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The [[Kalpasar Project|Kalpasar]] is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> <br /> In 2002, water from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river was released into the Sabarmati River through the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar dam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Release of Narmada waters to Sabarmati brings hope of rich agricultural yields |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020909-narmada-waters-release-to-sabarmati-brings-hope-of-rich-agricultural-yields-better-life-796392-2002-09-08 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;134&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752<br /> File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati River in 1890<br /> File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s<br /> File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati<br /> Image:Sabarmati river.jpg|Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project<br /> Image:River-Sabarmati-1.jpg|River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat<br /> Image:Sabarmati River near Ambod.jpg|Sabarmati River near Ambod<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Ahmedabad]]<br /> *[[Sabarmati Riverfront|Sabarmati River Front]]<br /> *[[List of most-polluted rivers]]<br /> *[[List of rivers in India]]<br /> *[[Sabarmati Ashram]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm Sabarmati Basin (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024093555/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bsabarmati.htm |date=24 October 2005 }}<br /> *[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119110208/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm |date=19 November 2006 }}<br /> *[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]<br /> *[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&amp;idRubSel=213&amp;id_parent=&amp;id_rubrique=214&amp;id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati River basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126022454/http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&amp;idRubSel=213&amp;id_parent=&amp;id_rubrique=214&amp;id_pere= |date=26 November 2006 }}<br /> *[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad topics}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22|18|N|72|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sabarmati River|*]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chumbak_TV&diff=494546 2026-03-25T01:24:18Z

<p>Bahoglalat: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Shemaroo Entertainment#Shemaroo Josh]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]<br /> [[Category:Children's television channels in India]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin&diff=471749 2026-03-24T20:06:44Z

<p>Bahoglalat: refine structure also and added references as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Decentralized digital cryptocurrency}}<br /> {{for|the colloquial expression for coinage|Bit (money)}}<br /> {{Redirect-distinguish-text|₿|&quot;฿&quot; for [[Thai baht]]}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{infobox cryptocurrency<br /> | currency_name = Bitcoin<br /> | image_1 = Bitcoin.svg<br /> | image_2 = <br /> | image_width_1 = 150<br /> | image_width_2 = 110<br /> | image_title_1 = Commonly used logo of bitcoin<br /> | alt1 = Prevailing bitcoin logo<br /> | precision = 10&lt;sup&gt;−8&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1000}}<br /> | subunit_name_1 = millibitcoin<br /> | subunit_ratio_2 = {{frac|{{val|1000000}}}}<br /> | subunit_name_2 = microbitcoin<br /> | subunit_ratio_3 = {{frac|{{val|100000000}}}}<br /> | subunit_name_3 = {{lang|ja-Latn|satoshi|italic=no}}{{efn|name=satoshi}}&lt;ref name=&quot;satoshi unit&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bradbury |first=Danny |date=November 2013 |title=The problem with Bitcoin |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1361372313701015 |journal=Computer Fraud &amp; Security |language=en |volume=2013 |issue=11 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1016/S1361-3723(13)70101-5 |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118052355/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1361372313701015 |url-status=live |issn=1361-3723|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | plural = bitcoins<br /> | symbol = '''₿'''&lt;br/&gt;(Unicode: {{unichar|20BF|BITCOIN SIGN|html=}})&lt;ref name=&quot;unicode-10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=20 June 2017 |title=Unicode 10.0.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620130342/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | code = BTC<br /> | implementations = [[Bitcoin Core]]<br /> | initial_release_version = 0.1.0<br /> | initial_release_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2009|1|9|p=y}}<br /> | code_repository = {{URL|https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin}}<br /> | status = Active<br /> | latest_release_version = 30.2.0<br /> | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2026|1|10|p=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bitcoin Core 30.2 |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://bitcoincore.org/bin/bitcoin-core-30.2/ |access-date=14 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | forked_from = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://bitcoin.org}}<br /> | programming_languages = C++<br /> | operating_system = <br /> | author = [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]<br /> | developer = <br /> | white_paper = [https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf &quot;Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System&quot;]<br /> | source_model = [[Free and open-source software]]<br /> | license = [[MIT License]]<br /> | ledger_start = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2009|1|3|p=y}}<br /> | hash_function = [[SHA-256]] (two rounds)<br /> | circulating_supply = ₿19,934,271 ({{as of|2025|10|14|lc=y}})<br /> | supply_limit = ₿21,000,000{{efn|name=supply}}<br /> | timestamping = [[Proof of work]] (partial hash inversion)<br /> | issuance_schedule = Decentralized (block reward)&lt;br /&gt;Initially ₿50 per block, halved every 210,000 blocks<br /> | block_time = 10 minutes<br /> | block_reward = ₿3.125 ({{as of|2025|lc=y}})<br /> | exchange_rate = Floating<br /> | market_cap = &lt;!--A reliable source is required --&gt;<br /> | using_countries = <br /> }}<br /> {{Special characters}}<br /> '''Bitcoin''' (abbreviation: '''BTC'''; [[Currency symbol|sign]]: '''₿''') is the first [[Decentralized application|decentralized]] [[cryptocurrency]]. Based on a [[free-market]] ideology, bitcoin was invented in 2008 when an unknown person published a [[white paper]] under the pseudonym of [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;whoissn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=S. |first=L. |date=2 November 2015 |title=Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2015/11/02/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122172929/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2015/11/02/who-is-satoshi-nakamoto |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Use of bitcoin as a [[currency]] began in 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;NY2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Davis |first=Joshua |date=10 October 2011 |title=The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-crypto-currency |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101014157/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/10/the-crypto-currency |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=31 October 2014 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the release of its [[open-source software|open-source implementation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Antonopoulos |first=Andreas M. |title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies |year=2014 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |isbn=978-1-4493-7404-4 |author-link=Andreas Antonopoulos}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|ch. 1}} From 2021 to 2025, [[Bitcoin in El Salvador|El Salvador adopted it as legal tender currency before revoking it]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BTCSVSept7FT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=El Salvador's dangerous gamble on bitcoin |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c257a925-c864-4495-9149-d8956d786310 |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=[[Financial Times]] |department=The editorial board |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907081627/https://www.ft.com/content/c257a925-c864-4495-9149-d8956d786310 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;El Salvador Abandons Bitcoin as Legal Tender&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitcoin is no longer legal tender in El Salvador&quot; /&gt; As bitcoin is [[pseudonym]]ous, [[Cryptocurrency and crime|its use by criminals]] has attracted the attention of regulators, leading to [[Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory|its ban by several countries]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SunYin2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sun Yin |first1=Hao Hua |last2=Langenheldt |first2=Klaus |last3=Harlev |first3=Mikkel |last4=Mukkamala |first4=Raghava Rao |last5=Vatrapu |first5=Ravi |date=2 January 2019 |title=Regulating Cryptocurrencies: A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to De-Anonymizing the Bitcoin Blockchain |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332118587 |journal=[[Journal of Management Information Systems]] |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.1080/07421222.2018.1550550 |s2cid=132398387 |issn=0742-1222 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421113631/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332118587_Regulating_Cryptocurrencies_A_Supervised_Machine_Learning_Approach_to_De-Anonymizing_the_Bitcoin_Blockchain |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin works through the collaboration of computers, each of which acts as a [[Node (networking)|node]] in the [[peer-to-peer]] [[bitcoin network]]. Each node maintains an independent copy of a public [[distributed ledger]] of transactions, called a [[blockchain]], without central oversight. Transactions are validated through the use of [[cryptography]], preventing one person from spending another person's bitcoin, as long as the owner of the bitcoin keeps certain sensitive data secret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 5}}<br /> <br /> [[Consensus (computer science)|Consensus]] between nodes about the content of the blockchain is achieved using a [[Computational complexity|computationally intensive]] process based on [[proof of work]], called [[bitcoin mining|mining]], which is performed by purpose-built computers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 12}} Mining consumes large quantities of electricity and has been criticized for [[environmental impact of bitcoin|its environmental impact]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Huang |first1=Jon |last2=O’Neill |first2=Claire |last3=Tabuchi |first3=Hiroko |author3-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=3 September 2021 |title=Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217105559/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{TOC LIMIT|4}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Main|History of bitcoin}}<br /> ===Background===<br /> Before bitcoin, several [[digital cash|digital cash technologies]] were released, starting with [[David Chaum]]'s [[ecash]] in the 1980s.&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017/&gt; The idea that solutions to computational puzzles could have some value was first proposed by cryptographers [[Cynthia Dwork]] and [[Moni Naor]] in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Dwork |first1=Cynthia |title=Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail |date=1993 |work=Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92 |volume=740 |pages=139–147 |editor-last=Brickell |editor-first=Ernest F. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10 |access-date=2025-01-02 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10 |isbn=978-3-540-57340-1 |last2=Naor |first2=Moni|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017/&gt; The concept was [[Multiple discovery|independently rediscovered]] by [[Adam Back]] who developed [[Hashcash]], a [[proof-of-work]] scheme for [[Anti-spam techniques|spam control]] in 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Narayanan2017&quot; /&gt; The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity-based [[cryptocurrencies]] came from [[cypherpunk]]s [[Wei Dai]] (b-money) and [[Nick Szabo]] ([[bit gold]]) in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tschorsch |first1=Florian |last2=Scheuermann |first2=Bjorn |date=2 March 2016 |title=Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies |journal=IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=2084–2123 |doi=10.1109/COMST.2016.2535718 |s2cid=5115101 |issn=1553-877X }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, [[Hal Finney (cypherpunk)|Hal Finney]] developed the first currency based on reusable proof of work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Judmayer |first1=Aljosha |chapter=History of Cryptographic Currencies |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1_3 |title=Blocks and Chains |pages=15–18 |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1_3 |isbn=978-3-031-01224-2 |last2=Stifter |first2=Nicholas |last3=Krombholz |first3=Katharina |last4=Weippl |first4=Edgar |series=Synthesis Lectures on Information Security, Privacy, and Trust |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122135006/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; These various attempts were not successful:&lt;ref name=&quot;Narayanan2017&quot; /&gt; Chaum's concept required centralized control and no banks wanted to sign on, Hashcash had no protection against [[double-spending]], while b-money and bit gold were not resistant to [[Sybil attack]]s.&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=Arvind |last2=Clark |first2=Jeremy |date=27 November 2017 |title=Bitcoin's academic pedigree |url=https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3136559 |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=36–45 |doi=10.1145/3132259 |s2cid=6425116 |issn=0001-0782 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014120907/https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3136559 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2008–2009: Creation===<br /> {{external media<br /> | float = right<br /> | width = 258px<br /> | image1 = [https://www.thetimes03jan2009.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/genesis-block-newspaper-bitcoin.jpg Cover page of ''The Times'' 3 January 2009 showing the headline used in the genesis block]<br /> }}<br /> The domain name ''bitcoin.org'' was registered on 18 August 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bernard |first=Zoë |date=2 December 2017 |title=Everything you need to know about Bitcoin, its mysterious origins, and the many alleged identities of its creator |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-history-cryptocurrency-satoshi-nakamoto-2017-12 |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615010015/http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoin-history-cryptocurrency-satoshi-nakamoto-2017-12 |archive-date=15 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 October 2008, a link to a [[white paper]] authored by [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] titled ''Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System'' was posted to a cryptography mailing list.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Finley |first=Klint |date=31 October 2018 |title=After 10 Years, Bitcoin Has Changed Everything—and Nothing |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/after-10-years-bitcoin-changed-everything-nothing/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105070656/https://www.wired.com/story/after-10-years-bitcoin-changed-everything-nothing/ |archive-date=5 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.{{r|whoissn}} According to computer scientist [[Arvind Narayanan]], all individual components of bitcoin originated in earlier academic literature.&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017/&gt; Nakamoto's innovation was their complex interplay resulting in the first decentralized, [[Sybil attack|Sybil resistant]], [[Byzantine fault]] tolerant digital cash system, that would eventually be referred to as the first blockchain.&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;te20151031&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Economist Staff |date=31 October 2015 |title=Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703000844/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable |archive-date=3 July 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakamoto's paper was not [[peer review]]ed and was initially ignored by academics, who argued that it could not work.&lt;ref name=Narayanan2017/&gt;<br /> <br /> Nakamoto released bitcoin as [[open-source software]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Humayun-2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Humayun |first1=Mariam |last2=Belk |first2=Russell W. |chapter='Satoshi is Dead. Long Live Satoshi': The Curious Case of Bitcoin's Creator |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1108/s0885-211120180000019002 |chapter-url={{GBurl|FxJJDwAAQBAJ|p=19}} |editor1-last=N. N. Cross |editor1-first=Samantha |editor2-last=Ruvalcaba |editor2-first=Cecilia |editor3-last=Venkatesh |editor3-first=Alladi |editor4-last=W. Belk |editor4-first=Russell |title=Consumer Culture Theory |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-78743-907-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of the chain, known as the ''[[Genesis (blockchain)|genesis block]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wired:RFB&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Wallace, Benjamin |date=23 November 2011 |title=The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/11/mf-bitcoin/ |url-status=live |magazine=Wired |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031043919/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/mf_bitcoin |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=13 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Embedded in this block was the text &quot;The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of [[2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package|second bailout for banks]]&quot;, which is the date and headline of an issue of ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper.&lt;ref name=&quot;NY2011&quot; /&gt; Nine days later, Hal Finney received the first bitcoin transaction: ten bitcoins from Nakamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Popper |first=Nathaniel |date=30 August 2014 |title=Hal Finney, Cryptographer and Bitcoin Pioneer, Dies at 58 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/business/hal-finney-cryptographer-and-bitcoin-pioneer-dies-at-58.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903162835/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/business/hal-finney-cryptographer-and-bitcoin-pioneer-dies-at-58.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wei Dai and Nick Szabo were also early supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wired:RFB&quot; /&gt; On May 22, 2010, the first known [[Financial transaction|commercial transaction]] using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two [[Papa John's]] pizzas for ₿10,000, in what would later be celebrated as &quot;Bitcoin Pizza Day&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Anderson |title=Meet the man who spent millions worth of bitcoin on pizza |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/meet-the-man-who-spent-millions-worth-of-bitcoin-on-pizza-60-minutes-2019-05-16 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180706/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/meet-the-man-who-spent-millions-worth-of-bitcoin-on-pizza-60-minutes-2019-05-16/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Satoshi tasked Finnish developer and early Bitcoin contributor {{ill|Martti Malmi|fi}} with creating content for the bitcoin.org website.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Khalili|first=Joel |date=23 February 2024 |title=Bitcoin Royalty Descends on the Satoshi Nakamoto Trial |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/craig-wright-trial-bitcoin-royalty-testimony/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DominicFrisby2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Frisby |first=Dominic |title=Bitcoin: The Future of Money? |year=2014 |publisher=Unbound |isbn=9781783520763 |author-link=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010–2012: Early growth===<br /> [[Blockchain#Blockchain analysis|Blockchain analysts]] estimate that Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=McMillan |first=Robert |title=Who Owns the World's Biggest Bitcoin Wallet? The FBI |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/12/fbi-wallet/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021221609/https://www.wired.com/2013/12/fbi-wallet/ |archive-date=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; before disappearing in 2010 when he handed the network alert key and control of the [[Software repository|code repository]] over to [[Gavin Andresen]]. Andresen later became lead developer at the [[Bitcoin Foundation]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Simonite |first=Tom |title=Meet Gavin Andresen, the most powerful person in the world of Bitcoin |date=15 August 2014 |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/15/12784/the-man-who-really-built-bitcoin |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163924/https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/15/12784/the-man-who-really-built-bitcoin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Odell |first=Matt |date=21 September 2015 |title=A Solution To Bitcoin's Governance Problem |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/a-solution-to-bitcoins-governance-problem/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126051521/http://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/a-solution-to-bitcoins-governance-problem/ |archive-date=26 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[List of bitcoin organizations|organization]] founded in September 2012 to promote bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bustillos |first=Maria |date=1 April 2013 |title=The Bitcoin Boom |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-bitcoin-boom |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064450/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-bitcoin-boom |archive-date=2 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After early &quot;[[proof-of-concept]]&quot; transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were [[black market]]s, such as the [[dark web]] [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]]. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting ₿9.9&amp;nbsp;million, worth about $214&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt;{{rp|222}}<br /> <br /> ===2013–2014: First regulatory actions===<br /> In March 2013, the US [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for &quot;decentralized virtual currencies&quot; such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as [[money services business]]es, subject to registration and other legal obligations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Timothy B. |date=19 March 2013 |title=US regulator Bitcoin Exchanges Must Comply With Money Laundering Laws |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021203745/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/us-regulator-bitcoin-exchanges-must-comply-with-money-laundering-laws/ |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2013, US authorities seized the unregistered [[Cryptocurrency exchange|exchange]] [[Mt. Gox]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dillet |first=Romain |title=Feds Seize Assets From Mt. Gox's Dwolla Account, Accuse It Of Violating Money Transfer Regulations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/05/16/mt-gox-dwolla-account-money-seizure/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009161856/http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/16/mt-gox-dwolla-account-money-seizure/ |archive-date=9 October 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2013, the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] seized ₿11.02 from an individual attempting to use them to purchase illicit drugs. This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sampson |first=Tim |year=2013 |title=U.S. government makes its first-ever Bitcoin seizure |work=The Daily Dot |url=http://www.dailydot.com/business/11-bitcoins-seized-government-dea/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712010826/http://www.dailydot.com/business/11-bitcoins-seized-government-dea/ |archive-date=12 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The FBI seized about ₿30,000 in October 2013 from Silk Road, following the arrest of its founder [[Ross Ulbricht]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Kashmir |title=The FBI's Plan For The Millions Worth Of Bitcoins Seized From Silk Road |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/10/04/fbi-silk-road-bitcoin-seizure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502154935/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/10/04/fbi-silk-road-bitcoin-seizure/ |archive-date=2 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2013, the [[People's Bank of China]] prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kelion, Leo |date=18 December 2013 |title=Bitcoin sinks after China restricts yuan exchanges |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25428866 |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219214615/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25428866 |archive-date=19 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the announcement, the value of bitcoin dropped,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 December 2013 |title=China bans banks from bitcoin transactions |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/currencies/china-bans-banks-from-bitcoin-transactions-20131206-2yugy.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323102824/http://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/currencies/china-bans-banks-from-bitcoin-transactions-20131206-2yugy.html |archive-date=23 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Baidu]] no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 December 2013 |title=Baidu Stops Accepting Bitcoins After China Ban |work=Bloomberg |location=New York |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-07/baidu-stops-accepting-bitcoins-after-china-ban.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210214547/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-07/baidu-stops-accepting-bitcoins-after-china-ban.html |archive-date=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=China bars use of virtual money for trading in real goods |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/commonnews/200906/20090606364208.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129184312/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/commonnews/200906/20090606364208.html |archive-date=29 November 2013 |access-date=10 January 2014 |publisher=English.mofcom.gov.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2015–2019===<br /> Research produced by the [[University of Cambridge]] estimated that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a [[cryptocurrency wallet]], most of them using bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hileman |first1=Garrick |last2=Rauchs |first2=Michel |title=Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study |url=https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/downloads/2017-global-cryptocurrency-benchmarking-study.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410130007/https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/fileadmin/user_upload/research/centres/alternative-finance/downloads/2017-global-cryptocurrency-benchmarking-study.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date=14 April 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2017, the [[SegWit]] software upgrade was activated. Segwit was intended to support the [[Lightning Network]] as well as improve [[scalability]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vigna |first=Paul |date=21 July 2017 |title=Bitcoin Rallies Sharply After Vote Resolves Bitter Scaling Debate |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoin-rallies-sharply-after-vote-resolves-bitter-scaling-debate-1500656084 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121164350/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoin-rallies-sharply-after-vote-resolves-bitter-scaling-debate-1500656084 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; SegWit opponents, who supported larger blocks as a scalability solution, [[Fork (blockchain)|forked]] to create [[Bitcoin Cash]], one of many [[List of bitcoin forks|forks of bitcoin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Selena Larson |date=1 August 2017 |title=Bitcoin split in two, here's what that means |work=CNN Tech |publisher=Cable News Network |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/01/technology/business/bitcoin-cash-new-currency/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214042/https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/01/technology/business/bitcoin-cash-new-currency/index.html |archive-date=27 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2017, the first [[futures contract|futures]] on bitcoin was introduced by the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] (CME).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/17/worlds-largest-futures-exchange-set-to-launch-bitcoin-futures-sunday-night.html |title=Bitcoin debuts on the world's largest futures exchange, and prices fall slightly |date=17 December 2017 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=CNBC |last=Cheng |first=Evelyn |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118182719/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/17/worlds-largest-futures-exchange-set-to-launch-bitcoin-futures-sunday-night.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2018, the price crashed after China imposed a complete ban on bitcoin trading.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=French |first=Sally |date=9 February 2017 |title=Here's proof that this bitcoin crash is far from the worst the cryptocurrency has seen |publisher=Market Watch |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/heres-proof-that-this-bitcoin-crash-is-far-from-the-worst-the-cryptocurrency-has-seen-2018-02-09 |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220246/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/heres-proof-that-this-bitcoin-crash-is-far-from-the-worst-the-cryptocurrency-has-seen-2018-02-09 |archive-date=3 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese [[renminbi]] fell from over 90% in September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 July 2018 |title=RMB Bitcoin trading falls below 1 pct of world total |publisher=Xinhuanet |agency=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/07/c_137308879.htm |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225218/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/07/c_137308879.htm |archive-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the same year, bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first=Gertrude |date=3 July 2018 |title=Cryptocurrency exchange theft surges in first half of 2018: report |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-ciphertrace/cryptocurrency-exchange-theft-surges-in-first-half-of-2018-report-idUSKBN1JT1Q5 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704120854/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-ciphertrace/cryptocurrency-exchange-theft-surges-in-first-half-of-2018-report-idUSKBN1JT1Q5 |archive-date=4 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2020–present===<br /> [[File:Bitcoin Price.webp|thumb|{{center|'''Bitcoin price'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Coinbase Bitcoin |journal=[[Coinbase]] |date=4 December 2024 |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=1BVJt |access-date=4 December 2024 |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Economic Data]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} December 1, 2014 – &lt;br&gt; December 4, 2024]]<br /> In 2020, some major companies and institutions started to acquire bitcoin: [[MicroStrategy]] invested $250 million in bitcoin as a [[Treasury management|treasury reserve asset]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 September 2021 |title=MicroStrategy buys another $250m worth of bitcoin in hope of 100X price growth |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/microstrategy-bitcoin-crypto-price-prediction-b1919178.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Anthony |last=Cuthbertson |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163924/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/microstrategy-bitcoin-crypto-price-prediction-b1919178.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Square, Inc.]], $50 million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Oliver Effron |title=Square just bought $50 million in bitcoin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/business/square-bitcoin-crypto-investment/index.html |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=CNN |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024101610/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/business/square-bitcoin-crypto-investment/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[MassMutual]], $100 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-10/169-year-old-insurer-massmutual-invests-100-million-in-bitcoin |title=169-Year-Old MassMutual Invests $100 Million in Bitcoin |date=11 December 2020 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=26 December 2020 |author=Olga Kharif |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219220543/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-10/169-year-old-insurer-massmutual-invests-100-million-in-bitcoin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2020, [[PayPal]] added support for bitcoin in the US.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=13 November 2020 |title=PayPal says all users in US can now buy, hold and sell cryptocurrencies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/12/paypal-says-all-users-in-u-s-can-now-buy-hold-and-sell-cryptocurrencies/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=Techcrunch |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124050031/https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/12/paypal-says-all-users-in-u-s-can-now-buy-hold-and-sell-cryptocurrencies/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2021, bitcoin's [[market capitalization]] reached $1 trillion for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first1=Gertrude |last2=Wilson |first2=Tom |date=19 February 2021 |title=Bitcoin hits $1 trillion market cap, surges to fresh all-time peak |language=en-US |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com.article/idUSKBN2AJ0GC/ |access-date=24 November 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2021, the [[Taproot (fork)|Taproot]] [[soft-fork]] upgrade was activated, adding support for [[Schnorr signature]]s, improved functionality of [[smart contract]]s and [[Lightning Network]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sigalos |first=MacKenzie |date=14 November 2021 |title=Bitcoin's biggest upgrade in four years just happened – here's what changes |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/14/bitcoin-taproot-upgrade-what-it-means-for-investors.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=CNBC |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114215032/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/14/bitcoin-taproot-upgrade-what-it-means-for-investors.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Before, bitcoin only used a custom [[elliptic curve cryptography|elliptic curve]] with the [[ECDSA]] algorithm to produce [[digital signature|signatures]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Van Hijfte |first1=Stijn |title=Blockchain Platforms: A Look at the Underbelly of Distributed Platforms |publisher=Morgan &amp; Claypool Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1681738925}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|101}} In September 2021, bitcoin became [[legal tender]] currency [[Bitcoin in El Salvador|in El Salvador]], alongside the US dollar.&lt;ref name=BTCSVSept7FT/&gt; In October 2021, the first bitcoin futures [[exchange-traded fund]] (ETF), called BITO, from [[ProShares]] was approved by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] and listed on the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange|CME]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-bitcoin-etf-is-almost-here-what-does-that-mean-for-investors-11634376601 |title=A Bitcoin ETF Is Here. What Does That Mean for Investors? |date=19 October 2021 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=The Wall Street Journal |last=Wursthorn |first=Michael |url-access=subscription |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110200308/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-bitcoin-etf-is-almost-here-what-does-that-mean-for-investors-11634376601 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early 2022, during the [[Canada convoy protest|Canadian trucker protests]] opposing [[COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy|COVID-19 vaccine mandates]], organizers turned to bitcoin to receive donations after traditional financial platforms restricted access to funding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Loh |first=Matthew |title=Canada says it will freeze the bank accounts of 'Freedom Convoy' truckers who continue their anti-vaccine mandate blockades |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trudeau-canada-freeze-bank-accounts-freedom-convoy-truckers-2022-2 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Crypto enthusiasts keep funding convoy protests as traditional banks take action against it – The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-enthusiasts-keep-funding-convoy-protests-as-traditional-banks/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208224444/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-crypto-enthusiasts-keep-funding-convoy-protests-as-traditional-banks/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; Proponents highlighted bitcoin's use as a tool for fundraising in situations where access to conventional financial systems may be restricted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Meet Greg Foss: A Former Bitcoin Fundraiser For Canada's 'Freedom Convoy' Protest |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbrett/2022/02/17/meet-greg-foss-a-former-bitcoin-fundraiser-for-canadas-freedom-convoy-protest/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620070940/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbrett/2022/02/17/meet-greg-foss-a-former-bitcoin-fundraiser-for-canadas-freedom-convoy-protest/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=Elon Musk–backed 'freedom truckers' in Canada get Bitcoin lifeline after GoFundMe freezes millions in donations |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-backed-freedom-truckers-200403223.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313170541/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-backed-freedom-truckers-200403223.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-03-13 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Yahoo! Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May and June 2022, the bitcoin price fell following the collapses of [[Terra (blockchain)|TerraUSD]], a [[stablecoin]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=10 May 2022|title=Bitcoin investors are panicking as a controversial crypto experiment unravels|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/10/bitcoin-btc-investors-panic-as-terrausd-ust-sinks-below-1-peg.html|work=CNBC|access-date=11 May 2022|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511021259/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/10/bitcoin-btc-investors-panic-as-terrausd-ust-sinks-below-1-peg.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Celsius Network]], a cryptocurrency loan company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Milmo|first1=Dan|title=Bitcoin value slumps below $20,000 in cryptocurrencies turmoil|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/18/bitcoin-value-falls-cryptocurrency-markets-turmoil|access-date=19 June 2022|work=The Guardian|date=18 June 2022|language=en|archive-date=18 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618231120/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jun/18/bitcoin-value-falls-cryptocurrency-markets-turmoil|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Yaffe-Bellany|first=David|date=13 June 2022|title=Celsius Network Leads Crypto Markets Into Another Free Fall|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/13/technology/bitcoin-ether-price.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614030021/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/13/technology/bitcoin-ether-price.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, ordinals—[[non-fungible token]]s (NFTs)—on bitcoin, went live.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Behrendt |first=Philipp |date=2023 |title=Taxation of the New Age: New Guidance for the World of Digital Assets |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jtaxpp25&amp;id=105&amp;div=&amp;collection= |journal=Journal of Tax Practice &amp; Procedure |volume=25 |pages=47 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121164911/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jtaxpp25&amp;id=105&amp;div=&amp;collection= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of June 2023, River Financial estimated that bitcoin had 81.7 million users, about 1% of the global population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=As banks buy up bitcoins, who else are the 'Bitcoin whales'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68434579 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=BBC Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2024, the first 11 US [[spot market|spot]] bitcoin [[exchange-traded fund|ETF]]s began trading, offering direct exposure to bitcoin for the first time on American stock exchanges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Will |date=12 January 2024 |title=Bitcoin trading volumes surge after debut of long-awaited US ETFs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f30ece62-0f1c-492a-8ccd-63ec9730573c |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112025105/https://www.ft.com/content/f30ece62-0f1c-492a-8ccd-63ec9730573c |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lang|first1=Hannah|title=US bitcoin ETFs see $4.6B in volume in first day of trading|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/spot-bitcoin-etfs-start-trading-big-boost-crypto-industry-2024-01-11/|access-date=12 January 2024|work=Reuters|date=11 January 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2024, bitcoin price reached $100,000 for the first time, as US president-elect [[Donald Trump]] promised to make the US the &quot;crypto capital of the planet&quot; and to stockpile bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/bitcoin-tops-100000-optimism-over-trump-crypto-plans-2024-12-05/|title=Bitcoin storms above $100,000 as Trump 2.0 fuels crypto euphoria|work=Reuters|date=2024-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, [[BlackRock]], the world's largest [[asset manager]], recommended investors to allocate up to 2% of their [[portfolio (finance)|portfolio]] to bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/blackrock-recommends-bitcoin-portfolio-weighting-up-2-interested-investors-2024-12-12/ | title=BlackRock recommends bitcoin portfolio weighting of up to 2% for interested investors|date=2024-12-12|first=Suzanne|last= McGee|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025, the Salvadoran government continues to describe Bitcoin as legal tender under the 2021 Bitcoin Law; however, a January 2025 reform removed obligations for businesses and the government to accept it, so many analysts regard its legal-tender status as effectively ended in practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Salvador Abandons Bitcoin as Legal Tender&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitcoin is no longer legal tender in El Salvador&quot; /&gt; In March 2025, [[President Trump]] signed an [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]] to establish a [[strategic bitcoin reserve]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Nandita |last2=Ward |first2=Jasper |title=Trump signs order to establish strategic bitcoin reserve |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/trump-signs-order-establish-strategic-bitcoin-reserve-white-house-crypto-czar-2025-03-07/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=10 March 2025 |location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |date=7 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, some U.S. states, such as [[Texas]] and [[New Hampshire]] also instituted strategic bitcoin reserves,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-06-22 |title=Texas Gov. Abbott Signs Bill to Create State Bitcoin Reserve |url=https://news.bgov.com/bloomberg-government-news/texas-gov-abbott-signs-bill-to-create-state-bitcoin-reserve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624034336/https://news.bgov.com/bloomberg-government-news/texas-gov-abbott-signs-bill-to-create-state-bitcoin-reserve |archive-date=2025-06-24 |access-date=2025-07-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Czech National Bank]] bought less than €1 million in a &quot;test portfolio&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Czech central bank buys $1 million in bitcoin, other crypto assets for testing | work=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/czech-central-bank-buys-1-mln-bitcoin-other-crypto-assets-testing-2025-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Design==<br /> {{Main|Bitcoin protocol}}<br /> ===Units and divisibility===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 90<br /> | image1 = Bitcoin old.png<br /> | image2 = Bitcoin.png<br /> | footer = Bitcoin logos made by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009 (left) and 2010 (right).<br /> }}<br /> The [[unit of account]] of the bitcoin system is the ''bitcoin''. It is most commonly represented with the [[currency symbol|symbol]] ₿ designed in 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;unicode-10&quot; /&gt; and the [[currency code]] BTC. However, the BTC code does not conform to [[ISO 4217]] as BT is the country code of Bhutan,&lt;ref name=&quot;ssrn.3383734&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Carol |last2=Imeraj |first2=Arben |date=2019 |title=Introducing the BITIX: The Bitcoin Fear Gauge |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3383734 |journal=[[SSRN Electronic Journal]] |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3383734 |issn=1556-5068|quote=XBT satisfies the norm ‘ISO 4217’ by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) as BTC goes against the name of Bhutan’s currency. In general, transaction instruments that are not national currencies, like gold or silver, begin with an X. However, the symbol XBT is not officially recognised by ISO.|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be 'X'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ssrn.3383734&quot;/&gt; XBT, a code that conforms to [[ISO 4217]] though not officially part of it,&lt;ref name=&quot;ssrn.3383734&quot;/&gt; is used by [[Bloomberg L.P.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Romain Dillet |date=9 August 2013 |title=Bitcoin Ticker Available On Bloomberg Terminal For Employees |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/09/bitcoin-ticker-available-on-bloomberg-terminal/ |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101232825/http://techcrunch.com/2013/08/09/bitcoin-ticker-available-on-bloomberg-terminal/ |archive-date=1 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> No uniform [[capitalization]] convention exists; some sources use ''Bitcoin'', capitalized, to refer to the technology and [[computer network|network]], and ''bitcoin'', lowercase, for the unit of account.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Bustillos, Maria |date=2 April 2013 |title=The Bitcoin Boom |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-bitcoin-boom |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727185121/http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-bitcoin-boom |archive-date=27 July 2014 |access-date=22 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]'' and the ''[[Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]'' use the capitalized and lowercase variants without distinction.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/bitcointm?q=bitcoin Bitcoin], ''[[Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bitcoin bitcoin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503092252/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bitcoin |date=3 May 2022 }}, ''[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One bitcoin is divisible to eight decimal places.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 5}} Units for smaller amounts of bitcoin are the millibitcoin (mBTC), equal to {{frac|1|1000}} bitcoin, and the satoshi{{efn|name=satoshi|Named after [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]}} (sat), representing {{frac|1|{{val|100000000}}}} (one hundred millionth) bitcoin, the smallest amount possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;satoshi unit&quot; /&gt; 100,000 satoshis are one mBTC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Katie Pisa |last2=Natasha Maguder |date=9 July 2014 |title=Bitcoin your way to a double espresso |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/18/business/bitcoin-your-way-to-a-double-espresso/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618072429/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/18/business/bitcoin-your-way-to-a-double-espresso/ |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Blockchain===<br /> {{further|Blockchain#Structure and design}}<br /> As a [[Decentralization|decentralized]] system, bitcoin operates without a central authority or single administrator,&lt;ref name=Gervais2014&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gervais |first1=Arthur |last2=Karame |first2=Ghassan O. |last3=Capkun |first3=Vedran |last4=Capkun |first4=Srdjan |date=May 2014 |title=Is Bitcoin a Decentralized Currency? |journal=[[IEEE Security &amp; Privacy]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1109/MSP.2014.49 |bibcode=2014ISPri..12c..54G |s2cid=13948781 |issn=1540-7993 }}&lt;/ref&gt; so that anyone can create a new bitcoin address and transact without needing any approval.{{r|Antonopoulos2014|page=ch. 1}} This is accomplished through a specialized [[distributed ledger]] called a ''[[blockchain]]'' that records bitcoin transactions.{{r|econbc}}<br /> <br /> The blockchain is implemented as an ordered list of ''blocks''. Each block contains a [[SHA-256]] [[Cryptographic hash function|hash]] of the previous block,&lt;ref name=&quot;econbc&quot; /&gt; chaining them in chronological order.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 7}}&lt;ref name=&quot;econbc&quot; /&gt; The blockchain is maintained by a [[peer-to-peer]] network.&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt;{{rp|215–219}} Individual blocks, public addresses, and transactions within blocks are public information, and can be examined using a blockchain explorer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2021/NIST.IR.8301.pdf| publisher=National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST)| access-date=29 December 2022| title=Blockchain Networks: Token Design and Management Overview| page=32| archive-date=24 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224003108/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2021/NIST.IR.8301.pdf| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nodes validate and broadcast transactions, each maintaining a copy of the blockchain for ownership verification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sparkes, Matthew |date=9 June 2014 |title=The coming digital anarchy |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10881213/The-coming-digital-anarchy.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123190900/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10881213/The-coming-digital-anarchy.html |archive-date=23 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A new block is created every 10 minutes on average, updating the blockchain across all nodes without central oversight. This process tracks bitcoin spending, ensuring each bitcoin is [[double-spending|spent only once]]. Unlike a traditional ledger that tracks physical currency, bitcoins exist digitally as [[unspent outputs of transactions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 5}}<br /> <br /> ===Addresses and transactions===<br /> [[File:Bitcoin Transaction Visual.svg|thumb|Simplified chain of ownership. In practice, a transaction can have more than one input and more than one output.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconOfBTC&quot; /&gt;]]<br /> In the blockchain, bitcoins are linked to specific [[string (computer science)|string]]s called addresses. Most often, an address encodes a [[hash (cryptography)|hash]] of a single [[public key]]. Creating such an address involves generating a random private key and then computing the corresponding address. This process is almost instant, but the reverse (finding the private key for a given address) is nearly impossible.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 4}} Publishing such a bitcoin address does not risk its private key, and it is extremely unlikely to accidentally generate a used key with funds. To use bitcoins, owners need their private key to [[digital signature|digitally sign]] transactions, which are verified by the network using the public key, keeping the private key secret.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 5}} An address may encode the hash of a bitcoin script that specifies more complex requirements to spend the funds. One common example is &quot;multisig&quot;, in which multiple distinct private keys must mutually sign any transaction that attempts to spend the funds.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 7}}<br /> <br /> Bitcoin transactions use a [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]-like [[scripting language]],{{r|Antonopoulos2014|p=ch. 5}} involving one or more inputs and outputs. When sending bitcoins, a user specifies the recipients' addresses and the amount for each output. This allows sending bitcoins to several recipients in a single transaction. To prevent double-spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconOfBTC&quot;&gt;{{Cite conference |last1=Kroll |first1=Joshua A. |last2=Davey |first2=Ian C. |last3=Felten |first3=E. |title=The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries |conference=The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013) |location=Washington, DC|date= 11–12 June 2013|s2cid=2794725 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Using multiple inputs is similar to using multiple coins in a cash transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output can return the change back to the payer.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconOfBTC&quot; /&gt; Unallocated input satoshis in the transaction become the transaction fee.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconOfBTC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Losing a private key means losing access to the bitcoins, with no other proof of ownership accepted by the [[bitcoin protocol|protocol]].&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt; For instance, in 2013, a user lost ₿7,500, valued at US$7.5 million, by accidentally discarding a [[Hard disk drive|hard drive]] with the private key.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 November 2013 |title=Man Throws Away 7,500 Bitcoins, Now Worth $7.5 Million |work=CBS DC |url=http://washington.cbslocal.com/2013/11/29/man-throws-away-7500-bitcoins-now-worth-7-5-million/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115062630/http://washington.cbslocal.com/2013/11/29/man-throws-away-7500-bitcoins-now-worth-7-5-million/ |archive-date=15 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is estimated that around 20% of all bitcoins are lost.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Krause |first=Elliott |date=5 July 2018 |title=A Fifth of All Bitcoin Is Missing. These Crypto Hunters Can Help |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-fifth-of-all-bitcoin-is-missing-these-crypto-hunters-can-help-1530798731 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010939/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-fifth-of-all-bitcoin-is-missing-these-crypto-hunters-can-help-1530798731 |archive-date=9 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The private key must also be kept secret as its exposure, such as through a [[data breach]], can lead to theft of the associated bitcoins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Jeffries |first=Adrianne |date=19 December 2013 |title=How to steal Bitcoin in three easy steps |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/12/19/5183356/how-to-steal-bitcoin-in-three-easy-steps |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727141228/https://www.theverge.com/2013/12/19/5183356/how-to-steal-bitcoin-in-three-easy-steps |archive-date=27 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2017|12}}, approximately ₿980,000 had been stolen from [[cryptocurrency exchange]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Harney |first1=Alexandra |last2=Stecklow |first2=Steve |date=16 November 2017 |title=Twice burned – How Mt. Gox's bitcoin customers could lose again |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/bitcoin-gox/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829052101/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/bitcoin-gox/|archive-date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mining===<br /> {{See also|Bitcoin protocol#Mining}}<br /> [[File:Argo Blockchain Mirabel Facility.jpg|thumb|Bitcoin mining [[Data center|facility]] with large amounts of mining hardware]]<br /> Miners don't directly act as nodes, but do communicate with nodes. The mining process is primarily intended to prevent [[double-spending]] and get all nodes to agree on the content of the blockchain, but it also has desirable side-effects such as making it infeasible for adversaries to stifle valid transactions or alter the historical record of transactions, since doing so generally requires the adversary to have access to more mining power than the rest of the network combined.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 12}}<br /> <br /> The mining process in bitcoin involves maintaining the blockchain through computer [[processing power]]. Miners group and broadcast new transactions into blocks, which are then verified by the network.&lt;ref name=&quot;econbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=31 October 2015 |title=The great chain of being sure about things |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/10/31/the-great-chain-of-being-sure-about-things |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154941/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/10/31/the-great-chain-of-being-sure-about-things |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Each block must contain a proof of work (PoW) to be accepted,&lt;ref name=&quot;econbc&quot; /&gt; involving finding a [[cryptographic nonce|nonce]] number that, combined with the block content, produces a [[cryptographic hash|hash]] numerically smaller than the network's ''difficulty target''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}} This PoW is simple to verify but hard to generate, requiring many attempts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}} PoW forms the basis of bitcoin's [[Consensus (computer science)|consensus mechanism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mingxiao2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite conference |last1=Mingxiao |first1=Du |last2=Xiaofeng |first2=Ma |last3=Zhe |first3=Zhang |last4=Xiangwei |first4=Wang |last5=Qijun |first5=Chen |date=5–8 October 2017 |title=A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain |publisher=IEEE |pages=2567–2572 |doi=10.1109/SMC.2017.8123011 |isbn=978-1-5386-1645-1 |conference=2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC) |location=Banff, AB, Canada }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The difficulty of generating a block is [[Deterministic algorithm|deterministically adjusted]] based on the [[Hashrate|mining power on the network]] by changing the difficulty target, which is recalibrated every 2,016 blocks (approximately two weeks) to maintain an average time of ten minutes between new blocks. The process requires significant computational power and specialized [[Computer hardware|hardware]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 January 2014 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2014/01/04/2003580449 |title=Bitcoin boom benefiting TSMC: report |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129102127/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2014/01/04/2003580449 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Miners who successfully create a new block with a valid nonce can collect transaction fees from the included transactions and a fixed reward in bitcoins.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloombergvance111413&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Ashlee |first= Vance |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=14 November 2013 |title=2014 Outlook: Bitcoin Mining Chips, a High-Tech Arms Race |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-14/2014-outlook-bitcoin-mining-chips-a-high-tech-arms-race |url-status=dead |magazine=[[BusinessWeek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121225123/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-14/2014-outlook-bitcoin-mining-chips-a-high-tech-arms-race |archive-date=21 November 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; To claim this reward, a special transaction called a ''coinbase'' is included in the block, with the miner as the payee. All bitcoins in existence have been created through this type of transaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}} This reward is halved every 210,000 blocks until ₿21&amp;nbsp;million{{efn|name=supply|The exact number is ₿20,999,999.9769.{{r|Antonopoulos2014|page=ch. 8}}}} have been issued in total, which is expected to occur around the year 2140. Afterward, miners will only earn from transaction fees. These fees are determined by the transaction's size and the amount of data stored, measured in satoshis per byte.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Ritchie S. |last1=King |first2=Sam |last2=Williams |first3=David |last3=Yanofsky |date=17 December 2013 |title=By reading this article, you're mining bitcoins |url=http://qz.com/154877/by-reading-this-page-you-are-mining-bitcoins |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221429/http://qz.com/154877/by-reading-this-page-you-are-mining-bitcoins/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EconOfBTC&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}}<br /> <br /> The proof of work system and the chaining of blocks make blockchain modifications very difficult, as altering one block requires changing all subsequent blocks. As more blocks are added, modifying older blocks becomes increasingly challenging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hampton |first=Nikolai |date=5 September 2016 |title=Understanding the blockchain hype: Why much of it is nothing more than snake oil and spin |work=[[Computerworld]] |url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/606253/understanding-blockchain-hype-why-much-it-nothing-more-than-snake-oil-spin/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906171838/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/606253/understanding-blockchain-hype-why-much-it-nothing-more-than-snake-oil-spin/ |archive-date=6 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;econbc&quot; /&gt; In case of disagreement, nodes trust the longest chain, which required the greatest amount of effort to produce.&lt;ref name=Mingxiao2017/&gt; To tamper or censor the ledger, one needs to control the majority of the global [[hashrate]].&lt;ref name=Mingxiao2017/&gt; The high cost required to reach this level of computational power [[Computer security|secures]] the bitcoin blockchain.&lt;ref name=Mingxiao2017/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[environmental impact of bitcoin mining]] is controversial and has attracted the attention of regulators, [[Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory|leading to restrictions or incentives in various jurisdictions]].&lt;ref name=Stoll2023&gt;{{Cite report |jstor=resrep51839 |title=Climate Impacts of Bitcoin Mining in the U.S. |last1=Stoll |first1=Christian |last2=Klaaßen |first2=Lena |date=June 2023 |publisher=MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research |last3=Gallersdörfer |first3=Ulrich |last4=Neumüller |first4=Alexander |series=Working Paper Series }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2025}}, a [[non-peer-reviewed]] study by the [[Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance]] (CCAF) estimated that bitcoin mining represented {{sigfig|0.54|1}}% of [[World energy supply and consumption|global electricity consumption]] and {{sigfig|0.08|1}}% of world [[greenhouse gas emissions]], comparable to Slovakia's emissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Digital Mining Industry Report: Global Operations, Sentiment, and Energy Use – CCAF publications |url=https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/cambridge-digital-mining-industry-report/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Cambridge Judge Business School |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; About half of the electricity used is generated through [[fossil fuel]]s.&lt;ref name=NYT20220116&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Huang |first1=Jon |last2=O'Neill |first2=Claire |last3=Tabuchi |first3=Hiroko |date=3 September 2021 |title=Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217105559/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, mining hardware's short lifespan results in [[electronic waste]].&lt;ref name=&quot;deVries2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=de Vries |first1=Alex |last2=Stoll |first2=Christian |date=December 2021 |title=Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=175 |article-number=105901 |bibcode=2021RCR...17505901D |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2025, the US was the largest mining country with 38% of the global bitcoin mining market share, followed by Russia (16%) and China (14%, despite all cryptocurrency trading and mining being banned there in 2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bitcoin-mining-china-rebounds-defying-2021-ban-2025-11-24/|website=Reuters|title=Bitcoin mining in China rebounds, defying 2021 ban|date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=Global Hashrate Heatmap Update: Q4 2025 |url=https://hashrateindex.com/blog/global-hashrate-heatmap-update-q4-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Hashrate Index |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Privacy and fungibility===<br /> Bitcoin is [[pseudonym]]ous, with funds linked to addresses, not real-world identities. While the owners of these addresses are not directly identified, all transactions are public on the blockchain. Patterns of use, like spending coins from multiple inputs, can hint at a common owner. Public data can sometimes be matched with known address owners.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=5 September 2013 |title=Mapping the Bitcoin Economy Could Reveal Users' Identities |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/09/05/176558/mapping-the-bitcoin-economy-could-reveal-users-identities/ |access-date=2 April 2014 |work=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927062235/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/09/05/176558/mapping-the-bitcoin-economy-could-reveal-users-identities/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[List of bitcoin companies|Bitcoin exchanges]] might also need to collect personal data as per legal requirements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lee, Timothy |date=21 August 2013 |title=Five surprising facts about Bitcoin |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/08/21/five-surprising-facts-about-bitcoin-2 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709135222/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/08/21/five-surprising-facts-about-bitcoin-2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For enhanced [[Privacy and blockchain|privacy]], users can generate a new address for each transaction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan, Robert |date=6 June 2013 |title=How Bitcoin lets you spy on careless companies |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/06/bitcoin-retai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209202222/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-06/06/bitcoin-retail |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=3 April 2020 |magazine=[[Wired UK]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the bitcoin network, each bitcoin is treated equally, ensuring basic [[fungibility]]. However, users and applications can choose to differentiate between bitcoins. While wallets and software treat all bitcoins the same, each bitcoin's transaction history is recorded on the blockchain. This public record allows for [[Blockchain analysis|chain analysis]], where users can identify and potentially reject bitcoins from controversial sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Ross |last2=Shumailov |first2=Ilia |last3=Ahmed |first3=Mansoor |title=Security Protocols XXVI |chapter=Making Bitcoin Legal |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=24 November 2018 |volume=11286 |chapter-url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/making-bitcoin-legal |language=en |publisher=Springer |pages=243–253 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-03251-7_29 |isbn=978-3-030-03250-0 |editor-last=Matyáš |editor-first=Vashek |editor2-last=Švenda |editor2-first=Petr |editor3-last=Stajano |editor3-first=Frank |editor4-last=Christianson |editor4-first=Bruce |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124165246/https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/making-bitcoin-legal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts containing bitcoins identified as stolen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite conference |last1=Möser |first1=Malte |last2=Böhme |first2=Rainer |last3=Breuker |first3=Dominic |year=2013 |title=An Inquiry into Money Laundering Tools in the Bitcoin Ecosystem |url=https://maltemoeser.de/paper/money-laundering.pdf |conference=2013 APWG eCrime Researchers Summit |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] |isbn=978-1-4799-1158-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626110754/https://maltemoeser.de/paper/money-laundering.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=19 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wallets===<br /> {{Broader|Cryptocurrency wallet}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 600<br /> | align = center<br /> | image1 = Bitcoin-core-v0.10.0.png<br /> | caption1 = Screenshot of [[Bitcoin Core]]<br /> | image2 = Sample Bitcoin paper wallet.png<br /> | caption2 = A paper wallet with the address as a [[QR code]] while the private key is hidden<br /> | image3 = 10elqpi.jpg<br /> | caption3 = A hardware wallet which processes bitcoin transactions without exposing private keys<br /> }}<br /> Bitcoin wallets were the first [[cryptocurrency wallet]]s, enabling users to store the information necessary to transact bitcoins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Adam |last1=Serwer |first2=Dana|last2= Liebelson |date=10 April 2013 |title=Bitcoin, Explained |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/04/what-is-bitcoin-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427022315/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/04/what-is-bitcoin-explained |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=26 April 2014 |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{r|Antonopoulos2014|p=ch. 1, glossary}} The first wallet program, simply named ''Bitcoin'', and sometimes referred to as the ''Satoshi client'', was released in 2009 by Nakamoto as [[open-source software]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Humayun-2018&quot; /&gt; [[Bitcoin Core]] is among the best known [[Client (computing)|clients]]. [[fork (software development)|Forks]] of Bitcoin Core exist such as [[Bitcoin Unlimited]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vigna |first=Paul |date=17 January 2016 |title=Is Bitcoin Breaking Up? |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-bitcoin-breaking-up-1453044493 |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820144312/http://www.wsj.com/articles/is-bitcoin-breaking-up-1453044493 |archive-date=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wallets can be full clients, with a full copy of the blockchain to check the validity of mined blocks,{{r|Antonopoulos2014|p=ch. 1}} or lightweight clients, just to send and receive transactions without a local copy of the entire blockchain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gervais |first1=Arthur |last2=Capkun |first2=Srdjan |last3=Karame |first3=Ghassan O. |last4=Gruber |first4=Damian |title=Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference |chapter=On the privacy provisions of Bloom filters in lightweight bitcoin clients |date=8 December 2014 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2664243.2664267 |series=ACSAC '14 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=326–335 |doi=10.1145/2664243.2664267 |isbn=978-1-4503-3005-3 |s2cid=9161497 |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421113526/https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Third-party internet services, called online wallets or [[Digital wallet|hot wallets]], store users' credentials on their servers, making them susceptible of hacks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Bill |last=Barhydt |date=4 June 2014 |title=3 reasons Wall Street can't stay away from bitcoin |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/06/04/3-reasons-wall-street-cant-stay-away-from-bitcoin.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204140256/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/06/04/3-reasons-wall-street-cant-stay-away-from-bitcoin.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cold wallet|Cold storage]] protects bitcoins from such hacks by keeping private keys offline, either through specialized hardware wallets or paper printouts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Daniel |date=15 December 2017 |title=How to send bitcoin to a hardware wallet |work=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/send-bitcoin-hardware-wallet-140141385.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217142235/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/send-bitcoin-hardware-wallet-140141385.html |archive-date=17 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 4}}<br /> <br /> === Scalability and decentralization challenges ===<br /> {{Main|Bitcoin scalability problem}}<br /> Nakamoto limited the block size to one [[megabyte]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mike Orcutt |date=19 May 2015 |title=Leaderless Bitcoin Struggles to Make Its Most Crucial Decision |work=MIT Technology Review |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537486/leaderless-bitcoin-struggles-to-make-its-most-crucial-decision/ |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018075515/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537486/leaderless-bitcoin-struggles-to-make-its-most-crucial-decision/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The limited block size and frequency can lead to delayed processing of transactions, increased fees and a bitcoin scalability problem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Orcutt |first=Mike |date=19 May 2015 |title=Leaderless Bitcoin Struggles to Make Its Most Crucial Decision |work=MIT Technology Review |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537486/leaderless-bitcoin-struggles-to-make-its-most-crucial-decision/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018075515/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537486/leaderless-bitcoin-struggles-to-make-its-most-crucial-decision/ |archive-date=18 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Lightning Network]], [[Abstraction layer|second-layer]] [[routing]] network, is a potential scaling solution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos2014&quot; /&gt;{{rp|ch. 8}}<br /> <br /> Research shows a trend towards centralization in bitcoin as miners join [[Mining pool|pools]] for stable income.&lt;ref name=&quot;JEP&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rainer Böhme |last2=Nicolas Christin |last3=Benjamin Edelman |last4=Tyler Moore |year=2015 |title=Bitcoin: Economics, Technology, and Governance |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=213–238 |doi=10.1257/jep.29.2.213 |doi-access=free |issn=0895-3309}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|215, 219–222}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tschorsch |first1=Florian |last2=Scheuermann |first2=Björn |year=2016 |title=Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies |journal=[[IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=2084–2123 |doi=10.1109/comst.2016.2535718 |s2cid=5115101}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} If a single miner or pool controls more than 50% of the [[Hashrate|hashing power]], it would allow them to censor transactions and double-spend coins.&lt;ref name=Gervais2014/&gt; In 2014, mining pool [[Ghash.io]] reached 51% mining power, causing safety concerns, but later voluntarily capped its power at 39.99% for the benefit of the whole network.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wilhelm |first=Alex |title=Popular Bitcoin Mining Pool Promises To Restrict Its Compute Power To Prevent Feared '51%' Fiasco |work=TechCrunch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/popular-bitcoin-mining-pool-promises-to-restrict-its-compute-power-to-prevent-feared-51-fiasco/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042008/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/popular-bitcoin-mining-pool-promises-to-restrict-its-compute-power-to-prevent-feared-51-fiasco/ |archive-date=5 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A few entities also dominate other parts of the ecosystem such as the client software, online wallets, and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients.&lt;ref name=Gervais2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economics and usage==<br /> {{Main|Economics of bitcoin}}<br /> ===Bitcoin's theoretical roots and ideology===<br /> According to the [[European Central Bank]], the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the [[Austrian school of economics]], especially with [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s ''[[The Denationalisation of Money]]'', in which he advocates a complete [[free market]] in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of [[central banks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=European Central Bank |url=http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf |title=Virtual Currency Schemes |year=2012 |publisher=[[European Central Bank]] |isbn=978-92-899-0862-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106053452/http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live|oclc=1044382974|doi=10.2866/47380 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|22}} Sociologist [[Nigel Dodd]] argues that the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dodd |first1=Nigel |date=May 2018 |title=The Social Life of Bitcoin |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69229/1/Dodd_The%20social%20life%20of%20Bitcoin_author_2017%20LSERO.pdf |journal=Theory, Culture &amp; Society |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=35–56 |doi=10.1177/0263276417746464 |s2cid=51914607 |issn=0263-2764 |authorlink1=Nigel Dodd |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163925/https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69229/1/Dodd_The%20social%20life%20of%20Bitcoin_author_2017%20LSERO.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Economist]]'' describes bitcoin as &quot;a [[techno-anarchist]] project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;30082018Economist&quot; /&gt; These philosophical ideas initially attracted [[libertarian]]s and [[anarchist]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan |date=14 December 2013 |title=The Bitcoin Ideology |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/sunday-review/the-bitcoin-ideology.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701222302/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/sunday-review/the-bitcoin-ideology.html |archive-date=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recognition as a currency and legal status ===<br /> {{Legal status of bitcoin|300px}}<br /> [[Money]] serves three purposes: a [[store of value]], a [[medium of exchange]], and a [[unit of account]].&lt;ref name=&quot;econ315&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2014 |title=Free Exchange. Money from nothing. Chronic deflation may keep Bitcoin from displacing its rivals. |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21599053-chronic-deflation-may-keep-bitcoin-displacing-its-fiat-rivals-money |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325085119/http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21599053-chronic-deflation-may-keep-bitcoin-displacing-its-fiat-rivals-money |archive-date=25 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''The Economist'' in 2014, bitcoin functions best as a medium of exchange.&lt;ref name=econ315 /&gt; In 2015, ''The Economist'' noted that bitcoins had three qualities useful in a currency: they are &quot;hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 January 2015 |title=The magic of mining |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21638124-minting-digital-currency-has-become-big-ruthlessly-competitive-business-magic |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112165531/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21638124-minting-digital-currency-has-become-big-ruthlessly-competitive-business-magic |archive-date=12 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, a 2018 assessment by ''The Economist'' stated that cryptocurrencies met none of these three criteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;30082018Economist&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 August 2018 |title=Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are useless |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/08/30/bitcoin-and-other-cryptocurrencies-are-useless |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904040905/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/08/30/bitcoin-and-other-cryptocurrencies-are-useless |archive-date=4 September 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Per some researchers, {{as of|2015|lc=yes}}, bitcoin functions more as a [[payment system]] than as a currency.&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt; In 2014, economist [[Robert J. Shiller]] wrote that bitcoin has potential as a unit of account for measuring the relative value of goods, as with Chile's [[Unidad de Fomento]], but that &quot;Bitcoin in its present form... doesn't really solve any sensible economic problem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shiller&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shiller |first=Robert |date=1 March 2014 |title=In Search of a Stable Electronic Currency |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/business/in-search-of-a-stable-electronic-currency.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024120222/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/business/in-search-of-a-stable-electronic-currency.html |archive-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, François Velde, senior economist at the [[Chicago Fed]], described bitcoin as &quot;unlikely by itself to replace monies in well-functioning monetary systems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report | last = Velde | first = François R. | title = Technological Change and the Future of Cash | publisher = SUERF – The European Money and Finance Forum | series = SUERF Policy Note | issue = 15 | date = August 2017 | url = https://www.suerf.org/publications/suerf-policy-notes-and-briefs/technological-change-and-the-future-of-cash/ | access-date = 21 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory|legal status of bitcoin]] varies substantially from one jurisdiction to another. Because of its decentralized nature and its global presence, regulating bitcoin is difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a [[de facto]] ban.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jacob |last=Weindling |date=18 September 2017 |title=China May Be Gearing Up to Ban Bitcoin |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/bitcoin/china-may-be-gearing-up-to-ban-bitcoin |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163924/https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/bitcoin/china-may-be-gearing-up-to-ban-bitcoin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Cryptocurrency and crime|use of bitcoin by criminals]] has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, and law enforcement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lavin|first= Tim |date=8 August 2013 |title=The SEC Shows Why Bitcoin Is Doomed |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-08-08/did-the-sec-just-validate-bitcoin-no- |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325214514/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-08-08/did-the-sec-just-validate-bitcoin-no- |archive-date=25 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nobel-prize winning economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] says that bitcoin's anonymity encourages [[money laundering]] and other crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Montag |first=Ali |date=9 July 2018 |title=Nobel-winning economist: Authorities will bring down 'hammer' on bitcoin |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/nobel-prize-winning-economist-joseph-stiglitz-criticizes-bitcoin.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711200915/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/nobel-prize-winning-economist-joseph-stiglitz-criticizes-bitcoin.html |archive-date=11 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the main justification behind bitcoin bans.&lt;ref name=SunYin2019/&gt; {{As of|2021|11}}, nine countries applied an absolute ban (Algeria, Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Qatar, and Tunisia) while another 42 countries had an implicit ban.&lt;ref name=LOC2021&gt;{{cite web |title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World: November 2021 Update |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf |publisher=United States Library of Congress |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224043203/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update inline|reason=Many things have changed since Nov 2021.|date=November 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Use for payments ===<br /> [[File:De Waag Bitcoin.jpg|thumb|Café in [[Delft]] accepting Bitcoin]]<br /> According to Harvard Professor [[Kenneth Rogoff]] {{As of|2025|lc=y}}, bitcoin is rarely used in regular transactions with merchants, but is popular in the [[informal economy]] and for criminal activities.&lt;ref name=RogoffEconomist&gt;{{Cite news |title=This time really is different for the dollar, writes Kenneth Rogoff |url=https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2025/05/05/this-time-really-is-different-for-the-dollar-writes-kenneth-rogoff |access-date=2025-05-25 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RogoffBloomberg&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-24/crypto-is-infiltrating-the-dollar-s-hegemony-says-ken-rogoff Ken Rogoff on How Crypto Is Cutting Into the Dollar’s Hegemony], Vildana Hajric, Bloomberg, May 24, 2025&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin has been used by refugees as a means of transferring wealth across borders during displacement. As of 2025, approximately 329,000 refugees had used it for this purpose, a figure projected to reach 7.5 million by 2035.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sigalos |first=MacKenzie |date=2022-03-23 |title=Ukrainian refugee flees to Poland with $2,000 in bitcoin on a USB drive |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/23/ukrainian-flees-to-poland-with-2000-in-bitcoin-on-usb-drive.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bring Only What You Can Carry |url=https://www.da-ri.org/articles/bring-only-what-you-can-carry |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.da-ri.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prices are not usually quoted in bitcoin and trades involve conversions into [[Fiat money|fiat]] currencies.&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt; Commonly cited reasons for not using bitcoin include high costs, the inability to process [[chargeback]]s, high [[Volatility (finance)|price volatility]], long transaction times, and [[Transaction cost|transaction fees]] (especially for small purchases).&lt;ref name=&quot;FT08062018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Hannah |date=8 June 2018 |title=Who really owns bitcoin now? |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/29259448-69b3-11e8-b6eb-4acfcfb08c11 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610051316/https://www.ft.com/content/29259448-69b3-11e8-b6eb-4acfcfb08c11 |archive-date=10 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Katz |first=Lily |date=12 July 2017 |title=Bitcoin Acceptance Among Retailers Is Low and Getting Lower |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-12/bitcoin-acceptance-among-retailers-is-low-and-getting-lower |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125204553/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-12/bitcoin-acceptance-among-retailers-is-low-and-getting-lower |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=25 January 2018 |work=Bloomberg News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' reported that bitcoin was being used for large-item purchases on the site [[Overstock.com]] and for cross-border payments to [[freelancer]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kharif |first=Olga |date=1 August 2018 |title=Bitcoin's Use in Commerce Keeps Falling Even as Volatility Eases |work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/bitcoin-s-use-in-commerce-keeps-falling-even-as-volatility-eases |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802073219/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/bitcoin-s-use-in-commerce-keeps-falling-even-as-volatility-eases |archive-date=2 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2015}}, there was little sign of bitcoin use in international [[remittance]]s despite high fees charged by banks and [[Western Union]].&lt;ref name=JEP/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Bernice |date=16 January 2015 |title=Bitcoin transactions cut the cost of international money transfers |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1679904/bitcoin-transactions-cut-cost-international-money-transfers |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531060301/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1679904/bitcoin-transactions-cut-cost-international-money-transfers |archive-date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From September 2021 until January 2025, the [[Bitcoin Law]] made bitcoin a [[legal tender]] currency in [[El Salvador]], alongside the US dollar.&lt;ref name=BTCSVSept7FT/&gt; The adoption had been criticized internationally and within El Salvador.&lt;ref name=BTCSVSept7FT/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 September 2021 |title=Majority of Salvadorans do not want bitcoin, poll shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/majority-salvadorans-do-not-want-bitcoin-poll-shows-2021-09-02/ |access-date=30 November 2021 |work=Reuters |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130154620/https://www.reuters.com/technology/majority-salvadorans-do-not-want-bitcoin-poll-shows-2021-09-02/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 January 2022 |title=IMF urges El Salvador to remove Bitcoin as legal tender |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-60135552 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126154241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-60135552 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2022}}, the use of [[Bitcoin in El Salvador]] remained low: 80% of businesses refused to accept it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=Are Cryptocurrencies Currencies? Bitcoin as Legal Tender in El Salvador |last1=Alvarez |first1=Fernando |last2=Argente |first2=David |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |doi=10.3386/w29968 |page= |last3=Van Patten |first3=Diana |doi-access=free |publication-place=Cambridge, MA |year=2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, El Salvador's government revoked bitcoin's status as legal tender currency in order to comply with conditions set by the IMF for a loan. El Salvador still describes bitcoin as &quot;legal tender&quot;, but its acceptance is no longer obligitory (as it is with the US dollar) and the El Salvador government no longer accepts bitcoin for payment of taxes or fees.&lt;ref name=&quot;El Salvador Abandons Bitcoin as Legal Tender&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=El Salvador Abandons Bitcoin as Legal Tender After Failed Experiment |url=https://ticotimes.net/2025/02/02/el-salvador-abandons-bitcoin-as-legal-tender-after-failed-experiment |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=The Tico Times |agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=2 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bitcoin is no longer legal tender in El Salvador&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bitcoin is no longer legal tender in El Salvador |url=https://dig.watch/updates/bitcoin-is-no-longer-legal-tender-in-el-salvador |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=Dig.watch |publisher=[[DiploFoundation]] |date=7 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2022, the [[Central African Republic]] (CAR) adopted bitcoin as legal tender alongside the [[CFA franc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 April 2022 |title=Bitcoin Declared Legal Currency in Central African Republic |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-28/bitcoin-is-declared-a-legal-currency-in-central-african-republic-l2isppnb |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428141222/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-28/bitcoin-is-declared-a-legal-currency-in-central-african-republic-l2isppnb |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; but repealed the reform one year later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Central African Republic |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CAF/central-african-republic-qandas |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=International Monetary Fund |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811002905/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CAF/central-african-republic-qandas |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin is also used by some governments. For instance, the [[Government of Iran|Iranian government]] initially opposed cryptocurrencies, but later began using them to circumvent [[Sanctions against Iran|sanctions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 November 2020 |title=Iran Is Pivoting to Bitcoin |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/iran-bitcoin-us-sanctions/ |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |last=Rasool |first=Mohammed |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103235640/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qjppx3/iran-bitcoin-us-sanctions |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2020, Iran has required local bitcoin miners to sell bitcoin to the [[Central Bank of Iran]], allowing the central bank to use it for imports.&lt;ref name=&quot;aawsat202011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=31 October 2020 |title=Iran: New Crypto Law Requires Selling Bitcoin Directly to Central Bank to Fund Imports |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2596686/iran-new-crypto-law-requires-selling-bitcoin-directly-central-bank-fund-imports |work=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235032/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2596686/iran-new-crypto-law-requires-selling-bitcoin-directly-central-bank-fund-imports |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some [[constituent state]]s and [[local government]]s also accept tax payments in bitcoin, including [[Colorado]] in the US&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 September 2022 |title=Colorado accepts cryptocurrency to pay taxes, moving the state &quot;tech forward&quot; |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2022/09/21/colorado-accepts-cryptocurrency-taxes/ |first=Judith |last=Kohler |work=[[The Denver Post]] |language=en-US |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229090417/https://www.denverpost.com/2022/09/21/colorado-accepts-cryptocurrency-taxes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Canton of Zug|Zug]] and [[Lugano]] in Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 September 2020 |title='Crypto Valley' canton to accept Bitcoin for tax payments |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/-crypto-valley--canton-to-accept-bitcoin-for-tax-payments/46010364 |work=[[SWI swissinfo]] |language=en |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122163924/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/-crypto-valley--canton-to-accept-bitcoin-for-tax-payments/46010364 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2023-12-05 |title=Lugano accepts bitcoin and tether payments for all city invoices |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/lugano-accepts-bitcoin-and-tether-payments-for-all-city-invoices/49032696 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2023, the US government owned more than $5 billion worth of seized bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Huang |first=Vicky Ge |title=Why the U.S. Government Has $5 Billion in Bitcoin |url=https://www.wsj.com/finance/currencies/federal-government-bitcoin-5-billion-78ce0938 |date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220023509/https://www.wsj.com/finance/currencies/federal-government-bitcoin-5-billion-78ce0938 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Castillo |first=Michael del |title=U.S. Government Owns Way More Bitcoin Than Any Other Country–So Why Aren't They Selling It? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2023/06/16/us-government-owns-way-more-bitcoin-than-any-other-countryso-why-arent-they-selling-it |date=16 June 2023 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221155659/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2023/06/16/us-government-owns-way-more-bitcoin-than-any-other-countryso-why-arent-they-selling-it/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Use for investment and status as an economic bubble ===<br /> {{Further|Cryptocurrency bubble}}<br /> [[File:El Salvador Bitcoin reserves.png|thumb|Government website with El Salvador reserves]]<br /> {{As of|2018}}, the overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions took place on [[cryptocurrency exchange]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;FT08062018&quot; /&gt; Since 2014, regulated bitcoin funds also allow [[Market exposure|exposure]] to the asset or to [[Futures contract|futures]] as an investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 July 2014 |title=Jersey approve Bitcoin fund launch on island |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-28247796 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710211917/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-28247796 |archive-date=10 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 December 2017 |title=Chicago Mercantile Exchange jumps into bitcoin futures |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chicago-mercantile-exchange-jumps-into-bitcoin-futures/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531054602/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chicago-mercantile-exchange-jumps-into-bitcoin-futures/ |archive-date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin is used as a [[store of value]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-10-25 |title=Gold or Bitcoin? Store-of-value debate rages as Bitcoin grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/trading/gold-or-bitcoin-store-of-value-debate-rages-as-bitcoin-grows/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=Bloomberg Professional Services |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/goldman-sachs-says-bitcoin-will-compete-with-gold-store-value-2022-01-05/|title=Goldman Sachs says bitcoin will compete with gold as &quot;store of value&quot;|website=Reuters|date=2022-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; individuals and companies such as the [[Winklevoss Capital Management|Winklevoss twins]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Timothy B. |title=The $11 million in bitcoins the Winklevoss brothers bought is now worth $32 million |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/11/09/the-11-million-in-bitcoins-the-winklevoss-brothers-bought-is-now-worth-32-million/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706111658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/11/09/the-11-million-in-bitcoins-the-winklevoss-brothers-bought-is-now-worth-32-million/ |archive-date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Elon Musk]]'s companies [[SpaceX]] and [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] have each bought and sold hundreds of millions of dollars worth of bitcoin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tesla Sells 75% of Its Bitcoin Purchases |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/tesla-earnings-q2-2022-elon-musk-live/card/tesla-sells-75-of-its-bitcoin-purchases-tgkMdMf1EHDvdniqHu8S |access-date=23 November 2025 |work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220720221842/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/tesla-earnings-q2-2022-elon-musk-live/card/tesla-sells-75-of-its-bitcoin-purchases-tgkMdMf1EHDvdniqHu8S |archive-date=20 Jul 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maidenberg |first1=Micah |last2=Driebusch |first2=Corrie |last3=Jin |first3=Berber |title=A Rare Look Into the Finances of Elon Musk's Secretive SpaceX |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/behind-the-curtain-of-elon-musks-secretive-spacex-revenue-growth-and-rising-costs-2c828e2b |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=17 August 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817224420/https://www.wsj.com/tech/behind-the-curtain-of-elon-musks-secretive-spacex-revenue-growth-and-rising-costs-2c828e2b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Ostroff |first1=Caitlin |last2=Elliott |first2=Rebecca |date=8 February 2021 |title=Tesla Buys $1.5 Billion in Bitcoin |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-buys-1-5-billion-in-bitcoin-11612791688 |access-date=22 November 2023 |issn=0099-9660 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160013/https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-buys-1-5-billion-in-bitcoin-11612791688 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated, with 0.01% holding 27% of in-circulation currency, as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Vigna |first1=Paul |title=Bitcoin's 'One Percent' Controls Lion's Share of the Cryptocurrency's Wealth |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=20 December 2021 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoins-one-percent-controls-lions-share-of-the-cryptocurrencys-wealth-11639996204 |issn=0099-9660 |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222180909/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoins-one-percent-controls-lions-share-of-the-cryptocurrencys-wealth-11639996204 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of March 2025, El Salvador had $550 million worth of bitcoin in its [[Foreign exchange reserves|international reserves]], about 6,102 coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Renteria |first=Nelson |date=March 5, 2025 |title=El Salvador announces more bitcoin purchases, gives IMF assurances |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/el-salvador-announces-more-bitcoin-purchases-gives-imf-assurances-2025-03-05/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, research published in the ''[[Journal of Monetary Economics]]'' concluded that [[Market manipulation|price manipulation]] occurred during the [[Mt. Gox]] bitcoin theft and that the market remained vulnerable to manipulation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gandal |first1=Neil |last2=Hamrick |first2=J.T. |last3=Moore |first3=Tyler |last4=Oberman |first4=Tali |date=May 2018 |title=Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem |journal=[[Journal of Monetary Economics]] |volume=95 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2017.12.004 |s2cid=26358036 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research published in ''[[The Journal of Finance]]'' also suggested that trading associated with increases in the amount of the [[Tether (cryptocurrency)|Tether cryptocurrency]] and associated trading at the [[Bitfinex]] exchange accounted for about half of the price increase in bitcoin in late 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=John M. |last2=Shams |first2=Amin |date=August 2020 |title=Is Bitcoin Really Untethered? |url= |journal=[[The Journal of Finance]] |language=en |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1913–1964 |doi=10.1111/jofi.12903 |doi-access=free|s2cid=229576274 |issn=0022-1082}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Popper |first=Nathaniel |date=13 June 2018 |title=Bitcoin's Price Was Artificially Inflated Last Year, Researchers Say |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/technology/bitcoin-price-manipulation.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613100732/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/13/technology/bitcoin-price-manipulation.html |archive-date=13 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an [[economic bubble]] by several economists, including [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics]] laureates, such as [[Joseph Stiglitz]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiglitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Costelloe |first=Kevin |date=29 November 2017 |title=Bitcoin 'Ought to Be Outlawed,' Nobel Prize Winner Stiglitz Says |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/bitcoin-ought-to-be-outlawed-nobel-prize-winner-stiglitz-says-jal10hxd |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612224313/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/bitcoin-ought-to-be-outlawed-nobel-prize-winner-stiglitz-says-jal10hxd |archive-date=12 June 2018 |quote=It doesn't serve any socially useful function. |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Heckman]],&lt;ref name=&quot;4Nobels&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wolff-Mann |first=Ethan |date=27 April 2018 |title='Only good for drug dealers': More Nobel prize winners snub bitcoin |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/good-drug-dealers-nobel-prize-winners-snub-bitcoin-184903784.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141128/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/good-drug-dealers-nobel-prize-winners-snub-bitcoin-184903784.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=Yahoo Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Paul Krugman]].&lt;ref name=Krugman&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Theron |title=Nobel economist Paul Krugman slams crypto as mostly useless, after saying it's hugely overpriced and helps criminals |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/paul-krugman-crypto-bitcoin-price-bubble-crime-cbdc-desantis-banks-2023-5 |date=30 May 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123131322/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/paul-krugman-crypto-bitcoin-price-bubble-crime-cbdc-desantis-banks-2023-5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another recipient of the prize, [[Robert Shiller]], argues that bitcoin is rather a [[fad]] that may become an [[Asset classes|asset class]]. He describes its price growth as an &quot;epidemic&quot;, driven by [[Social contagion|contagious narratives]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 June 2021 |title=Don't Call Bitcoin a Bubble. It's an Epidemic |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-06-09/don-t-call-bitcoin-a-bubble-it-s-an-epidemic |first=John |last=Authers|author-link=John Authers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610021335/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-06-09/don-t-call-bitcoin-a-bubble-it-s-an-epidemic |archive-date=10 June 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, [[Jean Tirole]], also Nobel laureate, described bitcoin as a &quot;pure bubble&quot; as its [[Intrinsic value (finance)|intrinsic value]] is zero. According to him, some bubbles are long-lasting such as gold and fiat currencies, and that it was impossible to predict whether it would implode like other financial bubbles or become an alternative to gold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=Cryptocurrencies: an economist's view |url=https://www.tse-fr.eu/cryptocurrencies-economists-view |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en | first1=Jean|last1=Tirole|author-link1=Jean Tirole|work=La Jaune et la Rouge|issue=792|volume=February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, [[Chair of the Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve Chair]] [[Jerome Powell]] described bitcoin as a digital competitor to gold but not to the dollar as he argued it is a highly volatile [[Speculation|speculative]] asset not used as a form of payment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author= |date= |title=Bitcoin breaks $100,000 barrier amid post-election cryptocurrency surge |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/12/04/bitcoin-price-100k-crypto-trump/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |quote=“People use bitcoin as a speculative asset. It’s like gold, it’s just like gold, only it’s virtual, it’s digital. People are not using it as a form of payment or a store of value,” he said. “It’s highly volatile. It’s not a competitor for the dollar; it’s really a competitor for gold.”}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, [[Kenneth Rogoff]] claimed that Krugman was wrong and that Bitcoin had value as it is competing with the dollar to become the [[means of exchange]] of the [[Informal economy|underground economy]] which represents 20% of the world's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RogoffEconomist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RogoffBloomberg&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to research published in the ''[[International Review of Financial Analysis]]'' in 2018, bitcoin as an asset is highly volatile and does not behave like any other conventional asset.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Tony |last2=Pham Thu |first2=Hien |last3=Walther |first3=Thomas |date=October 2018 |title=Bitcoin is not the New Gold – A comparison of volatility, correlation, and portfolio performance |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/155247201/crypto_V2.pdf |journal=International Review of Financial Analysis |language=en |volume=59 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1016/j.irfa.2018.07.010 |s2cid=158400153 |doi-access= |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125164037/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/155247201/crypto_V2.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to one 2022 analysis published in ''[[The Journal of Alternative Investments]]'', bitcoin was less volatile than [[Price of oil|oil]], [[Silver as an investment|silver]], [[United States Treasury security|US Treasuries]], and 190 stocks in the [[S&amp;P 500]] during and after the [[2020 stock market crash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazur |first=Mieszko |date=31 March 2022 |title=Misperceptions of Bitcoin Volatility |url= |journal=The Journal of Alternative Investments |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.3905/jai.2022.1.153 |s2cid=247843794 |issn=1520-3255 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term {{wikt-lang|en|hodl}} was created in December 2013 for [[Buy and hold|holding]] bitcoin rather than selling it during periods of volatility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Montag |first1=Ali |title='HODL,' 'whale' and 5 other cryptocurrency slang terms explained |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/23/what-hodl-whale-and-other-cryptocurrency-slang-terms-mean.html |work=CNBC |date=26 August 2018 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112091630/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/23/what-hodl-whale-and-other-cryptocurrency-slang-terms-mean.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-19/what-the-heck-is-hodl-bitcoin-lingo-for-crypto-noobs-quicktake |title=All the Bitcoin Lingo You Need to Know as Crypto Heats Up |last=Hajric |first=Vildana |date=19 November 2020 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=1 December 2020 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129234847/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-19/what-the-heck-is-hodl-bitcoin-lingo-for-crypto-noobs-quicktake |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, economist [[Nouriel Roubini]] described bitcoin as a [[Ponzi scheme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Clinch |first=Matt |date=10 March 2014 |title=Roubini launches stinging attack on bitcoin |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/10/nches-stinging-attack-on-bitcoin.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709232801/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/10/nches-stinging-attack-on-bitcoin.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Legal scholar [[Eric Posner]] disagrees, however, as &quot;a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective [[delusion]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Posner |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Posner |date=11 April 2013 |title=Fool's Gold |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/04/bitcoin-is-a-ponzi-scheme-the-internet-currency-will-collapse.html |access-date=22 November 2023 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708202651/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/04/bitcoin-is-a-ponzi-scheme-the-internet-currency-will-collapse.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2014 [[World Bank]] report also concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Davradakis |first1=Emmanouil |last2=Santos |first2=Ricardo |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2867/11329 |title=Blockchain, FinTechs and their relevance for international financial institutions |date=2019 |publisher=[[European Investment Bank]] |doi=10.2867/11329 |isbn=978-92-861-4184-3 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421113801/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ae472145-237a-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Market characteristics ===<br /> Bitcoin markets operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week, contrasting with traditional financial markets that have fixed trading hours. Bitcoin prices show much higher volatility and respond strongly to both regulatory changes and market events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Wenjun |last2=Wang |first2=Yiming |last3=Zhang |first3=Zhengjun |date=2018-09-01 |title=Informed trading in the Bitcoin market |journal=Finance Research Letters |volume=26 |pages=63–70 |doi=10.1016/j.frl.2017.11.009 |issn=1544-6123|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The volume of bitcoin trading can fluctuate considerably among various exchanges and geographic regions. The daily transaction volume of bitcoin across all exchanges typically reaches $50 billion as of 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Bitcoin set to break records and shatter the $100K barrier |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/bitcoin-set-to-break-records-and-shatter-the-100k-barrier/articleshow/120988931.cms |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *{{anl|Alternative currency}}<br /> *{{anl|List of cryptocurrencies}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite web|last=Nakamoto|first=Satoshi|date=31 October 2008|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System|url=https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320135003/https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|publisher=bitcoin.org}}<br /> <br /> == External links==<br /> {{Wiktionary}}<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> * [https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin Code repository on Github ]<br /> <br /> {{Bitcoin}}<br /> {{Cryptocurrencies}}<br /> {{Currency symbols}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Subject bar|commons=Bitcoin|portal1=Business and economics|portal2=Free and open-source software|portal3=Internet|portal4=Numismatics|portal5=Money}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bitcoin| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]<br /> [[Category:Currencies introduced in 2009]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Bhavan,_Agartala&diff=513439 2026-03-22T02:24:15Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started a entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Tripura}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Raj Bhavan<br /> | native_name = রাজ ভবন<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.853524|91.284766|display=inline,title}}<br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | completion_date = <br /> | number_of_rooms = <br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | cost = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | architect = <br /> | engineer = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | developer = <br /> | owner = [[Government of Tripura]]<br /> | operator = <br /> | website = [https://rajbhavan.tripura.gov.in/ website]<br /> | references = <br /> | building_type = Residence of the [[Governor of Tripura]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Governors of Tripura|governor of Tripura]]. The residence is located in the state's capital city of [[Agartala]]. A new Raj Bhavan was built and inaugurated in April 2018. The previous Raj Bhavan was built in 1917, and was known as the '''Pushbanta Palace''' prior to [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]]. The previous Raj Bhavan edifice is intended to become a museum and research center in honor of King of Tripura, [[Birendra Kishore Manikya|Maharaja Birendra Kishore Manikya]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> {{see|Pushbanta Palace}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]<br /> * [[Raj Bhavan|List of Raj Bhavan]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://tripura.nic.in/govr.htm]<br /> * [https://rajbhavan.tripura.gov.in/ Website]<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20061027143752/http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/governors_state.htm<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20070312121552/http://www.westtripura.nic.in/tripuratourism.htm<br /> <br /> {{Raj Bhavan}}<br /> <br /> {{India-gov-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Governors' houses in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Agartala]]<br /> [[Category:Houses completed in 2018]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kans_Quila&diff=450697 2026-03-21T23:37:08Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Minor edits and structural improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Kans Quila<br /> | image = File:KANS FORT.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | location_town = [[Mathura]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | owner = <br /> | iso_region = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|30|28|N| 77|40|56|E|}}<br /> | completion_date = <br /> | architect = <br /> | cost = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | structural_system = Brick and Mortar<br /> | client = <br /> | engineer = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | size = <br /> }}<br /> [[]]<br /> '''Kans Quila''' or '''Kans Kila&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;''' is a fortified castle located in [[Mathura]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> The earliest definitive mention of the castle is by Narahara Chakravarti in the 18th century, who described it to be the ruins of [[Kamsa|Kansa's]] castle. Since then, the castle walls have largely crumbled away and the site has been encroached upon. The current structure was built by [[Man Singh I]]. An observatory is said to have been added in the complex by [[Sawai Jai Singh]] (1699–1743), however it has been demolished now. The fort was used by Jats and Marathas, and under the British rule the fort was neglected and somewhat demolished. The fort has an audience hall surrounded by red sandstone pillars. The fort was earlier used as a barrier against floods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title = Incredible India - Kans Qila| accessdate = 2020-12-24| url = https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/mathura-vrindavan/kans-qila.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Entwistle |first=Alan W. |title=Braj: Center of Krishna Pilgrimage |publisher=Egbert Forsten |year=1987 |pages=328}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> File:The Indian empire- history, topography, geology, climate, population, chief cities and provinces; tributary and protected states; military power and resources; religion, education, crime; land (14769515925).jpg|Kans Quila in 1858<br /> <br /> File:View of Mutura on the River Jumna - British Library X432-3(22).jpg|Late 18th century painting of Mathura, including Kans Qila, across the Jamuna river by Daniell brothers.<br /> <br /> File:An interior view of Kamsa’s fort, Mathura, India 1949.jpg|Interior view of Kamsa’s fort, 1949<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> ==See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Purana Qila]], location of Pandava's ancient capital Indraprastha in present day Delhi<br /> <br /> * [[Dwarka]], the ancient capital of Lord Krishna<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commonscat|Kans Quila}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rajput architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-geo-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Appukuttan_Achary&diff=506826 2026-03-13T02:56:38Z

<p>Bahoglalat: adding a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox artist<br /> | name = K. Appukuttan Achary<br /> | image = K. Appukuttan Achary.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = Image of Appukuttan Achary<br /> | birth_date = 12 June 1925<br /> | birth_place = Karikkakom, Kerala<br /> | death_date = 31 January 1997<br /> | known_for = Iconography, oil painting, wood sculptures<br /> | style = Traditional, modernist, abstract<br /> | awards = National Award for Ivory Carving in 1965, eight State Awards from Karnataka and Kerala States for Sculpture and Painting in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1969, 1970 and 1978<br /> | notable_works = Chola Queen, Long Journey, Mother and Child<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kesavan Appukuttan Achary''' (12 June 1925 – 31 January 1997), known as Appu, was an Indian [[Painting|painter]] and sculptor and one of the pioneers of the Indian modernist art movement in Bengaluru. Appukuttan had the rare distinction of being one of the few Indian artists with mastery over both sculpting and painting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 December 1969 |title=Mother and Child - Appukuttan's art show in Delhi |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won national acclaim for his ivory sculpting, becoming one of the youngest persons to receive the National Award for master craftsmanship in ivory carving for his work, ''Chola Queen,''&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; in 1965. He won a number of [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalitha Kala Akademi]] awards for his work across classical and modern painting and sculptures. His versatility is evident in the mediums he worked with and the range of his subjects. He drew sketches with ink. He painted using a palette knife to produce rich broad strokes. He sculpted with stone, wood and ivory. He modelled with cement. A number of his ink drawings have been included in ''Pratima Kosha -'' an encyclopedia of Indian [[iconography]] - published in VI volumes&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ramachandra Rao |first=S. K. |author-link=S. K. Ramachandra Rao |title=Pratima Kosha: Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography |date=1988 |publisher=IBH Prakashana |isbn= |edition=1st |location=Bengaluru |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt; by the scholar Professor [[S. K. Ramachandra Rao|S.K. Ramachandra Rao]] and published by the Kalpataru Research Academy. Appukuttan's book, ''Rekha'', a practical approach to traditional motifs and forms, was a result of his desire to share his vast knowledge and experience to others in the field of arts and crafts.<br /> [[File:Appukuttan IC Chola Queen.png|alt=Ivory carving &quot;Chola Queen&quot; for which Appukuttan Achary received the National Award in 1965|thumb|Ivory carving ''&quot;Chola Queen&quot;'' for which Appukuttan Achary received the National Award in 1965|638x638px]]<br /> Appukuttan's works - as a sketch artist, painter and sculptor - were rooted in traditional art but branched out to embrace modernism over time. His oil paintings are expressionist, sometimes bordering on abstraction. Some of his wood sculptures have drawn comparison with the works of [[Henry Moore]]. As a craftsman he was totally traditional; as an artist he was free of tradition. He was attracted to modern art for the freedom of expression that it afforded him. He is one of the few artists who was able to balance the traditional side of his creativity with the modern.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Achary |first=K. Appukuttan |title=Rekha, A Practical Approach to Traditional Motifs and Forms |date=April 2011 |publisher=Commerce and Industries Department. Government of Karnataka through Karnataka State Handicrafts Development Corporation Limited |location=Bengaluru, Karnataka}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Besides being a prolific artist on paper and canvas, and a sculptor using various mediums, Appukuttan Achary wrote in various journals and periodicals, and also scripts for dramas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 February 1968 |title=Humanist in Love with Man |work=Enlite}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and Family ==<br /> Appukuttan Achary was born on 12 June 1925 at Karikkakom in Thiruvananthapuram District of [[Kerala]], India, into a family of artists, sculptors, dramatists and musicians of the ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Achary''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' community of Kerala. The [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Achary]] community of Kerala are craftsmen who excel in [[carpentry]], [[Wood carving|woodcarving]], [[ivory carving]] and temple design. They claim descent from [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]], the divine architect of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chettur |first=Usha |title=Master Craftsmen |publisher=The Publications Division, Caxton Press Private Ltd. |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=H. Y. Sharada |editor-link=H. Y. Sharada Prasad |location=New Delhi }}&lt;/ref&gt; He inherited a cherished legacy of generations of craftsmanship. It was, therefore, only natural that he be proficient at traditional arts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ranjitha |first=B. |date=15 April 1954 |title=Enticing Lyricism in Sculptures |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had a general education at a local school and learnt wood carving and sculpting from his father, Kochappi Achary, a well-known sculptor and a musician.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan IC Japanese Lady.png|alt=Front and back view of ivory carving &quot;Japanese Lady&quot; created in 1986|thumb|Front and back view of ivory carving ''&quot;Japanese Lady&quot;'' created in 1986|left]]<br /> When he was 16 and had successfully completed school, his uncle, Ramankutty Achary, a well-known ivory sculptor, introduced him to carving in that most delicate of mediums - [[ivory]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Appukuttan joined the Rama Varma Drawing and Painting Institute at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to learn the essentials of form and line in drawing. The rhythm and fluid expression for which Appukuttan's work became known can be traced to the short period at the Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He completed the course in crafts for the Madras Government Technical Examinations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; While the artistic environment he grew up in helped initiate him to the traditional field of art and craft, his student days at the Rama Varma Institute - where he studied drawing and painting - strengthened his academic base and honed his native talent.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; This phase probably laid the foundation for, and gave him the courage to branch out into, the [[Abstract art|abstract]] and [[Modernism|modernist]] idiom. Speaking about this phase in his life, Appukuttan said:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;It is absolutely essential to have a command over the medium that you have chosen. I believe a strong academic background is a must for artists. Thorough knowledge of technique and a clear understanding of the history of art through formal education are vital prerequisites for any artist. I grew up in a family where drawing and carving were common. My father was popular for his temple designs and carvings in the traditional idiom. In the circumstances, I could have ended up as just another talented craftsman. But a rebellious zeal to break new ground and a need to do something original and meaningful resulted in my becoming a creative artist.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Artistic career ==<br /> After his stint at the Rama Varma Drawing and Painting Institute in Thiruvananthapuram, Appukuttan joined the Ivory Manufacturing Centre in the same city to work as [[Master craftsman|master-craftsman]] at its workshop. His years at the Centre were more in the nature of gaining experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In 1958, [[All India Handicrafts Board|All-India Handicrafts Board]] appointed the young artist as a master craftsman and artist of South Indian temple documentation in its Regional Design Centre at [[Bengaluru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; His years at the Regional Design Centre gave him the necessary exposure to various craft forms and also helped him specialize in different crafts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He even taught image-making in wax to craftsmen of the manufacturing unit of [https://cauverycrafts.com/ Cauvery Handicrafts Emporium], during his stints there on deputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === The style and subjects of his work ===<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Togetherness 1990.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Togetherness&quot; created in 1990|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Togetherness&quot;'' created in 1990|168x168px]]<br /> Appukuttan's works, seen over time, show how his roots in classical styles formed the foundation for him to express himself in his later works in the modernist and abstract styles, fusing form and lines to convey the same messages in the depth that abstraction based on immense experience reveals.<br /> <br /> [[Myth]]ology, the life of the common man, the evils of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], and nature were at the heart of Appukuttan's works. The helpless, the downtrodden and the pitiably wretched were subjects close to his heart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He portrayed not just the bright side of life but also the darker aspects of human existence. Pervasive melancholy suffuses some of his images and ideas. The repertoire of his works is visually loquacious, works drawn on deep wells of feelings, myth and metaphor.<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Hunger 1993.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Hunger&quot; created in 1993|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Hunger&quot;'' created in 1993|162x162px]]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Labouring 1980.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Laboring&quot; created in 1980|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Laboring&quot;'' created in 1980|189x189px]]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Mother and Child 1 1993.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Mother and Child&quot; created in 1993|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Mother and Child&quot;'' created in 1993|150x150px]]<br /> Appukuttan was a humanist, and the human was one of his dominant themes. To him the human figure was a vehicle of expression rather than a model. In his portrayal of the human situation, by and large, he took an optimistic view of life, emphasizing the happy, contented moments in daily life at home, on the wayside, and in the fields. It is not an ecstatic vision of life, but a mature and composed one. He acknowledged the inevitabilities of life, and being intensely in love with humans, when he depicted those aspects of life the result was heart-rendering and poignant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The bonds that exist within the family - especially the most powerful bond that exists between a mother and her child - were central to many of his works.<br /> <br /> His themes on the life of the common man are simple, everyday happenings in villages and towns, and come out vividly through his [[Impressionism|impressionistic]] abstracts. The harvest season, village folk hurrying to the market on a bullock-cart, the Kavadi festival and the bullfight are some of the works on village life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=G. |first=P. |title=Folk-lore Recaptured on Canvas by K. A. Achary}}&lt;/ref&gt; More than landscape or other natural themes, it was human figures that interested Appukuttan. His works are invariably full-figure compositions chosen from daily life such as laborers at work, street singers, fakirs, fishermen, bamboo fiddle vendors, musicians, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amar |date=24 January 1965 |title=Mysore Artists Win High Award |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Regarding his human subjects among the common people, Appukuttan said:&lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;These are real people. I feel deeply for them and sympathize with them. In that sense, these drawings are neither contrived nor meaningless essays.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Given his roots in traditional art, one of the distinctive features of all his works is the decorative design carried out with conspicuous skill. Appu improvised each work of his by the feeling of the moment to tell a spicy tale, at once moving, direct but yet impersonal in its appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Substance Of Silence 1993.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Substance of Silence&quot; created in 1993|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Substance of Silence&quot;'' created in 1993|167x167px]]<br /> Appu's works symbolize restraint and intelligent ideation blending harmoniously with a realistic technique. The onlooker is not confronted with any puzzling phenomenon and the subject of his art is transparent and eloquent in its expression and theme. There is no nonchalant splash and flourish of loud colors in his oil paintings. The whole technique is gentle, expressive, clear and subdued.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Impressive Paintings and Sculptures}}&lt;/ref&gt; His complex, multi-faceted sensibility immediately and consistently draws one to his works - be they paintings, sculptures in wood or models in cement. The diversity that it reveals - which is the source of vitality and essence of all major art - is a result of Appu's refusal to be bound by conventions. Like most modernists, Appu pursued an individualistic line of approach. His works reveal that he looked as much to mythology as to a sort of psychoanalysis for subject matter. Many of his works based on mythology depict a deeper and more general spirit of a myth as directly and dramatically as he can. There are others where his deeper understanding and interpretation of the symbols can be experienced by the viewer in the flux of hushed paint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 May 1970 |title=All-in-one artist |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ink Drawings ===<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Contours of Solitude 1980.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Contours of Solitude&quot; created in 1980|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Contours of Solitude&quot;'' created in 1980|184x184px]]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Silent Roar 1993.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Silent Roar&quot; created in 1993|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Silent Roar&quot;'' created in 1993|170x170px]]<br /> Drawing is the basis of all craftsmanship and Appukuttan Achary was a master of drawing. Appukuttan Achary, the craftsman, started from the point where artists like [[K. K. Hebbar|K.K. Hebbar]] left off. A majority of the drawings in the six volume Encyclopedia of Indian Iconography, ''Pratima Kosha'', written by the scholar, Professor [[S. K. Ramachandra Rao|S.K. Ramachandra Rao]], are by Appukuttan Achary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Appukuttan considered good drawing the basis of good art and true to his conviction, underlying every painting and sculpture by him is [[Drafter|draftsmanship]] of rare strength. His emphasis on draftsmanship did not make him a traditionalist. Rather, his idiom was very much modern. His distortions and streamlining of form, for instance, were always purposeful, serving to invest his subjects with a new meaning. Even when he abstracted, the overall recognizability in naturalistic shapes is not lost.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan ID Dream 1993.png|alt=Ink drawing &quot;Dream&quot; created in 1993|thumb|Ink drawing ''&quot;Dream&quot;'' created in 1993|150x150px]]<br /> <br /> In his foreword to Appukuttan Achary's book ''Rekha'', the writer and art critic [[Krishna Chaithanya|Krishna Chaitanya]] wrote:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[[File:Appukuttan ID Traditional 1 1980.png|alt=An ink drawing in the traditional style in 1980|left|thumb|An ink drawing in the traditional style in 1980]]&quot;Our old architecture, especially the temples, are great treasure of forms with a surprising range of stylistic variety. A hieratic tradition, basically conservative, may preserve the icon through the centuries without much variation of the main contours of the form. But even there, the details vary considerably. Coronet and tiara, necklace and waist-band, bangle and anklet, are in many styles although they all may be equally decorative. Even a simple thing like a sacred thread can describe different rhythms, sweep in different undulations, over the torso. Systematically, Achary has given helpful guidance about the hidden measure and [[File:Appukuttan ID Traditional 2 1980.png|alt=An ink drawing in the traditional style|thumb|An ink drawing in the traditional style]]geometry behind the sensuous incarnation of the iconic form, proceeded to the mudra or the gesture of the hands which in this country has become a very expressive language on its own, and then gone on to the hair styles, ornaments, etc. In the same helpful manner he has covered figurations of animals, foliar and other decorative motifs.&amp;nbsp; A most valuable contribution is his series of drawings that bring out the distinctive stylistic qualities of a number of schools like the Chera, Chola, Pandya, Hoysala, etc. Though he has mainly confined himself to the traditional repertoire, his superbly simplified drawings indicate the creative mutation illustrated by his own artistic career and will enable others also to adopt traditional drawing for modernist sensibility without rupturing the links with our great heritage.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === Oil Paintings ===<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Meera.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Meera&quot; created in 1995|thumb|Oil painting ''&quot;Meera&quot;'' created in 1995]]<br /> His [[oil painting]]s showed his remarkable versatility of subjects - figures, landscapes and abstract forms of line and color. His fine aesthetic sense is apparent in his color combinations, spacing and compositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kottar |first=B. K. |date=9 May 1971 |title=Exhibition of Paintings and Sculptures}}&lt;/ref&gt; Appukuttan did not use the brush but, instead, used the palate knife. The strokes were bold and the colors bright. There is a harmonious blending of colors and objects in all his paintings, giving them a pleasing and natural effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; His canvases are distinguished by great feeling for colors in depth which contributes to their rich atmosphere. And his predilection for sober colors matches his mature vision of life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sculptures ===<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Bullfight.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Fighting Form&quot; created in teak wood in 1971|thumb|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Fighting Form&quot;'' created in teak wood in 1971]]<br /> Appu used his background in traditional craftsmanship to advantage to project the classical technique in a sophisticated idiom in the modern age. His technique had a flourish of foreign influence both in the motifs and treatment. His urge for creative art in the modern technique of wood carving enabled him to successfully break out from the traditional craftsmanship and [[Iconology|iconographical]] mastery he inherited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; His sculpture pieces are a combination of intense vitality and serene, lofty dignity. He was more interested in the art of human quality than the formal style of religious sculpture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; His sculptural pieces delineate the essential form demanded by a particular subject, and the form is imaginatively conceived and elegant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Victory.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Victory&quot; created in teak wood in 1981|thumb|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Victory&quot;'' created in teak wood in 1981|left]]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Ardhanareshwar.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Ardhanareshwar&quot; created in teak wood in 1983|thumb|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Ardhanareshwar&quot;'' created in teak wood in 1983]]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Musician 1980.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Musician&quot; created in 1980|thumb|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Musician&quot;'' created in 1980]]<br /> As a sculptor, Appukuttan Achary worked on wood, ivory and stone, exploring sinuous forms with smooth, sensuous lines. Appukuttan's works showcase the natural beauty of his raw materials and are a testament to his sculpting prowess. Visualization and drawing, which were also his strong points, come to the fore in the smooth-contoured wood sculptures. The sculptures exude an enticing lyricism that speaks of Appukuttan's facility with the medium and his unerring eye for form. He utilized the striations in the wood to suit the respective parts of the body that he wished to depict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He made interesting use of the grains and texture of the wood to enhance the form and give substance to his creativity. His sculptures in wood have that rhythmic vitality that is apparent in all fine sculpture. In some of them, one can still discern the human forms that are not distorted but made into a pattern which is itself a study of pure design.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; In largeness of conception, elegance of pose and perfection of finish, his figures in wood represent the best tradition in sculpture. The modelling is delicate, and they beam a sweetness of expression which is elevating.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Each angle and curve melts into the other seductively proclaiming the artist's dexterity and sensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 August 1971 |title=Melody in wood |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Concluding his book, ''Rekha'', Appukuttan wrote:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Though there are many differences in the styles peculiar to various dynastic periods or schools or sculptures, yet a discerning mind can see much basic similarity in all these styles, which goes to prove, as many things Indian, that a spring of unity runs through all diversity. This could perhaps be explained by saying that the sculptors of old, in our country, would have, just as the minstrels of Europe, wandered from Kingdom to Kingdom in search of employment and livelihood and that they had depicted in their works the tastes and realities as would please those whom they served.&quot; &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === Influence on art and crafts in India ===<br /> [[File:Appukuttan At Work 1965.png|alt=Appukuttan at work with a traditional sculpture in 1965|left|thumb|Appukuttan at work with a traditional sculpture in 1965]]<br /> Appukuttan Achary was one of the artists instrumental - along with his contemporaries like [[Yusuf Arakkal]], [[S. G. Vasudev]], [[K. Janardanan]], [[Balan Nambiar]], V. G. Andani. - in establishing the [[modern art]] movement in Bengaluru. Like Appukuttan, many of these artists moved into Bengaluru from other cities and towns in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Tripathi |first=Shailaja |date=28 July 2016 |title=Art and the City |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Art-and-the-city/article14513185.ece |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to his works, Appukuttan contributed to the enrichment of the world of Indian art and craft in various ways:<br /> <br /> * He served as an Adviser to the Handicrafts Design Development Centre Committee in Karnataka and as a Member of the National Award State Selection Board<br /> * He published articles about design and crafts in various periodicals and journals&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * He took part in a number of successful plays in Malayalam and also wrote short stories and plays in that language.<br /> * A number of his ink drawings have been included in ''Pratima Kosha,'' an encyclopedia of Indian Iconography -published in VI volumes by Professor S.K.Ramachandra Rao and by the Kalpatharu Research Academy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[File:Appukuttan WS Mary and Jesus Shivajinagar 2.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Mother Mary and Infant Jesus&quot; at the St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru|thumb|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Mother Mary and Infant Jesus&quot;'' at the St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru]]His book, ''Rekha'', a practical approach to traditional Indian motifs and forms, was a result of his desire to share his vast knowledge and experience to others in the field of arts and crafts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> * He designed mementos and awards that were given to film stars at the Nostalgia festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> * He contributed through art to increasing public awareness on civic issues. An eloquent colorful painting entitled ''Keep to the Left'' by him was displayed at an art exhibition to raise awareness on traffic rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 May 1971 |title=Painting on Road Rules |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * His paintings and carvings have been acquired by museums in Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Mumbai, New Delhi and Shimoga.<br /> * His works have been collected by many Indian European and American admirers - including art collectors from the US, UK, France, Denmark, Belgium, West Germany, Australia, Switzerland, Canada, USSR, Sweden, East Africa, New Zealand, etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Some of the prominent places where his works have been displayed in Bengaluru include: the [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru|St. Mary's Basalica]] (statue of Mother Mary and Infant Jesus); the residence of the Governor of Karnataka, the Raj Bhavan; and the entrance to the Bangalore Turf Club (galloping horses in bronze)<br /> * He submitted a paper on the subject ''&quot;Traditional and Contemporary Craftspersons of South India&quot;'' in the seminar organized by the Central and State Lalitha Kala Akademis in Bengaluru, Chennai and Kerala.<br /> * He wrote a number of articles about wood carvings and designing and published in periodicals of regional language.<br /> * He was vice-chairman of the Craft Council of Karnataka<br /> * He addressed the South Indian Wood Carvers Demonstration Camp organized by the Crafts Council of Karnataka at Bengaluru in 1992 about the techniques and tradition of wood carving.<br /> * He conducted demonstration and lecture class for the craftsmen in the State Government Design Centre, Thiruvananthapuram<br /> * He received an offer in 1987 as Advisor for Handicrafts, Malawi from the Commonwealth Secretariate, London but could not accept due to personal reasons.<br /> * [[File:Appukuttan At Work 1982.png|alt=Appukuttan at work with traditional wooden sculpture in 1982|thumb|Appukuttan at work with traditional wooden sculpture in 1982]]He was featured in a documentary film by Vision India for the television series ''&quot;Face in the Crowd&quot;'' by Delhi Doordarshan<br /> <br /> In his Afterword to Appukuttan's book, ''Rekha'', Chiranjiv Singh, the former Ambassador of India to UNESCO in Paris, wrote:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Who can say in how many houses there are works by Appukuttan Achary unknown to the owners of those works. No record exists of his works and they are scattered in India and abroad. He did not get the recognition and acclaim that he deserved because he did not seek publicity. He worked quietly in the design centre and let his work speak for itself. He was far from self-promotion, which takes many a lesser talent far in the arts' world.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;At the time of Appukuttan Achary's voluntary retirement, on the certificate issued by the Regional Design and Technical Development Center (Tech. Wing), Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), C. G. Aiyappa, Deputy Director (W &amp; I), Government of India, Ministry of Commerce, wrote:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;He has been one of the most eminent Mastercraftsman, who had the ability of documenting the ancient traditional carvings of Southern Temples. His contribution of documentation and creation of designs will remain in the Centre as a significant mark of progress for ever to be remembered and as a light of guidance for the up-coming craftsmen generation.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> [[File:Appukuttan Achary National Award 1965.png|alt=K. Appukuttan Achary receiving the National Award from President Dr. Radhakrishnan for his ivory carving &quot;Chola Queen&quot; in 1965|thumb|K. Appukuttan Achary receiving the National Award from President Dr. Radhakrishnan for his ivory carving ''&quot;Chola Queen&quot;'' in 1965]]<br /> In 1965, Appukuttan Achary received the National Award for ivory carving for his work, ''Chola Queen''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 January 1965 |title=Title Unknown |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 January 1965 |title=Title Unknown |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; At forty, Appukuttan was one of the youngest of the national award winners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He has won several awards from the Karnataka (formerly known as Mysore) State Lalit Kala Academy for paintings and sculpture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 March 1972 |title=Appu's Sculptures |work=Blitz}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were:<br /> <br /> * 1962 - Mysore State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Oil Painting for the work ''&quot;Long Journey&quot;''<br /> * 1963 - Mysore State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Sculpture for the work ''&quot;Head of Lord Shiva&quot;''<br /> * 1964 - Mysore State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Oil Painting for the work ''&quot;A Vision&quot;''<br /> * 1966 - Mysore State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Sculpture for the work ''&quot;Harmony&quot;''<br /> * 1966 - Mysore State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Oil Painting for the work ''&quot;After the Bath&quot;''<br /> * 1969 - Kerala State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Sculpture for the work ''&quot;Family&quot;''<br /> * 1970 - Kerala State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Oil Colour for the work ''&quot;Men and Waves&quot;''<br /> * 1978 - Kerala State Lalit Kala Akademi Art Exhibition for Sculpture for the work ''&quot;Woman in Hollow Form&quot;'' 1978<br /> <br /> Besides the above awards, he received the:<br /> <br /> * 1973 - Cochin Thuramugha Thozhilali Union Silver Jubilee for Oil Painting for the work ''&quot;Heave-O-Heave&quot;''<br /> * 1977 - Mysore Dasara Industrial and Cultural Exhibition for Oil Painting<br /> * 1978 - The Hyderabad Art Society All India Exhibition for Sculpture for the work ''&quot;Mother&quot;''<br /> * Poet Kumaran Asan Centenary Art Exhibition Award for Painting<br /> * Karnataka State Government Award for the best traditional craftsman<br /> <br /> == Exhibitions ==<br /> Throughout his life he participated in multiple one-man shows, group exhibitions and won many accolades, both at home and abroad.<br /> <br /> === Solo Exhibitions ===<br /> Appukuttan Achary's solo exhibitions include:<br /> <br /> * Cosmopolitan Friendship Association, Vignana Bhavan School, Bengaluru, 17 December 1961<br /> * Recent Works in Wood, on Canvas and on Paper, Max Mueller Bhavan, Bengaluru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=A feast for art lovers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Exhibition of Drawings, Paintings and Sculptures, Max Mueller Bhavan, Bengaluru, 3 to 18 September 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Exhibition of Paintings &amp; Wood Sculptures, All India Fine Arts &amp; Crafts Society Hall, New Delhi, 8 to 14 November 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Exhibition of Paintings and Sculptures, Modern Wood Crafts, Bengaluru, May 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Exhibition of Paintings and Wood Sculpture, Gallery Oasis, Mumbai, 24 February to 5 March 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 February 1972 |title=New art gallery in Mahim |work=Sunday Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * An Exhibition of Sculptures, Paintings and Drawings, Alliance Francaise, Bengaluru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> * An Exhibition of Paintings and Sculptures, Max Mueller Bhavan, Bengaluru&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=K. |first=S. |title=Appu and his Fluid Forms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Exhibition on Traffic Rules, Ravindra Kalakshetra, Bengaluru, 10 to 15 May 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 May 1971 |title=Exhibition on Road Rules |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Painting and Sculptures Exhibition, Cane and Bamboo, Chennai<br /> <br /> === International exhibitions ===<br /> Some of Appukuttan Achary's international exhibitions were:<br /> <br /> * Sculpture Exhibition sponsored by Max Mueller Bhavan, Suriya Gallery, Frankfurt, West Germany<br /> * Paintings and Sculptures Exhibition, Nataraja Gallery, Austin, Texas, USA<br /> * Paintings Exhibition, South India Cultural Exchange Program in multiple places in the USSR<br /> <br /> === Group Exhibitions ===<br /> Some of the group exhibitions that Appukuttan Achary participated in were:<br /> <br /> * Exhibition of Oil Paintings (Roshni Modayil) and Wood Sculptures (Appukuttan Achary), Visvesvaraya Industrial Trade Centre, Bengaluru, 14 August 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Mysore Dasara Industrial &amp; Cultural Exhibition. Artists: K. Appukuttan Achary, Y.H. Sugur, B. H. Ramachandra, V.B. Hiregouder, T.V. Ganeshgudi, K.V. Seetharaman, G.L. Narasimhan, E.K. Janardanan, 1977<br /> * Pioneering Contemporaries Karnataka, Group Exhibition with (Late) K Appukuttan Achary, Balan Nambiar, VG Andani, Bhaskar Rao, Chandranath Acharya, C Chandrashekara, (Late) RM Hadpad, Jasu Rawal, Kande Rao, Krishna Setty, PS Kumar, JMS Mani, Marishamachar, Milind Nayak, Munoli, Peter Lewis, Pushpa Dravid, Ramdas Adyantaya, Ramesh Rao, (Late) GS Shenoy, SG Vasudev, Yusuf Arakkal, Gallerie De Arts, Bengaluru, 15 Feb 2011<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> === Ink drawings ===<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Appukuttan ID Search of Blind 1994.png|Ink drawing ''&quot;The Search of the Blind&quot;'' created in 1994<br /> File:Appukuttan ID Nude 1993.png|Ink drawing ''&quot;Nude&quot;'' created in 1993<br /> File:Appukuttan ID Sleeping 1994.png|Ink drawing ''&quot;Sleeping&quot;'' created in 1994<br /> File:Appukuttan ID Mother and Child 2 1994.png|Ink drawing ''&quot;Mother and Child&quot;'' created in 1994<br /> File:Appukuttan ID Annointing Jesus Feet 1993.png|Ink drawing ''&quot;Anointing the Feet of Jesus&quot;'' created in 1993<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;Some of Appukuttan Achary's ink drawings include:<br /> <br /> ''Becoming (1979), Laboring (1980), Contours of Solitude (1980), Togetherness (1990), Anointing the Feet of Jesus (1993), Dream (1993), Holy Eucharist (1993), Hunger (1993), Mother and Child 1 (1993), Nude (1993), Silent Roar (1993), Substance of Silence (1993), Sleeping (1994), Search of The Blind (1994), Mother and Child 2 (1994), Thala and Laya, Unbearable, Save Me, Empty Life, Gangothri&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;''<br /> <br /> === Sculptures ===<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Ganga.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Ganga&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Seated Woman 1954.png|Wooden Sculpture ''&quot;Seated Woman&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Reclining Woman.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Reclining Woman&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Reclining Woman (2).png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Reclining Woman&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Embrace 1969.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Embrace&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Christ.png|Wooden sculpture of ''&quot;Christ&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Madonna.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Madonna&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Mother 1954.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Mother and Child&quot;''<br /> File:Appukuttan WS Mother and Child.png|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Mother and Child&quot;''<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;''Mother and Lovers'' and ''Female'' ''Torso'' are beautifully conceived and executed. The sculptures exude an enticing lyricism that speaks of Appukuttan's facility with the medium and his unerring eye for form. He utilizes the striations&amp;nbsp;in the wood to suit the respective parts of the body that he wishes to depict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tambura Player'' and the ''Madonna and Child''.<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Intimacy.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Intimacy&quot; created in teak wood in 1978|thumb|288x288px|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Intimacy&quot;'' created in teak wood in 1978]]<br /> ''Namasthe, Embrace, Figure, Immersed, Kiss, Mother and Child 1, Mother and child 2, Mother and child (standing form), Mother and Daughter, Raga Madhuri (absorbed in music), Family, Shepherd, Surprise, Thinker, The Sky, Training, Woman''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Thumbura'' and ''Storm'' are in the abstract manner and are simply rhythmic shapes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;[[File:Appukuttan WS Mary and Jesus.png|alt=Wooden sculpture of &quot;Mother Mary holding Infant Jesus near her womb&quot;|left|thumb|616x616px|''Wooden sculpture of &quot;Mother Mary holding Infant Jesus near her womb&quot;'']]''Ardha Narisvara'' selected for Asian Fair in New Delhi 1973<br /> [[File:Appukuttan WS Training 1969.png|alt=Wooden sculpture &quot;Training&quot; created in 1969|thumb|275x275px|Wooden sculpture ''&quot;Training&quot;'' created in 1969]]<br /> ''Training'' stands out as a remarkable study of a mother teaching her child to walk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the sculptures, the one in cement of a ''Garden Maid'' and the wood sculpture of the ''Reclining Family'' are intricate in workmanship and richly suggestive.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Christ and Magdalene'' showing the artist's capacity to create eloquence out of dumb wood that heightens the effect. The same can be said of ''Shyness'' and ''Carry Me'' where a child beseeches to be picked up. ''Family No. 1, Family No. 2, Sweetness and Wonder'' suggest the truth whereby the viewer can perceive for himself the true nature of the subject.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Family Elephant'' shows a man on four legs, carrying a child on his back, pretending to be an elephant. The carving showing a child inside the mother's womb. ''Family'', showing father, mother and child, ''Madonna'', mother and child, ''We Are One'' showing man and woman, ''Family Link'', etc., are all done with care and imagination.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Family'' is an interesting composition with its three hollows echoing the basic motif.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Long Journey'' (left) combines form and grace. This won for him the first prize in the Lalit Kala Academy Exhibition in 1962. In contrast to this modernism in his work ''Shri Gowri'' in traditional style.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vannery |first=J. |date=2 July 1963 |title=Happy blend of the modern and traditional |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Tendrils'', a pair of lovers. His two ''Madonnas'', one slightly variant from the other in the position of the Holy Child.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Lady Sitting, Two Fingers'' - in rose-wood.<br /> <br /> === Oil Paintings ===<br /> ''Forms in the Mist'' and ''Knotted Human Relationship'' are interesting for their color schemes and composition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Absorbed in Music, Blacksmith, Builders, Bhajan Singers, End of the Day, Family Group, Flame of Passion, Festive Fun, Folk Dance (Kolattam), Land, Sea and Sky, Reunion, Reclining Figures, Riverside Reveries, Siva, Spring, Space, The Flow, Village Well, Inspired''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Folkdance.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Folkdance&quot; created in 1995|thumb|Oil painting ''&quot;Spring&quot;'' created in 1995|left]]<br /> ''After the Bath 1'' shows two nudes with a background of clothes in various colors hanging on a clothesline. The whole picture has a brilliant kaleidoscopic effect. His ''After the Bath 2'' shows three seated nudes with the whole picture suffused with a golden orange glow that is a visual delight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Melody'' shows a group of women dancing and playing musical instruments. The whole picture is painted in green with nuances of the same green color - a symphony of green - the rhythms of the lyrical lines convey the rhythm of the dancers and the music seems to seep through the picture - a melody of form and color.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Dawn of Huts'' and ''Cityscape'' are painted in the&amp;nbsp;early &quot;tender&quot; cubistic manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Chitchat.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Chitchat&quot; created in 1995|thumb|Oil painting ''&quot;Chitchat&quot;'' created in 1995]]<br /> ''Dhruvangal (Poles)'' won the first prize in the Chiayinkil exhibition. The painting in oil is a scene from the poetic work ''Duravashtha (sad plight)'' of Kumaran Asan and shows Chathan, the low-caste worker and Savithri, the Nambudhri woman who happen to meet by force of circumstances and decide to live together breaking the shackles of caste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 June 1972 |title=Title Unknown |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Reception, Preparation, Feelings, Huts in Corner, Monuments of Memories, Peace on Earth, Childhood, Toilet, Blue Cathedral, Groping in Dark, Boulders, Ruins, Crucification, Mist, Hill Resort, Towards Peace, Still Life with Nude, Gossip, Steel Plant at Night, City Scape, Huts, Poverty, Immersed (Figure in Abstraction), Beggars in the Street, Her Treasure, Vision, Advice, Thoughts, Horizon, Problems, Mother and Child, Helper Woman, Psalm of Life, Fakir, Burden of Life, Pride of'' <br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Musicians 1969.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Musicians&quot;|left|thumb|171x171px|''Oil painting &quot;Musicians&quot;'']]<br /> ''Labour, Awakening from Sleep, Lord and Life, Banana Seller, Lovers, Messenger, Union of Cosmic Principles, Fashion, Sisters, Nude in Black Curtain, Portrait Study, Forsaken Dwelling, Mohini, Expectation, Rhythm, The Eve, Divine Love, Folk Dance, Sisters, Life - a Boat Race, Family, Training'' (Max Mueller Bhavan, 13 to 18 September 1965)<br /> <br /> ''Kavadiattam'' (Mysore Dasara Group Exhibition 1977)<br /> <br /> Studies like ''Bhajan Singers, End of Day'', and ''Builders'' are excellent examples of this individuality. While these stand out for their grace and distinction, themes like ''Flame of Passion, Spring, The Flow'' and such other canvases where the landscape gets an upper hand over the human figure embody a happy motive expressed with skill and <br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Goddess Kaveri 1965.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Goddess Kaveri&quot;|thumb|257x257px|Oil painting ''&quot;Goddess Kaveri&quot;'']]<br /> spontaneity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> For an eye used to conventional lines, three paintings of Bengali school, ''Expectation, Rhythm'' and ''Folk Dance'' are immensely pleasing. For a few who go in for the abstract, oil paintings like ''Feelings'' and ''Groping in the Dark'' will not fail to hold their attention. These pieces are not just abstract; a keen perception will enable us to see the meaning and enjoy a real mental exercise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Appu is at his best in ''Her Treasure'' - a mother fondling her child - and ''Helper-Woman'' an imaginatively treated portrait of a sweeper woman. The oils ''Mist'' and ''Hill Resort'' are fine works with a dominating blue atmosphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Inspired'' reveals an expressionist urge&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chitraganda |date=16 November 1969 |title=Title Unknown |work=Shankar's Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Festival of Love'' depicting the joyous Holi singing and dancing. A theme from ''Sakunthalam'', ''Sun God'' and ''The Light of the World'' are impressive works bearing testimony to Appukuttan's excellence in portraiture and expressionism. ''A Rural Sunset'' and ''Seasons'' are excellent landscapes rich in color-<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Nudes 1971.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Nudes&quot;|left|thumb|220x220px|Oil painting ''&quot;Nudes&quot;'']]<br /> blend and execution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Appu Kuttan's oil paintings contain two ''Nude Studies'' which are exceptionally brilliant and bring out the charm of the feminine beauty. His painting entitled ''Affection'' portraying a cow and its calf licking each other is a picture of sheer naturalness and intense animal attachment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Bull-fight'' recalls the old tradition of Tamil Nadu where, during Pongal, the owner of the bull ties a bag of money to the horns of the bull, and the winning bullfighter gets the money and the owner's daughter in marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Bapu 1970.png|alt=Oil painting &quot;Bapu&quot;|thumb|234x234px|Oil painting ''&quot;Bapu&quot;'']]<br /> ''Pilgrims, Folk Dance'', and the two studies of Bapu are excellent examples of this mood. T''he Spring, Mind Let Loose, Ignorance'' and to a lesser extent ''Youth'' are symbolic in approach. But they certainly succeed in bringing out the mood and the atmosphere effectively. But for sheer freshness and daintiness of coloring ''Holi'' and ''Mind Let Loose'' as also ''Fisherman'' in a limited sense must be mentioned.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among his paintings mention may be made of ''Sitting Nude'' with its striking red against the blue and black creating a certain dramatic impress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His ''Reward'', oil color, presents a familiar theme, forcefully in a new approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Tradtional 1968.png|alt=Oil painting in the traditional style|left|thumb|196x196px|''Oil painting in the traditional style'']]<br /> [[File:Appukuttan OP Abstract 1979.png|alt=Oil painting in the abstract style|thumb|173x173px|Oil painting in the abstract style]]<br /> ''Throb of Love'' was a picture of a collection of vases with female forms, the artist in the background still busy fashioning them. It had a static, yet dynamic quality. ''Musician'' was a diagram of lines and circles, the theme figure identifiable only at a later glance. A superb composition of fishermen returning home with their nets (''Way Back Home''), details graphically filtered out, was in twilight tints. His other pictures like ''Reverie, Unity'', etc., definitely followed in the wake of his sculpture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Vanished Blue - The Departed Master'', a reference to Pablo Picasso's ''Blue Period'', delineated only in shades of blue and white, was Appukuttan Achary's tribute to the late Picasso. Picasso's famous ''Peace Dove'' framed his face, while his hands held a palette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> An eloquent colorful painting entitled ''Keep to the Left'' was part of the Exhibition on Road Rules to raise awareness on traffic rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links to news articles ==<br /> * {{URL|https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Art-and-the-city/article14513185.ece}}<br /> * {{URL|https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/contemporary-but-pioneers/articleshow/21676297.cms}}<br /> * {{URL|https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/poetry-from-the-heart/articleshow/21677648.cms}}<br /> * {{URL|https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/eye-catching-works-display-art-2184699}}<br /> <br /> {{Painters from Kerala|state=expanded}}{{Modernism|state=Karnataka}}<br /> {{Sculptures|state=Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian male artists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:1997 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Kerala]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parashurama&diff=458206 2026-03-10T07:24:39Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sixth avatar of Hindu god Vishnu}}<br /> {{Redirect2|Parasuram|Parashuram||Parashuram (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | image = Parashurama with axe.jpg<br /> | member_of = [[Dashavatara]] and [[Chiranjivi]]<br /> | alt = <br /> | day = [[Thursday]]<br /> | caption = Parashuram by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]<br /> | other_names = {{plainlist|<br /> *Bhargav Ram<br /> *Jamadagnya Ram<br /> *Ramabhadra}}<br /> | Devanagari = परशुराम<br /> | Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Paraśurāma}}<br /> | father = [[Jamadagni]]<br /> | mother = [[Renuka]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]]<br /> | abode = [[Mahendra Mountains]]<br /> | weapon = [[Parashu]] (''{{IAST|Parashu}}'')<br /> | spouse = [[Lakshmi|Dharani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2J2EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Dharani+wife+Parashurama&amp;pg=PT433 |title=Vishnu Purana - Bibek Debroy - Google Books |date=2022-06-30 |isbn=9789354926617 |accessdate=2022-09-25|last1=Debroy |first1=Bibek |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | siblings = Rumaṇvān, Suhotra, Vasu, and Viśvāvasu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241636.html | title=Story of Jamadagni | date=28 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = [[Akshaya Tritiya]]<br /> | birth_place = [[Janapav]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence<br /> | predecessor = [[Vamana]]<br /> | successor = [[Rama]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Parashurama''' ({{Langx|sa|परशुराम|lit= Rama with an axe|Paraśurāma}})&lt;!--Do not remove, WP:INDICSCRIPT doesn't apply to WikiProject Hinduism--&gt;, also referred to as '''Ram Jamadagnya''', '''Ram Bhargav''' and '''Viraram''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p66&quot;/&gt; is the sixth avatar among the [[Dashavatara]] of the preserver god [[Vishnu]] in [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindu tradition holds him to be the destroyer of evil on Earth. He liberates the Mother Earth from felons, ill-behaved men, extremists, demons and those blind with pride. He is described as one of the ''[[Chiranjivi]]'' (Immortals), who will appear at the end of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' to be the guru of Vishnu's tenth and last incarnation, [[Kalki]].<br /> <br /> Born to [[Jamadagni]] and [[Renuka]], the [[Brahmin]] Parashuram was foretold to appear at a time when overwhelming evil prevailed on the earth. The [[Kshatriya]] caste, with weapons and power, had begun to abuse their power, take what belonged to others by force, and tyrannise people. He corrected the cosmic equilibrium by destroying these Kshatriyas twenty-one times (leaving some lineages). He is married to Dharani, an incarnation of [[Lakshmi]], the wife of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&amp;q=Dharani&amp;pg=PA285|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', he arrives after [[Sita Swayamvara]], upon hearing the loud noise when [[Rama]] uplifts and breaks the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]]. He later deduces that [[Rama]] is [[Vishnu]] himself, he himself asked [[Rama]] to destroy the fruits of his austerities. <br /> In the Mahabharata, Parashurama, the formidable warrior-sage and sixth avatar of Vishnu, is renowned for his unparalleled martial prowess. While the epic does not explicitly state the exact number of days Parashuram would have taken to conclude the Kurukshetra war, his legendary feats suggest that he could have ended it swiftly.<br /> <br /> Given these accounts, it's widely believed in various retellings and interpretations of the Mahabharat that Parashuram possessed the capability to end the Kurukshetra war in a single day. However, he chose not to participate in the battle, adhering to his vow of renunciation and neutrality.<br /> <br /> In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' he was the guru of [[Bhisma]], [[Drona]], [[Rukmi]] and [[Karna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p324&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1= Constance Jones |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|author2=James D. Ryan |publisher= Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p500&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld |url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/500 500]–501 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Parashuram is said to carry various traits including courage, aggression, and warfare along with serenity, patience and prudence. He was known to show his benevolence to Brahmins, children, women, old men and other weaker sections of the society.<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> {{Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Hindu mythology]], Parashurama was born to the sage [[Jamadagni]] and his [[Kshatriya]] wife, [[Renuka]]. In local tradition, it is believed they lived in a hut located at [[Janapav]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parashurama|title = Parashurama &amp;#124; Hindu mythology| date=6 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They had a celestial cow called [[Surabhi]], which gives them all that they desire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p500&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Khazan Ecosystems of Goa: Building on Indigenous Solutions to Cope with Global Environmental Change (Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research)|title = Khazan Ecosystems of Goa: Building on Indigenous Solutions to Cope with Global Environmental Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r_EBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=parashurama+was+saraswath+brahmin&amp;pg=PA29|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-9400772014|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; A king named [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] (not to be confused with [[Arjuna]], the Pandava)&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot; /&gt;{{refn|group=note|The ''Mahabharata'' includes legends about both Arjuna, one is dharmic (moral) and other adharmic (immoral); in some versions, Arjuna Kartavirya has mixed moral-immoral characteristics consistent with the Hindu belief that there is varying degrees of good and evil in every person.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot;/&gt;}} learns about this cow of plenty and wants it. He asks Jamadagni to give it to him, but the sage refuses. While Parashurama is away from the hut, the king takes it by force.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p500&quot; /&gt; When Jamadagni pleads his case and seeks for the return of the cow, the king strikes him with his fist, killing him. Parashurama learns about this crime, and is upset. With his axe in his hand, he challenges the king to battle. They fight, and Parashurama defeats and kills the king, according to the ''[[Padma Purana]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p66&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=The wicked-minded one lost his valour due to his own sin. The mighty son of Reṇukā, being angry, cut off his head, as mighty Indra did the peak of a big mountain, and he who was brave and angry, killed Sahasrabāhu and all the kings with his axe in the battle. Seeing Rāma, the very fearful one, all kings on the earth, struck by fear, ran away as elephants do on seeing a lion. The angry Rāma killed the kings even though they had fled due to the resentment against his father's murder, as the angry Garuḍa killed the serpents. The valorous Rāma made the entire [world] clear of the kṣatriyas, but protected [i.e. spared] only the very great family of Ikṣvāku, due to its being the family to which his maternal grandfather was related, and due to his mother's words.|title=[[Padma Purana]]|source=Chapter 241}}<br /> <br /> The warrior class challenges him, and he slays every single member of the class, save for those belonging to the lineages of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] and [[Ikshvaku]]. The mighty son of Jamadagni, having rid the world of the Kshatriyas, then performs the [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice. He grants the earth with the seven islands to principal [[rishi]]s belonging to the Brahmin class. Having renounced the earth and his violent deeds, he retires to the hermitage of [[Nara-Narayana]] to engage in penance. The legend likely has roots in the ancient conflict between the Brahmin [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], with knowledge duties, and the Kshatriya varna, with warrior and enforcement roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p324&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lochtefeld2002p500&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson159&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author= Thomas E Donaldson|editor= Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U. P. Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=159–160}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Epic Ramayana ===<br /> In the ''Ramayana'', following Rama's wedding to [[Sita]] at [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and during their homeward journey to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], his party comes across a number of inauspicious signs. Amid an earthquake and a dust storm, Parashurama appears before the party. After accepting the libation offered to him, Parashurama challenges Rama to combat, on the condition that the prince show his strength to the sage by placing a bow within the string of the latter's bow, [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]], and discharging it. Ignoring [[Dasharatha|Dasharatha's]] plea to spare Rama this task, Parashurama relays the divine origin of the bow and the history of its ownership, appealing to Rama's skills as a warrior. Rama seizes the bow from Parashurama and strings it, an act that causes the latter to become bereft of his divine power. Humbled, Parashurama acknowledges that Rama is an incarnation of Vishnu and requests the prince to allow him to return to the mountain Mahendra so that he could practice yoga and accrue [[Punya (Hinduism)|merit]]. After circumambulating Rama in worship, Parashurama returns to his hermitage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Valmiki |url=http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan |title=The Ramayana |date= |pages=139–144}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Ramabhadracharya_Works_-_Painting_in_Sribhargavaraghaviyam_(2002).jpg|thumb|Painting in Sri Bhargavaraghaviyam]]<br /> <br /> === Epic Mahabharata ===&lt;!--{{Copying within Bharatpedia|Amba (Mahabharata)}}--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Bhishma ====<br /> In the ''Mahabharata'', Parashurama intercedes on the princess [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]]'s behalf, promising to command his disciple [[Bhishma]] to do his duty and marry her after her abduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Uberoi |first=Meera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Cn_zJhh-rIC&amp;pg=PA25 |title=The Mahabharata |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303358-5 |pages=25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Parashurama arrives with his retinue at [[Kurukshetra]], he sends a message to Bhishma to inform him of his arrival. Bhishma comes to see his [[guru]], offering him the traditional respects. Parashurama commands Bhishma to accept Amba as his wife. Bhishma refuses, restating that he had taken a vow of celibacy. An infuriated Parashurama threatens Bhishma with death. Bhishma tries to calm the sage, but in vain, and he finally agrees to battle his guru to safeguard his [[Kshatriya]] duty. [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] tries stopping the battle by beseeching her son as well as the great sage, but fails.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |title=Section CLXXXI |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05181.htm |work=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The great battle lasts for 23 days, without any result. On the 24th day, when [[Bhishma]] chooses to use a deadly weapon, at the behest of the divine sage [[Narada]] and the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], Parashurama ends the conflict and the battle is declared a draw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopaedia |year=1975 &lt;!-- | location = Delhi --&gt; |title=Amba |encyclopaedia=Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |last=Mani |first=Vettam |author-link=Vettam Mani |pages=27–29 |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |title=Section CLXXXVIII |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05188.htm |work=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parashurama narrates the events to Amba and urges her to seek Bhishma's protection. However, Amba refuses to listen to Parashurama's advice and angrily declares that she would achieve her objective by asceticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLXXXIX&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli |title=Section CLXXXIX |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05189.htm |work=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Parshuram Kshetra ===<br /> [[File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg|thumb|left|Parashurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding [[Varuna]], god of the waters to recede to make land known as '''Parashurama Kshetra''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' from Gokarna to Kanyakumari for the Brahmins]]<br /> There are legends dealing with the origins of the western coast geographically and culturally. One such legend is the retrieval of the west coast from the sea, by Parashurama. It proclaims that Parashurama, an [[Dashavatara|incarnation]] of [[Mahavishnu]], threw his battle axe into the sea. As a result, the land of the western coast arose, and thus was reclaimed from the waters. The place from which he threw his axe (or shot an arrow) is on Salher fort (the second highest peak and the highest fort in Maharashtra) in the Baglan taluka of Nashik district of Maharashtra. There is a temple on the summit of this fort dedicated to Parshuram and there are footprints in the rock four times the size of normal humans. This fort on a lower plateau has a temple of goddess Renuka, Parshuram's mother and also a Yagya Kunda with pits for poles to erect a shamiyana on the banks of a big water tank.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> According to the Sangam classic ''[[Purananuru]]'', the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king [[Senguttuvan|Senkuttuvan]] conquered the lands between [[Kanyakumari]] and the [[Himalayas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Kerala History and its Makers |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |publisher=D C Books |year=1987 |isbn=978-8126421992 |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lacking worthy enemies, he besieged the sea by throwing his spear into it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Ancient Indian History'' By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai, p. 204 {{ISBN?}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 17th-century [[Malayalam]] work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', the lands of [[Kerala]] were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Parashurama, the sixth incarnation of [[Vishnu]] (hence, Kerala is also called ''Parashurama Kshetram'' 'The Land of Parashurama'&lt;ref&gt;S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) &quot;Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14&quot;, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;). Parashurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to Kanyakumari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–12 |year=1906 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC}}&lt;/ref&gt; The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the snake king [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] has theorised that [[Senguttuvan]] may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |last=Srinivisa Iyengar |first=P. T. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1929 |isbn=978-8120601451 |location=Madras |page=515}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In present-day Goa (or Gomantak), which is a part of the Konkan, there is a temple in Canacona in South Goa district dedicated to Parashurama.&lt;ref name=&quot;skanda&quot;&gt;'' Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha)'' – Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha, Marathi version Ed. by Gajanan Shastri Gaytonde, published by Shree Katyani Publication, Mumbai&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti'' Part 1, p. 206, B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–212 |year=1906 |access-date=2007-11-12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Shastras ==<br /> Parashurama is generally presented as the fifth son of [[Renuka]] and [[Rishi]] [[Jamadagni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson159&quot; /&gt; The legends of Parashurama appear in many Hindu texts, in different versions:&lt;ref name=&quot;Dimmitt2012p82&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Cornelia Dimmitt|title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC |year=2012|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0|pages=82–85}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Devi Bhagvata Purana ===<br /> In Chapter 6 of the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', he is born from the thigh with intense light surrounding him that blinds all warriors, who then repent their evil ways and promise to lead a moral life if their eyesight is restored. The boy grants them the boon.&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson159&quot; /&gt;<br /> Parashurama retired in the [[Mahendra Mountains]], according to chapter 2.3.47 of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Thomas E Donaldson|editor=Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year= 1995|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=174–175}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Vishnu Purana ===<br /> In Chapter 4 of the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Rcika prepares a meal for two women, one simple, and another with ingredients that if eaten would cause the woman to conceive a son with martial powers. The latter is accidentally eaten by Renuka, and she then gives birth to Parashurama.&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson159&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Vayu Purana ===<br /> In Chapter 2 of the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', he is born after his mother Renuka eats a sacrificial offering made to both [[Rudra]] (Shiva) and [[Vishnu]], which gives him dual characteristics of Kshatriya and Brahmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Thomas E Donaldson|editor=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=160–161}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mahabharata ===<br /> Parashurama is described in some versions of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' as the angry Brahmin who with his axe, killed a huge number of Kshatriya warriors because they were abusing their power.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conquest of Parasurama&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07067.htm|title=Drona Parva Section LXX|date=1883|publisher=Sacred Texts|work=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|access-date=15 June 2016|author=Ganguly KM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some versions, he even kills his own mother because his father asks him to in order to test his obeisance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;daniel30&quot; /&gt; After Parashurama obeys his father's order to kill his mother, his father grants him a boon. Parashurama asks for the reward that his mother be brought back to life, and she is restored to life.&lt;ref name=&quot;daniel30&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Daniel E Bassuk|title=Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ |year=1987|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-08642-9|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parashurama remains filled with sorrow after the violence, repents and expiates his sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Lynn Thomas|editor=Julia Leslie|title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLKAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77881-0|pages=64–66 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his Mother comes back to life, he tries to clean the blood-stained axe but he finds a drop of blood which he was unable to clean and tries cleaning the blood drop in different rivers. This is when he moves towards the south of India in search of any [[holy river]] where he could clean his axe, finally, he reaches [[Thirthahalli|Tirthahalli]] village in [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], Karnataka and tries to clean the axe and to his surprise, the axe gets cleaned in the holy river of [[Tungabhadra Dam|Tunga]]. With respect towards the holy river, he constructs a Shiva linga and performs pooja and the temple is named as Rameshwara temple. The place where Parashurama cleaned his axe is called Ramakunda.<br /> <br /> He plays important roles in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' serving as mentor to [[Bhishma]] (chapter 5.178), [[Drona]] (chapter 1.121) and [[Karna]] (chapter 3.286), teaching weapon arts and helping key warriors in both sides of the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karna the conqueror of the entire world&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03252.htm|title=Mahabaratha, Digvijaya yatra of Karna |date=1896 |publisher=Sacred Texts|work=The Mahabharata|access-date=11 June 2015|author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Lynn Thomas |editor=Julia Leslie|title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLKAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77881-0|pages=66–69 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|The Sanskrit epic uses multiple names for Parashurama in its verses: Parashurama, Jamadagnya, Rama (his name shortened, but not to be confused with [[Rama]] of Ramayana), etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Lynn Thomas|editor=Julia Leslie|title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLKAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77881-0|pages=69–71 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In the regional literature of [[Kerala]], he is the founder of the land, the one who brought it out of the sea and settled a Hindu community there.&lt;ref name=&quot;JonesRyan2006p324&quot;/&gt; He is also known as Rama Jamadagnya and Rama Bhargava in some Hindu texts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p66&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Julia Leslie|title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7LKAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA63|year=2014|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-136-77888-9|pages=63–66 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the only incarnation of Vishnu who never dies, never returns to abstract Vishnu and lives in meditative retirement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot;/&gt; Further, he is the only incarnation of Vishnu that co-exists with other Vishnu incarnations Rama and Krishna in some versions of the ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata'', respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|These texts also state that Parasurama lost the essence of Vishnu while he was alive, and Vishnu then appeared as a complete avatar in Rama; later, in Krishna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leslie2014p64&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> === Samanta Panchaka ===<br /> According to the [[Adi Parva#Structure &amp; Chapters|Sangraha Parva]], after killing 21 generations of Kshatriyas, he filled their blood in five pools collectively known as the ''Samantha Panchaka'' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|समंत पञ्चक}}). He later atoned for his sin by severe penance. The five pools are considered to be holy.<br /> <br /> The [[Adi Parva#Structure &amp; Chapters|Anukramanika Parva]] says that the Samantha Panchaka is located somewhere around Kurukshetra. It also mentions that the Pandavas performed a few religious rites near the Samantha Panchaka before the [[Kurukshetra War]].<br /> <br /> ==Parashurama Kshetra==<br /> Legend tells that before retiring to Mahendragiri mount, Parashurama threw his axe in the Arabian Sea, and land rose out of it, called Parashurama Kshetra.<br /> There is much interpretation of 'Parashurama Kshetra' (Land of Parashurama) mentioned in the [[Puranas]].<br /> <br /> The region on the western coast of India from [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]] was known as Parashurama Kshetra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=L Eck|first=Diana|title=India : A Sacred Geography|publisher=Harmony/Rodale|date=27 March 2012 |page=37 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The region of [[Konkan]] was also considered as Parashurama Kshetra.&lt;ref&gt;Stanley Wolpert (2006), Encyclopedia of India, Thomson Gale, {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}, page 80&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ancient [[Coastal South West India|Saptakonkana]] is a slightly larger region described in the Sahyadrikhanda which refers to it as Parashuramakshetra (Sanskrit for &quot;The Land Of Parashurama&quot;), [[Vapi]] to [[Tapi district|Tapi]] is an area of South [[Gujarat]], India. This area is called &quot;Parshuram Ni Bhoomi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Chandra|first=Suresh |title=Encyclopedia of Hindu Gods &amp; Goddesses |publisher= Sarup &amp; Sons|year= 1998|page= 376|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC|isbn=9788176250399 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Iconography==<br /> [[File:2 iconographic representations of Parasurama.jpg|thumb|right|Parashurama with his axe (two representations)]]<br /> The Hindu literature on iconography such as the ''Vishnudharmottara Purana'' and ''Rupamandana'' describes him as a man with matted locks, with two hands, one carrying an axe. However, the ''[[Agni Purana]]'' portrays his iconography with four hands, carrying his axe, bow, arrow and sword. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes his icon as one with four hands, carrying his axe, bow, arrows and a shield like a warrior.&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson178&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Thomas E Donaldson|editor=Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year=1995 |publisher= Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=178–180}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though a warrior, his representation inside Hindu temples with him in war scenes is rare (the Basohli temple is one such exception). Typically, he is shown with two hands, with an axe in his right hand either seated or standing.&lt;ref name=&quot;donaldson178&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of Temples ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=July 2025}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Deity<br /> ! Location<br /> ! State<br /> ! Image<br /> ! Speciality<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Anantheshwara Temple, Udupi|Anantheshwara Temple]] <br /> | Parashuram || [[Udupi]] || [[Karnataka]] || || Parashurama is worshipped in the form of a [[Lingam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Tulu Tales: A Soota Chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMRlAAAAMAAJ|author=G. Kameshwar |publisher= Rupa &amp; Company|year=2004|page=31|isbn = 9788129104274|quote=The association of Parasuram, an incarnation of Vishnu, with the Linga, came to be known as Anantheshwara and the place of worship is the present Anantheshwara Temple.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram || Thiruvallam, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Kerala]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | Athyarala Temple<br /> | Parashuram || [[Rajampet|Rajempet]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[108 Shiva Temples]]<br /> | Shiva || 108 Locations || [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] || || Believed to be consecrated by Parashuram.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Parshuram Kund]] <br /> | Parshuram || [[Lohit district|Lohit District]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || || Pilgrims visit during Winter Season every year, especially on the day of [[Makar Sankranti]] for a holy dip which is believed to wash away one's sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 January 2017|title=Thousands gather at Parshuram Kund for holy dip on Makar Sankranti |url= http://thenewsmill.com/thousands-gather-parshuram-kund-holy-dip-makar-sankranti/|access-date=2017-01-13|publisher=The News Mill}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=Jan 18, 2013|title=70,000 devotees take holy dip in Parshuram Kund|newspaper=Indian Express |url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/70000-devotees-take-holy-dip-in-parshuram-kund/1061283/|access-date=2014-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Banganga Tank|Banganga]] [[Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar|Parshuram Mandir]]<br /> | Parashuram || [[Mumbai]], [[Walkeshwar]]|| [[Maharashtra]] || || [[Ramayan]] shrine<br /> |-<br /> | Mahurgad <br /> | [[Renuka]], [[Parashuram]] || [[Nanded district|Nanded District]] || [[Maharashtra]] || || [[Shakti Pitha]] shrine<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram || [[Chiplun]], [[Ratnagiri District]] || [[Maharashtra]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | [[Parshuram Mandir, Mokama|Parshuram Mandir]]<br /> | Parashuram || [[Mokama]]|| [[Bihar]] || || Kalash Yatra<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram ||[[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]|| [[Karnataka]]|| || <br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram ||[[Koteshwara|Koteshwara]]|| [[Karnataka]]|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram ||[[Kukke Subrahmanya]]|| [[Karnataka]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram ||[[Udupi]]|| [[Karnataka]]|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram ||[[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]]|| [[Karnataka]]|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram || [[Anegudde]] (Kumbhasi)||[[Karnataka]]|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | Parashuram Mandir<br /> | Parashuram || [[Shankaranarayana]] || [[Karnataka]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:A Parasurama temple in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Kerala India.jpg|A Parashurama temple in [[Kerala]]<br /> File:Peechi Dam Garden Statue of Parasurama.JPG|Parashurama in a garden<br /> File:Parashurama-statue-at-mango-meadows-agricultural-theme-park-kaduthuruthy.jpg|Statue @ Mango Meadows, Kaduthuruthy<br /> File:Parashurama_Theme_Park_05.jpg|Statute @ Bailur, [[Udupi]]<br /> File:Parashu_Rama_challenged_Rama_who_was_on_his_way_back_to_Ayodhya,_Dasaratha_begged_him_to_leave_the_teenage_boy.jpg|Rama and Parashurama with Dasharatha<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> The Parashurama avatar symbolizes the strict and non-relinquishing aspect of showing ''daya'' (mercy), where he has to be harsh for the well being of the ''srushti'' (world).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| date=17 August 2024 | title=दशावतार कीर्तनमाला परशुराम अवतार श्रावण विशेष ह.भ.प. डॉ. चारुदत्तबुवा आफळे #vishnu Dashavtarv | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCPMsz30Mn8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On top of the hills of Janapav is a [[Shiva]] temple where Parashurama is believed to have worshipped [[Lord Shiva|Shiva]], the ashram is known as Jamadagni Ashram, named after his father. The place also has a Kund (Pond) that is being developed by the state government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 May 2008 |title=Janapav to be developed into international pligrim centre |url= https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/08/janapav-to-be-developed-into-international-pligrim-centre-1210264311.html |access-date=Nov 17, 2019 |work= One India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Bhumihar]] caste of eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] claim to be descendants of Parashuram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=सभी भूमिहार-ब्राह्मण परशुराम के वंशज: आशुतोष |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur/story-all-bhumihar-brahmins-are-descendants-of-parshuram-ashutosh-9145902.html |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=भूमिहार ब्राह्मण एकता व संस्कार मंच ने मनाई परशुराम जयंती |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bettiah/news/bhumihar-brahmin-unity-and-sanskar-forum-celebrated-parshuram-jayanti-133002843.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Parashurama was a Brahmin who carried out [[warfare]] like a [[Kshatriya]], Bhumihars thus claim the traits of both the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bihar Politics: बिहार में 'भगवान परशुराम वंशियों' के गढ़ में कड़ी फाइट, इस दफे फायरब्रांड के लिए आसान नहीं मैदान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/begusarai/bihar-news-begusarai-loksabha-election-2024-giriraj-singh-seat-will-see-tough-fight/articleshow/109052154.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=मुजफ्फरपुर में भगवान परशुराम की मूर्ति स्थापित करेगा भूमिहार ब्राह्मण सामाजिक फ्रंट - Bhumihar Brahmin Social Front to install statue of Lord Parashurama in Muzaffarpur |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-bhumihar-brahmin-social-front-to-install-statue-of-lord-parashurama-in-muzaffarpur-21506793.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Kannada]] folklore, especially in devotional songs sung by the [[Devdasi]]s he is often referred to as a son of [[Yellamma]]. Parashurama legends are notable for their discussion of violence, the cycles of retaliations, the impulse of ''[[Krodha (Mental factor)|krodha]]'' (anger), the inappropriateness of ''krodha'', and repentance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Thomas E Donaldson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7017-316-8 |editor=Umakant Premanand Shah |pages=161–70}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar, there is a legendary place known as [[Panth Pakar]] believed to be the location where the first dialogue between Lord Parshuram and Lord Rama in the epic Ramayana took place. It is located in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=सीतामढ़ी में आस्था केंद्र है मां सीता की विश्राम स्थली पंथपाकड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-sitamarhi-me-astha-ka-kendra-h-maa-sita-ki-vishram-sthali-panthpakar-2751075.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *''[[Bhagwan Parshuram]]''<br /> *[[Bhagavad Gita]]<br /> *[[Chiranjivi]]<br /> *[[Heheya Kingdom]]<br /> *[[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri Kingdom]]<br /> *[[Parasuram Express]]<br /> *[[Śānkarasmṛti (Laghudharmaprakrāśikā)]]<br /> *[[Vijaya (bow)]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> * {{cite book |last= KM |first=Ganguly |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa<br /> |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07067.htm |edition= Drona Parva Section LXX|date=2016 |orig-year=1883 |publisher=Sacred Texts }}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Mackenzie|first=Donald A|title=Indian Myth and Legend|url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/index.htm |year=1913|publisher=Sacred Texts }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{commons category-inline|Parashurama}}<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-reg|[[Dashavatara|6th Avatar of Vishnu]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-bef<br /> | before = [[Vamana]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-ttl<br /> | title = [[Dashavatara]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|[[Treta Yuga]]}}<br /> }}<br /> {{s-aft<br /> | after = [[Rama]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{HinduAvatars}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}{{Ramayana}}{{Mahabharata}}{{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Chiranjivins]]<br /> [[Category:Rishis]]<br /> [[Category:Sages in the Ramayana]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]<br /> [[Category:Akilattirattu Ammanai]]<br /> [[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]<br /> [[Category:Savior gods]]<br /> [[Category:Salakapurusa]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu gods]]<br /> [[Category:Jain mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopi_Krishna_(yogi)&diff=462738 2026-03-09T19:35:08Z

<p>Bahoglalat: expanded citations to improve readability and added references after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian yogi, mystic, teacher, social reformer, and writer}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=July 2007}}<br /> {{more footnotes|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{overquotation|date=December 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:GopiKrishnaFilePhoto.jpg|thumb|Pandit Gopi Krishna]]<br /> <br /> '''Gopi Krishna''' (30 May 1903&amp;nbsp;– 31 July 1984) was an Indian [[yogi]], mystic, teacher, social reformer, and writer. He was one of the first{{cn|date=December 2023}} to popularise the concept of [[kundalini]] among Western readers. His autobiography '''''Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man''''', which presented his personal account of the phenomenon of his awakening of kundalini, (later renamed ''Living with Kundalini''), was published in Great Britain and the United States and has since appeared in eleven major languages.{{sfnp|Krishna|1971}} According to June McDaniel, his writings have influenced Western interest in kundalini yoga.{{sfnp|McDaniel|2006|p=280}}<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> He was born in a small village outside [[Srinagar]], in the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He spent his early years there, and later lived in Lahore, in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] of [[British India]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> {{refimprove section|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> At the age of twenty, he returned to Kashmir. During the succeeding years he secured a post in the state government, married and raised a family. Early in his career he became the leader of a social organisation that was devoted to helping the disadvantaged in his community, especially with regard to issues concerning the well-being and rights of women.<br /> <br /> At the age of thirty-four, while meditating one morning, he reported to have experienced the sudden and forceful awakening of [[kundalini]].<br /> <br /> Gopi Krishna's experience radically altered the path of his life. He came to believe that the human brain was evolving and that an individual's profound mystical experience was a foretaste of what would eventually become an all-pervasive transformation in human [[consciousness]]. By his own account, Gopi Krishna's initial experience triggered a transformative process that lasted for twelve years. During this time, the sensations of light, splendor and joy alternated with&amp;nbsp;– and were often completely overshadowed by&amp;nbsp;– sensations of fire, unbearable heat and bleak depression. In the introduction to Krishna's book, [[Frederic Spiegelberg]] writes:<br /> <br /> : &quot;Being exposed to Gopi Krishna's experiences is like meeting a space traveller who seemingly for no purpose has landed on a strange and unknown star without the standard equipment of the professional astronaut, and who simply reports about the bewildering landscape around him, colorfully, truthfully, without really knowing exactly what he has found. We have here, in this wholly unintellectual personality, a classical example of a simple man, uneducated in Yoga, who yet through intense labour and persistent enthusiasm, succeeds in achieving, if not Samadhi, yet some very high state in Yoga perfection, based entirely on his inner feeling development and not at all on ideas and traditions. . . Lacking the guiding hand of a master, it is Gopi Krishna's fate to be thrown from one despair into another, hectic ups-and-downs, the daily bread of this sensational experience. Like Faust, Na Ro Pa and many others, he finds a solution several times in his life only at the point of death. Even commonplace events take on an enormous character and lead him into depressions and dangers almost to the point of ruination. His own analysis of that situation is that the awakened Kundalini went up into the Pingala nadi instead of into the Sushumna nadi where it rightfully belongs. Where does all this lead him? To constant light-awareness, shimmering halo-consciousness but interrupted repeatedly by years of relapse and illness.{{sfnp|Krishna|1971|p=1}}&quot;<br /> <br /> Before his death in 1984 at the age of eighty-one, Gopi Krishna would write seventeen books on higher consciousness&amp;nbsp;– three of them entirely in verse. He credited this output not to his own efforts but to inspiration from a higher source.<br /> <br /> One of the lesser-known facts about Gopi Krishna's life is that he was a crusader for women's rights. Putting this in historical and cultural context shows how very extraordinary his dedication to this cause was. In 1930 it had been less than ten years since women had won the vote and the vast majority of the women in the world were still considered chattel. In India conditions for women were even worse and a man campaigning publicly for women's rights would have been unheard of.<br /> <br /> Gopi Krishna was reported to be a supporter for the equality of men and women. He acted, and at one point ended up imprisoned for his actions. One of his most far-reaching contributions involved bettering conditions for widows. At that time in India, the plight of a woman whose husband died was often horrific, especially if she had no grown children to help or protect her. The custom of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (throwing oneself on the husband's funeral pyre) though outlawed was still practised, particularly in remote areas.<br /> <br /> Along with his humanitarian efforts, Gopi Krishna produced poetry and books in prose and verse form. But his main thrust over the years was to write about mystical experience and the evolution of consciousness from a scientific point of view&amp;nbsp;– that there is supposed to be a biological mechanism in the human body, known from ancient times in India as kundalini, which is responsible for creativity, genius, psychic ability, religious, and mystical experience.<br /> <br /> He chose the path of [[yoga]] due to his circumstances. His father renounced the world to lead a religious life leaving his twenty-eight-year-old mother with the responsibility of raising him and his two sisters. His mother now pinned all her hopes for success on her only son.{{sfnp|Krishna|1993|p=81}} [[Kashmiri Pandit|Pandit]] Gopi Krishna was also a good freestyle wrestler and it is well known that he beat many a good wrestler. People who knew him well mention that he had the capability to be a world class wrestler, however, he spent most of his energy on intellectual pursuits.<br /> <br /> But he failed to pass the examination to enter college, and he now took a lowly job and established his family. He also started on a discipline of meditation to discover who he was. After having been engaged in this for many years, he had his first kundalini experience at the age of 34, which he describes thus in his autobiography.{{sfnp|Krishna|1993}}<br /> <br /> According to June McDaniel, his writings have influenced Western interest in kundalini yoga.{{sfnp|McDaniel|2006|p=280}} He wrote many books and travelled all over the world giving lectures. He came to feel the kundalini experience underlies all (or most) religions that started with a personal revelation. He could see kundalini iconography in cultures worldwide, from [[ancient Egypt]] to [[Quetzalcoatl]] to the caduceus of [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]], and believed there was a common basis, and that he had been granted entry to this vision. Gopi Krishna theorised that the brain was in a state of organic evolution, and that the rising of kundalini into the brain would open a normally silent chamber called brahma-randra in the yogic tradition. Krishna worked tirelessly to promote the scientific investigation of kundalini in the human frame, hypothesizing that this energy was leading humankind towards the goal of [[higher consciousness]].{{sfnp|Kay|n.d.}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite book |title=Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man |place=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=Shambhala Books |year=1971}} Autobiography with commentary by [[James Hillman]].<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Biological Basis of Religion and Genius |place=New York |publisher=Harper and Row |year=1971}} Introduction by [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker|Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker]].<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Secret of Yoga |place=New York |publisher=Harper and Row |year=1972}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Higher Consciousness: The Evolutionary Thrust of Kundalini |place=New York |publisher=Julian Press |year=1974}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Awakening of Kundalini |place=New York |publisher=E P Dutton |year=1975}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Riddle of Consciousness |place=New York |publisher=Kundalini Research Foundation |year=1976 |isbn=0-917776-00-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Secrets of Kundalini in Panchastivai |place=New Delhi |publisher=KRPT |year=1976}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Real Nature of Mystical Experience |place=New York |publisher=New Concepts Publishing |year=1978}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Yoga: A Vision of its Future |place=New Delhi |publisher=KRPT |year=1978}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Shape of Events to Come |place=New York |publisher=KRPT |year=1979}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Works cited ===<br /> * {{cite web |first=Tom |last=Kay |date=n.d. |url=http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/gopinterview.htm |title=An interview with Gopi Krishna |website=Ecomall.com}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Gopi |title=Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man |place=Boulder, Colorado |publisher=Shambhala Books |year=1971}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Gopi |title=The Dawn of a New Science |year=1975 |publisher=Institute for Consciousness Research |isbn=0-917776-14-3 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Gopi |title=Living with Kundalini |year=1993 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=0-87773-947-1 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516791-0 |quote=Western interest at the popular level in kundalini yoga was probably most influenced by the writings of Gopi Krishna, in which kundalini was redefined as chaotic and spontaneous religious experience.}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |title=Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8147-3650-5 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Reichenberg-Ullman |first1=Judyth |first2=Robert |last2=Ullman |title=Mystics, Masters, Saints, and Sages: Stories of Enlightenment |publisher=Conari Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573245074/page/155 155]–163 |isbn=1-57324-507-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573245074 |url-access=registration |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=William Irwin |last=Thompson |author-link=William Irwin Thompson |title=Passages about Earth: An Exploration of the New Planetary Culture |place=New York |publisher=Harper and Row |year=1974 |ref=none}} One chapter describes his interaction with Gopi Krishna.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> &lt;!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Bharatpedia IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| See [[Bharatpedia:External links]] and [[Bharatpedia:Spam]] for details |--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;<br /> {{wikiquotes}}<br /> * [http://www.ecomall.com/gopikrishna A collection of links related to Gopi Krishna]<br /> * [http://www.om-guru.com/html/saints/gopi.html General info on Gopi Krishna and Kundalini]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Gopi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]<br /> [[Category:1903 births]]<br /> [[Category:1984 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian autobiographers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Srinagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorbat_Valley&diff=494443 2026-03-08T12:08:56Z

<p>Bahoglalat: starting new article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Section of Shyok River Valley in Kashmir}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Chorbat Valley<br /> | official_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = Balti<br /> | settlement_type = Valley<br /> | image_skyline = Chorbat, Northern Areas, Pakistan.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = Kashmir<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Kashmir<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34.930|76.763|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] &amp; [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Province<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] &amp; [[Ladakh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ghanche District|Ghanche]] &amp; [[Leh district|Leh]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Khaplu]] &amp; [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]<br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | population_as_of = 2010<br /> | population_total = 20,000<br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | timezone1 = <br /> | utc_offset1 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s)<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Balti language|Balti]]<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Chorbat Valley''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|وادی چھوربٹ}}}}, {{langx|bft|ཆོར་བད|chor bad}}) is a section of the [[Shyok River]] Valley divided between Pakistan-administered [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and Indian-administered [[Ladakh]]. The Pakistan-administered portion is in the [[Khaplu]] [[tehsil]] of [[Ghanche district]] in Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Indian-administered portion is in the [[Nubra valley|Nubra tehsil]] of [[Leh district]] in Ladakh. Chorbat traditionally stretches from the edge of Khaplu to the [[Chalunka]] village of Nubra.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=274}}: 'The most easterly ''ilaka'' of the wazarat of Skardu. &quot;It extends along the Shyok river from Chulanka, on the frontier of Ladak, to Dah (or Dau), on the boundary of Khapalu, a distance of 44 miles.&quot;'&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Khan of Chorbat moved his capital from [[Siksa, Chorbat|Siksa]] (originally named Chorbat) to [[Turtuk]] in the 18th century. These two villages (now in Pakistan and India respectively) are the largest villages of the Chorbat region.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|34.90|76.68}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | zoom = 9<br /> | width = 275<br /> | height = 275<br /> | caption = {{center|Chorbat}}<br /> | nolabels = 1<br /> | map-data = Q2983134<br /> &lt;!-- Chorbat La --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.754164|76.617772}}<br /> | mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 nw.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 10<br /> | label1 = Chorbat La<br /> | label-size1 = 12<br /> | label-color1 = hard red<br /> | label-pos1 = top | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = 0<br /> | mark-title1 = Chorbat La<br /> | mark-image1 =<br /> | mark-description1 = Point on the Line of Control<br /> &lt;!-- Hassanabad --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.973164|76.540938}}<br /> | mark2 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size2 = 8<br /> | label2 = Hassanabad<br /> | label-size2 = 12<br /> | label-color2 = hard red<br /> | label-pos2 = top |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0<br /> | mark-title2 = Hassanabad Chorbat<br /> | mark-image2 =<br /> | mark-description2 = Baltistan<br /> &lt;!-- Siksa --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|34.931|76.616}}<br /> | mark3 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size3 = 8<br /> | label3 = Siksa<br /> | label-size3 = 12<br /> | label-color3 = hard red<br /> | label-pos3 = top |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0<br /> | mark-title3 = Siksa<br /> | mark-image3 =<br /> | mark-description3 = Principal village of Chorbat<br /> &lt;!-- Frano --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord13 = {{coord|34.93484|76.73156}}<br /> | mark13 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size13 = 8<br /> | label13 = Frano<br /> | label-size13 = 12<br /> | label-color13 = hard red<br /> | label-pos13 = bottom |label-offset-x13 = 0 |label-offset-y13 = 0<br /> | mark-title13 = Frano<br /> | mark-image13 =<br /> | mark-description13 = village of Frano<br /> &lt;!-- Dawou --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.1083|76.4708}}<br /> | mark4 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 8<br /> | label4 = Dawou<br /> | label-size4 = 12<br /> | label-color4 = hard red<br /> | label-pos4 = left |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0<br /> | mark-title4 = Dawou<br /> | mark-image4 =<br /> | mark-description4 = Western end of Chorbat<br /> &lt;!-- Turtuk --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord5 = {{coord|34.847|N|76.827|E}}<br /> | mark5 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size5 = 8<br /> | label5 = Turtuk<br /> | label-size5 = 12<br /> | label-color5 = hard red<br /> | label-pos5 = top |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = 0<br /> | mark-title5 = Turtuk<br /> | mark-image5 =<br /> | mark-description5 = Nubra, Ladakh<br /> &lt;!-- Chalunka --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord6 = {{coord|34.824|76.935}}<br /> | mark6 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size6 = 8<br /> | label6 = Chalunka<br /> | label-size6 = 12<br /> | label-color6 = hard red<br /> | label-pos6 = bottom |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0<br /> | mark-title6 = Chalunka<br /> | mark-image6 =<br /> | mark-description6 = Eastern end of Chorbat, 1949 ceasefire line<br /> &lt;!-- Khaplu --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord8 = {{coord|35|10|N|76|20|E}}<br /> | mark8 = Black pog.svg<br /> | mark-size8 = 8<br /> | label8 = Khaplu<br /> | label-size8 = 12<br /> | label-color8 = grey<br /> | label-pos8 = right |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 0<br /> | mark-title8 = Khaplu<br /> | mark-image8 =<br /> | mark-description8 = District headquarters<br /> &lt;!-- Batalik --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord9 = {{coord|34.65629|76.33991}}<br /> | mark9 = Black pog.svg<br /> | mark-size9 = 8<br /> | label9 = Batalik<br /> | label-size9 = 12<br /> | label-color9 = grey<br /> | label-pos9 = right |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0<br /> | mark-title9 = Batalik<br /> | mark-image9=<br /> | mark-description9= <br /> &lt;!-- RIVERS --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Shyok River --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.9284|76.7201}}<br /> | mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size10 = 11<br /> | label10 = Shyok River<br /> | label-size10 = 12<br /> | label-color10 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = -10 |label-offset-y10 = -18<br /> | mark-title10 = Shyok River<br /> | mark-image10=<br /> | mark-description10= <br /> &lt;!-- Hanu stream --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord11 = {{coord|34.6961|76.6446}} &lt;!-- {{coord|34.7111|76.6261}} --&gt;<br /> | mark11 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size11 = 11<br /> | label11 = Hanu | labela11 = stream<br /> | label-size11 = 11<br /> | label-color11 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos11 = left |label-offset-x11 = 0 |label-offset-y11 = 0<br /> | mark-title11 = Hanu stream<br /> | mark-image11=<br /> | mark-description11= Tributary of the Indus river<br /> &lt;!-- Chorbat Lungpa --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord12 = {{coord|34.8857|76.5629}}<br /> | mark12 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size12 = 11<br /> | label12 = Chorbat |labela12 = Lungpa<br /> | label-size12 = 11<br /> | label-color12 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos12 = left |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0<br /> | mark-title12 = Chorbat Longpa<br /> | mark-image12=<br /> | mark-description12= Tributary of the Shyok river<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Baltistan Chorbat.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Chorbat Valley near Hassanabad]]<br /> [[File:View of Shyok Valley from Turtuk Village, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|right|275px|Chorbat Valley near Turtuk]]<br /> <br /> Chorbat is an indistinct region&lt;ref name=&quot;changed hands&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|loc=p.&amp;nbsp;226, note 2}}: &quot;The precise dividing point from where the Chorbat area can be demarcated is at present not possible. The Chorbat area, during the last three centuries, continuously changed hands between the rulers of Khapalu and Ladakh.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; at the border between [[Baltistan]] and Ladakh near the course of the Shyok River. It is marked by<br /> * the '''Chorbat La''' pass, the traditional border between Baltistan and Ladakh and currently on [[Line of Control]] between Pakistan and India,&lt;ref name=Drew&gt;{{harvp|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875}}: &quot;The Chorbat Pass is the boundary of Baltistan in this direction; by this road also used to come Balti raiders, as the remains of a fort at Yogma Hanū prove, which the people of the valley had put up against them.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * the Chorbat village in Baltistan, now called [[Siksa, Chorbat|Siksa]], and<br /> * the town of [[Turtuk]], presently in Nubra, which is considered its traditional capital.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Outlook India Magazine: India's Best Online News Magazine For In-depth News, Analysis, Opinion |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the early decades of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] princely state, there was a Chorbat {{lang|ur|ilaqa}} (subdistrict) in the Baltistan {{lang|ur|wazarat}} (district). It stretched along the Shyok River Valley from a village called Dou-U (Dawou)&lt;ref name=&quot;PakistanSource&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chorbat Valley: The Picturesque Valley of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |website=Pakistan Source |date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023221226/http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the west to [[Chalunka]] in the east.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=274}}<br /> <br /> Between the Chorbat village and the Chorbat La pass lies the '''Chorbat Lungpa''' Valley.{{sfnp|Enriquez, The Realm of the Gods|1915|pp=210–211}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Ch. 4}} To the south of the Chorbat La pass, the Hanu Valley carries a stream that flows down to join the [[Indus River]] near the village of [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]]. The Chorbat Lungpa and Hanu valleys constituted the main route from Baltistan to Ladakh in the past.&lt;ref name=Drew/&gt; The villages in the Hanu valley as well as Dah are fortified, indicating that they experienced raids from Baltistan in the past.&lt;ref name=Drew/&gt; Being the main travel route between Baltistan and Leh, the route carried part of the [[Silk Road]] traffic, which enriched the people of Chorbat.&lt;ref name=Suryanarayanan&gt;Archita Suryanarayanan, [https://www.thehindu.com/society/in-ladakhs-turtuk-village-life-goes-on-as-it-has-since-the-15th-century/article25202192.ece In Ladakh’s Turtuk village, life goes on as it has since the 15th century], The Hindu, 13 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The valley is surrounded by high rising peaks of the [[Karakoram]] mountain range and the bank the Shyok River. The climate is hard with little rain and extremely cold winters due to proximity to [[Siachen Glacier]] and other peaks and glaciers.&lt;ref name=&quot;PakistanSource3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 April 2016 |title=Chorbat Valley: The Picturesque Valley of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023221226/http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 |website=Pakistan Source}}&lt;/ref&gt; Geographically, the wide valley of the Shyok River in &quot;Lower Nubra&quot; narrows to a mountain gorge near the Yagulung village ({{coord|34.77|77.14}}). The Shyok flows through the gorge until [[Khaplu]], where the valley widens again.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/7918846 Shyok river valley between Diskit and Khaplu], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 28 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; A string of villages dot this gorge, wherever possible along the banks of the river. The main populated areas in Chorbat are in the Shyok River Valley, comprising some 13 villages in present-day Baltistan, and 5 villages in Indian-administered Ladakh.&lt;ref name=&quot;PakistanSource2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 April 2016 |title=Chorbat Valley: The Picturesque Valley of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023221226/http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 |website=Pakistan Source}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitPakistan2&quot;&gt;[http://www.new.visitpakistanonline.com/st_location/pakistan/gilgit-baltistan/baltistan/ghanche/chorbat-valley-baltistan/ Chorbat Valley Baltistan], VisitPakistanOnline.com, retrieved 28 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; In Pakistan, these villages are Dawou, Marcha, Kuwas, [[Siksa, Chorbat|Siksa]], [[Hassanabad, Chorbat|Hassanabad]], Partuk, Piun, Kalaan, Sukhmos, Chhowar, Thongmus, Siari, and [[Frano, Gilgit-Baltistan|Frano]]. In India, they are [[Bogdang]], [[Chalunka]], [[Turtuk]], [[Tyakshi]], and [[Thang, Ladakh|Thang]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Turtuk, a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours |url=https://thewire.in/123835/turtuk-story-of-a-promise-land/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=An encounter with the 'king' of Turtuk, a border village near Gilgit-Baltistan |url=https://scroll.in/article/815863/an-encounter-with-the-king-of-turtuk-a-border-village-near-gilgit-baltistan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The folklore includes all these villages in Chorbat.&lt;ref name=&quot;PakistanSource4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 April 2016 |title=Chorbat Valley: The Picturesque Valley of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023221226/http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 |website=Pakistan Source}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitPakistan&quot;&gt;[http://www.new.visitpakistanonline.com/st_location/pakistan/gilgit-baltistan/baltistan/ghanche/chorbat-valley-baltistan/ Chorbat Valley Baltistan], VisitPakistanOnline.com, retrieved 28 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> According to Rohit Vohra, the original settlers of the area were [[Brogpa|Brog-pa]] [[Dards]].{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|pp=229–230}} Above the present day Turtuk stand the ruins of a large fortress built they built. Tradition holds that the Brog-pa Dards were Buddhist and lived under a constant danger of attack from the north, until two warriors from the 'west' called Chulli and Yandrung overran them. The Brog-pas are said to have fled and settled in the Hanu valley. The present day residents of Turtuk are divided into 'Chulli-pa' and 'Yandrung-pa', claiming descent from Chulli and Yandrung.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|pp=229–230}} The area is said to have been originally settled by people from Ladakh.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|loc=p.&amp;nbsp;226, note 2}} At present, the people display a mix of Ladakhi and Balti influences.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|p=225}}: &quot;The total Muslim population is about 2800 and except for a few families at Hundar (Ladakhi) all of their villages lie in the Chorbat area whose cultural belief system shows a mixture of Ladakhi and Balti influences.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later, in the 16th–17th centuries, Islamic missionaries came to the area. Traditions narrate the visits of 'Amir Kabir' (possibly [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]) and [[Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani|Sayyid Nur Baksh]], who defeated the Buddhist lamas in debate and converted the people to Islam.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|p=231}}<br /> <br /> A [[Yabghu]] (Tibetan spelling: Yagbo) family controlled Khaplu from some uncertain date ({{circa|850}} according to tradition).&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Ahmad Hasan |last=Dani |authorlink=Ahmad Hasan Dani |chapter=The Western Himalayan States |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&amp;pg=PA215 |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |page=220}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 18th century, the Chorbat area was given by its ruler, Yabgo Yahya Khan of Khaplu to his son Yagbo Nasir Khan, who came to live in Turtuk. The present headman of Turtuk traces his descent from him.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|p=231}}<br /> <br /> === Modern history ===<br /> The Chorbat area, during the last three centuries, continuously changed hands between the rulers of [[Skardu]], Khaplu and Ladakh, before coming under the suzerainty of Dogra Kingdom in the mid-19th century.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|loc=p.&amp;nbsp;226, note 2}}{{sfnp|Afridi, Baltistan in History|1988|p=266}}&lt;ref name=&quot;changed hands&quot;/&gt; Between 1834 and 1840, the [[Dogra State|Dogra]] general [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]] conquered both Ladakh and Baltistan and made them part of the [[Sikh Empire]]. Under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], the areas were transferred to Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] to form part of the new princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the suzerainty of the [[British Indian Empire|British]]. Baltistan was at first administered as a {{lang|ur|wazarat}} with 15 {{lang|ur|ilaqas}}, with Chorbat being one of them.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=194}} Later, Ladakh and Baltistan formed a joint [[Ladakh Wazarat]] whose capital alternated between [[Leh]] and Skardu for six months each year.{{sfnp|Afridi, Baltistan in History|1988|p=266}} <br /> <br /> === India–Pakistan conflicts ===<br /> [[File:J&amp;K07low.jpg|thumb|right|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]<br /> <br /> In 1947, after the independence of the [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]], Jammu and Kashmir faced [[1947 Poonch rebellion|rebellion in its western districts]] followed by tribal invasion with Pakistani support, which provoked the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir to join India. Maharaja's accession to India prompted the [[Gilgit Scouts]] in the north to [[1947 Gilgit rebellion|rebel and overthrow the Maharaja's administration]]. The Gilgit Scouts and Muslim members of [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] stationed in the area organised themselves under the command of Colonel [[Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier)|Aslam Khan]], and launched an invasion on the Ladakh {{lang|ur|wazarat}}. By July–August 1948, the Gilgit Scouts had captured Kargil, Skardu and the [[Zoji La]] pass that connects Ladakh to the [[Kashmir Valley]], reaching the vicinity of Leh.<br /> <br /> [[File:J&amp;K10low.jpg|thumb|left|Position at the end of 1948]]<br /> The fall of Leh to rebels was prevented by reinforcement through air and a tortuous mountain caravan from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The Indian Army raised a local militia called the [[Nubra Guards]] under the command of [[Chewang Rinchen]], which reportedly blocked various passage routes to Leh.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |author=Col J. Francis |title=Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rotnAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31 |year=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-17-5 |page=30}}: Quoting Col. Mohammad Yusuf of Pakistan Army: &quot;Our intelligence revealed that our repeated attacks in Nubra Valley were foiled by the personal valour of a 17 year old boy named Chhewang Rinchen; had we succeeded at [[Skuru]], there would then have been no real obstacle to our capturing Leh.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The Gilgit Scouts were progressively pushed back beyond the line connecting the Chorbat La pass and Chalunka. The ceasefire line was established through these two points at the end of 1948.{{sfnp|Krishna Rao, Prepare or Perish |1991|loc=p.&amp;nbsp;472, item (d)}} The entire Chorbat {{lang|ur|ilaqa}} came under the control of Pakistan. Bogdang, never a part of the {{lang|ur|ilaqa}}, remained under Indian control.<br /> <br /> Under Pakistani control, Gilgit dominated Baltistan, and both regions were administered as non-descript &quot;Northern Areas&quot; by the Federal government of Pakistan. Chorbat was merged into the Khaplu {{lang|ur|niabat}} in this period.{{sfnp|Afridi, Baltistan in History|1988|p=241}}<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|34.84|N|76.86|E}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | zoom = 9<br /> | width = 225<br /> | height = 175<br /> | caption = {{center|Position at the end of 1972}}<br /> | nolabels = 1<br /> | map-data = Q2983134<br /> &lt;!-- Thang --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.926|76.798}}<br /> | mark1 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 8<br /> | label1 = Thang<br /> | label-size1 = 12<br /> | label-color1 = hard red<br /> | label-pos1 = right |label-offset-x1 = 0 |label-offset-y1 = 0<br /> | mark-title1 = Thang<br /> | mark-image1 =<br /> | mark-description1 = Nubra, Ladakh<br /> &lt;!-- Tyakshi --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.8783|76.8159}}<br /> | mark2 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size2 = 8<br /> | label2 = Tyakshi<br /> | label-size2 = 12<br /> | label-color2 = hard red<br /> | label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0<br /> | mark-title2 = Tyakshi<br /> | mark-image2 =<br /> | mark-description2 = Nubra, Ladakh<br /> &lt;!-- Turtuk --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|34.847|76.827}}<br /> | mark3 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size3 = 8<br /> | label3 = Turtuk<br /> | label-size3 = 12<br /> | label-color3 = hard red<br /> | label-pos3 = bottom |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0<br /> | mark-title3 = Turtuk<br /> | mark-image3 =<br /> | mark-description3 = Nubra, Ladakh<br /> &lt;!-- Chalunka --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|34.824|76.935}}<br /> | mark4 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 8<br /> | label4 = Chalunka<br /> | label-size4 = 12<br /> | label-color4 = hard red<br /> | label-pos4 = right |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = -5<br /> | mark-title4 = Chalunka<br /> | mark-image4 =<br /> | mark-description4 = point on the 1949 ceasefire line<br /> &lt;!-- Bogdang --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord5 = {{coord|34.803|77.042}}<br /> | mark5 = Black pog.svg<br /> | mark-size5 = 8<br /> | label5 = Bogdang<br /> | label-size5 = 12<br /> | label-color5 = grey<br /> | label-pos5 = bottom |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = 0<br /> | mark-title5 = Bogdang<br /> | mark-image5 =<br /> | mark-description5 = Nubra, Ladakh<br /> &lt;!-- RIVERS --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Shyok River --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.9284|76.7201}}<br /> | mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size10 = 11<br /> | label10 = Shyok River<br /> | label-size10 = 12<br /> | label-color10 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = -18<br /> | mark-title10 = Shyok River<br /> | mark-image10=<br /> | mark-description10= <br /> }}<br /> India and Pakistan fought two further wars over Kashmir. In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war]], the region saw some action, but the two countries returned to status quo after the war. In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war of 1971]], Rinchen's Nubra Guards, now part of the [[Ladakh Scouts]], captured further areas of Chorbat. They first took a 18,620-foot peak overlooking Chalunka. The two companies of [[Karakoram Scouts]] defending Chalunka were overpowered and retreated to Turtuk. Turtuk was then taken in four days, followed by Tyakshi and Thang.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Chakravorty |first=B. |title=Stories of Heroism: PVC &amp; MVC Winners |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC&amp;pg=PA139 |year=1995 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-516-3 |pages=139–140}}&lt;/ref&gt; The villagers were frightened at first, but Rinchen reportedly alleviated their fears.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arpi |first=Claude |date=22 December 2011 |title=Have you heard about this Indian Hero? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-hero-of-nubra/20111222.htm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=Rediff News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Division between India and Pakistan ===<br /> [[File:At school in Turtuk - Nubra Valley (10020004514).jpg|thumb|right|225px|School girls in Turtuk]]<br /> After the 1971 war, India and Pakistan reached the [[Simla Agreement]], whereby the ceasefire line of the war became the new [[Line of Control]], permanently dividing Chorbat between India and Pakistan. , Antía Mato Bouzas quotes a Balti soldier, whose village came under Indian control, who alleged that Pakistani prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] did not care about the Balti villages captured by India and neglected to negotiate their return unlike the areas in [[Azad Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Bouzas, (B)Ordering and the Politics of Belonging|2017|pp=114–115}}: Quoting a Balti soldier: &quot;Pakistanis were not interested in these areas because they were mountain regions, although India was willing to return the villages [in the peace conversations of Simla in 1972]. The Pakistani Prime Minister Bhutto negotiated the return of villages in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Lahore sector but not ours.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The citizenship of these village residents changed from Pakistan to India overnight. Aaquib Khan, an Indian journalist, claims that India treated the villagers well and integrated them into the national mainstream. During an interview to Khan, a villager reportedly praised the role of Indian Army in this regard.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Khan|2017}}: 'Mohammad is very fond of the Indian army. “I admire the Indian army and all the help they provided us – food, clothes, education. For me, ''upar Allah, niche Indian army'',” he said.'&lt;/ref&gt; However, villagers who had gone to other parts of Pakistan before the war, for trade, study or travel, remained on the Pakistani side, never allowed to return home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=shabbir.mir |date=2016-01-04 |title=Man reunites with father after 1971 war |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1022109/man-reunites-with-father-after-1971-war |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khan further claims that one member of a divided family reported going to the border carrying a white flag and a letter from the Indian Army, wanting to bring back his family. But he was detained by the Pakistani Army on the suspicions of being an Indian spy and refused return to home.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Khan|2017}}: 'The unworldly villager, not knowing the consequences, told them that the Indian soldiers had not harmed them; instead they took good care of villagers. Hearing this, the Pakistani soldiers suspected him of being a spy for the Indian army and imprisoned him for six years.'&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Balti activist Senge Sering claims that Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) attempted to introduce jihad into this area. Local people were uncertain about their loyalties because they had lived under both Pakistani and Indian control, and some served in the Pakistan Army before India's take-over. Many of them also had relatives across the Line of Control who were subject to intimidation by the ISI. During the Kargil infiltration by Pakistan, some local people were suspected of having assisted the infiltrators. The Indian Army took some of them into custody, but later reportedly released them all, says Sering.&lt;ref&gt;Senge H. Sering,<br /> [http://www.idsa.in/strategiccomments/ReclaimingNubraLocalsShunningPakistaniInfluences_SHSering_170809 &quot;Reclaiming Nubra&quot; – Locals Shunning Pakistani Influences], Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Delhi, 17 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Alleged Indian intrusions ===<br /> Pakistani sources allege that, in 1972, shortly after the signing of the Shimla Agreement, Indian troops crossed the Line of Control (LoC) in the Chorbat La sector and seized about four square miles of Pakistani territory.&lt;ref name=Cheema&gt;{{Cite book |chapter=The strategic context of the Kargil conflict: A Pakistani perspective |last=Cheema |first=Zafar Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |editor=Peter René Lavoy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780521767217 |edition=illustrated |page=58}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1988, India again crossed the LoC and seized four Pakistani posts in the Qamar sector, which lies between the Chorbat Valley and [[NJ9842]].&lt;ref name=Cheema/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://voiceofeast.net/2020/08/10/how-india-de-facto-destroyed-the-simla-agreement-with-pakistan/ How India de facto destroyed the Simla Agreement with Pakistan], voiceofeast.net, 10 August 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rs?|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> Agriculture is only possible in the valley in summer due to extremely cold winters. Crops include beans and maize. The mountains and surrounding have generally no forests however there are some shrubs and herbs available which are generally used by the local communities as medicinal herbs, there is also a human-made forest of saplings which is the largest forest in the whole district. The Shyok River passing nearby the valley is one of the important resources of the area, irrigating the whole land. However the same river sometime creates havoc during summer through its unpredictable floods.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Aryan Valley]]<br /> * [[Geography of Ladakh]]<br /> * [[Tourism in Ladakh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |via=archive.org |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Afridi |first=Banat Gul |title=Baltistan in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Emjay Books International |ref={{sfnref|Afridi, Baltistan in History|1988}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Romesh |last=Bhattacharji |title=Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged |publisher=Rupa Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3575075 |via=Academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Antía Mato |last=Bouzas |title=(B)Ordering and the Politics of Belonging |journal=St Antony's International Review |volume=12 |number=2 |date=February 2017 |pages=114–135 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34189225 |ref={{sfnref|Bouzas, (B)Ordering and the Politics of Belonging|2017}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Chakravorty |first=B. |title=Stories of Heroism: PVC &amp; MVC Winners |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC&amp;pg=PA139 |year=1995 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-516-3 |pages=139–140 |ref={{sfnref|Chakravorty, Stories of Heroism|1995}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |url=https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5 |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Enriquez |first=Colin Metcalfe |title=The Realm of the Gods: A Tale of Travel in Kangra, Mandi, Kulu, Chamba, Kishtwar, Kashmir, Ladakh and Baltistan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173082/page/n237 |year=1915 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Enriquez, The Realm of the Gods|1915}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Aaquib |last=Khan |title=Turtuk: A Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours |newspaper=The Wire |date=15 April 2017 |url=https://thewire.in/politics/turtuk-story-of-a-promise-land}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Rao |first=K. V. Krishna |title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&amp;pg=PA43 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |ref={{sfnref|Krishna Rao, Prepare or Perish|1991}}}}<br /> * {{citation |title=Mythic Lore and Historical Documents from Nubra Valley in Ladakh |first=Rohit |last=Vohra |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=44 |number=1/2 |year=1990 |pages=225–239 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |jstor=23658122 |ref={{sfnref|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990}}}}<br /> <br /> {{Ghanche District}}<br /> {{Leh district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Baltistan]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places in Ghanche District]]<br /> [[Category:Valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br /> [[Category:Valleys of Ladakh]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalla_Thangai&diff=520126 2026-03-04T05:05:31Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|Nalla Thangal}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{No plot|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Nalla Thangai 1955.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[S. A. Natarajan]]<br /> | writer = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> | producer = S. A. Natarajan<br /> | starring = [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhuri Devi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajasulochana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S. A. Natarajan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[T. S. Balaiah]]<br /> | cinematography = J. G. Vijayam<br /> | editing = T. Vijayarangam<br /> | music = [[G. Ramanathan]]<br /> | studio = [[S. A. Natarajan|Forward Art Films]]<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|02|05}}<br /> | runtime = 155 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Nalla Thangai''''' ({{translation|Good Younger Sister}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced and directed by [[S. A. Natarajan]]. The film stars [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Madhuri Devi]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[S. A. Natarajan]] and [[T. S. Balaiah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1955 – நல்ல தங்கை – பார்வாட் ஆர்ட் பிலிம்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails20.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330051146/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails20.asp |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on 5 February 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 February 1955 |title=Nalla Thangai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19560203&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=2 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> == Cast ==<br /> The lists of cast and crew were adapted from [[Film News Anandan]]'s database&lt;ref name=&quot;lakshmansruthi&quot; /&gt; and from the film credits.{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *[[M. N. Nambiar]]<br /> *[[T. S. Balaiah]]<br /> *[[S. A. Natarajan]]<br /> *[[V. M. Ezhumalai]]<br /> *[[A. Karunanidhi]]<br /> *Pulimoottai Ramasami<br /> *K. Sairam<br /> *''Yadhartham'' Ponnusamy<br /> *[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|M. M. A. Chinnappa]]<br /> *T. R. Natarajan<br /> *C. K. Soundararajan<br /> *D. K. Chinnappa<br /> *M. V. Raju<br /> *P. K. Raghavan<br /> *[[Madhuri Devi]]<br /> *[[Rajasulochana|P. R. Sulochana]]<br /> *C. R. Rajakumari<br /> *M. S. S. Packiam<br /> *S. K. Venubhai<br /> *K. Shantha Devi<br /> *[[S. N. Lakshmi]]<br /> *Lalitha<br /> *K B Sundarammbal<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> '''Dance'''<br /> *C. R. Rajakumari<br /> *Kumari Susheela<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;— Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=94 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ennai Pole Bhagyasaali&quot; || [[Jikki]] &amp; [[P. Leela]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thaene Paage Thevittadha&quot; || (Radha) Jayalakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Maappille Makku Maappille&quot; || P. Leela &amp; [[A. G. Rathnamala]]|| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[A. Maruthakasi]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;A, B, C, D Padikkiren&quot; || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] &amp; [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Arivulla Azhagan&quot; || Thiruchi Loganathan &amp; Jikki || 03:15<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;O! Seemaane Thirumbi Paarkum&quot; || [[T. V. Rathnam]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kalakalavenre Saalaiyil&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] &amp; Group || K. P. Kamatchisundaram ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thuyil Neengi Ezhundhiduval&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || R. Lakshmana Das || 03:14<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kooli Miga Ketpaar ... Engirundo Vanthan&quot; || [[G. Ramanathan]]|| [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]]|| 06:18<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> {{A. P. Nagarajan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1955 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1955 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1955 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kousalya_Supraja_Rama_(2008_film)&diff=510679 2026-03-03T21:55:28Z

<p>Bahoglalat: adding new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Short description|2008 Telugu-language film}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kousalya Supraja Rama<br /> | image = Kousalya Supraja Rama (film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = DVD Cover<br /> | director = Surya Prasad<br /> | writer = Surya Prasad<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogue by<br /> | data1 = {{ubl|Satyanand}}<br /> }}<br /> | producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]<br /> | starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Charmme Kaur|Charmme]]|[[Gowri Munjal]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Pratap V. Kumar<br /> | editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]<br /> | music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> | studio = [[Suresh Productions]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|10|09}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Kousalya Supraja Rama''''' is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Surya Prasad and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Charmee Kaur|Charmee]] and [[Gowri Munjal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2008 |title=Kausalya Supraja Rama press meet |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kausalyasuprajarama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630075841/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kausalyasuprajarama.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film released on 9 October 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Press meet&amp;nbsp;– Kousalya Supraja Rama on 9 Oct |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-kousalyasuprajarama1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429031924/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-kousalyasuprajarama1.html |archive-date=29 April 2017 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2008 |title=Srikanth in an entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/srikanth-in-an-entertainer/articleshow/3149141.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506045849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/srikanth-in-an-entertainer/articleshow/3149141.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2008 |title=Musical notes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/musical-notes/articleshow/3508991.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506045849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/musical-notes/articleshow/3508991.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{no plot|date=May 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> *[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Sriram<br /> *[[Charmee Kaur|Charmee]] as Supraja, Ranga Rao's daughter (voiced by [[Sunitha Upadrashta| Sunitha]])<br /> *[[Gowri Munjal]] as Kausalya<br /> *[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ranga Rao<br /> *[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Ravi<br /> *[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Narasimham<br /> *[[Brahmanandam]] as Dorababu, a thief<br /> *[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as Kubera Murthy<br /> *[[Siva Reddy]] as Pandu Babu, Ranga Rao's son<br /> *[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br /> *[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Appula Apparao<br /> *Kadambari Kiran Kumar<br /> *[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br /> *[[L. B. Sriram]] as Supraja's uncle<br /> *[[Raghu Babu]]<br /> *Sairabanu as Subbulu<br /> *[[Uttej]]<br /> *[[Chalapathi Rao]]<br /> *[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Priya, Ranga Rao's PA<br /> *[[Duvvasi Mohan]]<br /> *Apoorva<br /> *Junior Relangi<br /> *Anitha<br /> *Master Deepak<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was initially titled ''Boss Gari Ammayi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sify&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Charmee in Kousalya Supraja Rama |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/charmee-in-ikousalya-supraja-ramai-imagegallery-movies-jdwmS1jhghfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421015528/https://www.sify.com/movies/charmee-in-ikousalya-supraja-ramai-imagegallery-movies-jdwmS1jhghfsi.html |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music is composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].&lt;ref name=sify /&gt;<br /> *&quot;Kausalya Nachave Andamto Gichave Anchaate Nachaave&quot;&amp;nbsp;– [[Ramana Gogula]], [[M. M. Srilekha]] (lyrics by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]])<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2 {{fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and opined that &quot;The performances, particularly Srikkanth's make the film work. Srikkanth is sincere in this film and one can certainly watch it for him. He is able to effortlessly switch between portraying the Good Samaritan and happily sing and dance too&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=10 October 2008 |title=Kousalya Supraja Rama is entertaining |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10ssks.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802203721/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10ssks.htm |archive-date=2 August 2011 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deepa Garimella of ''Full Hyderabad'' stated that &quot;The story is passably average, but is propped up by healthy production values, good performances and sharp dialogue&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garimella |first=Deepa |title=Kausalya Supraja Rama (Telugu) Movie Review&amp;nbsp;– fullhyd.com |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kausalya-supraja-rama/telugu/kausalya-supraja-rama-movie-reviews-2534-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421015216/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kausalya-supraja-rama/telugu/kausalya-supraja-rama-movie-reviews-2534-2.html |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt1582523}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithai_(Hindi_TV_series)&diff=517941 2026-03-03T15:33:49Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Hindi television series}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Mithai 2022 TV series.png<br /> | genre = {{ubl|[[Family drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]|[[Comedy]]}}<br /> | creator = [[Arvind Babbal]]<br /> | writer = '''Dialogues''' &lt;br&gt; Rekha Babbal<br /> | screenplay = Sancheeta Bose &lt;br&gt; Arundhati Sharma<br /> | story = Ghazala Nargis &lt;br&gt; Sonal Ganatra<br /> | director = [[Arvind Babbal]]<br /> | creative_director =<br /> | presenter = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Debattama Saha]]|Aashish Bhardwaj}}<br /> | theme_music_composer = Sanjana Bhatt &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title='Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' contestant Sanjana Bhatt to sing title track of 'Mithai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-contestant-sanjana-bhatt-to-sing-title-track-of-mithai/articleshow/89872768.cms|access-date=2022-04-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 149<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = [[Arvind Babbal]] &lt;br&gt; Rekha Babbal<br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = Mohan Naidu<br /> | editor = Avadh Narayan Singh<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | company = Arvind Babbal Productions<br /> | network = [[Zee TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2022|04|04|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|24|df=yes}}<br /> | related = ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''<br /> | opentheme = Dilon Ko Chhune Ho...Aayi Re Aayi Mithai Re By Sanjana Bhatt<br /> | endtheme = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mithai''''' ({{Translation|Sweets}}) is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy]] [[drama]] television series produced by [[Arvind Babbal]] under Arvind Babbal Productions. It premiered on 4 April 2022 on [[Zee TV]] and it replaced [[Rishton Ka Manjha (TV series)|Rishton Ka Manjha]] in its timeslot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mithai Wiki, Meethai Serial Cast, Story, Promo, Review, Actors Names &amp; Photos |url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/mithai-wiki-meethai-serial-cast-story-promo-review-actors-names-photos |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.tellybest.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It originally stars [[Debattama Saha]] and Aashish Bhardwaj as main leads. It is the remake of the Bengali television series [[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|with the same name]]. The series went off-air on 24 September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mithai: নতুন 'মিঠাই' দেবত্তমা! সৌমিতৃষা সরছেন ধারাবাহিক থেকে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/mithai-remake-hindi-television-actress-debattama-saha-play-role-soumitrisha-kundoo-television-soc-347860-2022-02-25 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |title=Zee TV to launch new fiction show 'Mithai' |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/03/zee-tv-to-launch-new-fiction-show-mithai/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date= 25 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-25 |title=Zee TV launches new show 'Mithai'; premieres April 4 |url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tv-launches-new-show-mithai-premieres-april-4/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{expand section|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{More plot|date=July 2025}}Mithai is a gifted sweet maker, who is on a quest to establish her professional identity. What happens when Mithai's world collides with Siddharth, a software engineer and heir to a traditional sweet making business.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debattama Saha, Aashish Bhardhwaj are all sugary for upcoming 'Mithai' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/debattama-saha-aashish-bhardhwaj-are-all-sugary-for-upcoming-mithai/articleshow/90014157.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Times of India |date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> *[[Debattama Saha]] as Mithai Choubey (née Gosain) - A sweet seller from Jatipura; Indu's daughter; Siddharth's wife (2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mithai: সৌমিতৃষার বদলে দেবত্তমা! বদলাচ্ছে 'মিঠাই'-এর মুখ? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/mithai-serial-remake-in-hindi-debattama-saha-in-lead/articleshow/89822520.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=EI Samay |date=25 February 2022 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=সামনে এল নতুন 'মিঠাই' দেবোত্তমা সাহা, তাহলে কি ধারাবাহিক থেকে সরে গেলেন সৌমিতৃষা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-tv-is-all-set-with-hindi-remake-of-mithai-debattama-saha-is-in-titular-role-31645759875946.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225035307/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-tv-is-all-set-with-hindi-remake-of-mithai-debattama-saha-is-in-titular-role-31645759875946.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Aashish Bharadwaj as Siddharth Choubey - A software engineer; Girish and Arti's son; Shubham's half-brother; Keerti's brother; Kavita, Shaurya and Karishma's cousin; Mithai's husband (2022)<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> *Yatindra Chaturvedi as Hari Mohan Choubey - Chandrakanta's husband; Girish, Abhishek and Geetika's father; Kavita, Shubham, Siddharth, Shaurya, Keerti and Karishma's grandfather (2022)<br /> *Shaili Shukla as Chandrakanta Choubey - Hari's wife; Girish, Abhishek and Geetika's mother; Kavita, Shubham, Siddharth, Shaurya, Keerti and Karishma's grandmother (2022)<br /> *Saurabh Agrawal as Girish Choubey - Hari and Chandrakanta's elder son; Abhishek and Geetika's brother; Arti's widower; Shubham, Siddharth and Keerti's father (2022)<br /> *Ajit Jha as Abhishek Choubey - Hari and Chandrakanta's younger son; Girish and Geetika's brother; Aabha's husband; Shaurya and Karishma's father (2022)<br /> *Pooja Dikshit as Aabha Choubey - Abhishek's wife; Shaurya and Karishma's mother (2022)<br /> *Nidhi Mathur as Geetika Choubey Pathak - Hari and Chandrakanta's daughter; Girish and Abhishek's sister; Pramod's wife; Kavita's mother (2022)<br /> *Darpan Srivastava as Pramod Pathak - Geetika's husband; Kavita's father (2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Exclusive: Darpan Shrivastava bags Arvind Babbal's Mithai for Zee TV |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-darpan-srivastava-bags-arvind-babbals-mithai-for-zee-tv/2022/02/25 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Subha Saxena as Kavita Pathak - Geetika and Pramod's daughter; Shubham, Siddharth, Shaurya, Keerti and Karishma's cousin; Rajiv's wife (2022)<br /> *Priom Gujjar as Rajiv - Rohan's brother; Kavita's husband (2022)<br /> *Kervi Udani as Keerti (née Choubey) - Girish and Arti's daughter; Shubham's half-sister; Siddharth's sister; Kavita, Shaurya and Karishma's cousin; Rohan's wife (2022)<br /> *Nikhilesh Rathore as Shubham Choubey - Girish's illegitimate son; Siddharth and Keerti's half-brother; Kavita, Shaurya and Karishma's cousin (2022)<br /> *Abhishek Mishra as Shaurya Choubey - Abhishek and Aabha's son; Karishma's brother; Kavita, Shubham, Siddharth and Keerti's cousin (2022)<br /> *Nisha Jha as Karishma Choubey - Abhishek and Aabha's daughter; Shaurya's sister; Kavita, Shubham, Siddharth and Keerti's cousin; Rohan's ex-love interest (2022)<br /> *Arjun Singh Shekhawat as Rohan - Rajiv's brother; Karishma's love interest; Keerti's husband (2022)<br /> *Sumit Singh as Apeksha Sharma – Deepti's daughter; Siddharth's obsessive one-sided love interest who wanted to marry him (2022)<br /> *Amita Choksi as Indu Gosain – Mithai's mother; Arti's close friend (2022)<br /> *Narasimhaa Yogi as Bhoora – Mithai's obsessive one-sided love interest (2022)<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Language<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Title<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Original release<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Network(s)<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Last aired<br /> !style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' &lt;br /&gt; মিঠাই<br /> |4 January 2021<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |9 June 2023<br /> |Original<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' &lt;br /&gt; நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும்<br /> |23 August 2021<br /> |[[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |25 October 2025<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Remake<br /> |-<br /> |[[Odia language|Odia]]<br /> |''Jhili'' &lt;br /&gt; ଝିଲ୍ଲୀ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TV show 'Mithai' gets an Odia remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-mithai-gets-an-odia-remake/articleshow/85825799.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |20 September 2021<br /> |Zee Sarthak<br /> |30 September 2023<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hindi]]<br /> |''Mithai'' &lt;br /&gt; मिठाई<br /> |4 April 2022<br /> |[[Zee TV]]<br /> |24 September 2022<br /> |-<br /> |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |''Gall Mithi Mithi'' &lt;br /&gt; ਗਲ ਮੀਠੀ ਮੀਠੀ<br /> |20 November 2023<br /> |[[Zee Punjabi]]<br /> |30 November 2024<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kannada]]<br /> |''Rajakumari'' &lt;br /&gt; ರಾಜಕುಮಾರಿ<br /> |25 August 2025<br /> |[[Zee Picchar|Zee Power]]<br /> |4 February 2026<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/mithai/0-6-4z5101301 ''Mithai''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Zee TV original programming]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_Ranji_Trophy&diff=482168 2026-02-22T20:34:25Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Cricket tournament}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tournament<br /> | name = 2004–05 Ranji Trophy<br /> | image = Ranji_trophy.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 285px<br /> | fromdate =<br /> | todate =<br /> | caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.<br /> | administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]<br /> | tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]<br /> | host =<br /> | champions = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> | count = 2<br /> | participants = 27<br /> | matches = <br /> | attendance =<br /> | player of the series =<br /> | most runs = [[Niraj Patel]] (Gujarat) (735)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2004/05 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Ranji_Trophy_2004-05/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most wickets = [[Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Gagandeep Singh]] (Punjab) (39)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2004/05 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Ranji_Trophy_2004-05/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website =<br /> | previous_year = 2003–04<br /> | previous_tournament = 2003–04 Ranji Trophy<br /> | next_year = 2005–06<br /> | next_tournament = 2005–06 Ranji Trophy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2004–05 Ranji Trophy''' was the 71st season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Railways defeated Punjab on first innings lead in the final.<br /> <br /> ==Knockout stage==<br /> {{4TeamBracket|nowrap=y<br /> | seed-width = 25px<br /> | team-width = 125px<br /> | score-width = 125px<br /> | RD1 = Semifinals<br /> | RD2 = Final<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1 = B1<br /> | RD1-team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> | RD1-score1 = 166 &amp; 170<br /> | RD1-seed2 = '''A2'''<br /> | RD1-team2 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]''' <br /> | RD1-score2 = '''180 &amp; 160/3'''<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3 = A1<br /> | RD1-team3 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | RD1-score3 = 251 &amp; 168<br /> | RD1-seed4 = '''B2'''<br /> | RD1-team4 = '''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''<br /> | RD1-score4 = '''126 &amp; 294/7'''<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1 = '''A2'''<br /> | RD2-team1 = '''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''<br /> | RD2-score1 = '''355 &amp; 471'''<br /> | RD2-seed2 = B2<br /> | RD2-team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | RD2-score2 = 309 &amp; 137/4<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Assam v Baroda at Guwahati - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Assam 273 and 360/4; Baroda 347<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Bengal v Karnataka at Kolkata - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Bengal 315 and 206; Karnataka 179 and 226<br /> ScorecardBengal won by 116 runs<br /> Gujarat v Delhi at Ahmedabad - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Gujarat 214 and 372; Delhi 430/8d and 102/9<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Madhya Pradesh v Andhra at Indore - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Andhra 361 and 195/3; Madhya Pradesh 287<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Punjab v Uttar Pradesh at Mohali - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Uttar Pradesh 269 and 317/8d; Punjab 308 and 164/5<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Railways v Mumbai at Delhi - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Mumbai 361 and 221/3; Railways 284<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tamil Nadu v Hyderabad (India) at Chennai - Nov 7–10, 2004<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 163 and 190; Tamil Nadu 461/6d<br /> ScorecardTamil Nadu won by an innings and 108 runs<br /> Delhi v Andhra at Delhi - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Delhi 491/9d; Andhra 311 and 152/5 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Jammu &amp; Kashmir v Orissa at Srinagar - Nov 16–20, 2004<br /> <br /> Orissa 325 and 98/2; Jammu &amp; Kashmir 123 and 299 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardOrissa won by 8 wickets<br /> Karnataka v Gujarat at Bangalore - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Gujarat 330 and 307/4d; Karnataka 272 and 156/7<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Kerala v Himachal Pradesh at Palakkad - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh 465 and 187/7d; Kerala 215 and 290/6<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Maharashtra v Baroda at Pune - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Baroda 446 and 189/1; Maharashtra 387<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Mumbai v Madhya Pradesh at Mumbai - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Madhya Pradesh 255 and 222; Mumbai 233 and 81/4<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Punjab v Assam at Amritsar - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Punjab 422; Assam 213 and 158 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardPunjab won by an innings and 51 runs<br /> Railways v Bengal at Delhi - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Railways 348 and 217/6d; Bengal 255 and 212/5<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Saurashtra v Jharkhand at Rajkot - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Saurashtra 274 and 279/6; Jharkhand 358/9d<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Services v Goa at Delhi - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Services 507/5d; Goa 244 and 269/4 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tripura v Haryana at Agartala - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Haryana 200 and 437/5; Tripura 288<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Uttar Pradesh v Tamil Nadu at Lucknow - Nov 16–19, 2004<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu 353; Uttar Pradesh 136 and 157/8 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Vidarbha v Rajasthan at Nagpur - Nov 16–18, 2004<br /> <br /> Rajasthan 101 and 151; Vidarbha 157 and 96/3<br /> ScorecardVidarbha won by 7 wickets<br /> Bengal v Gujarat at Siliguri - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Bengal 298 and 279/6d; Gujarat 361 and 217/8<br /> ScorecardGujarat won by 2 wickets<br /> Delhi v Railways at Delhi - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Delhi 216 and 395/4; Railways 201<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Haryana v Goa at Gurgaon - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Haryana 293 and 188/6d; Goa 165 and 163<br /> ScorecardHaryana won by 153 runs<br /> Himachal Pradesh v Saurashtra at Dharamsala - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Saurashtra 268 and 153; Himachal Pradesh 140 and 282/6<br /> ScorecardHimachal Pradesh won by 4 wickets<br /> Hyderabad (India) v Maharashtra at Hyderabad - Nov 25–27, 2004<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 231 and 170; Maharashtra 83 and 233<br /> ScorecardHyderabad (India) won by 85 runs<br /> Jharkhand v Jammu &amp; Kashmir at Jamshedpur - Nov 25–27, 2004<br /> <br /> Jammu &amp; Kashmir 79 and 176; Jharkhand 245 and 11/0<br /> ScorecardJharkhand won by 10 wickets<br /> Karnataka v Madhya Pradesh at Bangalore - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Karnataka 619/5d; Madhya Pradesh 422 and 152/6 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Kerala v Orissa at Palakkad - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Kerala 324 and 149/8d; Orissa 334 and 47/3<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Mumbai v Andhra at Mumbai - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Mumbai 515/9d; Andhra 116 and 278 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMumbai won by an innings and 121 runs<br /> Punjab v Baroda at Mohali - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Punjab 175 and 370/4d; Baroda 155 and 280<br /> ScorecardPunjab won by 110 runs<br /> Services v Rajasthan at Delhi - Nov 25–28, 2004<br /> <br /> Rajasthan 290 and 326/5; Services 441/8d<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Uttar Pradesh v Assam at Kanpur - Nov 25–27, 2004<br /> <br /> Assam 184 and 107; Uttar Pradesh 132 and 163/2<br /> ScorecardUttar Pradesh won by 8 wickets<br /> Vidarbha v Tripura at Nagpur - Nov 25–27, 2004<br /> <br /> Tripura 91 and 164; Vidarbha 154 and 102/4<br /> ScorecardVidarbha won by 6 wickets<br /> Assam v Tamil Nadu at Guwahati - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu 485/5d and 224/4; Assam 430<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Bengal v Mumbai at Kolkata - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Mumbai 552/7d; Bengal 239 and 181 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMumbai won by an innings and 132 runs<br /> Delhi v Madhya Pradesh at Delhi - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Delhi 239/9d and 227; Madhya Pradesh 294 and 156/8<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Goa v Vidarbha at Margao - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Goa 371 and 211; Vidarbha 300 and 117<br /> ScorecardGoa won by 165 runs<br /> Gujarat v Railways at Ahmedabad - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Gujarat 384 and 227/5; Railways 200<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Himachal Pradesh v Orissa at Dharamsala - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh 425; Orissa 80 and 302 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardHimachal Pradesh won by an innings and 43 runs<br /> Hyderabad (India) v Baroda at Hyderabad - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 170 and 198; Baroda 93 and 279/5<br /> ScorecardBaroda won by 5 wickets<br /> Jharkhand v Kerala at Jamshedpur - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Kerala 321 and 161; Jharkhand 315 and 16/2<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Karnataka v Andhra at Bangalore - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Andhra 237 and 245; Karnataka 328 and 158/5<br /> ScorecardKarnataka won by 5 wickets<br /> Punjab v Maharashtra at Mohali - Dec 4–6, 2004<br /> <br /> Maharashtra 123 and 205; Punjab 566/4d<br /> ScorecardPunjab won by an innings and 238 runs<br /> Rajasthan v Tripura at Jaipur - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Tripura 108 and 116; Rajasthan 338<br /> ScorecardRajasthan won by an innings and 114 runs<br /> Saurashtra v Jammu &amp; Kashmir at Rajkot - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Jammu &amp; Kashmir 505/9d and 3/0; Saurashtra 596<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Services v Haryana at Delhi - Dec 4–7, 2004<br /> <br /> Haryana 435; Services 185 and 231 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardHaryana won by an innings and 19 runs<br /> Andhra v Bengal at Visakhapatnam - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Bengal 234 and 144; Andhra 188 and 193/6<br /> ScorecardAndhra won by 4 wickets<br /> Delhi v Karnataka at Delhi - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Delhi 427/7d and 115/1d; Karnataka 292 and 201/7<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Himachal Pradesh v Jammu &amp; Kashmir at Dharamsala - Dec 13–15, 2004<br /> <br /> Jammu &amp; Kashmir 93 and 158; Himachal Pradesh 370<br /> ScorecardHimachal Pradesh won by an innings and 119 runs<br /> Hyderabad (India) v Uttar Pradesh at Hyderabad - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 246 and 221; Uttar Pradesh 325 and 120<br /> ScorecardHyderabad (India) won by 22 runs<br /> Jharkhand v Orissa at Jamshedpur - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Orissa 110 and 294; Jharkhand 268 and 137/4<br /> ScorecardJharkhand won by 6 wickets<br /> Kerala v Saurashtra at Palakkad - Dec 13–14, 2004<br /> <br /> Kerala 117 and 114; Saurashtra 260<br /> ScorecardSaurashtra won by an innings and 29 runs<br /> Madhya Pradesh v Railways at Indore - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Railways 373 and 82/4; Madhya Pradesh 207 and 303 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Maharashtra v Assam at Aurangabad - Dec 13–15, 2004<br /> <br /> Assam 201 and 153; Maharashtra 400<br /> ScorecardMaharashtra won by an innings and 46 runs<br /> Mumbai v Gujarat at Mumbai - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Gujarat 232 and 171; Mumbai 467<br /> ScorecardMumbai won by an innings and 64 runs<br /> Rajasthan v Goa at Jaipur - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Goa 198 and 348/9d; Rajasthan 227 and 214/5<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tamil Nadu v Punjab at Chennai - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu 244 and 408/9; Punjab 218<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tripura v Services at Agartala - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Tripura 237 and 196; Services 422 and 14/0<br /> ScorecardServices won by 10 wickets<br /> Vidarbha v Haryana at Nagpur - Dec 13–16, 2004<br /> <br /> Haryana 154 and 230; Vidarbha 57 and 286<br /> ScorecardHaryana won by 41 runs<br /> Andhra v Railways at Anantapur - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Railways 263 and 270/4d; Andhra 202 and 198<br /> ScorecardRailways won by 133 runs<br /> Baroda v Tamil Nadu at Vadodara - Dec 22–24, 2004<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu 152 and 183; Baroda 64 and 272/6<br /> ScorecardBaroda won by 4 wickets<br /> Bengal v Delhi at Kolkata - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Bengal 240 and 232; Delhi 251 and 222/2<br /> ScorecardDelhi won by 8 wickets<br /> Gujarat v Madhya Pradesh at Ahmedabad - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Gujarat 353 and 124/1; Madhya Pradesh 280<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Hyderabad (India) v Punjab at Hyderabad - Dec 22–24, 2004<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 233 and 149; Punjab 105 and 217<br /> ScorecardHyderabad (India) won by 60 runs<br /> Jharkhand v Himachal Pradesh at Jamshedpur - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh 275 and 120; Jharkhand 218 and 155<br /> ScorecardHimachal Pradesh won by 22 runs<br /> Kerala v Jammu &amp; Kashmir at Palakkad - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Kerala 319 and 281/7d; Jammu &amp; Kashmir 140 and 299<br /> ScorecardKerala won by 161 runs<br /> Maharashtra v Uttar Pradesh at Karad - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Maharashtra 394 and 119; Uttar Pradesh 282 and 234/5<br /> ScorecardUttar Pradesh won by 5 wickets<br /> Mumbai v Karnataka at Mumbai - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Mumbai 292 and 264/8d; Karnataka 166 and 185<br /> ScorecardMumbai won by 205 runs<br /> Rajasthan v Haryana at Udaipur - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Rajasthan 301 and 202; Haryana 412 and 92/1<br /> ScorecardHaryana won by 9 wickets<br /> Saurashtra v Orissa at Rajkot - Dec 22–24, 2004<br /> <br /> Saurashtra 160 and 245; Orissa 349 and 59/0<br /> ScorecardOrissa won by 10 wickets<br /> Services v Vidarbha at Delhi - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Vidarbha 184 and 50/1; Services 368<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tripura v Goa at Agartala - Dec 22–25, 2004<br /> <br /> Goa 278 and 190/8; Tripura 211<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Andhra v Gujarat at Visakhapatnam - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Gujarat 420 and 189; Andhra 314 and 222/7<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Baroda v Uttar Pradesh at Vadodara - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Baroda 186 and 283; Uttar Pradesh 124 and 203<br /> ScorecardBaroda won by 142 runs<br /> Bengal v Madhya Pradesh at Kolkata - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Madhya Pradesh 392 and 111/2; Bengal 397<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Hyderabad (India) v Assam at Secunderabad - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 2, 2005<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 340; Assam 158 and 126 (f/o)<br /> ScorecardHyderabad (India) won by an innings and 56 runs<br /> Karnataka v Railways at Bangalore - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Karnataka 194 and 241; Railways 299 and 137/3<br /> ScorecardRailways won by 7 wickets<br /> Mumbai v Delhi at Mumbai - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Delhi 394 and 37/1; Mumbai 600/9d<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Tamil Nadu v Maharashtra at Chennai - Dec 31, 2004 - Jan 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu 277 and 259/8d; Maharashtra 175 and 170<br /> ScorecardTamil Nadu won by 191 runs<br /> Semi Final: Haryana v Jharkhand at Chandigarh - Mar 18–22, 2005<br /> <br /> Haryana 453 and 26/0; Jharkhand 308<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Semi Final: Mumbai v Punjab at Mumbai - Mar 18–21, 2005<br /> <br /> Mumbai 251 and 168; Punjab 126 and 294/7<br /> ScorecardPunjab won by 3 wickets<br /> Semi Final: Himachal Pradesh v Services at Dharamsala - Mar 18–22, 2005<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh 50/1<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> Semi Final: Railways v Hyderabad (India) at Delhi - Mar 18–20, 2005<br /> <br /> Hyderabad (India) 166 and 170; Railways 180 and 160/3<br /> ScorecardRailways won by 7 wickets<br /> Final: Haryana v Services at Gurgaon - Mar 30-Apr 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Haryana 342 and 312/8d; Services 191 and 157<br /> ScorecardHaryana won by 306 runs<br /> Final: Punjab v Railways at Mohali - Mar 30-Apr 3, 2005<br /> <br /> Railways 355 and 471; Punjab 309 and 137/4<br /> ScorecardMatch drawn<br /> <br /> ===Semifinal 1===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 18–22 March 2005<br /> | team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> | team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 166 (57.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]] 92 (171)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]] 4/28 (15 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 180 (59.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Amit Pagnis]] 42 (65)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 5/55 (22 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 170 (84.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Daniel Manohar]] 75 (250)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]] 3/32 (11.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 160/3 (47 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Amit Pagnis]] 98 (141)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 2/58 (18 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Railways won by 7 wickets<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2004-05-135657/railways-vs-hyderabad-india-semi-final-411311/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | umpires = Sameer Bandekar and Suresh Shastri<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Semifinal 2===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 18–22 March 2005<br /> | team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 251 (57.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Amol Mazumdar]] 75 (180)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Gagandeep Singh]] 4/67 (20 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 126 (61.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = Pankaj Dharmani 32 (65)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 4/20 (13 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 168 (64.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = Nishit Shetty 69 (105)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Gagandeep Singh]] 4/51 (17 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 294/7 (100.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Pankaj Dharmani]] 86 (227)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 4/84 (27 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Punjab won by 3 wickets<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2004-05-135657/mumbai-vs-punjab-semi-final-411310/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = Balwant Sharma and Ravi Subramanian<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Final===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 30 March - 3 April 2005<br /> | team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> | team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 355 (120.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Raja Ali]] 80 (193)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vineet Sharma]] 5/91 (28.1 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 309 (120.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Pankaj Dharmani]] 115 (246)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Prakash Yadav]] 5/83 (37.2 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 471 (152.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yere Goud]] 138* (288)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rajesh Sharma (cricketer)|Rajesh Sharma]] 3/142 (44 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 137/4 (47 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravneet Ricky]] 64 (111)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Bangar]] 2/15 (7 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2004-05-135657/punjab-vs-railways-final-411312/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]<br /> | umpires = CR Mohite and MR Singh<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Punjab on the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = Railways won the 2004-05 Ranji Trophy through its first innings lead.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Scorecards and averages==<br /> *[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/Ranji_Trophy_2004-05.html CricketArchive]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2004-05}}<br /> [[Category:2004 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2005 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2004–05]]<br /> [[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_capitalism&diff=448060 2026-02-13T04:10:14Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Page refined with updated information</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Form of capitalism}}<br /> {{For|the specific models in Western and Northern Europe commonly described as welfare capitalism|Rhine capitalism|Nordic model}}<br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Capitalism sidebar|Systems}}<br /> {{Economic systems sidebar}}<br /> '''Welfare capitalism''' is [[capitalism]] that includes social [[welfare spending|welfare]] policies&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/welfare%20capitalism |title=Welfare capitalism – Definition |website=Merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |access-date=2014-04-20}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{better source needed|date=January 2021}} and/or the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or '''industrial paternalism''', was centered on industries that employed [[skilled labor]] and peaked in the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> Today, welfare capitalism is most often associated with the models of capitalism found in Central Mainland and Northern Europe, such as the [[Nordic model]] and [[social market economy]] (also known as Rhine capitalism and social capitalism).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=John |first1=K |last2= |first2= |date=2021 |title=Humanistic economics, a new paradigm for the 21st century |url=https://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue96/Komlos96.pdf |journal=Real-world economics review |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages=184-202 |doi= |access-date=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In some cases welfare capitalism exists within a [[mixed economy]], but [[welfare state]]s can and do exist independently of policies common to mixed economies such as [[state interventionism]] and extensive regulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Sanandaji |first1=N |url=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Sweden%20Paper.pdf |title=The surprising ingredients of Swedish success: free markets and social cohesion |date=2012 |publisher=International Economic Association |access-date=January 15, 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Language==<br /> &quot;Welfare capitalism&quot; or &quot;welfare corporatism&quot; is somewhat neutral language for what, in other contexts, might be framed as &quot;industrial paternalism&quot;, &quot;industrial village&quot;, &quot;[[company town]]&quot;, &quot;representative plan&quot;, &quot;industrial betterment&quot;, or &quot;[[company union]]&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=ACWpreface&amp;gt;{{cite book|author=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|date=1984|isbn=0226071227|id=Preface}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the 19th century, some companies—mostly manufacturers—began offering new benefits for their employees. This began in Britain in the early 19th century and also occurred in other European countries, including France and Germany. These companies sponsored [[sports team]]s, established [[social club]]s, and provided educational and cultural activities for workers. Some offered housing as well. Welfare corporatism in the United States developed during the intense [[Industrial Revolution]] development of 1880 to 1900 which was marked by labor disputes and strikes, many violent.&amp;lt;ref name=ACW1-7&amp;gt;{{cite book|author1=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|date=1976|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226071227|pages=1–7|edition=Paperback edition 1984}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cooperatives and model villages===<br /> [[File:New harmony vision.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Owen]] was a utopian socialist of the early 19th century, who introduced one of the first private systems of philanthropic welfare for his workers at the [[cotton mill]]s of [[New Lanark]]. He embarked on a scheme in [[New Harmony, Indiana]] to create a model cooperative, called the New Moral World, (pictured). [[Owenism|Owenites]] fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place.]]<br /> <br /> One of the first attempts at offering philanthropic welfare to workers was made at the [[New Lanark]] mills in Scotland by the [[social reform]]er [[Robert Owen]]. He became manager and part owner of the mills in 1810, and encouraged by his success in the management of cotton mills in [[Manchester]] (see also [[Quarry Bank Mill]]), he hoped to conduct New Lanark on higher principles and focus less on commercial profit. The general condition of the people was very unsatisfactory. Many of the workers were steeped in theft and drunkenness, and other vices were common; education and sanitation were neglected and most families lived in one room. The respectable country people refused to submit to the long hours and demoralising drudgery of the mills. Many employers also operated the [[truck system]], whereby payment to the workers was made in part or totally by tokens. These tokens had no value outside the mill owner's &quot;truck shop&quot;. The owners were able to supply shoddy goods to the truck shop and charge top prices. A series of &quot;[[Truck Acts]]&quot; (1831–1887) eventually stopped this abuse, by making it an offence not to pay employees in [[legal tender|common currency]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;clayton&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuspAAAAYAAJ |title=Robert Owen: Pioneer of Social Reforms |date=1908 |publisher=A.C. Fifield |location=London |language=en |access-date=13 January 2024 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Owen opened a store where the people could buy goods of sound quality at little more than wholesale cost, and he placed the sale of alcohol under strict supervision. He sold quality goods and passed on the savings from the bulk purchase of goods to the workers. These principles became the basis for the [[cooperative store]]s in Britain that continue to operate today. Owen's schemes involved considerable expense, which displeased his partners. Tired of the restrictions on his actions, Owen bought them out in 1813. New Lanark soon became celebrated throughout Europe, with many leading royals, statesmen and reformers visiting the mills. They were astonished to find a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owen's philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an industrial enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village's excellent housing and amenities, and the accounts showing the profitability of the mills.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=A. L. |last2= |first2= |date=1962 |title=The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen |url= |journal=Lawrence &amp;amp; Wishart |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Owen and the French socialist [[Henri de Saint-Simon]] were the fathers of the [[utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] movement; they believed that the ills of industrial work relations could be removed by the establishment of small cooperative communities. Boarding houses were built near the factories for the workers' accommodation. These so-called [[model village]]s were envisioned as a self-contained community for the factory workers. Although the villages were located close to industrial sites, they were generally physically separated from them and generally consisted of relatively high quality housing, with integrated community amenities and attractive physical environments.<br /> <br /> The first such villages were built in the late 18th century, and they proliferated in England in the early 19th century with the establishment of [[Trowse]], [[Norfolk]] in 1805 and [[Blaise Hamlet]], [[Bristol]] in 1811. In America, boarding houses were built for textile workers in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], [[Massachusetts]] in the 1820s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Reader's Companion to American History|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.|location=Boston|author=Barbara Tucker|author-link=|editor=Eric Foner and John Garraty|page=1068}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The motive behind these offerings was paternalistic—owners were providing for workers in ways they felt was good for them. These programs did not address the problems of long work hours, unsafe conditions, and employment insecurity that plagued industrial workers during that period, however. Indeed, employers who provided housing in company towns (communities established by employers where stores and housing were run by companies) often faced resentment from workers who chafed at the control owners had over their housing and commercial opportunities. A noted example was [[Pullman, Illinois]]—a site of a strike that destroyed the town in 1894. During these years, disputes between employers and workers often turned violent and led to government intervention.<br /> <br /> ===Welfare as a business model===<br /> [[Image:Packing room, Bournville - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Cadbury's|Cadbury factory]] at [[Bournville]], {{Circa|1903}}, where workers worked in conditions that were very good for the time]]<br /> In the early years of the 20th century, business leaders began embracing a different approach.&amp;lt;ref name=Gilman/&amp;gt; The [[Cadbury family]] of philanthropists and business entrepreneurs set up the model village at [[Bournville]], England in 1879 for their chocolate making factory. Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury pioneered [[pension]] schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service. By 1900, the estate included 313 '[[Arts and Crafts]]' cottages and houses; traditional in design but with large gardens and modern interiors, they were designed by the resident [[architect]] [[William Alexander Harvey]].<br /> <br /> The Cadburys were also concerned with the health and fitness of their workforce, incorporating park and recreation areas into the Bournville village plans and encouraging [[human swimming|swimming]], [[walking]] and indeed all forms of outdoor sports.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal| last= Tolman | first= W. H. | title= A &quot;Trust&quot; For Social Betterment | journal= The World's Work | volume = II | issue= 3 | pages= 924–28 | publisher= Doubleday, Page &amp;amp; Co. | location= New York, NY |date=July 1901 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&amp;amp;pg=PA924 | access-date = 29 April 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the early 1920s, extensive [[Association football|football]] and [[field hockey|hockey]] pitches were opened together with a grassed running track. Rowheath Pavilion served as the clubhouse and changing rooms for the acres of sports playing fields, several bowling greens, a fishing lake and an outdoor swimming lido, a natural mineral spring forming the source for the [[lido (swimming pool)|lido]]'s healthy waters. The whole area was specifically for the benefit of the Cadbury workers and their families with no charges for the use of any of the sporting facilities by Cadbury employees or their families.<br /> <br /> [[File:Houses on Greendale Avenue, Port Sunlight.jpg|thumb|left|An example of the workers' housing at [[Port Sunlight]], built by the [[Lever Brothers]] in 1888]]<br /> [[Port Sunlight]] in [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]], England was built by the [[Lever Brothers]] to accommodate workers in its soap factory in 1888. By 1914, the model village could house a population of 3,500. The garden village had allotments and public buildings including the [[Lady Lever Art Gallery]], a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool, church, and a [[Temperance movement|temperance]] hotel. Lever introduced welfare schemes, and provided for the education and entertainment of his workforce, encouraging recreation and organisations which promoted art, literature, science or music.<br /> <br /> Lever's aims were &quot;to socialise and Christianise business relations and get back to that close family brotherhood that existed in the good old days of hand labour.&quot; He claimed that Port Sunlight was an exercise in [[profit sharing]], but rather than share profits directly, he invested them in the village. He said, &quot;It would not do you much good if you send it down your throats in the form of bottles of whisky, bags of sweets, or fat geese at Christmas. On the other hand, if you leave the money with me, I shall use it to provide for you everything that makes life pleasant—nice houses, comfortable homes, and healthy recreation.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation|url=http://www.dta.org.uk/resources/history/historycontentsummary/industrial/|title=William Hesketh Lever: Port Sunlight and Port Fishlight|publisher=Development Trust Association|access-date=17 November 2007|archive-date=9 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209151202/http://www.dta.org.uk/resources/history/historycontentsummary/industrial/|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Seaside Institute.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Seaside Institute]], designed by [[Warren R. Briggs]] in 1887 for the benefit of the female employees of the [[Warner Brothers Corset Company]]]]<br /> In America in the early 20th century, businessmen like [[George F. Johnson]] and [[Endicott, New York|Henry B. Endicott]] began to seek new relations with their labor by offering the workers wage incentives and other benefits. The point was to increase productivity by creating good will with employees. When [[Henry Ford]] introduced his $5-a-day pay rate in 1914 (when most workers made $11 a week), his goal was to reduce turnover and build a long-term loyal labor force that would have higher productivity.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Reader's Companion to American History|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.|location=Boston|author=John Steele Gordon|author-link=John Steele Gordon|editor=Eric Foner and John Garraty|page=410}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Turnover in manufacturing plants in the U.S. from 1910 to 1919 averaged 100%. Wage incentives and internal promotion opportunities were intended to encourage good attendance and loyalty.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/170 170]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This would reduce turnover and improve productivity. The combination of high pay, high efficiency and cheap consumer goods was known as [[Fordism]], and was widely discussed throughout the world.<br /> <br /> Led by the railroads and the largest industrial corporations such as the [[Pullman Car Company]], [[Standard Oil]], [[International Harvester]], [[Ford Motor Company]] and [[United States Steel]], businesses provided numerous services to its employees, including paid vacations, medical benefits, pensions, recreational facilities, sex education and the like. The railroads, in order to provide places for itinerant trainmen to rest, strongly supported [[YMCA]] hotels, and built railroad YMCAs. The Pullman Car Company built an entire model town, [[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman, Illinois]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ACW10–19&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author1=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|date=1976|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226071227|pages=10–19|edition=Paperback edition 1984}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Seaside Institute]] is an example of a social club built for the particular benefit of women workers.&amp;lt;ref name=Gilman&amp;gt;{{cite book |author=Nicholas Paine Gilman |title=A Dividend to Labor: A Study of Employers' Welfare Institutions |year=1899 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog/page/n74 66]–67, 124–25, 177–78 262–64 | url=https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Most of these programs proliferated after World War I—in the 1920s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/164 164]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The economic upheaval of the Great Depression in the 1930s brought many of these programs to a halt. Employers cut cultural activities and stopped building recreational facilities as they struggled to stay solvent. It wasn't until after World War II that many of these programs reappeared—and expanded to include more blue-collar workers. Since this time, programs like on-site child care and substance abuse treatment have waxed and waned in use/popularity, but other welfare capitalism components remain. Indeed, in the U.S., the health care system is largely built around employer-sponsored plans.<br /> <br /> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Germany and Britain created &quot;[[Social safety net|safety net]]s&quot; for their citizens, including public welfare and [[unemployment insurance]]. These government-operated welfare systems is the sense in which the term 'welfare capitalism' is generally understood today.<br /> <br /> ==Modern welfare capitalism==<br /> The 19th century German economist, [[Gustav von Schmoller]], defined welfare capitalism as government provision for the welfare of workers and the public via social legislation. {{Citation needed|date=May 2023|reason=Schmoller seemed to oppose state provided welfare https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/gustav-von-schmoller-and-adolph-wagner/15985104 }} Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand are regions noted for their [[welfare state]] provisions, though other countries have publicly financed [[universal healthcare]] and other elements of the welfare state as well.<br /> <br /> [[File:Medical Care Card USA Sample.JPG|thumb|right|A sample [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] card]]<br /> Esping-Andersen categorised three different traditions of [[welfare state|welfare provision]] in his 1990 book ''The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism''; [[social democracy]], [[Christian democracy]] (conservatism) and [[liberalism]]. Though increasingly criticised, these classifications remain the most commonly used in distinguishing types of modern welfare states, and offer a solid starting point in such analysis.<br /> <br /> ===In Europe===<br /> [[Image:VW Wolfsburg.JPG|thumb|The [[Volkswagen]] factory in [[Wolfsburg]]]]<br /> <br /> European welfare capitalism is typically endorsed by [[Christian democrat]]s and [[social democrat]]s. In contrast to [[social welfare]] provisions found in other industrialized countries (especially countries with the [[Anglo-Saxon model]] of capitalism), European welfare states provide universal services that benefit all citizens (social democratic welfare state) as opposed to a minimalist model that only caters to the needs of the poor.<br /> <br /> In Northern European countries, welfare capitalism is often combined with [[social corporatism]] and national-level [[collective bargaining]] arrangements aimed at balancing the power between labor and business. The most prominent example of this system is the [[Nordic model]], which features free and open markets with limited regulation, high concentrations of private ownership in industry, and tax-funded universal welfare benefits for all citizens.<br /> <br /> An alternative model of welfare exists in Continental European countries, known as the [[social market economy]] or [[German model]], which includes a greater role for government interventionism into the macro-economy but features a less generous welfare state than is found in the Nordic countries.<br /> <br /> In France, the welfare state exists alongside a [[Dirigisme|dirigiste]] mixed economy.<br /> <br /> ===In the United States===<br /> Welfare capitalism in the United States refers to [[industrial relations]] policies of large, usually non-unionised, companies that have developed internal welfare systems for their employees.&amp;lt;ref name=oxford&amp;gt;Oxford Reference Online&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Welfare capitalism first developed in the United States in the 1880s and gained prominence in the 1920s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tone, Andrea. ''The Business of Benevolence: Industrial Paternalism in Progressive America''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Promoted by business leaders during a period marked by widespread economic insecurity, social reform activism, and labor unrest, it was based on the idea that Americans should look not to the government or to labor unions but to the workplace benefits provided by private-sector employers for protection against the fluctuations of the market economy.&amp;lt;ref name=oconnor/&amp;gt; Companies employed these types of welfare policies to encourage worker loyalty, productivity and dedication. Owners feared government intrusion in the [[Progressive Era]], and labor uprisings from 1917 to 1919—including strikes against &quot;benevolent&quot; employers—showed the limits of paternalistic efforts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/160 160]–61}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For owners, the corporation was the most responsible social institution and it was better suited, in their minds, to promoting the welfare of employees than government.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/181 181]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Welfare capitalism was their way of heading off unions, communism, and government regulation.<br /> <br /> The benefits offered by welfare capitalist employers were often inconsistent and varied widely from firm to firm. They included minimal benefits such as [[cafeteria plan]]s, company-sponsored sports teams, lunchrooms and water fountains in plants, and company newsletters/magazines—as well as more extensive plans providing retirement benefits, health care, and employee profit-sharing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gordon, Colin. ''New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Examples of companies that have practiced welfare capitalism include [[Kodak]], [[Sears]], [[IBM]] and [[Facebook]] with the main elements of the employment system in these companies including permanent employment, internal labor markets, extensive security and fringe benefits, and sophisticated communications and employee involvement.&amp;lt;ref name=oxford/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, the philosophy of maximizing [[shareholder value]] became dominant, and [[defined contribution plan]]s such as [[401(k)]]s, replaced guaranteed pensions. The average duration of employment at the same firm also decreased significantly.<br /> <br /> ==Anti-unionism==<br /> Welfare capitalism was also used as a way to resist government regulation of markets, independent labor union organizing, and the emergence of a welfare state. Welfare capitalists went to great lengths to quash independent [[trade union]] organizing, [[strike action|strikes]], and other expressions of labor collectivism—through a combination of violent suppression, worker sanctions, and benefits in exchange for loyalty.&amp;lt;ref name=oconnor&amp;gt;O'Connor, Alice. &quot;Welfare Capitalism.&quot; Dictionary of American History. The Gale Group Inc. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 3 Oct. 2009&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Also, employee stock-ownership programs meant to tie workers to the success of companies (and accordingly to management). Workers would then be actual partners with owners—and capitalists themselves. Owners intended these programs to ward off the threat of &quot;Bolshevism&quot; and undermine the appeal of unions.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/175 175]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The least popular of the welfare capitalism programs were the company unions created to stave off labor activism. By offering employees a say in company policies and practices and a means for appealing disputes internally, employers hoped to reduce the lure of unions. They called these employee representation plans &quot;[[industrial democracy]].&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/171 171]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Efficacy==<br /> In the end, welfare capitalism programs benefited [[white-collar worker]]s far more than those on the [[factory]] floor in the early 20th century. The average annual bonus payouts at [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] from 1929 to 1931 were approximately $2,500,000; however, in 1929, $1,623,753 of that went to the president of the company.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|title=Peace in Bethlehem|journal=The Literary Digest|date=August 1, 1931|page=46}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mickelsen|first=Gunnar|title=The Kohler Myth Dies|journal=The Nation|date=September 2, 1934|volume=139|pages=187–88}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Real wages for unskilled and low-skilled workers grew little in the 1920s, while long hours in unsafe conditions continued to be the norm. Further, employment instability due to [[layoff]]s remained a reality of work life. Welfare capitalism programs rarely worked as intended, company unions only reinforced that authority of management over the terms of employment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/186 186]–87}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Wage incentives (merit raises and bonuses) often led to a speed-up in production for factory lines.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/192 192]–93}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As much as these programs meant to encourage loyalty to the company, this effort was often undermined by continued layoffs and frustrations with working conditions. [[Employee]]s soured on employee representation plans and cultural activities, but they were eager for opportunities to improve their pay with good work and attendance and to gain benefits like medical care. These programs gave workers new expectations for their employers. They were often disappointed in the execution of them but supported their aims.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/206 206]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The post-[[World War II]] era saw an expansion of these programs for all workers, and today, these benefits remain part of employment relations in many countries. Recently, however, there has been a trend away from this form of welfare capitalism, as corporations have reduced the portion of compensation paid with health care, and shifted from defined benefit pensions to employee-funded defined contribution plans.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Business|Politics}}<br /> * [[Binary economics]]<br /> * [[Community capitalism]]<br /> * [[Corporate social responsibility]]<br /> * [[Creating shared value]]<br /> * [[Criticisms of welfare]]<br /> * [[Humanistic capitalism]]<br /> * [[Inclusive capitalism]]<br /> * [[Inclusive growth]]<br /> * [[Involuntary unemployment]]<br /> * [[Neo-Capitalism]]<br /> * [[Redwashing]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Arts |first1=Wil |last2=John |first2=Gelissen |date=2002 |title=Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or More? A State-of-the-art report |url= |journal=Journal of European Social Policy) |volume=12 (2) |issue= |publisher=137–58 |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Brandes |first1=Stuart D. |last2= |first2= |date=1976 |title=American Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1940 |url= |volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=Margaret |last2= |first2= |date=1996 |title=Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns |url= |journal= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |last2=Scheurell |first2=Robert P. |date=2002 |title=The State of Social Welfare: The Twentieth Century in Cross-National Review |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Praeger |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Ebbinghaus |first1=Bernhard |last2=Manow |first2=Philip |date=2001 |title=Comparing Welfare Capitalism: Social Policy and Political Economy in Europe, Japan and the USA |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Esping-Andersen |first1=Gosta |last2= |first2= |date=1985 |title=Politics against markets |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Esping-Andersen |first1=Gosta |date=1990 |title=The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Ferragina |first1=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=2011 |title=Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures? |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 |journal=Policy &amp;amp; Politics |volume=39 (4) |issue= |publisher= |pages=583–611 |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Derek |date=2003 |title=The Evolution of the British Welfare State: A History of the British Welfare State |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Nicholas Paine |title=A Dividend to Labor: A Study of Employers' Welfare Institutions |year=1899 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company | url=https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Hicks |first1=Alexander |date=1999 |title=Social Democracy &amp;amp; Welfare Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=[[Sanford M. Jacoby|Jacoby, Sanford M.]] |date=1997 |title=Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism since the New Deal |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Korpi |first1=Walter |date=1983 |title=The Democratic Class Struggle |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=Alice |date=2009 |title=Welfare Capitalism.&quot; Dictionary of American History |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=The Gale Group Inc. Encyclopedia.com|pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Ramesh |first1=M |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Welfare Capitalism in East Asia: Social Policy in the Tiger Economies |url= |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |volume=35 |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Kuhnle |date=2000 |title=Survival of the European Welfare State |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Stephens |first1=John D. |date=1979 |title=The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Tone |first1=Andrea |date=1997 |title=The Business of Benevolence: Industrial Paternalism in Progressive America|url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Tratter |first1=Walter I. |date=1994 |title=From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Kesbergen |first1=Van |date=1995 |title=Social Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book| title=The End of Loyalty: The Rise and Fall of Good Jobs in America |year=2017 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1586489144}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Capitalism]]<br /> [[Category:Economic ideologies]]<br /> [[Category:Welfare]]<br /> [[Category:Industrial relations]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_capitalism&diff=447990 2026-02-13T04:10:14Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Page refined with updated information</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Form of capitalism}}<br /> {{For|the specific models in Western and Northern Europe commonly described as welfare capitalism|Rhine capitalism|Nordic model}}<br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Capitalism sidebar|Systems}}<br /> {{Economic systems sidebar}}<br /> '''Welfare capitalism''' is [[capitalism]] that includes social [[welfare spending|welfare]] policies&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/welfare%20capitalism |title=Welfare capitalism – Definition |website=Merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |access-date=2014-04-20}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{better source needed|date=January 2021}} and/or the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or '''industrial paternalism''', was centered on industries that employed [[skilled labor]] and peaked in the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> Today, welfare capitalism is most often associated with the models of capitalism found in Central Mainland and Northern Europe, such as the [[Nordic model]] and [[social market economy]] (also known as Rhine capitalism and social capitalism).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=John |first1=K |last2= |first2= |date=2021 |title=Humanistic economics, a new paradigm for the 21st century |url=https://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue96/Komlos96.pdf |journal=Real-world economics review |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages=184-202 |doi= |access-date=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In some cases welfare capitalism exists within a [[mixed economy]], but [[welfare state]]s can and do exist independently of policies common to mixed economies such as [[state interventionism]] and extensive regulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Sanandaji |first1=N |url=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Sweden%20Paper.pdf |title=The surprising ingredients of Swedish success: free markets and social cohesion |date=2012 |publisher=International Economic Association |access-date=January 15, 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Language==<br /> &quot;Welfare capitalism&quot; or &quot;welfare corporatism&quot; is somewhat neutral language for what, in other contexts, might be framed as &quot;industrial paternalism&quot;, &quot;industrial village&quot;, &quot;[[company town]]&quot;, &quot;representative plan&quot;, &quot;industrial betterment&quot;, or &quot;[[company union]]&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=ACWpreface&amp;gt;{{cite book|author=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|date=1984|isbn=0226071227|id=Preface}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the 19th century, some companies—mostly manufacturers—began offering new benefits for their employees. This began in Britain in the early 19th century and also occurred in other European countries, including France and Germany. These companies sponsored [[sports team]]s, established [[social club]]s, and provided educational and cultural activities for workers. Some offered housing as well. Welfare corporatism in the United States developed during the intense [[Industrial Revolution]] development of 1880 to 1900 which was marked by labor disputes and strikes, many violent.&amp;lt;ref name=ACW1-7&amp;gt;{{cite book|author1=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|date=1976|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226071227|pages=1–7|edition=Paperback edition 1984}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cooperatives and model villages===<br /> [[File:New harmony vision.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Owen]] was a utopian socialist of the early 19th century, who introduced one of the first private systems of philanthropic welfare for his workers at the [[cotton mill]]s of [[New Lanark]]. He embarked on a scheme in [[New Harmony, Indiana]] to create a model cooperative, called the New Moral World, (pictured). [[Owenism|Owenites]] fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place.]]<br /> <br /> One of the first attempts at offering philanthropic welfare to workers was made at the [[New Lanark]] mills in Scotland by the [[social reform]]er [[Robert Owen]]. He became manager and part owner of the mills in 1810, and encouraged by his success in the management of cotton mills in [[Manchester]] (see also [[Quarry Bank Mill]]), he hoped to conduct New Lanark on higher principles and focus less on commercial profit. The general condition of the people was very unsatisfactory. Many of the workers were steeped in theft and drunkenness, and other vices were common; education and sanitation were neglected and most families lived in one room. The respectable country people refused to submit to the long hours and demoralising drudgery of the mills. Many employers also operated the [[truck system]], whereby payment to the workers was made in part or totally by tokens. These tokens had no value outside the mill owner's &quot;truck shop&quot;. The owners were able to supply shoddy goods to the truck shop and charge top prices. A series of &quot;[[Truck Acts]]&quot; (1831–1887) eventually stopped this abuse, by making it an offence not to pay employees in [[legal tender|common currency]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;clayton&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuspAAAAYAAJ |title=Robert Owen: Pioneer of Social Reforms |date=1908 |publisher=A.C. Fifield |location=London |language=en |access-date=13 January 2024 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Owen opened a store where the people could buy goods of sound quality at little more than wholesale cost, and he placed the sale of alcohol under strict supervision. He sold quality goods and passed on the savings from the bulk purchase of goods to the workers. These principles became the basis for the [[cooperative store]]s in Britain that continue to operate today. Owen's schemes involved considerable expense, which displeased his partners. Tired of the restrictions on his actions, Owen bought them out in 1813. New Lanark soon became celebrated throughout Europe, with many leading royals, statesmen and reformers visiting the mills. They were astonished to find a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owen's philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an industrial enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village's excellent housing and amenities, and the accounts showing the profitability of the mills.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=A. L. |last2= |first2= |date=1962 |title=The Life and Ideas of Robert Owen |url= |journal=Lawrence &amp;amp; Wishart |volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Owen and the French socialist [[Henri de Saint-Simon]] were the fathers of the [[utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] movement; they believed that the ills of industrial work relations could be removed by the establishment of small cooperative communities. Boarding houses were built near the factories for the workers' accommodation. These so-called [[model village]]s were envisioned as a self-contained community for the factory workers. Although the villages were located close to industrial sites, they were generally physically separated from them and generally consisted of relatively high quality housing, with integrated community amenities and attractive physical environments.<br /> <br /> The first such villages were built in the late 18th century, and they proliferated in England in the early 19th century with the establishment of [[Trowse]], [[Norfolk]] in 1805 and [[Blaise Hamlet]], [[Bristol]] in 1811. In America, boarding houses were built for textile workers in [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], [[Massachusetts]] in the 1820s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Reader's Companion to American History|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.|location=Boston|author=Barbara Tucker|author-link=|editor=Eric Foner and John Garraty|page=1068}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The motive behind these offerings was paternalistic—owners were providing for workers in ways they felt was good for them. These programs did not address the problems of long work hours, unsafe conditions, and employment insecurity that plagued industrial workers during that period, however. Indeed, employers who provided housing in company towns (communities established by employers where stores and housing were run by companies) often faced resentment from workers who chafed at the control owners had over their housing and commercial opportunities. A noted example was [[Pullman, Illinois]]—a site of a strike that destroyed the town in 1894. During these years, disputes between employers and workers often turned violent and led to government intervention.<br /> <br /> ===Welfare as a business model===<br /> [[Image:Packing room, Bournville - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|thumbnail|right|The [[Cadbury's|Cadbury factory]] at [[Bournville]], {{Circa|1903}}, where workers worked in conditions that were very good for the time]]<br /> In the early years of the 20th century, business leaders began embracing a different approach.&amp;lt;ref name=Gilman/&amp;gt; The [[Cadbury family]] of philanthropists and business entrepreneurs set up the model village at [[Bournville]], England in 1879 for their chocolate making factory. Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury pioneered [[pension]] schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service. By 1900, the estate included 313 '[[Arts and Crafts]]' cottages and houses; traditional in design but with large gardens and modern interiors, they were designed by the resident [[architect]] [[William Alexander Harvey]].<br /> <br /> The Cadburys were also concerned with the health and fitness of their workforce, incorporating park and recreation areas into the Bournville village plans and encouraging [[human swimming|swimming]], [[walking]] and indeed all forms of outdoor sports.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal| last= Tolman | first= W. H. | title= A &quot;Trust&quot; For Social Betterment | journal= The World's Work | volume = II | issue= 3 | pages= 924–28 | publisher= Doubleday, Page &amp;amp; Co. | location= New York, NY |date=July 1901 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IF6tNZnhO7wC&amp;amp;pg=PA924 | access-date = 29 April 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the early 1920s, extensive [[Association football|football]] and [[field hockey|hockey]] pitches were opened together with a grassed running track. Rowheath Pavilion served as the clubhouse and changing rooms for the acres of sports playing fields, several bowling greens, a fishing lake and an outdoor swimming lido, a natural mineral spring forming the source for the [[lido (swimming pool)|lido]]'s healthy waters. The whole area was specifically for the benefit of the Cadbury workers and their families with no charges for the use of any of the sporting facilities by Cadbury employees or their families.<br /> <br /> [[File:Houses on Greendale Avenue, Port Sunlight.jpg|thumb|left|An example of the workers' housing at [[Port Sunlight]], built by the [[Lever Brothers]] in 1888]]<br /> [[Port Sunlight]] in [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]], England was built by the [[Lever Brothers]] to accommodate workers in its soap factory in 1888. By 1914, the model village could house a population of 3,500. The garden village had allotments and public buildings including the [[Lady Lever Art Gallery]], a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool, church, and a [[Temperance movement|temperance]] hotel. Lever introduced welfare schemes, and provided for the education and entertainment of his workforce, encouraging recreation and organisations which promoted art, literature, science or music.<br /> <br /> Lever's aims were &quot;to socialise and Christianise business relations and get back to that close family brotherhood that existed in the good old days of hand labour.&quot; He claimed that Port Sunlight was an exercise in [[profit sharing]], but rather than share profits directly, he invested them in the village. He said, &quot;It would not do you much good if you send it down your throats in the form of bottles of whisky, bags of sweets, or fat geese at Christmas. On the other hand, if you leave the money with me, I shall use it to provide for you everything that makes life pleasant—nice houses, comfortable homes, and healthy recreation.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{citation|url=http://www.dta.org.uk/resources/history/historycontentsummary/industrial/|title=William Hesketh Lever: Port Sunlight and Port Fishlight|publisher=Development Trust Association|access-date=17 November 2007|archive-date=9 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209151202/http://www.dta.org.uk/resources/history/historycontentsummary/industrial/|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Seaside Institute.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Seaside Institute]], designed by [[Warren R. Briggs]] in 1887 for the benefit of the female employees of the [[Warner Brothers Corset Company]]]]<br /> In America in the early 20th century, businessmen like [[George F. Johnson]] and [[Endicott, New York|Henry B. Endicott]] began to seek new relations with their labor by offering the workers wage incentives and other benefits. The point was to increase productivity by creating good will with employees. When [[Henry Ford]] introduced his $5-a-day pay rate in 1914 (when most workers made $11 a week), his goal was to reduce turnover and build a long-term loyal labor force that would have higher productivity.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Reader's Companion to American History|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co.|location=Boston|author=John Steele Gordon|author-link=John Steele Gordon|editor=Eric Foner and John Garraty|page=410}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Turnover in manufacturing plants in the U.S. from 1910 to 1919 averaged 100%. Wage incentives and internal promotion opportunities were intended to encourage good attendance and loyalty.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/170 170]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This would reduce turnover and improve productivity. The combination of high pay, high efficiency and cheap consumer goods was known as [[Fordism]], and was widely discussed throughout the world.<br /> <br /> Led by the railroads and the largest industrial corporations such as the [[Pullman Car Company]], [[Standard Oil]], [[International Harvester]], [[Ford Motor Company]] and [[United States Steel]], businesses provided numerous services to its employees, including paid vacations, medical benefits, pensions, recreational facilities, sex education and the like. The railroads, in order to provide places for itinerant trainmen to rest, strongly supported [[YMCA]] hotels, and built railroad YMCAs. The Pullman Car Company built an entire model town, [[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman, Illinois]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ACW10–19&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author1=Stuart D. Brandes|title=American Welfare Corporatism, 1880–1940|date=1976|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226071227|pages=10–19|edition=Paperback edition 1984}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[Seaside Institute]] is an example of a social club built for the particular benefit of women workers.&amp;lt;ref name=Gilman&amp;gt;{{cite book |author=Nicholas Paine Gilman |title=A Dividend to Labor: A Study of Employers' Welfare Institutions |year=1899 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog/page/n74 66]–67, 124–25, 177–78 262–64 | url=https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Most of these programs proliferated after World War I—in the 1920s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/164 164]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The economic upheaval of the Great Depression in the 1930s brought many of these programs to a halt. Employers cut cultural activities and stopped building recreational facilities as they struggled to stay solvent. It wasn't until after World War II that many of these programs reappeared—and expanded to include more blue-collar workers. Since this time, programs like on-site child care and substance abuse treatment have waxed and waned in use/popularity, but other welfare capitalism components remain. Indeed, in the U.S., the health care system is largely built around employer-sponsored plans.<br /> <br /> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Germany and Britain created &quot;[[Social safety net|safety net]]s&quot; for their citizens, including public welfare and [[unemployment insurance]]. These government-operated welfare systems is the sense in which the term 'welfare capitalism' is generally understood today.<br /> <br /> ==Modern welfare capitalism==<br /> The 19th century German economist, [[Gustav von Schmoller]], defined welfare capitalism as government provision for the welfare of workers and the public via social legislation. {{Citation needed|date=May 2023|reason=Schmoller seemed to oppose state provided welfare https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/gustav-von-schmoller-and-adolph-wagner/15985104 }} Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand are regions noted for their [[welfare state]] provisions, though other countries have publicly financed [[universal healthcare]] and other elements of the welfare state as well.<br /> <br /> [[File:Medical Care Card USA Sample.JPG|thumb|right|A sample [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] card]]<br /> Esping-Andersen categorised three different traditions of [[welfare state|welfare provision]] in his 1990 book ''The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism''; [[social democracy]], [[Christian democracy]] (conservatism) and [[liberalism]]. Though increasingly criticised, these classifications remain the most commonly used in distinguishing types of modern welfare states, and offer a solid starting point in such analysis.<br /> <br /> ===In Europe===<br /> [[Image:VW Wolfsburg.JPG|thumb|The [[Volkswagen]] factory in [[Wolfsburg]]]]<br /> <br /> European welfare capitalism is typically endorsed by [[Christian democrat]]s and [[social democrat]]s. In contrast to [[social welfare]] provisions found in other industrialized countries (especially countries with the [[Anglo-Saxon model]] of capitalism), European welfare states provide universal services that benefit all citizens (social democratic welfare state) as opposed to a minimalist model that only caters to the needs of the poor.<br /> <br /> In Northern European countries, welfare capitalism is often combined with [[social corporatism]] and national-level [[collective bargaining]] arrangements aimed at balancing the power between labor and business. The most prominent example of this system is the [[Nordic model]], which features free and open markets with limited regulation, high concentrations of private ownership in industry, and tax-funded universal welfare benefits for all citizens.<br /> <br /> An alternative model of welfare exists in Continental European countries, known as the [[social market economy]] or [[German model]], which includes a greater role for government interventionism into the macro-economy but features a less generous welfare state than is found in the Nordic countries.<br /> <br /> In France, the welfare state exists alongside a [[Dirigisme|dirigiste]] mixed economy.<br /> <br /> ===In the United States===<br /> Welfare capitalism in the United States refers to [[industrial relations]] policies of large, usually non-unionised, companies that have developed internal welfare systems for their employees.&amp;lt;ref name=oxford&amp;gt;Oxford Reference Online&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Welfare capitalism first developed in the United States in the 1880s and gained prominence in the 1920s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tone, Andrea. ''The Business of Benevolence: Industrial Paternalism in Progressive America''. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Promoted by business leaders during a period marked by widespread economic insecurity, social reform activism, and labor unrest, it was based on the idea that Americans should look not to the government or to labor unions but to the workplace benefits provided by private-sector employers for protection against the fluctuations of the market economy.&amp;lt;ref name=oconnor/&amp;gt; Companies employed these types of welfare policies to encourage worker loyalty, productivity and dedication. Owners feared government intrusion in the [[Progressive Era]], and labor uprisings from 1917 to 1919—including strikes against &quot;benevolent&quot; employers—showed the limits of paternalistic efforts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/160 160]–61}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For owners, the corporation was the most responsible social institution and it was better suited, in their minds, to promoting the welfare of employees than government.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/181 181]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Welfare capitalism was their way of heading off unions, communism, and government regulation.<br /> <br /> The benefits offered by welfare capitalist employers were often inconsistent and varied widely from firm to firm. They included minimal benefits such as [[cafeteria plan]]s, company-sponsored sports teams, lunchrooms and water fountains in plants, and company newsletters/magazines—as well as more extensive plans providing retirement benefits, health care, and employee profit-sharing.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gordon, Colin. ''New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Examples of companies that have practiced welfare capitalism include [[Kodak]], [[Sears]], [[IBM]] and [[Facebook]] with the main elements of the employment system in these companies including permanent employment, internal labor markets, extensive security and fringe benefits, and sophisticated communications and employee involvement.&amp;lt;ref name=oxford/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, the philosophy of maximizing [[shareholder value]] became dominant, and [[defined contribution plan]]s such as [[401(k)]]s, replaced guaranteed pensions. The average duration of employment at the same firm also decreased significantly.<br /> <br /> ==Anti-unionism==<br /> Welfare capitalism was also used as a way to resist government regulation of markets, independent labor union organizing, and the emergence of a welfare state. Welfare capitalists went to great lengths to quash independent [[trade union]] organizing, [[strike action|strikes]], and other expressions of labor collectivism—through a combination of violent suppression, worker sanctions, and benefits in exchange for loyalty.&amp;lt;ref name=oconnor&amp;gt;O'Connor, Alice. &quot;Welfare Capitalism.&quot; Dictionary of American History. The Gale Group Inc. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 3 Oct. 2009&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Also, employee stock-ownership programs meant to tie workers to the success of companies (and accordingly to management). Workers would then be actual partners with owners—and capitalists themselves. Owners intended these programs to ward off the threat of &quot;Bolshevism&quot; and undermine the appeal of unions.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/175 175]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The least popular of the welfare capitalism programs were the company unions created to stave off labor activism. By offering employees a say in company policies and practices and a means for appealing disputes internally, employers hoped to reduce the lure of unions. They called these employee representation plans &quot;[[industrial democracy]].&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/171 171]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Efficacy==<br /> In the end, welfare capitalism programs benefited [[white-collar worker]]s far more than those on the [[factory]] floor in the early 20th century. The average annual bonus payouts at [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] from 1929 to 1931 were approximately $2,500,000; however, in 1929, $1,623,753 of that went to the president of the company.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|title=Peace in Bethlehem|journal=The Literary Digest|date=August 1, 1931|page=46}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mickelsen|first=Gunnar|title=The Kohler Myth Dies|journal=The Nation|date=September 2, 1934|volume=139|pages=187–88}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Real wages for unskilled and low-skilled workers grew little in the 1920s, while long hours in unsafe conditions continued to be the norm. Further, employment instability due to [[layoff]]s remained a reality of work life. Welfare capitalism programs rarely worked as intended, company unions only reinforced that authority of management over the terms of employment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/186 186]–87}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Wage incentives (merit raises and bonuses) often led to a speed-up in production for factory lines.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/192 192]–93}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As much as these programs meant to encourage loyalty to the company, this effort was often undermined by continued layoffs and frustrations with working conditions. [[Employee]]s soured on employee representation plans and cultural activities, but they were eager for opportunities to improve their pay with good work and attendance and to gain benefits like medical care. These programs gave workers new expectations for their employers. They were often disappointed in the execution of them but supported their aims.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lizabeth|title=Making a New Deal|url=https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe|url-access=limited|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingnewdealind0000cohe/page/206 206]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The post-[[World War II]] era saw an expansion of these programs for all workers, and today, these benefits remain part of employment relations in many countries. Recently, however, there has been a trend away from this form of welfare capitalism, as corporations have reduced the portion of compensation paid with health care, and shifted from defined benefit pensions to employee-funded defined contribution plans.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Business|Politics}}<br /> * [[Binary economics]]<br /> * [[Community capitalism]]<br /> * [[Corporate social responsibility]]<br /> * [[Creating shared value]]<br /> * [[Criticisms of welfare]]<br /> * [[Humanistic capitalism]]<br /> * [[Inclusive capitalism]]<br /> * [[Inclusive growth]]<br /> * [[Involuntary unemployment]]<br /> * [[Neo-Capitalism]]<br /> * [[Redwashing]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Arts |first1=Wil |last2=John |first2=Gelissen |date=2002 |title=Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or More? A State-of-the-art report |url= |journal=Journal of European Social Policy) |volume=12 (2) |issue= |publisher=137–58 |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Brandes |first1=Stuart D. |last2= |first2= |date=1976 |title=American Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1940 |url= |volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=Margaret |last2= |first2= |date=1996 |title=Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns |url= |journal= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |last2=Scheurell |first2=Robert P. |date=2002 |title=The State of Social Welfare: The Twentieth Century in Cross-National Review |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Praeger |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Ebbinghaus |first1=Bernhard |last2=Manow |first2=Philip |date=2001 |title=Comparing Welfare Capitalism: Social Policy and Political Economy in Europe, Japan and the USA |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Esping-Andersen |first1=Gosta |last2= |first2= |date=1985 |title=Politics against markets |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Esping-Andersen |first1=Gosta |date=1990 |title=The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Ferragina |first1=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=2011 |title=Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures? |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 |journal=Policy &amp;amp; Politics |volume=39 (4) |issue= |publisher= |pages=583–611 |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Derek |date=2003 |title=The Evolution of the British Welfare State: A History of the British Welfare State |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gilman |first=Nicholas Paine |title=A Dividend to Labor: A Study of Employers' Welfare Institutions |year=1899 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company | url=https://archive.org/details/adividendtolabo00gilmgoog }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Hicks |first1=Alexander |date=1999 |title=Social Democracy &amp;amp; Welfare Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=[[Sanford M. Jacoby|Jacoby, Sanford M.]] |date=1997 |title=Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism since the New Deal |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Korpi |first1=Walter |date=1983 |title=The Democratic Class Struggle |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=Alice |date=2009 |title=Welfare Capitalism.&quot; Dictionary of American History |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=The Gale Group Inc. Encyclopedia.com|pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Ramesh |first1=M |last2= |first2= |date=2005 |title=Welfare Capitalism in East Asia: Social Policy in the Tiger Economies |url= |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |volume=35 |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Kuhnle |date=2000 |title=Survival of the European Welfare State |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Stephens |first1=John D. |date=1979 |title=The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Tone |first1=Andrea |date=1997 |title=The Business of Benevolence: Industrial Paternalism in Progressive America|url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Tratter |first1=Walter I. |date=1994 |title=From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Kesbergen |first1=Van |date=1995 |title=Social Capitalism |url= | volume= |issue= |publisher=Routledge |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book| title=The End of Loyalty: The Rise and Fall of Good Jobs in America |year=2017 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1586489144}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Capitalism]]<br /> [[Category:Economic ideologies]]<br /> [[Category:Welfare]]<br /> [[Category:Industrial relations]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._M._Manraj&diff=497994 2026-02-05T00:18:12Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = E. M. Manraj<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 12 May 2021<br /> | term_end =<br /> | constituency = [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]<br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | predecessor = [[M. Chandra Prabha]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | father = E. Marimuthu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''E. M. Manraj''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222104416/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC203.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC203.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Srivilliputhur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a203|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> |url=https://virudhunagar.nic.in/about-district/elected-representatives/<br /> |access-date=29 Apr 2022 <br /> |title=Elected Representatives, Virudhunagar District <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429051903/https://virudhunagar.nic.in/about-district/elected-representatives/ <br /> |archive-date=29 Apr 2022 <br /> |website=www.virudhunagar.nic.in<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Elections contested ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Vote %<br /> ! Runner-up<br /> ! Runner-up Party<br /> ! Runner-up vote %<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]|| [[ADMK]] || Won ||38.43% || P. S. W. Madhavarao|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 31.49%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manraj, E. M}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AIADMK-politician-stub}}<br /> {{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juze&diff=506740 2026-02-04T19:22:34Z

<p>Bahoglalat: adding stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2017 Indian film in Konkani}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Juze<br /> | image = Poster of the film Juze.jpg<br /> | alt = Poster of the film<br /> | caption = Poster of the film<br /> | director = [[Miransha Naik]]<br /> | producer = Miransha Naik&lt;br&gt;Thierry Lenouvel&lt;br&gt;Derk-Jan Warrink<br /> | writer = Miransha Naik<br /> | starring = Rushikesh Naik&lt;br&gt;Sudesh Bhise&lt;br&gt;[[Prashanti Talpankar]]&lt;br&gt;Barkha Naik&lt;br&gt;Gauri Kamat<br /> | music = Pierre Aviat<br /> | cinematography = Abhiraj Rawale<br /> | editing = Jacques Comets&lt;br&gt;Siddesh Naik&lt;br&gt;Suzana Pedro<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|4|16|[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]]}}<br /> | runtime = 93 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Konkani<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Juze''''' or '''''Juje''''' is a 2017 Indian film in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], written and directed by [[Miransha Naik]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/students-get-a-taste-of-the-world-of-media/articleshow/65728983.cms<br /> |title=Students get a taste of the world of media<br /> |last=Pacheco<br /> |first=Mellisa<br /> |date=Sep 6, 2018<br /> |website=The Times of India<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is about the social injustice and exploitation faced by migrant labourers in [[Goa]], and is set in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoaReleaseNavhind&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/miransha-naiks-juze-releases-in-goa/<br /> |title=Miransha Naik's Juze releases in Goa<br /> |date=April 15, 2018<br /> |work=[[The Navhind Times]]<br /> |language=en-US<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was co-produced by people from [[India]], [[France]] and [[Netherlands]] (Thin Air, Three Rivers, Kepler Films, Cine-Sud Promotion) under the banner of Goa Film Bazaar, with some of the editing done in [[Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;THRChui2017&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/juze-juje-film-review-hong-kong-2017-994403<br /> |title=Juze (Juje): Film Review {{!}} Hong Kong 2017<br /> |last=Tsui |first=Clarence |author-link=Clarence Tsui<br /> |date=Apr 18, 2017<br /> |website=The Hollywood Reporter<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film premiered at the [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]] in April 2017, and was also chosen for the [[Karlovy Vary Film Festival]]. It became the first Konkani film to be commercially released in France. Juze also became the first Konkani film to be selected for mentoring and promotion during Film Bazaar, the filmmaking lab organised by [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC) in Goa, in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/konkani-film-juze-to-released-in-goa-on-may-4/States/news/1218473.html<br /> |title=Konkani film Juze to release in Goa on May 4<br /> |date=May 2, 2018<br /> |work=United News of India<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ScrollDas2017&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://scroll.in/reel/853364/konkani-movie-juze-explores-the-plight-of-migrant-workers-in-goa<br /> |title=Konkani movie 'Juze' explores the plight of migrant workers in Goa<br /> |last=Das<br /> |first=Arti<br /> |date=Oct 10, 2017<br /> |website=Scroll.in<br /> |language=en-US<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was featured at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]] in October 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;CinestaanIyengar2017&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/juze-28953<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221042927/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/juze-28953<br /> |url-status=live<br /> |archive-date=21 December 2018<br /> |title=Juze review: You cannot miss this dark immigrant drama<br /> |last=Iyengar<br /> |first=Shriram<br /> |date=Oct 16, 2017<br /> |website=Cinestaan<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; at the [[48th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in the Indian Panorama section in November 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;NTDanuskaBold2017&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite news<br /> |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/juze-a-bold-step-in-goan-filmmaking/<br /> |title=Juze a bold step in Goan filmmaking<br /> |last=Da Gama<br /> |first=Danuska<br /> |date=Dec 5, 2017<br /> |language=en-US<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Listapad|Minsk Film Festival]] in [[Belarus]] (where it won an award) and the [[Dublin International Film Festival]] in [[Ireland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldIFFI&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/IFFI2017/The-movies-are-coming-to-Goa-with-IFFI-2017/122724.html<br /> |title=The movies are coming to Goa with IFFI 2017<br /> |website=oHeraldo<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was finally released in Goa, with an &quot;A&quot; certification by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), in April 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoaReleaseNavhind&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The story is set in the 1990s. Santosh (Rushikesh Naik) is a teenage boy studying in Class X. He lives in a slum in Borimol village with his grandmother, referred to as Tai (played by [[Prashanti Talpankar]]; ''Tai'' translates to &quot;aunt&quot;). It is revealed that Tai's son, Santosh's father, had killed Santosh's mother and had been arrested, leaving Tai and Santosh to fend for themselves. Thus, despite being native Goans, they are forced to live with other migrants from poorer parts of the country and work for Juze (Sudesh Bhise). With his business of manufacturing [[Feni (liquor)|cashew feni]] and his political connections (which consist of the local politician), Juze terrorizes the whole village, even going so far as to physically abuse and rape the women.<br /> <br /> Santosh is an intelligent boy and scores well in class. He frequently skips work to go to school. This frequently gets him in trouble with Juze, who often beats him up publicly. Juze's wife Maria (Gauri Kamat) recognizes Santosh's intelligence and demands that he help her son, who is weak in studies. She also forces him to perform sexual favours for her. Meanwhile, Santosh has a budding romance with his classmate, Maya (Barkha Naik). However, their relationship slowly breaks apart when she realizes the helplessness of his situation. All of this ultimately leads to Santosh confronting Juze with a friend and beating him to death. Santosh then runs away from the village, and is seen waiting tables at a beachside shack.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/330920/<br /> |title=Juze : Social injustice in Goa through a teenage boy's eyes<br /> |last=Petkovic<br /> |first=Vladan<br /> |date=July 4, 2017<br /> |website=Cineuropa<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://vaguevisages.com/2018/05/10/new-york-indian-film-festival-review-miransha-naiks-juze/<br /> |title=New York Indian Film Festival Review: Miransha Naik's Juze<br /> |last=Datta Choudhury<br /> |first=Bedatri<br /> |date=May 10, 2018<br /> |website=Vague Visages • Wave Faces<br /> |language=en-US<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:The Director Miransha Naik with the Cast and Crew of the Konkani movie, JUZE at the Red Carpet, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2017.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Film crew at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[47th International Film Festival of India|2016]]) ]]<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * Rushikesh Naik as Santosh<br /> * [[Prashanti Talpankar]] as Tai, Santosh's grandmother<br /> * Sudesh Bhise as Juze<br /> * Gauri Kamat as Maria, Juze's wife<br /> * Barkha Naik as Maya&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailyBaughan2017&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/juze-review/5120310.article<br /> |title='Juze': Review<br /> |last=Baughan<br /> |first=Nikki<br /> |date=July 26, 2017<br /> |website=ScreenDaily<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> [[File:Juze Film crew interaction with audience.jpg|thumb|left|Juze Film crew interaction with audience]]<br /> The film is partially based on writer-director Miransha Naik's childhood experiences. The film is set in the 90s, making the character Santosh the same age as Miransha was then. The film is also set in Naik's hometown of Borimol village. He admits that some of the events and characters have been adapted from real life. He named the movie after the villain as he found it unique. He believes that the events revolve around Juze, and even though the movie is about Santosh's journey, it simultaneously portrays the downfall of Juze.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elle2018&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=http://elle.in/culture/miransha-naiks-debut-feature-film-juze-shines-a-light-on-the-sunny-state-goas-dark-corners/<br /> |title=Miransha Naik's debut film, Juze, shines a light on Goa's dark corners<br /> |last=Ray<br /> |first=Sarit<br /> |date=July 12, 2018<br /> |website=Elle India<br /> |language=en-US<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7628<br /> |title=A victim boy exploited by women, 'Juze' is a real story: Miransha<br /> |last=Prabhudesai<br /> |first=Rucha<br /> |date=Apr 8, 2018<br /> |website=Goa News<br /> |access-date=2018-12-18<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It may be noted that Naik lost both his parents to illness at the age of 9. He grew up in Borimol along with his grandmother and two sisters, coming third in his Class X exams. He dropped out within a year of joining the [[BCom]] course at Government College, [[Quepem]], to contribute to his household by working as a waiter. His grandmother died when he was 19, and he had to take responsibility of the marriages of his two sisters. By waiting tables for nearly five years, he made enough money to set up his own beachside shack, named ''Blue Corner'', on [[Benaulim beach|Benaulim Beach]]. Two scenes in Juze show the village children watching Subhash Ghai's Karz and Hero, which is reminiscent of Naik and his young friends and his love for movies.&lt;ref name=&quot;RedBull2018&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/the-other-side-of-paradise-miransha-naik-juze<br /> |title=The other side of paradise: Miransha Naik and Juze<br /> |last=Chatterjee<br /> |first=Suprateek<br /> |date=Nov 24, 2017<br /> |website=RedBull.com<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, Naik chose a Mumbai-based actor for the role of Juze's wife, Maria, as he wasn't confident that local artistes would be up to a role with a number of sex scenes. However, the chosen actor couldn't perform because of her language barrier. Naik then turned to Gauri Kamat upon many recommendations, and after some initial hesitation, she agreed to play the part. However, by late 2015, they faced an even bigger problem: shortage of funds even before post-production. It was then that Naik thought of [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]’s annual &quot;Film Bazaar&quot;, where it attracted the attention of noted producer Olivia Stewart, who procured funds from the Netherlands-based production company Keplerfilm and the France-based production company of Cine-Sud Promotions. Christian Jeune, who is famous as a scout for [[Cannes Film Festival]], was also impressed with the film's idea, and the film almost made it to Cannes’ [[Un Certain Regard]] selection.&lt;ref name=&quot;RedBull2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The film shows all the interesting developments (including that of his relationship with Maria and Maya) through clever and subtle camerawork, including a series of tracking shots, portraying how Santosh nonchalantly sees all this as a part of his daily life.&lt;ref name=&quot;THRChui2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical response===<br /> The film was well received by critics for portraying the lesser-known culture and exploitation of the poorer classes taking place in Goa (which is otherwise portrayed very glamorously in films).&lt;ref name=&quot;RedBull2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Clarence Tsui]] of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called the film a &quot;contemplative and topical debut, with a story offering mostly heartbreak but also a faint glimpse of hope.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;THRChui2017&quot; /&gt; Nikki Baughan of ''[[Screendaily|ScreenDaily]]'' wrote, &quot;''Juze'' may be an exploration of an existence which is endured, rather than lived, but there’s no trace of melodrama or didacticism.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ScreenDailyBaughan2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Notably, ''Juze'' was screened at the [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]], the [[Karlovy Vary Film Festival]], the [[Mumbai Film Festival]], the [[International Film Festival of India]], the [[Listapad|Minsk Film Festival]] and the [[Dublin International Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ScrollDas2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CinestaanIyengar2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldIFFI&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * Special Jury Award at [[Listapad|Minsk Film Festival]], 2017 (director, Miransha Naik)&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web<br /> |url=http://www.goa365.tv/artculture/E/miransha-bags-special-jury-award-at-minsk-film-fest-juze-only-konkani-film-in-iffi-indian-panorama-/01891.html<br /> |title=#GOA365 VIDEO: Miransha bags Special Jury Award at Minsk Film Fest, 'Juje' only Konkani film in IFFI Indian Panorama<br /> |website=Goa365<br /> |language=en<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |url=http://listapad.com/en/news/2017/11/nagrady-konkursa-igrovogo-kino-molodost-na-marshe-24-go-mmkf-listapad/<br /> |title=Awards of the Feature Film Competition &quot;Youth On The March&quot;<br /> |website=Listapad.com<br /> |access-date=2018-12-19<br /> |archive-date=20 December 2018<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230329/http://listapad.com/en/news/2017/11/nagrady-konkursa-igrovogo-kino-molodost-na-marshe-24-go-mmkf-listapad/<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Konkani cinema]]<br /> * ''[[Paltadacho Munis]]''<br /> * ''[[Nachom-ia Kumpasar]]''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Facebook|JuzeFilm|Juze}}<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:2010s Konkani-language films]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya_Agarwal&diff=484644 2026-01-21T05:42:26Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added first details needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American software engineer and investor}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aditya Agarwal<br /> | image = Aditya Agarwal.jpg<br /> | birth_date = 1982<br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | education = [[Carnegie Mellon University]] (BS, MS)<br /> | occupation = [[Software engineer]], investor<br /> | employer = [[South Park Commons]]<br /> | known_for = Early engineer at [[Facebook]], former [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] of [[Dropbox]], co-founder of [[FWD.us]]<br /> | spouse = [[Ruchi Sanghvi]] (m. 2010)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aditya Agarwal''' (born 1982) is an Indian-American software engineer and investor. He is a general partner at the venture capital fund [[South Park Commons]]. Agarwal was previously the [[Chief Technology Officer]] (CTO) of [[Dropbox]] and an early engineer at [[Facebook]], where he served as the first Director of Product Engineering.<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Agarwal attended [[Carnegie Mellon University]] (CMU) in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], where he earned both a Bachelor's and Master's degree in [[Computer Science]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU_Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Challenges, Adventure Empower Agarwal |url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/august/dropbox-cto.html |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Facebook ===<br /> Agarwal joined [[Facebook]] as a software engineer in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconomicTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How a chance meeting with Mark Zuckerberg led Aditya Agarwal to be on Facebook's original team |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-a-chance-meeting-with-mark-zuckerberg-led-aditya-agarwal-to-be-on-facebooks-original-team/articleshow/46049628.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was one of the company's first engineers and helped build the initial search engine for the platform.&lt;ref name=&quot;HindustanTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How Mark Zuckerberg pushed an Indian engineer to build Facebook's ultimate search engine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/how-mark-zuckerberg-pushed-an-indian-engineer-to-build-facebooks-ultimate-search-engine-dude-if-i-can-101723190625150.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He eventually became the company's first Director of Product Engineering, where he oversaw engineering for products including Search.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Review |first=First Round |title=Hyper-Growth Done Right - Lessons From the Man Who Scaled Engineering at Dropbox and Facebook |url=https://review.firstround.com/hyper-growth-done-right-lessons-from-the-man-who-scaled-engineering-at-dropbox-and-facebook/ |website=First Round Review |access-date=16 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cove and Dropbox ===<br /> Agarwal co-founded Cove, a collaboration software company, with [[Ruchi Sanghvi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch_Cove&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dropbox Buys Cove To Bring Former Facebookers Ruchi Sanghvi And Aditya Agarwal To The Team |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/27/dropbox-buys-cove-to-bring-former-facebookers-ruchi-sanghvi-and-aditya-agarwal-to-the-team/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=February 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2012, [[Dropbox]] acquired Cove, and Agarwal joined Dropbox as Vice President of Engineering.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch_Cove&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2016, Agarwal was appointed Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of Dropbox, succeeding co-founder [[Arash Ferdowsi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessInsider_CTO&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dropbox cofounder Arash Ferdowsi passes off CTO role to VP of engineering |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/dropbox-promotes-vp-of-engineering-aditya-agarwal-to-cto-2016-10 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=October 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; As CTO, he was responsible for the company's engineering, product, and technical operations. He left Dropbox in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechCrunch_Leave&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dropbox CTO Aditya Agarwal is leaving |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/21/dropbox-cto-aditya-agarwal-is-leaving/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=July 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Investing ===<br /> Agarwal is a partner at [[South Park Commons]], a venture capital fund and technologist community founded by Ruchi Sanghvi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT_SPC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Schoenfeld |first=Bruce |title=In San Francisco, a ‘Hacker House’ for the Grown-Up Set |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/tech-scene-south-park-commons-san-francisco.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SPC_Bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Aditya Agarwal: Partner |url=https://www.southparkcommons.com/team/aditya-agarwal |publisher=South Park Commons |access-date=January 16, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has served on the board of directors of [[Flipkart]], an Indian e-commerce company, joining as an independent director in 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flipkart&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dropbox executive joins Flipkart as independent director |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Vv3i3fznfSDnpAMrAwmmqI/Flipkart-appoints-Dropbox-official-as-an-independent-directo.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=November 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Philanthropy and affiliations ==<br /> In 2013, Agarwal was a founding contributor to [[FWD.us]], a 501(c)(4) lobbying group focused on immigration reform and education in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;SFGate_FWD&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zuckerberg, tech luminaries form PAC |url=https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/zuckerberg-tech-luminaries-form-pac-4428580.php |newspaper=[[SFGATE]] |date=April 11, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has served on the board of trustees for the [[Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AnitaBorg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2015 Impact Report |url=https://anitabindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2015-abi-impact-report.pdf |publisher=[[AnitaB.org]] |page=9 |access-date=January 16, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on the advisory board for the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU_Board&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=SCS Dean's Advisory Board |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/about-scs/deans-advisory-board |publisher=[[Carnegie Mellon University]] |access-date=January 16, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Agarwal is a co-author of ''The Holloway Guide to Technical Recruiting and Hiring'' (2020), a reference book on engineering recruitment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Holloway Guide to Technical Recruiting and Hiring |last1=Osman |first1=Ozzie |last2=Agarwal |first2=Aditya |publisher=Holloway |year=2020 |isbn=978-1952120084}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Agarwal is married to [[Ruchi Sanghvi]], a computer engineer and founder of [[South Park Commons]]. They met while studying at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] and later worked together at Facebook and Dropbox.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMU_Profile&quot;/&gt; They married in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;EconomicTimes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Aditya}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1982 births]]<br /> [[Category:American software engineers]]<br /> [[Category:American business executives in technology]]<br /> [[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Facebook employees]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Om_Prakash_Rao&diff=446904 2026-01-12T19:12:43Z

<p>Bahoglalat: updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = N. Om Prakash Rao<br /> | image = OmPrakashRaoImage.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[screenwriter]]|producer|actor}}<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | spouses = {{ubl<br /> | {{marriage|[[Rekha Das]]|end=divorced}}<br /> | {{marriage|Denissaa Prakash{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}|2002}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = 4<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Om Prakash Rao''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], [[film producer]] and actor who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry. He has, till date, directed about 47 films in [[Kannada]] language.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}{{when|date=November 2020}} <br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Om Prakash Rao's successful films such as [[Lockup Death]] (1996), [[Simhada Mari]] (1997), [[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|AK-47]] (1999), [[Huchha]] and [[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]] (2004) have been huge blockbusters in Kannada cinema.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Controversies===<br /> Omprakash Rao was beaten up in Srirangapattina. The filmmaker, who was revealed as a director who took advantages of all actresses sexually, was said to have been physically abused for all his wrongdoings. The director couldn't even complete the shooting of his ongoing film. The film was said to have been stalled by angry people. Om Prakash Rao was said to have asked for sexual favours by actresses by offering them some top projects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Om-Prakash-Rao-gets-beaten-up-in-Srirangapattina/articleshow/41014447.cms|title=Om Prakash Rao gets beaten up in Srirangapattina|website=The Times of India|date=27 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Omprakash Rao and Guru Deshpande, and producers Diwakar Babu and Rajashekar, were caught on camera luring young girls with the promise of roles in films&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiatodayCasting&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/casting-couch-sting-kannada-film-industry-omprakash-rao-guru-deshpande-diwakar-babu-rajashekar-girls-205978-2014-08-28|title=Kannada film big shots caught in casting couch sting - India News|website=India Today|date=28 August 2014|access-date=2020-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> His former wife [[Rekha Das]] and daughter [[Shravya Rao]] are actresses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಲೂಸುಗಳು! | url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81-2084632 | access-date=2025-02-16 | website=www.prajavani.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===As director===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film title !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1994 || ''Palegaara'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lockup Death]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Gold Medal'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 || ''Emergency'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1997 || ''[[Simhada Mari]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1997 || ''CBI Durga'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1999 || ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|AK-47]]'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bilingual film <br /> |-<br /> |''[[A. K. 47 (film)|A. K. 47]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2001 || ''[[Huchcha]]'' || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&amp;nbsp;– Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Director]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Ninne Preethisuve]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2003 || ''[[Partha (film)|Partha]]'' || Also producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sachi'' ||<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2004 || ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sahukara]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2005 || ''[[Annavru]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ayya (Kannada film)|Ayya]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thunta'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2006 || ''[[Hubli (film)|Hubli]]'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Also producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mandya (film)|Mandya]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2009 || ''[[Kannadadda Kiran Bedi|Kannadada Kiran Bedi]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2010 || ''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Huli (film)|Huli]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2012 || ''[[Ak56 film|AK 56]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Election (2013 film)|Election]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Katte'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 ||''[[Huccha 2]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> | {{Pending film|Thrishulam}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> | {{pending film|Phoenix}}<br /> || Also producer<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> | {{pending film|Guerrilla war}}<br /> || Also producer <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As actor===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Note(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''[[S. P. Bhargavi]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''Kempaiah IPS'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Dakota Express]]'' || Sundar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''Sachi'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Kanakambari (film)|Kanakambari]]'' || Krishna ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''Aliya Mane Tholiya'' || Krishna || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Sify.com | website=[[Sify]] | url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13621152&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2427 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204162025/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13621152&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2427 | archive-date=2004-12-04 | access-date=2025-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''Pandu Ranga Vittala'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Hatavadi]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' || proprietor of advertising company || <br /> |-<br /> |2007|| ''Hetthare Hennanne Herabeku'' ||||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2008 || ''[[Neenyare]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Akasha Gange]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dheemaku]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]'' || Shastri ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Devru]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Thaakath]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Yagna (film)|Yagna]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' || Pandu ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''Nanjanagoodu Nanjunda'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |2010 || ''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> |2010 ||''[[Aithalakkadi]]''||||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''Khadak'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> |2012 ||''[[Golmaal (2012 film)|Golmaal]]''||||<br /> |-<br /> |2012 ||''[[Dakota Picture]]''||||<br /> |-<br /> |2012 ||''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]''|| Priest||<br /> |-<br /> |2013 ||''[[Topiwala]]'' ||||<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Fair &amp; Lovely (film)|Fair &amp; Lovely]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |2014 ||''Chirayu''||||<br /> |-<br /> |2014 || ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' || <br /> |-<br /> |2014 || ''Typical Kailas'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |2014|| ''[[Savari 2]]'' ||||<br /> |-<br /> |2014|| ''[[Agraja]]'' ||||<br /> |-<br /> |2014|| ''Nimbe Huli'' ||||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Katte''|| || Cameo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/katte/movie-review/46815188.cms|title=Katte Movie Review|date=3 April 2015|first= G S |last=Kumar|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Mandya Star'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Huccha 2]]'' || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External sources==<br /> *{{IMDb name|5674731|Om Prakash Rao}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Om Prakash}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-bio-stub}}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurgaon_district&diff=445205 2026-01-11T21:11:58Z

<p>Bahoglalat: revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gurgaon district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]]<br /> | official_name = Gurugram district<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |size = 250<br /> |photo1a = Gurgoan4.JPG<br /> |photo1b = Walkway above highway near Belvedere Towers, Phase 2, Gurugram.jpg<br /> |photo2a = Sheesh Mahal 031.jpg<br /> |photo2b = New Pataudi Road.jpg<br /> |photo3a = Sunrise at Damdama lake.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Buildings in [[Gurgaon]], Highway near Gurgaon Phase 2, New Road near [[Pataudi]], [[Damdama Lake]], Sheesh Mahal in [[Farrukhnagar]]<br /> | image_map = India - Haryana - Gurgaon.svg<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Haryana<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | coor_pinpoint = Gurgaon<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Gurgaon division|Gurgaon]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Gurgaon]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = 1. Gurgaon, 2. Sohna, 3. Pataudi, 4. Farukh Nagar 5. Manesar 6. Wazirabad 7. Badshahpur 8. Kadipur 9. Garhi Harsaru<br /> | area_total_km2 = 1258<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 1,514,432<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 84.4%<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 853<br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> | demographics2_title2 = <br /> | demographics2_info2 = <br /> | leader_title = [[Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name = Ramesh Chand Bidhan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gurgaon District Administration |url=https://gurugram.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |website=gurugram.gov.in |access-date=15 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Commissioner of Police (India) | Commissioner of Police]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Kala Ramchandran, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gurgaon District Administration |url=https://gurugram.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |website=gurugram.gov.in |access-date=15 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title2 = <br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = NH 48, NH 148A, NH 248A, NH 919, SH 15A, SH 26, MDR 132, MDR 133, MDR 136, MDR 137<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | blank_info_sec2 = [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = 1. Pataudi, 2. Badshahpur, 3. Gurgaon and 4. Sohna<br /> | website = {{URL|http://gurugram.gov.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Gurgaon district''', officially known as '''Gurugram district''',&lt;ref name=Hindu1&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gurgaon-renamed-as-gurugram/article8467206.ece|title=Gurgaon will now be called Gurugram|first=Ashok|last=Kumar|date=12 April 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the 22 [[districts of Haryana]] in northern India. The city of [[Gurgaon]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. The population is 1,514,432. It is one of the southern districts of Haryana. On its north, it is bounded by the district of [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]] and the [[Union Territory of Delhi]]. [[Faridabad district]] lies to its east. To its south lie the districts of [[Palwal]] and [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]]. To the west lies [[Rewari district]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{See also|Mewat|History of Haryana}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Mahabharata]] (900 BCE), the area was granted by the eldest [[Pandava]] king, [[Yudhishthira]], to their teacher, [[Dronacharya]]. Later, it passed into the hands of the [[Maurya Empire]] and to invaders like the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and the [[Kusana]]s, and the [[Yaudheya]] (after they expelled Kushanas from the area between [[Yamuna]] and [[Satluj]]). Yodheyas was subjugated by king [[Rudradaman I]] of the [[Indo-Scythians]] and later by the [[Gupta Empire]] and then by [[Hunas]], who were in turn overthrown by [[Yashodharman]] of [[Mandsaur]] and then by [[Yashovarman]] of [[Kannauj]]. The area was also ruled by [[Harsha]] (590 - 467 CE) and [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] (mid 7th century CE to 11th century). The [[Tomara dynasty]], who founded Dhillika in 736 CE, who were earlier tributaries of Partiharas, overthrew Partiharas. Tomaras were defeated by was defeated by defeated by Vigraharaja IV who were in turn were overthrown in 1156 CE by king ''Visaladeva Chauhan'' of [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan Dynasty]].<br /> <br /> After the defeat, [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] conquered the area of Gurgaon, Nuh, Bhiwani and Rewari in 1182 CE. However he later lost it to the [[Ghurids]] under [[Muhammad Ghori]] following the [[Second Battle of Tarain]]. Following the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan in his turn in 1192 CE, the area came under [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] (1206 CE) of [[Delhi Sultanate]] who defeated and killed Prithviraj's son Hemraj who had invaded [[Mewat]] area from [[Alwar]]. [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] - who were mostly Hindu during those times - killed ''Sayyid Wajih-ud-Din'' who had been sent by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] to subjugate the Meos. The Meos were later conquered and pacified by a nephew of Aibak called ''Miran Hussain Jang'' who led the [[Delhi Sultanate]] army which conquered the [[Mewat]] region sometime between 1207-1210. Many Meo converted to [[Islam]], allegedly some in forced conversions. Those Meo who remained Hindus were obliged to pay the non-Muslim [[military]] exemption tax known as the [[Jizya]]. In 1249 CE, [[Balban]] killed 2000 rebellious Meos. Meo rebels took away large numbers of horses from Balban's army in 1257-58 CE. In 1260 CE, [[Balban]] retaliated by overrunning the [[Mewat]] area once again and killing 250 Meo prisoners and slaughtering 12,000 women, children and surviving men.<br /> <br /> At the time of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] conquests in India and the invasion of [[Timur]] in 1398 CE, ''Sonpar Pal'', titled ''Bahadur Nahar'', of the Hindu Jadu [[gotra]], was the prominent king of the area who constructed the fort called ''Kotla Bahadur Nahar'' near [[Kotla lake]] at the village of [[Kotla, Nuh]]. Under the patronage of Delhi sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], Sonpar Pal converted to [[Islam]] with the new name ''[[Raja Nahar Khan]]'' and became the founder of the [[Khanzada Rajputs]] after submitting to Timur. In 1421 CE, [[Khizr Khan]], the [[Sayyid dynasty]] king of Delhi, defeated Raja Nahar Khan's converted son ''[[Jalal Khan]]'' of [[Mewat]] and Kotla fort. When, in 1425, converted grandsons of Bahadur Nahar named Jalal Khan and Abdul Qadir (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted, they were defeated by Sultan of Delhi [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] (1421– 1434 CE), who overran [[Mewat]] and killed Abdul Qadir. Jalal Khan continued the native [[Mewat]]i rebellion against the [[Delhi Sultanate]] after [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] was forced to deal with [[Jasrat Khokhar]] who had conquered the [[Punjab]].<br /> <br /> In 1527, [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], a descendant of Sonpar Pal, sided with [[Rajput]] king [[Rana Sanga]] and they were defeated by the invading Mughal forces of [[Babur]] at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] where ''Hasan Khan Mewati'' was killed by the [[Mughals]], and his son ''Nihad Khan'', ruled Mewat as a vassal of the Mughals. [[Aurangzeb]] sent [[Jai Singh I]] to crush the revolting Khanzada Mewati chief ''Ikram Khan''. After the death of Aurangzeb, [[Bahadurgarh]] and [[Farrukhnagar]] in the north were under the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] nawabs who were granted [[jagir]] in 1713 CE by the Mughal king [[Farrukhsiyar]]. <br /> <br /> The central area of Badshapur was under Hindu [[Jat]] king ''Hathi Singh Kuntal'' while the south including Nuh was under another [[Jat]] king of [[Bharatpur State]], Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]].<br /> <br /> During [[Maratha Empire]] the area was conquered by their [[Christians|Christian]] [[French people|French]] generals in the late 18th century and they granted Farukhnagar to [[Begum Samru]] and Jharsa (Badshahpur) to her European husband [[Walter Reinhardt Sombre]]. Southern areas, including Nuh, stayed under the Bharatpur king [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Ranjit Singh]] and their vassal relatives, one of whom was [[Nahar Singh]].&lt;ref name=revh1&gt;[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Gurgaon_1983/Chapter_I.pdf Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1983] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319114602/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Gurgaon_1983/Chapter_I.pdf |date=19 March 2015 }}, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in Haryana Revenue Department], Chapter II, pp.35-45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=revh2&gt;[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gurgaon_1910/History.pdf Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1910&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000200/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gurgaon_1910/History.pdf |date=9 October 2016 }}, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in Haryana Revenue Department], Section B, pp.19-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=revh3&gt;[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Gurgaon_1883_84/History.pdf Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1883-84&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428025541/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Gurgaon_1883_84/History.pdf |date=28 April 2015 }}, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in Haryana Revenue Department], Chapter II, pp.19-25.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gurgaon district was [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|conquered by the British]] in 1803.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Abhijit |url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/e271_sp03/2_18.pdf |title=History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003) |last2=Iyer |first2=Lakshmi |date=January 2003 |publisher=Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development |pages=39 |chapter=Appendix Table 1: Districts of British India, With Dates and Mode of Acquisition by the British}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 December 1803, the [[Daulat Scindia]] signed the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] with the British after the [[Battle of Assaye]] and Battle of [[Laswari]] and ceded to the British, Hisar, Panipat, Rohtak, Rewari, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naravane&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=65–66}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|73}}<br /> <br /> During the 1947 [[Partition of India]], majority of the Muslim population fled to the newly created state of [[Pakistan]] meanwhile non-Muslim population of [[West Punjab]] in modern [[Pakistan]] migrated and settled in this region. Many Hindus and Sikhs from [[West Punjab]] came and settled in this region in 1947.<br /> <br /> On 1 November 1966, when [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Haryana was carved out of Punjab]] as a separate state, Gurgaon was already an existing district of the newly formed state of Haryana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Paxton |first1=J. |title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1970-71: The one-volume Encyclopaedia of all nations |date=23 December 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27099-2 |page=360 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Statesman_s_Year_Book_1970_71/A43JDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=&amp;pg=PA360}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> This district contains many small hill ranges which are part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] and [[Mangar Bani]] ranges.<br /> <br /> == Demographics==<br /> {{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,82,978|13=1911|14=1,59,558|15=1921|16=1,48,627|17=1931|18=1,62,464|19=1941|20=1,86,775|21=1951|22=2,01,727|23=1961|24=2,59,655|25=1971|26=3,48,151|27=1981|28=4,71,695|29=1991|30=6,06,791|31=2001|32=8,74,695|33=2011|34=15,14,432|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;|align=right}}<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Gurgaon district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,514,432,&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; roughly equal to the nation of [[Gabon]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = gujjars have many villages in gurgaon. Gabon 1,576,665 | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; or the US state of [[Hawaii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=Hawaii 1,360,301|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This gives it a ranking of 328th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; The district has a population density of {{convert| 1241 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 73.93%.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Gurgaon has a [[sex ratio]] of 853 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 84.4%. Scheduled Castes make up 13.07% of the population.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Religion ===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Gurugram district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |align=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|4.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.65}}<br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religion in Gurugram District<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Religion in India|Religious]]&lt;br/&gt;group<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]<br /> | 1,408,801<br /> | {{Percentage | 1408801 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] <br /> | 70,842<br /> | {{Percentage | 70842 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> | 15,097<br /> | {{Percentage | 15097 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> | 9,725<br /> | {{Percentage | 9725 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> | Others<br /> | 9,967<br /> | {{Percentage | 9967 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> !Total Population<br /> !1,514,432<br /> !{{Percentage | 1514432 | 1514432 | 2 }}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religious groups in Gurgaon District ([[British Punjab province]] era)<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Religion in India|Religious]]&lt;br&gt;group <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1881&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881A&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881B&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1881C&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1891&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1901&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1901&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1911&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1911&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1911B&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1921&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1921&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1931&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1931&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1941&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}<br /> | 439,264<br /> | {{Percentage | 439264 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 455,045<br /> | {{Percentage | 455045 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 499,373<br /> | {{Percentage | 499373 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 421,885<br /> | {{Percentage | 421885 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 460,134<br /> | {{Percentage | 460134 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 493,174<br /> | {{Percentage | 493174 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 560,537<br /> | {{Percentage | 560537 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]<br /> | 198,610<br /> | {{Percentage | 198610 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 209,931<br /> | {{Percentage | 209931 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 242,548<br /> | {{Percentage | 242548 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 217,237<br /> | {{Percentage | 217237 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 216,860<br /> | {{Percentage | 216860 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 242,357<br /> | {{Percentage | 242357 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 285,992<br /> | {{Percentage | 285992 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]<br /> | 3,777<br /> | {{Percentage | 3777 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,698<br /> | {{Percentage | 3698 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 3,909<br /> | {{Percentage | 3909 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,921<br /> | {{Percentage | 2921 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,762<br /> | {{Percentage | 2762 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,665<br /> | {{Percentage | 2665 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 2,613<br /> | {{Percentage | 2613 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> | 127<br /> | {{Percentage | 127 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 102<br /> | {{Percentage | 102 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 99<br /> | {{Percentage | 99 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 342<br /> | {{Percentage | 342 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 924<br /> | {{Percentage | 924 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 500<br /> | {{Percentage | 500 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 637<br /> | {{Percentage | 637 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> | 70<br /> | {{Percentage | 70 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 152<br /> | {{Percentage | 152 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 278<br /> | {{Percentage | 278 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 782<br /> | {{Percentage | 782 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,316<br /> | {{Percentage | 1316 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,463<br /> | {{Percentage | 1463 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 1,673<br /> | {{Percentage | 1673 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 9<br /> | {{Percentage | 9 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 6<br /> | {{Percentage | 6 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 4<br /> | {{Percentage | 4 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 4<br /> | {{Percentage | 4 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | {{N/a}}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 2<br /> | {{Percentage | 2 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Others<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Total population<br /> ! 641,848<br /> ! {{Percentage | 641848 | 641848 | 2 }}<br /> ! 668,929<br /> ! {{Percentage | 668929 | 668929 | 2 }}<br /> ! 746,208<br /> ! {{Percentage | 746208 | 746208 | 2 }}<br /> ! 643,177<br /> ! {{Percentage | 643177 | 643177 | 2 }}<br /> ! 682,003<br /> ! {{Percentage | 682003 | 682003 | 2 }}<br /> ! 740,163<br /> ! {{Percentage | 740163 | 740163 | 2 }}<br /> ! 851,458<br /> ! {{Percentage | 851458 | 851458 | 2 }}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;15&quot; | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Gurgaon District (1921)&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1921&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tehsil]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Others{{efn|name=othersC|Including [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> ! Gurgaon Tehsil<br /> | 91,072<br /> | {{Percentage | 91072 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> | 19,336<br /> | {{Percentage | 19336 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> | 43<br /> | {{Percentage | 43 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> | 625<br /> | {{Percentage | 625 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> | 904<br /> | {{Percentage | 904 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> ! 111,980<br /> ! {{Percentage | 111980 | 111980 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil<br /> | 23,510<br /> | {{Percentage | 23510 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> | 74,126<br /> | {{Percentage | 74126 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> | 6<br /> | {{Percentage | 6 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> | 643<br /> | {{Percentage | 643 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> ! 98,285<br /> ! {{Percentage | 98285 | 98285 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Nuh Tehsil<br /> | 50,538<br /> | {{Percentage | 50538 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> | 61,458<br /> | {{Percentage | 61458 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> | 8<br /> | {{Percentage | 8 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> | 9<br /> | {{Percentage | 9 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> | 106<br /> | {{Percentage | 106 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> ! 112,119<br /> ! {{Percentage | 112119 | 112119 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Palwal Tehsil<br /> | 107,948<br /> | {{Percentage | 107948 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> | 23,254<br /> | {{Percentage | 23254 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> | 58<br /> | {{Percentage | 58 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> | 313<br /> | {{Percentage | 313 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> | 181<br /> | {{Percentage | 181 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> | 6<br /> | {{Percentage | 6 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> ! 131,760<br /> ! {{Percentage | 131760 | 131760 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Rewari Tehsil<br /> | 124,864<br /> | {{Percentage | 124864 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> | 21,183<br /> | {{Percentage | 21183 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> | 53<br /> | {{Percentage | 53 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> | 296<br /> | {{Percentage | 296 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> | 859<br /> | {{Percentage | 859 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> | 1<br /> | {{Percentage | 1 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> ! 147,256<br /> ! {{Percentage | 147256 | 147256 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Ballabgargh Tehsil<br /> | 62,202<br /> | {{Percentage | 62202 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> | 17,503<br /> | {{Percentage | 17503 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> | 756<br /> | {{Percentage | 756 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> | 73<br /> | {{Percentage | 73 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> | 69<br /> | {{Percentage | 69 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> ! 80,603<br /> ! {{Percentage | 80603 | 80603 | 2 }}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;15&quot; | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Gurgaon District (1941)&lt;ref name=&quot;Census1941&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tehsil]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Others{{efn|name=othersB|Including [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]], [[British Christianity|British Christians]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> ! Gurgaon Tehsil<br /> | 113,614<br /> | {{Percentage | 113614 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> | 24,878<br /> | {{Percentage | 24878 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> | 312<br /> | {{Percentage | 312 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> | 727<br /> | {{Percentage | 727 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> | 941<br /> | {{Percentage | 941 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> | 71<br /> | {{Percentage | 71 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> ! 140,543<br /> ! {{Percentage | 140543 | 140543 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Firozpur Jhirka Tehsil<br /> | 25,777<br /> | {{Percentage | 25777 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> | 97,500<br /> | {{Percentage | 97500 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> | 14<br /> | {{Percentage | 14 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> | 4<br /> | {{Percentage | 4 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> | 448<br /> | {{Percentage | 448 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> ! 123,743<br /> ! {{Percentage | 123743 | 123743 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Nuh Tehsil<br /> | 61,870<br /> | {{Percentage | 61870 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> | 85,462<br /> | {{Percentage | 85462 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> | 12<br /> | {{Percentage | 12 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> | 181<br /> | {{Percentage | 181 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> | 124<br /> | {{Percentage | 124 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> | 0<br /> | {{Percentage | 0 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> ! 147,649<br /> ! {{Percentage | 147649 | 147649 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Palwal Tehsil<br /> | 130,234<br /> | {{Percentage | 130234 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> | 28,754<br /> | {{Percentage | 28754 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> | 183<br /> | {{Percentage | 183 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> | 269<br /> | {{Percentage | 269 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> | 186<br /> | {{Percentage | 186 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> | 15<br /> | {{Percentage | 15 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> ! 159,641<br /> ! {{Percentage | 159641 | 159641 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Rewari Tehsil<br /> | 151,763<br /> | {{Percentage | 151763 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> | 29,277<br /> | {{Percentage | 29277 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> | 61<br /> | {{Percentage | 61 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> | 99<br /> | {{Percentage | 99 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> | 841<br /> | {{Percentage | 841 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> | 134<br /> | {{Percentage | 134 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> ! 182,175<br /> ! {{Percentage | 182175 | 182175 | 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> ! Ballabgargh Tehsil<br /> | 77,279<br /> | {{Percentage | 77279 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> | 20,121<br /> | {{Percentage | 20121 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> | 55<br /> | {{Percentage | 55 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> | 177<br /> | {{Percentage | 177 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> | 73<br /> | {{Percentage | 73 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> | 2<br /> | {{Percentage | 2 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> ! 97,707<br /> ! {{Percentage | 97707 | 97707 | 2 }}<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;15&quot; | {{small|Note1: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Note2: [[Tehsil]] religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labelled as &quot;Indian Christians&quot; on [[Census in British India|census]]. Does not include [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]] or [[British Christianity|British Christians]], who were classified under &quot;Other&quot; category.}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Languages ===<br /> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 65.60% of the population identified their first language as [[Hindi]], 23.28% [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], 2.35% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 2.20% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.33% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political and administrative divisions ==<br /> <br /> ===Assembly constituencies===<br /> <br /> There are 4 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies located in this district: [[Gurgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]], [[Sohna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohna]], [[Pataudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pataudi]] and [[Badshahpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badshahpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana website|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163531/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/AC%20Distwise.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; All 4 of these are part of [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eci1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sub-Divisions===<br /> <br /> The Gurgaon district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of [[District Magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM): [[Gurgaon]], [[Sohna]], [[Pataudi]] and [[Badshahpur]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=District Gurugram - Administrative Setup|url=https://gurugram.gov.in/about-district/administrative-setup/|website=gurugram.gov.in|access-date=23 February 2021|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Revenue tehsils===<br /> <br /> The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue [[tehsil]]s, namely, Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi, [[Farrukhnagar]] &amp; [[Manesar]] and 4 revenue sub-tehsils namely [[Wazirabad, Gurgaon|Wazirabad]], Badshahpur, Kadipur and [[Garhi Harsaru]]. Gurgaon district also comprises 4 [[Community Development Block|Rural development blocks]] - Gurgaon, Sohna, Pataudi and Farrukhnagar.<br /> <br /> ==Economy ==<br /> <br /> A large number of industries and offices have been established in Gurgaon city, Manesar and Sohna Road.<br /> [[Cyber City, Gurgaon|Cyber City]] on NH8 is a popular location where most Multi National Companies (MNC) have taken large office spaces. All [[Special Economic Zone]]s (SEZ)s in Haryana state are in Gurgaon, except [[Sonipat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sezindia.nic.in/hi/error.php|title=एस ई जेड: भारत में विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र|website=sezindia.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology ==<br /> {{anchor | Eco | Ecology }}<br /> <br /> ===Wildlife Safari===<br /> {{anchor | Safari | Gurugram safari | Gurugram Safari | Gurugram leopard and deer safari | Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari | Gurugram leopard &amp; deer safari | Gurugram Leopard &amp; Deer Safari }}<br /> {{see also|Forests Department, Haryana#Leopard|l1=Leopards of Haryana}}<br /> <br /> '''Gurugram Leopard and Deer Safari''', also '''Gurugram Wildlife Safari''', will be established as an [[urban forest]] for Gurgaon city on 1,000 acres land in Aravall's foothills across several villages such as [[Gairatpur Bas]], [[Sakatpur]], and [[Sikhohpur]]. It will include construction of a greenfield 10-acre lake at the existing natural depression at Gairatpur Bas. Forests will be rejuvenated by plantiong the native trees. Safari will be developed, along the lines of [[Etawah Safari Park]], in compliance of The [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) regulations and guidelines. Safari and lake will support the wildlife, resident and [[migratory birds]], tourist facilities such as boat rides and picnic spots.&lt;ref name=lap1&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Dhananjay |title=Govt plans 10-acre lake in foothills of Aravallis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/govt-plans-10-acre-lake-in-foothills-of-aravallis/story-G3I2rw4qEsHAeQp5I5uXAI.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 August 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lap2&gt;{{cite news |title=Gurgaon's 'city forest' may include a leopard safari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gurgaons-city-forest-may-include-a-leopard-safari-5893270/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Gairatpur Bas lake:'' &lt;br /&gt;Lake near Gairatpur Bas (on the [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] [[National Highway (India)|NH-48]]) will be in the natural depression which drains into Badshahpur drain and finally into [[Najafgarh drain]] (tail end of [[Sahibi River]] before it converges with [[Yamuna]] on western gate of [[Delhi's Red Fort]]). Gairatpur Bas lake collects the rainwater from Aravallis. [[Forests Department, Haryana|Haryana Forests Department]] (HFD) has also been laying pipelines and making channels in the Aravallis around Gairatpur Bas depression to direct rainwater to the lake during rains. To make it [[perennial]] the treated water from Gurgaon's Behrampur Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Sector 72 will be supplied by a 3.5&amp;nbsp;km long pipe. Behrampur STP treats 17 cr ltr/day water, of which only 90 lakh ltr was in use, and remaining 16 cr ltr/day water was available for rejuvenating the wetlands of Aravali in Gurgaon and NCR.&lt;ref name=lap1/&gt;&lt;ref name=lap2/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Significance - biodiversity and wetlands:'' &lt;br /&gt;This area is rich in [[biodiversity]], falls within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi, has several nearby wildlife areas such as [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mangar Bani]], [[Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon|Aravali Biodiversity Park]], etc. There are several wetlands in Aravallis in this area, some of those formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in and around the area and have significance for the [[migratory birds]], including [[Damdama Lake]], [[Badkhal Lake]], 10th century ancient [[Surajkund]] reservoir and [[Anangpur Dam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Department of Forest, Delhi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |title=Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |archive-date=16 August 2011 |work=Department of Forest, Delhi Government |access-date=22 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Locals frequently spot the leopards around Gairatpur Bas, who rarely enter human habitations. According to the Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, there were nearly 100 leopards, including 18 cubs, in the [[Delhi Ridge#Southern Ridge|Delhi-Gurugaon-Faridabad Aravalli Forests]] (South Delhi Ridge) in Sept 2019.&lt;ref name=lap3/&gt; Earlier in June 2019, Haryana Forests Dept had engaged [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII), at cost of INR 40 lakh, to conduct leopard census both in Aravalli and [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] areas of Haryana, as 2016 survey was held only in Shivalik hills.&lt;ref name=lap4&gt;{{cite news |last1=Prashar |first1=Saurabh |title=Wildlife institute accepts Haryana Forest dept's proposal to conduct leopard census at cost of Rs 40L |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wii-accepts-haryana-forest-departments-proposal-to-conduct-leopard-census-at-cost-of-rs-40l-5807132/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Funds:'' &lt;br/&gt;In Sept 2019, Haryana's Forests Minister had announced that they will allocate INR 300 cr for the project.&lt;ref name=lap3&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Dhananjay |title=Proposal for leopard safari in Gurugram to be ready by next month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/proposal-for-leopard-safari-in-gurugram-to-be-ready-by-next-month/story-g7jRLFmixwfJB0Sjcdqe6I.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 September 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Concerns:'' &lt;br/&gt;Activists have raised concerns that there is lack of transparency in the plan.&lt;ref name=lap1/&gt; Activists and locals also have concerns about the freedom of leopards. If Safari has any barricades it will confine the movement of free ranging leopards, they must not be placed in any enclosures as they are ''&quot;already facing a threat of losing their territory because of the ruin the Aravalli forest has been facing over the past two to three decades.&quot;''&lt;ref name=lap3/&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Conservation:'' &lt;br/&gt;Haryana's Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, assured that ''&quot;Once the DPR is ready, we will be in a better position to comment what kind of safari it will be. We will not disturb the natural movement, feeding and breeding of leopards. We are working in consultation with wildlife experts of the country and under the guidance of the ministry of environment and forest.&quot;''&lt;ref name=lap3/&gt; Since [[Reliance Industries|[Reliance Industries Limited]] (RIL) has developed similar leopard safari near [[Jamnagar]] in [[Gujarat]] under [[Corporate social responsibility]] (CSR),&lt;ref name=lap5&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Maulik |title=Reliance to build 'largest zoo in world' in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reliance-to-build-largest-zoo-in-world-in-gujarat/articleshow/79819786.cms |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; there are suggestions to engage RIL for their partnership, expertise and CSR funding in [[public–private partnership]] (PPP) mode to set up similar sections such as the ''&quot;Forest of India&quot;'', ''&quot;Frog House&quot;'', ''&quot;Insect Life&quot;'', ''&quot;Dragon’s Land&quot;'', ''&quot;Exotic Island&quot;'', ''&quot;Wild Trail of Haryana&quot;'' and ''&quot;‘Aquatic Kingdom&quot;'' and many more.<br /> <br /> ''Current status:'' &lt;br/&gt;As of August 2019 was that the GDMA will lay the water pipe by March 2020 provided DPR is approved by the GoH. By October 2019, forests officials had surveyed the area and sent two separate Detailed Project Reports (DPR) to [[Government of Haryana]] (GoH) for approval - once each for the wildlifie safari by forests department and for water pipeline by [[Public Health Engineering Department|PHED Haryana]] and GDMA (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority).&lt;ref name=lap1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wetland, flooding and water conservation ===<br /> <br /> Gurgaon area has several natural lakes formed by the streams draining the [[Aravali]] hills in the area. To avoid the flooding various [[check dam]]s, called &quot;bund&quot; or &quot;bundh&quot;, were built.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Deforestation, ruined state of some of the check dams and obstruction to the [[ephemeral]] streams due to random urbanisation and encroachments have led to flooding. This can be prevented by rejuvenating the [[johad]]s (lakes) and existing check dams and also by constructing new check dams and artificial lakes. Following must be developed to prevent flooding and enable groundwater recharge, water for wildlife which includes [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards|leopards of Haryana]], eco tourism and boating, etc.&lt;ref name=enc1&gt;{{cite news |title=अरावली के बरसाती पानी का संरक्षण कर विकसित किए जा सकते हैं पर्यटन स्थल |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-tourist-places-can-be-developed-by-conserving-the-rain-water-of-aravalli-in-natural-and-artificial-lakes-21870525.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=27 July 2021 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ; Summary of plan<br /> * ''Summary of action plan:'' Following must be done:&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** Badshapur drain needs to be deepened <br /> ** Additional lakes needs must be built between Teekli-Badshahpur and Ghata-Kadarpur<br /> ** Existing lakes at Bhondsi and Damdama and stream draining into these need to be rejuvenated i.e. deepened and widened<br /> ** Existing check dams at Ghamroj, Ghat, Gairatpur Bas, Kadarpur, Jharsa, Ghasola, etc must be rejuvenated. <br /> ** New check dams, such as at Pandala.<br /> <br /> ; Detailed action plan<br /> &lt;!-- NOTE: Catchment area grouped together. See map <br /> https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Damdama+Lake,+Haryana/Ghamroj,+Haryana,+India/Pandala+Gujjar+dhani,+Garat+Pur+Bas,+Haryana,+India/Gairatpur+Bas,+Haryana,+India/Teekli,+Tikli,+Haryana,+India/Badshahpur/Khandsha/Godoli/Daulatabad,+Gurugram,+Haryana,+India/@28.3960403,76.904053,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m56!4m55!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d26f26e06824f:0xcc95c6e7df4e6222!2m2!1d77.1282023!2d28.3040418!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d247d9a18f3d7:0x90a43e02a09a81b0!2m2!1d77.0578855!2d28.3226188!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d3da8e76d1709:0xacf8622787b2fb6b!2m2!1d76.9971275!2d28.3414422!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d234d0e47d28b:0x71f1f2005b323e07!2m2!1d77.0183251!2d28.33518!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d233ee08d7b63:0x1750660f4dc24a8b!2m2!1d77.0300258!2d28.3557693!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d22f05651db7b:0x5a9d6df4e8da1b90!2m2!1d77.053568!2d28.3982709!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d17f6d6395dcf:0x745d323c4ee7c90e!2m2!1d76.9999298!2d28.4222734!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d17b8e07787ef:0xbd5eef6bc45abf10!2m2!1d76.9794276!2d28.4406087!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d174603395a93:0x81049c4d51fdde6b!2m2!1d76.9923875!2d28.5006588!3e0<br /> --&gt;<br /> * ''Bhondsi-Ghamroj-Damdama catchment:'' &lt;br/&gt;It lies on the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.<br /> ** [[Bhondsi]]&lt;!-- As per Bharatpedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage creation of article.--&gt; lake, deepen and widen to rejuvenate this lake inside the Bharat Yatra Kendra (BYK) [[ashram]] of former prime minister [[Chandra Shekhar]] and rejuvenate all the channels from hills to this lake, it must be large enough to arrest the overflow from Ghamroj and other nearby villages.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Ghamroj]]&lt;!-- As per Bharatpedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage creation of article.--&gt; lake: greenfield lake construction and rejuvenate existing bund and channel to arrest the water from the eastern and south side of the Aravalli on the south of Gurugaon.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Damdama Lake]], rejuvenate the lake and build more upstream check dams,&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt; and construct ponds for the wildlife on top of Aravalli which must be supplied by the solar powered silent pumps.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- NOTE: Catchment area grouped together. See map https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jharsa,+Gurugram,+Haryana,+India/Ghata,+Haryana,+India/Kadarpur,+Haryana,+India/Jharsa,+Gurugram,+Haryana+122022,+India/Ghamroj,+Haryana,+India/Badshahpur/Bhondsi,+Haryana,+India/Damdama+Lake,+Haryana/@28.3770881,77.0042588,12z/data=!4m50!4m49!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1860a4d10c07:0x8b0c56d532f6987c!2m2!1d77.0514093!2d28.4461254!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d21f86157fc29:0xba4ad76bc525f0fc!2m2!1d77.1108853!2d28.4210843!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d23d563c90fc9:0x8c39f2a3d28c9d10!2m2!1d77.1053673!2d28.3802802!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1860a4d10c07:0x8b0c56d532f6987c!2m2!1d77.0514093!2d28.4461254!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d247d9a18f3d7:0x90a43e02a09a81b0!2m2!1d77.0578855!2d28.3226188!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d22f05651db7b:0x5a9d6df4e8da1b90!2m2!1d77.053568!2d28.3982709!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d239c027d9e79:0x85a3b43165a6c5e!2m2!1d77.0614833!2d28.3509552!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d26f26e06824f:0xcc95c6e7df4e6222!2m2!1d77.1282023!2d28.3040418!3e0<br /> --&gt;<br /> *'' Badshapur-Teekli-Gairatpur Bas catchment:'' &lt;br/&gt;It lies ion the Aravalli south of Gurugaon. Pandala and Gairatpur Bas streams confluence at Teekli and through the Badshapur (sec 66) drain flow through [[Khandsa]] (sec 37) and [[Gadoli]] (sec 37B) to [[Quni Daultabad|Daultabad]] (sec 103) and Honda Chowk flooding all these areas. This requires rejuvenation of existing streams and bunds and construction of new ones at the following location.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Teekli]]-[[Badshapur]] greenfield lake: a large greenfield lake must be constructed between Teekli and Badshahpur to arrest the water from Aravalli south of Gurugaon.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Pandala, Haryana]], greenfield bund and channels&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Gairatpur Bas]]&lt;!-- As per Bharatpedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage creation of article.--&gt;, rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Teekli]], rejuvenate existing bund and channels, construct new if needed.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- NOTE: Catchment area grouped together. See map https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Jharsa,+Gurugram,+Haryana,+India/Ghata,+Haryana,+India/Kadarpur,+Haryana,+India/Jharsa,+Gurugram,+Haryana+122022,+India/Ghamroj,+Haryana,+India/Badshahpur/Bhondsi,+Haryana,+India/Damdama+Lake,+Haryana/@28.3770881,77.0042588,12z/data=!4m50!4m49!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1860a4d10c07:0x8b0c56d532f6987c!2m2!1d77.0514093!2d28.4461254!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d21f86157fc29:0xba4ad76bc525f0fc!2m2!1d77.1108853!2d28.4210843!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d23d563c90fc9:0x8c39f2a3d28c9d10!2m2!1d77.1053673!2d28.3802802!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d1860a4d10c07:0x8b0c56d532f6987c!2m2!1d77.0514093!2d28.4461254!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d247d9a18f3d7:0x90a43e02a09a81b0!2m2!1d77.0578855!2d28.3226188!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d22f05651db7b:0x5a9d6df4e8da1b90!2m2!1d77.053568!2d28.3982709!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d239c027d9e79:0x85a3b43165a6c5e!2m2!1d77.0614833!2d28.3509552!1m5!1m1!1s0x390d26f26e06824f:0xcc95c6e7df4e6222!2m2!1d77.1282023!2d28.3040418!3e0<br /> --&gt;<br /> * ''Ghata-Kadarpur catchment:'' <br /> ** Ghata-Kadarpur lake: greenfield lake between upstream Ghata and Kadarpur to arrest the water from Aravali hills which arrives via the Gold Course and rejuvenate downstream lakes/johads at Jharsa and Ghasola.&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt;<br /> ** [[Ghata, Haryana]]&lt;!-- As per Bharatpedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage creation of article.--&gt;, <br /> ** [[Kadarpur]]&lt;!-- As per Bharatpedia guidelines, retain the redlink to encourage creation of article.--&gt;, <br /> ** [[Jharsa]], rejuvenate check dams and streams<br /> ** Ghasola (sec 49),rejuvenate check dams to prevent flooding at Ghata-Kardarpur.<br /> <br /> ===Deforestation and illegal encroachments===<br /> {{anchor | Encroachment | Deforestation }}<br /> <br /> Due to the rapid urbanisation in and around Gurgaon, there is rampant illegal deforestation and encroachments by people in violation of rules,&lt;ref name=enc1/&gt; often in cahoots with corrupt officials.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} In February 2021, authorities from the town of [[Sohna]] demolished 15 illegally-built structures in [[Aravali Retreat, Gurgaon|Aravali Retreat]], after an order from the [[National Green Tribunal]] directed the Haryana government to enforce protection of the Aravali range.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pati |first=Ipsita |date=18 February 2021 |title=6 months after NGT order, bulldozers move into Raisina farmhouse colony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/6-months-after-ngt-order-bulldozers-move-into-raisina-farmhouse-colony/articleshow/81080613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221164635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/6-months-after-ngt-order-bulldozers-move-into-raisina-farmhouse-colony/articleshow/81080613.cms |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Villages==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> *[[Khandewla]]<br /> *[[Mangwaki]]<br /> *[[Nanukalan]]<br /> *[[Nawada Fatehpur]]<br /> *[[Patherheri]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> * [https://gurugram.gov.in/ Official Web Site of District Gurgaon, Haryana]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110513101157/http://weather.weatherbug.com/India/Gurgaon-weather/local-observations.html Gurgaon Weather &amp; interactive Map]<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065355/http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1803-1857.htm History of Haryana]}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180926174330/http://gurgaon.gov.in/ Government of Haryana]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101025143746/http://gurgaon.com/ Gurgaon Citizen Forum]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Gurgaon district<br /> |North = [[South West Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]<br /> |Northeast = [[South Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]<br /> |East = [[Faridabad district]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Palwal district]]<br /> |South = [[Nuh district]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Rewari district]]<br /> |West = <br /> |Northwest = [[Jhajjar district]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Districts of Haryana}}<br /> {{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}<br /> {{Hindu temples in Haryana}}<br /> {{Gurgaon district topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Coord|28|15|N|77|10|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gurgaon District}}<br /> [[Category:Gurgaon district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fateh_Singh_of_Alirajpur&diff=498962 2026-01-02T16:56:14Z

<p>Bahoglalat: starting a biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ruler of Alirajpur from in 1941}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | name = Fateh Singh<br /> | title = [[Raja]]<br /> | succession = [[Raja]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]<br /> | reign = 1941 – 23 October 1941<br /> | predecessor = [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh]]<br /> | successor = Surendra Singh<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1904|08|22|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1941|10|23|1904|08|22|df=yes}}<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Drapeau_AliRajpur.png}} [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]<br /> | father = [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Fateh Singh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRGS}} was the [[Raja]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] from the day of his father's abdication in 1941 until his death on 23 October 1941.<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> He was born on 22 August 1904 to [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |author=Manager of Publications Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |pages=90–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received his education at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]], and [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], [[Rajkot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1923, he was appointed in charge of the [[tehsil]]s of Nandpur and Chandpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35875/ |title=Leading Famlies And Officials In The States Of Central India |date=1935 |pages=162}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, he was vested with the powers of a first-class magistrate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He served as the chief commandant of the state forces of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was a fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He played [[polo]] and [[cricket]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He regularly played polo for the [[Baria State|Baria]] and [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]] teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He captained the [[Freelooters Cricket Team|Freelooters]] cricket team in the [[Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament]] for three years from 1932 to 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Marriage ===<br /> On 7 May 1922, he married the daughter of the [[Raja]] of [[Baria State|Baria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Children ===<br /> He had four sons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The eldest, Surendra Singh, was born on 17 March 1923; the second, Narendra Singh, on 5 May 1928; the third, Kamlendra Singh, on 30 December 1933; and the fourth on 3 October 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He also had three daughters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died of [[pneumonia]] on 23 October 1941.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s8-AAAAIBAJ |title=The Indian Express |date=25 October 1941 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:1904 births]]<br /> [[Category:1941 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]<br /> [[Category:Indian polo players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Daly College alumni]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Prakash_Shukla&diff=447168 2025-12-19T22:39:13Z

<p>Bahoglalat: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Chandra Prakash Shukla<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | constituency = [[Kaptanganj (Assembly constituency)]]<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = March 2017<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]<br /> | successor = [[Kavindra Chaudhary]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|07|05}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | birthname = <br /> | parents = <br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | residence = B-201, Bahukhandi Minister Housing, [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]<br /> | occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | profession = [[Chartered accountant]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Asha Shukla|23 May 1986}}<br /> | education = [[Chartered accountant]]<br /> | children = [[]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Chandra Prakash Shukla''' (born 5 July 1968) is an Indian politician and a member of [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of [[India]]. He represents the [[Kaptanganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaptanganj constituency]] of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Candidate affidavit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Candidate affidavit - Chandra Prakash Shukla|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3943 |website=My Neta|access-date=18 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kaptanganj Election Results 2017 Live: Chandra Prakash of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kaptanganj-election-results-2017-live-chandra-prakash-of-bjp-wins-1358742.html |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=News18 |date=11 March 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Shukla was born 5 July 1968 in [[Basti district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to father Arjun Prasad Shukla. On 23 May 1986, he married Asha Shukla, with whom he has two daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19832|last=|first=|date=|website=Official Website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated as a Chartered Accountant from [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]], [[New Delhi]] in 1999. Apart from being a chartered accountant, he is the chairman of &quot;Timecity Group&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Candidate affidavit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Shukla has been a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2017, he has represented the [[Kaptanganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaptanganj constituency]] and is a member of the BJP. In [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|2017 elections]], he defeated [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]] by a margin of 6,827 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Election&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Posts held==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br /> |-<br /> | 01 ||March 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]||&lt;ref name=&quot;Election&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Kaptanganj Constituency Result 2017|publisher=www.elections.in|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kaptanganj.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Chandra Prakash}}<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Basti district]]<br /> [[Category:1968 births]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Anuradha_Sriram&diff=458680 2025-12-13T14:00:14Z

<p>Bahoglalat: corrected article per standard format and fixed typos to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Photograph of Anuradha Sriram.jpg|thumb|[[Anuradha Sriram]] in 2013]]<br /> [[Anuradha Sriram]] (9 July 1970) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Carnatic singers|Carnatic vocalist]] and [[playback singer|film playback singer]]. Best known for her work in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian films]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;also worked in a few projects in other Indian language and Sinhala films. Anuradha has recorded over 4000 songs. She has also recorded songs for many non-film albums, tele-series, devotionals and classical collaborations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/05sri.htm|title=A duet for life|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 October 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anuradha debuted as a singer with the group song &quot;Malarodu Malaringu&quot; composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] for the film ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995). However, she shot to fame with her solo song &quot;Anbendra Mazhayile&quot; from the film ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997), again composed by A. R. Rahman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-singer-to-radio-jockey/article6114901.ece|title=From singer to radio jockey |work = The Hindu.com|date=15 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, Anuradha has recorded thousands of film songs for various prominent South Indian music composers such as [[Ilaiyaraja]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Anu Malik]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Sirpy]], [[Hamsalekha]], [[Ouseppachan]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Mohan Sithara]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] and others.<br /> <br /> == Recorded film songs ==<br /> Anuradha has sung over 4000 songs in Tamil, Sinhala, Kannada, Hindi, Bengali, Telugu and Malayalam.<br /> <br /> == Tamil film songs ==<br /> === 1990s ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5%|Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23%|Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23%|Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15%|Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10%|Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20%|Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|1995<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''<br /> | &quot;Malarodu Malaringu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Vairamuthu]]<br /> | [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Idhu Annai Bhoomi&quot;<br /> | Sujatha, Neol James, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Sivanesan, [[Ganga Sitharasu]], Renuka<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pasumpon]]''<br /> | &quot;Thennattu Singame&quot;<br /> | [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''<br /> | &quot;Ini Achham Achham Illai&quot;<br /> | A. R. Rahman<br /> | Sujatha, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Swetha Mohan]], Esther<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Villadhi Villain]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaimaye Vellum&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Deepak<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]''<br /> | &quot;Hamma Hamma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> | [[Pulamaipithan]]<br /> | [[S. N. Surendar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aasai]]''<br /> | &quot;Meenamma&quot;<br /> | [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br /> | [[P. Unnikrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]''<br /> | &quot;Dindukallu&quot;<br /> | [[Piraisoodan]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Thotta Chinungi]]''<br /> | &quot;Pep Pepsi Cola&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Philip Jerry<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Vaali<br /> | Jerry<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ramya Ramya&quot;<br /> | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Jerry<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot;|1996<br /> ! ''[[Vaanmathi]]''<br /> | &quot;Oru Naalum&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]''<br /> | &quot;En Manathai&quot;<br /> | [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Super Hit&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Vairamuthu<br /> | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]''<br /> | &quot;Paadu Paadu&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]''<br /> | &quot;Mavane Magarasane&quot;<br /> | Bala Bharathi<br /> | Piraisoodan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''<br /> | &quot;Nalam Nalamariya Aaval&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | [[Agathiyan]]<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]''<br /> | &quot;Dilruba Dilruba&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Gopal Rao<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]''<br /> | &quot;Vacha Vacha&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Soundaryan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Piraisoodan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Devanin Vasalil&quot;<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Gokulathil Seethai (film)|Gokulathil Seethai]]''<br /> | &quot;Anthi Mantharai&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | Agathiyan<br /> | [[Suresh Peters]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]''<br /> | &quot;Ezhuthugiren Oru Kaditham&quot;<br /> | Ilandevan<br /> | K. S. Chithra<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Nethaji]]''<br /> | &quot;Raappothu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vidyasagar<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;My Dear My Dear&quot;<br /> | [[Febi Mani]], Feji Mani, [[Pop Shalini]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]''<br /> | &quot;Un Uthattora Sivappe&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vantheyalla&quot;<br /> | Suresh Peters<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''<br /> | &quot;Kanna Nee Varuvai&quot;<br /> | Ishrath, [[Meera Krishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;29&quot;| 1997<br /> ! ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]''<br /> | &quot;Anbendra Mazhaiyile&quot;<br /> | A. R. Rahman<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Periya Thambi]]''<br /> | &quot;Taj Mahale&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Gopura Deepam]]''<br /> | &quot;Ullame Unakkuthan&quot;<br /> | Soundaryan<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Mappillai Gounder]]''<br /> | &quot;Pattikkattu Life&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | [[Kalidasan]]<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]''<br /> | &quot;College En Kaiyyile&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sirpy]]<br /> | Arivumathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaa Vaa Beta&quot;<br /> | Kamakodiyan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]''<br /> | &quot;Pattikaattu Pattadharigal&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot;| Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaiya Idhu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Piraisoodan<br /> | Deva<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Rukku Rukku&quot;<br /> | Bharathi<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Discovery Channel&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]''<br /> | &quot;Malargale&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | S. N. Surendar<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Chinna Chinna Kadhal&quot;<br /> | [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Deva, Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kaadhali (1997 film)|Kaadhali]]''<br /> | &quot;Mumbai Kaatre&quot;<br /> | Ponniyin Selvan<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;O Nenjae&quot;<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Pagaivan]]''<br /> | &quot;Rajanae&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | [[Arunmozhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Poo Malai Podum&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kadhal Palli]]''<br /> | &quot;Moru Moru&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Adimai Changili]]''<br /> | &quot;Mazhai Nadathum&quot;<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kanaga Thai&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]''<br /> | &quot;Kananguruvi&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Deepak<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaa Vathiyaare&quot;<br /> | [[Manoj–Gyan]]<br /> | Muthulingam<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]''<br /> | &quot;Kozhi Vandhadhaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Vaali<br /> | Malaysia Vasudevan, [[Yugendran]], Sujatha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Periya Manushan]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaalappari Chinna&quot;<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Porkkaalam]]''<br /> | &quot;Karuvela Kattukkulle&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | [[Arunmozhi]], Sujatha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vidukathai (film)|Vidukathai]]''<br /> | &quot;Kidaichiruchu&quot;<br /> | Agathiyan<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Janakiraman]]''<br /> | &quot;Pottu Mela Pottu&quot;<br /> | Sirpy<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]''<br /> | &quot;Mattikittan Mattikittan&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | Ilakiyan<br /> | Deva<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pudhalvan]]''<br /> | &quot;Cellular Phone&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]'' (D)<br /> | &quot;Vidu Vidu&quot;<br /> | [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]<br /> |<br /> | [[A. R. Reihana]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;21&quot;|1998<br /> ! ''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]''<br /> | &quot;Sethu Mathava&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | Agathiyan<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]''<br /> | &quot;Malligaye Malligaye&quot;<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | K. S. Chithra<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ponnu Velayira Bhoomi]]''<br /> | &quot;Poya Un Moonjule&quot;<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Deva, [[Swarnalatha]], [[Vadivelu]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''<br /> | &quot;Anbae Anbae&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|A. R. Rahman<br /> | Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Dil Se..|Uyire]]'' (D)<br /> | [[Dil Se Re]]<br /> | A. R. Rahman, [[Annupamaa|Anupama]], [[Febi Mani]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Iniyavale]]''<br /> | &quot;Malarodu Piranthavala&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Arivumathi<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thendral&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]''<br /> | &quot;Twinkle Twinkle&quot;<br /> | Bala Bharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Priyamudan]]''<br /> | &quot;Mouriya&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deva<br /> | [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sandhippoma]]''<br /> | &quot;Gnapagam Irukiradha&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]''<br /> | &quot;Adiye Kuruvamma&quot;<br /> | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]''<br /> | &quot;Nilave Nilave&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Vijay<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[En Aasai Rasave]]''<br /> | &quot;Munthi Munthi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | [[Kasthuri Raja]]<br /> | Malaysia Vasudevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''<br /> | &quot;Chinna Chinna Kiliye&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan, Shobhana<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Senthooram]]''<br /> | &quot;Un Pakkathile&quot;<br /> | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Ilaiyaraaja<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aasai Thambi]]''<br /> | &quot;I Love You&quot;<br /> | [[Adithyan]]<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Unnudan]]''<br /> | &quot;Dil Dil&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]''<br /> | &quot;Pacha Marikozhundu&quot;<br /> | Kasthuri Raja<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Guru Paarvai]]''<br /> | &quot;Nandavana Poove&quot;<br /> | Vaali<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Taal (film)|Taalam]]'' (D)<br /> | &quot;Taalam Illamal&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|A. R. Rahman<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Sujatha, [[T. L. Maharajan]], A. R. Rahman<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi|Monalisa]]'' (D)<br /> | Ninaithale Innikum&quot; <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;30&quot;|1999<br /> ! ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]''<br /> | &quot;Manipura Manipura&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Kamakodiyan<br /> | Srinivas <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Suriya Paarvai]]''<br /> | &quot;Panirendu Vayasula&quot;<br /> | [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | [[Malgudi Subha]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kallazhagar]]''<br /> | &quot;Oh Manalae&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Nandalala<br /> | [[S. P. B. Charan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Ethirum Pudhirum]]''<br /> | &quot;Kathu Pasanga&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vidyasagar<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, Malaysia Vasudevan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ellorkkum Oru&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]''<br /> | &quot;O Thendrale&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Manoj–Gyan<br /> | Arivumathi<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Take it Easy&quot;<br /> | Piraisoodan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ullathai Killathe]]''<br /> | &quot;Naan Musolini&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | [[Pa. Vijay]]<br /> | Naveen<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]''<br /> | &quot;Don't Try to Love Me&quot;<br /> | [[T. Rajendar]]<br /> | T. Rajendar<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''<br /> | &quot;Nilavai Konduvaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaanil Kaayuthey&quot;<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Annan Thangachi]]''<br /> | &quot;Thangachi Thangachi&quot;<br /> | Ponniyin Selvan<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nenjinile]]''<br /> | &quot;Madras Dosth&quot;<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | Krishnaraj, Naveen<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Suyamvaram]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaanakozhikku&quot;<br /> | Ponniyin Selvan<br /> | Sabesan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Rojavanam]]''<br /> | &quot;I Have Fallen&quot;<br /> | [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ponvizha]]''<br /> | &quot;Ponni Nadhi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Deva<br /> | Asokan<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]''<br /> | &quot;Kalyanama Kalyanam&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Arivumathi<br /> | Krishnaraj, Murali<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Manmatha Malaiye&quot;<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan, [[A. R. Reihana]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''<br /> | &quot;Monalisa&quot;<br /> | Yuvan Shankar Raja<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Kalaikumar<br /> | [[Devan Ekambaram]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Maravathe Kanmaniye]]''<br /> | &quot;Ellora Oviyam&quot;<br /> | Mahakumar<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan, Sujatha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]''<br /> | &quot;Chella Chella&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Deva<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]''<br /> | &quot;O Vennila&quot;<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pudhu Kudithanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Adi Sammatham&quot;<br /> | Arivumathi<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]''<br /> | &quot;Ayyarettu&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]''<br /> | &quot;Nilavoda Thangachi&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Kalaikumar<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]''<br /> | &quot;Podava Kattina&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Victoria Victoria&quot;<br /> | Subhash<br /> | Naveen<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Azhagarsamy]]''<br /> | &quot;Konjum Strawberry&quot;<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Paattali]]''<br /> | &quot;Chinna Chinna Veettu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]<br /> | Sujatha<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ulaga Azhagiya&quot;<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> | [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Srinivas<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;36&quot;|2000<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]''<br /> | &quot;Roja Poonthottam&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Ilaiyaraaja<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Palani Bharathi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Enthan Kuyil Engae&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oru Naal Oru Kanavu&quot;<br /> | [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vaanathaippola]]''<br /> | &quot;Nathiye Adi Nile Nathiye&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]''<br /> | &quot;Karu Karu Karuppayi&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | [[K. Subash]]<br /> | [[Unni Menon]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Annai (2000 film)|Annai]]''<br /> | &quot;Hey Chittuku Chittan&quot;<br /> | [[Dhina]]<br /> | Kadhal Mathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sudhandhiram]]''<br /> | &quot;Konjam Chillunu&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Kalaikumar<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Mugavaree]]''<br /> | &quot;Poo Virinjachu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Vairamuthu<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vallarasu]]''<br /> | &quot;Hello Mr. Naidu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[James Pandu]]''<br /> | &quot;Nikkattuma Nadakkattuma&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Veeranadai]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaanam Paatha Bhoomiyile&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Seeman<br /> | Gopal Rao<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]''<br /> | &quot;Eduda Namma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pathumani&quot;<br /> | Viveka<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]''<br /> | &quot;Oru Ponnu Onnu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oh Vennilaa&quot;<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven]]''<br /> | &quot;Iduppu Selaikkulla&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Karisakattu Poove]]''<br /> | &quot;Ethanai Manikku&quot;<br /> | Ilaiyaraaja<br /> | Kasthuri Raja<br /> | [[Arunmozhi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]''<br /> | &quot;Koila Koila&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Deva<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]''<br /> | &quot;Naan Oru Pombala Rajini&quot;<br /> | Vaali<br /> | [[T. K. Kala]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]''<br /> | &quot;Karupputhan Enakku Pidicha&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]''<br /> | &quot;Kalloori Vaanil&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Devan Ekambaram, Deepika<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kuberan (2000 film)|Kuberan]]''<br /> | &quot;Kadhalikkum Pengalukku&quot;<br /> | Arivumathi<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]''<br /> | &quot;Rama Rama&quot;<br /> | [[Srikanth Deva]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Vairamuthu<br /> | Swarnalatha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]''<br /> | &quot;Thinnadhey&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]''<br /> | &quot;Chinna Puraave&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Raaj Khanna<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Chinna Chinna Kannile]]''<br /> | &quot;Chikkiditta Naane&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Sampath Selvan<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Sampath Selvan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Greeting Cardaa&quot;<br /> | [[Na. Muthukumar]]<br /> | Malgudi Subha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sabhash]]''<br /> | &quot;Palai Keeley&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deva<br /> | K. Subash<br /> | Unni Menon<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]''<br /> | &quot;Computer Graphic&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Palayathu Amman]]''<br /> | &quot;Paal Nilaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Swarnalatha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Priyamaanavale]]''<br /> | &quot;Mississippi Nadhi Kulunga&quot;<br /> | Vijay<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]''<br /> | &quot;Vilaiyattu Vilaiyattu&quot;<br /> | Srinivas, Sujatha <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[En Sakhiye]]''<br /> | &quot;Sakhiye&quot;<br /> | Pradeep Ravi<br /> | Kamakodiyan<br /> | Prasanna<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Manu Needhi]]''<br /> | &quot;Ele Karuthhamma&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nee Enthan Vaanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Pattu Papa&quot;<br /> | [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]]<br /> | Piraisoodan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]''<br /> | &quot;Chinna Vennila&quot;<br /> | Ilaiyaraaja<br /> |<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;21&quot;| 2001<br /> ! Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]''<br /> | Konjum Kuyil Pattu<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Ilaiyaraaja<br /> |<br /> | Ilaiyaraaja, Harini<br /> |-<br /> | Rasathi Rasathi<br /> |<br /> | Arunmozhi<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Looty]]''<br /> | &quot;Missu Missu Papa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]''<br /> | &quot;Sarpa Sarpamaa&quot;<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Nageswari]]''<br /> | &quot;Boom Boom&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Muthulingam<br /> | Vadivelu<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gopala Yen Akka&quot;<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]''<br /> | &quot;Vennai Thirudum Kanna&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]''<br /> | &quot;Azhagu Ponnu&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | Devan, Jayanthi, Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]''<br /> | &quot;Nilavai Konjum&quot;<br /> | Yuvan Shankar Raja<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]''<br /> | &quot;Laser Kathir Pole&quot;<br /> | Sirpy<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri]]''<br /> | &quot;Chitthiraiye&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Arivumathi<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pattampoochi&quot;<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]''<br /> | &quot;Raasave Ennai&quot;<br /> | Viveka<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Asathal]]''<br /> | &quot;Saainthaadu&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Kalaikumar<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]''<br /> | &quot;Pakkam Nikkum Nila&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Vaali<br /> | Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Krishna Krishna]]''<br /> | &quot;Moodu Vandhachu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Kovi Kovan<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Naan Orakannal&quot;<br /> | Krithaya<br /> | [[S. Ve. Sekhar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''<br /> | &quot;Mudhal Mudhalaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Sirpy<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palani Bharathi<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Naan Kulikkum&quot;<br /> | Mano<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Love Channel]]''<br /> | &quot;Cherry Cherry&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Yugendran<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Poove Pen Poove]]''<br /> | Hello Party<br /> | Subash Jawahar<br /> |<br /> | Sevaththa Sampath<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;26&quot;|2002<br /> ! ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''<br /> | &quot;Endi Soodamani&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]''<br /> | &quot;Ollikuchi Udambukkari&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | [[KK (singer)|KK]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]''<br /> | &quot;Adiye Aaravalli&quot;<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | Sabesh, Chitra Sivaraman<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaada Vaada Paalkkara&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Pa. Vijay<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]''<br /> | &quot;Thorakkatha Pottiye&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | [[Manikka Vinayagam]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''<br /> | &quot;Ponnu Oruthi Summa&quot;<br /> | Bharani<br /> | Snehan<br /> | [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''<br /> | &quot;O Podu&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]''<br /> | &quot;Thalattu Kettathillai&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;| T. Rajendar<br /> | K. S. Chithra<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thamizh]]''<br /> | Rosappu' <br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Yugendran<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thamizhan]]''<br /> | &quot;Mattu Mattu&quot;<br /> | [[D. Imman]]<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | D. Imman<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]''<br /> | &quot;Azhagamma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bharani<br /> | Newton<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jodi Potta&quot;<br /> | Mani<br /> | Pushpavanam Kuppusamy<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[123 (film)|123]]''<br /> | &quot;Adada Nadandhu Varaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Thamarai<br /> | [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;April Mazhai&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Konjum Konjum&quot;<br /> | Suresh Peters<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]]''<br /> | &quot;Poi Sollalam&quot;<br /> | Murugan<br /> | rowspan=5| Pa. Vijay<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaadhalane Uyire&quot;<br /> | [[Sabesh–Murali]]<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]''<br /> | &quot;Pudi Pudi Kabadi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2| Deva<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Samasthanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Oru Kurinji Poo&quot;<br /> | Krishnaraj, Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]''<br /> | &quot;Five Star&quot;<br /> | [[Sriram Parasuram]]<br /> | [[Shubha Mudgal]], Timmy, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[University (film)|University]]''<br /> | &quot;Jyothika Radhika&quot;<br /> | [[Ramesh Vinayagam]]<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]''<br /> | &quot;Panganapalli Mango&quot;<br /> | colspan=2| Rock Rownder<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Bagavathi]]''<br /> | &quot;Kai Kai Kai Vekkura&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Kalaikumar<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]''<br /> | &quot;Dhak Dhak&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. P. Venkatesh<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pesi Pesi&quot;<br /> | Adithyan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]''<br /> | &quot;Hello Hello En Kadhala&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Tippu, [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;33&quot;| 2003<br /> ! ''[[Annai Kaligambal]]''<br /> | &quot;Omthana Namthana&quot;<br /> | rowspan=3| Deva<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Chokka Thangam]]''<br /> | &quot;Enna Nenacha&quot;<br /> | R. V. Udhayakumar<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ettu Jilla&quot;<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Karthik, Unni Menon<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''<br /> | &quot;Maidha Maidha&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | Ponniyin Selvan<br /> | Tippu, Naveen, [[Mathangi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thillaiyadi&quot;<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Student Number 1]]''<br /> | &quot;Kathal Natpai Maruma&quot;<br /> | [[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]''<br /> | &quot;Bam Bam Barala&quot;<br /> | Bharani<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Harish Raghavendra<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Military (film)|Military]]''<br /> | &quot;Therodum Veethiyile&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | rowspan=2| Palani Bharathi<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pallavan]]''<br /> | &quot;Maa Venuma&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]''<br /> | &quot;Kannamma Kannamma&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]''<br /> | &quot;Sei Seiya Asiya&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Kadhalmathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]''<br /> | &quot;Aalana Dhegam&quot;<br /> | Mani Sharma<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Banda Paramasivam]]''<br /> | &quot;Lelakkadi&quot;<br /> | Sirpy<br /> | Ra. Ravishankar<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Anbe Anbe]]''<br /> | &quot;Roobanottil&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Vaali<br /> | KK<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Indru Mudhal]]''<br /> | &quot;Vijaya Vil Vijaya&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Lesa Lesa]]''<br /> | &quot;Lesa Lesa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Lesa Lesa (remix)&quot;<br /> | DJ Ivan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]''<br /> | &quot;Vinayaga Vinayaga&quot;<br /> | Sabesh Murali<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''<br /> | &quot;Whistle Adikkum Vadana&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | Harish Raghavendra, Ganga Sitharasu<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]''<br /> | &quot;Ahaa Ethanai Azhagu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kannu Rendum Konda&quot;<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | Gopal Rao<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vikadan]]''<br /> | &quot;Rama Rama&quot;<br /> | Jerome Pushparaj<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Eera Nilam]]''<br /> | &quot;Hey Sembaruthi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Sirpy<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Karpaga Maramum&quot;<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Sathya<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]''<br /> | &quot;Konjam Konjama&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]''<br /> | &quot;Kanna Un&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]''<br /> | &quot;Mutham Mutham&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]''<br /> | &quot;Iduppodu Sungidi&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]''<br /> | &quot;Pondicherry&quot;<br /> | Soundaryan<br /> | Piraisoodan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]''<br /> | &quot;Paisa Gopuram&quot;<br /> | Mani Sharma<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]''<br /> | &quot;Pathu Vayasule&quot;<br /> | rowspan=6|Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]''<br /> | &quot;Labama Nashtama&quot;<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Indru]]''<br /> | &quot;Shokka Adikkura&quot;<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;16&quot;|2004<br /> ! ''[[Ullathai Killathe]]''<br /> | &quot;Naan Musolini&quot;<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Naveen<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Engal Anna]]''<br /> | &quot;Aasai Arasa&quot;<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Adi Thadi]]''<br /> | &quot;Akkipachai&quot;<br /> | Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]''<br /> | &quot;Unna Enakku&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Snehan<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ghilli]]''<br /> | &quot;Appadi Podu&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | KK<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]''<br /> | &quot;Pothuvaa Palarku&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | V. Elango<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Super Da]]''<br /> | &quot;Koyambedu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Deva<br /> | Kalidasan<br /> | Manikka Vinayagam<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thulasi Chediyoram&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2|Kalaikumar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Arivumani]]''<br /> | &quot;Pagal Thiruda&quot;<br /> | Janakiraj<br /> | P. Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Madhurey]]''<br /> | &quot;Elantha Pazham&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Chellamae]]''<br /> | &quot;Chella Kiliyo&quot;<br /> | Harris Jayaraj<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Ranjith<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]''<br /> | &quot;Erumbu Onnu&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | rowspan=2|Pa. Vijay<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''<br /> | &quot;Dei Kaiyya Vechikittu&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Devan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Attahasam]]''<br /> | &quot;Pollachi Ilaneere&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''<br /> | &quot;Ooru Onu Onnu&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Vaali<br /> | [[R. Sarath Kumar]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Paravai Muniyamma]], Jaishree<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Jaisurya]]''<br /> | &quot;Madha Madha&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | rowspan=2|Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;25&quot;|2005<br /> ! ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]''<br /> | &quot;Kootttan Choru&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Dhina<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]''<br /> | &quot;Thunda Kaanom&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Thiraivannan<br /> | [[Dhanush]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thirupaachi]]''<br /> | &quot;Appan Panna Thappula&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Pushpavanam Kuppusamy<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]''<br /> | &quot;Kichu Kichu&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | Vaali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]''<br /> | &quot;Poonai Mudi&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Manikka Vinayagam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''<br /> | &quot;Etha Oothi Senjeno&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | D. Imman<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Priyasakhi]]''<br /> | &quot;O Priyasakhi&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Thenmozhiyan<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[6'2]]''<br /> | &quot;Maathengudhu&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Harish Raghavendra<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aadhikkam]]''<br /> | &quot;Ennoda Paattu&quot;<br /> | [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaalangathaala&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | KK<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]''<br /> | &quot;Un Peyar Ennada&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bharadwaj<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[S. P. Hosimin]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Othhayaa Rettaya&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]''<br /> | &quot;Vilakku Vechathum&quot;<br /> | Bharani<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]''<br /> | &quot;Thachikko&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Mathangi<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thotti Jaya]]''<br /> | &quot;Uyire En Uyire&quot;<br /> | Harris Jayaraj<br /> | Thamarai<br /> | Karthik, [[Bombay Jayashree]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''<br /> | &quot;Onnu Vanguna&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | Victor Das<br /> | Tippu<br /> |- <br /> | &quot;Romba Azhagu&quot;<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]''<br /> | &quot;Adiyae Aandaal Amma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Deva<br /> | [[Piraisoodan]]<br /> | [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Solvaaya Solvaaya&quot;<br /> | [[Pa. Vijay]]<br /> | [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Sridevi<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Meesa Vecha Paiya&quot;<br /> | [[Snehan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''<br /> | &quot;Ada Ennaatha Solvenungo&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Majaa]]''<br /> | &quot;Aiyyarettu Nattukatta&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]''<br /> | &quot;Azhaguna Azhagu&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Lakshmi Priyan<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]''<br /> | &quot;Thaali Kazhuthula&quot;<br /> | Soundaryan<br /> | Muthulingam<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]''<br /> | &quot;Eppo Thara&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Krishnaraj<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|2006<br /> ! ''[[Saravana]]''<br /> | &quot;Saa Poo Three&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | Karthik, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Baby Vaishali<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aathi]]''<br /> | &quot;Olli Olli Iduppe&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]''<br /> | &quot;Goyyangoo&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2|Bharadwaj<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]''<br /> | &quot;Pudhu Veedu&quot;<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]''<br /> | &quot;Summa Oru Thaali&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Manikka Vinayagam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''<br /> | &quot;Naan Valargirena&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2| D. Imman<br /> | Palani Bharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kusthi]]''<br /> | &quot;Kalavani Kalavanipayale&quot;<br /> | [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raaj Kapoor]]<br /> | D. Imman<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]''<br /> | &quot;Pada Pada&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]''<br /> | &quot;Engamma Kuthamma&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vathiyar]]''<br /> | &quot;Pappalapappaa&quot;<br /> | D. Imman<br /> | Kalaikumar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Idhu Kadhal Varum Paruvam]]''<br /> | &quot;Kadhal Kadhal&quot;<br /> | colspan=2|Kasthuri Raja<br /> | Nitish Gopalan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Aadu Puli Aattam (2006 film)|Aadu Puli Aattam]]''<br /> | &quot;Nila Nila&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Pravin Mani]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Pa. Vijay<br /> | [[Haricharan]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gnaanapazham&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2'|''[[Adaikalam]]''<br /> | &quot;Kalyana Sundari&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Sabesh Murali<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaankaiya Vaankikaiya&quot;<br /> | Swarnalatha<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;21&quot;| 2007<br /> ! ''[[Veerasamy]]''<br /> | &quot;Vachirukken&quot;<br /> |colspan=3| T. Rajendar<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]''<br /> | &quot;Kannan Varum Velai&quot;<br /> | Yuvan Shankar Raja<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | [[Madhushree]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''<br /> | &quot;Suru Suru Susuravarthi&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | P. Vijay<br /> | Ranjith<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thirumagan]]''<br /> | &quot;Shock Adikkuthu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=5|Deva<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | KK<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nanbanin Kadhali]]''<br /> | &quot;Aalilla Kattukkulla&quot;<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Manikanda]]''<br /> | &quot;Inji Murappa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Na. Muthukumar<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tippu<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mama Maama&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pondhicherry&quot;<br /> | Kabilan<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]''<br /> | &quot;Sandhaikku Pora Machan&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Kavin Saradha, Raj Shankar<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Asura<br /> | Haricharan, Mohan Ram<br /> |-<br /> | Kathal Sammatham'<br /> | Devan Ekambaram<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thiru Ranga]]''<br /> | &quot;Pollachi&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu, Roshini<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pirappu]]''<br /> | &quot;Kadalaina Kadalai&quot;<br /> | [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /> | Kamakodiyan<br /> | Manikka Vinayagam<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Viyabari]]''<br /> | &quot;Feel of Kosukkadi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vaali<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mano<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kadi Kadi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]''<br /> | &quot;Ennangira Nee&quot;<br /> | Mani Sharma<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thoovanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Yedho Yedho&quot;<br /> | [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''Manase Mounama''<br /> | &quot;Kalasu Kalasu&quot;<br /> | Naga<br /> | Ponnadiyan<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nenjai Thodu]]''<br /> | &quot;Thondathe&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2|Srikanth Deva<br /> | Pulamaipithan<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Piragu]]''<br /> | &quot;Aasai Dosai&quot;<br /> | Piraisoodan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Malaikottai]]''<br /> | &quot;Yeh Aatha&quot;<br /> | Mani Sharma<br /> | Gangai Amaran<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Puli Varudhu]]''<br /> | &quot;Kanava Nejama&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Srikanth Deva<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | Harish Raghavendra<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|2008<br /> ! ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''<br /> | &quot;Thiruvaroor Therae&quot;<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vaazhthugal]]''<br /> | &quot;Unmela Aasapattu&quot;<br /> | Yuvan Shankar Raja<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | [[S. P. B. Charan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''<br /> | &quot;Malika Cherovatra&quot;<br /> | Sabesh Murali<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | [[Jassie Gift]], [[Suchitra]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sandai]]''<br /> | &quot;Madhuraikkara&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]''<br /> | &quot;Rasikkum Seemaane&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kuruvi]]''<br /> | &quot;Mozha Mozhannu&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | KK<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]''<br /> | &quot;Pattayakilappu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Srikanth Deva<br /> | Nandalala<br /> | Naveen Madhav<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]''<br /> | &quot;Kathavaraya&quot;<br /> | Snehan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]''<br /> | &quot;Unnaithaan&quot;<br /> | Bharadwaj<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]''<br /> | &quot;Kodangi Vanthirukken&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> | Manikka Vinayagam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Seval]]''<br /> | &quot;Namma Ooru&quot;<br /> | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Tippu, Manikka Vinayagam, [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Final Cut of Director|Bomalattam]]'' (D)<br /> |&quot;Nenjil Dola&quot;<br /> |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot;| 2009<br /> ! ''Kadhalna Summa Illai''<br /> | &quot;Joraam&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | rowspan=2|Pa. Vijay<br /> | Ranjith<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]''<br /> | &quot;Rojavanam&quot;<br /> | Bala<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]''<br /> | &quot;Yedhaachum Sollikuvee&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | rowspan=2| Kabilan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''Aarupadai''<br /> | &quot;Mullu Illa Meenu&quot;<br /> | Aalwarshree<br /> | Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, Balu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]''<br /> | &quot;O Sexy Mama&quot;<br /> | [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br /> | Thamarai<br /> | Jassie Gift<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''<br /> | &quot;Deepavali&quot;<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;| T. M. Jayamurugan<br /> | Mano, Harish Raghavendra, Mukesh, Kalyani, [[Saindhavi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ragavan]]''<br /> | &quot;Sithanna&quot;<br /> | Gangai Amaran<br /> | Na. Muthukumar<br /> | Haricharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]''<br /> | &quot;Pondattiyo Vappatiyo&quot;<br /> | Iniyavan<br /> | Snehan<br /> | Iniyavan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthe]]''<br /> | &quot;Thodu Paar&quot;<br /> | Sirpy<br /> | rowspan=2|Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Engal Aasan]]''<br /> | &quot;Solli Tharava&quot;<br /> | Sabesh Murali<br /> | [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Malayan (film)|Malayan]]''<br /> | &quot;Tharecha Sollungo&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dhina<br /> | Arivumathi<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]''<br /> | &quot;Malakotta Kannu&quot;<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Silambarasan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]''<br /> | &quot;Kannazhaga&quot;<br /> | John Peter<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vedappan]]''<br /> | &quot;Azhagiya Azhagiya&quot;<br /> | Nesan<br /> | Ilaya Kamban<br /> | Bellie Raj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Vaidehi''<br /> | &quot;Vaidehi&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Gemini Raghava<br /> | Prasanna Rao<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2010s ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot;|2010<br /> ! ''[[Thairiyam]]''<br /> | &quot;Ilamaiyil Mogam&quot;<br /> | Mohan Singh<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Harish Raghavendra<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]''<br /> | &quot;Aasai Machane&quot;<br /> | [[Selvaganesh]]<br /> | Francis Kruba<br /> | Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Magane En Marumagane]]''<br /> | &quot;Laddu Paiyya&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Kiruba<br /> | Vinaitha<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]''<br /> | &quot;Indha Vaanam Indha Bhoomi&quot;<br /> | Paul J<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pen Singam]]''<br /> | &quot;Sil Silla Sil Silla&quot;<br /> | Deva<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shankar Mahadevan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaattu Sirukki&quot;<br /> | A. R. Rahman<br /> | Vairamuthu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thambi Arjuna]]''<br /> | &quot;Nalla Mazhai&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]''<br /> | &quot;Happy&quot;<br /> | Devan Ekambaram<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Vaali<br /> | Malaysia Vasudevan, Haricharan, Devan Ekambaram, [[Naresh Iyer]], Naveen Madhav, Ranjith, Rahul Nambiar, Paravai Muniamma, Manikka Vinayagam, Srinivas, Mukesh, Divya, Suchitra Karthik, Velmurugan, Malgudi Subha, Vijay Yesudas, [[Aalap Raju]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thottupaar]]''<br /> | &quot;Aadi Maasam&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''<br /> | &quot;Thooral Nindralum&quot;<br /> | Colonial Cousins<br /> | Hariharan, Wadali Brothers<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Aattanayagann]]''<br /> | &quot;Chekka&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2011<br /> ! ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani IPS]]''<br /> | &quot;Karpoora Kannazhagi&quot;<br /> | Dhina<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | [[Kicha (director)|Kicha]], Dhina<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2012<br /> ! ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''<br /> | &quot;Sundara Purusha&quot;<br /> | Srikanth Deva<br /> | [[K. Selva Bharathy]]<br /> | Silambarasan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]''<br /> | &quot;Vadamallikaari&quot;<br /> | [[E. S. Ramraj]]<br /> |<br /> | [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]''<br /> | &quot;Kalavani Kalavani&quot;<br /> | [[Yugendran]]<br /> | M. G. Kanniappan<br /> | [[Mukesh Mohamed]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]''<br /> | &quot;Yamma Yamma&quot;<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | Perarasu<br /> | T. Rajendar<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2013<br /> ! ''[[Jannal Oram]]''<br /> | &quot;Ele Malathoppu&quot;<br /> | Vidyasagar<br /> | Yugabharathi<br /> | [[Velmurugan]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2015<br /> ! ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]''<br /> | &quot;Sozhavanthan&quot;<br /> | [[Joshua Sridhar]]<br /> | Pa. Vijay<br /> | Karthik<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]''<br /> | &quot;Kerala Chechiyallo&quot;<br /> | Jai<br /> | Balaji<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> ! ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Madura Marikozhundhae&quot;<br /> | A. R. Rahman<br /> | Traditional<br /> | Swetha Mohan, Aparna Narayanan, Madhumitha Shankar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2020s ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> ! ''[[Pattas]]''<br /> | &quot;Pudhu Suriyan&quot;<br /> | [[Vivek-Mervin]]<br /> | Uma Devi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> !''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]''<br /> |&quot;Ushrukkul Un Pera&quot;<br /> | M. S. Sreekanth<br /> | [[Snehan]]<br /> | Keshav Vinod<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> !''[[Veeman]]''<br /> |&quot;Usure Nee&quot;<br /> | JIT<br /> | [[Vidivelli]]<br /> | Isaiyan<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Telugu songs ==<br /> === 1990s ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1995<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Sogasu Chuda Taramaa?|Sogasu Chuda Taramaa]]''<br /> |&quot;Seetakoka Chilakalamma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Rannu Katti Pettu Pellama&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Orayyo Yendammo&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1996<br /> !''[[Bombay Priyudu]]''<br /> |&quot;Chandana Cheeralu&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Pavitra Bandham]]''<br /> |&quot;Paatante Paata Kadhu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|M. M. Keeravani<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1997<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Annamayya (film)|''Annamayya'']]<br /> |&quot;Ele Ele Maradala&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Vinaro Bhagyamu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Govindasrita&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Bramha Kadigina&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[M. M. Keeravani|Subbaraju Gari Kutumbam]]''<br /> |&quot;Sree Naadulla Srumgaram&quot;<br /> |M. M. Keeravani<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1998<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]''<br /> |&quot;Hey Vasthava Chusthava&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sri Kommineni]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Two In One&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[All Rounder (1998 film)|All Rounder]]''<br /> | &quot;Yeppudeppudo&quot;<br /> | Veena Paani<br /> |-<br /> !''Navvulata''<br /> | &quot;I Love You Baby&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Srilekha]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1999<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Kaama]]''<br /> |&quot;Sonali Sonali&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Adithyan]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Mohama Dahama&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Prema Katha]]''<br /> |&quot;Devudu Karunisthadani&quot;<br /> |[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]''<br /> |&quot;Rama Chilukala&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Stree Janmaku Shubavarame&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Devudu]]''<br /> | Ra Chilaka Kulukula&quot;<br /> |Sirpy<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot; |2000<br /> !''[[Kalisundam Raa]]''<br /> |&quot;Pacificlo Dooke Mante&quot;<br /> |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]''<br /> |&quot;Lovvuki Ageu&quot;<br /> |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Mugavaree|Chirunaama]]''<br /> |&quot;Chitti Chilaka&quot;(Female)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Oy Vodi Panchi&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[List of Telugu films of 2000|''Manasu Paddanu Kaani'']]<br /> |&quot;Nepai Manasu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |K Veeru<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Guppedantha&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Ravanna (film)|''Ravanna'']]<br /> |&quot;Aadhi Somaa&quot;<br /> |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]''<br /> |&quot;Chandamama&quot;<br /> |[[Ramana Gogula]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Oke Maata]]''<br /> |&quot;Kiss Me Kiss&quot;<br /> |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[List of Telugu films of 2000|Naagulamma]]''<br /> |&quot;Vidani Bandam&quot;<br /> |[[Dhina]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[List of Telugu films of 2000|''Okkadu Chaalu'']]<br /> |&quot;Pibare Pibare&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Hungamaare&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Pennin Manathai Thottu|''Preyasi Nannu Preminchave'']]<br /> |&quot;College Gate&quot;<br /> |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Jayam Manadera]]''<br /> |&quot;O Chupuke&quot;<br /> |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''<br /> |&quot;Ammammalu&quot;<br /> |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Maa Annayya]]''<br /> |&quot;Kadile Andhala&quot;<br /> |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;16&quot; |2001<br /> ![[Soori (2001 film)|''Soori'']]<br /> |&quot;Chakkadapalli Centrelo&quot;<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[Murari (2001 film)|''Murari'']]<br /> |&quot;Bhama Bhama&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Eduruleni Manishi (2001 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]''<br /> |&quot;Nadumu Chus&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Dam Dam Dam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Akka Bavekkada'']]<br /> |&quot;Ekkada Ekkada&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''<br /> |&quot;Ennallo Vecha&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ![[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Andhaala O Chilaka'']]<br /> |&quot;Aadina Padina&quot;<br /> |Ghantadi Krishna<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Bava Nachadu]]''<br /> |&quot;Maatotundhi Maagada&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|''Sri Manjunatha'']]<br /> |&quot;Oho Garaalaa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hamsalekha]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Aakaashame&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[List of Telugu films of 2001|Sampangi]]''<br /> |&quot;Cheliya Ninu Chooda&quot;<br /> |Ghantadi Krishna<br /> |-<br /> ![[List of Telugu films of 2001|''Naa Manasistha Raa'']]<br /> |&quot;Champoddhe&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]''<br /> |&quot;Patta Pakkinti&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]''<br /> |&quot;Pallu Pallu Paa&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[List of Telugu films of 2001|Vandemataram]]''<br /> |&quot;Dayya Thakita&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Hindusthaan&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |2002<br /> !''[[Pammal K. Sambandam|Brahmachari]]''<br /> |&quot;Bhama Prema&quot;<br /> |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]''<br /> |&quot;Computerlu&quot;<br /> |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''<br /> |&quot;Cheli Chedugu&quot;(Version l)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Cheli Chedugu&quot;(Version ll)<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Sri Bannari Amman|Mahachandi]]''<br /> |&quot;Jolali Analede&quot;<br /> |[[T. Rajendar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[123 (film)|123]]''<br /> |&quot;Arere Nadaka&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chakkanainaa&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Sage O Megam&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''<br /> |&quot;Hai Hai Teen Age Seaseon&quot;<br /> |[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2003<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Naaga]]''<br /> |&quot;Oka Konte Pilla&quot;(Version l)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Oka Konte Pilla&quot;(Version ll)<br /> |-<br /> ![[America America (1995 film)|''Love In America'']]<br /> |&quot;Car Car&quot;<br /> |[[Mano Murthy]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[Aayudham (2003 film)|''Aayudham'']]<br /> |&quot;Abbaa Yem&quot;<br /> |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[List of Telugu films of 2003|''Anaganaga O Kurradu'']]<br /> |&quot;Vijayam Mana Sontham&quot;<br /> |[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Seetayya]]''<br /> |&quot;Okka Magadu&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Keeravani]]<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> !''[[Chandramukhi]]''<br /> |&quot;Annagari Maata&quot;<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2006<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bangaram (film)|''Bangaram'']]<br /> |&quot;Yegire Chilakamma&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Maro Masti Maro&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chedugudante&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]''<br /> | Danimma&quot;<br /> | Mani Sharma<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Vikramarkudu]]''<br /> | Vasthava Vasthava&quot;<br /> | M. M. Keeravani<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Brahmastram]]''<br /> | Machilipatnam<br /> | Vaibhav<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2007<br /> !''[[Dubai Seenu]]''<br /> |&quot;Suppanathi&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> !''State Rowdy''<br /> |&quot;Boppai Pandu&quot;<br /> |[[M. M. Srilekha]]<br /> |-<br /> !''Student''<br /> |&quot;Lachumamma&quot;<br /> |Krishna - Raja<br /> |-<br /> ![[Vijayadasami (film)|''Vijayadasami'']]<br /> |&quot;Arey Kalyana&quot;<br /> |[[Srikanth Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2008<br /> !''Aapadha Mokkukavadu''<br /> |&quot;Paaloyamma Paalu&quot;<br /> |Lenina Chowdary<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Baladoor]]''<br /> |&quot;Thella Cheera Ok&quot;<br /> |[[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Idi Sangathi]]''<br /> |&quot;Pattu Cheera Katti&quot;<br /> |John P Varki<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kalidasu]]''<br /> | &quot;Thadisi Mopedu&quot;<br /> |[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> |-<br /> !''Nesthama''<br /> |&quot;Chinadana&quot;<br /> |Joy Calvin<br /> |-<br /> ![[Ontari (film)|''Ontari'']]<br /> |&quot;O Maare O Maare&quot;<br /> |[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Final Cut of Director|Rana]]''<br /> |&quot;Dola Doliya&quot;<br /> |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |-<br /> !''Saval''<br /> |&quot;Shakamamuna&quot;<br /> |[[Jassie Gift]]<br /> |- <br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2010–present ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2010<br /> ! ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindass]]''<br /> | &quot;Entamma Entamma&quot;<br /> |[[Bobo Shashi]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Ragada]]''<br /> |&quot;Empillo Apple O&quot;<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> !''Swa''<br /> |&quot;Velledare&quot;<br /> |Karanam Sri Raghavendra<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Kannada songs ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|1998<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Yaare Neenu Cheluve]]''<br /> | &quot;Kushalave Kshemave&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hamsalekha]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dayana Dayana&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]''<br /> | &quot;Bangaradinda Bannana&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sone Sone&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ondu Moda&quot;<br /> | [[L. N. Shastry]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dingu Dingu&quot; <br /> | [[Malgudi Shubha]], Suma Shastry, [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Raja Raja&quot; <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 1999<br /> ! ''[[O Premave (1999 film)|O Premave]]''<br /> | &quot;Cheluvinoora Chendagathi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[K. Kalyan]]<br /> | [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sneha (film)|Sneha]]''<br /> | &quot;Surya Sutthangilla&quot;<br /> | [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> ! Rowspan=2| ''[[Sambhrama]]''<br /> | &quot;Namaskara Ninage Bhaskara&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | Ramesh Chandra<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Hubli Hudugi&quot;<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> | 2000<br /> ! ''[[Preethse]]''<br /> | &quot;Surya Obba&quot;<br /> | Hamsalekha<br /> |<br /> | [[Suresh Peters]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2001<br /> ! ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]''<br /> | Thayya Thakka Tha<br /> | Deva<br /> |<br /> | Krishnaraj, Unnikrishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''<br /> | Hai Hai Teenage<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=3| <br /> | Divya, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Diggajaru]]''<br /> | &quot;Ela Ivana&quot;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Komale Komale&quot;<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmaniam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Jodi (2001 film)|Jodi]]''<br /> | Minchi Ninnava&quot;<br /> | S. A. Rajkumar<br /> | R. N. Jayagopal<br /> | Mano, Anuradha Sriram<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2002<br /> ! ''[[Majestic (film)|Majestic]]''<br /> | Thangali Mele<br /> | [[Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ekangi]]''<br /> | &quot;Ondu Nimisha&quot;<br /> | Colspan=&quot;2&quot;|V. Ravichandran<br /> | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Manasella Neene]]''<br /> | Chakumaki Chitte&quot;<br /> | Ravi Raj<br /> | Hamsalekha<br /> | Gurukiran<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kodanda Rama]]''<br /> | &quot;Baalangochi Illade&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|V. Ravichandran<br /> | Hariharan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2003<br /> ! ''[[Raja Narasimha]]''<br /> | &quot;Mandakki Thinnu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Deva<br /> | K. Kalyan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vishnu Sena]]''<br /> | Meghave Meghave<br /> | [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Hrudayavantha]]''<br /> | Ghama Ghama<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Daasa]]''<br /> | Yavalappa Rani&quot;<br /> | Sadhu Kokila<br /> | K. Kalyan<br /> | Rajesh Krishnan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2004<br /> !''[[Rowdy Aliya]]''<br /> |Yamma Yammamamma&quot;<br /> |<br /> | Kaviraj<br /> | Shaan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Baa Baaro Rasika]]''<br /> | Dheem Dheem Tanana&quot;<br /> | Mahesh<br /> | Shashank<br /> | [[Hemanth Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Malla (film)|Malla]]''<br /> | Yammo Yammo<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|V. Ravichandran<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|2005<br /> ! ''[[Pandu Ranga Vittala]]''<br /> | Raama Naama Paayasakke&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|V. Ravichandran<br /> |-<br /> ! Rowspan=2| ''[[Anna Thangi (2005 film)|Anna Thangi]]''<br /> | Hubbaliya Shehardaage&quot;<br /> | rowspan=2|Hamsalekha<br /> | rowspan=2|Hamsalekha<br /> | K.K<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thavarumane Eega&quot;<br /> | K. S. Chithra, [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Shastri (film)|Shastri]]''<br /> | Style Varevaa<br /> | Sadhu Kokila<br /> |<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ayya (2005 Kannada film)|Ayya]]''<br /> | Tabla Tabla<br /> | V. Ravichandran<br /> |<br /> |Udit Narayan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2006<br /> ! ''[[Thangigagi]]''<br /> | Onde Ondu<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Sadhu Kokila<br /> | [[A. P. Arjun]]<br /> | [[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Suntaragaali]]''<br /> | Kode Kode Kode Kobbari Mithayi<br /> | Ranganath<br /> | [[Jassie Gift]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]''<br /> | &quot;Mohini Mohini&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Mandya (film)|Mandya]]''<br /> | &quot;Ko Ko Ko Koli&quot;<br /> | Gurukiran<br /> |<br /> | Gurukiran<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> ! ''[[Snehana Preethina]]''<br /> | &quot;Dhava Dhava&quot;<br /> | V. Harikrishna<br /> | V. Nagendra Prasad<br /> | [[Kunal Ganjawala]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> ! ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]''<br /> | Raja Ninnane<br /> | [[V. Harikrishna]]<br /> | V. Nagendra Prasad<br /> | Kunal Ganjawala<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2009<br /> !''[[Hatrick Hodi Maga]]''<br /> | &quot;Bisi Bisi Hudugi&quot;<br /> | [[Jassie Gift]]<br /> | [[K. Kalyan]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Rajani (film)|Rajani]]''<br /> | &quot;Pizza Priya Pizza&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | Kunal Ganjawala<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]''<br /> | Surya Nodayya<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | [[Suresh Peters]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Meghave Meghave]]''<br /> | Nin Tutige Ondsala<br /> | V. Harikrishna<br /> |<br /> | [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ghauttham]]''<br /> | &quot;Kabul Drakshi&quot;<br /> | Gurukiran<br /> |<br /> | [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Baaji''<br /> | &quot;Kyare Ladaki Bayi Badaki&quot;<br /> | G. R. Shankar<br /> | K. Kalyan<br /> | Kunal Ganjawala<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2010<br /> ! ''[[Naariya Seere Kadda]]''<br /> | Neere Neere Panneere<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Modalasala]]''<br /> | Modalasala manadolage<br /> | V.Harikrishna<br /> | Kaviraj<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Silence''<br /> | &quot;Mandyada Gandige&quot;<br /> | Vijayabharathi<br /> | Kannadiga Shivu<br /> | Rajesh Krishnan<br /> |-<br /> ! Rowspan=2|''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]''<br /> | Nee Hanga Nodabeda<br /> | rowspan=2| V. Ravichandran <br /> | rowspan=2| V. Ravichandran<br /> | Srinivas<br /> |-<br /> | Nooku Nuggalu<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> ! ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]''<br /> | Hoy Narasimha Swami&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Hamsalekha<br /> | Tippu<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Malayalam songs ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|1995<br /> ! ''Arabia''<br /> | &quot;Hamma Hamma&quot;<br /> | [[Ouseppachan]]<br /> | [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<br /> | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|1996<br /> ! ''Madamma''<br /> | &quot;Machunaachi&quot;<br /> | Ouseppachan<br /> | [[S. Ramesan Nair]]<br /> | [[Unni Menon]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2000<br /> ! ''Kannaadikkadavathu''<br /> | &quot;Engaano Sneharamam&quot;<br /> | [[Balabhaskar]]<br /> | [[Kaithapram]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2001<br /> ! ''Mazhamegha Pravukal''<br /> | &quot;Maamarakkavil&quot;<br /> | Palakkad K. L. Sreeram<br /> | Gireesh Puthenchery<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Red Indians (film)|Red Indians]]''<br /> | &quot;I Love You&quot;<br /> | [[S. P. Venkatesh]]<br /> | Gireesh Puthenchery<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''Premaagni''<br /> | &quot;Nee Paadum&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|S. P. Venkatesh<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|K. L. Sreekrishna Das<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sneha Mazhayaayee&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vakkalath Narayanan Kutty]]''<br /> | &quot;Maangalyakkalam&quot;<br /> | [[Mohan Sithara]]<br /> | Gireesh Puthenchery<br /> | [[M. G. Sreekumar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Aakaashathile Paravakal''<br /> | &quot;Kalabhakkuriyitta&quot;<br /> | [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]<br /> | S. Ramesan Nair<br /> | [[P. Jayachandran]], M. G. Sreekumar<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Maami''<br /> | &quot;Aavoolam&quot;<br /> | S. P. Venkatesh<br /> | K. L. Sreekrishna Das<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002<br /> ! ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaaleduthal&quot;<br /> | [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | Gireesh Puthenchery<br /> | [[Vidhu Prathap]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Level Cross''<br /> | &quot;Kannippoo Thaazhvaaram&quot;<br /> | S. P. Venkatesh<br /> | [[Poovachal Khader]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2004<br /> ! ''Priyam Priyamkaram''<br /> | &quot;Aadhya Chumbanam&quot;<br /> | Prakash Ullyeri<br /> | Sijil Kodungalloor<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2007<br /> ! ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]''<br /> | &quot;Pulari Pon Praave&quot;<br /> | [[Gopi Sunder]]<br /> | [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br /> | [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2009<br /> ! ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''<br /> | &quot;Seetharaman Kadhaasusaaram&quot;<br /> | [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br /> | B. R. Prasad<br /> | [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Sharreth]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''<br /> | &quot;Samba Salsa&quot;<br /> | [[Bijibal]]<br /> | Santhosh Verma<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2011<br /> ! ''[[Makaramanju]]''<br /> | &quot;Mele Mele&quot;<br /> | [[Ramesh Narayan]]<br /> | [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]<br /> | Ramesh Narayan<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sevenes]]''<br /> | &quot;Ore Kinaamalarodum&quot;<br /> | Bijibal<br /> | Rafeeq Ahamed, Santhosh Varma<br /> | Balaram Iyer<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]''<br /> | &quot;Ithiri Chakkara Nulli&quot;<br /> | [[Jassie Gift]]<br /> | [[Anil Panachooran]]<br /> | Jassie Gift, Imran<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2012<br /> ! ''[[Ozhimuri]]''<br /> | &quot;Vaancheeshapaalan&quot;<br /> | Bijibal<br /> | B. Jayamohan<br /> | Bijibal, Elizabeth Raju, Jayashree Rajeev, Vivek<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Kochi''<br /> | &quot;Vachakannu&quot;<br /> | Sasi Thripunithura<br /> | [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Gramam]]''<br /> | &quot;Senthamizh&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|B. M. Sundaram<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gurukrupa<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ennai Ithoru Bommai&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2013<br /> ! ''Yathra Thudarunnu''<br /> | &quot;Koncham Koncham&quot;<br /> | Mohan Sithara<br /> | A. K. Anil Krishnan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ayaal]]''<br /> | &quot;Vadakinni Poomukhathannorikkal&quot;<br /> | Mohan Sithara<br /> | Devadas<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2014<br /> ! ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]''<br /> | &quot;Kaathunna Venaliloode&quot;<br /> | [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]<br /> | Anil V. Nagendran<br /> | R. K. Ramadas, G. Sreeram<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pakida]]''<br /> | &quot;Naa Maruthu&quot;<br /> | Bijibal<br /> | Nellai Jayantha<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2015<br /> ! ''[[Saradhi]]''<br /> | &quot;Kuthu Kuthu&quot;<br /> | Gopi Sunder<br /> | B. K. Harinarayanan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|2017<br /> ! ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]''<br /> | &quot;Raasaathi Ivan&quot;<br /> | Bijibal<br /> | B. K. Harinarayanan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Hindi songs ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> !Writer(s)<br /> !Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1995 <br /> ! ''[[Ram Jaane]]''<br /> | &quot;Phenk Hawa Me Ek Chumma”<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Anu Malik]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1997<br /> ! ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''<br /> | &quot;Jayengi Pee Ke&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1998<br /> !''[[Chhota Chetan]]''<br /> |&quot;Jo Tum Kaho&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]''<br /> | &quot;Ishwar Allah&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |A. R. Rahman<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Dil Se..]]''<br /> | &quot;[[Dil Se Re]]&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Sar Utha Ke Jiyo]]''<br /> | &quot;Baadal Garajane Laga Saawan Barasne Laga&quot;<br /> | [[Anand–Milind]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]''<br /> | &quot;Ek Taraf Hai Gharwali Ek Taraf Baharwali&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Anu Malik]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Tara Raara Raara Ra&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1999<br /> ! ''[[Biwi No.1]]''<br /> | &quot;Chunari Chunari&quot;<br /> |<br /> | [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''<br /> |&quot;Papa Main Papa Bangaya&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''<br /> |&quot;Ishq Bina&quot;<br /> |[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2000<br /> !''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]''<br /> |&quot;Prem Jaal Mein&quot;<br /> |[[Anand Raaj Anand]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2001<br /> !''[[Deewaanapan]]''<br /> |&quot;Satrangi&quot;<br /> |[[Samir Chanda]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi]]''<br /> |&quot;Bandh Kamre Mein&quot;<br /> |[[Anu Malik]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]''<br /> |&quot;Hai Udd Gayi&quot;<br /> |[[Anand Raaj Anand]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Lagaan]]''<br /> |&quot;Lagaan Once Upon a Time in India&quot;<br /> |[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''<br /> |&quot;Aaye Aajaye Aa Hi Jaiye&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Anu Malik]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]''<br /> |&quot;Dupatta Mera&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''<br /> |&quot;Na Some Ke Bangle Mein&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2002<br /> !''[[Ab Ke Baras]]''<br /> |&quot;Mujhe Rab Se Pyaar&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]''<br /> |&quot;Kaan Ke Neeche&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chadh Gayi&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Tum Tata Ho Ya&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]''<br /> |&quot;Dupatta&quot;<br /> |[[Nadeem–Shravan]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Pitaah]]''<br /> |&quot;Rama Bachaye&quot;<br /> |[[Anand Raaj Anand]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]''<br /> |&quot;Hallo Hallo&quot;<br /> |[[Jatin–Lalit]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003<br /> !''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]''<br /> | &quot;Bhagra Paa Le&quot;<br /> | Sanjeev-Darshan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''<br /> | &quot;Some Day&quot;<br /> | [[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> | Nitin Raikwar<br /> | [[Leslee Lewis]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004<br /> !''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''<br /> | &quot;Desh Ki Mitti&quot;<br /> | [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Maqbool]]''<br /> | &quot;Jhin Min Jhini&quot;<br /> |[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br /> |[[Gulzar]]<br /> |[[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Ustad Sultan Khan]]<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Aabra Ka Daabra]]''<br /> | &quot;Didave&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2” |2005<br /> !''[[Vaada (2005 film)|Vaada]]''<br /> | &quot;Teri Kurti Sexy&quot;<br /> |<br /> |[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Shaadi No. 1]]''<br /> | &quot;Chand Ko Tod Dunga&quot;<br /> | [[Anu Malik]]<br /> |<br /> | Abhijeet Bhattacharya<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> ! ''[[Do Knot Disturb]]''<br /> | &quot;Zulfien Khol Khaal Me&quot;<br /> | Nadeem-Shravan<br /> | [[Sameer Anjaan]]<br /> | [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> !''[[99 Songs]]''<br /> | &quot;Gori Godh Bhari&quot;<br /> | [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | Navneet Virk<br /> | [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Bengali songs ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=25% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Co-artist(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2002 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]'' || Bolbo Tomaye || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[S. P. Venkatesh]] || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Gautam Susmit || rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> | O Bondhu (Female Version) <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2003 || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Sangee]]'' || Alto Chhoyate || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> | Jodi Mathay Ghomta<br /> |-<br /> | Sahoshay Bharosay<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2003 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Nater Guru]]'' || Eito Esechi Tomari <br /> |-<br /> | Thak Thak Baba Thak<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Non-film songs ==<br /> ===Albums===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5% | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Album<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23% | Song<br /> !Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15% | Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10% | Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20% | Artists<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| 1997<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;9&quot;| ''Chennai Girl''<br /> | &quot;Modern Ponnu&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Tamil<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|[[Sriram Parasuram]] &lt;br&gt; [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|Narayan Parasuram<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|[[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kadhal Kadhal&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Uyirin Uyir&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Assa Assami&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kanavu Nanavagum&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ganga Mama&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Onnu Onnu&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mann Vasanai&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;We are Free&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Vande Mataram (album)|Vande Mataram]]''<br /> | &quot;Revival (Vande Mataram)&quot;<br /> |<br /> | [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]<br /> | [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Kalyani Menon]], Seema<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;| 1999<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|''Savariya''<br /> | &quot;Once Upon A Time&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Hindi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|Sriram Parasuram - Anuradha Sriram<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|Narayan Parasuram<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|Sriram Parasuram, Narayan Parasuram, Viswanath Parasuram, Anuradha Sriram<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sapna Re&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dil Kyon Liya&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Blue on White&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Tere Bina&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Barkha Ritu&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mat Jaa&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Udi Chala&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2009<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ennatiki''<br /> |&quot;Poovu Kori&quot;(Solo)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Telugu<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Vijay Karun<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Poovu Kori&quot;(Duet)<br /> |[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> !''Entrentum''<br /> |&quot;Arikilumilliye&quot;<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Sada''<br /> |&quot;Dhin Mubarak Hai&quot;<br /> |Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Enthendu''<br /> |&quot;Hoovani Arasi&quot;(Solo)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kannada<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Hoovani Arasi&quot;(Duet)<br /> |[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> !<br /> |&quot;Nam Desamay&quot;<br /> |Tamil<br /> |BK Kannagi <br /> |BK Kannagi <br /> |[[Sam Vishal]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]], Vikram Sai Prasad, Yogi Sekar, BK Kannagi<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Serial songs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=5%|Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23%|Series<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=23%|Song<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=15%|Composer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=10%|Writer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=20%|Artists<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''Soolam''<br /> |&quot;Maayi Magamaayi&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |A. Johnson<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''Chandralekha''<br /> |&quot;Kaalaiyile Malarndhidum&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''Malar''<br /> |&quot;Malare Malare Devadhai Polave&quot;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sriram, Anuradha}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_at_the_1982_Asian_Games&diff=497413 2025-12-11T17:44:37Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox sports competition event<br /> | event = Diving<br /> | games = 1982 Asian Games<br /> | image = Diving pictogram.svg<br /> | venue = Talkatora Swimming Pool<br /> | image_size = 100px<br /> | dates = 24–29 November 1982<br /> | competitors = <br /> | nations = <br /> | prev = [[Diving at the 1978 Asian Games|1978]]<br /> | next = [[Diving at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Diving (sport)|Diving]]''' was contested at the '''[[1982 Asian Games]]''' in Talkatora Swimming Pool, [[New Delhi]], [[India]] from 24 November to 29 November 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Medals/Details?id=DV011N10&amp;lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219134152/https://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Medals/Details?id=DV011N10&amp;lang=en |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 December 2014 |title=Diving - Medallists from previous Asian Games - Men - Individual |work=incheon2014ag |accessdate=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Medals/Details?id=DV021N10&amp;lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219142228/https://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Medals/Details?id=DV021N10&amp;lang=en |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 December 2014 |title=Diving - Medallists from previous Asian Games - Women - Individual |work=incheon2014ag |accessdate=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Medalists==<br /> ===Men===<br /> {|{{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> |3 m springboard<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Li Kongzheng]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Tan Liangde]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Masashi Nakashima]]|JPN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |-<br /> |10 m platform<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Tong Hui]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Zhang Ting (diver)|Zhang Ting]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Masashi Nakashima]]|JPN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |}<br /> ===Women===<br /> {|{{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> |3 m springboard<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Li Yihua]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Yan Shuping]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Yoshino Mabuchi]]|JPN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |-<br /> |10 m platform<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Lü Wei (diver)|Lü Wei]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Zhou Jihong]]|CHN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |{{flagIOC2medalist|[[Yoshino Mabuchi]]|JPN|1982 Asian Games}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Medal table==<br /> {{Medals table<br /> | caption = <br /> | host = <br /> | flag_template = flagIOC2team<br /> | event = 1982 Asian Games<br /> | team = <br /> | gold_CHN = 4 | silver_CHN = 4 | bronze_CHN = 0<br /> | gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 0 | bronze_JPN = 4<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://gongjushu.oversea.cnki.net/oversea/ShowDetail.aspx?Table=CRFDOTHERINFO&amp;ShowField=Content&amp;TitleField=Title-ShowTitle&amp;Field=OTHERID&amp;Value=R20060906000A000028 Asian Games medalists]<br /> *[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821125-1.2.136.3.aspx Women's Platform Results]<br /> *[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821126-1.2.218.aspx Men's Platform Results]<br /> *[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821129-1.2.102.7.aspx Women's Springboard Results]<br /> *[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19821130-1.2.139.2.aspx Men's Springboard Results]<br /> <br /> {{Events at the 1982 Asian Games}}<br /> {{Diving at the Asian Games}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Diving at the 1982 Asian Games| ]]<br /> [[Category:Events at the 1982 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Diving at the Asian Games|1982]]<br /> [[Category:1982 in diving|Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Diving competitions in India|1982 Asian Games]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramanujan%27s_lost_notebook&diff=529148 2025-12-04T22:12:53Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Started new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Collection of Srinivasa Ramanujan's discoveries in mathematics}}<br /> '''Ramanujan's lost notebook''' is the manuscript in which the Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] recorded the mathematical discoveries of the last year (1919–1920) of his life. Its whereabouts were unknown to all but a few mathematicians until it was rediscovered by [[George Andrews (mathematician)|George Andrews]] in 1976, in a box of effects of [[G. N. Watson]] stored at the [[Wren Library, Cambridge|Wren Library]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. The &quot;notebook&quot; is not a book, but consists of loose and unordered sheets of paper described as &quot;more than one hundred pages written on 138 sides in Ramanujan's distinctive handwriting. The sheets contained over six hundred mathematical formulas listed consecutively without proofs.&quot;&lt;ref name=RLNref&gt;{{cite book|author=Andrews, George E.|author-link=George E. Andrews|author2=Berndt, Bruce C.|author-link2=Bruce C. Berndt|title=Ramanujan's Lost Notebook, Part 1|year=2005|publisher=Springer|pages=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPYqaWb3wHIC&amp;pg=PA1|isbn=9780387255293}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{harvs |txt| last1=Andrews | first1=George | last2=Berndt | first2=Bruce C. |author2-link=Bruce C. Berndt| year1=2005 | year2=2009|year3=2012|year4=2013|year5=2018}}<br /> have published several books in which they give proofs for Ramanujan's formulas included in the notebook. Berndt says of the notebook's discovery: &quot;The discovery of this 'Lost Notebook' caused roughly as much stir in the mathematical world as the discovery of [[Symphony No. 10 (Beethoven/Cooper)|Beethoven’s tenth symphony]] would cause in the musical world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Peterson|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> After Ramanujan died on April 26, 1920, at the age of 32, his wife gave his notebooks to the [[University of Madras]]. On August 30, 1923, the registrar Francis Drewsbury sent much of this material to [[G. H. Hardy]], Ramanujan's mentor at Trinity College, where he probably received the manuscripts of the lost notebook.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|... Almost surely, this manuscript, or at least most of it, was written during the last year of Ramanujan's life, after his return to India from England. ... The manuscript contains no introduction or covering letter. In fact, there are hardly any words in the manuscript. There are a few marks evidently made by a cataloguer, and there are a few remarks in the handwriting of [[G. H. Hardy]]. Undoubtedly, the most famous objects examined in the lost notebook are the ''[[mock theta function]]s'' ...&lt;ref name=RLNref/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Some time between 1934 and 1947, Hardy probably passed the notebook on to [[G. N. Watson]], who with [[Bertram Martin Wilson|B. M. Wilson]] started on the project of editing Ramanujan's notebooks. However, Wilson died in 1935 and Watson seems to have lost interest in the project in the late 1930s.&lt;ref name=BerndtRef&gt;{{cite web|author=Berndt, Bruce C.|title=An overview of Ramanujan's notebooks|page=3|postscript=; paper delivered at Proc. Conf. Karl der Grosse|website=math.uiuc.edu/~berndt/articles/aachen.pdf|url=http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~berndt/articles/aachen.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Watson's death in 1965, [[J. M. Whittaker]] examined Watson's papers (which were in disarray, covered a room floor to a depth of one foot, and due to be incinerated in a few days) and by luck found Ramanujan's notebook,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berndt |first=Bruce C. |date=1989 |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41211668 |journal=The American Scholar |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=234–244 |issn=0003-0937}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he and [[R. A. Rankin]] sent to [[Wren Library, Cambridge|Trinity College Wren library]] on December 26, 1968. {{harvs|txt|authorlink=George Andrews (mathematician)|first=George|last= Andrews|year=1986|loc=section 1.5}}, following a suggestion by [[Lucy Joan Slater|Lucy Slater]], found the lost notebook in the spring of 1976 while on a visit to Trinity College. It was published on December 22, 1987, by Narosa publishing house.<br /> <br /> === Andrews's account of the discovery===<br /> George Andrews, an American mathematician, wrote in 2012 an account of the discovery for the 125th celebration of Ramanujan's birth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=George E.|date=December 2012|title=The Discovery of Ramanujan's Lost Notebook|url=http://www.math.illinois.edu/~berndt/andrews.pdf|journal=The Legacy of Srinivasa Ramanujan: Proceedings of an International Conference in Celebration of the 125th Anniversary of Ramanujan's Birth: University of Delhi|pages=17–22|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=30 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030102938/http://www.math.illinois.edu/~berndt/andrews.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his account, Andrews states that he was already an advanced researcher in fields, such as [[mock theta functions]] and [[hypergeometric series]], related closely to works of Ramanujan. In 1970, anticipating a [[sabbatical]], he wrote to [[British people|British]] mathematician [[Lucy Joan Slater|Lucy Slater]]. Slater &quot;intriguingly&quot; stated in her reply that she had inherited a &quot;great collection&quot; of papers from mathematicians such as Watson, Bailey, Jackson and Rogers, which were unsorted, including one of the last by Ramanujan. She also mentioned other papers were held by the Trinity College library.<br /> <br /> Although unable to travel to Europe in 1970, Andrews became able to do so in 1976, when he was due to attend a European conference in [[Strasbourg]], near the [[France–Germany border|Franco-German]] border. He obtained permission and support from Slater, from the Trinity College library, and from his professor, Ben Noble, to visit Cambridge after the conference, in order to investigate the &quot;invaluable&quot; unpublished writings of Watson ''et al''. Noble agreed, adding that if he could attempt to find a lost paper by [[James Clerk Maxwell]] at the same time, it would be appreciated. The library's documents included a list of matters held from Watson's estate. The list included the item: ''&quot;A 139 page manuscript by S. Ramanujan on q-series&quot;'', containing the work from Ramanujan's final year.<br /> <br /> Although not labelled as such, the identity of the papers was settled because Ramanujan's final letters to Hardy had referred to the discovery of what Ramanujan called mock theta functions, although without great detail, and the manuscript included what appeared to be his full notes on these.<br /> <br /> ==Contents==<br /> {{harvtxt|Rankin|1989}} described the lost notebook in detail. The majority of the formulas are about ''q''-series and [[mock theta functions]], about a third are about [[modular equation]]s and singular moduli, and the remaining formulas are mainly about integrals, [[Dirichlet series]], congruences, and asymptotics. The mock theta functions in the notebook have been found to be useful for calculating the [[entropy]] of [[black hole]]s.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thatsmaths.com/2012/12/06/ramanujans-lost-notebook &quot;Ramanujan’s Lost Notebook&quot;], ''ThatsMaths''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> *{{citation|title=Ramanujan's lost notebook: a lecture series in Florida<br /> |first= Krishnaswami |last=Alladi|author-link= Krishnaswami Alladi |journal=The Hindu|date= 17 February 2005|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021702332200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303085310/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021702332200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 3, 2007}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Andrews | first1=George E. | title=q-series: their development and application in analysis, number theory, combinatorics, physics, and computer algebra | publisher=Published for the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, DC | series=CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics | isbn=978-0-8218-0716-3 | mr=858826 | year=1986 | volume=66}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Andrews | first1=George E. | last2=Berndt | first2=Bruce C. | title=Ramanujan's lost notebook. Part I | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-25529-3 | mr=2135178 | year=2005 | oclc=228396300}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Andrews | first1=George E. | last2=Berndt | first2=Bruce C. | title=Ramanujan's lost notebook. Part II | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-77765-8 | mr=2474043 | year=2009}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Andrews | first1=George E. | last2=Berndt | first2=Bruce C. | title=Ramanujan's lost notebook. Part III | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-1-4614-3809-0 | year=2012}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Andrews | first1=George E. | last2=Berndt | first2=Bruce C. | title=Ramanujan's lost notebook. Part IV | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-1-4614-4080-2 | year=2013}}<br /> *{{Citation|last1=Andrews|first1=George E.|title=Ramanujan's lost notebook. Part V|year=2018|place=Berlin, New York|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-319-77834-1|last2=Berndt|first2=Bruce C.}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Askey | first1=Richard | title=Book Review: The lost notebook and other unpublished papers | doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15741-2 | mr=1567721 | year=1988 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |series=New Series | issn=0002-9904 | volume=19 | issue=2 | pages=558–560| doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{citation|first=Doug |last=Peterson|url=http://www.las.illinois.edu/alumni/magazine/articles/2006/lostnotebook/|title=Raiders of the Lost Notebook|pages=|year=2006|journal=LASNews|volume=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111330/http://www.las.illinois.edu/alumni/magazine/articles/2006/lostnotebook/|access-date = 2009-02-19|archive-date=2018-08-09}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Ramanujan | first1=Srinivasa | author1-link=Srinivasa Ramanujan | title=The lost notebook and other unpublished papers | url=http://www.narosa.com/books_display.asp?catgcode=978-81-7319-947-9 | publisher=Narosa Publishing House; [[Springer-Verlag]] | location=New Delhi; Berlin, New York | isbn=978-3-540-18726-4 | mr=947735 | year=1988}} Reprinted 2008 {{isbn|978-81-7319-947-9}}<br /> *{{Citation | last1=Rankin | first1=Robert A. | author-link=Robert Alexander Rankin | title=Ramanujan's manuscripts and notebooks. II | doi=10.1112/blms/21.4.351 | mr=998632 | year=1989 | journal=[[Bull. London Math. Soc.]] | issn=0024-6093 | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=351–365}}<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.math.illinois.edu/~berndt/andrews.pdf Andrews' paper on the finding of the Lost Notebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030102938/http://www.math.illinois.edu/~berndt/andrews.pdf |date=2015-10-30 }} in 1976<br /> * {{Cite journal| title=Uncovering Ramanujan's 'Lost' Notebook: An Oral History<br /> |journal=The Ramanujan Journal<br /> |volume=29<br /> |issue=10<br /> |pages=s11139–012<br /> |first1=Robert P.<br /> |last1=Schneider<br /> |arxiv=1208.2694<br /> |year=2012<br /> |doi=10.1007/s11139-012-9445-z<br /> |bibcode=2012arXiv1208.2694S<br /> |s2cid=119381240<br /> |author1-link=Robert Schneider<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite web | title=Ramanujan's Notebooks<br /> |first1=K.<br /> |last1=Srinivasa Rao<br /> |url= http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/notebookindex.htm<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of mathematics]]<br /> [[Category:Mathematics literature]]<br /> [[Category:Srinivasa Ramanujan]]<br /> [[Category:Rediscovered literature]]<br /> [[Category:Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._Laltanpuia&diff=543067 2025-11-03T09:08:47Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footballer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = V Laltanpuia<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = V Laltanpuia<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|9|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India<br /> | height = &lt;!--{{height|m=0.00}}--&gt;<br /> | currentclub = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]&lt;br/&gt;(On loan from Mizoram Police)<br /> | clubnumber = 23<br /> | position = [[Midfielder]]<br /> | youthyears1 = <br /> | youthclubs1 = <br /> | years1 = <br /> | clubs1 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]<br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | years2 = <br /> | clubs2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]<br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | years3 = 2014–<br /> | clubs3 = Mizoram Police<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | years4 = 2017–<br /> | clubs4 = → [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] (loan)<br /> | caps4 = 12<br /> | goals4 = 0<br /> | nationalyears1 = <br /> | nationalteam1 = <br /> | nationalcaps1 = <br /> | nationalgoals1 = <br /> | club-update = 30 April 2017<br /> | ntupdate = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''V Laltanpuia''' (born 20 September 1985) is an [[India|Indian]] professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] in the [[I-League]] on loan from Mizoram Police.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born in [[Mizoram]], Laltanpuia has played for [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] before joining [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] for their second division campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Returns&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=V. Laltanpuia returns to Aizawl FC for upcoming I-League!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/v-laltanpuia-returns-aizawl-fc-upcoming-i-league/|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=Arunfoot|date=31 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; After helping Aizawl gain promotion to the [[I-League]] he left the club to join Mizoram Police of the [[Mizoram Premier League]]. He captained the side in the league.&lt;ref name=&quot;Returns&quot;/&gt; While playing for Mizoram Police, Laltanpuia represented his state of [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]] in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=67th Santosh Trophy: Mizoram name final 20 players squad|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/67th-santosh-trophy-mizoram-name-final-20-players-squad|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=SportsKeeda|date=31 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Netto|first1=Brendon|title=Santosh Trophy Round-up: Mizoram, Maharashtra secure semi-final berths|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2290/santosh-trophy/2014/03/03/4657767/santosh-trophy-round-up-mizoram-maharashtra-secure-semi|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=Goal.com|date=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was part of the Mizoram squad to win their first ever Santosh Trophy when they defeated [[Railways football team|Railways]] in the final 3–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CLINICAL MIZORAM CLINCH 68TH SANTOSH TROPHY IN STYLE|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5546|accessdate=14 April 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=9 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Aizawl (loan)===<br /> On 31 December 2016, before the [[2016–17 I-League]] season, it was announced that Laltanpuia would be loaned back to his old club, [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]], for the campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Returns&quot;/&gt; He made his debut back for the club on 4 February 2017 against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He started the match and played 79 minutes as Aizawl were defeated 3–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 3-2 Aizawl|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/02/04/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aizawl-fc/2383765/|website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> {{updated|30 April 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerway|v-laltanpuia/471306}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Domestic Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Continental<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]<br /> |[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]<br /> |[[I-League]]||12||0||—||—||0||0||—||—||12||0<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career total<br /> !12!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!12!!0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Aizawl F.C. squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Laltanpuia, V}}<br /> [[Category:1985 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Aizawl FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:I-League 2 players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Mizoram Premier League players]]<br /> [[Category:I-League players]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajay_Patel&diff=485100 2025-10-10T18:56:39Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added new data first draft.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ajay Patel<br /> | image = Ajay Patel Speech.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = Ajay Patel<br /> | birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] - [[India]]<br /> | education = B.E., Civil; L.L.B.<br /> | alma_mater = Diwan Ballubhai School &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering]]<br /> | occupation = Banker, businessperson<br /> | birth_date = 9 February 1962<br /> | website = {{URL|http://ajayhpatel.com}}<br /> | spouse = Devangna Patel<br /> }}<br /> '''Ajay Patel''' (born 9 February 1962) is an Indian businessman and sport administrator. He is the chairman of Gujarat State Co-operative Bank and [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad District]] Co-Operative Bank (ADC Bank).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Directors - The Gujarat State Co-operative Bank|url=http://www.gscbank.co.in/about/board-of-directors/|website=The Gujarat State Co-operative Bank|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130054734/http://www.gscbank.co.in/about/board-of-directors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.adcbank.coop/about_board_of_directors.php|title=ADC Bank :: Board Of Directors|website=www.adcbank.coop}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patel is also involved in sports associations, primarily as president of Gujarat State Chess Association&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gsca.in/our-staff.aspx|title=GSCA - Gujarat State Chess Association|website=gsca.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and vice president of the [[National Rifle Association of India|National Rifle Association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The National Rifle Association of India|url=http://www.thenrai.in/PDF/15813d8f-6874-41c5-bb43-f10ed3d7c135.pdf|website=www.thenrai.in|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424172029/http://www.thenrai.in/PDF/15813d8f-6874-41c5-bb43-f10ed3d7c135.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is considered a close confidant of [[Amit Shah]], who was also past president and director of the ADC Bank.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=The rise and rise of Ajay Patel, an Amit Shah confidant now heading seventh organisation in Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ajay-patel-amit-shah-gujarat-seventh-organisation-8850120/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-18 |title=With no contest, Ajay Patel to be senior VP of Gujarat Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/with-no-contest-ajay-patel-to-be-senior-vp-of-gcci/articleshow/92292876.cms?frmapp=yes&amp;from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Patel was born on 9 February 1962, in Ahmedabad. Born to a humble family who owned an electrical shop, Patel completed his schooling in [[Divan-Ballubhai School]] in 1978 and did his bachelor's degree in [[Civil engineering]] from [[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering]]. Patel is married to Devangna Patel, and they have 3 children, namely Aneri, Anokhi and Dev.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Personal Life |url=http://www.ajayhpatel.com/personal-life |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Ajay Patel |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> He recently was elected as president to the Gujarat Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (GCCI).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CM presides over the Oath Ceremony of the President of the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/cm-presides-over-the-oath-ceremony-of-the-president-of-the-gujarat-chamber-of-commerce/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=CMO Gujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the owner of Devraj Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executive Committee {{!}} GCCI {{!}} Gujarat Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry |url=https://www.gujaratchamber.org/executive-committee.php |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.gujaratchamber.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Check |first=The Company |title=Devraj Infrastructures Limited {{!}} Profile {{!}} The Company Check |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/devraj-infrastructures-limited/U45201GJ2006PLC048166 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.thecompanycheck.com |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a chairman of ADC Bank, he sponsored the chess training programs in the schools of Gujarat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat the first and only state government in India to start chess programs in Schools - Chess Forums - Chess.com |url=https://www.chess.com/forum/view/general/gujarat-the-first-and-only-state-government-in-india-to-start-chess-programs-in-schools}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a president of Gujarat State Chess Association, he launched Sardar Patel Chess College,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GSCA - Gujarat State Chess Association |url=http://www.gsca.in/spgcollege.aspx |website=www.gsca.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; first ever chess college in India, which is affiliated under [[Swarnim Gujarat Sports University]].<br /> <br /> He was elected unanimously as the chairman of the Co-operative Bank of India (COBI) [[New Delhi]] for the next five years. COBI is the apex body of multi-state urban cooperative banks, national co-operative federations, and land development banks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Patel is currently serving and has served multiple roles in the banking and the sports industry of India as mentioned below:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Organization<br /> ! Designation<br /> ! Industry<br /> !Period<br /> |-<br /> | Co-operative Bank of India<br /> | Chairman&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-16 |title=Ajay Patel is chairman of COBI |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/city/ahmedabad/ajay-patel-is-chairman-of-cobi/articleshow/101032535.cms?_x_tr_sl=en&amp;_x_tr_tl=hi&amp;_x_tr_hl=hi&amp;_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Bank<br /> |2023 - <br /> |-<br /> | Gujarat Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (GCCI)<br /> | President&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest &amp; Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ajay-patel-is-the-new-gcci-president/81859191.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ajay Patel will be the senior vice president of the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry without a contest |url=https://thetimesbureau.com/ajay-patel-will-be-the-senior-vice-president-of-the-gujarat-chamber-of-commerce-and-industry-without-a-contest-202206/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Commerce &amp; Industry<br /> |2023 - <br /> |-<br /> | Indian Olympics Association <br /> | Senior Vice President&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=2022-12-05 |title=IOA elections to be held only for Executive Council Member positions, woman joint secretary post |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ioa-elections-indian-olympic-association-executive-council-members-woman-joint-secretary-president-pt-usha/article66227755.ece |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | International Sports<br /> |2022 - <br /> |-<br /> | Indian Red Cross Society - Gujarat State Branch<br /> | Chairman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Red Cross Society - Gujarat |url=http://www.redcrossgujarat.org/managingcomittee.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=Gujarat: Ajay Patel is chairman of Red Cross Society after defeating Speaker's husband |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/ajay-patel-is-chairman-of-red-cross-society-after-defeating-speakers-husband-7839629/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Dhrumit |date=2022-03-27 |title=Ajay Patel won election for the post of Gujarat Chairman of the Indian Red Cross Society {{!}} GNS News |url=https://english.gnsnews.co.in/ajay-patel-won-election-for-the-post-of-gujarat-chairman-of-the-indian-red-cross-society/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Social Welfare<br /> |2022 - <br /> |-<br /> |Asian Zone, All India Chess Association<br /> |President&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajay Patel elected as Asian Zone President – All India Chess Federation |url=https://aicf.in/ajay-patel-elected-as-asian-zone-president/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=aicf.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Sports<br /> |2022 -<br /> |-<br /> |Gujarat Chambers of Commerce &amp; Industry (GCCI)<br /> |Senior Vice President&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-06-18 |title=With no contest, Ajay Patel to be senior VP of Gujarat Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/with-no-contest-ajay-patel-to-be-senior-vp-of-gcci/articleshow/92292876.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-29 |title=GCCI election: Senior VP, VP elected uncontested |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gcci-election-senior-vp-vp-elected-uncontested/articleshow/101353394.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Commerce &amp; Industry<br /> |2022 - 2023 <br /> |-<br /> | All India Chess Association<br /> | Former president&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=Cooperator Patel elected Vice-President of Indian Olympic Association |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/cooperator-patel-elected-vice-president-of-indian-olympic-association/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web Desk |first=Outlook |date=12 Feb 2020 |title=All India Chess Federation Elections |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-all-india-chess-federation-elections-ajay-patel-four-others-elected-unopposed/347172 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Sports<br /> |2020 - 2021<br /> |-<br /> | Karnavati Club<br /> | Member of board of directors&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of the Board Members|url=http://www.karnavaticlub.com/kclweb/managingcommittee.htm|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320170511/http://www.karnavaticlub.com/kclweb/managingcommittee.htm|archive-date=20 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Sports<br /> |2016 - 2017<br /> |-<br /> | Gujarat State Co-operative Bank<br /> | Chairman&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> | Bank<br /> |2009 - <br /> |-<br /> |Gujarat State Chess Association<br /> |President<br /> |Sports<br /> |2008 - <br /> |-<br /> | National Rifle Association<br /> | Vice President&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> | Sports<br /> |2006 - <br /> |-<br /> | Ahmedabad District Co-operative Bank<br /> | Chairman&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> | Bank<br /> |2003 - <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> Patel has won recognition and appreciation awards in 2015 from the National Federation of State Co-operative Banks Limited (NAFSCOB), an apex body of state co-operative banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=GSCBank wins two awards for Resource Development &amp; Profitability, awarded by NAFSCOB. |url=http://gscbank.co.in/gscbank-wins-two-awards-resource-development-profitability/|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324071757/http://gscbank.co.in/gscbank-wins-two-awards-resource-development-profitability/|archive-date=24 March 2015|date=24 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has also been given the Appreciation Award in Sahakar Bharti 5th National Conference for his active role as Chairman of ADC Bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancooperative.com/from-states/gscb-chairman-ajay-patel-honoured/|title=GSCB Chairman Ajay Patel honoured - Indian Cooperative|website=www.indiancooperative.com|date=8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also has been honoured with the Sahkarita Shiromani Awards for his contributions to the cooperative movement on the occasion of Kribhco's 36th Annual General Meeting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official website|http://www.ajayhpatel.com/}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Ajay}}<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chak_Garia&diff=455378 2025-09-21T10:49:46Z

<p>Bahoglalat: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> &lt;!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Basic info ----------------&gt;| name = Chak Garia &lt;!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --&gt;<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- if different from the English name --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)&lt;!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--&gt;<br /> | total_type = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;<br /> | motto = &lt;!-- images and maps -----------&gt;<br /> | image_skyline = Chak Garia.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | image_caption = [[Hiland Park, Kolkata|Hiland Park]], Chak Garia<br /> | image_flag = <br /> | flag_size = <br /> | image_seal = <br /> | seal_size = <br /> | image_shield = <br /> | shield_size = <br /> | image_blank_emblem = <br /> | blank_emblem_type = <br /> | blank_emblem_size = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | mapsize = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map1 = <br /> | mapsize1 = <br /> | map_caption1 = <br /> | image_dot_map = <br /> | dot_mapsize = <br /> | dot_map_caption = <br /> | dot_x = <br /> | dot_y = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kolkata<br /> | pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --&gt;<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata<br /> | pushpin_mapsize = &lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[City]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[Satyajit Ray metro station|Satyajit Ray]]<br /> | seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward<br /> | parts_style = &lt;!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)<br /> Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--&gt;<br /> | parts = [[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]]&lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;<br /> | p1 = <br /> | p2 = &lt;!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--&gt; <br /> &lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;| government_footnotes = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;<br /> | established_date = &lt;!-- Area ---------------------&gt;<br /> | area_magnitude = <br /> | unit_pref = Imperial&lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;<br /> | area_land_km2 = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;<br /> | area_water_km2 = <br /> | area_total_sq_mi = <br /> | area_land_sq_mi = <br /> | area_water_sq_mi = <br /> | area_water_percent = &lt;!-- Elevation --------------------------&gt;<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | elevation_max_m = <br /> | elevation_max_ft = <br /> | elevation_min_m = <br /> | elevation_min_ft = &lt;!-- Population -----------------------&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_density_km2 = &lt;!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --&gt;<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = &lt;!-- General information ---------------&gt;<br /> | timezone = IST<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | timezone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | coor_type = &lt;!-- can be used to specify what the coordinates refer to --&gt;<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22|29|08.99|N|88|23|34.49|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> &lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;| postal_code_type = PIN&lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 700094<br /> | area_code = +91 33<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Chak Garia''' is a locality in [[Garia]] region of [[East Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Chak Garia is served by many bus routes of [[Garia]] which enter through the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass|EM Bypass]].<br /> [[Satyajit Ray metro station]], under construction on [[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]] network would serve Chak Garia.<br /> <br /> Chak Garia is served by the [[Baghajatin railway station]] on the [[Sealdah]] South section.<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> * [[Hiland Park, Kolkata|Hiland Park]] is the tallest residential complex in this area and it is located on [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[New Garia]]<br /> * [[Kolkata Metro#North South Corridor|Kolkata Metro Railway Routes (North South Corridor)]]<br /> * [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/East}}<br /> <br /> {{Neighbourhoods in Garia}}<br /> {{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}<br /> {{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_25_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=477876 2025-07-29T18:50:09Z

<p>Bahoglalat: New a bio</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 27 (India)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with history}}<br /> }}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephy_Leon&diff=537629 2025-07-23T13:06:22Z

<p>Bahoglalat: added details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian television actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Stephy Leon<br /> | image = Stephy Leon.png<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | birth_name = Stephy Grace<br /> | birth_place = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | other_names = Sarangi<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | parents = <br /> | years_active = 2004{{endash}}present<br /> | height = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Leon K Thomas|2014}}<br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Stephy Leon''' ([[née]] '''Grace'''), also known by her [[stage name]] '''Sarangi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/actress-sarangis-wedding-was-a-starry-affair-/articleshow/31590240.cms |title=Actress Sarangi's wedding was a starry affair! |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian television actress who appears in [[Malayalam]]-language serials.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Stephy was born as Stephy Grace to Rajan and Gracy in [[Kozhikode district]] of [[Kerala]]. She has a younger brother. She is trained in classical dance and karate. She holds a degree in [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/stephy-leon.html |title=ആക്ഷൻ ഹീറോയിൻ സ്റ്റെഫി |first=അമ്മു |last=ജൊവാസ് |work=Manorama Online |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=25 June 2022 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> In 2004, Stephy appeared as a <br /> [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] girl, Nazeen in [[T. V. Chandran]]'s critically acclaimed film ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> She debuted in [[Malayalam]] television through the lead role in the 2012 tele-serial ''Manasaveena'' aired in [[Mazhavil Manorama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;/&gt; in which she played Manasa, a teenage girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;DC&quot;/&gt; She played double roles in her second serial, ''Agniputhri'',&lt;ref name=&quot;SL&quot;/&gt; a horror series telecasted on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] network in the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;DC&quot;/&gt; From 2013 to 2014, she played the lead role in [[Surya TV]]'s popular show ''Ishtam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/people-ask-whether-my-hair-is-real-stephy/articleshow/45866327.cms |title=People ask whether my hair is real: Stephy |first=Deepa |last=Soman |work=The Times of India |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> She played the female lead in the 2014 Malayalam film ''Life'', directed by her husband, Leon K Thomas. She played Meenakshi, a software engineer in the movie.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, she appeared in ''Vivahitha'', telecasted in Mazhavil Manorama.&lt;ref name=&quot;MO&quot;/&gt; In 2016, she did double roles of Ranjini Moorthy and Bhadra in TV serial ''Saagaram Sakshi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MO&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/271017/it-is-double-the-fun-for-stephy.html |title=It is double the fun for Stephy |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, she was a contestant of reality show ''Dare the Fear''.&lt;ref name=&quot;DTF&quot;/&gt; and ''Tamaar Padaar''.&lt;ref name=&quot;AV&quot;/&gt; In 2018, she hosted ''Thakarppan Comedy'' and ''Mimicry Mahamela'' in Mazhavil Manorama.&lt;ref name=&quot;TC&quot;/&gt; She also appeared in [[Amrita TV]]'s tele-serial ''Kshanaprabha Chanjalam'' in the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;KPSC&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, she played the female lead Lily in ''Arayannangalude Veedu'' aired on Flowers TV.&lt;ref name=&quot;AV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/im-always-on-the-hunt-for-something-unique-stephy-leon/articleshow/68775071.cms |title=I'm always on the hunt for something unique: Stephy Leon |first=Arya |last=UR |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was also seen as a contestant in ''Star Magic'' in the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;SM&quot;/&gt; From 2022, she is playing the female lead in soap opera ''Bhavana'' in [[Surya TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T2JKLF6NuY&amp;list=PL0u6psZycCU61m-H1IxAuDVPEY5ThEYV6&amp;index=17 |title=Stephy Leon About Bhavana {{!}} Bhavana {{!}} Stephy Leon {{!}} Rayjan Rajan {{!}} SuryaTV |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |people=Stephy Leon}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | ''[[Kadhavaseshan]]''<br /> | Nazeem<br /> | [[T.V. Chandran]]<br /> | Credited as Stephy Grace Raj<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;TNIE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/mar/29/breathing-a-new-life-463117.html |title=Breathing a new 'life' |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''Innalekal Thalirkkumbol''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | Credited as Stephy Leone<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/innalekal-thalirkkumbol-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-stephy-leon-and-joyson-jose-s-malayalam-movie/ar-AA1xHDTb?apiversion=v2&amp;noservercache=1&amp;domshim=1&amp;renderwebcomponents=1&amp;wcseo=1&amp;batchservertelemetry=1&amp;noservertelemetry=1&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year(s)<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Channel<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012<br /> | ''Manasaveena''<br /> | Manasa<br /> | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;SL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2019/02/01/serial-actress-stepgy-leon-interview.html |title=സുന്ദരമായ സ്വപ്നം പോലെ ഞങ്ങളുടെ ജീവിതം: സ്റ്റെഫി ലിയോൺ |first=S |last=Devan |work=Manorama Online |date=1 February 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | ''Agniputhri''<br /> | Vipanchika, Annie{{efn|name=dual|Stephy played two characters}} <br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;DC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/210616/i-am-looking-for-variety-stephy-leon.html |title=I am looking for variety: Stephy Leon |first=Elizabeth |last=Thomas |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2014{{endash}}2015<br /> | ''Ishtam''<br /> | Ganga<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ishtam-to-have-its-climax-aired-this-week/articleshow/49076989.cms |title=Ishtam to have its climax aired this week |first=Deepa |last=Soman |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''Vivahitha''<br /> | Devanthi<br /> | Mazhavil Manorama<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;MO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/stephy-leon-remembering-last-christmas.html |title=ഒരിക്കലും മറക്കില്ല എല്ലാവരെയും ഞെട്ടിച്ച ആ ക്രിസ്മസ് |first=എ.ആർ. |last=ജോൺസൺ |work=Manorama Online |date=23 December 2016 |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | ''Saagaram Sakshi''<br /> | Ranjini Moorthy, Bhadra{{efn|name=dual}} <br /> | Surya TV<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sagaram-sakshi-on-surya-tv-from-june-13/articleshow/52729241.cms |title=Sagaram Sakshi on Surya TV from June 13 |first=Deepa |last=Soman |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''Dare the Fear''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Contestant<br /> | Asianet<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;DTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/paris-laxmi-makes-a-wild-card-entry-in-dare-the-fear/articleshow/61903549.cms |title=Paris Laxmi makes a wild card entry in 'Dare The Fear' |first=Arya |last=UR |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2017{{endash}}2019<br /> | ''Tamaar Padaar''<br /> | [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;AV&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2018<br /> | ''Thakarppan Comedy''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Host<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mazhavil Manorama<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;TC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-unni-mukundan-in-thakarppan-comedy/articleshow/63596044.cms |title=Unni Mukundan in Thakarppan Comedy |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mimicry Mahamela''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kshanaprabha Chanjalam''<br /> | Anuradha<br /> | [[Amrita TV]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;KPSC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/arayannagalude-veedu-actress-stephy-husband-leon/articleshow/71407224.cms |title=മിനി സ്ക്രീനിലെ സുബ്രുവും ലില്ലിക്കുട്ടിയും = സ്റ്റെഫിയും ലിയോണും |work=Samayam |date=2 October 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019<br /> | ''Arayannangalude Veedu''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lily<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Flowers TV<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-fame-ronson-vincent-shares-a-bts-video-flaunting-his-combat-skills/articleshow/69143175.cms |title=Seetha fame Ronson Vincent shares a BTS video flaunting his combat skills |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Seetha (TV series)|Seetha]]''<br /> | [[Cameo appearance]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-indran-and-seetha-to-meet-the-love-birds-of-arayannangalude-veedu/articleshow/68686381.cms |title=Seetha: Indran and Seetha to meet the love birds of 'Arayannangalude Veedu' |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019{{endash}}2021<br /> | ''Star Magic''<br /> | Contestant<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;SM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/fulljar-soda-drinking-competition-on-star-magic/articleshow/69772583.cms |title=Fulljar soda drinking competition on Star Magic |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Ente Maathavu]]''<br /> | Unknown lady<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021<br /> | ''Funs Upon a Time''<br /> | Host<br /> | Amrita TV<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aram + Aram = Kinnaram''<br /> | Contestant<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Surya TV<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2022{{endash}}2025<br /> | ''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bhavana<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/uppum-mulakum-2-to-fastest-family-first-here-is-a-list-of-new-malayalam-tv-shows-that-fans-cant-afford-to-miss/etphotostory/92727488.cms |title=Uppum Mulakum 2 To Fastest Family First: Here Is A List Of New Malayalam TV Shows That Fans Can't Afford To Miss |work=The Times of India |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | ''Kanalpoovu''<br /> | Cameo in promo<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3Rrn4jrL-s |title=Bhavana About Janani |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |access-date=17 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''<br /> | Cameo <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWfOxL5VaYU |title=Kaliveedu - Special Promo {{!}} 25 July 2022 {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Special appearances===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year(s)<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Channel<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |- <br /> | 2013<br /> | ''Nammal Thammil''<br /> | Guest<br /> | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2015<br /> | ''Take it Easy''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Herself<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vanitha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Smart Show''<br /> | Participant<br /> | [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/binu-adimali-and-stephy-leon-on-smart-show/articleshow/49880530.cms |title=Binu Adimali and Stephy Leon on Smart Show |work=The Times of India |date=22 November 2015 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''Taste Time''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Guest<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Asianet<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''Comedy Stars''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 2019<br /> | ''Annie's Kitchen''<br /> | [[Amrita TV]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 2020<br /> | ''Onamamangam''<br /> | Herself<br /> | Surya TV<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021<br /> | ''Parayam Nedam''<br /> | Participant<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Amrita TV<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Red Carpet''<br /> | Mentor<br /> |<br /> | {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} <br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''Surya Tharasangamam''<br /> | Bhavana<br /> | Surya TV<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Director Leon K Thomas married Stephy in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/tv-actress-sarangi-aka-stephy-grace-ties-the-knot-in-kochi/articleshow/31474056.cms |title=TV actress Sarangi aka Stephy Grace ties the knot in Kochi |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=24 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Leon, Stephy}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangiya_Gramin_Vikash_Bank&diff=448130 2025-06-30T14:32:05Z

<p>Bahoglalat: Enhanced article with new information</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[West Bengal Gramin Bank]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Bahoglalat https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_populated_places_in_Senapati_district&diff=513154 2025-06-28T02:44:17Z

<p>Bahoglalat: started new place</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Villages in Senapati district of Manipur, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> The [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India has 7 subdivisions.&lt;ref name=&quot;blocks&quot;/&gt; At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the present-day [[Kangpokpi district]] (split in 2016) was a part of the Senapati district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/ |title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze |author=Esha Roy |date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-22 |newspaper=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Senapati - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6463 |access-date=2023-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Blocks ==<br /> <br /> The Senapati district has 7 subdivisions or Tribal Development (T.D.) blocks:&lt;ref name=&quot;blocks&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Subdivision &amp; Blocks |publisher=District Administration Senapati |url=https://senapati.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Willong<br /> * Mao Maram<br /> * Chillivai Phaibung<br /> * Song Song<br /> * Lairouching<br /> * Paomata<br /> * Purul<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, the villages in the present-day district were organized into the following three subdivisions; three other subdivisions were split into the [[Kangpokpi district]] in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=EMRS row: KSO strikes back at TSA, sets record straight |date=2022-04-15 |newspaper=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/4/15/Our-CorrespondentKANGPOKPI-Apr-15-The-Kuki-Students-Organization-Moltam-Block-has-reacted-sharp.amp.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Population<br /> ! [[Effective literacy rate]]<br /> ! Sex ratio<br /> ! [[Scheduled caste|SC]] population %<br /> ! [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] population %<br /> ! Census code (2011)<br /> |-<br /> | Mao-Maram<br /> | 163380<br /> | 58.19%<br /> | 938<br /> | 0.17%<br /> | 88.67%<br /> | 01858<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paomata]]<br /> | 53901<br /> | 47.35%<br /> | 931<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.28%<br /> | 01859<br /> |-<br /> | [[Purul]]<br /> | 68123<br /> | 59.7%<br /> | 881<br /> | 0.01%<br /> | 98.1%<br /> | 01860<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Villages ==<br /> <br /> Following is a list of the villages as per the 2011 census:&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mao-Maram block ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Population<br /> ! Effective literacy rate<br /> ! Sex ratio<br /> ! SC population %<br /> ! ST population %<br /> ! Census code (2011)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamphung]]<br /> | 653<br /> | 48.78%<br /> | 876<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 17.46%<br /> | 268402<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chakha]]<br /> | 862<br /> | 60.71%<br /> | 933<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.49%<br /> | 268403<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khangjang]]<br /> | 324<br /> | 72.24%<br /> | 1000<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.46%<br /> | 268404<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thuyen]]<br /> | 969<br /> | 39.05%<br /> | 1084<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 92.36%<br /> | 268405<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yangkhunou]]<br /> | 1102<br /> | 58.75%<br /> | 937<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.55%<br /> | 268406<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bedramei]]<br /> | 832<br /> | 45.59%<br /> | 778<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.76%<br /> | 268407<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zenamci]]<br /> | 412<br /> | 83.72%<br /> | 873<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 35.19%<br /> | 268408<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zenamyi]]<br /> | 412<br /> | 67.24%<br /> | 731<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 90.29%<br /> | 268409<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yangkhullen]]<br /> | 4166<br /> | 29.45%<br /> | 845<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 89.61%<br /> | 268410<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kenelu]]<br /> | 748<br /> | 46.27%<br /> | 953<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 92.65%<br /> | 268411<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kamalong]]<br /> | 777<br /> | 34.04%<br /> | 868<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 85.2%<br /> | 268412<br /> |-<br /> | [[Willong Khunou]]<br /> | 1217<br /> | 81.7%<br /> | 972<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.29%<br /> | 268413<br /> |-<br /> | [[Willong Khullen]]<br /> | 4276<br /> | 47.02%<br /> | 854<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 96.63%<br /> | 268414<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shang Khumei]]<br /> | 1068<br /> | 61.2%<br /> | 851<br /> | 8.15%<br /> | 90.26%<br /> | 268415<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sangkunglung]]<br /> | 762<br /> | 44.68%<br /> | 881<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 86.09%<br /> | 268416<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rajamei]]<br /> | 888<br /> | 59.04%<br /> | 862<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 50.56%<br /> | 268417<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oklong]]<br /> | 1754<br /> | 61.39%<br /> | 909<br /> | 0.11%<br /> | 80.62%<br /> | 268418<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oklong Maryam]]<br /> | 560<br /> | 40.18%<br /> | 911<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 100.0%<br /> | 268419<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oklong Khunou]]<br /> | 495<br /> | 67.21%<br /> | 1071<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 76.36%<br /> | 268420<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kanem, Manipur|Kanem]]<br /> | 754<br /> | 49.77%<br /> | 741<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.34%<br /> | 268421<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makulongdi]]<br /> | 1167<br /> | 49.95%<br /> | 935<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.17%<br /> | 268422<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sadim Naga (Emesho Sadim)]]<br /> | 1930<br /> | 27.5%<br /> | 936<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 59.95%<br /> | 268423<br /> |-<br /> | [[Emesiiphro]]<br /> | 896<br /> | 89.95%<br /> | 855<br /> | 0.56%<br /> | 35.27%<br /> | 268424<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Khunou]]<br /> | 990<br /> | 39.22%<br /> | 904<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 71.31%<br /> | 268425<br /> |-<br /> | [[Katomei]]<br /> | 2308<br /> | 57.65%<br /> | 963<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 40.99%<br /> | 268426<br /> |-<br /> | [[Katomei Makeng]]<br /> | 463<br /> | 59.21%<br /> | 929<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 75.81%<br /> | 268427<br /> |-<br /> | [[Katomei Centre]]<br /> | 517<br /> | 51.03%<br /> | 1085<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.61%<br /> | 268428<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makeng Cheijinba Katomei]]<br /> | 195<br /> | 87.04%<br /> | 1120<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 82.05%<br /> | 268429<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taphou Naga]]<br /> | 2311<br /> | 70.35%<br /> | 896<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 46.86%<br /> | 268430<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taphou Phyamai]]<br /> | 1327<br /> | 87.39%<br /> | 859<br /> | 0.6%<br /> | 94.88%<br /> | 268431<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taphou Oneame]]<br /> | 1102<br /> | 81.83%<br /> | 849<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.91%<br /> | 268432<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taphou Pudunamei]]<br /> | 668<br /> | 64.34%<br /> | 820<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 40.57%<br /> | 268433<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taphou Ngaihang]]<br /> | 206<br /> | 87.96%<br /> | 907<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 100.0%<br /> | 268434<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rikhumai Taphou]]<br /> | 1652<br /> | 81.56%<br /> | 957<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 94.43%<br /> | 268435<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ikailongdi]]<br /> | 720<br /> | 69.17%<br /> | 973<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 71.67%<br /> | 268436<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhrelui]]<br /> | 5971<br /> | 86.1%<br /> | 986<br /> | 0.05%<br /> | 89.3%<br /> | 268437<br /> |-<br /> | [[Senapati, Manipur|Senapati]]<br /> | 2183<br /> | 82.41%<br /> | 939<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.02%<br /> | 268438<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mao Karong]]<br /> | 832<br /> | 45.29%<br /> | 995<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.32%<br /> | 268439<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khabung Karong]]<br /> | 4332<br /> | 76.44%<br /> | 943<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 88.87%<br /> | 268440<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kathikho]]<br /> | 870<br /> | 70.63%<br /> | 1028<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 66.9%<br /> | 268441<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Mathak Sagei]]<br /> | 3385<br /> | 56.07%<br /> | 974<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 72.14%<br /> | 268442<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Khulakpa Sagei]]<br /> | 3920<br /> | 50.42%<br /> | 970<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.69%<br /> | 268443<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Makha Sagei]]<br /> | 2278<br /> | 63.05%<br /> | 979<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.96%<br /> | 268444<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Kavanam]]<br /> | 1031<br /> | 79.86%<br /> | 1083<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 94.37%<br /> | 268445<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Centre]]<br /> | 1274<br /> | 72.75%<br /> | 1022<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 88.93%<br /> | 268446<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Sagonbam]]<br /> | 846<br /> | 63.32%<br /> | 843<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 6.74%<br /> | 268447<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lairoching]]<br /> | 2292<br /> | 74.83%<br /> | 851<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 53.58%<br /> | 268448<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mao Marafii]]<br /> | 412<br /> | 69.6%<br /> | 943<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 100.0%<br /> | 268449<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khriidziiphi]]<br /> | 1084<br /> | 61.83%<br /> | 889<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 100.0%<br /> | 268450<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khongnem]]<br /> | 806<br /> | 35.63%<br /> | 947<br /> | 5.21%<br /> | 94.54%<br /> | 268451<br /> |-<br /> | [[Puni Pfosemai]]<br /> | 832<br /> | 60.91%<br /> | 962<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 1.44%<br /> | 268452<br /> |-<br /> | [[Emefiithumai]]<br /> | 708<br /> | 18.04%<br /> | 950<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 0.42%<br /> | 268453<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Maram]]<br /> | 582<br /> | 54.47%<br /> | 1035<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 94.67%<br /> | 268454<br /> |-<br /> | [[Toklung]]<br /> | 597<br /> | 77.44%<br /> | 1066<br /> | 9.21%<br /> | 88.44%<br /> | 268455<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Ramlung]]<br /> | 677<br /> | 45.59%<br /> | 1083<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 96.01%<br /> | 268456<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maram Bazar]]<br /> | 2419<br /> | 82.99%<br /> | 935<br /> | 0.66%<br /> | 57.96%<br /> | 268457<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhan Khuman]]<br /> | 1291<br /> | 34.38%<br /> | 1036<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.61%<br /> | 268458<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mao Pundung]]<br /> | 3718<br /> | 68.13%<br /> | 932<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.62%<br /> | 268459<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pungdunglung]]<br /> | 685<br /> | 42.71%<br /> | 836<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 94.45%<br /> | 268460<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhan Khullen]]<br /> | 2192<br /> | 57.16%<br /> | 969<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.73%<br /> | 268461<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhan Centre]]<br /> | 2333<br /> | 66.7%<br /> | 979<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.17%<br /> | 268462<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhan Lovadziingho]]<br /> | 767<br /> | 34.36%<br /> | 862<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 80.96%<br /> | 268463<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Makhan]]<br /> | 865<br /> | 27.68%<br /> | 989<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.96%<br /> | 268464<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chowainamei Khullen]]<br /> | 4705<br /> | 50.23%<br /> | 859<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.85%<br /> | 268465<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chowainamei Khunou]]<br /> | 3196<br /> | 44.91%<br /> | 962<br /> | 0.19%<br /> | 99.25%<br /> | 268466<br /> |-<br /> | [[Takeimei]]<br /> | 145<br /> | 80.16%<br /> | 1132<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 60.69%<br /> | 268467<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chakumei]]<br /> | 1962<br /> | 38.63%<br /> | 1035<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.9%<br /> | 268468<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tadubi]]<br /> | 5847<br /> | 47.28%<br /> | 956<br /> | 0.12%<br /> | 91.09%<br /> | 268469<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phikomai]]<br /> | 1467<br /> | 63.87%<br /> | 956<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.68%<br /> | 268470<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Magaimai]]<br /> | 571<br /> | 53.57%<br /> | 1107<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.07%<br /> | 268471<br /> |-<br /> | [[Song Song]]<br /> | 4587<br /> | 62.32%<br /> | 1014<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.63%<br /> | 268472<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kalinamei]]<br /> | 7053<br /> | 64.23%<br /> | 967<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.63%<br /> | 268473<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kayinu]]<br /> | 3253<br /> | 70.7%<br /> | 897<br /> | 0.18%<br /> | 85.8%<br /> | 268474<br /> |-<br /> | [[Namgailong Rongmei]]<br /> | 452<br /> | 74.53%<br /> | 915<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 94.47%<br /> | 268475<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rabunamei]]<br /> | 3092<br /> | 54.18%<br /> | 1067<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.0%<br /> | 268476<br /> |-<br /> | [[Punanamei]]<br /> | 6380<br /> | 65.85%<br /> | 955<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 96.63%<br /> | 268477<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pudunamei]]<br /> | 4249<br /> | 64.59%<br /> | 946<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.69%<br /> | 268478<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chowainu]]<br /> | 2527<br /> | 48.77%<br /> | 985<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.76%<br /> | 268479<br /> |-<br /> | [[Robve Solephe]]<br /> | 798<br /> | 6.7%<br /> | 731<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.87%<br /> | 268480<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tobumei]]<br /> | 2761<br /> | 43.41%<br /> | 863<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 78.96%<br /> | 268481<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shajouba]]<br /> | 7456<br /> | 48.74%<br /> | 938<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.04%<br /> | 268482<br /> |-<br /> | [[Makhel]]<br /> | 3095<br /> | 40.73%<br /> | 931<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.58%<br /> | 268483<br /> |-<br /> | [[Keibi]]<br /> | 4420<br /> | 45.67%<br /> | 974<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 92.49%<br /> | 268484<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khabung]]<br /> | 1449<br /> | 32.84%<br /> | 902<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.96%<br /> | 268485<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sorbung, Manipur|Sorbung]]<br /> | 967<br /> | 28.9%<br /> | 818<br /> | 4.45%<br /> | 92.66%<br /> | 268486<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khamsom]]<br /> | 1772<br /> | 76.92%<br /> | 901<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 95.65%<br /> | 268487<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tingsong]]<br /> | 1377<br /> | 80.62%<br /> | 881<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 86.64%<br /> | 268488<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ngatan]]<br /> | 800<br /> | 91.3%<br /> | 1030<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 96.0%<br /> | 268489<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nsebekie]]<br /> | 334<br /> | 75.61%<br /> | 1012<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.4%<br /> | 268490<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bollen Kuki]]<br /> | 0<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | 268491<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phoibung Kuki]]<br /> | 0<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | 268492<br /> |-<br /> | [[Changsang]]<br /> | 0<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | 268493<br /> |-<br /> | [[Leisangphung]]<br /> | 0<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | 268494<br /> |-<br /> | [[Washangphung]]<br /> | 0<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | NA<br /> | 268495<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Paomata block ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Population<br /> ! Effective literacy rate<br /> ! Sex ratio<br /> ! SC population %<br /> ! ST population %<br /> ! Census code (2011)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Laii Sarafii]]<br /> | 751<br /> | 30.04%<br /> | 1052<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.6%<br /> | 268496<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Laii]]<br /> | 515<br /> | 62.14%<br /> | 807<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 100.0%<br /> | 268497<br /> |-<br /> | [[Laii]]<br /> | 5518<br /> | 30.43%<br /> | 939<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 92.48%<br /> | 268498<br /> |-<br /> | [[Katafiimei]]<br /> | 995<br /> | 53.41%<br /> | 936<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 93.47%<br /> | 268499<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chingmei Khunou]]<br /> | 3800<br /> | 66.66%<br /> | 859<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.5%<br /> | 268500<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chingmei Khullen]]<br /> | 1856<br /> | 45.58%<br /> | 849<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.62%<br /> | 268501<br /> |-<br /> | [[Liyai Khunou]]<br /> | 1038<br /> | 41.21%<br /> | 908<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.71%<br /> | 268502<br /> |-<br /> | [[Liyai Khullen]]<br /> | 7153<br /> | 19.48%<br /> | 962<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.29%<br /> | 268503<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tungjoy Rikhubumai]]<br /> | 1353<br /> | 52.63%<br /> | 892<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.33%<br /> | 268504<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tungjoy]]<br /> | 5988<br /> | 58.37%<br /> | 887<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.25%<br /> | 268505<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paomata Centre]]<br /> | 1344<br /> | 31.54%<br /> | 931<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 93.97%<br /> | 268506<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tungam Makhufii]]<br /> | 936<br /> | 66.87%<br /> | 876<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.97%<br /> | 268507<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tungam Khullen]]<br /> | 4495<br /> | 65.12%<br /> | 987<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.89%<br /> | 268508<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tungam Afii]]<br /> | 1553<br /> | 23.78%<br /> | 885<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.52%<br /> | 268509<br /> |-<br /> | [[Saranamei]]<br /> | 4254<br /> | 32.1%<br /> | 897<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.65%<br /> | 268510<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rakhutao]]<br /> | 193<br /> | 84.66%<br /> | 856<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 91.71%<br /> | 268511<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khaikho]]<br /> | 1080<br /> | 22.14%<br /> | 1015<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.7%<br /> | 268512<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phuba Khuman]]<br /> | 5526<br /> | 67.08%<br /> | 954<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.4%<br /> | 268513<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phuba Thapham]]<br /> | 2512<br /> | 68.8%<br /> | 1027<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.52%<br /> | 268514<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maiba]]<br /> | 3041<br /> | 61.15%<br /> | 968<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.01%<br /> | 268515<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Purul block ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Population<br /> ! Effective literacy rate<br /> ! Sex ratio<br /> ! SC population %<br /> ! ST population %<br /> ! Census code (2011)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koide Makha]]<br /> | 3760<br /> | 49.66%<br /> | 892<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.68%<br /> | 268516<br /> |-<br /> | [[Koide Mathak]]<br /> | 4513<br /> | 55.94%<br /> | 849<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 90.01%<br /> | 268517<br /> |-<br /> | [[Purul Rosofii]]<br /> | 2287<br /> | 61.18%<br /> | 811<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.16%<br /> | 268518<br /> |-<br /> | [[Purul Atongba]]<br /> | 5043<br /> | 57.57%<br /> | 842<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.21%<br /> | 268519<br /> |-<br /> | [[Purul Akutpa]]<br /> | 6168<br /> | 73.75%<br /> | 938<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.96%<br /> | 268520<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shirong]]<br /> | 1115<br /> | 62.98%<br /> | 819<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.91%<br /> | 268521<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lakhamei]]<br /> | 4822<br /> | 54.01%<br /> | 837<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.34%<br /> | 268522<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kodom Khullen]]<br /> | 2120<br /> | 57.26%<br /> | 812<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 90.85%<br /> | 268523<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kodom Khavii]]<br /> | 1589<br /> | 50.12%<br /> | 908<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.87%<br /> | 268524<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phaibung Khullen]]<br /> | 4664<br /> | 37.31%<br /> | 974<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.38%<br /> | 268525<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phaibung Khunou]]<br /> | 1232<br /> | 32.35%<br /> | 987<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.86%<br /> | 268526<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lower Phaibung]]<br /> | 990<br /> | 49.14%<br /> | 879<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.9%<br /> | 268527<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ngari Raidolumai]]<br /> | 1095<br /> | 82.35%<br /> | 941<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.27%<br /> | 268528<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ngari Khullen]]<br /> | 2098<br /> | 77.68%<br /> | 858<br /> | 0.29%<br /> | 99.38%<br /> | 268529<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ngari Lishang]]<br /> | 1714<br /> | 67.52%<br /> | 894<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 97.08%<br /> | 268530<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thiwa]]<br /> | 1309<br /> | 89.86%<br /> | 908<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.54%<br /> | 268531<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thiwa Songdo]]<br /> | 173<br /> | 52.99%<br /> | 1060<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.84%<br /> | 268532<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khongdei Khuman]]<br /> | 3352<br /> | 70.02%<br /> | 746<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.72%<br /> | 268533<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khongdei Shimphung]]<br /> | 2261<br /> | 32.76%<br /> | 835<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 96.15%<br /> | 268534<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khongdei Ngawar]]<br /> | 526<br /> | 69.2%<br /> | 1055<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.86%<br /> | 268535<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ngamju]]<br /> | 3229<br /> | 42.81%<br /> | 943<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.1%<br /> | 268536<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oinam, Senapati district|Oinam]]<br /> | 4328<br /> | 90.67%<br /> | 942<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.61%<br /> | 268537<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thingba Khullen]]<br /> | 3513<br /> | 65.65%<br /> | 898<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.63%<br /> | 268538<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thingba Khunou]]<br /> | 4129<br /> | 62.71%<br /> | 862<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.66%<br /> | 268539<br /> |-<br /> | [[Keiye]]<br /> | 728<br /> | 53.45%<br /> | 911<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 99.45%<br /> | 268540<br /> |-<br /> | [[Raafii]]<br /> | 726<br /> | 65.09%<br /> | 758<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 98.48%<br /> | 268541<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kapao, Manipur|Kapao]]<br /> | 639<br /> | 35.39%<br /> | 966<br /> | 0.0%<br /> | 92.8%<br /> | 268542<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Senapati]]</div>

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