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S. P. Venkateshwaran

2026-05-03T10:49:25Z

Babina: adding the article first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. P. Venkateshwaran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK (Anbumani)]]
| predecessor = P. Subramani
| successor =
| father = Perumal
| occupation = Politician, Farmer
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
|birth_place = Samichettipatti, [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''Samichettipatti Perumal Venkateshwaran''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]] as a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222095845/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC059.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC059.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=dharmapuri Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a059|access-date= 30 Apr 2022}}</ref> In 2025, Venkateshwaran declared support for PMK President [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], which resulted in him being censured by party founder [[S. Ramadoss]], and, along with 2 other PMK MLAs, later joined the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|faction of the PMK]] led by Anbumani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three PMK MLAs and party general secretary back Anbumani in leadership row|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/three-pmk-mlas-and-party-general-secretary-back-anbumani-in-leadership-row-2902473.html|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The New Indian Express|date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]|| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || Won ||48.99% || P. Subramani|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 36.53%

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateshwaran, S. P}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit

2026-04-21T22:45:06Z

Babina: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[Vedic Sanskrit]] has a number of linguistic features which are alien to most other [[Indo-European languages]]. Prominent examples include: [[phonologically]], the introduction of [[retroflex]]es, which alternate with [[Dental consonant|dentals]], and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]], the formation of [[gerund]]s.<ref name=Bryant>{{cite book|first=Edwin |last=Bryant |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001}}</ref>{{rp|79}} Some philologists attribute such features, as well as the presence of non-Indo-European vocabulary, to a local [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]] of languages encountered by [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] in Central Asia ([[Bactria-Marghiana]]) and within the [[Indian subcontinent]] during [[Indo-Aryan migrations]], including the [[Dravidian languages]].<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ferenc|last=Rusza|date=2009|title=The influence of Dravidian on Indo-Aryan phonetics|journal=Jared S. Klein – Kazuhiko Yoshida (Eds.): Indic Across the Millennia: From the Rigveda to Modern Indo-Aryan, Pp. 145–152|url=https://www.academia.edu/472464|type=Paper read at the XIVth World Sanskrit Conference, Kyōtō 2009}}</ref>

Scholars have claimed to identify a substantial body of loanwords in the earliest Indian texts, including evidence of Non-Indo-Aryan elements (such as -s- following -u- in Rigvedic ''busa''). While some postulated loanwords are from [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], and other forms are traceable to [[Munda languages|Munda]]<ref name=Bryant/>{{rp|78}} or Proto-[[Burushaski]], the bulk have no proven basis in any of the known families, suggesting a source in one or more lost languages. The discovery that some words taken to be loans from one of these lost sources had also been preserved in the earliest [[Old Avestan]] texts, and also in [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], convinced [[Michael Witzel]] and [[Alexander Lubotsky]] that the source lay in Central Asia and could be associated with the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (BMAC).<ref name=Witzel05>{{cite book|first=Michael |last=Witzel |chapter=Central Asian Roots and Acculturation in South Asia. Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence from Western Central Asia, the Hindukush and Northwestern South Asia for Early Indo-Aryan Language and Religion |editor-first=T. |editor-last=Osada |title=Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past |location=Kyoto |series=Indus Project |publisher=Research Institute for Humanity and Nature |date=2005|pages=87–211}}</ref><ref name=Lubotsky>{{cite book|first=A. |last=Lubotsky |chapter=The Indo-Iranian Substratum |title=Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations |editor1-first= C. |editor1-last=Carpelan |editor2-first=A. |editor2-last=Parpola |editor3-first=P.|editor3-last=Koskikallio |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura |date=2001 |pages=301–317}}</ref> Another lost language is [[Harappan language|that]] of the [[Indus Valley civilization]], which Witzel initially labelled Para-Munda, but later the Kubhā-Vipāś [[Substrate (linguistics)|substrate]].<ref name=Witzel09>{{cite journal|first=Michael |last=Witzel |title=The linguistic history of some Indian domestic plants |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume= 34 |issue= 6 |date=December 2009 |pages= 829–833 |doi=10.1007/s12038-009-0096-1|pmid=20093735 |s2cid=6245657 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8954814/Witzel_Linguistic.pdf?sequence=1 |type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref>

==Phonology==
Retroflex phonemes are now found throughout the [[Burushaski]],<ref>{{cite book|first=H.|last= Berger |title=Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nagar |volume =1–3 |location=Wiesbaden|publisher= Harrassowitz |date=1988}}</ref> [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]],<ref>{{cite book|first=G. |last=Morgenstierne |title=Irano-Dardica |location=Wiesbaden |date=1973}}</ref> [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Munda languages|Munda]] families. They are reconstructed for Proto-Burushaski, Proto-Dravidian and (to a minimal extent) for Proto-Munda,<ref name=Anderson>{{cite book|editor-first=Gregory D. S. |editor-last=Anderson |title=The Munda Languages |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Language Family Series |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-32890-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_lTPgAACAAJ }}</ref> and are thus clearly an [[areal feature]] of the Indian subcontinent. They are not reconstructible for either [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] or [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]], and they are also not found in [[Mitanni]]–Indo-Aryan loanwords.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The acquisition of the phonological trait by early Indo-Aryan is thus unsurprising, but it does not immediately permit identification of the donor language. Since the adoption of a retroflex series does not affect [[Vedic meter|poetic meter]], it is impossible to say if it predates the early portions of the [[Rigveda]] or was a part of Indo-Aryan when the Rigvedic verses were being composed; however, it is certain that at the time of the [[Literary redaction|redaction]] of the Rigveda (ca. 500 BCE), the retroflex series had become part of Sanskrit phonology. There is a clear predominance of retroflexion in the Northwest ([[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]], [[Dardic languages|Dardic]], [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]] Saka, [[Burushaski]]), involving affricates, sibilants and even [[r-colored vowel|vowels]] (in [[Kalasha-mun|Kalasha]]), compared to other parts of the subcontinent. It has been suggested that this points to the regional, northwestern origin of the phenomenon in Rigvedic Sanskrit.<ref name=Witzel99>{{cite journal |first=Michael |last=Witzel |title=Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Rigvedic, Middle and Late Vedic) |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206073939/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0501/ejvs0501article.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bertil Tikkanen is open to the idea that various [[syntactical]] developments in Indo-Aryan could have been the result of [[adstratum]] rather than the result of substrate influences.<ref name=Bryant/>{{rp|80–82}} However Tikkanen states that "in view of the strictly areal implications of retroflexion and the occurrence of retroflexes in many early loanwords, it is hardly likely that Indo-Aryan retroflexion arose in a region that did not have a substratum with retroflexes."<ref>{{cite book|first=Bertil|last= Tikkanen|chapter= Archaeological-linguistic correlations in the formation of retroflex typologies and correlating areal features in South Asia |editor-first=Roger |editor1-last=Blench |editor2-first=Matthew |editor2-last=Spriggs |title=Archaeology and Language |volume=4 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |date=1999 |pages= 138–148}}</ref>

Not only the typological development of Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, but already the phonological development from Pre-Vedic to Vedic (including even the oldest attested form in the Rig-Veda) has been seen as suggestive of Dravidian influence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ruzsa|first1=Ferenc|editor1-last=Klein|editor1-first=Jared S.|editor2-last=Yoshida|editor2-first=Kazuhiko|title=Indic across the Millennia: From the Rigveda to Modern Indo-Aryan: 14th World Sanskrit Conference, Kyoto, Japan, September 1st–5th, 2009, Proceedings of the Linguistic Section|date=2013|publisher=Ute Hempen Verlag|location=Bremen|isbn=978-393-41060-5-5|pages=145–152|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/472464|access-date=27 June 2014|chapter-format=PDF|chapter=The Influence of Dravidian on Indo-Aryan Phonetics}}</ref> However, [[Hans Henrich Hock|Hock]] argues that Dravidian should not be considered as significant, but that retroflexion is, rather, the outcome of areal features cutting across language boundaries in the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent, and extending into Central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Hans Henrich |last=Hock |title=The Northwest of South Asia and beyond: The issue of Indo-Aryan retroflexion yet again|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=2015 |pages=111–135 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0005|s2cid=163969946 }}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
In 1955 [[Thomas Burrow|Burrow]] listed some 500 words in Sanskrit that he considered to be loans from non-Indo-European languages. He noted that in the earliest form of the language such words are comparatively few, but they progressively become more numerous. Though mentioning the likelihood that one source was lost Indian languages extinguished by the advance of Indo-Aryan, he concentrated on finding loans from [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas |last=Burrow |title=The Sanskrit Language |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313685 |edition=3rd |date=1955 |pages=397–8 & ch. 8|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref> [[F B J Kuiper|Kuiper]] identified 383 specifically Rigvedic words as non-Indo-Aryan – roughly 4% of its vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book|first=F. B. J. |last=Kuiper |chapter=Rigvedic loanwords|title=Studia Indologica |editor=Spies |location=Bonn |date=1955 |pages= 137–185}}</ref><ref name=Kuiper91>{{cite book|first=F. B. J. |last=Kuiper|title=Aryans in the Rigveda |publisher=Rodopi |date=1991}}</ref> Oberlies prefers to consider 344–358 "secure" non-Indo-European words in the Rigveda.<ref>{{cite journal|first=T. |last=Oberlies |title=Review Article: F. B. J. Kuiper: ''Aryans in the Rigveda''|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume= 37 |issue=4 |date=1994 |pages= 333–349 |doi=10.1163/000000094790084162}}</ref> Even if all local non-Indo-Aryan names of persons and places are subtracted from Kuiper's list, that still leaves some 211–250 "foreign" words, around 2% of the total vocabulary of the Rigveda.<ref name=Witzel00>{{cite web|first=Michael E. J. |last=Witzel |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf |title=The Languages of Harappa|date= 17 February 2000 |type=Preliminary version prepared for Kenoyer, J. (ed.): ''Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization, Madison 1998''}}</ref>

These loanwords cover local flora and fauna, agriculture and artisanship, terms of toilette, clothing and household. Dancing and music are particularly prominent, and there are some items of religion and beliefs.<ref name=Kuiper91/> They only reflect village life, and not the intricate civilization of the Indus cities, befitting a post-Harappan time frame.<ref name=Witzel00/> In particular, Indo-Aryan words for plants stem in large part from other language families, especially from the now-lost substrate languages.<ref name=Witzel09/>

Mayrhofer identified a "prefixing" language as the source of many non-Indo-European words in the Rigveda, based on recurring prefixes like ''ka-'' or ''ki-'', that have been compared by Michael Witzel to the [[Munda languages|Munda]] prefix ''k-'' for designation of persons, and the plural prefix ''ki'' seen in [[Khasi language|Khasi]], though he notes that in Vedic, ''k-'' also applies to items merely connected with humans and animals.<ref name=Witzel99/>{{rp|12}} Examples include:
* {{lang|vsn|काकम्बीर}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kākambīra}} a certain tree
* {{lang|vsn|ककर्दु}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kakardu}} "wooden stick"
* {{lang|vsn|कपर्दिन्}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kapardin}} "with a hair-knot"
* {{lang|vsn|कर्पास}} {{Transliteration|vsn|karpāsa}} "cotton"
* {{lang|vsn|कवन्ध}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kavandha}} "barrel"
* {{lang|vsn|कवष}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kavaṣa}} "straddle-legged"
* {{lang|vsn|किलास}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kilāsa}} "spotted, leprous"
* {{lang|vsn|किमीद}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kimīda}} "a demon", cf. {{lang|sa|शिमिदा}} {{Transliteration|sa|śimidā}} "a demoness"
* {{lang|vsn|कीनाश}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kīnāśa}} "ploughman"
* {{lang|vsn|कियम्बु}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kiyāmbu}} a water plant
* {{lang|vsn|कुलाय}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kulāya}} "nest"
* {{lang|vsn|कुलिश}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kuliśa}} "axe"
* {{lang|vsn|कुमार}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kumāra}} "boy"
* {{lang|vsn|कुलुङ्ग}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kuluṅga}} "antelope"
* {{lang|vsn|कुरुङ्ग}} {{Transliteration|vsn|Kuruṅga}} name of a chieftain of the Turvaśa.

Witzel remarks that these words span all of local village life. He considers that they were drawn from the lost language of the northern Indus Civilization and its Neolithic predecessors. As they abound in Austroasiatic-like prefixes, he initially chose to call it Para-Munda, but later the Kubhā-Vipāś substrate.<ref name=Witzel09/>

The Indo-Europeanist and Indologist [[Paul Thieme|Thieme]] has questioned Dravidian etymologies proposed for Vedic words, for most of which he gives Indo-Aryan or Sanskrit etymologies, and has condemned what he characterizes as a misplaced "zeal for hunting up Dravidian loans in Sanskrit". [[Rahul Peter Das|Das]], while not discounting the possibility of foreign elements in Vedic, contended that there nevertheless is "not a single case" in which a {{lang|la|communis opinio}} has been found confirming the foreign origin of a Rigvedic word".<ref>{{cite journal|first=Rahul Peter |last=Das |title=The Hunt for Foreign Words in the {{IAST|Ṛgveda}}|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=1995 |pages=207–238 |doi=10.1163/000000095790084530|s2cid=161421784 }}</ref> Kuiper answered that charge,<ref>{{cite journal|first=F. |last=Kuiper |title=On a hunt for "possible" objections |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=1995 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.1163/000000095790084558}}</ref> on which Das then commented.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Das|first1=Rahul Peter|editor1-last=Das|editor1-first=Rahul Peter|editor2-last=Meiser|editor2-first=Gerhard|title=Geregeltes Ungestüm: Bruderschaften und Jugendbünde bei indogermanischen Völkern|date=2002|publisher=Ute Hempen Verlag|location=Bremen|isbn=3-934106-22-6|pages=139–156; see note 1|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/25167471|access-date=9 November 2021|chapter-format=PDF|chapter=Indra und Śiva/Rudra: Neue Erkenntnisse zur indischen Götterwelt aus einem interdisziplinären Diskurs}}</ref> Burrow in turn has criticized the "resort to tortuous reconstructions in order to find, by hook or by crook, Indo-European explanations for Sanskrit words". Kuiper reasons that given the abundance of Indo-European comparative material – and the scarcity of Dravidian or Munda – the inability to clearly confirm whether the etymology of a Vedic word is Indo-European implies that it is not.<ref name=Bryant/>{{rp|86–88}}

==Lost donor languages==
[[Colin Masica]] could not find etymologies from Indo-European or Dravidian or Munda or as loans from Persian for 31 percent of agricultural and flora terms of Hindi. He proposed an origin in an unknown language "X".<ref>{{cite book|first=Colin |last=Masica |chapter=Aryan and non-Aryan elements in North Indian agriculture|editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Deshpande |editor2-first=P. E. |editor2-last=Hook |title=Aryan and non-Aryan in India |location=Ann Arbour |publisher=Univ. of Michigan, Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies |date=1979 |pages= 55–152}}</ref> Southworth also notes that the flora terms did not come from either Dravidian or Munda. Southworth found only five terms which are shared with Munda, leading to his suggestion that "the presence of other ethnic groups, speaking other languages, must be assumed for the period in question".<ref>{{cite book|first=Franklyn |last=Southworth|chapter= Lexical evidence for early contacts between Indo-Aryan and Dravidian|editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Deshpande |editor2-first=P. E. |editor2-last=Hook |title=Aryan and non-Aryan in India |location=Ann Arbour |publisher=Univ. of Michigan, Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies |date=1979 |page=205}}</ref>

===Language of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (the BMAC substrate)===
Terms borrowed from an otherwise unknown [[substrate language]], sometimes called the '''BMAC substrate''', include those relating to [[cereal]]-growing and [[breadmaking]] (“[[bread]]”; “[[ploughshare]]”; “[[seed]]”; “[[sheaf (agriculture)|sheaf]]”; “[[yeast]]”), [[waterworks]] (“[[canal]]”; “[[water well|well]]”), [[architecture]] (“brick”; “house”; “pillar”; “wooden peg”), tools or weapons (“[[axe]]”; “club”), [[textile]]s and [[garment]]s (“cloak”; “cloth”; “coarse garment”; “[[hem]]”; “[[Sewing needle|needle]]”) and plants (“[[hemp]]”; “[[Brassica juncea|mustard]]”; “[[soma (drink)|soma]] plant”).<ref name=Witzel05/> Lubotsky pointed out that the phonological and morphological similarity of 55 loanwords in Iranian and in Sanskrit indicate that both share a common substratum, or perhaps two dialects of the same substratum. He concludes that the BMAC language of the population of the towns of Central Asia (where Indo-Iranians must have arrived in the 2nd millennium BCE) and the language spoken in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (see [[#Harappan|Harappan]] below) were intimately related.<ref name=Lubotsky/> However, the prevailing interpretation is that Harappan is not related, and the 55 loanwords entered Proto-Indo-Iranian during its development in the [[Sintashta culture]] in distant contact with the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]], and then many more words with the same origin enriched Old Indic as it developed among pastoralists who integrated with and perhaps ruled over the declining BMAC.<ref>{{cite book|first=D. W. |last=Anthony |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language |date=2007 |pages= 455–456|title-link=The Horse, the Wheel and Language }}</ref>

Examples:
* BMAC *{{lang|mis-142|anću}} 'soma plant (ephedra)’ → Skt. {{Transliteration|sa|aṃśú-}}; Av. {{Transliteration|ae|ąsu-}}
* BMAC *''atʰr̥'' → Skt. ''[[Atharvan|átharvan]]'' 'priest', Av. ''āθrauuan''-/''aθaurun''- 'id.', Pehlevi ''āsrōn''; Toch. A ''atär'', B ''etre'' 'hero'
* BMAC *''bʰiš-'' 'to heal' → Skt. ''bhiṣáj''- m. 'physician'; LAv. ''bišaziia''- 'to cure'
* BMAC *''dr̥ća'' → Skt. ''dūrśa''- 'coarse garment'; Wakhi ''δirs'' 'goat or yak wool', Shughni ''δox̆c'' 'body hair; coarse cloth'
* BMAC *''gandʰ/t''- → Skt. ''gandhá''-; LAv. ''gaiṇti''- 'odor'
* BMAC *''gandʰ(a)rw''- 'mythical beast' → Skt. ''[[Gandharva|gandharvá]]''-; LAv. ''gaṇdərəβa''-
* BMAC *''indra'' theonym → Skt. ''[[Indra|Índra]]''; LAv. ''Iṇdra'' daeva's name
* BMAC *''išt(i)'' 'brick' → Skt. ''íṣṭakā''- f. (VS+); LAv. ''ištiia''- n., OP ''išti''- f., Pers. ''xešt''; Toch. B ''iścem'' 'clay'
* BMAC *''ǰaǰʰa/uka'' 'hedgehog' → Skt. ''jáhakā''; LAv. ''dužuka''-, Bal. ''ǰaǰuk'', Pers. ''žūža''
* BMAC *''jawījā'' 'canal, irrigation channel' → Skt. ''yavīyā''-; OP ''yauwiyā''-, Pers. ''ju(y)''
* BMAC *''k/ćan''- 'hemp' → Skt. ''śaṇa''; MP ''šan'', Khot. ''kaṃha'', Oss. ''gæn(æ)''
* BMAC *''majūkʰa'' 'wooden peg' → Skt. ''mayūkha''-; OP ''mayūxa''- 'doorknob', Pers. ''mix'' 'peg, nail'
* BMAC *''nagna'' → Skt. ''nagnáhu''- (AVP+) m. 'yeast'; Sogd. ''nɣny'', Pashto ''naɣan'', Pers. ''nān'' 'bread'
* BMAC *''sćāga'' ~ ''sćaga'' 'billy-goat' → Skt. ''chāga''-; Oss. ''sæǧ(æ)'', Wakhi ''čəɣ'' 'kid'
* BMAC *''sikatā'' 'sand, gravel' → Skt. ''sikatā''-; OP ''θikā'' 'sand', Khot. ''siyatā'', Buddh. Sogd. ''šykth,'' Pashto ''šega/šiga''
* BMAC *''sinšap''- 'mustard' → Skt. ''sarṣapa''; Khot. ''śśaśvāna'', Parth. ''šyfš-d'n'', Sodg. ''šywšp-δn'', Pers. ''sipan-dān'' 'mustard seed'
* BMAC *''(s)pʰāra'' 'ploughshare' → Skt. ''phāla''-; Pers. ''supār''
* BMAC *''sūčī'' 'needle' → Skt. ''sūćī''; LAv. ''sūkā''-, MP ''sozan'', Oss. ''sūʒīn'' ~ ''soʒīnæ''
* BMAC *''šwaipa'' 'tail' → Skt. ''śépa''-, Prākrit ''cheppā''-; LAv. ''xšuuaēpā''-
* BMAC *''(H)uštra'' 'camel' → Skt. ''úṣṭra''-; Av. ''uštra''-, Pers. ''šotor,'' Pashto ''wuš/wux''
Francfort and Tremblay<ref>Francfort H.-P., Tremblay X. [https://scribd.com/document/242322412/Francfort-et-Tremblay-Marhasi-et-la-civilisation-de-l-Oxus-pdf Marhaši et la civilisation de l'Oxus] // Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLV (2010), pp. 51–224. doi: 10.2143/IA.45.0.2047119.</ref> on the basis of the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] textual and archaeological evidence from [[Assyria]] and [[Babylonia]], proposed to identify the BMAC with the kingdom of [[Marhashi]]. The [[Marhashite]] personal names seem to point towards an Eastern variant of Hurrian, or another language of the Hurro-Urartian language family rather than to Semitic or Indo-European, the latter of which had not yet appeared in the region.

===Harappan===
{{ see also | Meluhha }}

Witzel initially used the term "Para-Munda" to denote a hypothetical language related but not ancestral to modern [[Munda languages]], which he identified as "[[Harappan language|Harappan]]", the language of the [[Indus Valley civilization]].<ref name=Witzel99/> To avoid confusion with Munda, he later opted for the term "Kubhā-Vipāś substrate".<ref name=Witzel09/> He argues that the Rigveda shows signs of this hypothetical Harappan influence in the earliest level and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] only in later levels, suggesting that speakers of Harappan were the original inhabitants of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and that the Indo-Aryans encountered [[Dravidian people|speakers of Dravidian]] not before middle Rigvedic times.<ref name=Witzel00/> [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti]] deems the evidence too meagre for this proposal. Regarding Witzel's methodology in claiming Para-Munda origins, [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti]] states: "The main flaw in Witzel's argument is his inability to show a large number of complete, unanalyzed words from Munda borrowed into the first phase of the ''Ṛgveda''... It would have been better if [Witzel] said we did not know the true source of 300 or so early borrowings into the ''Ṛgveda''."<ref name=Krishnamurti>{{cite book|first=Bhadriraju |last=Krishnamurti |title=Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |page=38 }}</ref> This statement, however, confuses Proto-Munda and Para-Munda and neglects the several hundred "complete, unanalyzed words" from a prefixing language, adduced by Kuiper<ref name=Kuiper91/> and Witzel.<ref name=Witzel99/>

==Living donor languages==
A concern raised in the identification of the substrate is that there is a large time gap between the comparative materials, which can be seen as a serious methodological drawback. One issue is the early geographical distribution of the South Asian languages. It should not be assumed that the present-day northern location of [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], and [[Malto language|Malto]] reflects the position of their ancestor languages at the time of Indo-Aryan development. Another problem is that modern literary languages may present a misleading picture of their prehistoric ancestors.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans Henrich |last=Hock |url=http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/MBE_Programme/images/paper%20-%20hans.pdf |title=The Problem of Time in South Asian Convergence |series=Prof. M. B. Emeneau Centenary International Conference on South Asian Linguistics |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |location=Mysore |access-date=2 August 2007 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217033240/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/MBE_Programme/images/paper%20-%20hans.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 }}</ref> The first completely intelligible, datable, and sufficiently long and complete epigraphs that might be of some use in linguistic comparison are the early Tamil Brahmi inscriptions starting in the 2nd century BCE,<ref name=Zvelebil>{{cite book|first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction|publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture|date= 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mahadevan |first=I |title=Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D |location=Chennai|publisher= Cre-A|series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] |date=2003}}</ref> and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions of the [[Pallava dynasty]] of about 550 CE. Similarly there is much less material available for comparative [[Munda languages|Munda]] and the interval in their case is at least three millennia. However, reconstructions of Proto-Dravidian<ref name=Krishnamurti/> and Proto-Munda<ref name=Anderson/> now help in distinguishing the traits of these languages from those of Indo-European in the evaluation of substrate and loan words.

===Dravidian===
There are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in Vedic.<ref name=MalloryAdams>{{cite book|first1=J. P. |last1=Mallory |first2=D. Q. |last2=Adams |title= Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture |date=1997|page=308}}</ref> Those for which Dravidian etymologies are proposed by Zvelebil include {{lang|vsn|कुलाय}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kulāya}} "nest", {{lang|vsn|कुल्फ}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kulpha}} "ankle", {{lang|vsn|दण्ड}} ''{{IAST|daṇḍa}}'' "stick", {{lang|vsn|कूल}} {{Transliteration|vsn|kūla}} "slope", {{lang|vsn|बिल}} {{Transliteration|vsn|bila}} "hollow", {{lang|vsn|खल}} {{Transliteration|vsn|khala}} "threshing floor".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allan R. Bomhard |url=http://archive.org/details/zvelebildravidianlinguisticsanintroduction1990 |title=Zvelebil - Dravidian Linguistics - An Introduction (1990) |language=English}}</ref><ref name=Zvelebil/>{{rp|81}} However, Witzel finds Dravidian loans only from the middle Rigvedic period, suggesting that linguistic contact between Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speakers only occurred as the Indo-Aryans expanded well into and beyond the [[Punjab]].<ref name=Witzel99/>

While [[Dravidian languages]] are primarily confined to the South of India today, there is a striking exception: [[Brahui language|Brahui]] (which is spoken in parts of [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]]). It has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a [[relict]] [[Population (human biology)|population]], perhaps indicating that [[Dravidian languages]] were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages. Certainly some Dravidian place-names are found in now Indo-Aryan regions of central India,<ref name=MalloryAdams/> and possibly even as far northwest as [[Sindh]].<ref name=Witzel99/> However, it is now argued by Elfenbein that the Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from [[central India]] after 1000 CE, because of the lack of any older Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahui. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a western [[Iranian language]] like [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.<ref>{{cite journal|first=J. H. |last=Elfenbein|title= A periplous of the 'Brahui problem'|journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2|date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/si.16.2.2014604}}</ref>

As noted above, retroflex phonemes in early Indo-Aryan cannot identify the donor language as specifically Dravidian. Krishnamurti argues the Dravidian case for other features: "Besides, the {{IAST|Ṛg}} Veda has used the [[gerund]], not found in Avestan, with the same grammatical function as in Dravidian, as a [[nonfinite verb]] for 'incomplete' action. {{IAST|Ṛg}} Vedic language also attests the use of {{Transliteration|vsn|iti}} as a [[quotative]] [[clause]] complementizer." However, such features are also found in the indigenous [[Burushaski language]] of the [[Pamirs]] and cannot be attributed only to Dravidian influence on the early Rigveda.<ref name=Witzel00/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Bertil |last=Tikkanen |title=The Sanskrit gerund: A synchronic, diachronic and typological analysis |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=62 |date=1987}}</ref> A quotative{{Transliteration|vsn|uiti}} is also seen in Avestan.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

===Munda===
Kuiper identified one of the donor languages to Indo-Aryan as Proto-Munda.<ref name=Kuiper91/> Munda linguist Gregory D. Anderson states: "It is surprising that nothing in the way of quotations from a Munda language turned up in (the hundreds and hundreds of) Sanskrit and middle-Indo-Aryan or "Indic" texts.{{refn|group=note|In modern and colloquial context, the term "Indic" also refers more generally to the languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]], thus also including non-Indo-Aryan languages. See e.g. {{cite book|last1=Reynolds |first1=Mike |chapter=Indic languages |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-british-isles/indic-languages/8343FABC094E91986DBD68A492FFEA1B |title=Language in the British Isles |pages=293–307 |editor-last=Britain |editor-first=David |place=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79488-6 |access-date=2021-10-04 |last2=Verma |first2=Mahendra}}}} There is also a surprising lack of borrowings of names of plants/animal/bird, and so forth into Sanskrit (Zide and Zide 1976). Much of what has been proposed for Munda words in older Indo-Aryan (e.g. Kuiper 1948) has been rejected by careful analysis. Some possible Munda names have been proposed, for example, ''Savara'' (Sora) or ''Khara'', but ethnonymy is notoriously messy for the identification of language groups, and a single ethnonym may be adopted and used for linguistically rather different or entirely unrelated groups".<ref name=Anderson/>

==See also==
*[[Harappan language]]
*[[Pre-Greek substrate]]
*[[Vedda language]]
*[[Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil]]
*[[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Lacking ISBN|date=April 2016}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Pooth, Roland A. "[https://ia902607.us.archive.org/11/items/on-converse-lability-and-its-declin/On_converse_lability_and_its_declin.pdf On converse lability and its decline from Vedic to Epic Sanskrit: The verb juṣ-‘to enjoy’and ‘to please’]." Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting. Vol. 7. No. 1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2021.
* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |chapter=Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations |title=Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World |editor-first=Victor H. |editor-last=Mair |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |date=2006 |pages=158–190 |doi=10.1515/9780824841676-009|isbn=9780824841676 }}

{{Eurasian languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Substratum In Vedic Sanskrit}}
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Pre-Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Language contact]]
[[Category:Linguistic strata]]

Sindhu Chandra Jamatia

2026-04-21T12:25:49Z

Babina: done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sindhu Chandra Jamatia
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| chiefminister1 =
| governor1 =
| party = [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Sindhu Chandra Jamatia''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]] in the [[Gomati district]] of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AMPINAGAR (ST)|work=[[News18 India]]|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/tripura/ampinagar-election-result/|access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ampinagar Election Results 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-constituencies-list-2018/ampinagar-elections-2018-results/|access-date=2023-01-13|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ampinagar Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ampinagar-tripura-assembly-constituency|access-date=2023-01-13|website=Result University}}</ref>
He is affiliated with the [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]] (IPFT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=List of Members of The Tripura Legislative Assembly|url=https://tripurainfo.com/AboutTripura/mla.htm|access-date=2023-01-13|website=[[Tripura info]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Ram Chandra Sunda

2026-04-20T09:24:53Z

Babina: adding some article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Chandra Sunda
| constituency = [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Srimadhopur, Rajasthan]]
| predecessor = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| constituency1 = [[Khandela Assembly constituency|Khandela, Rajasthan]]
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = 29 August 1926
| birth_place = Kudan Village, [[Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = 23 June 2018
| citizenship =
| spouse =
| image =
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1972
| children =
| successor = [[Hanut Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Gopal Singh Khandela]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_place = [[Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]]
}}

'''Ram Chandra Sunda''' (29 August 1926 - 23 June 2018) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] for two terms. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">1962 Rajasthan [https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1962/?do=download&r=7818&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=54d92b9c31ee6238f73f3740c9db1411 election result].{{dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaswan |first=Rajendra |title=मेरा गाँव मेरा देश वाया शेखावाटी |date=2012 |pages=151}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 29 August 1926{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} in the village of Kudan, [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]] in family of Govind Ram Sunda. Govind Ram Sunda and his father Kalu Ram Sunda were both freedom fighters, who took part in Shekhawati farmers movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues and Analysis on Shekhawati Kisan Andolan, 1930 for State General Knowledge (GK) Preparation |url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NzYyMjQEEQQVV/Shekhawati-Kisan-Andolan-1930-Rajasthan |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He became member of District Congress Committee in 1959. He has been Member of the Rajasthan Assembly twice:
* 1967-72: from [[Khandela Assembly constituency|Khandela]] as Independent.<ref name=":0" />
* 1962-67: from [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Shrimadopur]] as [[Indian National Congress]] member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1962 |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunda, Ram Chandra}}
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1967–1972]]
{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Kondli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:13Z

Babina: started new entry.

{{short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kondli
| mla = [[Kuldeep Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[East Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 56
}}
'''Kondli''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]]. It is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. This constituency was created by reorganisation by [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]] in 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Manoj Kumar (Delhi politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Kondli<ref name="Kondli Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Kondli Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/kondli |access-date=21 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321073842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/kondli |archive-date=21 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Kondli">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Kondli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0556.htm |accessdate=8 February 2025 |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208070447/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0556.htm |archivedate=8 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]]|votes= 61792 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Priyanka Gautam|votes= 55499|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Akshay Kumar|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
| candidate = Siddharth Priy Ashok
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Kondli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Kuldeep Kumar]]
| votes = 68,348
| percentage = 53.11
| change = +2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 50,441
| percentage = 39.20
| change = +8.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| votes = 5,861
| percentage = 4.55
| change = -6.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Karmvir
| votes = 2,714
| percentage = 2.11
| change = -4.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 557
| percentage = 0.43
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 17,907
| percentage = 13.96
| change = -5.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,28,810
| percentage = 67.30
| change = -2.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +2.48
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Kondli]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Manoj Kumar (Delhi politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
| votes = 63,185
| percentage = 50.63
| change = +16.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Hukam Singh
| votes = 38,426
| percentage = 30.79
| change = +3.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| votes = 13,562
| percentage = 10.86
| change = -12.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Chaman Kumar
| votes = 8,533
| percentage = 6.83
| change = -7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 458
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 24,759
| percentage = 19.84
| change = +12.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,24,763
| percentage =70.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +16.46
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Kondli]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=56 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Manoj Kumar
| votes = 36,863
| percentage = 34.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
| votes = 29,373
| percentage = 27.22
| change = +0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| votes = 24,730
| percentage = 22.92
| change = -22.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Chaman Kumar
| votes = 14,988
| percentage = 13.89
| change = -10.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 647
| percentage = 0.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,490
| percentage = 6.94
| change = -11.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 107,939
| percentage = 67.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Kondli<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| votes = 36,580
| percentage = 45.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
| votes = 21,594
| percentage = 26.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Chander Pal Singh
| votes = 19,903
| percentage = 24.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Dutt
| votes = 916
| percentage = 1.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Madan Pal Singh
| votes = 475
| percentage = 0.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajan
| votes = 311
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Kanta
| votes = 268
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar
| votes = 224
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Madan Lal
| votes = 149
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Narender Kumar
| votes = 143
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parveen Kumar Kaim
| votes = 136
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
| candidate = Rajender Kumar
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,986
| percentage = 18.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 80,816
| percentage = 59.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.607|77.327|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kakching Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:56Z

Babina: started a article.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kakching
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Kakching district|Kakching]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| mla = [[M. Rameshwar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = {{formatnum:30499}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}

'''Kakching Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kakching district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Y. Nimai || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Yengkhom Nimai || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Kshetri Irubot || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kshetri Irabot || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Yengkhom Thambal || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || N. Nimai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Kshetrimayum Irabot Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || N. Nimai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Thokchom Tomba Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Yengkhom Surchandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Yengkhom Surchandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>
|<s>[[Yengkhom Surchandra Singh]]</s>{{efn|Election declared null and void by the court<ref name=electionNull/>}}
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[M. Rameshwar Singh]]<ref name=electionNull/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|31.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|39.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|38.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|36.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Socialist Labour Party}}|35.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|36.71}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,546 |percentage=31.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yengkhom Surchandra Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,341|percentage=27.05%|change=-16.53%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kshetrimayum Kennedy Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,873|percentage=21.64%|change=-24.55%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naorem Nabachandra Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=2,451|percentage=9.03%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yengkhom Nilachandra Singh|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,009|percentage=7.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yengkhom Roma Devi|party=Communist Party of India|votes=676|percentage=2.49%|change=-6.70%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=239|percentage=0.88%|change=-0.15%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,205 |percentage=4.44% |change=1.83% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=27,135|percentage=88.97%|change=2.53%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,499 |change =9.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.70% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
Yengkhom Surchandra Singh was declared the winner of the election in 2017, but the second place candidate, M. Rameshwar Singh challenged his victory in the courts, citing non-divulgence of assets. The case was declared in favor of the plaintiff by the [[Sikkim High Court]] and M. Rameshwar Singh was declared to be the new MLA of Kakching.<ref name=electionNull>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2020/11/05/manipur-bjps-m-rameshwor-singh-is-new-mla-of-kakching-ac/ |title=Manipur: BJP's M Rameshwor Singh is new MLA of Kakching AC |date=5 November 2020 |author=Vangamla Salle K S |website=www.eastmojo.com |access-date= 4 February 2022}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yengkhom Surchandra Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=11,133|percentage=46.20%|change=-15.97%}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,503 |percentage=43.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naorem Achouba|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,215|percentage=9.19%|change=-28.64%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=249|percentage=1.03%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=630 |percentage=2.61% |change=-21.71% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=24,100|percentage=86.44%|change=1.47%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,879 |change =17.41% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Surchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,543 |percentage=62.16% |change=10.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,634 |percentage=37.83% |change=-4.08% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,909 |percentage=24.33% |change=14.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,178 |percentage=84.97% |change= -2.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,746 |change =-1.95% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.88% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Surchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,881 |percentage=51.28% |change=10.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Tomba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,894 |percentage=41.92% |change=-9.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Irabot Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,444 |percentage=6.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,987 |percentage=9.36% |change=-1.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,219 |percentage=87.62% |change= 1.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,218 |change =14.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.38% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Tomba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,377 |percentage=51.66% |change=30.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Nimai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,483 |percentage=41.23% |change=11.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Thambal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,290 |percentage=7.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,894 |percentage=10.44% |change=2.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,150 |percentage=86.50% |change= -4.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,162 |change =3.42% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.91% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Nimai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,398 |percentage=29.42% |change=-8.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Tomba Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,966 |percentage=21.62% |change=-18.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Irabot |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,515 |percentage=19.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Satar Yumkhaibam |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,284 |percentage=17.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shougaijam Kulachandra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,755 |percentage=9.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Nabachandra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=427 |percentage=2.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,432 |percentage=7.81% |change=6.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,345 |percentage=90.25% |change= -0.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,462 |change =8.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -10.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Irabot Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,773 |percentage=39.75% |change=0.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Nimai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,526 |percentage=38.30% |change=-11.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Thambal Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,552 |percentage=20.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Tomal Deya Meitei |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=188 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=247 |percentage=1.45% |change=-9.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,039 |percentage=90.89% |change= 5.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,933 |change =-0.92% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Nimai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,963 |percentage=49.33% |change=21.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ksh. Irabot |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,264 |percentage=38.81% |change=9.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Thambal |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,786 |percentage=11.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,699 |percentage=10.53% |change=4.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,141 |percentage=85.58% |change= -4.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,108 |change =25.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 13.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Thambal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,741 |percentage=35.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetri Iraoji |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,885 |percentage=29.07% |change=-9.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Nimai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,661 |percentage=27.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Ramdhon Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,078 |percentage=8.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=856 |percentage=6.40% |change=2.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,365 |percentage=89.93% |change= 4.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,170 |change =11.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -2.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetri Irabot |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,365 |percentage=38.13% |change=1.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Thambal |party=Janata Party |votes=3,916 |percentage=34.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Modhu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,868 |percentage=25.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Gobardhon |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=300 |percentage=2.62% |change=-7.88% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=449 |percentage=3.92% |change=-2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,449 |percentage=85.90% |change= -6.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,596 |change =26.65% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 1.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetri Irubot |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,622 |percentage=36.89% |change=6.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Nimal |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=3,004 |percentage=30.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Bidhu Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,162 |percentage=22.02% |change=-11.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Chandramani |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,031 |percentage=10.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=618 |percentage=6.29% |change=4.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,819 |percentage=92.56% |change= 4.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,735 |change =-6.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Socialist Labour Party (India) |swing= 1.31% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkhom Nimai |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=3,544 |percentage=35.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam I Botobi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,345 |percentage=33.58% |change=8.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshe Rimayum Irabot |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,071 |percentage=30.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=199 |percentage=2.00% |change=-9.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,960 |percentage=88.13% |change= 7.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,479 |change =-35.83% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Socialist Labour Party (India) |loser=Samyukta Socialist Party |swing= -1.13% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakching}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Nimai |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=5,095 |percentage=36.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ibotombi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,491 |percentage=25.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,568 |percentage=18.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Khomdon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,876 |percentage=13.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Komla |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=6.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,604 |percentage=11.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,879 |percentage=80.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,889 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Samyukta Socialist Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.5|93.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Kakching district]]

CanSupport

2026-04-14T02:21:52Z

Babina: creating initial details w/ refs

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = CanSupport
| logo =
| type =
| founded = 1996
| founder = Harmala Gupta
| location = 60/2D, Yusuf Sarai, Indian Oil Building Compound [[New Delhi]]-110016, [[India]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| focus = [[Palliative care]]
| headquarters = New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.558690258|77.208496032|display=inline}}
| services = home care, day care, out-patient clinic
| method =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cansupport.org/}}
| leader_title = CEO
| leader_name = Ambika Rajwanshi
}}

'''CanSupport''' is an organization based in India that supports [[cancer]] patients. They work in the field of [[palliative care]] in north India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theres Life Beyond Cancer |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/theres-life-beyond-cancer-56838.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.businesswireindia.com |language=en}}</ref> They aim to serve people suffering from cancer through their programs -home care, outpatient clinics and day care centers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CanSupport: No ordinary NGO |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/cansupport-no-ordinary-ngo/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref>

== About the Founder ==
Harmala Gupta founded CanSupport in 1996 after her own battle with cancer. While working on her Ph.D. thesis in [[McGill University]], Montreal, Canada, she was diagnosed with [[Hodgkin lymphoma|Hodgkin's lymphoma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating National Doctors' Day - National Doctors' Day 2023- Medithon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/medithon/doctors-day |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Her experience with Hodgkin's lymphoma inspired her to establish CanSupport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmala Gupta - International Association for Hospice & Palliative Care |url=https://hospicecare.com/bio/harmala-gupta/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=hospicecare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* In 2017, CanSupport was declared a "Public Health Champion" by the World Health Organization, WHO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health Champion Awards |url=https://www.who.int/india/news/detail/12-07-2017-public-health-champion-awards |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2015, CanSupport was awarded the Rashtriya Swayamsiddha Samman in the Inspirational Model Category in the field of healthcare. This National Award has been instituted by the JSPL Foundation, a non-profit CSR wing of Jindal Steel and Power Limited, to recognize exemplary grassroots NGOs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Social innovators awarded by JSPL Foundation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/social-innovators-awarded-by-jspl-foundation-116011500647_1.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=business standard}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

{{India-org-stub}}
{{med-org-stub}}

V. Govindarasu

2026-04-13T00:29:36Z

Babina: stub

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Govindarasu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dwarakapuri
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Kanchana Kamalanathan]]
| successor1 = [[T. Senguttuvan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = [[Farmer]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''V. Govindarasu''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Dwarakapuri village in [[Krishnagiri district]]. Govindarasu, who has a school education, belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He contested and won the [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri assembly constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 225-227.</ref><ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2001/tamil-nadu/krishnagiri/40/23486/153</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnagiri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,197 |percentage=56.59% |change=+26.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Senguttuvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,424 |percentage=37.69% |change=-26.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaseelan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,861 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Pandian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,093 |percentage=1.82% |change=+0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugasubramani |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,773 |percentage=18.90% |change= -14.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,203 |percentage=59.51% |change= -5.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,656 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Rishab Jain (racing driver)

2026-04-02T02:13:55Z

Babina: adding some place w/ refs.

{{Short description|Singaporean racing driver}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Rishab Jain
| image = RishabJainRacing.jpg
| nationality = Singaporean
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| current_series = [[Italian F4 Championship]]
| first_year = [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|2022]]
| current_team = BWR Motorsports
| car_number = 29
| starts = 17 (18 entries)
| wins = 0
| podiums = 0
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
| prev_series = Radical Cup Korea
| prev_series_years = 2021
| full_name = Rishab Anandraj Jain
| best_finish = 45th
| year = [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|2022]]
| caption = Jain at [[Vallelunga Circuit]] in 2022
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
'''Rishab Anandraj Jain''' (born 17 October 2001) is a [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] racing driver who last raced for [[Chris Dittmann Racing]] in the [[2024 GB3 Championship]].

== Career ==

=== Karting ===

Jain began karting professionally in 2019 after a successful karting session in Spain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kwek |first=Kimberly |date=27 June 2022 |title=Motorsports: Singapore drivers make the step up to F4 racing {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/motorsports-singapore-drivers-make-the-step-up-to-f4-racing |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> He returned to Singapore and started practicing at the [[Commission Internationale de Karting|CIK-FIA]] Homologated [[KF1]] Karting Circuit, before participating in the 2019 Karting Championship Singapore.

Jain subsequently went on a one-year hiatus from racing during the initial period of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] as all racing events were temporarily suspended. At the same time, he was enlisted into the [[Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation]] to serve a mandatory period of [[National service in Singapore|National Service]].

=== Radical Cup Korea ===

Jain made his international [[Motorsport|motor racing]] debut, immediately when COVID-19 [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] were lifted, at the fifth round of the 2021 Radical Cup Korea. Starting on the grid with the least experience, Jain qualified ninth and managed to finish third, clinching a podium placing on debut.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=[국제스포츠프로토타입컵] 하이라이트 | date=28 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGCNSVq3vgc |language=en |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RISHAB JAIN |url=http://www.youngdriversmonthly.com/feature-articles/rishab-jain/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=f1-upcomingstarss Webseite! |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Formula 4 ===

In 2022, Jain made his [[Open-wheel car|single-seater]] debut at the [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]] with BWR Motorsports.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=eroudman |date=3 May 2022 |title=Your season guide to the 2022 Italian F4 Championship |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2022/05/03/your-season-guide-to-the-2022-italian-f4-championship/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Jain joined the inaugural [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://chennaiturboriders.com/our-team/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Chennai Turbo Riders |language=en-US}}</ref> He competed for the Chennai Turbo Riders and finished the season in seventh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rishab Jain |url=https://www.gb-3.net/drivers/2024/rishab-jain |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=www.gb-3.net}}</ref>

===GB3 Championship===
In 2024, Jain joined [[Chris Dittmann Racing]] in the opening round of the [[2024 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]] at [[Oulton Park]].<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==

=== Education ===

Jain is currently an undergraduate student at the [[National University of Singapore]] where he is pursuing a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He had previously graduated from [[Global Indian International School, Singapore|Global Indian International School]] with an [[IB Diploma Programme|International Baccalaureate Diploma]].

=== National Service ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
Jain was enlisted into [[National service in Singapore|National Service in Singapore]] on 3 July 2019, where he completed his [[Recruit training|Basic Military Training (BMTC)]] at [[Basic Military Training Centre|Basic Military Training Centre (BMTC)]], located at [[Pulau Tekong]]. He was then posted to [[Specialist Cadet School]] before graduating as a [[Third sergeant|Third Sergeant]]. He was then appointed as the [[Company quartermaster sergeant|Company Quartermaster Sergeant]] at the [[Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation]]. Rishab officially completed his [[National service in Singapore|National Service]] on 2 May 2022.

== Racing record ==

=== Racing career summary ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
!2021
| align="left" |Radical Cup Korea
| align="left" |URO Motorsports
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|NC†
|-
! rowspan="2" |2022
| align="left" |[[2022 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|ADAC Formula 4 Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |BWR Motorsports
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|NC
|-
| align="left" |[[2022 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]]
|17
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|45th
|-
!2023
|align=left| [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]
|align=left| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|74
|7th
|-
!2024
|align=left| [[2024 GB3 Championship|GB3 Championship]]
|align=left| [[Chris Dittmann Racing]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4
|33rd
|}

† As Jain was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

* Season still in progress.

=== Complete Italian F4 Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|2022]]
! nowrap| BWR Motorsports
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 1]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 2]] {{small|26}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 3]] {{small|24}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 1]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 2]] {{small|30}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 3]] {{small|20}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|29}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|27}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|29}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 1]] {{small|27}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 3]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|20}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#FFCFCF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 4]] {{small|DNQ}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|28}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|29}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|C}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]]
| style="background:#;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]]
| style="background:#;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]]
! 45th
! 0
|}

=== Complete F4 Indian Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! Pos
! Points
|-
| [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|2023]]
! nowrap| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1 3]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 1]] {{small|WD}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 2]] {{small|WD}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2 3]] {{small|WD}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 2]] {{small|9†}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 3]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 4]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3 5]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 1]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 2]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 3]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC4 4]] {{small|6}}
!style="background:#"|7th
!style="background:#"|74
|}

===Complete GB3 Championship results===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2024 GB3 Championship|2024]]
!nowrap| [[Chris Dittmann Racing]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Oulton Park|OUL 1]] {{small|20}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Oulton Park|OUL 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Oulton Park|OUL 3]] {{small|173}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL1 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Hungaroring|HUN 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Silverstone Circuit|SIL2 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Donington Park|DON 3]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 1]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 2]] {{small|}}
| style="background:#;" |[[Brands Hatch|BRH 3]] {{small|}}
! 33rd
! 4
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://rishabjainracing.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/anandraj-jain-rishab/ Rishab Jain] at DriverDB

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Rishab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Singaporean racing drivers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:ADAC Formula 4 drivers]]
[[Category:Italian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Indian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:BRDC British Formula 3 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:MP Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:Chris Dittmann Racing drivers]]
[[Category:National University of Singapore alumni]]

Yatrik (film)

2026-03-28T18:00:51Z

Babina: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yatrik
| image =
| director = Kartick Chatterjee
| producer = [[New Theatres]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] [[Vasant Choudhury]] [[Arundhati Mukherjee]]
| music = [[Pankaj Mullick]]
| released = {{Film date|1952}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Yatrik''', a 1952 [[India]]n film directed by ''Kartick Chatterjee'', depicts a group of pilgrims on an arduous trek in the high [[Himalayas]]. It is the [[Hindi]]-language version of the Bengali film ''[[Mahaprasthaner Pathey]]'', the film made from the book of the same name, written by [[Probodh Kumar Sanyal]]. [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] plays a young [[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]], while [[Arundhati Mukherjee]] plays Rani, a strong-willed young widow who develops a soft corner for him. The film contains many sweet and memorable songs. A part of the film was shot at the Garhwal region in the Himalayas. There are stills and videos of famous places of the Uttarakhand (then Uttar Pradesh) Himalayas like [[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib|Hemkund Sahib]] ,Rishikesh, Devaprayag, Kedarnath, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://atulmovies.wordpress.com/2012/02/26/yatrik-1952/|title=Yatrik (1952)|date=2012-02-26|work=Bollywood movies|access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombaymann2.blogspot.in/2014/11/film-yatrik1952.html?m=1|title=film (Yatrik)(1952)|website=bombaymann2.blogspot.in|access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AKVW/info|title=Yatrik (1952)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress !! Role
|-
| Abhi Bhattacharya || Brahmacharya
|-
| [[Vasant Choudhury]] || [[Prabodh Kumar Sanyal]]
|-
| Arundhati Devi || Rani
|-
| Manorama ||
|-
| Molina Devi ||
|-
| [[Tulsi Chakrabarti]] ||
|-
| Maya Mukherjee ||
|-
| Rajlaxmi ||
|}

==Music==
* Playback Singers were: [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], Binota Chakraborty, [[Pankaj Mullick]]
* Music by Pankaj Mullick
* Lyrics by Pt. Bhushan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindi-movies-songs.com/joomla/index.php/hindi-films/posted-songs/170-1952-yatrik|title=Hindi Movies Films Songs Books ... - 1952 Yatrik|website=hindi-movies-songs.com|access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0144023|Yatrik}}

[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1952 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pankaj Mullick]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mikkin Aruldev

2026-03-27T07:58:01Z

Babina: put up the post added tags!

{{COI|talk=talk page section|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mikkin Aruldev
| image = [[File:ArulDev.png|200px|]]
| image_upright =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| instrument = Keyboard, piano, mirudangam
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupation = [[Music director]]
| years_active = 2000–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Sony Music India]]||[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]||[[Think Music India]]|[[Divo (Record Label)|Divo]]|[[Junglee Music|Junglee]]|[[Aditya Music]]|[[Tips Industries|Tips]]|[[Saregama]]}}
| associated_acts =
}}

'''Mikkin Aruldev''' is a [[music director]] from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He has scored music predominantly for Tamil-language films.

== Early life ==

Mikkin Aruldev is an Indian film music composer from Madurai. His father was an accordion player and an orchestra organizer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/others/news-interviews/Musically-Arul/articleshow/5995031.cms|title=Musically Arul! - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=June 2010 |publisher=}}</ref>

==Career==
Mikkin Aruldev worked under [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] as a keyboard player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/article1484304.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518012136/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/article1484304.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2014|title=Mikkin Arul dev returns with 'Nagarpuram'|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The first movie that Mikkin Aruldev was signed for was ''[[Potta Potti]]'' (''Patta Patti 50-50'') in 2010. Mikkin Aruldev teamed up with director Halitha Shameem on ''[[Poovarasam Peepee|Poovarasam Pee Pee]]'', which was launched on 14 May 2014. Behindwoods called the album "sweetly adventurous in its music". ''Chennai Times'' rated the album of 3.5/5 and said, "Mikkin Aruldev has given listeners a slice of everything for Poovarasam Peepee. He has kept the album simple with likable tunes, yet he keeps the theme of the film intact".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=REVIEWS-23052014107025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524005408/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=REVIEWS-23052014107025 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2014 |title=REVIEWS |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> MilliBlog said, "Mikkin Aruldev finally arrives, putting behind his limited, non-descript repertoire".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/05/19/poovarasam-peepee-music-review-tamil-arul-dev/|title=Poovarasam Peepee (Music review), Tamil – Mikkin Aruldev by Milliblog!|website=itwofs.com|date=19 May 2014}}</ref>

The movie was released on 30 May 2014 with a positive reviews from critics. BehindWoods.com rated the movie 3/5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/poovarasam-peepee/poovarasam-peepee-review.html|title=Poovarasam Peepee (aka) Poovarasam PeePee review|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> and praised Mikkin Aruldev for his songs. FoundPix rated the movie as 8.6 and said the "songs are fantastic and unique. Mikkin Aruldev's background music deserves a special mention".{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The film was selected for Chennai International Film Festival 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trinitymirror.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/08-06-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164738/http://trinitymirror.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/08-06-2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-14 }}</ref>

Mikkin Aruldev joined with Kannada film director, [[Pon Kumaran]] to work with the Tamil movie ''Golmaal''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/10/jiiva-shiva-team-up-for-golmaal-27194.html |title=Golmaal |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 October 2021 }}</ref> Mikkin Aruldev roped in Mangli a famous Telugu folk singer to make her Kollywood debut with ''Golmaal''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/telugu-folk-singer-mangli-makes-her-kollywood-debut-with-jiivas-golmaal/articleshow/88088206.cms |title=Telugu folk singer Mangli makes her Kollywood debut with Jiiva's Golmaal|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2021 }}</ref>

Mikkin Aruldev scored the music for the Telugu movie ''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/malli-pelli-steamy-romance-adorable-chemistry-129035|title=Malli Pelli: Steamy Romance & Adorable Chemistry|first=|last=|date=5 May 2023|publisher=|work=GreatAndhra}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Songs !! Background score || Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Potta Potti|Patta Patti 50-50]]''
|| Tamil || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]''
|| Tamil || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Poovarasam Peepee]]''
|| Tamil || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaththukkutti]]''
|| Tamil || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Paakanum Pola Irukku]]'' || Tamil || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]'' || Tamil || {{ Yes }} (theme song only) ||{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Kabeerinte Dhivasangal'' || Malayalam || {{ Yes }} || {{No}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''Enai Sudum Pani'' || Tamil || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Mirugaa]]'' || Tamil || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''Garjana'' || Telugu || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''Ampere Franco'' || Malayalam || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Aelay]]'' || Tamil || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}} (Situation Songs)
|
|-
| 2021 || ''Ambalamukkile Visheshangal'' || Malayalam || {{ Yes }} ||{{No}}
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mofussil]]'' || Tamil || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]'' || Telugu || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2025 || {{Pending film| Ambalamukkile Visheshangal}} || Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{no}} || One song<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Golmaal}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/10/jiiva-shiva-team-up-for-golmaal-27194.html|title=Jiiva, Shiva team up for Golmaal|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 October 2021 }}</ref> || Tamil || {{ Yes }} ||{{Yes}}
|
|}

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !! Song !! Language || Notes
|-
| ''Potta Potti'' || "Ithuvarai Ithuvarai" || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Kaththukkutti'' || "Nenjukulla" || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Album'' || "Stylachiye" தமிழச்சியே || Tamil ||

|}

===Keyboard player===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Work!! Language || Notes
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Beyond the Soul'' || English ||
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Mahanati]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|O Baby! Yentha Sakkagunnave]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]''
|Hindi & Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]''
|Telugu & Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''
|Telugu
|
|}

===Independent singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song!! Language || Notes
|-
| "Stylachiye" தமிழச்சியே || Tamil ||
|-
| "Tribute to Kalam" || Tamil ||
|-
| "Naam Thamizhar Anthem" || Tamil ||
|-
| "கலைகளின் தலைவன்" || Tamil ||
|-
| "Kannaale Pesi Pesi" (Amazon Prime & Saregama) || Tamil ||

|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language || Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''Vittil Poochikal'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Vaadi Vaasal Jallikattu'' || Tamil ||
|-
|2017
|''Masculine Malnutrition''
|English ||
|-
|2017
|''Break Up - Many a times you breakdown''
|Tamil ||
|-
|2018
|''My Dear Friend''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parisartandmovieawards.com/2018/06/08/best-scores-2018/screen-shot-2018-06-09-at-9-42-29-pm/|title=My dear friend}}</ref>
|English ||
|-
|2019
|''Inside the Kitchen of Her Mind''
|Tamil ||
|-
|2020
|''Father's Day''
|Tamil
|
|-
|2020
|''Kadavul Irukkaanda Kumaru''
|Tamil
|
|-
|2021
|''Sweet Biriyani''
|Tamil
|
|-
|2021
|''Recover Mental Health Awareness''
|Tamil
|}

===Ad jingles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Work!! Language || Notes
|-
| ''Jannal Samukathin Salaram'' - Jannal Magazine || Tamil ||
|-
| Meat and Eat || Tamil ||
|-
| Zee Telugu|| Telugu ||
|-
| CMR Shopping Mall|| Telugu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|7042039}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aruldev}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Industrial Relations Code, 2020

2026-03-26T22:40:43Z

Babina:

{{short description|Act of Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Industrial Relations Code, 2020
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Emblem of India
| long_title = {{small|'''An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to Trade Unions, conditions of employment in industrial establishment or undertaking, investigation and settlement of industrial disputes'''}}
|considered_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| citation = {{citation |url= http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222118.pdf |title= Act No. 35 of 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929174119/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222118.pdf|archive-date= 2020-09-29}}
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted = {{start date|2020|9|22}}
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_enacted2 = {{start date|2020|9|23}}
| date_assented = 28 September 2020
| date_signed =
| signed_by =
| date_effective = {{start date|2025|11|21}}
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date = {{start date|2020|9|19}}
|1st_reading = {{start date|2020|9|22}}
|2nd_reading = {{start date|2020|9|23}}
|3rd_reading =
| introduced_by = [[Santosh Gangwar]] {{small|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State (IC) Labour and Employment]]}}
|committee_report = Report of Second [[National Commission on Labour]]
| repeals =
* Trade Unions Act, 1926
* [[Industrial Disputes Act, 1947]]
* Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
| amends =
| white_paper =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Industrial Relations Code, 2020''' consolidates and amends the laws in India relating to [[Trade Unions|trade unions]], conditions of employment in industrial establishment or undertaking, investigation and settlement of industrial disputes. The [[Code of law|code]] combines and simplifies three [[Indian labour law|Central labour laws]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/3-labour-reform-bills-in-parliament-here-are-the-key-changes/videoshow/78251741.cms|title=Parliament passes three Labour bills: Here are the key changes|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Industrial Relations Code, 2020 introduced more conditions for workers to [[Strike action|strike]], alongside an increase in the threshold relating to [[Layoff|layoffs]] and retrenchment in industrial establishments having 300 workers from 100 workers to provide more flexibility to employers for hiring and firing workers without government permission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govts-new-versions-of-labour-codes-key-proposals-and-concerns-6603354/|title=Explained: In labour codes, what changes for workers and hirers?|date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

The proposed legislation provides for a broader framework to protect the rights of workers to form unions, to minimise the friction between the employers and workers and to provide provisions for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes.

Industrial Relations Code amends the definition of "strike" to "mass casual leave". If over 50 per cent of a company's workers take concerted casual leave, it will be treated as a strike. However, workers cannot go on strike without a 14 days (not exceeding 60 days) notice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/lok-sabha-passes-three-labour-code-bills-what-do-they-mean-for-indias-employers-and-workers/656759|title=Lok Sabha passes three labour code bills: What do they mean for India's employers and workers?|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

The [[Lok Sabha]] passed the bill on 22 September 2020 and the [[Rajya Sabha]] passed it on 23 September 2020. It was assented by the President on 28 September 2020,<ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222118.pdf Gazette of India notification]</ref> and notified on 21 November 2025.

==Background==

The bill was formulated according to the Report and Recommendations of the Second [[National Commission on Labour]].

The Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020 proposed for amalgamating, simplifying and rationalising the relevant provisions of three Acts.

* Trade Unions Act, 1926
* Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
* [[Industrial Disputes Act, 1947]]

==See also==
* [[Code on Wages, 2019]]
* [[Code on Social Security, 2020]]
* [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian labour law]]
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2020]]

Syed Ahmad Khan

2026-03-22T03:38:11Z

Babina:

{{Short description|Indian reformer and social activist (1817–1898)}}
{{redirect|Syed Ahmad|other people with similar names|Syed Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Syed Ahmed Khan
| image = Syed Ahmad Khan 1907.jpg
| caption = Syed Ahmad Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Fellows of The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]
| other_names = Sir Syed
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1817|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day Delhi, [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1898|3|27|1817|10|17}}
| death_place = [[Aligarh]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| burial_place = [[Sir Syed Mosque]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| children = [[Syed Mahmood]]
| relatives = [[Ross Masood]] (grandson)
| era = 19th-century
| school_tradition = [[Islamic Philosophy|Islamic]] and [[Renaissance philosophy]]
| main_interests = {{flatlist|
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Metaphysics]]
* [[Ordinary language philosophy|Language]]
* [[Aesthetics]]
* [[Christianity and Islam]]
}}
| notable_works = ''The Mohammadan Commentary on the Holy Quran'' ([[tafsir]] on Quran).
| alma_mater =
| institutions = {{ubl|[[East India Company]]|[[Judiciary of India|Indian Judicial Branch]]|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|[[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]|[[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]]
}}
| notable_ideas = {{flatlist|
* [[Two-nation theory]]
* [[Islamic modernism|Muslim adoption of modernist ideas]]
}}
| awards = [[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|30px]] [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]
| signature = Sir_syed_signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
}}
{{Aligarh Movement}}

'''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan'''{{Efn| {{post-nominals|country=GBR|list=[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Fellows of The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]]}}}} (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898), also spelled '''Sayyid Ahmad Khan''', was an Indian Muslim [[Islamic modernist|reformer]],<ref name="brit" /><ref name="Glasse, Cyril, (2001)" /><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World,'' Thomson Gale (2004)</ref> [[philosopher]], and [[education]]ist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e83?_hi=1&_pos=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204095918/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e83?_hi=1&_pos=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2021|title=Ahmad Khan, Sayyid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> in nineteenth-century [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Misreading Sir Syed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/misreading-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-muslim-university-4893795/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020143/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/misreading-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-muslim-university-4893795/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2011 |title=Two-nation theory: Aligarh boys remember Sir Syed Ahmed Khan |language=en-US |newspaper=The Express Tribune newspaper |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/276988/two-nation-theory-aligarh-boys-remember-sir-syed-ahmed-khan/ |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092233/https://tribune.com.pk/story/276988/two-nation-theory-aligarh-boys-remember-sir-syed-ahmed-khan/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

Though initially espousing [[Hindu–Muslim unity]], he later became the pioneer of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism in India]] and is widely credited as the father of the [[two-nation theory]], which formed the basis of the [[Pakistan movement]].<ref name=brit/><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.studyiq.com/articles/two-nation-theory/|title=Two Nation Theory, History, Features and Impacts|publisher=StudyIQ|date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Shirali"/><ref name="Tribune1">{{Cite news |date=27 October 2014 |title=Beacon in the dark: Father of the two-nation theory remembered |language=en-US |work=The Express Tribune (newspaper) |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/781617/beacon-in-the-dark-father-of-the-two-nation-theory-remembered/ |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327094232/https://tribune.com.pk/story/781617/beacon-in-the-dark-father-of-the-two-nation-theory-remembered/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=Nation/> Born into a family with strong ties to the [[Durbar (court)|Mughal court]], Ahmad studied [[science]] and the [[Quran]] within the court. He was awarded an honorary [[LLD]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan-Man with a Great Vision |url=http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_401_450/sir_syed_ahmad_khanman_with_a_g.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029053748/http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_401_450/sir_syed_ahmad_khanman_with_a_g.htm |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=irfi.org website}}</ref><ref name=Tribune1/><ref name=Tribune/>

In 1838, Syed Ahmad entered the service of [[East India Company]] and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867, retiring from this position in 1876. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Revolution of 1857]], he remained loyal to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.<ref name=brit/><ref name="Glasse, Cyril, (2001)">Cyril Glasse (2001) ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira Press</ref> After the rebellion, he penned the booklet ''The Causes of the Indian Mutiny'' – a daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Ahmad began promoting [[Education in the United Kingdom|Western–style]] [[scientific education]] by founding modern schools and journals and organising Islamic entrepreneurs.<ref name=cybercity/> He founded Victoria School at [[Ghazipur]] in 1863 and a [[Scientific Society of Aligarh|scientific society]] for Muslims in 1864.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grad |first=Prospect |date=2022-12-26 |title=Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://gradprospect.com/institute/Aligarh-Muslim-University/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=GradProspect.com |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226111555/https://gradprospect.com/institute/Aligarh-Muslim-University/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1875, he founded the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], the first Muslim university in Southern Asia.<ref name=sop>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, The greatest Muslim reformer and statesman of the 19th Century|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912173338/http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=3 February 2024|language=en-US|website=Story of Pakistan website}}</ref> During his career, Syed repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the [[British Empire|British Raj]] and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of all [[Indian Muslim]]s. He disagreed with the [[Indian National Congress]] over [[parliamentary democracy]], believing it would lack impartiality given the widespread [[communal violence|communal tensions]] and limitations of education in South Asia.<ref name=brit/> He remained committed to [[secularism]] and inclusive politics.<ref name="v135">{{cite book | last1=Saikia | first1=Yasmin | last2=Rahman | first2=M. Raisur | title=The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2019-03-21 | isbn=978-1-108-48387-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 | page=192}}</ref>

Sir Syed maintains a strong legacy in Pakistan and among [[Indian Muslims]]. He became a source of inspiration for the [[Pakistan Movement]] and [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|its activists]], including [[Allama Iqbal]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. His advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition, and a broader, radical reinterpretation of the [[Quran]] to make it compatible with science and modernity, continues to influence the global [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|Islamic reformation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2013 |title=Why Sir Syed loses and Allama Iqbal wins in Pakistan|newspaper=The Express Tribune newspaper|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701182019/http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=3 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Many universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Sir Syed's name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2012 |title='Commercialisation of Sir Syed's name': Court seeks input from city's top managers|newspaper=The Express Tribune newspaper |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/329971/commercialisation-of-sir-syeds-name-court-seeks-input-from-citys-top-managers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411000821/http://tribune.com.pk/story/329971/commercialisation-of-sir-syeds-name-court-seeks-input-from-citys-top-managers/ |archive-date=11 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Aligarh Muslim University]] celebrated Sir Syed's 200th birth centenary with much enthusiasm on 17 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Sir Syed Day: Why October 17 Is Important For AMU And Its Alumni |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017082736/https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=4 February 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mukherjee calls for research at AMU celebration |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/oct/17/mukherjee-calls-for-research-at-amu-celebration-1676788.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/oct/17/mukherjee-calls-for-research-at-amu-celebration-1676788.html |archive-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{quote|Do not show the face of Islam to others; instead show your face as the follower of true Islam representing character, knowledge, tolerance and piety.|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|}}
Syed Ahmad [[Taqvi]] 'Khan Bahadur' was born on 17 October 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 15</ref> and Aziz-un-Nisa<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 16</ref> in [[Delhi]], which was the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar II]]. Many generations of his family had been highly connected with the Mughal administration. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin served as ''[[Vizier|Wazir]]'' in the court of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Akbar Shah II]].<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 2</ref> His paternal grandfather Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin held a ''[[mansabdar|mansab]]'' (lit. [[General]]) – a high-ranking administrative position - and the honorary name of "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" in the court of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Alamgir II]]. Sir Syed's father, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, was personally close to [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Akbar Shah II]] and served as his personal adviser.<ref name="LW4">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 4</ref> However, Syed Ahmad was born at a time when his father was involved in regional insurrections aided and led by the [[East India Company]], which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reducing its monarch to a [[figurehead]].

Syed Ahmad was the youngest of three siblings. With his elder brother Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan and elder sister Safiyatun Nisa,<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 18</ref> Sir Syed was raised in the house of his maternal grandfather in a wealthy area of the city.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 28">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 28</ref> They were raised in strict accordance with Mughal noble traditions and they were exposed to politics. Their mother Aziz-un-Nisa played a formative role in Sir Syed's early life, raising him with rigid discipline and a strong emphasis on modern [[education]].<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 21</ref>

==Education==
Sir Syed's education was initiated by [[Ghulam Ali Dehlavi|Shah Ghulam Ali]], his father's spiritual mentor in 1822.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 21</ref> He was taught to read and understand the [[Qur'an]] by a female tutor Areeba Sehar.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 22</ref> He received an education traditional to Muslim nobility in [[Delhi]]. He attended a [[Maktab (education)|maktab]] run by a learned scholar, Moulvi Hamiduddin, in a house adjacent to his ancestral home and started learning Persian and Arabic.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Kidwai 2010|Kidwai 2010]], p. 28</ref> He read the works of Muslim scholars and writers such as Sahbai, [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] and [[Mirza Ghalib|Ghalib]].<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 23</ref> Other tutors instructed him in [[mathematics]], [[Islamic astronomy|astronomy]] and [[algebra]]. He also pursued the study of [[medicine]] for several years under Hakim Ghulam Haider Khan.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Sir Syed was also adept at [[human swimming|swimming]], [[shooting]] and other sports.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 23</ref> He took an active part in the Mughal court's cultural activities and attended parties, festivals and recitations.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Kidwai 2010|Kidwai 2010]], p. 29</ref>

Syed Ahmad's elder brother launched a weekly, “Syedul Akhbar”, from Delhi, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspapers in northern India.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 19</ref> Until the death of his father in 1838, Sir Syed had lived a life customary for an affluent young Muslim noble. Upon his father's death, he inherited the titles of his grandfather and father and was awarded the title of ''Arif Jung'' by the emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].<ref name="Graham, p. 5">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 5</ref> Financial difficulties put an end to Sir Syed's formal education, although he continued to study in private, using books on a variety of subjects.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==Career==
[[File:Mohsinul Mulk, Syed Ahmad Khan and Syed Mahmood.jpg|thumb|[[Mohsin-ul-Mulk|Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Justice [[Syed Mahmood]], he was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.]]

Having recognised the steady decline in Mughal political power, Sir Syed decided to enter the service of the [[East India Company]]. He could not enter the [[Indian Civil Service|colonial civil service]] because it was only in the 1860s that Indians were admitted. His first appointment was as a ''Serestadar'' (lit. Clerk) of the Criminal Department in the Sadr Amin's office in Delhi, responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs.<ref name="Graham, p. 5"/><ref>[[#Hali|Hali]]</ref> In February 1839, he was transferred to [[Agra]] and promoted to the title of ''Naib Munshi'' or deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner.<ref name="Graham, p. 6">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 6</ref> In 1841 he was appointed as the ''Munsif'' or Sub-Judge of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and later transferred to Delhi in 1846.<ref name="Graham, p. 6"/> He remained in Delhi until 1854 except for two short-term postings to [[Rohtak]] as officiating ''Sadr Amin'' in 1850 and 1853.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 28</ref> In 1855 he was promoted to the post of ''Sadr Amin'' in [[Bijnor]].<ref name="ReferenceC">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 33</ref>

Acquainted with high-ranking British officials, Sir Syed obtained close knowledge about British colonial politics during his service at the courts. At the outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion]], on 10 May 1857, Sir Syed was serving as the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He stood by the British officers of Bijnor and saved the lives of many officers and their family members from the revolting soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The conflict had left large numbers of civilians dead. Erstwhile centres of Muslim power such as Delhi, Agra, [[Lucknow]] and [[Kanpur]] were severely affected. He lost several close relatives who died in the violence. Although he succeeded in rescuing his mother from the turmoil, she died in [[Meerut]], owing to the privations she had experienced.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 34, 35</ref>

In 1858, he was appointed as ''Sadarus Sudoor'', a high-ranking post at the court in [[Muradabad]], where he began working on his most famous literary work, ''The Cause of the Indian Revolt''.<ref name="ReferenceD">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 34</ref> In 1862, he was transferred to [[Ghazipur]], and later to [[Aligarh]] in 1864. In 1864 he was sent to [[Banaras]] and elevated to the position of a Sub-Judge of Small Causes.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

In April 1869, he accompanied his two sons [[Syed Hamid]] and [[Syed Mahmood]] to England, the latter had obtained a scholarship to study in England.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 64</ref>

Sir Syed retired from government service in 1876 and settled in Aligarh.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 169</ref> In 1878, he was nominated as an additional member of the Imperial Legislative Council, which he served from July 1878 to July 1880. He also served a second term that lasted until 1883.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 35</ref> He served the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces for two terms from 1887 until 1893.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 36</ref>

==Influences==
Sir Syed's early influences were his mother Aziz-un-Nisa and maternal grandfather Khwaja Fariduddin both of whom took special interest in his education.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 29</ref> Apart from serving as a Wazir in the Mughal court, Khwaja Fariduddin was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 28"/> He was also disposed towards Sufism, which left its impact on Sir Syed since his early childhood.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 31">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 31</ref> His maternal uncle Khwaja Zainuddin Ahmad, who was an expert in music and mathematics, also influenced him in his early days.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 16</ref>

Sir Syed's early theological writings demonstrate the influence of three school of religious thought on his outlook - the [[Naqshbandi]] tradition of [[Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi]], [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] and his teachings, and the Mujahidin movement of [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] and his earliest disciple [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]].<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 31"/><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 34</ref> While Sir Syed shared the desire for religious forms in India with the Mujahidin movement, he was opposed to the Indian Wahhabi movement.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 57</ref>

During his formative years in Delhi he came in contact with [[Ghalib]] and [[Zauq]] whose exquisite style of prose and poetry influenced Sir Syed's style of writing.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 46</ref> He would often visit Imam Baksh Sahbai and [[Sadruddin Khan Azurda Dehlawi]] in his learning years.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 24</ref> Another influence on him was his teacher and friend in Agra, Nur al Hasan of Kandhala, a teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 39">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 39</ref><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 64</ref>

He was also influenced by the works of the Tunisian reformer [[Hayreddin Pasha]] and adopted his approach of utilising freedom of expression for bringing reforms in the Muslim community.<ref name="Ahmad 1960">[[#Ahmad 1960|Ahmad 1960]]</ref>

The western writers who most influenced his political thoughts were the [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarians]] such as [[John Stuart Mill]], whose works he often quoted in his own writings.<ref name="ReferenceE">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 195</ref> He was also influenced by the essays of [[Joseph Addison]] and [[Richard Steele]] and modelled his own journals after their ''[[Tatler (1709 journal)|Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator (1711)|Spectator]]''.<ref name="ReferenceE"/>

==Literary works==
While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir Syed began focusing on writing, from the age of 23 (in 1840), on various subjects (from [[mechanics]] to educational issues), mainly in Urdu, where he wrote, at least, 6000 pages. He also wrote a well known book on archaeology called Athar-ul-Sandeed. He also developed interest in literature as he met a few of India's well known writers.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 13</ref><ref>[[#Wilder 2006|Wilder 2006]], p. 34</ref>

===Religious works===
[[File:Muhammadansocialreformer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|First issue of the journal ''Muhammadan Social Reformer'' dated 24 December 1870, it was a pioneering publication initiated by Sir Syed to promote liberal ideas in Muslim society.]]

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's career as an author began when he published a series of treatises in Urdu on religious subjects in 1842. In his early religious writings his religious thoughts were more orthodox; over time, with his increasing contact with the West, his views gradually became more independent.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 59</ref> His early works show the influence of [[Sufism]] and his upbringing in Delhi.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 56">[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 56</ref> The main themes of these works are popularisation of the practices of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations, thus endeavoring for the purity of Islamic belief in India.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 42</ref><ref name="Troll 1978, p. 56"/>

His later religious writings, such as his commentary on the [[Torah]] and [[Gospel]] and his essays on Muhammad, were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and the aggressive view of British historians towards Islam.<ref name="Ahmad 1960"/>

====Early treatises====
His first treatise published in 1842 was a biographical sketch of [[Muhammad]], called ''Jila al-Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub'' (''Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved''),<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 60</ref> in line with the reformist ideas of [[Shah Waliullah]].<ref name="Naim 2011">[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]]</ref> It was prose for recitation on [[Mawlid]] written in idiomatic Urdu.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 37</ref> He published his second treatise ''Tuhfa-i Hasan'' (''The Gift to Hasan'') in 1844 on the encouragement of his friend Nur al Hasan.<ref name="Troll 1978, p. 39"/> It is an Urdu translation of the tenth and twelfth chapter of [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]]'s ''Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya'' (''A treatise on the 12 Imams''), which was a critique of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] beliefs.<ref name="Naim 2011"/><ref name="Baljon, p. 61">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 61</ref> The tenth chapter deals and answers the Shia accusations against the [[Sahabi]] and Hazrat [[Aisha]] and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrines of [[tawalli]] and [[tabarri]].<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 39, 40</ref>

His third treatise, entitled ''Kalimat al-Haqq'' (''The True Discourse''), was published in 1849.<ref name="Baljon, p. 61"/> It is a critique of the prevalent [[Sufism|Sufi]] practices around ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]–[[murid]]'' relationships.<ref name="Alam 2021, p. 30">[[#Alam 2021|Alam 2021]], p. 30</ref> The first part of the work is devoted to the concept of ''piri''. In this part, he argues that Muhammad is the only valid pir. The work's second part is focused on ''muridi'' and the notion of ''[[bay'ah]].''<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 40</ref> He calls for reforms in the pir-murid relationship and the associated practises.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 47</ref> ''Rah i Sunna dar radd i Bid'a'' (''The Sunna and the Rejection of Innovations''), his fourth treatise, was published in 1850.<ref name="Baljon, p. 62">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 62</ref> In this work, he expressed his opposition to certain religious practices and beliefs of his fellow Muslims, which he felt were mixed with innovation and deviated from the true [[Sunnah]].<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 52</ref> In 1852 he published ''Namiqa dar bayan masala tasawwur-i-Shaikh'' (''A Letter Explaining the Teaching of tasawwur i shaikh''), in which he defended ''tasawwur-i-Shaikh'', the Sufi practice of visualising within, the image of one's spiritual guide.<ref name="Alam 2021, p. 30"/><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 41</ref> In 1853 he translated some passages of [[al-Ghazali]]'s ''[[The Alchemy of Happiness|Kimiya al-Sa'ada]]'' (''The Alchemy of Happiness'').<ref name="Baljon, p. 62"/>

====Commentary of the Torah and Gospel====
In 1862 while stationed at Ghazipur, Sir Syed started working on a commentary on the [[Bible]] and its teaching, with the aim to explain them in terms of Islam.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 69, 70</ref> It was published in Urdu and English in three parts from 1862 to 1865 under the title ''Tabin al-al-kalam Fi tafsir altawrat Wa ‘I-injil’ala millat al Islam'' (''Elucidation of the World in Commentary of the Torah and Gospel According to the Religion of Islam'').<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 2</ref><ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 58</ref> While the first part deals with the Islamic approach towards biblical writings, the second and third part contains commentary on the [[Book of Genesis]] and the [[Gospel of Matthew]] respectively.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 103</ref>

====''Essays on the Life of Muhammad''====
In 1869 he wrote ''Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya'' (''A Series of Essays on the Life of Prophet [[Muhammad]] and Subjects Subsidiary Therein'') as a rejoinder to [[William Muir]]'s widely known four-part book, ''The Life of Mahomet'' published in 1864.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 8</ref> He was deeply distressed by Muir's portrayal of Islam and the character of Muhammad. He was concerned that the book might create doubts among the younger generation of Muslims.<ref>[[#Guenther 2002|Guenther 2002]]</ref> In order to prepare for the book, he accompanied his son to England, as he wanted to get a first-hand impression of Western civilisation.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 51</ref>

He was also a reader of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] and, while not agreeing with all of his ideas, he could be described as a sort of [[theistic evolutionist]] like his contemporary [[Asa Gray]]. Syed Ahmad was one of the first in the Islamic world to adopt this view. His arguments in favour of the idea were based on both findings from his own scientific research and quotes from earlier Islamic scholars like [[Al-Jahiz]], [[Ibn Khaldun]] and [[Shah Waliullah]].<ref>Sarah A. Qidwai, "Darwin or Design? Examining Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Views on Human Evolution" in [[Yasmin Saikia]], M. Raisur Rahman (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan'', Cambridge University Press, 2019, p. 220</ref>

====Tafsir-ul-Quran====
Sir Syed started working on a [[tafsir]], or commentary on the [[Quran]], in 1877. It was published as ''Tafsir ul-Quran'' in seven volumes; the first volume appeared in 1880 and the last volume was published six years after his death in 1904.<ref name="ReferenceF">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 3,4</ref> In this work, he analysed and interpreted 16 [[Juz'|paras]] and 13 [[surah]]s of the Quran.<ref name="ReferenceF"/> In the first volume, he also included a detailed article titled ''Tahrir fi Usool al-Tafsir'' (''The Notes on the Principles of Commentary''), in which he laid down 15 principles on which he based his commentary.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 4</ref>

===Historical works===
History was Sir Syed's preferred area of study and in 1840, Sir Syed compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi from [[Timur]] to Bahadur Shah Zafar at the behest of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was later published under the title ''Jam-i-Jum'' (''Jamshed's Cup'').<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 670</ref> In ''Silsilat-ul-Mulk'' he compiled the biographical data of all the rulers of Delhi in history.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 84</ref> During his stay in Bijnor, he wrote a history on the city of Bijnor, but it was destroyed during the 1857 rebellion.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 86</ref> He also wrote critical editions of books like [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi'' published in 1862,<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 104</ref> and ''Tuzk-e-Jahangiri'' published in 1864.<ref name="ReferenceG">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 42</ref> However, his most important historical works that brought him fame as a scholar were the two editions of ''Asar-us-Sanadid'' and that of the ''Ain-e-Akbari''.<ref>[[#Troll 1978|Troll 1978]], p. 36</ref>

====Asar-us-Sanadid====
In 1847, he published the book ''Asar-us-Sanadid'' (''The Remnants of Ancient Heroes'') documenting antiquities of Delhi dating from the medieval era.<ref name="Troll 1972">[[#Troll 1972|Troll 1972]]</ref> The work is divided into four sections: the first describes the buildings outside the city of Delhi; the second describes the buildings around the Delhi Fort; the third describes the monuments in Shahjahanabad; and the last section presents a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi<ref name="Troll 1972"/> as well as the prominent inhabitants of Delhi, including Sufis (such as Shah Ghulam Ali and Saiyid Ahmad Shahid), physicians, scholars, poets, calligraphers, and musicians.<ref>[[#Alam 2021|Alam 2021]], p. 29</ref> It also contained around 130 illustrations drawn by Faiz Ali Khan and Mirza Shahrukh Beg, which were the first lithographically produced book illustrations in India.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 675</ref> Syed Ahmad released the second edition of ''Ansar-as-Sanadid'' in 1854.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 691</ref> However, the second edition was radically different from the first – the second was abbreviated and more factual.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p. 705, 706</ref> This work brought Sir Syed a wider fame and earned him the reputation of a cultured scholar.<ref>[[#Naim 2011|Naim 2011]], p.707</ref> In 1861, it was translated into French by [[Joseph Héliodore Garcin de Tassy|Gracin de Tassy]] in Paris.<ref name="Troll 1972"/> The book was also presented to the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] in London, which made him an honorary fellow.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

====Ain-e-Akbari====
[[File:Court of Akbar from Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The court of Akbar, an illustration from a manuscript of the [[Ain-e-Akbari]]]]
In 1855, he finished his scholarly, and illustrated edition of [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-e-Akbari|A'in-e Akbari]]''. The first and the third volume of the work were both published in 1855. The second volume, sent to the publisher in 1857, was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year.<ref>[[#Malik 1980|Malik 1980]], p. 76</ref> Having finished the work to his satisfaction, and believing that [[Mirza Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]] was a person who would appreciate his labours, Syed Ahmad approached the great Ghalib to write a ''taqriz'' (in the convention of the times, a laudatory foreword) for it. Ghalib obliged, but what he did produce was a short Persian poem castigating the A'in-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product. The least that could be said against it was that the book had little value even as an antique document. Ghalib practically reprimanded Syed Ahmad Khan for wasting his talents and time on dead things. Worse, he praised sky-high the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to all the a’ins in this world.<ref>The word ''a’in'' can mean all or any of the following: character, convention, temperament, habit, rule, path, law (ecclesiastical or secular), creed, praxis, quality, intention, organization, management, system, decoration, beauty. (Lughat Nama-e Dehkhoda). There are about eighty meanings in all. These meanings seem to have developed over the centuries. Most were available to Abu'l-Fazl; all were available to Ghalib.</ref>

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan never again wrote a word in praise of the ''A'in-e Akbari'' and in fact gave up taking an active interest in history and archaeology. He did edit another two historical texts over the next few years, but neither of them was anything like the ''A'in'': a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faruqi |first=Shamsur Rahman |title=From Antiquary to Social Revolutionary: Syed Ahmad Khan and the Colonial Experience |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020101507/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_sirsayyid.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, work in English |publisher=Columbia University |ref=srf_ss_gh}}</ref>

===Political works===
During the uprising of 1857, Sir Syed was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court in [[Bijnor]].<ref name="Guha, p. 56">[[#Guha|Guha]], p. 56</ref> He recorded the history of the mutiny in ''Tarikh i Sarkashi-ye Bijnor'' (''History of the Bijnor Rebellion''), which was published in 1858.<ref name="Sherwani 1944">[[#Sherwani 1944|Sherwani 1944]]</ref> He was deeply worried about the consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims in particular.<ref name="Guha, p. 56"/> He wrote a number of articles and pamphlets such as ''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind'' (''The Causes of the Indian Revolt''), ''Loyal Muhammadans of India'', and ''Review on Dr Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?'' to defend Muslims and Islam and create a cordial relations between the British authorities and the Muslim community.<ref>[[#Fuerst|Fuerst]], p. 86</ref>

====''Causes of the Indian Revolt''====
Sir Syed supported the [[East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising]], a role which has been criticised by some nationalists such as [[Jamaluddin Afghani]]. In 1859 Sir Syed published the booklet ''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind'' (''The Causes of the Indian Revolt'') in Urdu in which he studied the causes of the Indian revolt. In this, his most famous work, he rejected the common notion that the conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites, who resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the East India Company for its [[Company rule in India|aggressive expansion]] as well as the ignorance of British politicians regarding Indian culture. Sir Syed advised the British to appoint Muslims to assist in administration, to prevent what he called ‘haramzadgi’ (a vulgar deed) such as the mutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |date=9 February 2013 |title=Why Sir Syed loses and Allama Iqbal wins in Pakistan |publisher=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717120927/http://tribune.com.pk/story/504576/why-sir-syed-loses-and-allama-iqbal-wins-in-pakistan/ |archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote in the biography of Sir Syed that: <blockquote>"As soon as Sir Syed reached Muradabad, he began to write the pamphlet entitled ''The Causes of the Indian Revolt'' (''Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind''), in which he did his best to clear the people of India, and especially the Muslims, of the charge of Mutiny. In spite of the obvious danger, he made a courageous and thorough report of the accusations people were making against the Government and refused theory which the British had invented to explain the causes of the Mutiny."<ref name="auto">[[#Hali|Hali]], pp. 92–95</ref></blockquote>

When the work was finished, without waiting for an English translation, Sir Syed sent the Urdu version to be printed at the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. Within a few weeks, he received 500 copies back from the printers. One of his friends warned him not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or to the Government of India. Rae Shankar Das, a great friend of Sir Syed, begged him to burn the books rather than put his life in danger.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> Sir Syed replied that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the good of his own people, of his country, and of the government itself. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would greatly benefit the rulers and the subjects of India alike, he would gladly suffer whatever befell him. When Rae Shankar Das saw that Sir Syed's mind was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he wept and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir Syed sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government, and kept the rest himself.

When the government of India had the book translated and presented before the council, Lord Canning, the governor-general, and [[Sir Bartle Frere]] accepted it as a sincere and friendly report. The foreign secretary [[Cecil Beadon]], however, severely attacked it, calling it 'an extremely seditious pamphlet'. He wanted a proper inquiry into the matter and said that the author, unless he could give a satisfactory explanation, should be harshly dealt with. Since no other member of the Council agreed with his opinion, his attack did no harm.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K̲h̲ān̲|first=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8nfAQAACAAJ|title=Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|date=1972|publisher=Nachiketa Publications|language=en|page=15}}</ref>

Later, Sir Syed was invited to attend Lord Canning's [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] in Farrukhabad and happened to meet the foreign secretary there. He told Sir Syed that he was displeased with the pamphlet and added that if he had really had the government's interests at heart, he would not have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country; he would have communicated it directly to the government. Sir Syed replied that he had only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he had sent to England, one had been given to the government of India, and the remaining copies were still in his possession. Furthermore, he had the receipt to prove it. He was aware, he added, that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put even the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. It was for this reason that he had not communicated his thoughts publicly. He promised that for every copy that could be found circulating in India he would personally pay 1,000 rupees. At first, Beadon was not convinced and asked Sir Syed over and over again if he was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Sir Syed reassured him on this matter, and Beadon never mentioned it again. Later he became one of Sir Syed's strongest supporters.

Many official translations were made of the Urdu text of ''The Causes of the Indian Revolt''. The one undertaken by the India Office formed the subject of many discussions and debates.<ref>[[Masood Ashraf Raja]] (2010) ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity'', 1857–1947. Oxford. Chapter 2. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547811-2}}</ref> The pamphlet was also translated by the government of India and several members of parliament, but no version was offered to the public. A translation which had been started by [[Auckland Colvin]], a government official was finished by Sir Syed's friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham, and finally published in 1873.<ref name="auto" /><ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 24</ref>

====Loyal Muhammadans of India====
In 1860, Sir Syed wrote a series of bilingual pamphlets called the Risala Khair Khwahan-e Musalmanan-e-Hind (An Account of the Loyal Mohammedans of India) from Meerut containing episodes in the life of those Muslims who stood by the British during the 1857 uprising.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> It was published in three issues, the first and second issues appeared in 1860, while the third was published in 1861.<ref name="ReferenceH">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 200</ref> The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British while the second issue carried an article on jihad in which he makes a clear distinction between jihad and rebellion.<ref name="ReferenceH"/>

====Review on Hunter's Indian Musalmans====
In August 1871 [[William Wilson Hunter]], a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published ''Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen?'' in which he discussed the Indian [[Wahabi movement]], its role in the rebellion<ref>[[#Ali 1980|Ali 1980]]</ref> and argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire.<ref>[[#Fuerst|Fuerst]], p. 11</ref> Hunter links Wahhabism with rebellion and terms them as self-stylised jihadis.<ref name="ReferenceI">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 182</ref> His accusations led to the prosecution of Muslims in India especially in the North Western Provinces and those associated with Wahhabism were severely punished.<ref name="ReferenceI"/> Many Muslims found his arguments one-sided and this prompted Sir Syed to write a rejoinder of the book.<ref name="ReferenceI"/> He reviewed the book in ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' in a series of articles which were reprinted in ''Aligarh Institute Gazette'' from 24 November 1871, to 23 February 1872.<ref name="Sherwani 1944"/> They were later collected and published in a book in England by Hafiz Ahmad Hasan, the Vakil of Tonk.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1973|Shan Muhammad 1973]], p. 65</ref> Sir Syed based his arguments upon Muhammad's own conduct during holy wars.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 98</ref>

==Muslim reformer==
{{see also|Aligarh Movement}}
[[File:ALMU-logo.jpg|thumb|right|The logo of Aligarh University, whose moto is
''Taught man that which he knew not.'' (Qur'an 96:5)]]

Through the 1850s, Syed Ahmad Khan began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing studies of different subjects including European jurisprudence, Sir Syed began to realise the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Despite being a devout Muslim, Sir Syed criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences.<ref name="EPMI">{{Cite book |last=KUMAR |first=S |title=Educational Philosophy in Modern India |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-261-0431-4 |page=59}}</ref> Sir Syed began feeling increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities.<ref name="EPMI" /> A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir Syed had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims before and after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] of 1857 threatened to marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations.<ref name="EPMI" />

===Scientific Society===
Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the [[British Empire|Empire]] amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modern [[madrassa]] in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education. Sir Syed also worked on social causes, helping to organise relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province in 1860.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> While posted in [[Ghazipur]] in 1863, he established a [[madrasa]] which later became the Victoria High school.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 41</ref> He also formed the Scientific Society in Ghazipur to promote educational reforms across the country.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> He wrote an insightful tract on education titled ''Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind'' (''Address to the natives of Hindoostan on education'').<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 45</ref>

Upon his transfer to [[Aligarh]] in 1864, Sir Syed began working wholeheartedly as an educator. The Scientific Society was transferred from Ghazipur to Aligarh and rechristened as the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh]].<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 46</ref> Modelling it after the [[Royal Society]] and the [[Royal Asiatic Society]],<ref name="Bio">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=Gale Research |year=1997 |edition=Second |pages=17 vols |chapter=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan}}</ref> Sir Syed assembled Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. The Society held annual conferences, disbursed funds for educational causes and regularly published a journal on scientific subjects in English and Urdu. Sir Syed felt that the socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their orthodox aversions to modern science and technology.<ref name="EPMI" /> He published many writings promoting liberal, rational interpretations of [[Islamic Holy Books|Islamic scriptures]], struggling to find rational interpretations for [[jinn]], [[Angels in Islam|angels]], and miracles of the prophets.<ref name="OO-2018">{{cite web |title=A balanced view on Sir Syed Ahmed khan-Dr Israr's holistic approach |url=https://oracleopinions.com/2018/10/26/a-balanced-view-on-sir-syed-ahmed-khan-dr-isrars-holistic-approach/ |website=Oracle Opinions |access-date=3 December 2020 |date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126053543/https://oracleopinions.com/2018/10/26/a-balanced-view-on-sir-syed-ahmed-khan-dr-isrars-holistic-approach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
One example was the reaction to his argument – which appeared in his ''[[tafsir]]'' (exegesis) of the [[Quran]] – that ''[[riba]]'' referred to interest charges when lending money to the poor, but not to the rich, nor to borrowers "in trade or in industry", since this finance supported "trade, national welfare and prosperity". While many jurists declared all interest to be riba, (according to Sir Syed) this was based "on their own authority and deduction" rather than the Quran.<ref>''Tafsir al Quran'', v.1 p.3016, translated and quoted in [[#Baljon|Baljon]], pp. 44–45</ref>

===Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College===
On 1 April 1869 he went, along with his sons Syed Mahmood and Syed Hamed, to England, where he was awarded the [[Order of the Star of India]] from the British government on 6 August.<ref>[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 64, 65</ref> Travelling across England, he visited its colleges and was inspired by the culture of learning established after the [[Renaissance]]. Sir Syed returned to India in the following year determined to build a school modelled on [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] and Oxford imparting modern education to Indians.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 47</ref> Upon his return, he established the ''Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman'' (Committee for the Better Diffusion and Advancement of Learning among [[Muslim|Muhammadans]]) on 26 December 1870. By 1872, it was converted into a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school.<ref name="Hasan 2006, p. 43">[[#Hasan 2006|Hasan 2006]], p. 43</ref> Sir Syed described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]] of 5 April 1911:

<blockquote>I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into a University similar to that of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] or Cambridge. Like the churches of Oxford and Cambridge, there will be [[mosque]]s attached to each College... The College will have a dispensary with a Doctor and a compounder, besides a ''[[Unani]] [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]''. It will be mandatory on boys in residence to join the congregational prayers ([[salat|namaz]]) at all the five times. Students of other religions will be exempted from this religious observance. Muslim students will have a uniform consisting of a black alpaca, half-sleeved ''chugha'' and a red ''[[Fez (clothing)|Fez]]'' cap... Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and get used to, will be strictly prohibited. Even such a word as a "liar" will be treated as an abuse to be prohibited. They will have food either on tables of [[table manners|European style]] or on chaukis in the manner of the [[Arab cuisine#Arab hospitality|Arabs]]... Smoking of cigarette or ''[[hookah|huqqa]]'' and the chewing of [[betel]]s shall be strictly prohibited. No [[corporal punishment]] or any such punishment as is likely to injure a student's self-respect will be permissible... It will be strictly enforced that [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] boys shall not discuss their religious differences in the College or in the boarding house. At present it is like a day dream. I pray to God that this dream may come true."{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}</blockquote>

[[File:Sirsyedsignatures.jpg|thumb|right|Signatures of Sir Syed]]

He began publishing the journal ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]'' (''Social Reformer'') on 24 December 1870 to spread awareness and knowledge on modern subjects and promote reforms in Muslim society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/Chronology_of_Aligarh_Movement|title= A Brief Chronology of Aligarh Movement| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124954/http://aligarhmovement.com/Chronology_of_Aligarh_Movement |archive-date=15 February 2017|website= Aligarhmovement.com website}}</ref> Sir Syed worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology in order to reconcile tradition with Western education. He argued in several books on Islam that the Qur'an rested on an appreciation of reason and natural law, making scientific inquiry important to being a good Muslim.

By 1873, the committee under Sir Syed issued proposals for the construction of a college in Aligarh. Maulvi Samiullah Khan was appointed as the secretary of the sub-committee of the proposed school.<ref name="Hasan 2006, p. 43"/> Members of the committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school, which was finally established on 24 May 1875 in Aligarh as the [[Minto Circle|Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School]]. Two years later, in 1877, the school was converted into the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]].<ref>[[#Hasan 2006|Hasan 2006]], p. 43, 44</ref> He retired from his career as a jurist the following year, concentrating entirely on developing the college and on religious reform.<ref name="Bio" /> Sir Syed's pioneering work received support from the British.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 48</ref> Although intensely criticised by orthodox religious leaders hostile to modern influences, Sir Syed's new institution attracted a large student body, mainly drawn from the Muslim gentry and middle classes.<ref name="Islam">{{Cite book |last=Nazeer Ahmed |title=Islam in Global History |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7388-5966-8 |page=231}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=December 2017}} However, MAO College was open to all communities, and had a sizeable number of Hindu students. The first graduate of the college was a Hindu.<ref name="ReferenceJ">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 49</ref> The curriculum at the college involved scientific and Western subjects, as well as Oriental subjects and religious education.<ref name="Bio" /> The first [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] was [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Shah Jahan Begum]], a prominent Muslim noblewoman, and Sir Syed invited an Englishman, [[Theodore Beck]], to serve as the first college principal.<ref name="Islam" /> The college was originally affiliated with [[Calcutta University]] but was transferred to the [[Allahabad University]] in 1885. Near the turn of the 20th century, it began publishing its own magazine and established a law school. In 1920, the college was transformed into [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="ReferenceJ"/>

===Muhammadan Educational Conference===
After founding the Anglo-Oriental College, Sir Syed felt the need of a pan-India organisation to propagate the ideas of his movement. To this cause, he established the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference|All India Muhammadan Educational Congress]] with its headquarters in Aligarh. The first session of the Congress was held at Aligarh in 1886 under the presidency of Maulvi Samiullah Khan.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 83</ref> The main objective of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and transform the Anglo-Oriental College to the status of university.<ref name="ReferenceK">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 84</ref> The name of the organisation was changed to All India Muhammadan Educational Conference to avoid confusion with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="ReferenceK"/>

===Opposition and criticism===
Sir Syed's Aligarh Movement and his desire to open institutions for Western education was opposed by the orthodox Indian Muslims. Imdad Ali, the then deputy collector of Kanpur condemned the foundation of Anglo-Oriental College.<ref name="ReferenceL">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 69</ref> Several periodicals such as ''Noor-ul-Afaq'', ''Noor-ul-Anwar'', and ''Taed-ul-Islam'' were started by his opponents in opposition to ''Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq'' to dissuade Muslims from joining the Aligarh Movement.<ref name="ReferenceL"/><ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 91</ref> Many other orthodox Islamic schools condemned him as out of the fold of Islam (i.e. a ''[[kafir]]'').<ref name="Islam" /> According to J.M.S. Baljon his ideas created "a real hurricane of protests and outbursts of wrath" among the local clerics "in every town and village" in Muslim India, who issued [[fatwa|fatawa]] "declaring him to be a ''[[kafir]]''" (unbeliever).<ref name="Baljon, p. 90">[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 90</ref> He was also accused of having converted to Christianity.<ref name="Baljon, p. 90"/> [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement criticised some of his writings in a polemic titled ''Barakat al Dua''.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 95</ref> [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]], the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamic]] ideologue, launched a vitriolic attack on him through his periodical calling him a “Naturist”.<ref>[[#Baljon|Baljon]], p. 98</ref>

Many of his own friends, like Nawab [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk|Muhsin-ul-Mulk]], expressed their significant reservations at his religious ideas (many of which were expounded in his commentary of Qur'an).<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], pp. 249–263</ref> Syed Ahmad Khan's controversial views such as his rejection of [[Islamic view of miracles|miracles]], denial of the existence of [[Angels in Islam|angels]], downplaying the status of [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophethood]], etc. arose disdain also from orthodox adherents of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Waliullahi]] reform trends, such as ''[[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-e Hadith]]'' and [[Deobandi]]s. ''Ahl-i Hadith'' were particularly severe in their condemnation of Ahmad Khan; with many of its leaders like [[Muhammad Hussain Batalvi|Muḥammad Ḥusayn Baṭālvī]] (d. 1920 C.E/ 1338 A.H) declaring ''[[Takfir]]'' (excommunication) of Sir Syed as an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Afzal Upal, M. Cusack |first=Muhammad, Carole |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42525-5 |location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=645–646}}</ref>

Maulana [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi|Qasim Nanautawi]], the founder of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], expressed in a letter to an acquaintance of his and Sir Syed's:

"No doubt, I greatly admire, as per what I've heard, Syed (Ahmad) Sahab's courage (''Ūlul Azmi'') and concern for the Muslims (''Dardmandi e Ahl e Islam''). For this if I shall express my affection for him, it will be rightful. However, similar to this (or rather more than this), upon hearing about his disturbed (Fāsid) beliefs, I have deep complaints and sorrow for him"<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], p. 102</ref>

Maulana Qasim Nanautawi wrote directly to Sir Syed as well, explaining him some of his "noteworthy" mistakes. This correspondence was published as "Tasfiyat ul Aqaaid" in 1887 C.E<ref>[[#Panipati|Panipati]], p. 100</ref>

==Political thoughts and activities==
Shan Muhammad in his book ''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: a political biography'' notes that Sir Syed was foremost an educationist and reformer and not an academic thinker, and so his political philosophy is related to the circumstances of his times.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 193</ref> Important events that shaped his political outlook includes the 1857 Rebellion, the premiership of [[William Ewart Gladstone]] in England (which started in 1868) and the viceroyalty of [[Lord Ripon|Ripon]] in India.<ref name="ReferenceM">[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 193, 194</ref>

Sir Syed was deeply religious. His political views were centered on Islam and an Islamic viewpoint.<ref name="ReferenceM"/>

In 1878, Sir Syed was nominated to the Viceroy's Legislative Council.<ref name="LW 289">[[#Graham|Graham]], p. 289</ref> He testified before the education commission to promote the establishment of more colleges and schools across India. At the start of his political career, Sir Syed was an advocate of [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] and [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|India's composite culture]], wanting to empower all Indians.<ref name="Shirali"/> In the same year, Sir Syed founded the Muhammadan Association to promote political co-operation amongst Indian Muslims from different parts of the country. In 1886, he organised the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] in Aligarh, which promoted his vision of modern education and political unity for Muslims. His works made him the most prominent Muslim politician in 19th century India, often influencing the attitude of Muslims on various national issues.

===Opposition to active politics===
Sir Syed discouraged the active involvement of Muslims in politics. He regarded the attainment of higher English education, not political pursuits, as the first priority for the upliftmeant of the Muslim community.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1973|Shan Muhammad 1973]], p. 10</ref> He declined to lend support to the National Muhammadan Association, a political organisation founded by [[Syed Ameer Ali]] in 1887 and refused to participate in the Muhammedan National Conference at Lahore which he regarded as a political agitation.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 229</ref>

When the [[Indian National Congress]] was established in 1885 he did not express any opinion about it but later he became an active critic of the organisation and expressed his active opposition to the Congress.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 120</ref>

Sir Syed's opposition received criticism from Maulvi Sharaf-ul-Haqq who criticised his views about the Congress demands in a risala titled ''Kalam Mufid-al-Anam''. [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] wrote a series of open letters expressing grief and surprise at his change in attitude towards Congress.<ref>[[#Nizami|Nizami]], p. 121</ref>

Sir Syed advocated the use of constitutional machinery, such as participation in administration, for expressing grievances to the British government.<ref>[[#Shan Muhammad 1969|Shan Muhammad 1969]], p. 128</ref>
He supported the efforts of Indian political leaders [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] to obtain representation for Indians in the government and civil services. In 1883, he founded the Muhammadan Civil Service Fund Association to encourage and support the entry of Muslim graduates into the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS).<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="RC">{{Cite book |last=RC Majumdar |title=Struggle for Freedom |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1969 |page=1967 |id=ASIN: B000HXEOUM}}</ref> In 1883, he established the Muhammedan Association to put forward grievances of the Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 50</ref> He was nominated as a member of the Civil Service Commission in 1887 by [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]]. In 1888, he along with Raja Shiv Prasad of [[Benaras]] established the [[United Patriotic Association]] at [[Aligarh]] to promote political co-operation with the British and Muslim participation in the British government.

===Hindu–Muslim unity===
Syed Ahmad Khan advocated for [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] in Colonial India.<ref name="v135"/><ref name="Shirali"/> He stated: "India is a beautiful bride and Hindus and Muslims are her two eyes. If one of them is lost, this beautiful bride will become ugly."<ref name="Shirali">{{cite web |last1=Shirali |first1=Aresh |title=The Enigma of Aligarh |url=https://openthemagazine.com/freedom-issue-2017/freedom-issue-2017-dispatches-from-history/the-enigma-of-aligarh/ |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]] |date=10 August 2017}}</ref> Being raised in the diverse city of [[Delhi]], Syed Ahmad Khan was exposed to the festivals of both Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Shirali"/> He collected Hindu scriptures and "had a commitment to the country's composite culture", being close friends with [[Swami Vivekanand]] to [[Debendranath Tagore]].<ref name="Shirali"/> In the 19th century, he opposed cow slaughter, even stopping a fellow Muslim from sacrificing one for [[Eid al-Adha]] to promote peace between Muslims and Hindus.<ref name="Shirali"/> Addressing a large gathering in [[Gurdaspur]] on 27 January 1884, Sir Syed said:
{{blockquote|O Hindus and Muslims! Do you belong to a country other than India? Don't you live on the soil and are you not buried under it or cremated on its ghats? If you live and die on this land, then bear in mind that ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ is but religious word: all the Hindus, Muslims and Christians who live in this country are one nation.<ref name="Shirali"/>}}
When he founded [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], he opened its admissions to Indians of all faiths, with its first principal Henry Siddons being a Christian and one of its patrons [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala]] being a Sikh.<ref name="Shirali"/> [[Shafey Kidwai]] notes that Sir Syed promoted "advocacy of the empowerment of all Indians".<ref name="Shirali"/>

In his book ''Causes of the Indian Revolt'', which was originally published in Urdu in 1858, he referred to Hindus and Muslims as 'two antagonistic races' when highlighting the British folly of bringing them together in a single unit, thereby endangering the British position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deepak |first=J Sai |title=India, Bharat and Pakistan: The Constitutional Journey of a Sandwiched Civilisation |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2022 |isbn=978-9354354526 |edition=1st |location=India |pages=148–150 |language=}}</ref>

===Advocacy of Urdu===
{{See also|Hindi–Urdu controversy}}
[[File:Sirsyedinpunjab.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in Punjab]]

The onset of the [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]] of 1867 saw the emergence of Sir Syed as a champion for the cause of the Urdu language.<ref name=brit/> He became a leading Muslim voice opposing the adoption of [[Hindi]] as a second official language of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Sir Syed perceived Urdu as the ''lingua franca'' of the United Provinces which was created as a confluence of Muslim and Hindu contributions in India.<ref name="Shirali"/> Having been developed during the Mughal period, Urdu was used as a secondary language to Persian, the official language of the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir Syed promoted the use of Urdu through his own writings. Under Sir Syed, the Scientific Society translated Western works only into Urdu. The schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu medium. The demand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus, was to Sir Syed an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domination of India. Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of [[gentry]] and Hindi that of the vulgar."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC&dq=Urdu+was+the+language+of+gentry+and+Hindi+that+of+the+vulgar&pg=PA41 Hindi Nationalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507085324/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmnpssOM_3kC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=Urdu+was+the+language+of+gentry+and+Hindi+that+of+the+vulgar&source=bl&ots=qYJzARaHiI&sig=sUvDhRokxc7PfrU6dm4TdZpX1bw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=varoUYTLNKbG0AX1uIGwDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Urdu%20was%20the%20language%20of%20gentry%20and%20Hindi%20that%20of%20the%20vulgar&f=false |date=7 May 2016 }}, Alok Rai, Orient Blackswan, 2001</ref> His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to demand the recognition of Hindi.

The success of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew increasingly centred around and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleagues such as [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] developed organisations such as the [[Urdu Defence Association]] and the [[Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu]], committed to the perpetuation of Urdu.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} All these colleagues led efforts that resulted in the adoption of Urdu as the official language of the [[Hyderabad State]] and as the medium of instruction in the [[Osmania University]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}<ref name="Yusuf">{{Cite book |last=ABBASI |first=Yusuf |title=Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent |publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamic University ([[Islamabad]]) |year=1981 |page=90}}</ref> To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.

===Two-nation theory===
Sir Syed is considered as the first person to theorise the idea of separate nationhood for Muslims in subcontinent.<ref name = DergiPark>{{Cite journal|last=Şahbaz|first=Davut|date=March 2020|title=The Two Nations Theory and {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} Role In The Establishment of Pakistan|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1033923|journal=Academic Journal of History and Idea|volume=7|pages=1, 9|via=Dergi Park}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2020 |title=Jinnah's two nation theory |url=https://nation.com.pk/27-Feb-2020/jinnah-s-two-nation-theory |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref> In a speech at [[Meerut]] in 1888 he presented on overall scenario of post colonial phase in which he described Muslims and Hindus as two nations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Sir Syed Ahmed on the present state of Indian politics (consisting of speeches and letters)|publisher=Pioneer Press|year=1888|isbn=|location=|pages=29}}</ref> He's regarded as the father of [[two-nation theory]] and the pioneer of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]] which led to the [[partition of India]].<ref name = Tribune1/><ref name="Dawn">{{Cite news |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |date=15 August 2016 |title=The forgotten future: Sir Syed and the birth of Muslim nationalism in South Asia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1277341 |access-date=3 February 2024 |newspaper=Dawn newspaper |language=en}}</ref>

[[Urdu-Hindi controversy]] is seen as the transformation of Sir Syed's views towards Muslim nationhood which he expressed in his speeches during later days.<ref name = DergiPark/> While fearful of the loss of Muslim political power owing to the community's backwardness, Sir Syed was also averse to the prospect of democratic self-government, which would give control of government to the Hindu-majority population.<ref name=brit/><ref name="Baig">{{Cite book |last=M.R.A. Baig |title=The Muslim Dilemma in India |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1974 |isbn=9780706903119 |location=[[Delhi]] |pages=51–2}}</ref><ref name="EPMI2">{{Cite book |last=S. Kumar |title=Educational Philosophy in Modern India |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-261-0431-4 |page=60}}</ref>

<blockquote>"At this time our nation is in a bad state in regards education and wealth, but God has given us the light of religion and the Quran is present for our guidance, which has ordained them and us to be friends. Now God has made them rulers over us. Therefore we should cultivate friendship with them, and should adopt that method by which their rule may remain permanent and firm in India, and may not pass into the hands of the [[Bengali people|Bengalis]]... If we join the political movement of the Bengalis our nation will reap a loss, for we do not want to become subjects of the Hindus instead of the subjects of the "[[people of the Book]]..."<ref name="EPMI2" /></blockquote>

Later in his life he said:
<blockquote> "Suppose that the English community and the army were to leave India, taking with them all their cannons and their splendid weapons and all else, who then would be the rulers of India?...

Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mohammedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not. It is necessary that one of them should conquer the other. To hope that both could remain equal is to desire the impossible and the inconceivable. But until one nation has conquered the other and made it obedient, peace cannot reign in the land."<ref name=Yale>Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), Speech in March 1888, Quoted by Dilip Hiro, "The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan" {{cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/longest-august-unflinching-rivalry-between-india-and-pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315003313/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/longest-august-unflinching-rivalry-between-india-and-pakistan|date=2015|website=YaleGlobal Online (Yale University)|archive-date=15 March 2020|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan| author= Dilip Hiro|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref></blockquote>

==Personal life==
[[File:Tomb of Syed Ahmad Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Syed Ahmad Khan]]
In 1836, he married Parsa Begum, alias Mubarak Begum.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 27</ref> They had two sons, Syed Hamid and [[Syed Mahmood]], and a daughter, Ameena, who died at a young age.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 28</ref>

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan lived the last two decades of his life in Aligarh, regarded widely as the mentor of 19th and 20th century Muslim entrepreneurs. Battling illnesses and old age, Sir Syed died on 27 March 1898.<ref name="ReferenceN">[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 52</ref> He was buried adjacent to the [[Sir Syed Mosque|Sir Syed Masjid]] in the grounds of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="ReferenceN"/>

==Legacy and influence==

[[File:Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.jpg|thumb|right|A painting of Syed Ahmad Khan]]

Syed Ahmad is widely commemorated across South Asia as a great Muslim social reformer and visionary.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="RC" /> His educational model and progressive thinking inspired Muslim elites who supported the [[All India Muslim League]]. He founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in order to promote Western education, especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Ahmad Khan's Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, motivated Muslim elites to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the [[Aligarh Movement]]. In turn, this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites, who went on to form the AIML, which led Muslims of India towards the [[Pakistan Movement|formation of Pakistan]].<ref>[[#Rashid Khan 2007|Rashid Khan 2007]]</ref>

He was an influence on several political leaders, thinkers and writers such as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]],<ref>[[#Engineer 2001|Engineer 2001]], p. 31</ref> [[Sayyid Mumtaz Ali]]<ref>[[#Nyrop 1975|Nyrop 1975]], p. 176</ref> [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], [[Chiragh Ali]], and [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]].<ref>[[#Abdullah|Abdullah]], p. 40</ref>

The university he founded remains one of India's most prominent institutions and served as the arsenal of Muslim India. Prominent alumni of Aligarh include Muslim political leaders Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]]. The first two [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Ministers of Pakistan]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], as well as [[Indian President]] Dr. [[Zakir Husain]], are amongst Aligarh's most famous graduates. His birth anniversary is celebrated as Sir Syed Day every year by the university and its alumni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed Day: Why October 17 Is Important For AMU And Its Alumni|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/sir-syed-day-why-october-17-is-important-for-amu-and-its-alumni-1763878|access-date=4 February 2024|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Several educational institutions in India and Pakistan such as [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]], [[Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology]] and [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College, Taliparamba]] are named after him.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 April 2017|title=Remembering Sir Syed|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1327041|access-date=4 February 2024|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed College|url=http://www.sirsyedcollege.ac.in/AboutUs/Item.aspx?Option=2&Sub=4|access-date=15 September 2021|website=www.sirsyedcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

== Honours ==
On 2 June 1869, Syed Ahmad Khan was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI), for his service as Principal ''Sadr Amin''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23504|date=4 June 1869 |page=3181|supp=}}</ref> He was appointed a fellow of the Calcutta and Allahabad Universities by the Viceroy in the years 1876 and 1887 respectively.<ref>[[#Kidwai 2020|Kidwai 2020]], p. 43</ref>

Syed Ahmad was later bestowed with the suffix of 'Khan Bahadur' and was subsequently [[knight]]ed by the British government in the 1888 New Year Honours as a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25772|date=3 January 1888 |page=14|supp=}}</ref><ref name="brit">{{Cite book |last=Ikram |first=S.M. |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sayyid-Ahmad-Khan |title=Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Muslim Scholar |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905165522/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sayyid-Ahmad-Khan |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for his loyalty to the British crown, through his membership of the Imperial Legislative Council<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puja Mondal |date=4 January 2014 |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922121824/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> and in the following year he received an [[Doctor of Laws|LL.D.]] ''honoris causa'' from the [[Edinburgh University]].<ref name="Bio" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=C.M. Naim |date=17 October 2011 |title=A Musafir To London |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-musafir-to-london/278673 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116142402/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-musafir-to-london/278673 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

[[India Post]] issued commemorative postage stamps in his honour in 1973 and 1998.<ref>[http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/SYED%20AHMAD%20KHAN%20ALIGARH%20UNIVERSITY Syed Ahmad Khan's commemorative postage stamp issued by India Post in 1973 commemorating his 156th birth anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151643/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/SYED%20AHMAD%20KHAN%20ALIGARH%20UNIVERSITY |date=17 October 2017 }}, indianpost.com</ref>

[[Pakistan Postal Services]] also issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.<ref name=cybercity>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html |title=Syed Ahmad Khan's commemorative postage stamp issued by Pakistan Postal Services in 1990 in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806181033/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html |access-date=3 February 2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2011|website=Cybercity.net website}}</ref>

In 1997, Syed Ahmad Khan was commemorated with an [[English Heritage]] [[blue plaque]] at 21 Mecklenburgh Square in Bloomsbury, where he lived in 1869–70.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - Muslim Reformer - Blue Plaques|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/syed-ahmed-khan/|access-date=24 December 2020|website=English Heritage}}</ref>

On 2017, commemorative [[Pakistani rupee|Rs]]. 50 coin featuring Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was issued by [[State Bank of Pakistan]] on his 200th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 Rupees, Pakistan |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces151261.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=en.numista.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 August 2022, marking the diamond jubilee celebrations of Pakistan's independence, [[State Bank of Pakistan]] issued a commemorative [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]]75 note featuring Syed Ahmed Khan along with other founding fathers signifying their struggle for [[Pakistan independence|country's independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soomro |first=Kumail |date=14 August 2022 |title=State Bank unveils Rs75 commemorative banknote |url=https://www.bolnews.com/business/2022/08/state-bank-unveils-rs75-commemorative-banknote/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=BOL News |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="240px" heights="200px">
Syed Ahmed Khan 1973 stamp of India.jpg|1973 Indian stamp
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN 1817-1898 Muslim Reformer and Scholar lived here 1869-1870.jpg|English Heritage blue plaque dedicated to Sir Syed
SirSyedHouse.jpg|Sir Syed's house in the university campus
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==
''[[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: The Messiah]]'' an Indian Urdu-language biographical film based on the life of Khan was released in 2024 and streamed on [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2024-12-19 |title=First biopic of Sir Syed resonates with contemporary Muslim issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/first-biopic-of-sir-syed-resonates-with-contemporary-muslim-issues/article69006411.ece |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
===Legal works===
* Act No. 10 (Stamp Act) 1862.
* Act No. 14 (Limitation Act )1859–1864.
* Act No. 16 (Regarding registration documents) – Allyson, 1864.
* Act No. 18 (Regarding women's rights) 1866.

===Religious works===
* ''Jila al- Qulub bi Zikr al-Mahbub'' (Delight of the Hearts in Remembering the Beloved), Delhi, 1843.
* ''Tuhfa-i Hasan'' (The Gift to Hasan), 1844.
* Tarjama Fawa'id al-Afkar fi Amal al-Farjar, Delhi 1846.
* Mazumm ba Nisbat Tanazzul Ulum-i-Diniya wa Arabiya wa Falsafa-i-Yunaniya, Agra, 1857.
* Risala Tahqiq Lafzi-i-Nassara, 1860.
* Ahkam Tu'am Ahl-Kitab, Kanpur, 1868.
* Risala ho wal Mojud, 1880.
* Kimiya-i-Sa'dat, 2 fasl, 1883.
* Namiqa fi Bayan Mas'ala Tasawwur al-Shaikh, Aligarh, 1883.
* Rah-i-Sunnat Dar Rad-i-Bid'at, Aligarh, 1883.
* Tarqim fi Qisa Ashab al-Kahf wal-Raqim, Agra, 1889.
* Izalat ul-Chain as Zi'al Qarnain, Agra, 1889.
* Khulq al-Insan ala ma fi al-Quran, Agra, 1892.
* Al-Du'a Wa'l Istajaba, Agra, 1892.
* Tahrir fi Usul al-Tafsir, Agra, 1892.
* Al-Nazar Fi Ba'z Masa'il Imam Al-Ghazzali, Agra.
* Risala Ibtal-i-Ghulami, Agra, 1893.
* Tafsir al-Jinn Wa'l Jan ala ma fi al-Qur'an, Rahmani Press, Lahore, 1893, Agra, 1891.
* Tabyin-ul-Kalam fi Tafsir-al-Turat-wa'l Injil ala Mullat-al-Islam (The Commentary on the Holy Bible).
* Tafsir-ul-Qur'an.
:: Vol. I Aligarh, 1880,
:: Vol. II Aligarh, 1882, Agra, 1903.
:: Vol. III Aligarh, 1885
:: Vol. IV Aligarh, 1888
:: Vol. V Aligarh, 1892.
:: Vol. VI Aligarh, 1895
:: Vol. VII Agra, 1904.
* Tafsir-a-Samawat, Agra.
* Tasfiyad al'Aquid (Being the correspondence between Syed Ahmad Khan and Maulana Muhammad Qasim of Deoband).

===Historical works===
[[File:Tafseer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Title page of Commentary of Quran by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]
* A'in-e-Akbari (Edition with Illustration), Delhi.
* Asrar-us-Sanadid (i) Syed-ul-Akhbar, 1847, (II) Mata-i-Sultani, 1852.
* Description des monument de Delhi in 1852, D'a Pre Le Texte Hindostani De Saiyid Ahmad Khan (tr. by M. Garcin De Tassy), Paris, 1861.
* Jam-i-Jum, Akbarabad, 1940.
* Silsilat-ul-Muluk, Musaraf ul Mataba', Delhi, 1852.
* Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (Edition), Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1862.
* Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (edition Aligarh, 1864).

===Biographical works===
* Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya : Aligarh, 1900, English translation, London, 1869–70.
* Sirat-i-Faridiya, Agra, 1896.

===Political works===
* Asbab-i-Baghawat-e-Hind, Urdu 1858 and English edition, Banaras.
* Lecture Indian National Congress Madras Par, Kanpur, 1887.
* Lectures on the Act XVI of 1864, delivered on 4 December 1864 for the Scientific Society, Allygurh, 1864.
* Musalmanon ki qismat ka faisla (Taqarir-e-Syed Ahmad Khan wa Syed Mehdi Ali Khan etc.) Agra, 1894.
* On Hunter's: Our Indian Mussulmans' London, 1872.
* Present State of Indian Politics (Consisting of lectures and speeches) Allahabad, 1888.
* Sarkashi Zilla Binjor, Agra 1858.

===Lectures===
* Iltimas be Khidmat Sakinan-i-Hindustan dar bad tarraqi ta' lim ahl-i.Hind, Ghazipore, 1863.
* Lecture dar bab targhib wa tahris talim itfal-i-Musalmanan, in 1895, Agra 1896.
* Lecture Madrasaat ul-Ulum Aligarh Key Tarikhi halat Par, Agra. 1889.
* Lecture Ijlas Dahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896.
* Lecture Muta'liq Ijlas Yazdahum Muhammadan Educational Conference, Agra, 1896.
* Majmu'a Resolution Haye dah sala (Resolutions passed by the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference from 1886 to 1895) ed. by Sir Syed Ahmad, Agra, 1896.
* Report Salana (Annual Report of the Boarding House of Madrasat-ul-Ulum 1879–1880).
* Khutbat-e-Ahmadia in the reply to "The Life of Mohamed" by William Muir, was penned in 1870.

[[File:Sirsyed with admirers.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Syed with his son [[Syed Mahmood]], grandson [[Ross Masood|Syed Ross Masood]], and some admirers.]]

===Collected works===
* Khutut-i-Sir Syed, ed Ross Masud, 1924.
* Majuma Lecture Kaye Sir Syed ed. Munshi Sirajuddin, Sadhora 1892.
* Maqalat-i-Sir-Syed ed. by 'Abdullah Khvesgri, Aligarh, 1952.
* Maqalat-i-Sir Syed, ed. By Muhammad Ismail, Lahore,
* Makatib-i-Sir Syed, Mustaq Husain, Delhi, 1960.
* Maktubat-i-Sir Syed, Muhammad Ismail Panipati, Lahore, 1959.
* Makummal Majumua Lectures wa speeches. ed. Malik Fazaluddin, Lahore, 1900.
* Muktubat al-Khullan ed. Mohd. Usman Maqbul, Aligarh 1915.
* Tasanif-i-Ahmadiya (Collection of Syed Ahmad Khan's works on religions topics) in 8 parts.
* Stress on Holy Quran.
* Reformation of Faith.

===Miscellaneous===
* On the Use of the Sector (Urdu), Syed-ul-Akbar, 1846.
* Qaul-i-Matin dar Ibtal-i-Harkat i Zamin, Delhi, 1848.
* Tashil fi Jar-a-Saqil, Agra, 1844.
* Ik Nadan Khuda Parast aur Dana dunyadar Ki Kahani, Badaon, 1910.
* Kalamat-ul-Haqq, Aligarh

===Journals, reports, and proceedings===
* [[Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq]].
* [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]].
* Proceedings of the Muhammadens Educational Conference.
* An Account of the Loyal Muhammadans of India, Parts I, II, III, Moufussel Press, Meerut, 1860.
* Proceedings of the Scientific Society.
* By-Laws of the Scientific Society.
* Addresses and speeches relating to the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh (1875–1898) ed. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Aligarh, 1898.

==See also==
*[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
** [[Sir Syed Mosque|Sir Syed Masjid]]
*[[Aligarh Movement]]
*[[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]]
*[[Two-nation theory]]
*[[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
*[[All India Muslim League]]
*[[Islamic Modernism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graham |first=George Farquhar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.6209/page/n5 |title=The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan |publisher=Black wood |year=1885 |ref=Graham}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hali, Altaf Husain |title=Hayat-i-Javed (A Biography of Sir Sayyid) |publisher=Rupa and Company |year=1994 |isbn=978-9693501865 |location=New Delhi |ref=Hali |author-link=Altaf Hussain Hali |orig-year=1901}}
* {{Cite book|last=Abdullah|first=S. M.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.23035|title=The spirit and substance of Urdu prose under the influence of Sir Sayyid Ahamad Khan|date=1940|publisher=Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore|ref=Abdullah}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sherwani|first=H. K.|date=1944|title=The Political Thought Of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42754317|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=5|issue=4|pages=306–328|jstor=42754317|issn=0019-5510|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|ref=Sherwani 1944}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|date=1960|title=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān, Jamāl al-dīn al-Afghānī and Muslim India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595240|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=13|pages=55–78|doi=10.2307/1595240|jstor=1595240|issn=0585-5292|author-link=Aziz Ahmad (writer)|ref=Ahmad 1960|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baljon |first=J.M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheReforms/page/n1 |title=The Reforms and Religious Ideas of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan |publisher=S.M. Ashraf |year=1964 |location=Lahore |ref=Baljon}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|url=http://archive.org/details/sayyidahmadkhan00niza|title=Sayyid Ahmad Khan|date=1966|isbn= 978-8123025131|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|others=Public Resource|author-link=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|ref=Nizami}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shan Muhammad|url=http://archive.org/details/sirsyedahmadkhan0000shan|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan; a political biography|date=1969|publisher=Meerut, Meenaksi Parkashan|others=Internet Archive|ref=Shan Muhammad 1969}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Troll|first=Christian W.|date=1972|title=A Note on an Early Topographical Work of Sayyid Aḥmad Khān: "Ās̤ār al-Ṣanādīd"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203370|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=104 |issue=2|pages=135–146|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00157508|jstor=25203370|s2cid=163133936 |issn=0035-869X|ref=Troll 1972|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last1=K̲h̲ān̲|first1=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qymtAEACAAJ|title=Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmad Rhan|last2=Muhammad|first2=Shan|date=1973|publisher=Nachiketa Publications|language=en|ref=Shan Muhammad 1973}}
* {{Cite book|last=Troll|first=Christian W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QcKAQAAIAAJ&q=sir+syed+christian+troll|title=Sayyid Ahmad Khan: A Reinterpretation of Muslim Theology|date=1978|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-0626-4|language=en|ref=Troll 1978}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=M. Mohar|date=1980|title=Hunter's "Indian Musalmans": A Re-Examination of Its Background|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211084|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=112|issue=1|pages=30–51|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135889|jstor=25211084|s2cid=154830629 |issn=0035-869X|author-link=Muhammad Mohar Ali|ref=Ali 1980|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Panipati |first=Muhammad Ismail |title=Khutoot banaam Sir Syed |publisher=Majlis Taraqqi e Adab Lahore |year=1995 |location=Lahore, Pakistan |ref=Panipati}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Guenther|first=Alan M.|date=2002|title=Response Of Sayyid Ahmad Khan To Sir William Muir's Evaluation Of Hadit Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817822|journal=Oriente Moderno|volume=21 (82)|issue=1|pages=219–254|doi=10.1163/22138617-08201015|jstor=25817822|issn=0030-5472|ref=Guenther 2002|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last1=K̲h̲ān̲|first1=Sir Sayyid Aḥmad|last2=Wilder|first2= John W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO_ZAAAAMAAJ|title=Selected Essays by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan|date=2006|publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications|isbn=978-969-35-1805-4|language=en|ref=Wilder 2006}}
* {{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kkyom-cQNecC&q=makes+of+modern+india|title=Makers of Modern India|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08385-5|language=en|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|ref=Guha}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Naim|first=C. M.|date=2011|title=Syed Ahmad and His Two Books Called 'Asar-al-Sanadid'|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25835695|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=3|pages=669–708|doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000156|jstor=25835695|s2cid=145216086|issn=0026-749X|author-link=C. M. Naim|ref=Naim 2011|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fuerst|first=Ilyse R. Morgenstein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOMDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+muslim+minorities+in+1857|title=Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion: Religion, Rebels and Jihad|date=14 August 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78673-237-8|language=en|ref=Fuerst}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&q=sir+syed+ahmad+khan+reason+religion|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation|date=3 December 2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-29773-7|language=en|author-link=Shafey Kidwai|ref=Kidwai 2020}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uO0gEAAAQBAJ&q=THE+MUGHALS+AND+THE+SUFIS|title=The Mughals and the Sufis: Islam and Political Imagination in India, 1500–1750|date=1 August 2021|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-8490-7|language=en|author-link=Muzaffar Alam|ref=Alam 2021}}
* {{Cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AALYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22influenced+by+sir+syed%22|title=Rational Approach to Islam|date=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0725-6|language=en|author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer|ref=Engineer 2001}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nyrop|first=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&q=%22influenced+by+sir+syed%22+iqbal&pg=PA176|title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|date=1975|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en|ref=Nyrop 1975}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rashid Khan |first=Abdul|year=2007|title=All India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All India Muslim League |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=65–83|ref=Rashid Khan 2007}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmYjnGDHPFwC&q=Sir+Syed+Ahmad+Khan+akbari+Ghalib|title=Cementing Ethics with Modernism: An Appraisal of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan's Writings|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1047-8|language=en|author-link=Shafey Kidwai|ref=Kidwai 2010}}
* {{Cite book|last=Malik|first=Hafeez|url=http://archive.org/details/sirsayyidahmadkh00mali|title=Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Muslim modernization in India and Pakistan|date=1980|publisher=New York : Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-231-04970-2|author-link=Hafeez Malik|ref=Malik 1980}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Tariq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0847-0|language=en|ref=Hasan 2006}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*The Glowing Legend of Sir Syed – A Centennial Tribute (1998), Ed. [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], Non-Resident Students' Centre, Aligarh Muslim University (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed aur Faney Tameer''Sir Syed Academy, AMU. Aligarh
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Muslim University ki Kahani, Imarton ki zubani'' Educational publications, civil Lines, (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed aur Scientific Society''Pub by Sir Syed Academy, AMU.Aligarh.
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed tahreek ka siyasi aur samaji pas manzar''Educational Publishing house, Dhula Kounan, Delhi
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed House ke Mah Wasal '' (Aligarh)
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan. ''Sir Syed Daroon e Khana'' Educational Publications, Civil Lines. Aligarh
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur Jadeedyat" Pub. by Educational Publications, Delhi 012.
*Prof. Iftikhar Alam Khan " Sir Syed aur Hindustani Nizam-e-zaraat " Educational Publishing. Delhi.
*Prof, Iftikhar Alam Khan "Sir Syed Ka Nazaria-e-Talim". Educational Publishing House, Delhi, 2017.
* Prof, Shafey Kidwai"Sawaneh-e-Sirsyed: Ek Bazdeed(2017), Brown Book House, Shmashad Market, Aligarh,202002
* Prof.Shafey Kidwai; Aligarh Aligarh Institute Gazette Ek Tajziyati Mutaala,(2019) Brown Book House, Shamshad Market, Aligarh
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|Syed Ahmad Khan}}
* [http://www.aligarhmovement.com/ Comprehensive detail about Aligarh Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009172151/http://www.aligarhmovement.com/ |date=9 October 2020 }}
* [http://aligarhmovement.com/sir_syed "Sir Seyyed Ahmad, Khan Bahadur, L.L.D, K.C.S.I." By Afzal Usmani]
* {{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan short biography |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/ssah.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501105025/http://www.amu.ac.in/ssah.htm |archive-date=1 May 2012 |website=official website of Aligarh Muslim University}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Today: A Source of Literary Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.sirsyedtoday.org}}
* {{Cite web |date=June 2003 |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P001 |website=Story of Pakistan}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/sir_syed_ahmad_khan.html |website=Pioneers of Freedom|date=21 September 2024 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan |url=http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/sirsyed/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055228/http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/stidemo/ssuet/sirsyed/main.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |publisher=Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.cyberamu.com/ulc/sirsyed.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929200751/http://www.cyberamu.com/ulc/sirsyed.php |archive-date=29 September 2007 |publisher=Cyber AMU}}
* {{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=R |title=Aligarh Movement |url=http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228042121/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.html |archive-date=28 February 2005 |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group}}
*[http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/the-rich-legacy-of-sir-syed-ahmad-khan-1.1090105 The Rich Legacy of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan] (Gulf News)
* {{cite web|url=http://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/azhar-mohammed-k/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-his-life-and-contribution/d/9085|title= Sir Syed Ahmed Khan His Life and Contribution|website=NewAgeIslam website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214205/https://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/azhar-mohammed-k/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-his-life-and-contribution/d/9085|archive-date=27 September 2023}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820222650/http://www.mainahimanta.com/2016/08/sir-syed-ahmad-khan-181799.html Pioneers of the Nation (Mai Nahi Manta)]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_sir_sayyid_meerut_1888.html Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's speech at Meerut, 16 March 1888]

{{India topics}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian nobility]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab people]]
[[Category:Works by Syed Ahmed Khan]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Theistic evolutionists]]
[[Category:Science activists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]

Bhavya Gandhi

2026-03-18T01:07:57Z

Babina:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1997)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhavya Gandhi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Gandhi in 2021
| birth_name = Bhavya Vinod Gandhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|06|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]}}
| website = {{URL|bhavyagandhi.com}}
| years_active = 2008–present
|known_for = Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
| height = 1.72m
}}
'''Bhavya Gandhi''' (born 20 June 1997)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taarak Mehta's former Tapu aka Bhavya Gandhi turns a year older; Reem Shaikh and Azhar Shaikh send sweet wishes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehtas-former-tapu-aka-bhavya-gandhi-turns-a-year-older-reem-shaikh-and-azhar-shaikh-send-sweet-wishes/articleshow/76481492.cms|access-date=28 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[actor]] who mainly works in Hindi television and Gujarati films. He is best known for his portrayal of [[Tipendra Jethalal Gada|Tapu]] in ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''.

Bhavya made his film debut in 2017 with ''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]'' and has done films like ''[[Bau Na Vichar]]'' and ''Baap Kamaal Dikro Dhamaal''. He also Appeared in Shadi uppay

==Early and personal life==
Bhavya is from a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Jain]] family. He lives with his parents and elder brother in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="aka">{{Cite news |title=Mom gifts Audi to Bhavya Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Mom-gifts-Audi-to-Bhavya-Gandhi/articleshow/13065884.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/tv/31642671_1_return-gift-audi-mom |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=2 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has completed his Bachelor of Commerce graduation. He is the maternal cousin of [[Samay Shah]], who played his on-screen friend Gurucharan Singh Sodhi on {{lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=All is not well between Bhavya (Tapu) and Samay (Gogi) off screen|publisher=Daily Bhasker|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-all-is-not-well-between-bhavya-tapu-and-samay-gogi-off-screen-4632838-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222151335/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-all-is-not-well-between-bhavya-tapu-and-samay-gogi-off-screen-4632838-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2015|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Bhavya Gandhi's mother's name is Yashoda Gandhi and she is a homemaker, his father's name is Vinod Gandhi who was a businessman and he also has an elder brother named Nischit Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mom gifts Audi to Bhavya Gandhi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mom-gifts-Audi-to-Bhavya-Gandhi/articleshow/13065884.cms|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
His father died on 12 May 2021{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} due to Covid related complications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Bhavya Gandhi Shares Pic with His "Hero"- Father Who Died of COVID |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actor-bhavya-gandhi-shares-pic-with-his-hero-father-who-died-of-covid-2449762 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Jheel Mehta, Bhavya Gandhi, Samay Shah and Mandar Chandwadkar.jpg|thumbnail|Bhavya with TMKOC team]]
From 2008 to 2017, Gandhi appeared in the comedy show {{lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}} as [[Tipendra Jethalal Gada|Tipendra "Tapu" Jethalal Gada]], son of Jethalal and Daya. He left the show to pursue a career as a film actor, saying that the makers are ignoring his character in the show.<ref name="The Indian Express 2017">{{cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bhavya Gandhi aka Tappu on quitting Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: My character was being ignored |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhavya-gandhi-aka-tappu-on-quitting-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-my-character-was-being-ignored-4549146/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702143520/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bhavya-gandhi-aka-tappu-on-quitting-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-my-character-was-being-ignored-4549146/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Bhavya became a household name with his role of Tapu.

Gandhi first appeared in films with the role of child lead Suryakant in the 2010 [[Hindi]] language film ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]''. He also appeared in a short film ''Fidget Spinner'' as Aniket.

Bhavya made his [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film debut with ''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]'', in 2017. It starred [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Ketki Dave]] and [[Johny Lever]] and was a critical and commercial success.<ref name=":0" />

In 2018, he did a Gujarati [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] ''Baap Kamaal Dikro Dhamaal'' with Dharmesh Vyas, Ragi Jani and Falguni Mistry.

In 2019, he appeared in the show ''[[Shaadi Ke Siyape]]'', where he played the role of Nanku.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2019|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah actor Bhavya Gandhi aka Tapu will be seen in this show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-actor-bhavya-gandhi-aka-tapu-will-be-seen-in-this-show-1464431-2019-02-25|access-date=2 August 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he played the lead role in Gujarati film ''[[Bau Na Vichar]]'' which was a moderate success.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarati film Bau Na Vichaar's shoot begins today - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-film-bau-na-vichaars-shoot-begins-today/articleshow/66379577.cms|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, he appeared in the romantic movie ''Tari Sathe''. In 2022, he acted in Gujarati comedy film ''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=સંબંધોનું મૂલ્ય સમજાવતો ‘કહેવતલાલ પરિવાર’! |url=https://sanjsamachar.net/news/details/387677/kahevatlal-parivar-explaining-the-value-of-relationships |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Sanj Samachar |language=gu }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Gandhi is set to next appear in the Hindi film ''Doctor Doctor''.

He also appeared in pushpa impossible in a negative role

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|- 2000 Josh
| 2010
| ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]''
| Young Suryakant
| Child actor
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]''
| Munjal Mehta
|
|<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/pappa-tamne-nahi-samjaay/movieshow/61224142.cms |title=Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Baap Dhamal Dikro Kamal''
| Various Characters
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianculture.ca/baap-kamaal-dikro-dhamaal/ |title=Baap Dhamal Dikro Kamal |publisher=Indian Culture |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025153/http://www.indianculture.ca/baap-kamaal-dikro-dhamaal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bau Na Vichar|Bau Na Vichaar]]''
| Varun
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bau Na Vichaar (2019) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/bau-na-vichaar/ET00100926?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Tari Sathe''
| Vadodara boy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bhavya-gandhi-opens-up-on-his-romantic-musical-film-tari-sathe-exclusive/articleshow/86362769.cms|title = Bhavya Gandhi opens up on his romantic musical film 'Tari Sathe'- Exclusive! - Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]''
| Himesh Thakar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/siddharth-randeria-reunites-with-director-vipul-mehtas-next-kehvatlal-parivar/articleshow/88278772.cms?from=mdr|title=Siddharth Randeria reunites with director Vipul Mehta's next 'Kehvatlal Parivar'|accessdate= 14 December 2021|work=timesofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Ajab Raat Ni Gajab Vaat]]''
| Kartik
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/gujarati-film-ajab-raat-ni-gajab-vaat-set-to-enchant-audiences-with-bhavya-gandhi-and-aarohi-patels-stellar-performances/articleshow/105169060.cms|title="Ajab Raat ni Gajab Vaat" set to enchant audiences with Bhavya Gandhi and Aarohi Patel's stellar performances|accessdate=21 December 2023|work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Kesari Veer]]
|Lakha
|
|
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|Doctor Doctor}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008–2017
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}}
| [[Tipendra Jethalal Gada|Tipendra "Tapu" Jethalal Gada]]
|Acting and Television debut
|-
| 2010
| ''Comedy Ka Daily Soap''
| Himself
| Episodic role
|-
|2014
|''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
|Tipendra Jethalal Gada aka "Tapu"
|Guest<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVFljDnDlAU| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708045415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVFljDnDlAU&feature=autoshare| archive-date=8 July 2014 | url-status=dead|title=CID – Mahasangam – Episode 1098 – 5th July 2014|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Siyape]]''
| Nanku
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
| Prabhas Khanna
|Guest<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=TMKOC Fame Bhavya Gandhi To Play Negative Role In Pushpa Impossible |url=https://www.news18.com/television/tmkoc-fame-bhavya-gandhi-to-play-negative-role-in-pushpa-impossible-9041465.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Show !! Result
|-
| 2010
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Most Popular Child Artist (Male)
| rowspan="4" | {{lang|hi-latn|[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]}}
| rowspan="6" {{won}}
|-
| 2011
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Child Artist
|-
| 2013
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Child Artist
|-
|2016
| [[Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards]]
| Best Child Entertainer
|}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3798613}}
*{{Instagram|BhavyaGandhi97}}
*{{Facebook|BhavyaGandhi97}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Television|India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Bhavya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Jaskaran Singh (Jharkhand cricketer)

2026-03-15T14:11:35Z

Babina: started new bio.

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jaskaran Singh
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Jaskaran Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|12|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[pace bowling|fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| year1 = 2011/12–2018/19
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 15
| matches2 = 15
| runs1 = 18
| runs2 = 86
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| bat avg1 = –
| bat avg2 = 6.61
| top score1 = 12[[not out|*]]
| top score2 = 30
| deliveries1 = 312
| deliveries2 = 1909
| wickets1 = 12
| wickets2 = 30
| bowl avg1 = 34.83
| bowl avg2 = 30.76
| fivefor1 = -
| fivefor2 = -
| tenfor1 = -
| tenfor2 = -
| best bowling1 = 3/27
| best bowling2 = 5/85
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–

| date = 23 January 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/543922.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Jaskaran Singh''' (born 21 December 1991) is an Indian former [[first-class cricket]]er who played for [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/543922.html |title=Jaskaran Singh |access-date=21 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=543922}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaskaran}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Jharkhand cricketers]]
[[Category:Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jharkhand]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1991-stub}}

Sadan peoples

2026-03-15T02:04:27Z

Babina: revised

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan Ethno-linguistic groups of Jharkhand}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group =
| image =
| flag =
| caption =
| population =
| popplace = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] ([[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]])
| langs = {{hlist|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]] {{small|}}}}
| religions = '''Predominantly:''' {{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]][[Hinduism]]|[[Ethnic religion]]|[[Folk religion]]}} '''Minorities:''' {{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Islam]]}}
| related = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Sadan''' people are the native [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]]-speaking ethnolinguistic groups of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], mainly within the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] and neighboring states, who speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], and [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] as their first languages.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ&q=Sadan+Jharkhand&pg=PA83|title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins|isbn=9781849042291|accessdate=22 August 2019|last1=Tillin|first1=Louise|date=October 2013|publisher=Hurst Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA319|title=Issues in Indian Politics|isbn=9788170996187|accessdate=22 August 2019|last1=Tiwari|first1=Lalan|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JHARKHAND: March To Extreme Tribalism? |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper506 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301072715/http://southasiaanalysis.org/paper506 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |website=www.southasiaanalysis.org |accessdate=23 April 2019}}</ref>

== Definition ==
Sadan refers to Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic groups of Jharkhand who speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], and [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]]. In the Nagpuri language, Sadan refers to settled people or those people who live in houses.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref> Sadan are those who have settled in the region. According to [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], the original form of these languages must have developed within different [[Nāga|Nagjati]].<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA17|isbn=978-9390906321|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan 2021|last=Ranjan|first=Manish|date=19 January 2021|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> According to [[Ram Dayal Munda]] and S Bosu Mullick, the category ''Sadan'' was used in the estate of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] kings of Chotanagpur. The Sadan people settled in Chotanagpur much before the British Period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0120_jharkhand_movement.pdf|title=Jharkhand movement|page=vii|author=Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick|date=2003|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Digdarshan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP1ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|title=Jharkhand Digdarshan|page=183|author=Vinay Sinha|isbn=9352032217|website=books.google|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

During the British Period, Colonel [[Edward Tuite Dalton]] referred to Sadan as ''Sudh'' or ''Sad'' or ''Sudhan'' in his work ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' in 1872. During the British Period, the ''Sudh'' and ''Sudhan'' included all castes, such as Brahmin, Rajput, Gowala, Kurmi, Kahar, Kyastha etc. The word ''Sudh'' means pure.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=084tAAAAMAAJ&q=Sudhan|title=Society in Tribal India|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|author=Bipin Bihari Sinha|year=1942|page=2|isbn=9780865901087}}</ref> During British Period, local Hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f94KE8bi3gC&pg=PA17|title=Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|author=Ranjit Prasad Singh|page=17|year=2010|isbn=978-8171414178}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] period. Several stone tools and [[microlith]]s from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods were discovered in this region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&pg=PT14|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|accessdate=17 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]], from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Cave paintings lie in neglect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

It is believed that Sadan people arrived in Chotanagpur sometime after [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] came to South Asia.<ref name="Jharkhand Digdarshan"/>
During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complex are known as the [[Copper Hoard Culture]]. There are many Copper tools have discovered in Chota Nagpur plateau. According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Aryan, who came to South Asia before [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic tribes|Vedic Aryan]]. Copper hoard people reached Chota Nagpur around early 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"|first=Paul|last=Yule|date=8 January 2019|journal=Man in Environment|volume=26|pages=117–120|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510|archive-date=5 March 2021|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045917/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the [[Son River|Son]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]], various antiquities and art objects from the [[Neolithic]] to medieval periods have been found; the [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of [[redware]], [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipped ware]], and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from the [[Chalcolithic]] to late medieval periods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=www.asiranchi.org}}</ref> [[Slag|Iron slag]], [[microlith]]s, and [[potsherds]] from 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered in [[Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|date=8 September 2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|accessdate=17 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref>

During the late Vedic period, several [[janapada]]s emerged in northern India. Several [[Nishada]] kingdoms probably existed in Jharkhand during that time. In the 6th century BCE, the [[mahajanapadas]] emerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent. Some parts of present-day Jharkhand were parts of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and [[Anga]] mahajanapadas.
In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya Empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). During the medieval period, the [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]], [[Ramgarh Raj]], and [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] dynasties were ruling this region. The Mughal influence reached this area during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] when it was invaded by [[Raja Mansingh]] in 1574. There was several invasion during Mughal rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/|title=History|website=Latehar.nic.in}}</ref> Influence of the British [[East India Company]] reached this region in the 18th century. [[Raghunath Mahato]] led a revolt against the East India company in the [[Jungle Mahals]] in 1769. [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] led rebels against the East India company in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]]. [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2019-05-04|archive-date=2019-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151037/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After independence this region became parts of Bihar state. Separate state Jharkhand was initially a tribal demand which was led by Christian tribal leaders. But the movement failed as tribal were in minority. In 1955, prominent tribal leader [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] submitted a memorandum to [[States Reorganization Commission]] for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, Hindustani was majority language, tribal were in minority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> In 1970s non-tribal Sadan also joined the separate state movement which strengthen the movement which resulted in formation of new state Jharkhand.[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]] have prominent role in formation of separate state Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|title=India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608}}</ref>
In November 2000, the new state of [[Jharkhand]] separated from Bihar, comprising [[Chota Nagpur Division]] and [[Santhal Pargana Division]].<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=32–34|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

According to President of Sadan organization ''Moolvasi Sadan Morcha'' Rajendra Prasad, the state of Jharkhand was formed for development of Jharkhandi but vision to form Jharkhand have deviated. The Sadan people have no reservations. The Sadan people are marginalized in their own state and government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/native-sadan-marginalized-in-jharkhand-rajendra-060505-5223471.html|title=झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र|publisher=bhaskar|date=2019|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

== Castes and communities ==
Various Sadan community and Castes are [[Ahir]]/Gowala, [[Bhogta]], [[Bhuiya]], [[Chik Baraik|Baraik]], [[Dom (caste)|Dom]], [[Ghasi]], [[Jhora]], [[Kewat]], [[Rautia]], [[Brahmin]], [[Bhumihar]], [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], [[Dhanuk]], [[Paika (community)|Paika]], [[Dhobi]]/Baghwar, [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]], [[Koeri]], [[Kumhar]], [[Kurmi]], [[Sunar|Sonar]], [[Mali]], [[Chamar]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]], [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]], [[Tanti]], [[Teli]], [[Rajput]] and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] etc. among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/|title=1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow.|website=slideplayer.com}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|accessdate=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Language===
Sadan people traditionally speak [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania language|Panchpargania]] and [[Kurmali language]] as their native language which are classified as [[Bihari languages]]. Recent study suggest that Indo-Aryan languages of Chota Nagpur plateau known as ''[[Sadanic languages|Sadani languages]]'' are closely related to each other than any other languages.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nagpuri is spoken as a link language. After formation of Jharkhand, there was an attempt to develop a common local language for official use and replace Hindi but the attempt failed.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/>

===Festival===
Some important festivals of Sadan are, [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagua]] and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|publisher=Arihant Experts|isbn=978-9324190888|page=316|access-date=7 April 2022|year=2019}}</ref>

===Folk dance===
[[Jhumair]] is a common folk dance of Sadan. [[Paiki]] is [[Nagpuri culture|Nagpuri]] martial folk dance. [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] is another folk dance prevalent in the [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]-speaking region. [[Akhara]] is a village ground where people dance.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer.com}}</ref>
[[File:Chhau Dancers.jpg|thumb|Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village]]

===Religion===
Sadan people worship Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), [[Gramadevata]], Karam Devta (Tree spirit) in various festival which is usually performed by head of family in home and village priest in village known as "Pahan". Gram than or [[Sarna sthal|Sarna]] is place of worship of village deity. Village priest ''Pahan'' perform sacrifice for good harvest in sarna.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> Sadan people follow [[folk Hinduism]] which is different from [[Historical Vedic religion|vedic religion]] and is non-vedic culture prevalent since [[Chalcolithic period]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref>
Many people in the colonial period adopted [[Christianity]] after the arrival of missionaries.
===Clothing===
Traditional dresses of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, gamchha, Kurta, Chadar etc. In modern times they also wear Western clothes.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>

===Livelihoods===
Traditionally most Sadan are farmers. Some Sadan community traditionally do works to make items of daily uses such as Pottery, weaving clothes, Iron smeltings, bamboo works etc. Additionally they were practicing hunting animals during old days.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
[[File:Jharkhand people.jpg|thumb|A Potter making [[Diya (light)|diya]] in Chaibasa, Jharkhand]]

==Notable people==
*[[Satyanand Bhogta]], Minister for labour
*[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]], scholar
*[[Deepika Kumari]], International Archer
*[[Deepak Lohar]], Actor
*[[Mahavir Nayak]], Folk Singer
*[[Mukund Nayak]], Folk Artist
*[[Amba Prasad (politician)|Amba Prasad]], politician
*[[Nikki Pradhan]], Hockey Player
*[[Aditya Sahu]], MP of Rajya sabha
*[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]], Politician
*[[Shiv Prasad Sahu]], Politician
*[[Bakhtar Say]], Freedom fighter
*[[Durjan Shah]], Nagvanshi King
*[[Raghunath Shah]], Nagvanshi King
*[[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], King of Barkagarh
*[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Last Nagvanshi king
*[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], Jurist
*[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], Lawyer, Writer and Political activist
*[[Vishwanath Shahdeo]], Freedom fighter
*[[Basant Narain Singh]], Politician
*[[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], King of Karnpura
*[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]], King of Ramgarh
*[[Madhu Singh (king)|Madhu Singh]], Nagvanshi king
*[[Mundal Singh]], Freedom fighter
*[[Tikait Umrao Singh]], Freedom fighter

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]

Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey

2026-03-14T19:47:20Z

Babina: started a details

{{Short description|Indian television drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey Title screen.jpg
| caption =
| creator = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| developer =
| writer = {{ubl|Divy Nidhi Sharma {{small|(dialogues and lyrics)}} |Aparajita Sharma {{small|(dialogues)}}}}
| story = Leena Gangopadhyay
| screenplay = {{ubl|Vishal Watwani|Renu Watwani}}
| director =
| creative_director = Sidhartha Vanakar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Yesha Rughani]]|[[Manan Joshi]]}}
| theme_music_composer = {{ubl|Nishant|Raja}}
| opentheme = ''Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey'' by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Neeti Mohan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Year 2022: स्टार प्लस पर साल की शुरुआत होगी इस रीमेक से, शान ने गाया किशोर कुमार का ये हिट गाना|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/singer-shaan-and-neeti-mohan-sung-a-kishor-kumar-superhit-song-for-star-plus-show-kabhi-kabhi-ittefaq-se|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>
| endtheme =
| composer = Dhruv Dhalla
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 198
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Rajesh Ram Singh|[[Leena Gangopadhyay]]|Saibal Banerjee|Pradeep Kumar|[[Pia Bajpiee]]|Shaika Parveen}}
| cinematography = Shailesh Manore
| editor = {{ubl|Sagar Patil|Maneesh Upadhyay}}
| camera = Multi camera
| runtime =
| company = {{ubl|[[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]|Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|08|20}}
| related = ''[[Khorkuto]]''
}}
'''''Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey''''' ({{translation| ''Sometimes by Chance''}}) is an Indian [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 3 January 2022. It was aired on [[StarPlus]] and is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/star-plus-is-set-to-showcase-a-new-show-titled-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey-341419|title=StarPlus is set to showcase a new show titled Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=The Tribune|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219111925/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/star-plus-is-set-to-showcase-a-new-show-titled-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey-341419|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se-trina-saha-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/87504500.cms|title=Exclusive! Manan Joshi and Yesha Rughani starrer Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey to be a remake of Trina Saha and Kaushik Roy starrer Khorkuto|website=The Times Of India|date=3 November 2021 }}</ref> It stars [[Yesha Rughani]] and [[Manan Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yesha-rughani-and-manan-joshi-to-play-the-lead-couple-in-kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se/articleshow/87131416.cms|title=Yesha Rughani and Manan Joshi to play the lead couple in Kabhie Kabhie Ittefaque Sey|website=The Times Of India|date=19 October 2021 }}</ref> It is a loose [[Hindi]] adaptation of [[Star Jalsha]]'s ''[[Khorkuto]]''. The series went off-air on 20 August 2022. It was replaced by ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]'' in its timeslot.

==Premise==
{{expand section|date=August 2025}}
{{More plot|date=August 2025}}Riddhima "Gungun" Bhatnagar lives with her father, Riddhesh and her aunt, Garima, so she does not know the joy of living in a big family like Anubhav "Anu" Kulshreshth. Anu and Gungun have opposite personalities; but fate still wants them to complete the love that they are lacking in their lives.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Yesha Rughani]] as Riddhima "Gungun" Kulshreshth (née Bhatnagar): The chief editor and CEO of Jeet Network; Riddhesh and Maya's daughter; Garima's niece; Akriti's estranged cousin; Anubhav's wife (2022)
*[[Manan Joshi]] as Dr. Anubhav "Anu" Kulshreshth: A scientist; Chandragupt and Sargam's son; Khushi's elder brother; Yug, Rasika and Chhavi's cousin; Akriti;s ex-husband; Gungun's husband (2022)

===Recurring===
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Kanwarjit Paintal]] as Charudutt "Charu" Kulshreshth: Chandragupt, Kiran and Chanchal's elder brother; Sunanda's husband; Yug and Rasika's father; the patriarch of the Kulshreshth family (2022)
*[[Yamini Singh (Bollywood actress)|Yamini Singh]] as Sunanda Kulshreshth: Charudutt's wife; Yug and Rasika's mother (2022)
*Rajeev Kumar as Chandragupt "Chandru" Kulshreshth: Charudutt, Kiran and Chanchal's brother; Sargam's husband; Anubhav and Khushi's father (2022)
*[[Nishigandha Wad]] as Sargam Kulshreshth: Chandragupt's wife; Anubhav and Khushi's mother (2022)
*[[Mehul Nisar]] as Chanchal "Golu" Kulshreshth: Charudutt, Chandragupt and Kiran's brother; Divya's husband; Chhavi's father (2022)
*Naina Gupta as Divya Kulshreshth: Chanchal's wife; Chhavi's mother (2022)
*[[Delnaaz Irani]] as Kiran "Goli" (née Kulshreshth): Charudutt, Chandragupt and Chanchal's sister; Yug, Rasika, Anubhav, Khushi and Chhavi's aunt; Pratyush's wife (2022)
*[[Sandeep Rajora]] as Dr. Riddhesh Bhatnagar: Garima's brother; Maya's husband; Gungun's father (2022)
*Rushali Arora as Dr. Maya Bhatnagar: Riddhesh's widow; Gungun's estranged mother (2022)
*Shilpa Kadam as Garima Saxena (née Bhatnagar): Riddhesh's sister; Shankar's estranged wife; Akriti's estranged mother; Gungun's aunt (2022)
*Anuj Khurana as Yug Kulshreshth: Charudutt and Sunanda's son; Rasika's brother; Anubhav, Khushi and Chhavi's cousin; Neeti's husband (2022)
*Sonia Sharma as Neeti Kulshreshth: Yug's wife (2022)
*Priya Rore as Khushi Das (née Kulshreshth): Chandragupt and Sargam's daughter; Anubhav's younger sister; Yug, Rasika and Chhavi's cousin; Ankit's wife (2022)
*Gourav Raj Puri as Ankit Das: Khushi's husband (2022)
*Akshita Tiwari as Chhavi Kulshreshth: Chanchal and Divya's daughter; Yug, Rasika, Anubhav and Khushi's cousin; Gungun's friend (2022)
*Riya Bhattacharjee as Akriti Saxena; Garima and Shankar's daughter; Gungun's estranged cousin; Anubhav's ex-wife (2022)
*Saim Khan as Ranvijay "Ronny" Saxena: Mithilesh and Poonam's son; Gungun's ex-boyfriend (2022)
*Romanch Mehta as Shankar Saxena: Garima's estranged husband; Akriti's father (2022)
*ActorsFirdaush as Rishi (2022)
*Shivani Mahajan as Dr. Kamini: Maya's friend; Sarwar's mother (2022)
*Sheel Verma as Dr. Sarwar: Kamini's son (2022)
*[[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]]/Rohit Mehta as Pratyush: Kiran's husband (2022)
*[[Abha Parmar]] as Neighbor (2022)
*Sharik Khan as Neighbor (2022)
*Siddharth Dhawan as Terrorist Group Leader (2022)
*Riyaz Panjwani as Mithilesh Saxena: Poonam's husband; Ranvijay's father (2022)
*Unknown as Poonam Saxena: Mithilesh's wife; Ranvijay's mother (2022)
*[[Ankit Bathla]] as Armaan Shah: The former chief editor and CEO of Jeet Network; Gungun's friend and one-sided love interest (2022)
*Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji

===Guest appearances===
*[[Ayesha Singh]] as Sai Joshi from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/tv-actor-ayesha-singh-to-do-a-cameo-for-a-star-plus-show-kabhi-kabhi-ittefaq-se-hot-news-1502917/amp|title=TV Actor Ayesha Singh to do a cameo for StarPlus show 'Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey'|date=29 December 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Neil Bhatt]] as Virat Chavan from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]] ''

==Production==
===Casting===
The casting commenced in October 2021 and actors [[Delnaaz Irani]] and Rajiv Kumar were the first to be cast as pivotal recurring characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/delnaaz-irani-spills-the-beans-on-her-character-in-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/articleshow/88145459.cms|title=Delnaaz Irani spills the beans on her character in Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=The Times Of India|date=7 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/delnaaz-irani-and-rajiv-kumar-roped-in-for-a-new-family-drama/articleshow/86988633.cms|title=Delnaaz Irani and Rajiv Kumar roped in for a new family drama|website=The Times Of India|date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Later, [[Mehul Nisar]], [[Kanwarjit Paintal]], Shilpa Kadam and several others actors too were roped in to play pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mehul-nisar-on-his-role-in-upcoming-show-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey-i-like-to-bring-newness-to-the-table-and-choose-my-projects-wisely/articleshow/88415477.cms|title=Mehul Nisar on his role in upcoming show Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey: I like to bring newness to the table and choose my projects wisely|website=The Times Of India|date=21 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanwarjit-paintal-to-star-in-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/articleshow/88472652.cms |title=Kanwarjit Paintal to star in Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=The Times Of India|date=24 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-decision-to-take-a-break-from-tv-wasnt-a-good-one-says-shilpa-kadam-who-is-now-balancing-two-shows/articleshow/88492119.cms|title=My decision to take a break from TV wasn't a good one, says Shilpa Kadam who is now balancing two shows|website=The Times Of India|date=25 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/all-the-struggle-was-worth-it-says-priya-rore-who-is-making-her-tv-debut-with-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/articleshow/88566412.cms|title=All the struggle was worth it, says Priya Rore who is making her TV Debut with Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nishigandha-wad-roped-in-to-play-mom-in-kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/articleshow/88586964.cms|title=Nishigandha Wad roped in to play a mother in Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=The Times Of India|date=30 December 2021 }}</ref>

===Development===
The pre-production began in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/entertainment/khorkuto-mega-is-being-remade-in-hindi-and-tamil-dgtl/cid/1294922|title=Mega Show Khorkuto is being remade in Hindi and Tamil soon|website=Anandabazar Bangla|date=26 July 2021}}</ref> Shooting commenced in October 2021 and various sequences were shot in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yesha-rughani-and-manan-joshi-shoot-and-shop-in-lucknow/articleshow/87782088.cms|title=Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey: Manan Joshi and Yesha Rughani shoot and shop in Lucknow|website=The Times Of India|date=19 November 2021 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 1 November 2021, featuring the leads [[Yesha Rughani]] and [[Manan Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/entertainment/khorkuto-hindi-remake-kabhi-kabhi-ittefaq-se-first-trailer-out-dgtl/cid/1311685|title=Khorkuto Hindi Remake 'Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey' first trailer out|website=Anandabazar Bangla}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Neeti Mohan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 January 2022.
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Ubl
| [[Romance (music)|Romance]]
 [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 1:00 Minute(s)
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]
| producer = Magic Moments Motion Pictures Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The song ‘''Aate Jaate Khoobsura''t’ was reverbed in a newer version as the title track for the show. It is sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Neeti Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/recreating-magic-357588|title=Shaan and Neeti croon the title track for Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey|website=The Tribune}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Notes
!style="background:LightSteelBlue" |Ref.
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Khorkuto]]'' খড়কুটো
|17 August 2020
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|21 August 2022
|Original
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trina Saha and Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' completes one year; team is in a celebratory mood - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trina-saha-and-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-completes-one-year-team-is-in-a-celebratory-mood/articleshow/85149508.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2021 |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]'' நம்ம வீட்டு பொண்ணு
|16 August 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|25 March 2023
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koushik Roy-Trina Saha starrer 'Khorkuto' gets a Tamil remake - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/koushik-roy-trina-saha-starrer-khorkuto-gets-a-tamil-remake/articleshow/85421208.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2021 |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Thipkyanchi Rangoli]]'' ठिपक्यांची रांगोळी
|4 October 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|18 November 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trina Saha and Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' to have a Marathi remake - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trina-saha-and-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-have-a-marathi-remake/articleshow/86314785.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2021 |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Palunku (TV series)|Palunku]]'' പളുങ്ക്
|22 November 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|30 December 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=New daily soap 'Palunku' to launch soon; Thej Gowda and Khushi to make their TV debut - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-daily-soap-palunku-to-launch-soon-thej-gowda-and-khushi-to-make-their-tv-debut/articleshow/87756247.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 November 2021 |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey'' कभी कभी इत्तेफाक से
|3 January 2022
|[[StarPlus]]
|20 August 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabhie Kabhie Ittefaque Se: Trina Saha-Koushik Roy starrer 'Khorkuto' to be remade in Hindi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se-trina-saha-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/87504500.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 November 2021 |access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Jenugudu'' ಜೇನುಗೂಡು
|21 February 2022
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|30 September 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸೊಗಡಿಗನ 'ಜೇನುಗೂಡು' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಶೀಘ್ರದಲ್ಲೇ ಪ್ರಸಾರ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/veena-sundar-ramesh-pandit-srikanth-heblikar-starrer-jenugoodu-kannada-serial-will-premier-on-february-21st/articleshow/89699895.cms|access-date=2022-02-22|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt16793274}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/1260077260 Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429174428/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kabhi-kabhie-ittefaq-sey/1260077260 |date=29 April 2023 }} at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Vikas Pre-University College, Mangaluru

2026-03-14T05:32:19Z

Babina:

{{Short description|University College in Mangalore, Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| motto = ''Success Guaranteed Only At Vikas''
| name = Canara Vikas Pre University College
| image = Vikas College.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = College campus
| established = 2012
| chairman = Krishna J Palemar
| type = College
| city = Airport Road, Maryhill [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| campus = Urban
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| free_label =
| free =
| mascot =
| website = [https://canaravikaas.in/ official website]
}}
'''Canara Vikas Pre University College''' is an educational institution run by Canara High School Association, in [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

==Academics==
Canara Vikas Pre-University (PU) College, is affiliated to The [[Karnataka]] State Pre University Board. The [[College]] offers education both in [[Science]] and [[Commerce]] Streams, in [[English language|English]] Medium. The admissions to these courses are based on the performances of the aspirants in the 10th Standard Board Examinations.

Students are given guidance for learning by Student Counselors. In this pursuit, teaching Yoga and encouraging sport activities are also a part of the.<ref name="curriculum">{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=318551 | title=Vikas PU College - Success guaranteed in entrance exams | publisher=Daijiworld Media Network | date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

===Courses===

*In Science Streams the optional subjects available are:

:'''PCMB''' - [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Maths]], [[Biology]]
:'''PCMC''' - Physics, Chemistry, Maths, [[Computer Science]]
:'''PCMS''' - Physics, Chemistry, Maths, [[Statistics]]

*In Commerce stream the optional subjects are:
#[[Business Studies]],
#[[Accountancy]],
#[[Statistics]],
#Basic Maths (BASBm)

==Admission process==
50% of the available seats are filled in based on the admission rules framed by [[Government of Karnataka]]. The remaining 50% is allotted to the Management Quota.<ref name="vikas-pu-college">{{cite web | url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/mangalore/ii-pu-results-vikas-pu-college-shines | title=vikas-pu-college | publisher=newskarnataka.com | accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://canaravikaas.in/}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Vikas-PU-College-to-start-from-June-12/articleshow/13970279.cms "Vikas PU College to start from June 12"]
*[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=140052 Mangalore: Vikas PU College Inaugurated]
*[http://kannadigaworld.com/news/karavali/137299.html/comment-page-1 ‘Score More’ released for 10th standard students by Vikas College]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Karnataka]]

Tek Chand

2026-03-11T11:19:54Z

Babina: added

{{Short description|Indian para-athlete}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tek Chand
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| textcolor =

| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| nationality = Indian
| national_team = 
| citizenship =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| hometown = [[Rewari district]] of [[Haryana]], India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
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| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse = Tamanna Sharma
| life_partner =
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| country =
| sport =
| position =
| shoots =
| catches =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event = [[Javelin throw|Javelin]] (F54) and [[Shot put]] (F55)
| event_type =
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| turnedpro =
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| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics = [[2020 Summer Paralympics]]
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb =

| show-medals = true
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's athletics}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games|Shot put F54/55]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Javelin throw F55]]}}
| medaltemplates-title =
| module3 =
}}

'''Tek Chand''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] [[shot putter]] and [[javelin throw]]er.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-03 |title=PCI picks 24 para athletes for Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/pci-picks-24-para-athletes-for-tokyo-paralympics-1004523.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Indians in action on August 27 - Tek Chand to compete in men's shot put F55 final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-indians-in-action-august-27-bhavina-patel-tek-chand-sn-jadhav/article36118792.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Sportstar |date=26 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Tokyo Paralympics Declared Open, Tek Chand Leads Indian Contingent at Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/tokyo-paralympics-declared-open-tek-chand-leads-indian-contingent-at-opening-ceremony-4123556.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was born in the [[Rewari district|Rewari]] district of [[Haryana]], and was disabled due to a road accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=thebridge |date=2021-08-24 |title=Who is Tek Chand - India's flag bearer at Tokyo Paralympics? |url=https://thebridge.in/buzz/tokyo-paralympics-opening-ceremony-live-blog-updates-9279 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> He represented [[India]] in the [[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Paralympic Games]] held in [[Tokyo]] in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's shot put|men's shot-put F55 category]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Paralympics: PM Modi wishes para-athletes as Tek Chand leads India in inspiring opening ceremony|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/tokyo-paralympics-pm-modi-wishes-para-athletes-as-tek-chand-leads-india-in-inspiring-opening-ceremony-1844828-2021-08-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Vinod Kumar, Tek Chand Among 5 Indian Athletes To Attend Opening Ceremony {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/tokyo-paralympics-vinod-kumar-tek-chand-among-5-indian-athletes-to-attend-opening-ceremony-2516495 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> He was made the [[Standard-bearer|flag-bearer]] of the [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|Indian contingent]] at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]], replacing the quarantined [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Javelin thrower Tek Chand lead India's charge during Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/tokyo-paralympics-javelin-thrower-tek-chand-lead-india-s-charge-during-opening-ceremony-101629807134477.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tek Chand named new flag-bearer in Paralympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tokyo-paralympics-javelin-thrower-tek-chand-named-new-flag-bearer-of-india-for-opening-ceremony20210824110809 |website=ANI | date=24 August 2021 | accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref> He finished last out of eight competitiors in the event, managing a best of 9.04 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=ANI|date=27 Aug 2021 |title=Paralympics 2021: Tek Chand finishes 8th in men's shot put final {{!}} Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-tek-chand-finishes-8th-in-mens-shot-put-final/articleshow/85688185.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=Tokyo Paralympics 2020: Tek Chand finishes last in Shot Put Final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-2020-bhavinaben-patel-enters-table-tennis-semifinal-tek-chand-last-shot-put-final/article36138948.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Sportstar |date=27 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was originally listed for the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw|men's F54 javelin]], but later relisted.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=ANI|date=27 Aug 2021 |title=Paralympics 2021: Tek Chand finishes 8th in men's shot put final {{!}} Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-tek-chand-finishes-8th-in-mens-shot-put-final/articleshow/85688185.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He has won the bronze medal in the [[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Asian Para games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=thebridge |date=2021-08-24 |title=Who is Tek Chand - India's flag bearer at Tokyo Paralympics? |url=https://thebridge.in/buzz/tokyo-paralympics-opening-ceremony-live-blog-updates-9279 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz |first=Md |date=2021-08-27 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Tek Chand finishes eighth in Men's F55 Shot Put |url=https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/tek-chand-men-f55-shot-put-final-tokyo-paralympics-24710 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IPC|tek-chand}}

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Tek}}
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Paralympic shot putters]]
[[Category:Paralympic javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Wheelchair shot putters]]
[[Category:Wheelchair javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

K. C. Aryan

2026-03-10T01:52:41Z

Babina: started new info.

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian art historian and collector}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Kishan Chand Aryan
| occupation = Artist, art historian and collector
| image = Photograph of K. C. Aryan.jpg
| website = https://www.museumoffolkandtribalart.in/
| main_interests = Folk and tribal artwork
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|8|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Amritsar, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|1|15|1919|8|11|df=y}}
| death_place = Gurugram, near New Delhi, India
| spouse = Smt. Kamala Aryan
| children = 3 sons, 2 daughters
| period = 20th century
| style = Academic realism, folk-inspired style, figurative, abstract, metal assemblages, and collages

}}

'''Kishan Chand Aryan''' (1919–2002<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 November 2018 |title=The Divine Simian: Tribute to K C Aryan's work |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/the-divine-simian-tribute-to-k-c-aryans-work-329577 |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=MillenniumPost}}</ref>), commonly abbreviated as '''K. C. Aryan''', was an Indian contemporary artist,<ref>{{cite web |title=K.C. Aryan and his connection with Himachal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/kc-aryan-and-his-connection-with-himachal-740361/ |publisher=The Tribune India |date=2025 |access-date=February 17, 2025}}</ref> art historian and collector.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Nilima |date=25 October 2017 |title=A unique folk and neglected arts museum |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/a-unique-folk-and-neglected-arts-museum-1.2112737 |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> He was the author of 23 books, covering art-topics from a scholarly perspective.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=List of Publications |url=https://www.museumoffolkandtribalart.in/publist.htm |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=Museum of Folk and Tribal Art}}</ref>

== Early life ==

=== Birth and family background ===
K.C. Aryan was born into a family of hereditary artists with roots in Iran. His forefathers were known for their innovative pictorial techniques, one of which involved blending gold paint with enamel colors. In 1899, notable figures such as [[George Watt (botanist)|Sir George Watt]], [[George Birdwood|Sir George Birdwood]], and [[John Lockwood Kipling|Lockwood Kipling]] visited Aryan’s father, the late Harnamdas, to inquire about this distinctive technique. Harnamdasji, who was a prominent painter, practiced the traditional Kangra qalam style, known for its delicate and intricate brushwork. Aryan’s artistic legacy is deeply influenced by the techniques and traditions passed down through his family, and his contributions to Indian art reflect this rich heritage.<ref>{{cite book |author=Subhasini Aryan (Ed.) |title=Kala Chintan: K.C. Aryan Commemoration Volume: Life Long Dedication to Art |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=2008}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1939–1949: Early Artistic Career ===

During this period, Aryan painted landscapes, portraits, symbolic paintings, and historical narratives in a Western academic style. [[File:23. Shakuntala writing love letter oil on canvas 1948.jpg|thumb|right|''Shakuntala Writing Love Letter'', oil on canvas, 1948]]

In 1940, he established his studio in Lahore, then a prominent art and culture hub, and gained significant recognition for illustrating books and painting book jackets or dust covers for wealthy Muslim publishers. Simultaneously, he painted historical compositions based on ancient Indian history themes, continuing this work until 1946.

[[File:27. Destruction of houses in a Hindu locality in Lahore watercolour on paper 1947.jpg|thumb|left|175px| Destruction of houses in a Hindu locality in Lahore watercolour on paper 1947]]

In March 1947, with the onset of the [[Partition of India]], Aryan chronicled scenes of the horrific massacres of Hindu-Sikh families by Muslims.

He left Lahore at the end of March 1947 and moved to Palampur in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh. By December 1947, he had arrived in New Delhi, the newly established capital of Independent India.

In 1948, Aryan, alongside other displaced Punjabi artists from Lahore, sought to form a collective. This group later became the Delhi Silpi Chakra, which included artists from across India. The first group exhibition of the Chakra was held in March 1949 at Ratendon Road, New Delhi, and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

=== 1950–1957: Emergence of Unique Style ===

The period from 1950 to 1957 saw an eminently conducive atmosphere in the art circles of Delhi, allowing Aryan to evolve an innovative pictorial style that gained him widespread acclaim.

He painted genre scenes in a figurative style with an indigenist approach, utilizing tempera technique with an emphasis on linearity. His works gained recognition, with notable figures such as Smt. Indira Gandhi, P.A. Narielwala, and the CMDs of the World Bank and IMF purchasing his paintings.

Some of his works were also purchased by the Ministry of External Affairs, and these now adorn the offices of Indian ambassadors around the world.

<gallery>
File:Darkhead1953.jpg|''Darkhead'', KC Aryan, 1953
File:Kite Seller 195 Coll. North Zone Cultural Centre Patiala.jpg|''Kite Seller KC Aryan, 1954, North Zone Cultural Centre Patiala''
File:Snake Charmer, oil on canvas, 1954.jpg|''Snake Charmer, oil on canvas, KC Aryan,1954''
File:Siesta 1954.jpg|''Siesta ,KC Aryan, 1954''
</gallery>

=== 1956–1958: Experimentation with Abstract Art ===
From 1956 to 1958, Aryan began experimenting with abstract art, a shift that laid the groundwork for his future works in metal assemblages and collages, which he continued to create until 1966.

<gallery>
File:Woman gazing at herself in the mirror by K.C.Aryan 1956.jpg|''Woman gazing at herself in the mirror, K.C.Aryan, 1956''
File:Reclining beauty by k.c.aryan 1957.jpg|''Reclining beauty , KC Aryan 1957''
File:Portrait of an Art Critic,metal assemblage, 1958. Private collection, USA.jpg|''Portrait of an Art Critic, KC Aryan, 1958''
File:The Bull metal construction 1959. Coll National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi.jpg|''The Bull metal construction, KC Aryan, 1959, National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi''
</gallery>

=== 1958–1966: International Exposure and Metal Assemblages ===

[[File:69. Portrait of God (1962) the National Award winning metal assemblage 1964 Coll Lalit Kala (1).jpg|thumb|Portrait of God (1962) the National Award winning metal assemblage 1964 Collection Lalit Kala Academy]]

In 1958, Aryan traveled abroad, visiting countries such as Afghanistan (Kabul, Kandahar), Iran, Iraq, Beirut (Lebanon), Greece, France, Italy, Amsterdam, and London. During these travels, he visited art galleries and museums, meeting several prominent artists. He was accompanied by [[N. S. Bendre|Prof. N.S. Bendre]] and [[Sardar Gurcharan Singh]] of Delhi Blue Pottery.

This exposure revolutionized Aryan's outlook, inspiring him to experiment with new mediums, particularly metal scraps, wiremesh, and wrought iron. This led to the creation of his signature metal assemblages and collages. His innovative work garnered accolades from notable international figures such as Swiss architects [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Pierre Jeanneret]] (who were in Chandigarh at the time), Nobel Laureate [[Octavio Paz]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[Stella Kramrisch]], and Prof. J.L. Davidson, among others.

In 1964, the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] awarded him the prestigious National Award for his contributions to the medium of metal assemblage. One of his works, *Portrait of God*, is now part of the Akademi's collection.

Aryan's wrought iron sculptures are displayed in several museums and private collections around the world, including the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi, [[Punjabi University]] in Patiala, the Government Museum and Art Gallery in Chandigarh, and in collections owned by prominent personalities.

=== 1962: Kangra Qalam and Commissioned Work ===
In recognition of his skill in Kangra Qalam, a traditional style inherited from his father, Aryan was commissioned by the Lalit Kala Akademi to reproduce the frescoes from the Brijraj Swamy temple within the Nurpur fortress. The copies are currently on display at Bahawalpur House in New Delhi.

=== 1980s–1990s: Later Years and Thematic Paintings ===
During the 1980s and 1990s, Aryan painted a series of exceptional canvasses on a variety of themes, including the *Agni Series*, *Portrait of the Hindu*, *Composite Culture Riding over Hinduism*, and *Thirsty in the Land of Rivers*.

== Collection ==
Realizing the endangerment of the survival of tribal artwork, K. C. Aryan began his own collection of the form.<ref name=":1" /> Much of his artwork is sourced from states such as Himachal Pradesh, and exists in the form of folk-masks, wooden-carvings, ''pahadi roomal'', ''mohra'', and miniature paintings that were all created by unknown artisans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=A. |first=Divya |date=25 June 2019 |title=An exhibition showcases rare masterpieces of Himachali folk art from the collection of late artist KC Aryan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/himachal-folk-art-exhibition-delhi-national-museum-br-mani-5797796/ |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He has saved historical bronze and copper idols from being melted-down by purchasing them.<ref name=":3" /> Being a devotee of [[Hanuman]], K. C. Aryan collected much artwork related to the monkey-god.<ref name=":0" />

In 1984, he founded the Museum of Folk and Tribal Art, better known as K.C. Aryan's Home of Folk Art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About K. C. Aryan |url=https://www.museumoffolkandtribalart.in/aboutus.htm |access-date=9 November 2024 |website=Museum of Folk & Tribal Arts}}</ref> The museum is based in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] out of his former residence.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

Around 100 pieces from K. C. Aryan's personal collection were displayed at the [[National Museum of India|National Museum]] in New Delhi as part of the ''Unknown Pieces of Himachal Folk Art'' exhibition.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
K. C. Aryan died in 2002 and the caretaking of his museum was left to his son Baij Nath Aryan and his daughter Subhasini Aryan.<ref name=":1" />

== Bibliography ==
Some of K. C. Aryan's publications include the following:<ref name=":2" />

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=Kishan Chand |title=Hanumān in Art and Mythology |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=1975 |isbn=9780883868171}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=Kishan Chand |title=100 Years Survey of Punjab Painting (1841–1941) |publisher=Punjabi University (Patiala) |year=1975}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Chilana |first=Rajwant Singh |title=International Bibliography of Sikh Studies |date=Jan 16, 2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402030444 |pages=263–264}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=Kishan Chand |title=Punjab Murals |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=1977 |isbn=9788190000246}}<ref name=":4" />
* {{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=Kishan Chand |title=The Cultural Heritage of Punjab, 3000 B.C. to 1947 A.D. |publisher=Rekha |year=1983 |isbn=9788190000291 |edition=illustrated}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=Kishan Chand |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Art, References, Symbols, Evolution of Devanagari Script |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=1996 |isbn=9788190000345 |edition=4th}}

=== Articles ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Aryan |first=Krishan Chand |date=1971 |title=Some Punjabi artists |journal=Roop-Lekha |volume=39 |issue=1}}<ref name=":4" />
* {{Cite journal |last=Aryan |first=Krishan Chand |date=June 1977 |title=Folk paintings (of the Sikhs) |journal=Marg |volume=30 |pages=64–65}}<ref name=":4" />
* {{Cite journal |last=Aryan |first=Krishan Chand |date=June 1977 |title=The pool of nectar (Golden temple) |journal=Marg |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=}}<ref name=":4" />

== See also ==

* [[B. N. Goswamy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryan, K. C.}}
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian collectors]]

Marina Manishi

2026-03-03T21:46:09Z

Babina: correct section additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marina Manishi
| image = Marina Manishi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]
| screenplay = C. S. Rao
| story = [[Bhamidipati Radhakrishna]]
| producer = S. L. Nehata S. Soudappan
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| cinematography = J. Satyanarayana
| editing = V. Chakrapani
| music = [[T. V. Raju]]
| studio = Srikanth Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1970|9|24}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Marina Manishi''''' ({{translation|Transformed Person}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action-drama film]] co-written and directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Vijaya Nirmala]], with music composed by [[T. V. Raju]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 1970 |title=మారిన మనిషి |language=te |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/HJV/0,0,2351,1491 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=D. K. N. |date=27 September 1970 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: మారిన మనిషి |language=te |trans-title=Film Review: Marina Manishi |page=4 |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/HJZ/0,0,2565,3450 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 1956 Hindi movie ''[[Pocket Maar (1956 film)|Pocket Maar]]''.

== Plot ==
The film begins with a pick-pocket Raju stealing a diamond necklace, which has been re-snatched by a notorious burglar, Rangoon Ranganna. Raju lives with his mother, Lakshmamma, who is unbeknownst to his profession. Besides, Ranganna purports himself to be Bhupathi, an honorable seeker. After a while, Raju detects the necklace from Tara, the daughter of Bhupathi's elder, and retrieves it when she crushes on him, but he does not reciprocate. Parallelly, Bhupathi runs a hotel where Murthy, a generous, works as a manager and lives with his wife Janaki & a child. However, his mother, Rajamma, & sister, Gauri, reside in their village and are ignorant of his nuptial. As of today, Bhupathi loots a bank when the govt demonetizes those notes. Meanwhile, Murthy's family in the village is being persecuted by loan shark Seenaiah. So, Gauri proceeds for her brother, where goons abduct her. Raju shields & safely lands her when they fall in love. Here, Murthy ensures that it will settle soon and sends Gauri back. Ergo seeks Bhupathi's support, who deceives him with the stolen cash. After getting to the post office, Raju stole it. Later, he discerns the pitiful state and rushes to pay back when he collapses, spotting Murthy's death due to heart failure.

Here, Raju dies out of remorse; he moves to clear the debt when he learns that Gauri is Murthy's sister and they are blind to Murthy's marital life. At this stage, a saint, Baba, enlightens him to dedicate his life to the victims of his sin as a penance. So, Raju rolls on for Janaki, shelters at Baba's Ashram, and cares for them. Besides, Seenaiah is aware of fraudulence; he files a case when Bhupathi slyly incriminates Raju, and the Police are behind him. Currently, Rajamma & Gauri land in the city acquainted with Lakshmamma, who guests them. They quit, knowing Raju as her son by denouncing him, and are clutched by Bhupathi. Grief-stricken Lakshmamma commits suicide as Raju pleads guilty. Eventually, Bhupathi edicts to slay Rajamma and tries to molest Gauri when Raju saves her, and she understands his virtue. Janaki safeguards Rajamma when she is aware of the facts about her son. Raju, too, reaches there with Gauri, who confesses his crime, and everyone loathes him. Around that tough spot, Baba guides him to free himself from his charges, and then all goes well. At last, Raju breaks the diabolic shade of Bhupathi and ceases him when Tara dies while guarding him. Finally, the movie ends with Raju gaining forgiveness and proceeding to a short-term penalty.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raju
*[[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Gowri
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Bhupati & Rangoon Ranganna (dual role)
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Baba
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Murthy
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Captain Dr. Brundavanam
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Senaiah
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Gopi
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Judge
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Taara
*[[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] as Janaki
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Lakshmamma
*Malathi as Rajamma
*[[Sachu]] as Radha

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Marina Manishi
| type = film
| artist = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1970
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:21
| label =
| producer = [[T. V. Raju]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[T. V. Raju]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina Manishi (1970)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Em Chestavoy Bullemma"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|2:28
|-
|2
|"Chinavada Oy Velatava"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|K..J.Yesudas, Vasantha
|4:06
|-
|3
|"Chakkani Dongoda"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|Vasantha
|3:39
|-
|4
|"Nuvve Naaku Taaraka Mantram"
|[[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[L. R. Eswari]]
|3:36
|-
|5
|"Dongatanam Panikiradu"
|Dasaradhi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:21
|-
|6
|"Ayyayyo"
|Dasaradhi
|L. R. Eswari
|2:40
|-
|7
|"Amrutam Kaavala"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|5:31
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0261821}}

[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1970 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. V. Raju]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Kaveri (1986 film)

2026-03-03T21:02:42Z

Babina: minor adjust formatting after review additionally and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaveri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajeevnath]]
| producer =
| writer = Rajeevnath [[Nedumudi Venu]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Nedumudi Venu Rajeevnath
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] Nedumudi Venu [[Premji]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Dakshineswari Films
| distributor = Dakshineswari Films
| released = {{Film date|1986|5|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| runtime = 130 min.
}}

'''''Kaveri''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Rajeevnath]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]], Mohanlal, [[Adoor Bhasi]], and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film has musical score by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1842|title=Kaaveri|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?822|title=Kaaveri|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kaveri-malayalam-movie/|title=Kaveri|accessdate=2014-10-22|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154353/https://spicyonion.com/title/kaveri-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Kaveri'' is a family film of love and sacrifice.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]]
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Premji]]
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Heramba" || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], Chorus, Eeswari Panicker || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Janmangal" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], Eeswari Panicker || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Neelalohitha" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 4 || "Oru Veena Than" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], Eeswari Panicker || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Swarnasandhya" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271594|Kaveri}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajeevnath]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sharif family

2026-02-28T23:39:20Z

Babina: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Pakistani political family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox family
|name = Sharif family
|native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|شریف ٹبّر}} ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) {{nq|شریف خاندان}} ([[Urdu]])}}
|type = [[Political family]]
|image = CM Shehbaz and PM Nawa (36227070991).jpg
|image_size =
|alt2 =
|image_caption = Nawaz Sharif with Shehbaz Sharif
|country = [[Pakistan]]
|region = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
|etymology = {{langx|ar|شريف}}, 'noble'
|origin = *[[Jati Umra (Amritsar)|Jati Umra]], [[Amritsar district]], [[East Punjab]]
*[[Anantnag]], [[Kashmir Valley]]
|founded = {{Start date and age|1919|11|18|df=y}}{{efn|With the birth of [[Mian Muhammad Sharif]]}}
|founder = [[Muhammad Sharif]]
|current_head = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|seat = [[Raiwind Palace]]
|historic_seat =
|titles = {{Hlist|[[Mian (title)|Mian]] (male)|[[Sharif]]}}
|styles = *[[His Excellency]] (for [[Shahbaz Sharif]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister of Pakistan]])
*[[Her Excellency]] (for [[Maryam Nawaz|Maryam Nawaz Sharif]] as [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|chief minister of Punjab]])
|members = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background: transparent; text-align:left;|title = [[#Family members|Full list]]|
|[[Muhammad Sharif]]
|[[#First Generation|Shamim Akhtar]]
|[[Nawaz Sharif]]
|[[Kulsoom Nawaz]]
|[[Shehbaz Sharif]]
|[[#Second Generation|Begum Nusrat Shehbaz]]
|[[Tehmina Durrani]]
|[[Abbas Sharif]]
|[[#Second Generation|Sabiha Abbas]]
|[[#Third Generation|Hassan Nawaz Sharif]]
|[[#Third Generation|Hussain Nawaz Sharif]]
|[[Maryam Nawaz|Maryam Nawaz Sharif]]
|[[#Third Generation|Asma Nawaz Sharif]]
|[[#Third Generation|Rabia Imran]]
|[[Hamza Shahbaz|Hamza Shahbaz Sharif]]
|[[#Third Generation|Suleman Shahbaz Sharif]]
}}
|connected_members = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background: transparent; text-align:left;|title = [[#Other relatives|Full list]]|
|[[Safdar Awan]]
|[[Abid Sher Ali]]
|[[The Great Gama]]
|[[Mohsin Latif]]
|[[Bilal Yasin]]
}}
|other_families = [[Ishaq Dar#Family|Dar family]]
|traditions = [[Sunni Islam]]
|estate = {{Collapsible list|
|[[Ittefaq Group]]
|[[Sharif Group]]
|[[Raiwind Palace]]
|[[Jati Umra (Lahore)|Jati Umra]]
}}
|properties = {{Collapsible list|
|[[Raiwind Palace]]
|[[Jati Umra (Lahore)|Jati Umra]]
}}
|website = {{URL|sharifgroupn.com}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Sharif family'''{{efn|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|شریف ٹبّر}}|Śarīf ṭabbar}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|شریف خاندان}}|Śarīf Khāndān}}}} is a [[List of Pakistani political families|Pakistani political family]] of [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi–Kashmiri]] background. Playing a prominent role in [[Politics of Pakistan|Pakistani politics]], especially in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], since the late-1980s, the family held the leadership of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad|Islamic Democratic Alliance]]; and has held the leadership of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League-N]] for most of the party's existence. Originating in [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and the [[Kashmir Valley]], the family has been settled in [[Lahore]], the capital of Punjab, since the [[partition of India]].

[[Muhammad Sharif]], the father of former Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Nawaz Sharif]], migrated from [[Jati Umra (Amritsar)|Jati Umra]], [[Amritsar District]] (now in [[Tarn Taran district]], [[India]], after the [[Partition of India|creation]] of Pakistan in 1947). He was a businessman who founded the [[Ittefaq Group]] and [[Sharif Group]] in 1939.<ref name="DailyTimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_31-10-2004_pg7_33 |title=Mian Sharif: businessman, kingmaker and philanthropist |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=31 October 2004 |author=Staff Report |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> Sharif's other son, [[Shehbaz Sharif]], is currently serving as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] from 2024.

== Family members ==
'''First Generation'''
* [[Mian Muhammad Sharif|Muhammad Sharif]], father of Nawaz Sharif and Shehbaz Sharif.
**Begum Shamim Akhtar, wife of Muhammad Sharif and mother of Nawaz Sharif, Shahbaz Sharif and Abbas Sharif.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2011/10/18/sharifs-seek-nab-cases-quashed/|title=Sharifs seek NAB cases quashed|date=18 October 2011|access-date=5 April 2013|work=Dawn|publisher=Herald}}</ref> She died on 22 November 2020.
'''Second Generation'''
* [[Nawaz Sharif]], Former Prime Minister of Pakistan.
**[[Kulsoom Nawaz|Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif]], was the wife of Nawaz Sharif, and was the First Lady of Pakistan in three non-consecutive terms from 1990 until 1993, from 1996 until 1998 and from 2013 to 2017. She died in London in 2018 after battling cancer.<ref name="BKN">{{cite web | url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=10052&Cat=13&dt=9/10/2007 | title=Kulsoom vows to return in a few days | work=[[The News International]] | date=11 September 2007 | access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] and former [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].
**Begum Nusrat Shahbaz, first wife of Shahbaz Sharif.
**[[Tehmina Durrani]], second wife of Shahbaz Sharif.
* [[Abbas Sharif]], a Pakistani businessman and brother of Nawaz Sharif and Shabaz Sharif.<ref name="Sharif_Family">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/sharif.htm |title=Sharif Family |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org
|access-date=2 September 2012}}
</ref> He died on 11 January 2013, after slipping and falling on an electric heater, which electrocuted him and caused a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/492571/nawaz-sharifs-brother-passes-away/|title=Nawaz Sharif's brother passes away|date=11 January 2013|access-date=14 January 2013|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref>
**Sabiha Abbas, wife of Abbas Sharif.<ref name="Sharif_Family"/>
'''Third Generation'''
* Hassan Nawaz Sharif, son of Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="BKN"/>
* Hussain Nawaz Sharif, son of Nawaz Sharif.,<ref name="BKN"/> a [[Businessperson|businessman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1343740|title=PM's son Hussain Nawaz flies off to Qatari capital|first=Mohammad|last=Asghar|date=7 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref> he resides at the Sharif Villa in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], where his father lived during his time in exile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/586623/ip-project-in-jeopardy-us-threatens-curbs-if-pakistan-pursues-iran-deal-says-pm/|title=IP project in jeopardy: US threatens curbs if Pakistan pursues Iran deal, says PM|work=The Express Tribune|date=5 August 2013|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref>
* [[Maryam Nawaz|Maryam Nawaz Sharif]], daughter of Nawaz Sharif, and is an active politician in Pakistan. She is married to [[Muhammad Safdar Awan]], a former member of Pakistan's national assembly, and [[captain]] in the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani army]]. She ran elections campaigns for [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]], and the [[2018 Pakistani general election]]. In July 2018, she was sentenced to seven years in prison, along with a £2 million fine on corruption charges in the Avenfield reference case. On 19 September 2018, the [[Islamabad High Court]] suspended her sentence.<ref name="disqualifiedMaryam_Nawaz">{{cite web
|url=http://www.newsweekpakistan.com/features/951
|title=The Rebirth of Maryam Nawaz Sharif
|work=[[Newsweek Pakistan]]
|date=30 March 2012
|last=Taseer
|first=Sherbano
|access-date=9 September 2012
|archive-date=8 June 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608060250/http://www.newsweekpakistan.com/features/951
}}</ref><ref name=rebirth>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/30-Mar-2012/the-rebirth-of-maryam-nawaz-sharif
|title=The rebirth of Maryam Nawaz Sharif
|work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]
|last=Taseer |first=Sherbano
|date=30 March 2012
|access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
*Asma Nawaz Sharif, daughter of Nawaz Sharif.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=https://arynews.tv/panama-jit-about-kulsoom-nawaz-asma-nawaz/
| title=Here is what the Panamagate JIT report says about financial assets of Kulsoom Nawaz and Asma Nawaz
| work=ARY News
| date=14 July 2018
| access-date=4 December 2023
}}</ref>
*Rabia Imran, daughter of Shahbaz Sharif.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C10%5C19%5Cstory_19-10-2012_pg13_1
| title=Bakery tortures of employee: CM's son-in-law sent on judicial remand
| work=Daily Times
| date=21 October 2012
| first=Malik
| last=Asad
| access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[Hamza Shahbaz|Hamza Shahbaz Sharif]], son of Shahbaz Sharif, [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]], [[Member of Parliament#Pakistan|Member]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C09%5C08%5Cstory_8-9-2012_pg13_7
| title=Court orders newspaper ad for Hamza appearance
| work=Daily Times
| date=8 September 2012
| first=Malik
| last=Asad
| access-date=23 October 2012
}}</ref>
*Suleman Shahbaz, son of Shahbaz Sharif, former CEO of [[Sharif Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1513409|title=Suleman Shahbaz declared proclaimed offender in money laundering case|last=Bilal|first=Rana|date=2019-10-28|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=660261674048564&set=a.621062347968497&type=3|title=Redc Lums|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

=== Other relatives ===
* [[Muhammad Safdar Awan|Safdar Awan]], husband of Maryam Nawaz Sharif.
* [[Abid Sher Ali]], nephew of Nawaz Sharif.
* [[The Great Gama]], Abdul Qadir, grandfather-in-law of Nawaz Sharif.
* [[Ishaq Dar]], father-in-law of Asma Nawaz Sharif.
* [[Mohsin Latif]], nephew of Kalsoom Nawaz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Jan-2016/kalsoom-nawaz-brother-passes-away|title = Kalsoom Nawaz' brother passes away|date = 21 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Bilal Yasin]], nephew of Kalsoom Nawaz.

==Wealth==
The Sharif family owns [[Ittefaq Group]] and [[Sharif Group]]. The village [[Jati Umra (Lahore)|Jati Umrah]] in Lahore, is also partially owned by the Sharif family.

According to the book ''Capitalism's Achilles Heel'' by Raymond W Baker, former PML-N leader Nawaz Sharif made financial gains of $418 million during his two terms as the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

The book is a report on the corruption done by politics' most dominant mafias/families in history, which includes the Sharif family as well. It talks about how they accumulated their factories, properties and wealth.<ref name="baker">
{{cite book
|title=Capitalism's Achilles heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free-market System
|last=Baker
|first=Raymond
|year= 2005
|publisher=John Wiley and Sons
|isbn=978-0-471-64488-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/capitalismsachil00raym/page/82 82]–83
|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismsachil00raym
|url-access=registration
|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>

==Photos==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Nawaz Sharif January 2015.jpg|[[Nawaz Sharif]]
File:CM Punjab Shehbaz Sharif (35871869445).jpg|[[Shehbaz Sharif]]
File:Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif - White House - 2013 (cropped 2).jpg|[[Kalsoom Nawaz Sharif]]
File:Tehmina Durrani in 1994.jpg|[[Tehmina Durrani]]
File:Hamza Shahbaz at a press conference.jpg|[[Hamza Shahbaz]]
File:Maryam Nawaz Sharif.jpg|[[Maryam Nawaz]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Sharif]]
* [[Mian (surname)|Mian]]
* [[Raiwind]]
* [[List of political families]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ |title=Government of Punjab, Pakistan |publisher=punjab.gov |access-date=4 September 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510003636/http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/ |title=Punjab Assembly Website |publisher=pap.gov |access-date=4 September 2012 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726102140/http://www.pap.gov.pk/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.powerplay.pk/news/panama-scandal-big-players-screen-2/|title=Panama Scandal-Big Players On Screen, Pakistan|publisher=PowerPlay.pk|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234523/http://www.powerplay.pk/news/panama-scandal-big-players-screen-2/}}
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}

{{Political families of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharif family}}
[[Category:First families of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kashmiri families]]
[[Category:Muslim families]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Political families of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi families]]
[[Category:Sharif family| ]]

National symbols of Cambodia

2026-02-21T23:26:25Z

Babina:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Culture of Cambodia}}
The '''national symbols of Cambodia''' ({{langx|km|អត្តសញ្ញាណជាតិកម្ពុជា}}) includes the ancient monument of [[Angkor Wat]], the [[national flag]], the [[national anthem]], and the [[national emblem]] and [[royal seal]]. In 2005, the [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] designated seven flora and fauna as [[national symbols]] in an effort to promote nationalism and protection and conservation of these plants and animals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |title=ROYAL DECREE on Designation of Animals and Plants as National Symbols of the Kingdom of Cambodia |access-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215053/http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Angkor wat temple.jpg|thumb|right|The sugar palm, ''Borassus flabellifer'', and Angkor Wat are two symbols of Cambodia; the latter is also portrayed on the flag of Cambodia.]]

==National symbols==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width=100 | Type
! width=200 | Symbol
! width=200 | Image
! width=200 | Notes
|-
| [[Coat of arms]]
| [[Royal arms of Cambodia]] {{lang|km|ព្រះរាជសិង្ហា}}
| align="center"| [[File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg|150px|alt=Royal arms of Cambodia]]
| It was adopted from 1953 to 1970 and readopted in 1993.
|-
| [[National flag|Flag]]
| [[Flag of Cambodia]] {{lang|km|ទង់ជាតិកម្ពុជា}}
| align="center"| [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|150px|alt=Flag of Cambodia]]
| The design was first adopted in 1948. It was relinquished in 1970 and readopted in 1993.
|-
| [[List of national anthems|Anthem]]
| "[[Nokor Reach]]" "{{lang|km|នគររាជ}}"
| align="center"| [[File:United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg|150px]]
| "Nokor Reach" is the title of Cambodia’s national anthem which was first adopted in 1941.
|-
| [[National language|Language]]
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]] {{lang|km|ភាសាខ្មែរ}}/{{lang|km|ខេមរភាសា}}
|
| It is the official and national language of Cambodia.
|-
| [[National motto|Motto]]
| "[[Nation, Religion, King]]" "{{lang|km|ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ}}"
|
|
|-
| [[State religion|Religion]]
| [[Buddhism]] (predominantly [[Theravada]]) {{lang|km|ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា}} ({{lang|km|ភាគច្រើនជាព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ}})
| align="center"| [[File:Flag of Buddhism.svg|150px|alt=Flag of Buddhism]]
| It is enshrined in the constitution as the official religion of the country.
|}

==List of officially designated flora and fauna==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width=150 | Type
! width=200 | Symbol
! width=200 | Image
|-
| [[National tree]]
| ''[[Borassus flabellifer]]'' {{lang|km|ត្នោត}} {{Transliteration|km|Tnaôt}}
| align="center"|[[File:Angkor-011 hg.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[National flower]]
| [[Rumduol]] {{lang|km|រំដួល}} {{Transliteration|km|Rumduŏl}}
| align="center"| [[File:Rumdoul.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[National fruit]]
| [[Lady finger banana|Chicken egg banana]] {{lang|km|ចេកពងមាន់}} {{Transliteration|km|Chék Pông Moăn}}
| align="center"| [[File:Bananas dsc07803.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[List of national animals|National fish]]
| [[Giant barb]] {{lang|km|ត្រីគល់រាំង}} {{Transliteration|km|Trei kól reăng}}
| align="center"| [[File:Giant Barb.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[List of national animals|National reptile]]
| [[Southern river terrapin|Royal turtle]] {{lang|km|អណ្ដើកហ្លួង}} {{Transliteration|km|Ândaeuk luŏng}}
| align="center"| [[File:River terrapin.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[National bird]]
| [[Giant ibis]] {{lang|km|ត្រយ៉ង}} {{Transliteration|km|Trâyâng}}
| align="center"| [[File:ThaumantibisGiganteaGronvold.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[National animal|National mammal]]
| [[Kouprey]] {{lang|km|គោព្រៃ}} {{Transliteration|km|Koŭprey}}
| align="center"| [[File:Kouprey (Bos sauveli).jpg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Apsara]]
*[[Nāga]]
*[[Preah Thong and Neang Neak]]
*[[Angkor Wat]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}
{{Symbols of Cambodia}}

[[Category:National symbols of Cambodia| ]]

Tilaiya Junction railway station

2026-02-21T16:42:16Z

Babina: stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Nawada, Bihar, India}}
{{distinguish|Tilaiya|Tilaiya Dam|Jhumri Tilaiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = TILAIYA JUNCTION
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = State Highway 8, Tilaiya, Bihar
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.8223|N|85.4021|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Kiul line]] [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line]] [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line]] Koderma–Tilaiya line (under construction)
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform =
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1879
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2023
| electrified = 2016–2017
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TIA
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning and under-construction
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_locator =
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
}}
'''Tilaiya Junction railway station''' is located in [[Nawada district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Tilaiya railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|102|m|ft}} and is assigned the station code TIA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/tilaiya-junction-tia/1851 |title=Tilaiya Junction |publisher=indiarailinfo |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324052117/http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/tilaiya-junction-tia/1851 |archivedate=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
Gaya was connected to Kiul in 1879 by the South Bihar Railway Company (operated by the [[East Indian Railway Company]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History Timeline |last=Saxena |first=R. P. |date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=29 February 2012 |access-date=25 August 2015 |quote=1879-south Bihar Railway-ER-The South Bihar Railway Company(operated by EIR) had laid a line from Luckeesarai to Gaya in 1879}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2015}}

The Bakhtiyarpur–Rajgir line was extended to Tilaiya in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biharfoundation.in/cm-to-open-rajgir-tilaiya-new-line/ |title=CM to open Rajgir–Tilaiya new line |date=29 June 2010 |via=Bihar Foundation |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324044853/http://www.biharfoundation.in/cm-to-open-rajgir-tilaiya-new-line/ |archivedate=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
Feasibility studies for the electrification of the Manpur–Tilaiya–Kiul sector was announced in the rail budget for 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164 |title=Railway Budget 2010–11: Electrification of New Rail Sections |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India |date=24 February 2010 |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324045703/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164 |archivedate=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Line extension==
The line is to be extended from Tilaiya to {{stnlnk|Koderma}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-inaugurates-new-rail-lines-two-robs-in-bihar-77649-2010-06-28 |title=Nitish inaugurates new rail lines, two ROBs in Bihar |publisher=[[India Today]]/[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324185810/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nitish-inaugurates-new-rail-lines,-two-robs-in-bihar/1/103475.html |archive-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/tilaiya-junction-tia/1851 Trains at Tilaiya]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Garobigha Halt|right=Manjhwe|type=[[Gaya–Kiul line]]
|line2=East Central Railway zone|left2=Hisua|right2=|type2=[[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Nawada district]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1879]]

Bhai Banno

2026-02-14T17:38:10Z

Babina: Adding A Pg

{{Short description|Historical religious figure}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{missing information|History|date=December 2025}}
{{Context|date=December 2025}}
}}
[[File:Historical miniature painting of Guru Arjan and Bhai Banno, contained within an Adi Granth manuscript of the Bhai Banno recension.jpg|thumb|Painting of Bhai Banno and Guru Arjan together, with a volume before them]]
'''Bhai Banno''' was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] figure who is remembered for being a devoted follower of the fifth Sikh guru, [[Guru Arjan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |date=Jul 1, 1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438406190 |editor-last=Hawley |editor-first=John Stratton |pages=52–60 |chapter=The Adi Granth |editor-last2=Mann |editor-first2=Gurinder Singh}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121502764 |edition=3rd |volume=I: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 |pages=140}}</ref>{{Efn|Bhai Banno's name is alternatively spelt as Bhanno, Bannu, or Bhannu.|group=note}} Banno lived in Mangat village in the [[Gujrat District]] of Punjab.<ref name=":1" /> He was the son of Bishan Chand Bhatia.<ref name=":3" /> He visited Guru Arjan and was interested in the Ād Granth, whose original manuscript had been recently compiled by Guru Arjan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Creation of a copy of the Ād Granth ==
A [[recension]] of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], known as the Bhai Banno Bir (also known as the Bhai Bhannowali Bir<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |edition=4th |volume=1: A-D |pages=374 |quote=BIR, a term used for a recension or copy of the Guru Granth Sahib, is derived from Skt. [Sanskrit] verb ''vid''. meaning "to make strong or firm, strengthen, fasten, or to be strong, firm or hard." The Punjabi verb ''birana'' which means "to fix, bind or fasten (something) firmly, or to lay (a gun)" is from the same root. Guru Arjan having compiled the Holy Book deputed one of his leading disciples, Bhai Banno, to go and get the volume bound in Lahore, perhaps because facilities for proper binding did not then exist at Amritsar. Bhai Banno utilized the opportunity to have another copy transcribed and he got both volumes "fastened and bound." These bound copies came to be called the Adi Bir and Bhai Bannovali Bir. Further copies made from these two recensions were also called birs. For birs (recensions) of Sikh Scripture, see SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB. The word bir in Punjabi is also used for reserved forest or village land set aside as common pasture.}}</ref>), was in circulation during the historical period.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Kamala Elizabeth |title=The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan's Sukhmani |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781350139893 |edition=1st |pages=48–49}}</ref> The composition of this recension is traced back to 1604 and attributed by Bhai Banno, a prominent follower of the Guru, who prepared an unauthorized copy of the composition of Guru Arjan when the Guru asked him to get the leaves bound together into a manuscript at Lahore.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Clary, Randi Lynn. ''‘Sikhing’a husband: Bridal imagery and gender in Sikh scripture''. Rice University, 2003.</ref><ref>Singh, Pashaura. "Recent Research and Debates in Adi Granth Studies." ''Religion Compass'' 2.6 (2008): 1004-1020.</ref><ref>Zelliot, Eleanor. "The Medieval Bhakti Movement in History: An Essay on the Literature in English." ''Hinduism''. Brill, 1982. 143-168.</ref><ref>Singh, Pashaura. "Scriptural adaptation in the Adi granth." ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 64.2 (1996): 337-357.</ref> Another view is that it was prepared in 1642 by a certain Banno of Khara Mangat (located in modern-day [[Gujrat District|Gujrat district]]).<ref name=":4" /> This composition contains many extraneous, superfluous, and apocryphal writings, including sectarian Mina compositions and compositions of the female Bhakti saint, [[Mirabai]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>Clary, Randi Lynn. ''‘Sikhing’a husband: Bridal imagery and gender in Sikh scripture''. Rice University, 2003.</ref><ref>Singh, Pashaura. "Recent Research and Debates in Adi Granth Studies." ''Religion Compass'' 2.6 (2008): 1004-1020.</ref><ref>Zelliot, Eleanor. "The Medieval Bhakti Movement in History: An Essay on the Literature in English." ''Hinduism''. Brill, 1982. 143-168.</ref><ref>Singh, Pashaura. "Scriptural adaptation in the Adi granth." ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 64.2 (1996): 337-357.</ref> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] would later publish the Damdami recension (also spelled as 'Damdama') of the Adi Granth with [[Bhai Mani Singh]] acting as the scribe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |date=12 September 2022 |title=From Pothi to Guru Granth Sahib: The Perfect-Genius of Guru Arjan Sahib |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/from-pothi-to-guru-granth-sahib |website=Sikh Research Institute |quote=The collection of those Sabads was safeguarded in the Pothi by each Guru and handed over to the next Guru, who added more sabads. In Indic tradition, even today, Pothi refers to a text, manuscript, or book. ... Guru Arjan Sahib collected all the Pothis and initiated the definitive anthology. It was commenced in 1604. It is also known as Adi Granth or Kartarpuri Bir. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib added the sabads of Guru Teghbahadar Sahib and elevated its status to Guru Granth Sahib in 1708. It is also known as Damdami Bir.}}</ref> The reason for him doing so has been said to be the unauthorized recensions of the Adi Granth scattered throughout the community, especially the Banno recension, which contained unauthorized additions.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Kamala Elizabeth |title=The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan's Sukhmani |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781350139893 |edition=1st |pages=48–49}}</ref>
[[File:Bhai Banno being given the Adi Granth by Guru Arjan to get it bound.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting Bhai Banno being given the original Ād Granth volume by Guru Arjan to get it bound, circa 18th century]]
According to Sikh lore, Banno asked the guru if he could take the manuscript to his village on loan, a request that the guru granted hesitantly as long as Banno only spent one-night in his village with the volume.<ref name=":1" /> Banno found a way to adhere to this condition but still have enough time to produce a copy by only travelling a small distance each day on his way to his village and back, which gave him enough time to produce an exact copy of the manuscript, which would come to be known as the ''Banno Bir''.<ref name=":1" /> However, there is an alternative story that explains how Bhai Banno created a copy of the manuscript. According to this version, Bhai Banno was tasked with taking the original Ād Granth manuscript to Lahore to be bound and managed to produce his own copy of it while carrying out this task.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

Bhai Banno is said to have made an exact copy of the original manuscript of the Ād Granth that had been compiled by Guru Arjan.<ref name=":1" /> However, Banno's copy (known as the ''Khari bir'') contained extra works authored by Mirabai, [[Surdas]], and Guru Arjan appended at the end, along with the work ''Hakikat rah mukam raje shivanabh ki'', which were not found or included in the canonical edition finalized by Guru Arjan in 1604.<ref name=":1" />

Much of the early Sikh manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib that still survive are of the Banno recension, such as those kept at the [[India Office]] Library and British Museum.<ref name=":1" />

There is a debate regarding whether the Kartarpur Bir or Banno Bir is closer to the original Ād Granth manuscript.{{refn|Another controversy has been the discovery of two blank folios in the Kartarpur manuscript (near page 703) and why the Ramakali hymn on that page is just two opening lines. In contrast to the Kartarpur manuscript, the Banno manuscript of Adi Granth, discovered in Kanpur and dated to 1644, is identical in all respects but it has no blank pages and on the folio pages near 703 is a complete hymn. The Banno bir has been controversial because it includes many Hindu rites-of-passage (''[[Sanskara (rite of passage)|sanskara]]'') in that version of the Adi Granth.<ref name=kanpur1/> According to W.H. McLeod, the difference in the two versions can be because of three possibilities, from which he withholds judgment:<ref>W.H. McLeod (1979), ''The Sikh scriptures: Some Issues'', in Sikh Studies: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Tradition by Mark Jurgensmeyer and N Gerald Barrier (editors), University of California Press, Berkeley Religious Studies Series and Theological Union, pp. 101–103</ref> first, Guru Arjan deliberately left the blank folio pages to complete it later, but was unable to because he was arrested and executed by the Mughal emperor [[Jehangir]]; second, the hymn and pages existed in the original manuscript, the Banno bir is older, the pages were removed by Khalsa Sikhs from the Kartarpur manuscript and replaced with blank folios in their attempt to carve out a separate Sikh identity from the Hindus during the Singh Sabha Movement; third, the blank pages were intentionally left by Guru Arjan for unknown reasons, and the complete hymn in the Banno bir is an interpolation added by a Sikh follower who wanted to insert Brahminical rites-of-passage rituals in the text. According to G.B. Singh – a Sikh scholar who pioneered study of the early Sikh manuscripts, the evidence supports the second theory.<ref name=kanpur1/><ref>G.B. Singh (1944), ''Sri Guru Granth Sahib dian Prachin Biran'', Modern Publishers Lahore, ([https://archive.org/details/SriGuruGranthSahibDianPrachinBiran/page/n9 Original (Gurmukhi script)]; For discussion in English, see Chapter 22 of [https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA374 G Kumar]</ref> According to Pashaura Singh, his examination of the manuscripts and linguistic evidence yields support for the third theory, noting that the smaller hand and different writing implement in which the remaining 22 lines were written, the lines themselves do not match earlier manuscripts and differ in structure and lexicon from the rest of Guru Arjan's writings, the presence of other short verses in all manuscripts like ''Vār Basant'' with only three stanzas, and points to the fact that G.B. Singh had made the claim without actually examining the text, positing that he seemed to have been serving the interests of the Arya Samaj based on his writings.<ref name=kanpur1>{{cite journal|title = Guru Arjan's Rāmakalī Hymn: The Central Issue in the Kartarpur-Banno Debate | journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume= 116| number = 4| year= 1996| pages= 724–729|jstor= 605443| last1= Arjan| first1= Guru| last2= Singh| first2= Pashaura| doi= 10.2307/605443}}</ref>|group=note}}

== Legacy ==
A namesake gurdwara in Bhai Banno's memory is located in Mangat, [[Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurd. Bhai Bannu Mangat |url=https://pakyatra.com/gurd-bhai-bannu-mangat/ |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Pak Yatra}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Harbans Singh |title=Encyclopaedic History of the Sikhs and Sikhism: The Sikh gurus and their hymns |last2=Bakshi |first2=Shiri Ram |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Limited |year=1999 |isbn=9788176291361 |pages=520}}</ref> The gurdwara was constructed by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Haveli|Havelis]] for Banno's descendants were also constructed in the settlement.<ref name=":5" /> Furthermore, a ''[[jagir]]'' was bestowed upon the family.<ref name=":5" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikhs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Gurmukhī script]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]
[[Category:Scribes]]

M. S. Gowd

2026-02-08T11:59:45Z

Babina: update lead and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian dental surgeon}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2011}}
{{resume-like|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Gowd‌
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|09|23}}
| birth_place = [[Medak]], [[Telangana]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = M.S. Goud
| known_for =
| occupation = Dental surgeon, Prosthodontist
}}

'''Dr. Manga Shiv Lingam Gowd''' (MDS (Bombay), FICD, FPFA, MICP (USA)), also known by the names '''M. S. Gowd''' or '''M. S. Goud''', is a dental surgeon [[prosthodontist]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, with fellowship in the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry and many International Fellowships.

Dr. Gowd is an honorary dental surgeon to the [[Governor]] of Andhra Pradesh, Professor and Head of Department of Prosthodontics, acts as a Principal of [[Secunderabad]] Army College of Dental Sciences in Andhra Pradesh, and also the Founder-Chairman of Dr. Gowds Dental Hospitals at [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. He is past president of the Indian Prosthodontic Society. He is credited with many publications in his field.

==Personal details==
Dr. Gowd was born on 23 September 1943 in Medak, Andhra Pradesh, India. He did his Bachelors in Dental Surgery in 1967 from [[Osmania University]] and obtained his Masters in Dental Surgery in 1971 from [[Bombay University]]. He has actively been practicing for the last 37 years. He is the father of two children who both are also dental surgeons: Dr. Vikas Gowd (son) and Dr. Snigdha Gowd (daughter).

==Fellowships and awards==
*Membership in the [[International Association for Dental Research]], [[Virginia]], United States.
*International memberships in the [[American Dental Association]]
*Fellow, American College of Dentists
*Fellow, Federation Dentistry International
*Fellow, International College of Dentists
*Fellow, International College of Prosthodontics
*Vydyasiromani Award presented by Megacity Navakala Vedika during Doctors Day Celebration in 2012. He is the only Indian to receive this honor.

==Books==
Dr. Gowd is the author of several books detailing comprehensive dental care and dental education in several languages. He is the first Indian dental surgeon to publish books on dental care and dental education in four different languages.

*''Smile'', in English.
*''Designing Smile To Smile'', in English.
*''Smile Redefined'', in English.
*''Oral Hygiene And Common Dental Problems'', in English.
*''Mee Chirunavvunu Saridhidukondi''-Comprehensive Dental Care and Education, in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].
*''Muskaan'', in [[Hindi]].
*''Muskurahat'', in [[Urdu]].

==References==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171019/http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?SecArch=&articleid=18878&sectionid=17
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080517103720/http://drgowd.com/meet-ur-doctor.html
*http://www.indianprosthodonticsociety.org/govt_body/past_govt.html{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070816003013/http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=18878&sectionid=17

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowd, M. S.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]

Kamanio Chattopadhyay

2026-02-07T23:21:06Z

Babina: minor expand layout and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|Indian materials engineer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kamanio Chattopadhyay
| image = Kamanio chattopadhyay.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|3|3}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Physical metallurgy]] | [[Material engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] | [[Carnegie Mellon University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Tohoku University]] | [[Kyoto University]] | [[Oxford University]] | [[Cambridge University]] | [[University of Illinois]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Patcha Ramachandra Rao]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Discovery of decagonal nanoquantum [[quasicrystals]]
| awards = {{ublist|1979 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientists Medal | 1990 Materials Research Society of India Medal | 1995 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1998[[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]] Platinum Jubilee Award | 2002 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Alumni Award | 2003 [[Indian Institute of Metals|IIM]] G. D. Birla Gold medal | 2009 [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|National Metallurgists' Day Award]] | 2011 EMSI Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}
'''Kamanio Chattopadhyay''' (born 3 March 1950) is an Indian materials engineer and an honorary professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru.
<ref name="Honorary Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cense.iisc.ac.in/honorary-professor/kamanio-chattopadhyay |title=Honorary Professor |date=2017 |publisher=Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202095050/http://www.cense.iisc.ac.in/honorary-professor/kamanio-chattopadhyay }}</ref> He is the chair of the Mechanical Sciences Division of IISc<ref name="Seashell strength inspires stress tests">{{Cite web |url=http://news.rice.edu/2015/05/19/seashell-strength-inspires-stress-tests/ |title=Seashell strength inspires stress tests |date=2017 |publisher=Rice University News & Media |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202033509/http://news.rice.edu/2015/05/19/seashell-strength-inspires-stress-tests/ }}</ref> and a former chair of the Department of Materials Engineering.<ref name="Board of Trustees - TRA ERF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tra-erf.org/board.html |title=Board of Trustees - TRA ERF |date=2017 |publisher=T R Anantharaman Education and Research Foundation}}</ref>

Chattopadhyay is best known for his discovery of decagonal nanoquantum [[quasicrystals]] which he accomplished in 1985, along with L. Bendersky and S. Ranganathan.<ref name="The story of Nobel-winning 'quasicrystals'">{{Cite journal |last=Richa Malhotra |title=The story of Nobel-winning 'quasicrystals' |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/102/10/1356.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=25 May 2012 |volume=102 |issue=10 |pages=1356–1357}}</ref><ref name="Decagonal quasicrystals">{{Cite journal |last=S. Ranganathan, K. Chattopadhyay |title=Decagonal quasicrystals |journal=Phase Transitions |date=1989 |volume=16 |issue=1–4 |pages=67–83 |doi=10.1080/01411598908245682|bibcode=1989PhaTr..16...67R }}</ref> He is also credited with researches on synthesis and characterization of quasicrystals and nanocomposites<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=428 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chattopadhyay,_Prof._Kamanio |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N96-1198 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227150237/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N96-1198 }}</ref> and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1995.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:IISc Main Building.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Indian Institute of Science]]
Born on 3 March 1950 in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], K. Chattopadhyay completed his graduate studies in mechanical engineering from the Regional Engineering College, Durgapur (present-day [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]]) of [[Burdwan University]] in 1974 and moved to [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] where he did his master's degree in 1973.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Subsequently, he enrolled for his doctoral studies there under the guidance of [[Patcha Ramachandra Rao]], a [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate, and during the course of his research, he joined BHU as a lecturer in 1975. After securing a PhD in 1978, he relocated to the US for his post-doctoral studies which he completed at the laboratory of [[Hubert Aaronson]] of [[Carnegie Mellon University]]. Returning to India in 1983, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an assistant professor where he served out his regular service till his superannuation in 2015. During this period, he served as the chair of the Materials Research Centre from 2000 to 2004, as the chair of the Department of Materials Engineering from 2004 to 2008, as the convenor of the Institute Nano Science Initiative from 2007 to 2010 and as the chair of the Division of Mechanical Sciences during 2008-2015.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/kamanio-chattopadhyay/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042727/http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/kamanio-chattopadhyay/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref> Post-retirement, he continues his association with IISc in various capacities; he is associated with the research activities of the Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), heads the Advanced Facility for Electron Microscopy as its convenor since 2010, serves as the convenor of Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research since 2012, and is the head of the Non Equilibrium Processing and Nano Materials Group.<ref name="Non Equilibrium Processing and Nano Materials Group">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~kamanio/ |title=Non Equilibrium Processing and Nano Materials Group |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130190345/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~kamanio/ }}</ref> In between, he had several stints abroad and the visiting research professorship at Carnegie Mellon University, visiting professorships at the Cooperative Research and Development Center for Advanced Materials of [[Tohoku University]]<ref name="Visiting professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arcmg.imr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/member/visitpro.html |title=Visiting professor |date=2017 |publisher=Cooperative Research and Development Center for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202091549/http://www.arcmg.imr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/member/visitpro.html }}</ref> and [[Kyoto University]] and visiting scientist assignments at [[Oxford University]], [[Cambridge University]] and [[Illinois University]] are some of them.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Chattopadhyay is married to Sukanya and the couple lives in Bengaluru.<ref name="A Metallurgist's Diary">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZSSE1AzEGo |title=A Metallurgist's Diary |date=10 July 2015 |last=Suman Sarkar (director) |type=Documentary |language=en |publisher=Department of Materials Engineering, Indian institute of Science, Bangalore |others=Abhishek Sharma (script), Tarun Naskar (cinematography) |place=Bangalore |minutes=20.49 |access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Bulk Metallic Glass Sample.jpg|thumb|235px|Bulk Metallic Glass Samples]]
The early researches of Chattopadhyay during his doctoral studies with Ramachandra Rao were on rapid solidification of aluminum alloys and it was during this time he is reported to have discovered aluminum-based binary glass and nanodispersed composites.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Later, at Carnegie Mellon University, he worked along with Hubert Aaronson, on growth of [[bainite]] in Cu-Zn system and the related controversy<ref name="The Bainite Controversy">{{Cite journal |last=L C D Fielding |title=The Bainite Controversy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272254009 |journal=Materials Science and Technology |date=April 2013 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=383–399 |doi=10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000157|bibcode=2013MatST..29..383F |s2cid=9078910 }}</ref><ref name="Study on stacking faults of bainites in a Cu–Zn–Al alloy">{{Cite journal |last=CHUN-MING LI, HONG-SHENG FANG, XIANG-ZHENG BO, YAN-KANG ZHENG, JIA-JUN WANG |title=Study on stacking faults of bainites in a Cu–Zn–Al alloy |url=http://www.chapmanhall.com/2/jl/sample/jl150116.pdf |journal=Journal of Materials Science Letters |date=1996 |volume=15 |pages=46–47|doi=10.1007/BF01855608 |s2cid=137517686 }}</ref> and he continued his work after his return to India, collaborating with L. Bendersky and S. Ranganathan which led to the discovery of [[decagonal]] [[quasicrystals]] in 1985.<ref name="Natural quasicrystal with decagonal symmetry">{{Cite journal |title=Natural quasicrystal with decagonal symmetry |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |page=9111 |date=2017 |doi=10.1038/srep09111 |pmid=25765857 |pmc=4357871 |last1=Bindi |first1=Luca |last2=Yao |first2=Nan |last3=Lin |first3=Chaney |last4=Hollister |first4=Lincoln S. |last5=Andronicos |first5=Christopher L. |last6=Distler |first6=Vadim V. |last7=Eddy |first7=Michael P. |last8=Kostin |first8=Alexander |last9=Kryachko |first9=Valery |last10=MacPherson |first10=Glenn J. |last11=Steinhardt |first11=William M. |last12=Yudovskaya |first12=Marina |last13=Steinhardt |first13=Paul J. |bibcode=2015NatSR...5.9111B }}</ref> His work, both experimental and theoretical, assisted in the synthesis and characterization of several quasicrystals and [[nanocomposites]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=25 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> He is also credited with wider studies in synthesis of nanocomposites, phase transformations, large [[superheating]] phenomenon during melting, dissimilar joining processes, surface modifications and [[nanostructured]] [[magnetic alloys]]. Later, he shifted his focus to the development of high temperature aluminum alloys and steel which has applications in aerospace and energy industries as well as ultrahigh strength multi-component alloys like bulk [[metallic glasses]] that are ductile.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Scientific articles'' section}}<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Bhatia=3ASuresh_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 407<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=IypNDlUAAAAJ |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and 360 of them respectively.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/K_Chattopadhyay2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has authored one book, ''Aluminum Based Nanoeutectics: Synthesis and Microstructure''<ref name="Aluminum Based Nanoeutectics: Synthesis and Microstructure">{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.com/Aluminum-Based-Nanoeutectics-Synthesis-Microstructure/dp/B00R90079I |title=Aluminum Based Nanoeutectics: Synthesis and Microstructure |last=Kamanio Chattopadhyay |publisher=PN |year=2010 |asin= B00R90079I}}</ref> and has contributed chapters to books edited by others.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaio Chattopadhyay|last2=Prajina Bhattacharya|title=Materials Research: Current Scenario and Future Projections|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3EWH_vGQp0C&pg=PA130|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-450-0|pages=130–|chapter=Studies on Materials with Embedded Nanoscale Particles}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kamanio Chattopadhyay|last2=Vitoria Bhattacharya|title=Advanced Materials Proceedings of the Indo-Malaysian Joint Workshop(WAM-2002)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceNvjRGp29MC&pg=PA1|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-479-1|pages=1–|chapter=Nano-embedded Materials: A Canvas for New Materials Design}}</ref> He also holds a number of patents<ref name="Patents on Justia">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/kamanio-chattopadhyay |title=Patents on Justia |date=2017 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref> which include those on Solder compositions,<ref name="Solder compositions">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20140199115 |title=Solder compositions |last=Morgana de Avila Ribas, Dominic Lodge, Ranjit Pandher, Bawa Singh, Ravindra M. Bhatkal, Rahul Raut, Siuli Sarkar, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Proloy Nandi |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20140199115 |date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Nickel-Aluminium-Zirconium alloys<ref name="Nickel-Aluminium-Zirconium alloys">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20150292062 |title=Nickel-Aluminium-Zirconium alloys |last=Chandrasekhar Tiwary, Sanjay Kashyap, Olu Emmanuel Femi, Dipankar Banerjee, Kamanio Chattopadhyay |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20150292062 |date=15 October 2015}}</ref> and High Impact Solder Toughness Alloy.<ref name="High Impact Solder Toughness Alloy">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20160144462 |title=High Impact Solder Toughness Alloy |last=Ranjit Pandher, Bawa Singh, Siuli Sarkar, Sujatha Chegudi, Anil K.N. Kumar, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Dominic Lodge, Morgana de Avila Ribas |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20160144462 |date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

Chattopadhyay is the co-director of ''Solar Energy Research Institute for India and United States'' (SERIIUS),<ref name="SERIIUS Team">{{Cite web |url=http://www.seriius.org/team.html |title=SERIIUS Team |date=2017 |publisher=Solar Energy Research Institute for India and United States}}</ref> an Indo-US joint venture for the development of low cost solar electric technologies,<ref name="SERIIUS Home">{{Cite web |url=http://www.seriius.org/ |title=SERIIUS Home |date=2017 |publisher=Solar Energy Research Institute for India and United States}}</ref> and has conducted a number of seminars and symposia on behalf of the consortium.<ref name="SERIIUS presentation">{{Cite web |url=http://mageep.wustl.edu/symposium2012/Talks/Ginley.pdf |title=SERIIUS presentation |date=2017 |publisher=McDonnell Academy Global Energy and Environment Partnership |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916053608/http://mageep.wustl.edu/Symposium2012/Talks/Ginley.pdf }}</ref> He is involved in many inter-institutional exchange programs which include the research associations of Indian Institute of Science with [[Cambridge University]]<ref name="Cambridge and India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cambridge-india.org/research-collaborations/department/nanoscience-and-materials |title=Cambridge and India |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031313/http://www.cambridge-india.org/research-collaborations/department/nanoscience-and-materials }}</ref> and [[Exeter University]].<ref name="Visit by the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore">{{Cite web |url=http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/featurednews/title_88388_en.html |title=Visit by the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore |date=2017 |publisher=Exeter University |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024904/http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/featurednews/title_88388_en.html }}</ref> He is the coordinator of the ''National Microgravity Research Programme'' (NMRP), a multidisciplinary research forum of the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] for advanced research in [[Microgravity]] science.<ref name="Non Equilibrium Processing and Nano Materials Group" /> He is a member of the National Steering Committee of the [[Indian Institute of Metals]]<ref name="National Steering Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmmm-expo.com/MMMMExpo/media/site/downloads/IIM-Conference-at-MMMM-2014.pdf |title=National Steering Committee |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202072104/http://www.mmmm-expo.com/MMMMExpo/media/site/downloads/IIM-Conference-at-MMMM-2014.pdf }}</ref> and served as its vice president during 2012-13 and as the president for the term 2013-14.<ref name="Office Bearers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/office-bearers/ |title=Office Bearers |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals}}</ref> He co-chaired the ''11th Asian Microgravity Symposium–2016'' held at [[Hokkaido University]], Japan<ref name="11th Asian Microgravity Symposium">{{Cite web |url=http://sklfs.ustc.edu.cn/xwzx/xshd/201604/P020160406309253910305.pdf |title=11th Asian Microgravity Symposium |date=2017 |publisher=State Key Laboratory of Fire Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040258/http://sklfs.ustc.edu.cn/xwzx/xshd/201604/P020160406309253910305.pdf }}</ref> and sat in the advisory committees of the ''International Conference on Metals and Materials Research'' organized by the Indian Indian Institute of Science, held in June 2016<ref name="International Conference on Metals and Materials Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icmr2016.net/committee.php |title=International Conference on Metals and Materials Research |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202092818/http://www.icmr2016.net/committee.php |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref> and the ''International Symposium on Energy Materials : Opportunities and Challenges (ISEM-2011)'' held at [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]], Kolkata in March 2011.<ref name="International Symposium on Energy Materials : Opportunities and Challenges (ISEM-2011)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cgcri.res.in/isem-2011/committee.php |title=International Symposium on Energy Materials: Opportunities and Challenges (ISEM-2011) |date=2017 |publisher=Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute}}</ref> Besides mentoring a number of master's and doctoral scholars in their studies,<ref name="INSA JRD-TATA Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/download%20form/jrd_link.pdf |title=INSA JRD-TATA Fellowship |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> he has delivered invited or keynote addresses at several conferences which include ''Fifth International Conference on Solidification Science and Processing'',<ref name="Fifth International Conference on Solidification Science and Processing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/conference/icssp5/profile.php?name=chattopadhyay |title=Fifth International Conference on Solidification Science and Processing |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Bhubaneshwar}}</ref> ''International Workshop on Advanced Co-based Superalloys: 3.0''<ref name="International Workshop on Advanced Co-based Superalloys: 3.0">{{Cite web |url=http://chimad.northwestern.edu/docs/Workshop_Flyers/Co-based_superalloy_workshop_agenda_6-10-15.pdf |title=International Workshop on Advanced Co-based Superalloys: 3.0 |date=2017 |publisher=Northwestern University}}</ref> and ''International Conference on Functional Nanomaterials''<ref name="International Conference on Functional Nanomaterials">{{Cite web |url=http://icfnm2016.iiests.ac.in/index.php/confirmed-speakers |title=International Conference on Functional Nanomaterials |date=2017 |publisher=IIEST, Shibpur |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202082429/http://icfnm2016.iiests.ac.in/index.php/confirmed-speakers |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref> and he is a speaker designate at the ''TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition'' to be held in March 2017 at San Diego, California.<ref name="Gamma (FCC)/Gamma-Prime (L12) Co-Based Superalloys II">{{Cite web |url=http://www.programmaster.org/PM/PM.nsf/ApprovedAbstracts/C9821DE26DEC9C4185257FDD002DC039?OpenDocument |title=Gamma (FCC)/Gamma-Prime (L12) Co-Based Superalloys II |date=2017 |publisher=TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202094835/http://www.programmaster.org/PM/PM.nsf/ApprovedAbstracts/C9821DE26DEC9C4185257FDD002DC039?OpenDocument }}</ref> He is a former editor of the [[Journal of Materials Science]] of [[Springer Science+Business Media]]<ref name="Former editor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbarrycarter.com/group.html |title=Former editor |date=2017 |publisher=C. Barry Carter Group}}</ref> and is a member of the Board of Trustees of T. R. Anantharaman Education and Research Foundation, a Hyderabad-based non-profit organization promoting human resource development in engineering sciences.<ref name="Board of Trustees TRA-ERF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tra-erf.org/board.html |title=Board of Trustees TRA-ERF |date=2017 |publisher=T R Anantharaman Education and Research Foundation}}</ref>

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Aluminum Based Nanoeutectics: Synthesis and Microstructure |last=Kamanio Chattopadhyay |publisher=PN |year=2010 |asin= B00R90079I}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|last1=Kamanio Chattopadhyay|last2=Prajina Bhattacharya|title=Materials Research: Current Scenario and Future Projections|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-450-0|pages=130–|chapter=Studies on Materials with Embedded Nanoscale Particles}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kamanio Chattopadhyay|last2=Vitoria Bhattacharya|title=Advanced Materials Proceedings of the Indo-Malaysian Joint Workshop(WAM-2002)|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-479-1|pages=1–|chapter=Nano-embedded Materials: A Canvas for New Materials Design}}

=== Scientific articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Vidya Kochat, Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, Tathagata Biswas, Gopalakrishnan Ramalingam, Kimberly Hsieh, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Srinivasan Raghavan, Manish Jain, Arindam Ghosh |title=Magnitude and Origin of Electrical Noise at Individual Grain Boundaries in Graphene |journal=Nano Letters |date=2016 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=562–567 |doi=10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04234|pmid=26632989 |bibcode=2016NanoL..16..562K }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, Sharan Kishore, Suman Sarkar, Debiprosad Roy Mahapatra, Pulickel M. Ajayan, Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Morphogenesis and mechanostabilization of complex natural and 3D printed shapes |journal=Science Advances |date=May 2015 |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=e1400052 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400052|pmid=26601170 |pmc=4640649 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0052T }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, Akash Verma, Sanjay Kashyp, Krishanu Biswas, Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Preparation of Freestanding Zn Nanocrystallites by Combined Milling at Cryogenic and Room Temperatures |journal=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A |date=April 2013 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=1917–1924 |doi=10.1007/s11661-012-1508-7|bibcode=2013MMTA...44.1917T |s2cid=135540902 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kirtiman Deo Malviya, Chandan Srivastava and K. Chattopadhyay |title=Phase formation and stability of alloy phases in free nanoparticles: some insights |journal=RSC Advances |date=April 2015 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=35541–35550 |doi= 10.1039/C5RA03924J|bibcode=2015RSCAd...535541M }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Byung Joo Park, Hye Jung Chang, Do Hyang Kim, Won Tae Kim, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, T. A. Abinandanan, Saswata Bhattacharyya |title=Phase Separating Bulk Metallic Glass: A Hierarchical Composite |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=June 2006 |volume=96 |article-number=245503 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.245503|pmid=16907253 |bibcode=2006PhRvL..96x5503P }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gandham Phanikumar, Pradip Dutta, Rolf Galun, Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Microstructural evolution during remelting of laser surface alloyed hyper-monotectic Al–Bi alloy |journal=Materials Science and Engineering A |date=2004 |volume=371 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–102 |doi=10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.071|citeseerx=10.1.1.718.2574 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tania Bhatia, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Vikram Jayaram |title=Effect of Rapid Solidification on Microstructural Evolution in MgO–MgAl2O4 |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |date=August 2001 |volume=84 |issue=8 |pages=1873–1880 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00929.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=K. Chattopadhyay, S. Ranganathan, G.N. Subbanna, N. Thangaraj |title=Electron microscopy of quasi-crystals in rapidly solidified Al-14% Mn alloys |journal=Scripta Metallurgica |date=June 1985 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=767–771 |doi=10.1016/0036-9748(85)90042-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kirtiman Deo Malviya and Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Synthesis and Mechanism of Composition and Size Dependent Morphology Selection in Nanoparticles of Ag–Cu Alloys Processed by Laser Ablation Under Liquid Medium |journal=J. Phys. Chem. C |date=2014 |volume=118 |issue=24 |pages=13228–13237|doi=10.1021/jp502327c}}

=== General articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Innovations in Science and Engineering: Lessons from History and Personal experience from the perspective of a Materials Engineer |url=http://www.nitdgp.ac.in/all_pdf16/Beyond%20the%20Walls%20-%2018th%20Aug%202016%20-%20Prof.%20Kamanio%20%20Chattopadhyay.pdf |series=Beyond the Walls - A lecture series by distinguished alumni members |publisher=NIT Durgapur Alumni Association |date=18 August 2016}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kamanio Chattopadhyay |title=Training Young Minds for Nanoscience and Technology: Issues and Challenges |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-online-proceedings-library-archive/article/div-classtitletraining-young-minds-for-nanoscience-and-technology-issues-and-challengesdiv/ECD850F5566B212FC24A5C8FC7014938 |journal= MRS Proceedings|date=January 2006 |volume=931 |issue=KK05–07 |pages=129–143 |doi=10.1557/PROC-0931-KK05-07|url-access=subscription }}

=== Patents ===
* {{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20160144462 |title=High Impact Solder Toughness Alloy |last=Ranjit Pandher, Bawa Singh, Siuli Sarkar, Sujatha Chegudi, Anil K.N. Kumar, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Dominic Lodge, Morgana de Avila Ribas |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20160144462 |date=26 May 2016}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20150292062 |title=Nickel-Aluminium-Zirconium alloys |last=Chandrasekhar Tiwary, Sanjay Kashyap, Olu Emmanuel Femi, Dipankar Banerjee, Kamanio Chattopadhyay |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20150292062 |date=15 October 2015}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20140199115 |title=Solder compositions |last=Morgana de Avila Ribas, Dominic Lodge, Ranjit Pandher, Bawa Singh, Ravindra M. Bhatkal, Rahul Raut, Siuli Sarkar, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, Proloy Nandi |publisher=Justia Patents |work=Patent No. 20140199115 |date=17 July 2014}}

== Awards and honors ==
Chattopadhyay received the first major award of his career in 1979 when he was chosen for the Young Scientists Medal by the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php }}</ref> He received the MRSI Medal of the Materials Research Society of India in 1990<ref name="MRSI Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=MRSI Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Materials Research Society of India}}</ref> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1995.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> He received the Platinum Jubilee Award of [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1998<ref name="Platinum Jubilee Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitbhu.ac.in/met/images/documents/Distinguished%20Alumnus%20Awardees.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013093654/http://www.iitbhu.ac.in/met/images/documents/Distinguished%20Alumnus%20Awardees.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 |title=Platinum Jubilee Award |date=2017 |publisher=Banaras Hindu University}}</ref> and the Alumni Award for Excellence in Research in Science/Engineering of the Indian Institute of Science in 2002.<ref name="IIsc Alumni Award for Excellence in Research in Science/Engineering">{{Cite web |title=IISc Alumni Award for Excellence in Research in Science/Engineering |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> A year later, the [[Indian Institute of Metals]] chose him for the 2003 G. D. Birla Gold medal.<ref name="Face-to-Face">{{Cite web |url=http://metalworld.co.in/newsletter/2014/jan/facetoface3-0114.pdf |title=Face-to-Face |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031230/http://metalworld.co.in/newsletter/2014/jan/facetoface3-0114.pdf }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|National Metallurgists' Day Award]] in R&D and Academia category in 2009<ref name="National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466501852.pdf |title=National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042539/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466501852.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref> and he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Electron Microscope Society of India in 2011.<ref name="EMSI Lifetime Achievement Award">{{Cite web |title=EMSI Lifetime Achievement Award |date=2017 |publisher=Electron Microscope Society of India}}</ref>

The Indian Academy of Sciences elected Chattopadhyay as a fellow in 1995<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1996<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> with the National Academy of Sciences, India following suit in 1999.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date= 6 August 2015 }}</ref> The Electron Microscope Society of India chose him as a fellow in 2009<ref name="EMSI Lifetime Achievement Award" /> and the [[Indian Institute of Metals]] made him an honorary life member in 2014.<ref name="IIM Honorary Life Member">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466502228.pdf |title=IIM Honorary Life Member |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231060431/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466502228.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2016 }}</ref> He is also an elected fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="Face-to-Face" /> Non-Equilibrium Processing and Nanomaterials Laboratory of the Indian Institute of Science felicitated him in 2015, on his retirement from service, with a seminar and the screening of ''a Metallurgist's Diary'', a 20-minute long documentary on the life and work of Chattopadhyay made by his students at IISc.<ref name="A Metallurgist's Diary" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Amorphous metal]]
* [[Nanomaterials]]
* [[Arindam Ghosh (professor)|Arindam Ghosh]]
* [[Dan Shechtman]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~kamanio/kc60.html |title=60th birthday of Prof. Kamanio Chattopadhyay |date=26 February 2010 |publisher=Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182645/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~kamanio/kc60.html }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.india.diplo.de/Vertretung/indien/en/02__Bangalore/00__start/AvH__Spende__IISc.html |title=Equipment grant by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation |date=2017 |publisher=German Missions in India |work=Meeting with Jörn Rohde |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203035941/http://www.india.diplo.de/Vertretung/indien/en/02__Bangalore/00__start/AvH__Spende__IISc.html }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nitdaa.org/ |title=Re-launching of "Beyond the Walls" - a lecture series by distinguished Alumni members |date=6 October 2016 |publisher=NIT Durgapur Alumni Association}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://energy.sandia.gov/solar-energy-research-institute-for-india-and-the-united-states-kick-off/ |title=Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States Kick-Off |date=27 November 2012 |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |work=News report |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118214017/http://energy.sandia.gov/solar-energy-research-institute-for-india-and-the-united-states-kick-off/ }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Inspired by Molluscs to Build Stronger Homes and Aircraft |last=Nirad Mudur |date=28 July 2016 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www1.iitb.ac.in/SERIIUS/SERIIUS.htm |title=Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States (SERIIUS) |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Bhubaneswar |work=profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214083234/http://www.iitb.ac.in/SERIIUS/SERIIUS.htm |archive-date=14 December 2013 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Kamanio}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian metallurgists]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Burdwan alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Illinois faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tohoku University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Khandhar Assembly constituency

2026-02-06T18:55:56Z

Babina: started new entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khandhar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 64,563
| mla = Dhondge Keshavrao
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Khandhar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Dhondge Keshavrao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khandhar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondge Keshavrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,326 |percentage = 61.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Narsingrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,430 |percentage = 38.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,896 |percentage = 22.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,756 |percentage = 33.70% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,756}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,563|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1955]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Cissus quadrangularis

2026-02-04T05:26:55Z

Babina: improved page further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Species of grapevine}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cissus quadrangularis MS0938.jpg
| genus = Cissus
| species = quadrangularis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Cissus bifida'' Schumach. & Thonn.
*''Cissus edulis'' Dalzell
*''Cissus fischeri'' Gilg
*''Cissus quadrangula'' L.
*''Cissus quadrangula'' Salisb.
*''Cissus succulenta'' (Galpin) Burtt-Davy
*''Cissus tetragona'' Harv.
*''Cissus tetraptera'' Hook.f.
*''Cissus triandra'' Schumach. & Thonn.
*''Vitis quadrangularis'' (L.) Wall. ex Wight
*''Vitis succulenta'' Galpin
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2722833
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Adamant creeper sprouts.jpg|thumb|Adamant creeper sprouts]]
[[File:Cissus quadrangularis fruit.png|thumb|Fruit of Cissus quadrangularis]]

'''''Cissus quadrangularis''''' is a perennial plant of the [[Vitaceae|grape family]]. It is commonly known as '''veldt grape''', '''winged treebine'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 5 September 2022}}</ref> or '''adamant creeper'''.<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Cissus quadrangularis'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CIBQQ | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 5 September 2022}}</ref> The species is native to tropical Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and much of Africa.<ref name=GRIN/>

== Description ==
''Cissus quadrangularis'' reaches a height of {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and has quadrangular-sectioned branches with internodes {{convert|8-10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2-1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. Along each angle is a leathery edge. Toothed trilobe leaves {{convert|2-5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide appear at the nodes. Each has a tendril emerging from the opposite side of the node. [[Raceme]]s of small white, yellowish, or greenish flowers; globular berries are red when ripe.

''Cissus quadrangularis'' is an evergreen climber growing to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 10. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cissus+quadrangularis|title = Cissus quadrangularis Veldt Grape PFAF Plant Database}}</ref>

<gallery>
Cissus quadrangularis W2 IMG 3196.jpg|Cissus Quadrangularis in [[Rangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]].
Cissus Quadrangualaris 12.JPG|Cissus Quadrangularis in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
</gallery>

== Traditional medicine ==
''Cissus quadrangularis'' has been used as a medicinal plant since antiquity.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} ''Cissus'' has been used in various Ayurvedic classical medicines to heal broken bones and injured ligaments and tendons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vibha |first1=Singh |title=Medicinal plants and bone healing |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |date=Jan–Jun 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.4103/0975-5950.208972 |pmid=28761270 |pmc=5512407 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In ''[[siddha medicine]]'', it is considered a tonic and [[analgesic]], and is believed to help heal broken bones, thus its name ''asthisamharaka'' (that which prevents the destruction of bones). The Assamese people and the Garo tribe of Meghalaya and Bangladesh have used ''C. quadrangularis'' for bone fracture.<ref name=Upadhyay2011>{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Bhuvaneshwar |last2=Singh |first2=Kamini P. |last3=Kumar |first3=Ashwani |title=Ethno-veterinary uses and informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska region, Rajasthan, India |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=Jan 2011 |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.054 |pmid=20817085 }}</ref>

== Experimental studies ==
''C. quadrangularis'' has been studied for its effects in a [[animal model|rat model]] for osteoporosis.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/03009730902891784| pmid = 19736603| title = Evidence-based assessment of antiosteoporotic activity of petroleum-ether extract of ''Cissus'' quadrangularis ''Linn''. On ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis| journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences| volume = 114| issue = 3| pages = 140–8| year = 2009| last1 = Potu | first1 = B. K. | last2 = Rao | first2 = M. S. | last3 = Nampurath | first3 = G. K. | last4 = Chamallamudi | first4 = M. R. | last5 = Prasad | first5 = K. | last6 = Nayak | first6 = S. R. | last7 = Dharmavarapu | first7 = P. K. | last8 = Kedage | first8 = V. | last9 = Bhat | first9 = K. M. R.
| pmc = 2852762}}</ref> ''C. quadrangularis'' has been studied in animal models of bone fracture.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Indian Journal of Pharmacology | date = 1994 | volume = 26 | pages = 44–45 | title = Effect of Cissus Quadrangularis in Accelerating Healing Process of Experimentally Fracture Radius-Ulna of Dog: A Preliminary Study | url = https://www.wellcorps.com/files/EffectOfCissusQuadrangularisInAcceleratingHealingOfFracture.pdf | access-date = 2014-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131127035913/http://www.wellcorps.com/files/EffectOfCissusQuadrangularisInAcceleratingHealingOfFracture.pdf | archive-date = 2013-11-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Its bactericidal effects on ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' indicate a potential use for treating gastric ulcers in conjunction with [[NSAID]] therapy.<ref name="Jainu">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.076| pmid = 16338111| title = Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology| volume = 104| issue = 3| pages = 302–5| year = 2006| last1 = Jainu | first1 = M. | last2 = Mohan | first2 = K. V. | last3 = Devi | first3 = C. S. S. }}</ref>

The enzymatic and an in vitro cell culture study shows the potential anti-inflammatory and inhibitory properties of ''Cissus quadrangularis''.<ref name="Bhujade">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.044| pmid = 22484053 | title = Evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis extracts as an inhibitor of COX, 5-LOX, and proinflammatory mediators| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology| volume = 141| issue = 3| pages = 986–96| year = 2012| last1 = Bhujade | first1 = Arti }}</ref>

Furthermore, the plant may be used in many biomedical applications. The synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles has indicated the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoid. The synthesis uses plant extract.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Journal of Nanomaterials | date = 2021 | pages = 11 | title = Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Cissus quadrangularis-Assisted Copper Oxide | url = https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5742981 | access-date = 2024-11-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Cissus quadrangularis}}
*Austin, A. Jegadeesan, M. Gowrishankar, R. (2004) "Helicobactericidal Activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' L. Variant I"; ''Natural Product Sciences'' 10 (5): 217–219. Korean Society of Pharmacognosy.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Chopra | first1 = SS | last2 = Patel | first2 = MR | last3 = Awadhiya | first3 = RP. |name-list-style=vanc | year = 1976 | title = Studies of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' in experimental fracture repair: a histopathological study | journal = Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 64 | issue = 9| pages = 1365–1368 | pmid = 1010630 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Jainu | first1 = Mallika | last2 = Devi | first2 = Shyamala | year = 2003 | title = Tent antiulcerogenic activity of methanolic extract of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' by antioxidative mechanism | journal = Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 43–47 | doi = 10.3164/jcbn.34.43 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Kashikar | first1 = ND | last2 = Indu | first2 = George | year = 2006 | title = Antibacterial activity of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' Linn | journal = Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 245–247 |doi=10.4103/0250-474X.25727 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Oben | first1 = Julius | last2 = Damaris Mandob | first2 = Enyegue | last3 = Fomekong | first3 = Gilles I | last4 = Soukontoua | first4 = Yves B | last5 = Agbor | first5 = Gabriel A | year = 2007 | title = The effect of ''Cissus quadrangularis'' (CQR-300) and a ''Cissus'' formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress | journal = Lipids in Health and Disease | volume = 6 | page = 4 |pmid=17274828 | doi=10.1186/1476-511X-6-4 | pmc=1800848 | doi-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | year = 2006 | title = The use of a ''Cissus quadrangularis'' formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome | journal = Lipids in Health and Disease | volume = 5 | page = 24 |pmid=16948861 | doi=10.1186/1476-511X-5-24 | pmc=1570348 | last1 = Oben | first1 = Julius | last2 = Kuate | first2 = Dieudonne | last3 = Agbor | first3 = Gabriel | last4 = Momo | first4 = Claudia | last5 = Talla | first5 = Xavio | doi-access = free }}
*Analysis of the effect of Asthishrinkhla Kandaswarasa [stem juice of ''Cissus quadrangularis''] in fracture healing in a rat model 'Dr. Deepanshu K. Mishra, Prof. Sanjeev Sharma, R.G.G.P.G. Ayu. College - Paprola' Prof. V.K. Gupta, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Vet. and Animal sciences - Palampur - Dec. 2010.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2157164}}

[[Category:Plants described in 1767]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Cissus|quadrangularis]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

M. M. Keeravani

2026-01-31T21:20:56Z

Babina: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian composer and singer (born 1961)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = M. M. Keeravani
| background = non_performing_personnel
| image = M. M. Keeravani at Inji Iduppazhagi Audio Launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Keeravani
| birth_name = Koduri Marakathamani Keeravaani
| alias = {{hlist|Maragathamani|M. M. Kreem|M. M. Kareem}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1961|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kovvur]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|[[World music]]|[[Music of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu music]]|}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film composer]]|Record producer|Singer|Lyricist}}
| discography = [[M. M. Keeravani discography|Discography]]
| years_active = 1990–present
| spouse = Koduri Srivalli
}}

'''Koduri Marakathamani Keeravani''' (born 4 July 1961), professionally known as '''M. M. Keeravani''', is an Indian music composer, singer and lyricist, primarily associated with [[Telugu cinema]]. In a career spanning over three decades, Keeravani has earned several national and international [[List of awards and nominations received by M. M. Keeravani|accolades]], including an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]], a [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Critics' Choice Movie Award]], two [[National Film Awards]], eleven [[Nandi Awards]], eight [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], and a [[2022 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|LAFCA Award]]. In 2023, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions towards [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Aparna Banerjea |date= 25 January 2023|title=Padma Awards 2023 | 'RRR' fame composer MM Keeravaani honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rrr-fame-composer-mm-keeravaani-honoured-with-padma-shri-9938751.html |accessdate=2023-01-26 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = M.M. Keeravani: Maestro of Melodies in Indian Cinema – Today National…
| work = Today National News
| url = https://todaynationalnews.com/2023/12/29/m-m-keeravani-maestro-of-melodies-in-indian-cinema/
| date = 2023-12-29
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20231229170052/https://todaynationalnews.com/2023/12/29/m-m-keeravani-maestro-of-melodies-in-indian-cinema/
| archivedate = 2023-12-29 }}</ref>

In addition to his work in Telugu cinema, Keeravani has composed music for a few [[Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He is best known for his compositions in works such as ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991), ''[[Gharana Mogudu]]'' (1992)'','' ''[[Allari Priyudu]]'' (1993), ''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]'' (1994), ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' (1995), ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996), ''[[Devaraagam]]'' (1996), ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997), ''[[Zakhm]]'' (1998), ''[[Student No: 1|Student No.1]]'' (2001), ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' (2003), ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' (2005), ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' (2006), ''[[Magadheera (soundtrack)|Magadheera]]'' (2009), [[Eega (soundtrack)|''Eega'']] (2012), ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' (2015 and 2017), and ''[[RRR]]'' (2022). He is also known for his frequent collaborations with filmmakers [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[Mahesh Bhatt]], and [[S. S. Rajamouli]],<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=MM Keeravani turns 58: Peppy chartbusters composed by the legendary Pan-Indian musician |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mm-keeravani-turns-58-peppy-chartbusters-composed-by-the-legendary-pan-indian-musician/articleshow/70071324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806055100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mm-keeravani-turns-58-peppy-chartbusters-composed-by-the-legendary-pan-indian-musician/articleshow/70071324.cms |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=4 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Golden Globes 2023: Naatu Naatu's Pan-Indian 'mystery composer' and his six iconic Hindi film songs |date=11 January 2023 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/golden-globes-2023-naatu-naatus-pan-indian-mystery-composer-and-his-five-iconic-hindi-film-songs-9848561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111131001/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/golden-globes-2023-naatu-naatus-pan-indian-mystery-composer-and-his-five-iconic-hindi-film-songs-9848561.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-11 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref> and the singers [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riverbendcentre.org/upcoming-events/2019/6/22/mukti-arts-event|title=Mukti Arts Artists details|date=22 June 2019 |publisher=riverbend}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Keeravani was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family to lyricist and screenwriter [[Siva Shakthi Datta|Koduri Siva Shakthi Datta]], in [[Kovvur]] of [[West Godavari district]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Keeravani: సాహోరే... కీరవాణీ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-article/sunday-magazine/special-story-on-music-director-mm-keeravani/1/323000078 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name="TOI" /> He is the cousin of filmmaker [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and music composer [[M. M. Srilekha]]. His younger brothers are music composer [[Kalyani Malik]] and writer S. S. Kanchi. He is the nephew of screenwriter [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]].<ref name=":4" />

His wife M. M. Srivalli works as a line producer in films. His elder son, [[Kaala Bhairava]], is a singer and has sung for his father's numerous compositions ("Dandalayya" song and [[Naatu Naatu]]). His younger son, [[Sri Simha]], made his debut with ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' (2019).<ref name=":4" />

==Career==
Keeravani began his career as an assistant music director with Telugu composer [[K. Chakravarthy]] and Malayalam composer C. Rajamani in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with composer Keeravani | Onam Special Programme | date=2 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj_kUifZol4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524123038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj_kUifZol4 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He assisted in movies such as ''Collectorgari Abbayi'' and ''Bharathamlo Arjunudu'' in the late 1980s. During this time, he also sought the guidance of the veteran lyricist [[Veturi]] for over a year.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_keeravani_2006.php Stars : Star Interviews : Interview with M M Keeravani] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313040556/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_keeravani_2006.php|date=13 March 2012}}</ref>

Keeravani's first big break as an independent musician came with the film ''Kalki'' in 1990, but the film never got released and the soundtrack also went unnoticed.<ref name="TOI" /> It was director [[Mouli (Director)|Mouli]]'s 1990 film ''Manasu Mamatha'' that brought him to the limelight and was considered his first released movie. However, it was [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s blockbuster film ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991) that made Keeravani an established music director.<ref name="TOI" /> All the songs of this movie went on to become top chartbusters and Keeravani was flooded with offers from all across south Indian film industries. His first major Hindi film was ''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]'' (1994).<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411042951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-05/news-interviews/32551057_1_bollywood-film-music-mm-kreem Keeravani's music for a Bollywood film]</ref>

Keeravani mentions [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[John Williams]] and [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] as composers who influenced him. Some of the films which inspired his music include ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' (1971), ''[[Coming to America]]'' (1988), and ''[[Phone Booth (film)|Phone Booth]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=After winning a Golden Globe award for Naatu Naatu, MM Keeravani says 'My inspiration comes from John Williams, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/after-winning-golden-globes-for-naatu-naatu-mm-keeravani-8375629/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111224130/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/after-winning-golden-globes-for-naatu-naatu-mm-keeravani-8375629/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|M. M. Keeravani discography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by M. M. Keeravani}}

Keeravani won the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] and the [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "[[Naatu Naatu]]" for the 2022 Indian film [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']].<ref>{{cite news |title=M.M. Keeravani on 'Naatu Naatu' Oscars win: It's just the beginning of everything |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mm-keeravani-on-naatu-naatu-oscars-win-its-just-the-beginning-of-everything/article66613421.ece |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He received a [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] for the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]''. He is also a recipient of eight [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], eleven [[Andhra Pradesh]] state [[Nandi Awards]], and a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Keeravani presented Rotary Vocational Excellence Award |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/keeravani-presented-rotary-vocational-excellence-award/article4066252.ece?css=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713095324/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/keeravani-presented-rotary-vocational-excellence-award/article4066252.ece?css=print |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=24 March 2013 |website=The Hindu| date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> He was also nominated for [[Saturn Award for Best Music]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015).<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130212/entertainment-tollywood/article/man-demand The man in demand | Deccan Chronicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215072356/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130212/entertainment-tollywood/article/man-demand|date=15 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto" />

==See also==
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Telegram|MMKeervani}}
*{{IMDb name|0444807}}

{{M. M. Keeravani}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by M. M. Keeravani|Awards for M. M. Keeravani]]
|list =
{{Academy Award for Best Original Song}}
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Original Score}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Santosham Best Music Director Award}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keeravani, M. M.}}
[[Category:M. M. Keeravani| ]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award–winning musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award–winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:S. S. Rajamouli]]

Air Kerala

2026-01-21T03:02:15Z

Babina: improved article

{{Short description|Proposed airline based in South India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Air Kerala
| logo =
| logo_size =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| callsign =
| subsidiaries =
| parent = Cochin International Airport Limited
| founded = {{start date and age|2006|02||df=yes}}
| commenced =
| headquarters = [[Kochi]]
| hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| alliance =
| fleet_size =
| destinations =
| Mascot =
| website = {{URL|www.airkerala.com}}
| image =
| caption =
| aoc =
| num_employees =
}}

'''Air Kerala''' is a proposed [[low-cost airline|ultra-low-cost]] [[regional airline]] project, promoted by the [[Government of Kerala]], registered as a subsidiary of the [[Cochin International Airport Limited]] (CIAL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/24/stories/2006022401770800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226071658/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/24/stories/2006022401770800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2006 |title=Cities / Kochi : New companies registered |date=24 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2015, the board of directors of the airline decided to defer the start of commercial operations until a clear picture of relevant government rules emerged.<ref name = "TH4">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/air-kerala-fails-to-take-wings/article7042011.ece |title=Air Kerala fails to take wings |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

The airline had initially planned to commence operations in April 2013,<ref>{{cite web|author=IANS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/air-kerala-will-take-off-by-april-14/article3979495.ece |title=Today's Paper / IN SCHOOL : Air Kerala 'will take off by April 14' |work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> however, the Indian government's stipulation, that an Indian airline seeking to operate international air services should first have a fleet of at least 20 aircraft and a five-year experience in operating domestic services, had put the project on the backburner.<ref name="HINDU">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chandy-hopeful-of-pursuing-air-kerala/article5643897.ece |title=Chandy hopeful of pursuing Air Kerala |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

Air Kerala was to be India's first airline with a State government as one of the primary stakeholders. The State government, CIAL and other public sector companies were together to hold 26% of the shares of the company, while the remaining 74% were to be issued to individuals and private groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3900357.ece |title=Cities / Kochi : Air Kerala on a strong ground |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

In July 2024, UAE-based businessman Afi Ahmed announced plans to use the Air Kerala [[domain name]], which he owns, to market scheduled commuter air transport services in the state of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2024/07/09/new-indian-carrier-air-kerala-closer-to-launch-with-plans-to-expand-to-uae-by-2026/ | title=New Indian carrier Air Kerala closer to launch with plans to expand to UAE by 2026 }}</ref>

==History==
The project was first proposed in 2005 during the Chief Ministership of [[Oommen Chandy]] and '''Air Kerala International Services''' was registered as a fully owned subsidiary of [[Cochin International Airport]] in February 2006. However the proposal went to cold storage, after the ruling [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] government stepped down in 2006. On returning to power in 2011, the UDF government decided to revive the project. The hardship faced by the [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|Non-resident Keralites]], due to high airfares and frequent cancellation of flights between Kerala and the [[Gulf countries]], led to the revival of the Air Kerala proposal. The project has evoked good interest from the various [[Malayali]] businessmen and Non-resident Keralites in the Middle East.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103112135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-07/special-report/34305943_1_air-kerala-cial-three-international-airports Kerala set to fly solo]</ref>

==Business plan==
The primary objective of the airline was to eventually operate international flights to the Middle East, where around 2.5 million [[Keralites]] are employed. The airline would follow the model of Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL), which is India's first [[PPPs|PPP]] airport.

Air Kerala planned to raise {{INR}} 200 crore through equity as initial capital. While 26% of shares were to be held by the state government, CIAL and public sector undertakings, the remaining 74% would be held by shareholders. The state government and CIAL would fund {{INR}} 50 crore each while {{INR}} 100 crore would be mobilized from the public as shares. Each share was valued at {{INR}} 10,000 and it was expected that at least {{formatnum:200000}} Keralites would invest in the project. Consultancy firm [[Ernst & Young]], that conducted a study in 2006, is now preparing the [[Detailed Project Report]] for the government.<ref name="Air Kerala">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150324040651/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-15/news/34473085_1_air-kerala-gulf-sector-foreign-airlines Air Kerala may fly overseas on FDI]</ref>

==Hurdles==

The proposal of starting the airline was first floated in 2006. But the [[Central government of India|central government]] rejected the proposal, as it did not meet the criteria for operating international services. The [[Government of Kerala]] sought speedy approval from the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|MoCA]] for launching Air Kerala. The government also sought exemptions on the MoCA regulatory norms, that require airline companies at least five years experience in [[domestic flight]] operations and a minimum fleet size of 20 aircraft, to start international flight services.<ref name = "BS7"/> The state government cited the exemption given by the central government to [[Air India]] when it launched its subsidiary, [[Air India Express]].<ref name="Air Kerala"/>

== Timeline ==
Air Kerala was expected to submit formal application in November 2012 before the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]] (DGCA) for getting the no objection certificate for services, as stated by the Minister for Fisheries, Port and Excise, Shri. [[K. Babu]], who is also a member of the director board of Air Kerala.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103104651/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-23/kochi/34679402_1_air-kerala-international-flight-operations-director-board Air Kerala to approach DGCA for NOC]</ref>

=== 2014 ===
In February 2014, former Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy indicated that the central government's requirements for initiating international airline operations had stalled the project's progress. He affirmed his administration's commitment to pursuing the initiative if these prerequisites were relaxed. Subsequently, in December 2014, the Board of Directors opted to commence domestic operations instead. Negotiations commenced to lease a 15-seater aircraft for service between the state's three airports. However, the plan shifted towards acquiring an aircraft with a five-hour non-stop flight capability. This aimed to expedite the accumulation of the minimum domestic flying credits mandated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/cial-continues-to-fly-high/article6734726.ece |title=CIAL continues to fly high |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="HINDU"/><ref name = "TH4" />

=== March 2015 ===
In March 2015, the airline's board of directors opted to postpone the launch of commercial operations pending clarification regarding the proposed amendments to the '5/20' rule.<ref name="TH4" /> As of 2017, the rule has been revised to the 0/20 format. As per the new guidelines, any airline with 20 aircraft or that keeps aside 20 percent of their fleet exclusively for domestic sectors can fly abroad. The five-year domestic flying experience has been revoked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/civil-aviation-policy-cleared-020-rule-is-a-clincher-for-vistara-airasia-india-2836004.html |title=Civil aviation policy cleared: 0/20 rule is a clincher for Vistara, AirAsia India |publisher=Firstpost.com |date=2016-06-15 |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref><ref name ="BS7">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-clears-civil-aviation-policy-replaces-5-20-rule-116061500325_1.html |title=Cabinet clears civil aviation policy, replaces 5/20 condition with 0/20 rule | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date= 15 June 2016|access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref>

== Zettfly Aviation ==
In April 2023, UAE-based Keralite businessman Afi Ahmed acquired the domain name airkerala.com and expressed his willingness to collaborate with the government on the Air Kerala project. Mr Ahmed offered to donate the domain and lend his full support if the government decides to revive the initiative.<ref>[https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-based-businessman-tries-to-revive-plans-for-new-indian-airline-invests-dh1-million-in-domain-na Khaleej times reported]</ref> However, the Government of Kerala and Cochin International Airport Limited (the company which owned the trademark name (of AIR KERALA)) expressed that the plan of operating an airline has not been shelved. The viability of collaborating with a private operator for this purpose has not been contemplated, as it involves decision-making at the policy level.

In July 2024, Afi Ahmed's private company, [https://zettfly.com/ Zettfly Aviation], announced that they had received a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] to operate scheduled commuter air transport services for three years. Zettfly will use Ahmed's Air Kerala domain name to market its services. It would be the first regional airline to be based in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/dubai-businessmen-launch-low-cost-airline-air-kerala-plan-to-slash-prices-for-expats?_refresh=true|title=Miss Teen International 2024: Beauties from 30 Countries Say 'Wah Taj' During Taj Mahal Visit|work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref> Zettfly is working to obtain an Air Operator's Certificate (AOC) and will start operations with three [[ATR 72-600]] aircraft<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/companies/setfly-aviation-kerala-based-company-announces-air-kerala-flight-service-sgat56|title=Air Kerala Airline Service Announced: First Kerala-based Airline to Receive Operating Permit|work=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml}}</ref> Being set up as an "ultra-low-cost airline", Ahmed plans to start with three ATR 72-600 aircraft<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airkerala.com/our-aircraft | title=Air Kerala Fleet}}</ref> aiming for six aircraft by mid-2026 and eventually reaching 20 aircraft for international expansion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://safariindia.com/aviation-industry/indias-newest-airline-air-kerala-to-start-regional-and-intl-flights-from-kannur-in-2025-8580422 | title=Air Kerala's Expansion Plans}}</ref>

Zettfly named C. S. Randhawa, a veteran pilot with nearly 50 years of experience, as Vice President of Operations to help prepare for the airline's launch. Ashutosh Vashishth, a former army officer and aviation security expert, was appointed Vice President of Security. Harish Kutty was appointed the airline's Chief Executive Officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/10/04/air-kerala-top-management-hiring/|title=Air Kerala Set for 2025 Launch with Top Management Hiring|work=aviationa2z.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/air-kerala-onboards-two-aviation-veterans-to-head-operations-and-security-19486079.html|title=Air Kerala onboards two aviation veterans to head operations and security|work=[[CNBC TV18]]|language=en}}</ref>

Zettfly will initially target tier-2 and tier-3 airports across South and Central India to cater to Kerala's large expatriate community and domestic travellers. It will connect major cities like [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], while also focusing on underserved tier-2 cities. Upon securing international route permissions, Zettfly plans to prioritize high-demand routes to the Middle East, including destinations such as [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]] in the UAE, [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]] and [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] in Saudi Arabia, and [[Hamad International Airport|Qatar]]. Subsequently, the airline intends to expand its network to Southeast Asian countries, such as [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Thailand]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Vietnam]], and [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/interview-afi-ahmed-air-kerala-founder-1.9895684|title=Exclusive! 'Air Kerala will offer affordable fares without compromising passenger experience'|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2024/12/18/al-hind-air-kerala-airlines-dates-routes-management.html | title=Kerala-Based Airlines Coming Soon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://safariindia.com/aviation-industry/indias-newest-airline-air-kerala-to-start-regional-and-intl-flights-from-kannur-in-2025-8580422 | title=Air Kerala’s International Focus}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130103112135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-07/special-report/34305943_1_air-kerala-cial-three-international-airports Kerala set to fly solo]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Air-Kerala-may-fly-overseas-on-FDI/articleshow/16814086.cms Air Kerala may fly overseas on FDI]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/air-kerala-tour-operators-ready-to-buy-50-seats/article4011813.ece Air Kerala: tour operators ready to buy 50% seats]

{{Clear}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2006]]

Hari Sen

2026-01-12T19:11:40Z

Babina:

{{Short description|Indian historian (1955–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hari Sen
| native_name =
| image = Hari sen pic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1955|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Sundar Nagar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2024|03|30|1955|08|15}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[St. Columba's School, Delhi]]
*[[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
*[[Delhi University]]
}}
| employer = [[Ramjas College]], Delhi University
| known_for = Teaching history at Delhi University
| works =
| spouse = Prof. Radhika Chopra
| relatives = [[Lalit Sen]] (father) [[Laxman Singh]] (maternal grandfather) [[Pran Chopra]] (father-in-law)
| family = The royal family of [[Suket State]]
| awards =
}}

'''Hari Sen''' (15 August 1955 – 30 March 2024) was an Indian academic historian from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He taught history at [[Delhi University]] and conducted research on the [[Bhil|Bhils]] of colonial [[Rajasthan]]. He was also the titular [[Raja]] of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Suket State|Suket]].

== Personal life ==
Hari Sen was born in 1955 in the royal family of Suket, an erstwhile [[Salute state|11-gun salute princely state]] whose capital used to be the present-day town of [[Sundar Nagar]] in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=hari+sen+suket+state&pg=PA98 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref> Sen's father was [[Lalit Sen]] (1932–1985) – a two-time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] from the [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi constituency]] – and his paternal grandfather was Raja Lakshman Sen Bahadur (1895–1970), the last ruling king of Suket. Sen's mother was Krishna Kumari, daughter of [[Laxman Singh|Maharawal Sir Lakshman Singh]] (the last ruling king of [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]]) from his second wife. Sen nominally succeeded to the 'gaddi' (throne) of Suket on 18 October 1985, as the 52nd 'Raja Saheb' of Suket. His nominal title was ''His Highness Raja Hari Sen Bahadur of Suket''. Sen was married to Dr. Radhika Chopra, a renowned Indian sociologist and the daughter of the journalist [[Pran Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Suket (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/suket |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |date=15 August 1955 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=hari+sen+suket+state&pg=PA98 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sriniwas |date=15 September 2014 |title=Once again in Sundernagar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140915/himachal.htm |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

Sen was the trustee and president of the Maharaja Lakshman Sen Memorial College in Sundar Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLSM College {{!}} Sundernagar, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.mlsmc.ac.in/thefounder.aspx |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.mlsmc.ac.in}}</ref>

Sen, who was a friend of the writer [[Amitav Ghosh]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Very few are listening: Writer Amitav Ghosh on climate crisis - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/global-warming/very-few-are-listening-writer-amitav-ghosh-on-climate-crisis/articleshow/73304042.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> features prominently in Ghosh's often-reprinted essay about the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in Delhi, 'The Ghosts of Mrs Gandhi'.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |date=1995-07-10 |title=THE GHOSTS OF MRS. GANDHI |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/07/17/the-ghosts-of-mrs-gandhi |access-date=2022-12-08 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&dq=hari+sen+delhi+university&pg=PA48 |title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7530-047-7 |pages=46–63 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipd9qQWAXA4C&dq=hari+sen+delhi+university&pg=PA195 |title=The Individual and Society |date=2005 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0417-2 |pages=194–206 |language=en |chapter=Ghosts of Mrs Gandhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=The ghosts of Mrs Gandhi: Amitav Ghosh looks back at the 1984 massacre of Sikhs |url=https://scroll.in/article/906350/the-ghosts-of-mrs-gandhi-amitav-ghosh-looks-back-at-the-1984-massacre-of-sikhs |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=20 December 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |date=2022-02-03 |title=The Ghosts Of Mrs Gandhi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-ghosts-of-mrs-gandhi/282817 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Outlook |language=en}}</ref>

Sen died in New Delhi on 30 March 2024, at the age of 68.<ref>[https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/mlsm-college-sundernagar-president-dr-hari-sen-passes-away-2024-03-30 पूर्व सुकेत रियासत के राजा हरि सेन का दिल्ली में लंबी बीमारी के बाद निधन] {{in lang|hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simeon |first=Dilip |date=April 9, 2024 |title=R.I.P. Hari Sen (1955-2024). Beloved teacher and outstanding human being |url=https://dsimian.com/2024/04/09/r-i-p-hari-sen-1955-2024-beloved-teacher-and-outstanding-human-being/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=After the truth-shower |language=en}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
=== Education ===
Sen did his schooling from [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]], his MA in history from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], Delhi University, and PhD from the Department of History, Delhi University.<ref name=":1" /> His PhD dissertation was titled ''Popular Protest in Mewar in the Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth Centuries'' (unpublished, 1996)''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardiman |first=David |date=2006 |title=Knowledge of the Bhils and their Systems of Healing |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/49329.pdf |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX4fEAAAQBAJ&dq=hari+sen+Popular+Protest+in+Mewar+in+the+Late-Nineteenth+and+Early-Twentieth+Centuries&pg=PA327 |title=Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22 |date=2021-03-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-758056-1 |pages=327 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Teaching ===
Sen taught history at [[Ramjas College]], Delhi University, from October 1991 till his retirement in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Seniority List of Teachers, Ramjas College |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/college/web/notice/SeniorityList.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Aditya |date=2016-04-18 |title=14 Members Of Royal Families Who Have Jobs Just Like The Rest Of Us |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/life/royalty-with-day-jobs-like-us/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Balaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFNuAAAAMAAJ&q=hari+sen+delhi+university |title=The Sens of Himachal: Their Pan-Indian Heritage |date=1999 |publisher=Self Employment Bureau (Publications) |language=en}}</ref> He was widely known as a teacher of history at Delhi University.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Sudhanva |title=Ramjas has a history of violence – and of standing up to it: An ex-student recalls his college days |url=https://scroll.in/article/830224/ramjas-has-a-history-of-violence-and-of-standing-up-to-it-an-ex-student-recalls-his-college-days |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=25 February 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |title=Vintage Assam: Chronicles Of A Bygone Era |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/71131/vintage-assam |access-date=2022-12-08 |website= |language=en}}</ref> He has been mentioned as an influence in the works of several historians and other scholars of [[South Asia]], including [[Ramachandra Guha|Ramchandra Guha]] (2000),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHfJLK6g_a8C&dq=hari+sen+delhi+university&pg=PR18 |title=The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya |date=2000-02-02 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22235-9 |pages=xviii |language=en}}</ref> Prakash Kumar (2012),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OldjkdRrKXAC&dq=hari+sen+mukul+manglik&pg=PR13 |title=Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India |date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02325-3 |language=en}}</ref> Monika Saxena (2018),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Monika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwtpDwAAQBAJ&dq=hari+sen+mukul+manglik&pg=PT13 |title=Women and the Puranic Tradition in India |date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-82639-9 |language=en}}</ref> Pankaj Jha (2018),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Pankaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ&dq=hari+sen+ramjas&pg=PT12 |title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century |date=2018-11-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909535-3 |language=en}}</ref> Radhika Chopra (2018),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oVuDwAAQBAJ&dq=hari+sen+delhi+university&pg=PR12 |title=Amritsar 1984: A City Remembers |date=2018-08-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-7106-7 |pages=xii |language=en}}</ref> and Nikhil Menon (2022).<ref>{{Citation |title=Acknowledgements |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/planning-democracy/acknowledgements/9422BD5473D5D71021D8797848DC67CB |work=Planning Democracy: Modern India's Quest for Development |pages=x–xiv |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=Nikhil |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51733-8 |access-date=2022-12-08}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Book chapters ===
* Sen, Hari. "The Bhil rebellion of 1881". In ''Issues in Modern Indian History: for Sumit Sarkar''. Popular Prakashan, 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&dq=hari+sen+bhils&pg=PR9 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History: For Sumit Sarkar |date=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-658-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sen, Hari. "The Bhils in Colonial Mewar." In ''Negotiating India’s Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta.'' Tulika Books'','' 2003.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pati |first1=Biswamoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XypuAAAAMAAJ&q=hari+sen+bhils+in+colonial+mewar |title=Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta |last2=Sahu |first2=Bhairabi Prasad |last3=Venkatasubramanian |first3=T. K. |date=2003 |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-81-85229-81-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sen, Hari. "The Maharana and the Bhils: The ‘Eki’ movement in Mewar, 1921–22." In ''India's Princely States'', pp. 157-172. Routledge, 2007.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ernst |first1=Waltraud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hl9AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Maharana+and+the+Bhils:+The+%E2%80%98Eki%E2%80%99movement+in+Mewar,&pg=PT299 |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |last2=Pati |first2=Biswamoy |date=2007-10-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11987-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Hari}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of colonialism]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]

Vande Mataram (1939 film)

2026-01-09T05:03:31Z

Babina: new

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vande Mataram
| image = Vandemataram (1939) Poster Design.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster Design Published in ''[[Andhra Patrika|Andhra Patrika Weekly]]''
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. N. Reddy]]
| writer = B. N. Reddy Samudrala Raghavacharya (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ramnath
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]] [[Kanchanamala]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramnath
| editing = T. V. S. Mani
| music = V. Nagayya
| studio = Vauhini
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1939}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vande Mataram''''' ({{Translation|Hail to the mother!<ref name="I"/>}}) is a 1939 Indian Telugu-language film directed by [[B. N. Reddy]] and starring [[V. Nagayya]] and [[Kanchanamala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navatarangam.com/2009/09/vandemataram-telugu-cinema/|title=వందేమాతరం-తెలుగులో తొలితరం సాంఘిక చిత్రం|work=Navatarangam|language=te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316094314/http://navatarangam.com/2009/09/vandemataram-telugu-cinema/|archive-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> The story is based on Reddy's short story ''Mangala Sutra''. The film was a box office success.<ref name="I"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/310721/nfai-acquires-rare-treasure-of-over-450-glass-slides-of-early-telugu-c.html|title=NFAI acquires rare treasure of over 450 glass slides of early Telugu Cinema|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/archival-treasure-rare-450-glass-slides-early-telugu-cinema-arrive-nfai-839254|title=Rare 450 glass slides of early Telugu cinema arrive at the NFAI|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] as Raghu<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/vandemataram.html|title=Vande Mataram (1939)|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308190126/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/vandemataram.html|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
*[[Kanchanamala]] as Janaki<ref name="I"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1939 Indian films]]

{{1930s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Loteshwar

2025-12-31T12:51:09Z

Babina: put up first entry v1!

{{Short description|Village and archaeological site in Patan, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Loteshwar
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India
|map_alt =
|map_size = 270
|coordinates = {{coord|23|36|N|71|50|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|region =
|type =
|part_of =
|length =
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|height =
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|material =
|built =
|abandoned =
|epochs = 
|cultures = [[Anarta tradition]], [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
|dependency_of =
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|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
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|management =
|public_access =
|website = 
|notes =
}}

'''Loteshwar''' is a village and an archaeological site belonging to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] located at [[Patan district]], [[Gujarat]], India. This site is locally also known as Khari-no-timbo and located on a high sand dune on left bank of Khari river, a tributary of [[Rupen River|Rupen]] river.<ref name=asi>{{cite book|editor-last=Mahapatra|editor-first=S.K. |title=Indian Archaeology 1990-91, A Review|year=1995|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|pages=12–13|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201990-91%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=C.S.|first1=Gadekar|last2=P.|first2=Ajithprasad|last3=Marco|first3=Madella|last4=Andrea|first4=Balbo|last5=S.V.|first5=Rajesh|last6=B.|first6=Rondelli|last7=José|first7=García-Granero Fos, Juan|last8=David|first8=Rodríguez Antón|last9=V.|first9=Yannitto|date=2014|title=Continuation of a Tradition over Five Thousand Years: Lithic Assemblage from Loteshwar, North Gujarat, Western India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271195286|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Archeology==
===Ancient site===
The 2009 excavation at Loteshwar uncovered one of the earliest Mesolithic sites in Western India, with levels containing radiocarbon evidence of human activity since 8000 BCE as well as evidence of continuous microlithic tool traditions spanning over 5,000 years. These findings suggest a stable and long-term human presence in the region, contributing new insights into early settlement patterns in South Asia.<ref>Gadekar, Charusmita; Ajithprasad, P.; Madella, M.; Balbo, A.; Rajesh, S. V.; Rondelli, B.; García-Granero, J. J.; Rodriguez, D.; Yanitto, V. (2014). "Continuation of a Tradition over Five Thousand Years: Lithic Assemblage from Loteshwar, North Gujarat, Western India." Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology, 2, 283-304. [http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume2/283-304.pdf](http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume2/283-304.pdf).</ref>

===Excavation===
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M.S.University, Baroda carried out excavation at Loteshwar during 1990-91. The excavation revealed two different cultural periods with Period I belonging to Monolithic culture and Period II belonging to a culture having affinity with the Harappan culture.<ref name=asi/>

====Period I====
Period I, with 60 cm deposit on a sand dune, yielded large number of microlithic tools, flat sandstone "palettes", grinding stones and hammer stones.<ref name=asi/> Tools were made of chert, jasper, agate and quartz.<ref name=asi/> Two burials were also found.<ref name=asi/>

====Period II====
Period II was represented by 80 cm deposits but deposits connected to habitation was about 20 cm to 25 cm thickness.<ref name=asi/> Large number of pits (0.5 m to 2 m diameter, 0.5 m to 2 m depth) which were invariably filled ashy soil, potsherds, animal bones and other insignificant materials were found and the significance of these large number of pits is not fully understood.<ref name=asi/>

Pottery collection from this site was predominated by gritty red ware and red ware, which were analogous in shape and style with similar pottery found at [[Nagwada]] and coarse redware and polychrome pottery found at [[Surkotada]].<ref name=asi/> Red ware was usually well fired and made of fine clay.

====Artefacts====
Bowls and pots with shades of black and red on cream/white background, coarse red ware and grey ware with incised designs, terracotta pinched type lumps, ''mushtika'' type lumps, steatite micro beads, agate beads, carnelian beads, amazonite beads etc.<ref name=asi/> Terracotta objects found at this site included a figurine, bangles, clay lumps with impressions of reed etc.<ref name=antiquity>{{cite web|last=Madella|first=M and 12 other writers|title=Social and environmental transitions in arid zones: the North Gujarat Archaeological Project — NoGAP|url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/madella325/|publisher=World Archaeology Ed.Martin Carver|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

===Culture===
The ceramics found at Loteshwar, distinct from Amri-Nal pottery,<ref name=jane>{{cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane R.|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=9781576079072|pages=62,74,412|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=loteshwar}}</ref> is associated with the [[Anarta tradition]]. It is of different nature from those of early Harappan period and suggest earlier pot-making activity in this area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|title=The indus civilization : a contemporary perspective|year=2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|isbn=9780759101722|pages=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=loteshwar&pg=PA69| edition=2.print.}}</ref> The crested ridge technique of blade production is absent in Loteshwar. Loteshwar shows two fold cultural sequence (Mesolithic and Chalcolithic). The site has very thin Chalcolithic deposit showing about 2000 years of occupation which could be seasonal. It has several pits of varying diameter but there are no other structures. After the long time of Chalcolitic occupation, sheep and goats were introduced here.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajesh|first1=S.V.|last2=Sukumaran|first2=Prabhin|last3=Krishnan|first3=K|date=2015-01-01|title=Scenario Of Chalcolithic Site Surveys In Gujarat|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305403890|journal=Pakistan Heritage|volume=7|pages=5|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

===Other findings===
Other findings from Loteshwar include large amount of funeral remains in the form of skeletal remains of land animals like sheep, goat and cattle<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|pages=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=loteshwar}}</ref> and fish as well as turtle.<ref name=asi/>

==Places of interest==
[[File:Gangua Kund Mahadev temple, Loteshvar Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Floor plan of the Kund near Loteshvar Mahadev temple]]
There is a temple of Loteshvar Mahadev with a reservoir, ''Loteshwar Kund'', in front, called ''pretgaya''. A yearly fair, attended by about thousands of pilgrims, is held here on Phagun vad Amavasya (March - April). A bath in the pool, and certain religious ceremonies, are believed to draw out evil spirits and, at the same time, give them freedom, mukti, and absorption into the eternal Brahma.{{sfn|''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur and Mahi Kantha''|2015|page=342}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Indus Valley civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1880|pages=342|ref={{sfnref|''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur and Mahi Kantha''|2015}}}}
[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=337}}

{{Patan district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patan district]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]

Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital

2025-12-30T04:53:17Z

Babina: started new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital
| org_group =
| image = M5-Sec-19-Ispat-general-Hospital-1.jpg
| alt =
| image_size =
| caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| location = Sector 19
| region = [[Rourkela]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| address =
| healthcare = Semi Government
| funding = Non Profit
| type = General 
| speciality = Neurology, Neuro-Surgery, Cardiology, Cardio - thoracic & vascular surgery and Nephrology
| standards =
| emergency = 
| helipad = 
| affiliation = [[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 300
| founded = 21 March 2021
| closed = 
| demolished = 
| website =
| other_links = 
}}
'''Ispat Post Graduate Institute and Super Specialty Hospital''' ('''IPGI&SSH''')<ref name="IspatHosp-website">{{cite web |title=Ispat General Hospital |url=http://www.sigid.org/en/Member/IGH |publisher=SIGID |accessdate=1 December 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123012130/http://www.sigid.org/en/Member/IGH |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a medical college and multi-specialty hospital<ref name="odishatv">{{cite web|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/oram-attends-meeting-to-discuss-status-of-hospital-at-igh-143210/|publisher=odishatv.in|title=Oram attends meeting to discuss status of hospital at IGH | Odisha Television Limited|accessdate=2017-01-05|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416063415/http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/oram-attends-meeting-to-discuss-status-of-hospital-at-igh-143210/|url-status=dead}}</ref> located in sector 19 of the city of [[Rourkela]] in Odisha, India. It is associated with the [[Rourkela Steel Plant]] (RSP).

== History ==
Ispat General Hospital under RSP, SAIL, has a legacy of six decades. With a capacity of 600 beds, it was established in 1959 to provide quality medical & health services to RSP's employees, their families, the supporting population and the residents of neighboring areas in Odisha and adjoining states.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|22.264358|84.865160|region:India:Hospital|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Rourkela]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

Dahyabhai Patel

2025-12-21T16:18:50Z

Babina: update formatting additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the son of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Lok Sabha member from Gujarat|Dahyabhai Vallabhbhai Patel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1905|11|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death_date_and_age|1973|08|11|1905|11|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bombay, Maharashtra, India
| parents = {{ubl|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]|Jhaverben Patel}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Maniben Patel]] (sister) [[Vithalbhai Patel]] (uncle)
|}}

'''Dahyabhai Patel''' (28 November 1905 – 11 August 1973) was the son of Indian leader [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and a member of the [[Parliament of India]].

==Personal life==
Educated at Bombay, Patel graduated from the [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] and began working for Oriental Insurance Company, and settled in Bombay. When he was 27, his first wife Yashoda died, leaving him his son Bipin. He later married Bhanumati and had another son, Gautam. His flat on Sandhurst Road and later Prabhadevi in Bombay was the frequent residence of Sardar Patel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Biswaraj |title=Statue huge, but Sardar remains ignored even today |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/statue-huge--but-sardar-remains-ignored-even-today.html |accessdate=9 November 2020 |work=The Pioneer |date=31 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="print.in-family"/>

==Career==
Patel was a Congressman and was elected member of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] in 1939, where he spent 18 years.<ref name="print.in-family"/> Patel participated in the [[Quit India movement]] and was imprisoned from 1942 to 1944.

He left congress in 1957 over disagreements with Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="print.in-family">{{cite news |last1=Kothari |first1=Urvish |title=The political dynasty nobody is talking about: Sardar Patel's |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-dynasty-nobody-is-talking-about-sardar-patels/142422/ |accessdate=9 November 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114230639/https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-dynasty-nobody-is-talking-about-sardar-patels/142422/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patel requested to fight the 1957 Lok Sabha elections as a Parishad candidate, but decided against it on rebuke from his sister [[Maniben Patel]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Indulal |title=Atmakatha |year=1986 |publisher=Gnanprachar |volume=6 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulYKzQEACAAJ |accessdate=9 November 2020 |language=gu |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515140753/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulYKzQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He eventually became the vice president of the Parishad and was elected to Rajya Sabha in 1958.<ref name="print.in-family"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |title= Members of Rajya Sabha |accessdate= 12 July 2012 |archive-date= 14 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status= live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dahyabhai}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nadiad]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Syed Ali Ashrafi

2025-12-08T14:36:31Z

Babina: new

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2025)}}
'''Syed Ali Ashrafi''' (died 25 March 2025) was an Indian politician and Islamic scholar belonging to the [[Sunni Islam]]. He was a Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 1980 to 1985, and a Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Pilibhit Assembly constituency]] from 1985 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |title=पूर्व विधायक के निधन पर जताया दुख |trans-title=Expressed grief over the death of former MLA |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit/story-moulana-syed-ali-ashrafi-former-mla-from-pilibhit-passes-away-201742949047682.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> He was the last representative of [[Indian National Congress]] who served as an MLA of Pilibhit since 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=36 साल से जिले में नहीं खुला कांग्रेस का खाता |trans-title=Congress account not opened in the district for 36 years |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit-congress-account-not-opend-in-the-district-for-36-years-22451019.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-09-20 |title=पीलीभीत शहर विधानसभा सीट पर कांटे की टक्कर के आसार, जानिए चुनावी समीकरण |trans-title=There is a possibility of a close contest on Pilibhit city assembly seat, know the electoral equation |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/pilibhit/up-assembly-election-2022-demographic-report-of-pilibhit-sadar-assembly-seat/up20210920082026001 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वर्ष 1985 के बाद से कांग्रेस को जिले में जीत की तलाश |trans-title=Congress is looking for victory in the district since 1985 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/pilibhit/since-1985-congress-is-looking-for-victory-in-the-district-pilibhit-news-bly4747012189 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेस के लिए रेगिस्‍तान बन चुकी है पीलीभीत की धरती, दशकों से पार्टी का एक भी प्रत्‍याशी नहीं जीता चुनाव |trans-title=The land of Pilibhit has become a desert for Congress for three decades not a single candidate of the party won the election |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-up-election-2022-the-land-of-pilibhit-has-become-a-desert-for-congress-for-three-decades-not-a-single-candidate-of-the-party-won-the-election-22446282.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Syed Ali Ashrafi was born to [[Mukhtar Ashraf|Syed Mukhtar Ashraf Ashrafi]] at [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]]. He is a descendant of [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]], a Sufi saint of [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyya order]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SOOCHNA-NEWS |date=2025-03-25 |title=मखदूम अशरफ सिमनानी के वंशज पूर्व मंत्री, एमएलसी व विधायक सैय्यद अली अशरफी का इंतेक़ाल, शोक की लहर |trans-title=Former minister, MLC and MLA Syed Ali Ashrafi, a descendant of Makhdoom Ashraf Simnani, passed away, wave of mourning |url=https://soochnanews.in/saydaliashraf/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=SOOCHNA NEWS |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Ashrafi died on 25 March 2025, and was buried in the Qabristan of Ashrafpur Kichhauchha on 26 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=वरिष्ठ मुस्लिम धर्मगुरु सैयद अली अशरफी का निधन, भतीजे सैयद मकसूद अशरफ ने की पुष्टि, आज होंगे सुपुर्द-ए-खाक - mobile |trans-title=Senior Muslim religious leader Syed Ali Ashrafi passed away, nephew Syed Maqsood Ashraf confirmed, he will be buried today - mobile |url=https://m.up.punjabkesari.in/uttar-pradesh/news/senior-muslim-cleric-syed-ali-ashrafi-passes-away-2125477 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashrafi, Syed Ali}}
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1936

2025-12-07T15:54:41Z

Babina:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1936:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1936 in film|1936]]'''
|-
|''[[Sita Bibaha]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] || Makhanlal Bannerjee, Mohan Sunder Deb Goswami, Krushnachandra Singh ||Mythological ||First [[Oriya film]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1936 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1940]]
[[Category:1936 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1930s in Orissa]]
[[Category:Lists of 1936 films by language|Ollywood]]

Mainul Haque

2025-11-04T22:41:29Z

Babina: put up basic entry v1!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Mainul Haque''' (1963 – 2 November 2025) was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was a five-time consecutive member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Farakka Assembly constituency]] in [[Murshidabad district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Farakka Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Farakka assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/farakka-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-farakka-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9148811.htm |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Haque was born in 1963,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mainul Haque, Indian National Congress (INC): Constituency- Farakka (Murshidabad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=711 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> and came from [[Farakka]], Murshidabad district, [[West Bengal]]. He was the son of the late Saiyab Sheikh. He studied Class 10 at Tildanga High School and passed the Madhyamak examinations in 1979. He did farming and his wife runs her own business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Haque won from the Farakka Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,314 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Md. Mustafa of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 28,167 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Farakka profile: Congress' Mainul Haque retained seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-farakka-profile-congress-mainul-haque-retained-seat-in-2016-9327241.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], defeating Abul Hasnat Khan of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He won the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] to retain the seat for the Congress Party defeating, Mir Tarekul Islam, also of CPI (M). He became an MLA for the third time winning the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Abdus Salam, also of CPI (M). In [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he once again defeated Abdus Salam.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Farakka Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Manirul Islam of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/farakka-election-result-2021-live-updates-farakka-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695441.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Thus from 1996 onward, he won five consecutive elections till 2016 and his winning streak came to an end in the 2021 Assembly election, which he lost to [[Manirul Islam (Indian politician)|Manirul Islam]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Malampuzha Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Malampuzha Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-malampuzha-constituency-55.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Farakka Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/farakka-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
Haque died from a cardiac arrest on 2 November 2025, at the age of 62.<ref>[https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/former-five-time-cong-mla-mainul-haque-who-later-joined-trinamool-congress-passes-away/ Former five-time Cong MLA Mainul Haque, who later joined Trinamool Congress, passes away]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Mainul}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Shankhlal Majhi

2025-10-28T12:07:11Z

Babina:

{{short description|Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Shankhlal Majhi शंखलाल माझी
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Majhiji.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Katehri]]
| office = Minister of Medical-health and Family welfare
[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end = March 2017
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Lalji Verma]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|02|22}}
| birth_place = Village MukhlisPur, SantKabir Nagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birthname =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = Anjani (Wife)
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = Two (Sons) Ankur(Ravi)& Aakash, Three (Daughter) Mamta, Neha (Mansi), Ankita
| residence = Santkabir Nagar district, ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Agriculturist]] & Politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 = Chief Minister
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
}}

'''Shankhlal Majhi''' is an Indian politician and former member of parliament from Akbarpur (now [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]]) and two time former member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Majhi is a member of the Samajwadi Party and represents Katehari constituency of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=3906|title=Shankh Lal Manjhi(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- Akbarpur(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=Myneta.info|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> He is the state Minister of Medical - Health and family welfare of Uttar Pradesh, in office since 15 March 2012.

==Early life and education==
Shankhlal Majhi was born in the village Mukhlispur, SantKabeer Nagar district, in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1955. Majhi had represented Akbarpur.

Majhi was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly twice, in 2002 from Hainsarbazar (now [[Dhanghata Assembly constituency|Dhanghata]]) and in 2012 from the [[Katehari Assembly constituency|Katehari]] seat. He worked as a state minister of fisheries (independent), and is currently working as a state minister of Medical-health and family welfare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samajwadiparty.in/|title=Samajwadi Party - The Party of a Socialist Society|website=Samajwadiparty.in|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uphealth.up.nic.in/add.htm |title=Untitled Document |website=uphealth.up.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028172411/http://uphealth.up.nic.in/add.htm |archive-date=28 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a prominent Nishada face of Samajwadi Party among India's fishing community. Majhi was elected as member of Parliament in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/states/s24/pcnstcand23.htm |title=General Elections 2004 Candidates Details for 23-Akbarpur constituency of UTTAR PRADESH |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714125849/http://eci.nic.in/archive/GE2004/pollupd/pc/states/s24/pcnstcand23.htm |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/three-kerala-players-in-duleep-trophy-south-zone-team-640803.html|title=Three Kerala players in Duleep trophy south zone team|date=23 September 2013|website=News18.com|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/health-minister-shankhlal-majhe-said-reservation-right-not-beg-will-accept-hindi-news|title=स्वास्थ्य मंत्री शंखलाल मांझी ने कहा- आरक्षण भीख नहीं हक, लेके रहेंगे- Amarujala|website=Amarujala.com|access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Shankhlal}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]

2018–19 Santosh Trophy qualification

2025-10-24T03:26:18Z

Babina: updated citations further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox football tournament season
|title = 2019 Santosh Trophy qualification
|year =
|other_title =
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|country = India
|num_teams = 35
|matches = 45
|goals = 119
|top goal scorer = (6 Goals) Pavan Ramanuj (Gujarat)
|player =
|prevseason = [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification|2017–18]]
|nextseason = [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy qualification|2021–22]] <s>[[2019–20 Santosh Trophy qualification|2019–20]]</s>
|updated = 16 February 2019
}}
The '''2019 Santosh Trophy qualifiers''' was the qualifying round for the [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|73rd edition]] of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in [[India]] for teams representing their regional and state football associations.<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF announce venues & dates for Santosh Trophy zonal rounds!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/aiff-announce-venues-dates-for-santosh-trophy-zonal-rounds/|work=Arunava Chaudhari|date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

==East Zone==
The East Zone matches of the Santosh Trophy qualifiers started on 2 February 2019 in [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]].

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete

|team1=OD |team2=CH |team3=JH
|result1=KO

|win_CH=1 |draw_CH=0 |loss_CH=1 |gf_CH=2 |ga_CH=4
|win_JH=0 |draw_JH=0 |loss_JH=2 |gf_JH=2 |ga_JH=4
|win_OD=2 |draw_OD=0 |loss_OD=0 |gf_OD=5 |ga_OD=1

|name_CH=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_JH=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|name_OD=[[Odisha football team|Odisha]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 2 February 2019
|id = Jharkhand v Odisha
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20190203145320/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/chhatisgarh/raipur/news/chhattisgarh-news-sports-reporter-somnath-players-state-players-captain-somnath39-shamim-hussain-jharkhand-chhattisgarh-bhilai-pant-stadium-odisha-half-team-football-team-teams-chhattisgarh-football-association-east-zone-chag-2-1-chhattisgarh39-match-tournament-win-victory-game-start-round-national-football-championships-santosh-trophy-raipur-chance-revenge-goals-goal-pressure-weight-level-chance-scores-lead-030508-3809467.html Report]
|team2 = [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|goals1 = Shamim Hussain {{goal|22}}
|goals2 = Somnath {{goal|73||86}}
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 4 February 2019
|id = Chhattisgarh v Jharkhand
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTc0OQ== Report]
|team2 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|goals1 = Krishnkant Prapat {{goal|68}}
|goals2 = Arjun Nayak {{goal|13}} Arbin Lakra {{goal|52}}
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 6 February 2019
|id = Odisha v Chhattisgarh
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Odisha football team|Odisha]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|goals1 = Arbin Lakra {{goal|31||45}} Arjun Nayak {{goal|82}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=Complete

|team1=SK |team2=WB |team3=BI
|result1=KO

|win_BI=0 |draw_BI=0 |loss_BI=2 |gf_BI=1 |ga_BI=5 |status_BI=
|win_SK=1 |draw_SK=1 |loss_SK=0 |gf_SK=5 |ga_SK=2
|win_WB=1 |draw_WB=1 |loss_WB=0 |gf_WB=2 |ga_WB=1

|name_BI=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|name_SK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|name_WB=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 3 February 2019
|id = West Bengal v Bihar
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|goals1 = [[Hira Mondal]] {{goal|3}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 5 February 2019
|id = Bihar v Sikkim
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|score = 1–4
|report =
|team2 = [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|goals1 = Arif Khan {{goal}}
|goals2 = Kunal Tamang {{goal}} Asish Chetri {{goal}} Bibek Bhutia {{goal}} Sanjay Rai {{goal}}
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|round =
|date = 7 February 2019
|id = Sikkim v West Bengal
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Sonam Bhutia]] {{goal|12|pen.}}
|goals2 = Arijeet Singh {{goal|40}}
|location = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|stadium = Pant Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =
}}

==South Zone==
The South Zone matches of the Santosh Trophy qualifiers started on 3 February 2019 in [[Neyveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete

|team1=KA |team2=TN |team3=AP
|result1=KO

|win_AP=0 |draw_AP=1 |loss_AP=1 |gf_AP=1 |ga_AP=6 |status_AP=
|win_KA=1 |draw_KA=1 |loss_KA=0 |gf_KA=6 |ga_KA=1
|win_TN=0 |draw_TN=2 |loss_TN=0 |gf_TN=2 |ga_TN=2

|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 February 2019
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/santosh-trophy-andhra-holds-strong-contender-tamil-nadu/article26168733.ece/ Report]
|team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1 = T. Vijay {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = G.Manjunath {{goal|12|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 February 2019
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|score = 0–5
|report =
|team2 = [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Leon Augustine]] {{goal|32}} Sunil Kumar {{goal|73}} Manvir Singh {{goal|83}} P.P. Shafeel {{goal|90+1}} Nikhil Raj {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 February 2019
|time = 15:00 IST
|team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1 = N. Solaimailai {{goal|74}}
|goals2 = A. S. Ashik {{goal|39}}
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=Complete

|team1=SE |team2=TA |team3=KE |team4=PO
|result1=KO

|win_KE=0 |draw_KE=2 |loss_KE=1 |gf_KE=0 |ga_KE=1
|win_PO=0 |draw_PO=2 |loss_PO=1 |gf_PO=0 |ga_PO=3 |status_PO=
|win_SE=2 |draw_SE=0 |loss_SE=1 |gf_SE=5 |ga_SE=2
|win_TA=1 |draw_TA=2 |loss_TA=0 |gf_TA=2 |ga_TA=1

|name_KE=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_PO=[[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]
|name_TA=[[Telangana football team|Telangana]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 February 2019
|time = 9:00 IST
|team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score = 0–0
|report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/santosh-trophy-telangana-shares-honours-with-kerala/article26177747.ece/ Report]
|team2 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 February 2019
|time = 16:00 IST
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score = 3–0
|report = [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/santosh-trophy-telangana-shares-honours-with-kerala/article26177747.ece/ Report]
|team2 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|goals1 = R. Sudhakaran {{goal|42|o.g.}} N. Herojit Singh {{goal|67}} Mohammed Danish {{goal|68}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 February 2019
|time = 9:00 IST
|team1 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 6 February 2019
|time = 16:00 IST
|team1 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 = Shaun Campbell {{goal|7}} Shafique Mohammed {{goal|45}}
|goals2 = Hari Krishna {{goal|89}}
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 February 2019
|time = 9:00 IST
|team1 = [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 February 2019
|time = 16:00 IST
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1 = Vikas Thapa {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Neyveli]] Lignite Corporation Ground, [[Tamil Nadu]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==West Zone==
The West Zone matches of the Santosh Trophy qualifiers started on 7 February 2019 in [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]].

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=Complete
|source=

|team1=GO |team2=MD |team3=DD |team4=LA
|result1=KO

|win_GO=2 |draw_GO=1 |loss_GO=0 |gf_GO=5 |ga_GO=0
|win_DD=0 |draw_DD=2 |loss_DD=1 |gf_DD=0 |ga_DD=2 |status_DD=
|win_LA=0 |draw_LA=1 |loss_LA=2 |gf_LA=0 |ga_LA=5 |status_LA=
|win_MD=2 |draw_MD=0 |loss_MD=1 |gf_MD=3 |ga_MD=1

|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_DD=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|name_LA=[[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|name_MD=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 February 2019
|time = 9:30
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 February 2019
|time = 15:00
|team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|goals1 = Baldhir Tigga {{goal|29}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 February 2019
|time = 9:00
|team1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Baldhir Tigga {{goal|72}} Akash Bharbar {{goal|83}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 February 2019
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 4–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|goals1 = [[Joaquim Abranches]] {{goal|8||73}} Lalawmpuia {{goal|11||65}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 February 2019
|time = 9:00
|team1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Daman and Diu]]
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 February 2019
|time = 15:300
|team1 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|goals1 = [[Joaquim Abranches]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=

|team1=MA |team2=GA |team3=RA |team4=DN
|result1=KO

|win_DN=0 |draw_DN=0 |loss_DN=3 |gf_DN=1 |ga_DN=24 |status_DN=
|win_GA=2 |draw_GA=0 |loss_GA=1 |gf_GA=17 |ga_GA=4
|win_RA=1 |draw_RA=0 |loss_RA=2 |gf_RA=4 |ga_RA=8
|win_MA=3 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=0 |gf_MA=15 |ga_MA=1

|name_DN=[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|name_GA=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|name_RA=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|name_MA=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 February 2019
|time = 9:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score = 1–4
|report =
|team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1 = Musamiyan Syed {{goal|65}}
|goals2 = [[Arif Shaikh]] {{goal|7|pen.}} Mrunal Tandel {{goal|10}} Lineker Machado {{goal|46}} Rohan Shukla {{goal|56}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 February 2019
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score = 4–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|goals1 = Karandev {{goal|22}} Vishal Goutam {{goal|26}} Himanshu Rao {{goal|81||93}}
|goals2 = Kuldip Vatra {{goal|41}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 February 2019
|time = 9:00
|team1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score = 0–6
|report =
|team2 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Musamiyan Syed {{goal|15||83}} Aditya Jha {{goal|52||54}} Pavan Ramanuj {{goal|70}} Arjun Chaudhary {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 February 2019
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|score = 0–10
|report =
|team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Sanket Salokhe {{goal|18}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} [[Arif Shaikh]] {{goal}} {{goal}} Mrunal Tandel {{goal}} Lineker Machado {{goal}} Rohan Shukla {{goal}} Vinodkumar Pandey {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 February 2019
|time = 9:00
|team1 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|score = 10–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|goals1 = Pavan Ramanuj {{goal|6||10||34||41||48}} Aditya Jha {{goal|14||65}} Musamiyan Syed {{goal|68}} Nitin Singh {{goal}} Francis Barbosa {{goal|69|o.g.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 February 2019
|time = 15:30
|team1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Dhruwesh Nijap {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==North Zone==
The North Zone matches of the Santosh Trophy qualifiers started on 11 February 2019 in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy – North Zone fixtures released!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/santosh-trophy-north-zone-fixtures-released/|work=Arunava Chaudhari|date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=

|team1=PU |team2=UP |team3=HP |team4=HA
|result1=KO

|win_HA=0 |draw_HA=1 |loss_HA=2 |gf_HA=1 |ga_HA=7 |status_HA=
|win_HP=1 |draw_HP=0 |loss_HP=2 |gf_HP=4 |ga_HP=2 |status_HP=
|win_PU=3 |draw_PU=0 |loss_PU=0 |gf_PU=5 |ga_PU=1
|win_UP=1 |draw_UP=1 |loss_UP=1 |gf_UP=1 |ga_UP=1

|name_PU=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_HA=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1 = Paramjit Singh {{goal|51}} Jaspreet Singh {{goal|68||82}}
|goals2 = Parveen Dhull {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Lanthoiba Pheirojam
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Ankur Kumar Sharma {{goal|82}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Harpal Singh {{goal|37|pen.}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|score = 4–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1 = Bhemant {{goal|15}} Nikhil {{goal|45}} Mohit {{goal|73}} Mukesh {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Sukhpreet Singh {{goal|76|pen.}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=

|team1=DE |team2=JK |team3=CH |team4=UT
|result1=KO

|win_CH=1 |draw_CH=0 |loss_CH=2 |gf_CH=4 |ga_CH=3
|win_DE=3 |draw_DE=0 |loss_DE=0 |gf_DE=5 |ga_DE=1
|win_JK=2 |draw_JK=0 |loss_JK=1 |gf_JK=4 |ga_JK=3
|win_UT=0 |draw_UT=0 |loss_UT=3 |gf_UT=3 |ga_UT=9 |status_UT=

|name_DE=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|name_CH=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|name_JK=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_UT=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|goals1 = Nitesh Chikara {{goal|38}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance = 200
|referee = James Joy
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|goals1 = Goutan Mehra {{goal|24}} Shakir Ahmad {{goal|83|pen.}} Aakif Javed {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = Vishal Nagarkoti {{goal|7}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance = 1000
|referee = Nripen Halder
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Tushar Chaudhary {{goal|13}} Vivek Gulati {{goal|39|o.g.}}
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance = 500
|referee = Animesh Biswas
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score = 4–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|goals1 = Amit Kumar {{goal|47||73}} Ravinder Singh {{goal|54}} Gaurav Negi {{goal|86}}
|goals2 = Chirag Negi {{goal|49}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 February 2019
|time = 10:00
|team1 = [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|score = 1–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1 = {{goal|90}}
|goals2 = [[Ayush Adhikari|Adhikari]] {{goal|26}} Kushant Chauhan {{goal|86}}
|stadium = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Asif Ashraf {{goal|47}}
|stadium = Shrine Board Complex, [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==North-East Zone==
The North-East Zone matches of the Santosh Trophy qualifiers started on 11 February 2019 in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram name probables for Santosh Trophy – NorthEast Zone qualifiers!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/mizoram-name-probables-for-santosh-trophy-northeast-zone-qualifiers/|work=Arunava Chaudhari|date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

In Group B, [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]] withdrew just before the qualifiers after they failed to register players in Centralised Registration System.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagaland pulls out of Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/nagaland-pulls-out-of-santosh-trophy/190026.html|work=Nagaland Post|date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update= complete
|source=

|team1=ME |team2=MZ |team3=TR
|result1=KO

|win_MZ=1 |draw_MZ=0 |loss_MZ=1 |gf_MZ=3 |ga_MZ=1
|win_ME=2 |draw_ME=0 |loss_ME=0 |gf_ME=4 |ga_ME=0
|win_TR=0 |draw_TR=0 |loss_TR=2 |gf_TR=0 |ga_TR=6 |status_TR=

|name_MZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|name_ME=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|name_TR=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 = Donald Diengdoh {{goal|11||53}} Brolington Warlarpih {{goal|42}}
|goals2 =
|stadium =[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 13 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 = Ramhlunchhunga {{goal|16||60}} MC Malsawmzuala {{goal|50|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Kynsaiborlang Lhuid {{goal|30}}
|stadium = [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=

|team1=AS |team2=MA |team3=AP
|result1=KO

|win_AP=0 |draw_AP=0 |loss_AP=2 |gf_AP=0 |ga_AP=2 |status_AP=
|win_AS=2 |draw_AS=0 |loss_AS=0 |gf_AS=4 |ga_AS=2
|win_MA=1 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=1 |gf_MA=2 |ga_MA=2

|name_AP=[[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|name_MA=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO={{nobreak|Advance to [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|Final Round]]}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Wahengbam Angousana Luaang {{goal|72|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|score = 1–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|goals1 = Tarh Dolu {{goal|21}}
|goals2 = Bishnu Bordoloi {{goal|55}} Akrang Narzary {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 February 2019
|time = 14:00
|team1 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|goals1 = [[Milan Basumatary]] {{goal|57|pen.}} Bishnu Bordoloi {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2 = Ginminthang Hangsing {{goal|42}}
|stadium = [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Goalscorers==
{{updated|16 February 2019}}

;6 Goals
* Pavan Ramanuj (Gujarat)

;4 Goals
* Sanket Salokhe (Maharashtra)
* Aditya Jha (Gujarat)
* Musamiyan Syed (Gujarat)

;3 Goals
* [[Joaquim Abranches]] (Goa)
* [[Arif Shaikh]] (Maharashtra)
* Arbin Lakra (Odisha)

;2 Goals
* Bishnu Bordoloi (Assam)
* [[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]] (Chandigarh)
* Somnath (Chhattisgarh)
* Lalawmpuia (Goa)
* Baldhir Tigga (Madhya Pradesh)
* Lineker Machado (Maharashtra)
* Mrunal Tandel (Maharashtra)
* Rohan Shukla (Maharashtra)
* Donald Diengdoh (Meghalaya)
* Ramhlunchhunga (Mizoram)
* Arjun Nayak (Odisha)
* Jaspreet Singh (Punjab)
* Himanshu Rao (Rajasthan)

;1 Goal
* G.Manjunath (Andhra Pradesh)
* Tarh Dolu (Arunachal Pradesh)
* Akrang Narzary (Assam)
* [[Milan Basumatary]] (Assam)
* Arif Khan (Bihar)
* Amit Kumar (Chandigarh)
* Gaurav Negi (Chandigarh)
* Kuldip Vatra (Dadra & Nagar Haveli)
* Ayush Adhikari (Delhi)
* Kushant Chauhan (Delhi)
* Nitesh Chikara (Delhi)
* Tushar Chaudhary (Delhi)
* Arjun Chaudhary (Gujarat)
* Nitin Singh (Gujarat)
* Parveen Dhull (Haryana)
* Bhemant (Himachal Pradesh)
* Mohit (Himachal Pradesh)
* Mukesh (Himachal Pradesh)
* Nikhil (Himachal Pradesh)
* Aakif Javed (Jammu & Kashmir)
* Asif Ashraf (Jammu & Kashmir)
* Goutam Mehra (Jammu & Kashmir)
* Shakir Ahmad (Jammu & Kashmir)
* Krishnakant Prapat (Jharkhand)
* Shamim Hussain (Jharkhand)
* A. S. Ashik (Karnataka)
* [[Leon Augustine]] (Karnataka)
* Manvir Singh (Karnataka)
* Nikhil Raj (Karnataka)
* P. P. Shafeel (Karnataka)
* Sunil Kumar (Karnataka)
* Akash Bharbar (Madhya Pradesh)
* Dhruwesh Nijap (Maharashtra)
* Vinodkumar Pandey (Maharashtra)
* Ginminthang Hangsing (Manipur)
* Wahengbam Angousana Lupang (Manipur)
* Brolington Warlarpih (Meghalaya)
* MC Malsawmzuala (Mizoram)
* Harpal Singh (Punjab)
* Paramjit Singh (Punjab)
* Sukhpreet Singh (Punjab)
* Karandev (Rajasthan)
* Vishal Goutam (Rajasthan)
* Hari Krishna (Services)
* N. Herojit Singh (Services)
* Mohammed Danish (Services)
* Vikas Thapa (Services)
* Ashish Chettri (Sikkim)
* Bibek Bhutia (Sikkim)
* Kunal Tamang (Sikkim)
* Sanjay Rai (Sikkim)
* [[Sonam Bhutia]] (Sikkim)
* N. Solaimalai (Tamil Nadu)
* T. Vijay (Tamil Nadu)
* Shaun Campbell (Telangana)
* Shafique Mohammed (Telangana)
* Chirag Negi (Uttarakhand)
* Vishal Nagarkoti (Uttarakhand)
* Ankur Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)
* Arijeet Singh (West Bengal)
* [[Hira Mondal]] (West Bengal)

==Notable players==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Position
!Player
!Team
|-
|MF
|[[Milan Basumatary]]
|Assam
|-
|MF
|[[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]]
|Chandigarh
|-
|DF
|[[Nirmal Chettri]]
|Daman & Diu
|-
|DF
|Sonu Beniwal
|Delhi
|-
|GK
|Tyson Caiado
|Goa
|-
|DF
|[[Joseph Clemente]]
|Goa
|-
|DF
|[[Meldon D'Silva]]
|Goa
|-
|DF
|[[Peter Carvalho]]
|Goa
|-
|MF
|[[Glan Martins]]
|Goa
|-
|MF
|[[Velito Cruz]]
|Goa
|-
|FW
|[[Joaquim Abranches]]
|Goa
|-
|DF
|Prashanth Kalinga
|Karnataka
|-
|DF
|[[Roshan Singh (footballer)|Naorem Roshan Singh]]
|Karnataka
|-
|MF
|[[Gunashekar Vignesh]]
|Karnataka
|-
|GK
|Midhun V
|Kerala
|-
|MF
|[[Arif Shaikh]]
|Maharashtra
|-
|MF
|Lineker Machado
|Maharashtra
|-
|DF
|[[Naorem James Singh]]
|Manipur
|-
|DF
|[[Samuel Shadap]]
|Meghalaya
|-
|GK
|[[Zothanmawia]]
|Mizoram
|-
|DF
|[[Imanuel Lalthazuala]]
|Mizoram
|-
|DF
|Ashish Chettri
|Sikkim
|-
|MF
|[[Sonam Bhutia]]
|Sikkim
|-
|MF
|[[Dinesh Kumar (footballer)|Dinesh Kumar]]
|Tamilnadu
|-
|DF
|[[Avinabo Bag]]
|West Bengal
|-
|DF
|[[Koushik Sarkar]]
|West Bengal
|-
|MF
|Dipendu Dowary
|West Bengal
|-
|FW
|[[Naro Hari Shrestha]]
|West Bengal
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/tournaments-details.htm?tnmt_id=112 Santosh Trophy on the All India Football Federation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112100330/https://www.the-aiff.com/tournaments-details.htm?tnmt_id=112 |date=2019-01-12 }}.

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019 Santosh Trophy qualification}}
[[Category:2018–19 Santosh Trophy]]

2022 Durand Cup group stage

2025-10-23T04:14:47Z

Babina: Adding New Stub

{{Short description|Group stage of 2022 Durand Cup}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = Durand Cup group stage
| year = 2022
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| num_teams = 20
| top goal scorer =
| prevseason = [[2021 Durand Cup group stage|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2023 Durand Cup group stage|2023]]
}}
The '''[[2022 Durand Cup|2022 IndianOil Durand Cup]] group stage''' was played from 16 August to 5 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durand Cup 2022: Fixtures, Scores, Results, Tables, & Top Scorers |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/durand-cup-2022-fixtures-scores-results-top-scorer/blt5fe39f16663a432b |website=Goal |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> A total of 20 teams, consisting 11 [[Indian Super League|ISL]] clubs, 5 [[I-League]] clubs and 4 [[Indian Armed Forces]] teams, competed in the group stage to decide the 8 places in the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabh Das |title=Durand Cup 2022: More teams, multi-city format |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-teams-groups-format-multi-city/article65659310.ece |access-date=13 August 2022 |agency=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 August 2022}}</ref>

==Format==
In the group stage, each group is played on a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. The top two teams advance to the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]].

===Tiebreakers===
The teams are ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers were applied in the following order:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoover |first1=Mark |title=Durand Cup 2022: Schedule, Results, Teams, Groups, Points Table, Telecast & Live Streaming Info |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/durand-cup-2022-schedule-results-teams-groups-points-table-telecast-live-streaming-info/articlecontent-pf24383-195334.html |website=My Khel |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
#Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
#Goal difference in all group matches;
#Goals scored in all group matches;
#Drawing of lots.

==Centralised venues==
On 11 July, Durand Cup Organising Committee announced that for the first time the tournament would be played across more than one city—3 cities—including [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":0" /> The other two venues were decided to be [[Imphal]] and [[Guwahati]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Triyasha |title=Durand Cup 2022: Fixtures, Important clashes to watch out |url=https://thebridge.in/football/durand-cup-2022-groups-fixtures-big-matches-34484#:~:text=across%20four%20groups.-,The%20Durand%20Cup%202022%20will%20take%20place%20in%20five%20different,Stadium%20(Guwahati%2C%20Assam). |website=The Bridge |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> The four groups were assigned one centralised venue keeping in mind that at least one of the teams in the group must be based from the host city.

* Group A: [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] and [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]])
* Group B: [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] ([[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] and [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]])
* Group C: [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] ([[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]])
* Group D: [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] ([[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]])

== Groups ==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group A
|source= [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-teams-groups-format-multi-city/article65659310.ece Sportstar]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_IAF=[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|update=complete
|win_GOA=1 |draw_GOA=1 |loss_GOA=2 |gf_GOA=4 |ga_GOA=6 |status_GOA=
|win_MOH=3 |draw_MOH=1 |loss_MOH=0 |gf_MOH=9 |ga_MOH=2 |status_MOH=H
|win_BEN=2 |draw_BEN=2 |loss_BEN=0 |gf_BEN=9 |ga_BEN=4 |status_BEN=
|win_JAM=2 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM=2 |gf_JAM=4 |ga_JAM=6 |status_JAM=
|win_IAF=0 |draw_IAF=0 |loss_IAF=4 |gf_IAF=1 |ga_IAF=9 |status_IAF=


|team1=MOH
|team2=BEN
|team3=JAM
|team4=GOA
|team5=IAF

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]


|match_BEN_GOA=2-2
|match_BEN_IAF=4-0
|match_BEN_JAM=2-1
|match_BEN_MOH=null

|match_GOA_BEN=null
|match_GOA_IAF=1-0
|match_GOA_JAM=null
|match_GOA_MOH=null

|match_IAF_BEN=null
|match_IAF_GOA=null
|match_IAF_JAM=null
|match_IAF_MOH=null

|match_JAM_BEN=null
|match_JAM_GOA=1-0
|match_JAM_IAF=2–1
|match_JAM_MOH=null

|match_MOH_BEN=1-1
|match_MOH_GOA=3-1
|match_MOH_JAM=3-0
|match_MOH_IAF=2-0

}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2022|08|16|df=y}}
| time = 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11955 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh|Pritam]] {{goal|49}}
* Rahman {{goal|84}}
* [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|85}}
* [[Marcus Joseph|Joseph]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = *[[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] {{goal|34}}
* Viegas {{yel|44}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance = 12,857
| result =
| motm = Faslu Rahman (Mohammedan)
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2022|08|17|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11959 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 = * Thakuri {{yel|25}}
* Angelo {{yel|40}}
* Rishi {{goal|61}}
| goals2 = * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|23}}
* [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{sent off|2|42|58}}
* [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|56}}
* [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]] {{yel|86}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11962 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 = * [[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] {{goal|8}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Muhammed Nemil]] (Goa)
| referee = Lakshay Tushir
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2022|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11979 Report]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 = * Rahman {{goal|38}}
* [[Abhishek Halder|Abhishek]] {{goal|71}}
* [[S. K. Faiaz|Faiaz]] {{goal|74}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Sairuat Kima]] (Mohammedan)
| referee= Senthil Nathan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2022|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11975 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 = * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|9}}
* Songliansiam {{goal|23|o.g.}}
* [[Bruno Ramires|Ramires]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Ali]] {{goal|71}}
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|90+3}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Roy Krishna]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11970 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Vinil Poojary|Poojary]] {{yel|45+2}}
* Hijam {{yel|56}}
* Tapan {{goal|84}}
| goals2 = * Lalremruata {{yel|90}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Tapan Halder (Jamshedpur)
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{start date|2022|08|27|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11986 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 = * [[Ousmane N'Diaye (footballer)|N'Diaye]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Abhishek Halder|Abhishek]] {{yel|65}}
* [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|79}}
* [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh|Pritam]] {{yel|83}}
* [[Rahul Paswan|Paswan]] {{goal|87}} {{yel|87}}
* [[Marcus Joseph|Joseph]] {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * Jerone {{yel|7}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Abhash Thapa]] (Mohammedan)
| referee= Senthil Nathan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{start date|2022|08|30|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11981 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Bruno Ramires|Ramires]] {{yel|9}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|24}}
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]] {{yel|56}}
| goals2 = * [[Phrangki Buam|Buam]] {{goal|53}}
* Rebello {{goal|64}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Phrangki Buam]] (Goa)
| referee = Crystal John
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{start date|2022|09|01|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11950 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| goals1 = * Thakuri {{goal|26}}
* Bist {{yel|65}}
* Lalruatmawia {{goal|84}}
| goals2 = * Danish {{yel|19}}
* Somananda {{goal|39}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Lalruatmawia (Jamshedpur)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2022|09|02|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11967 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 = * [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh|Pritam]] {{goal|13}} {{yel|24}}
* [[Vanlalzuidika Chhakchhuak|Vanlalzuidika]] {{yel|27}}
* [[Abhishek Halder|Halder]] {{sent off|2|60|73}}
* [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Ousmane N'Diaye (footballer)|N'Diaye]] {{yel|90+2}}
| goals2 = * [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|90+1}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Shaher Shaheen]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group B
|source= [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-teams-groups-format-multi-city/article65659310.ece Sportstar]
|name_AMB=[[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_RUN=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_INA=[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|update= complete
|win_AMB=2 |draw_AMB=1 |loss_AMB=1 |gf_AMB=6 |ga_AMB=4 |status_AMB=H
|win_EAB=1 |draw_EAB=2 |loss_EAB=1 |gf_EAB=4 |ga_EAB=4 |status_EAB=H
|win_MCI=2 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=1 |gf_MCI=13 |ga_MCI=7 |status_MCI=
|win_RUN=2 |draw_RUN=1 |loss_RUN=1 |gf_RUN=6 |ga_RUN=7 |status_RUN=
|win_INA=0 |draw_INA=1 |loss_INA=3 |gf_INA=1 |ga_INA=8 |status_INA=


|team1=MCI
|team2=RUN
|team3=AMB
|team4=EAB
|team5=INA

|hth_AMB=Head-to-head points: Mumbai City 4, Rajasthan United 3, Mohun Bagan 1.
|hth_RUN=AMB
|hth_MCI=AMB

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]


|match_AMB_EAB=null
|match_AMB_INA=2-0
|match_AMB_MCI=1-1
|match_AMB_RUN=2-3

|match_EAB_AMB=0–1
|match_EAB_INA=0-0
|match_EAB_MCI=4-3
|match_EAB_RUN=0-0

|match_MCI_AMB=null
|match_MCI_EAB=null
|match_MCI_INA=4-1
|match_MCI_RUN=5-1

|match_INA_AMB=null
|match_INA_EAB=null
|match_INA_MCI=null
|match_INA_RUN=null

|match_RUN_AMB=null
|match_RUN_EAB=null
|match_RUN_INA=2-0
|match_RUN_MCI=null
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2022|08|18|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 4–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11952 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 = * [[Vikram Pratap Singh|Vikram]] {{goal|45+4}}
* [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{goal|65|p}}
* [[Rostyn Griffiths|Griffiths]] {{yel|88}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|89||90+1}}
| goals2 = * Sreyas {{yel|40}}
* Mattummal {{goal|43}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Senthil Nathan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2022|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11957 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = * [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{yel|41}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|43}}
* [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]] {{goal|46}}
* [[Sumit Rathi|Rathi]] {{yel|56}}
| goals2 = * [[Bektur Amangeldiev|Amangeldiev]] {{goal|45+1}}
* [[Lalremsanga Fanai|Fanai]] {{goal|61}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|90+5}} {{yel|90+5}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Niraj Kumar (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Crystal John
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{start date|2022|08|22|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11984 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 = * [[Ankit Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] {{yel|62}}
| goals2 = * [[Pintu Mahata|Mahata]] {{yel|60}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Harikrishna AU]] (Indian Navy)
| referee = Lakshay Tushir
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2022|08|24|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11973 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = * [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{yel|61}}
| goals2 = * [[Amey Ranawade|Ranawade]] {{yel|37}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|77}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2022|08|25|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11969 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = * [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Lima]] {{yel|59}}
* [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|González]] {{yel|79}}
* [[Mobashir Rahman|Rahman]] {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * [[Aidar Mambetaliev|Mambetaliev]] {{yel|13}}
* [[Bektur Amangeldiev|Amangeldiev]] {{yel|53}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Melroy Melwin Assisi (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Crystal John
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = [[Kolkata Derby|6]]
| date = {{start date|2022|08|28|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11949 Report]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = * [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|González]] {{yel|90+1}}
| goals2 = * [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{yel|39}}
* [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Sumeet Passi|Passi]] {{goal|45+2|o.g.}}
* [[Asish Rai|Rai]] {{yel|47}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{yel|79}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| motm = [[Carl McHugh]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{start date|2022|08|29|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 5–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11987 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = * [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{goal|10}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|18}}
* [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]] {{goal|36}} {{yel|84}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Sanjeev Stalin|Stalin]] {{yel|69}}
* [[Vikram Pratap Singh|Vikram]] {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 = * Assisi {{yel|48}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|67}}
* Atriss {{yel|83}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Ahmed Jahouh]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{start date|2022|08|31|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11965 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals2 =
| goals1 = * [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|18}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|28}}
* [[Deepak Tangri|Tangri]] {{yel|39}}
* [[Ravi Bahadur Rana|Rana]] {{yel|68}}
* [[Abhishek Suryavanshi|Suryavanshi]] {{yel|90+1}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Lenny Rodrigues]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Lakshay Tushir
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{start date|2022|09|03|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| score = 4–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11961 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = * [[Sumeet Passi|Passi]] {{goal|17||34}}
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{goal|22||81}}
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Pritam Kumar Singh|Singh]] {{yel|60}}
| goals2 = * [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{goal|27}} {{yel|7}}
* [[Gursimrat Singh Gill|Gill]] {{yel|7}}
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|36||43}}
* [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin]] {{yel|58}}
* [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Nawaz]] {{yel|87}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|90}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Cleiton Silva]] (East Bengal)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2022|09|05|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11976 Report]
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 = * Atriss {{goal|73}}
* [[Sérgio Barboza|Barboza]] {{goal|89}} {{yel|89}}
| goals2 = * Thapa {{yel|59}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Martín Cháves]] (Rajasthan United)
| referee = Lakshay Tushir
}}

===Group C===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group C
|source= [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-teams-groups-format-multi-city/article65659310.ece Sportstar]
|name_ARR=[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_NER=[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|name_TRA=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|update= complete
|win_CHE=2 |draw_CHE=1 |loss_CHE=1 |gf_CHE=9 |ga_CHE=6 |status_CHE=
|win_HYD=3 |draw_HYD=0 |loss_HYD=1 |gf_HYD=8 |ga_HYD=2 |status_HYD=
|win_NER=1 |draw_NER=1 |loss_NER=2 |gf_NER=3 |ga_NER=6 |status_NER=H
|win_TRA=1 |draw_TRA=0 |loss_TRA=3 |gf_TRA=4 |ga_TRA=10 |status_TRA=H
|win_ARR=1 |draw_ARR=2 |loss_ARR=1 |gf_ARR=4 |ga_ARR=4 |status_ARR=


|team1=HYD
|team2=CHE
|team3=ARR
|team4=NER
|team5=TRA

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]


|match_ARR_CHE=null
|match_ARR_HYD=1-0
|match_ARR_NER=0-0
|match_ARR_TRA=null

|match_CHE_ARR=2-2
|match_CHE_HYD=null
|match_CHE_NER=null
|match_CHE_TRA=null

|match_HYD_ARR=null
|match_HYD_CHE=3-1
|match_HYD_NER=null
|match_HYD_TRA=null

|match_NER_ARR=null
|match_NER_CHE=0-2
|match_NER_HYD=0-3
|match_NER_TRA=3-1

|match_TRA_ARR=2-1
|match_TRA_CHE=1-4
|match_TRA_HYD=0-2
|match_TRA_NER=null

}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2022|08|18|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11953 Report]
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 = * Ragui {{goal|16}}
* Shimray {{goal|36}}
* Chidi {{goal|50}}
* James {{yel|71}}
| goals2 = * [[Komron Tursunov|Tursunov]] {{goal|19}}
* Samte {{yel|35}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Naorem Tondomba Singh]] (NEROCA)
| referee = Umesh Bora
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2022|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11956 Report]
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
| goals1 = * [[Julius Düker|Düker]] {{goal|89}}
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Vanspaul]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = * Khongsai {{goal|54}}
* Shil {{goal|90+6}} {{yel|90+7}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Suresh Meitei]] (Army Red)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{start date|2022|08|22|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11960 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 = * Singh {{yel|60}}
* Johnson {{yel|67}}
| goals2 = * D'Silva {{yel|9}}
* [[Lalbiakhlua Jongte|Jongte]] {{yel|11}}
* [[Halicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|53}}
* [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Sana]] {{yel|55}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2022|08|24|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11964 Report]
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = * Sunil {{yel|17}}
* Shafeel {{yel|68}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Soram Anganba|Soram Poirei]] (NEROCA)
| referee = Umesh Bora
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11968 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * [[Mohammad Yasir|Yasir]] {{yel|39}}
* [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|Victor]] {{goal|56|p}}
* [[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|64||74}}
| goals2 = * Bag {{yel|35}}
* [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Fallou Diagne|Diagne]] {{sent off|0|54}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{start date|2022|08|28|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11972 Report]
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
| goals1 = * [[Baoringdao Bodo|Bodo]] {{goal|81}}
* Milan {{goal|90}}
* Joysana {{yel|90+2}}
| goals2 = * Shil {{goal|35}}
* Kamei {{yel|58}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Baoringdao Bodo]] (TRAU)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{start date|2022|08|30|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11977 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals2 = * [[Joel Chianese|Chianese]] {{goal|3}}
* [[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|17||82}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]] (Hyderabad)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{start date|2022|09|01|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 1–4
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11980 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * Roshan {{yel|24}}
* Salam {{sent off|1|36|36}}
* [[Komron Tursunov|Tursunov]] {{goal|45|p}}
| goals2 = * [[Petar Slišković|Slišković]] {{goal|1||55}}
* [[Kwame Karikari|Karikari]] {{goal|19|p}}
* [[Vafa Hakhamaneshi|Hakhamaneshi]] {{goal|51}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Julius Düker]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{start date|2022|09|03|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11983 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 = * [[Suresh Meitei|Meitei]] {{goal|33}}
* Sunil {{yel|37}}
| goals2 = * [[Manoj Mohammed|Mohammed]] {{yel|32}}
* [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|Victor]] {{yel|90+10}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Bhabindra Malla Thakuri (Army Red)
| referee = Umesh Bora
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2022|09|05|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11988 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * [[Aimol Reamsochung|Reamsochung]] {{yel|37}}
* Rakesh {{yel|70}}
* [[David Simbo|Simbo]] {{yel|77}}
| goals2 = * [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|15}}
* [[Vafa Hakhamaneshi|Hakhamaneshi]] {{goal|71}}
| location = [[Imphal]]
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Anirudh Thapa]] (Chennaiyin)
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}

===Group D===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=yes
|section= Group D
|source= [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-teams-groups-format-multi-city/article65659310.ece Sportstar]
|name_ARG=[[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_SDE=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|name_ODI=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|update=complete
|win_ODI=4 |draw_ODI=0 |loss_ODI=0 |gf_ODI=11 |ga_ODI=0 |status_ODI=
|win_KER=2 |draw_KER=1 |loss_KER=1 |gf_KER=6 |ga_KER=3 |status_KER=
|win_NEU=1 |draw_NEU=0 |loss_NEU=3 |gf_NEU=3 |ga_NEU=12 |status_NEU=H
|win_SDE=0 |draw_SDE=2 |loss_SDE=2 |gf_SDE=1 |ga_SDE=6 |status_SDE=
|win_ARG=1 |draw_ARG=1 |loss_ARG=2 |gf_ARG=3 |ga_ARG=4 |status_ARG=


|team1=ODI
|team2=KER
|team3=ARG
|team4=NEU
|team5=SDE

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Qualify for the [[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]


|match_ARG_KER=null
|match_ARG_NEU=null
|match_ARG_ODI=0-1
|match_ARG_SDE=0-0

|match_KER_ARG=2-0
|match_KER_NEU=null
|match_KER_ODI=null
|match_KER_SDE=null

|match_NEU_ARG=1-3
|match_NEU_KER=0-3
|match_NEU_ODI=0-6
|match_NEU_SDE=2-0

|match_ODI_ARG=null
|match_ODI_KER=2-0
|match_ODI_NEU=6-0
|match_ODI_SDE=3-0

|match_SDE_ARG=null
|match_SDE_KER=1-1
|match_SDE_NEU=null
|match_SDE_ODI=null

}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2022|08|17|df=y}}
| time = 17.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 0–6
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11951 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals2 = * [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Jerry]] {{goal|14||38}}
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Isak]] {{goal|81}}
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|88}}
* [[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem|Thoiba]] {{goal|90+1}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]] (Odisha)
| referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11954 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * [[Seiminmang Manchong|Kuki]] {{goal|45}} {{yel|79}}
* Bhat {{yel|85}}
| goals2 = * Krishna {{yel|37}}
* Ajsal {{goal|42}}
* Jasim {{yel|70}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Seiminmang Manchong|Mangku Kuki]] (Sudeva Delhi)
| referee = Priyobarta Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{start date|2022|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11958 Report]
| team2 = [[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
| goals1 = * [[Dipu Mirdha|Mirdha]] {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 = * Lallawmkima {{goal|9||55}} {{yel|45+3}}
* Kothari {{goal|24}}
* Varghese {{yel|46}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = PC Lallawmkima (Army Green)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2022|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11963 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * [[Isaac Vanmalsawma|Isaac]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{goal|74}}
| goals2 = * Azhar {{yel|66}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem|Thoiba Singh]] (Odisha)
| referee = Ashwin Kanojiya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2022|08|25|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11966 Report]
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals2 = * [[R Lawmnasangzuala|Lawmnasangzuala]] {{yel|68}}
* Bhat {{yel|90}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Oinam Gautham Singh (Army Green)
| referee = Priyobarta Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{start date|2022|08|27|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11971 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * Boro {{yel|35}}
* Gogoi {{yel|62}}
| goals2 = * Aimen {{goal|28||90}}
* Ajsal {{goal|55}}
* Kankonkar {{yel|66}}
* Gigi {{yel|81}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Mohammed Aimen (Kerala Blasters)
| referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{start date|2022|08|29|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11974 Report]
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals1 = * [[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{goal|19||38}}
* [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Jerry]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem|Thoiba]] {{yel|71}}
| goals2 = * Darjee {{yel|18}}
* [[Kareem Omolaja|Nurain]] {{yel|80}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Saúl Crespo]] (Odisha)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{start date|2022|08|31|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11978 Report]
| team2 = [[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
| goals1 = * Aimen {{goal|25}}
* Das {{goal|45+3}}
* Mohanan {{yel|81}}
| goals2 = * Chhetri {{yel|17}}
* Lallawmkima {{yel|41}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = Mohammed Aimen
| referee = Priyobarta Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{start date|2022|09|02|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11982 Report]
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals1 = * Boro {{yel|31}}
* [[Dipu Mirdha|Mirdha]] {{goal|64}}
* [[Gani Nigam|Nigam]] {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Dipu Mirdha]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Ashwin Mohanlal Kanojiya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2022|09|04|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11985 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 = * Nitin {{yel|45+1}}
| goals2 = * [[Pedro Martín|Martín]] {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Raynier Fernandes]] (Odisha)
| referee =[[Pranjal Banerjee]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

[[Category:2022 Durand Cup]]
[[Category:August 2022 sports events in India|Durand Cup group stage]]
[[Category:September 2022 sports events in India|Durand Cup group stage]]

Bareilly Dargah

2025-10-21T10:58:23Z

Babina:

{{short description|Sufi shrine in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Bareilly Dargah
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image = Barielly Sharif Dargah Barielly UP.jpg{{!}}Bareilly Sharif Dargah
| caption = 
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.361847|N|79.408572|E|region:IN-UP_type:shrine|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Bareilly]]
| rite =
| district = [[Bareilly district]]
| province = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| consecration_year =
| status =
| leadership = Ahsan Raza Khan ([[Sajjada nashin]])
| ownership = [[Individual]]
| architect = Shah Mahmood Jaan Qadri
| architecture_type = [[Dargah]]
| architecture_style = [[Modern architecture|Modern]]
| established = 1921
| year_completed = 1921
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = West
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 1
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 4
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| image_size =
| year_construction begins =
| shrine_quantity = 13
}}

'''Bareilly Dargah''' or '''Dargah-E-Ala Hazrat''' is a [[Dargah|Sufi shrine]] and complex in [[Bareilly district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.nativeplanet.com/bareilly/attractions/dargah-e-ala-hazrat/ Dargah e Ala-Hazrat, Bareilly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111921/https://www.nativeplanet.com/bareilly/attractions/dargah-e-ala-hazrat/|date=7 October 2018}} nativeplanet.com</ref> It contains the mausoleum of [[Ahmad Raza Khan]], [[Mustafa Raza Khan]], Rehan Raza Khan and other members of the Raza Khan family.

The Dome of the Dargah was designed by Shah Mehmood Jaan Qadri with the use of matchsticks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/hazrat-allama-shah-mehmood-jaan-qadri.php |title=Hadrat Allama Mawlana al-Haaj Shah Mehmood Jaan Khan Qadiri Barakaati Ridawi Jamjodhpuri Peshawari |access-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031244/http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/hazrat-allama-shah-mehmood-jaan-qadri.php |archive-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Fatwas==
The Bareilly Dargah is known for issuing several renowned ''[[fatwas]]''. Clerics there have issued verdicts against Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan along with other issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bareilly Dargah issues fatwa against Jinnah portrait |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bareilly-dargah-issues-fatwa-against-jinnah-portrait201805081903470002/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Urs ==
In 2014 during the observation of the death anniversary of [[Ahmed Raza Khan]] ([[Urs-e-Razavi|Urs-e-Razvi]]) at the Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat, [[Muslims|Muslim]] clerics condemned the terrorism practiced by the [[Taliban]] and the ideology of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi sect]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Clerics-campaign-against-Wahabis-Taliban-at-Ala-Hazrat/articleshow/45578318.cms|title=Clerics campaign against Wahabis, Taliban at Ala Hazrat - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 December 2014 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2015-07-28|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225152221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Clerics-campaign-against-Wahabis-Taliban-at-Ala-Hazrat/articleshow/45578318.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Dargah was once the main site for the [[Urs-e-Razavi]], the official [[Urs]] is also now observed in a dozen countries. This is due to the large crowds and the arrival of many scholars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/urs-e-razvi-to-be-observed-in-a-dozen-countries-this-year/articleshow/61298734.cms|title=Urs E Razavi to be observed in a dozen of countries.|work=Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}

[[Category:Dargahs in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Bareilly district]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]

Kacho Papad Pako Papad

2025-09-26T08:37:49Z

Babina:

{{Short description|Gujarati romantic-comedy web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kacho Papad Pako Papad.jpg
| genre = Romance Drama Comedy
| creator = Pep Figueiredo
| based_on =
| writer = Hasmukh Gandhi
| director = Chetan Sharma
| starring = [[Bhakti Rathod]] Sagar Dariyai Rupa Divatia Pratap Sachdeo
| composer = Sukumar Dutta
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 12
| producer = Hasmukh Gandhi
| company = M2 Entertainment
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Sony Liv ties up with content creators |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sony-liv-ties-up-with-content-creators-for-regional-shows/article9729904.ece |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=From Permanent Roommates to Social, OTT platforms have offered quality middle of the road content |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-permanent-roommates-to-social-ott-platforms-have-offered-quality-middle-of-the-road-content-4256955.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|05|19|df=y}}
}}

'''Kacho Papad Pako Papad''' is a 2017 Indian [[streaming television]] series created for [[SonyLIV]], the digital platform of [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Networks India]]. It was directed by Chetan Sharma and written and produced by Hamsukh Gandhi under the banner of M2 Entertainment. It was the first Gujarati [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy drama]], released on SonyLIV on 19 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-05-20 |title=Gujarati rom-com premiers |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-05-20/Gujarati-rom-com-premiers/301216 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पहला गुजराती वेब सीरीज काचो पापड़, पाको पापड़ 19 मई से शुरू |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/tv/first-gujarati-web-series-kacho-papad-pako-papad-iscoming-on-sony-liv-28568.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref> It starred [[Bhakti Rathod]], Sagar Dariyai, Rupa Divatia, and Pratap Sachdeo in the main roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soni |first=Rahul |date=17 May 2017 |title=पहली बार वेब पर आ रही है गुजराती सीरिज 'काचो पापड़, पाको पापड़' |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-first-time-kacho-papad-pako-papad-is-coming-on-web-series-16042461.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay, Suniel at launch event Photogallery - ETimes |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/ajay-suniel-at-launch-event/articleshow/58730260.cms |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The series chronicles the dilemmas of an average, middle class joint Gujarati family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SonyLIV launches Gujarati rom-com web series, 'Kacho Papad Pako Papad' - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/sonyliv-launches-gujarati-rom-com-web-series%27kacho-papad-pako-papad%27-68853.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=exchange4media |date=17 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kacho Papad Pako Papad is centered on the life of the Maniyar family who over complicate all their daily problems. It all starts when their son Vipul (Sagar Dariyai) introduces the family to a girl (Bhakti Rathod) who is older than him. But, trouble mounts when the girl who is several years younger,<ref name=":0" /> expresses her love for their son and intends to marry him.<ref name=":1" />

== Music video ==
In May 2017 [[SonyLIV]] announced a romantic music video titled ''Aadat Che Tu'' for this series. It was released on 5 June 2017. The lyrics were written by Bharat Kumar Joshi and composed by music director Sukumar Dutta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=SonyLIV releases music video 'Aadat Che Tu' for its Gujarati rom-com Kacho Papad, Pako Papad |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/releases-digital/sonyliv-releases-music-video-aadat-che-tu-for-its-gujarati-rom-com-kacho-papad-pako-papad/2017/06/05 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#812f09|link1=1|episodes1=10|released1={{Start date|df=yes|2017|9|17}}}}{{Episode table|background=#812f09|overall=|season=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Vipul ni Laxmi aavi rahi chhe...
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Premma Padyo Chhe Ke Vahem Ma?
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Yeh shaadi nahi ho saktiiiii!
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Sanjanano Saat Varshno Problem
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Sexy kidni love story
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Aa Seduce Karavu Etale Shu?
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Prachi no love attack
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Prachi J Laxmi chhe!
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Sanjananu Secret
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Sanjana ane Prachini Final Match
| DirectedBy = Chetan Sharma
| WrittenBy = Hamsukh Gandhi
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|2017|9|17|df=y}}
}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8116348}}

[[Category:Romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Andar (community development block)

2025-08-26T05:11:11Z

Babina: Adding Entry

{{Short description|Community development block in Siwan district, Bihar, India}}
{{POV|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Andar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1018|N|84.2905|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivisions of Bihar|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Siwan Subdivision|Siwan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = Andar (town)
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block|Community development]]
| governing_body = Andar block
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 120.41
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 110027
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 919 per 1000 [[Female|♂]]/[[male|♀]]
}}
'''Andar''' is a [[community development block]] and a town in [[Siwan district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is one of 13 blocks of [[Siwan subdivision]]. The headquarters of the block is located in Andar town.

The total area of the [[Community development block|block]] is {{convert|120.41|km2|mi2}} and the total population is 110,027.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1016_PART_B_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - Census of India |date= |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> Andar block is divided into many villages and they are grouped into [[gram panchayat]]s.

==Gram panchayats==
List of panchayats in Andar block:<ref>{{cite web |url= https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |title= Village & Panchayats (Administrative Setup of Siwan District) |date= |website= www.siwan.nic.in |publisher= |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

* Andar (Nagar Panchayat)
* [[Arkpur]]
* [[Asaon]]
* Balia
* Bhawrajpur
* Jaijor
* Jamalpur
* Kherhai
* Manpur Pateji
* Patar
* Sahsaraon

==See also==
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]

==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/andar-block-siwan-bihar-1243 www.censusindia.co.in]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Blocks of Siwan district}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Siwan district]]

West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021–22

2025-08-18T17:56:41Z

Babina: put up new stub w/ infobox...

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021–22
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 21 November
| to_date = 3 December 2021
| team1_captain = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
| team2_captain = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (278)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Nkrumah Bonner]] (148)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ramesh Mendis]] (18)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Jomel Warrican]] (9)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ramesh Mendis]] (SL)
}}

The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka in November and December 2021 to play two [[Test cricket|Test]] matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/cwi-names-squads-best-v-best-matches-ahead-sri-lanka-test-tour/ |title=CWI names squads for Best v Best matches ahead of Sri Lanka Test tour |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> Originally scheduled to be played in October and November 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711080228/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> the tour was brought forward to be played after the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/five-tt-players-sri-lanka-tour-trial-matches |title=Five T&T players for Sri Lanka tour trial matches |work=Loop News |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> The Test matches formed part of the [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC confirms details of next World Test Championship|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2188985|access-date=21 September 2021|work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119612/sri-lanka-to-host-wi-for-two-tests-in-november-december-2021 |title=Sri Lanka to host WI for two Tests in November-December 2021 |work=CricBuzz |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> Ahead of the Test matches, the West Indies were scheduled to play a four-day warm-up game in [[Colombo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/best-v-best-hope-hits-100-not-out-sri-lanka-tour-looms-test-team/ |title=Best v Best: Hope hits 100 not out as Sri Lanka tour looms for Test team |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/charith-asalanka-to-lead-sri-lanka-presidents-xi-against-west-indies/ |title=Charith Asalanka to lead Sri Lanka President's XI against West Indies |work=The Papare |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> However, the match was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2021/11/20/sports/265160/sri-lanka-and-windies-rely-spinners-first-test |title=Sri Lanka and Windies rely on spinners in First Test |work=Daily News |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

In the first Test, the West Indies were set a target of 348 runs to win the match, but were reduced to 52 for 6 at the end of day four.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2021-22-1288341/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-1st-test-1288345/match-report-4 |title=West Indies crumble against spin in pursuit of 348 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Despite batting past the lunch break on the fifth day of the Test, the West Indies were bowled out for 160 runs, with Sri Lanka winning the match by 187 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2021-22-1288341/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-1st-test-1288345/match-report-5 |title=Embuldeniya five-for helps Sri Lanka beat looming rain and West Indies |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Shortly after the fall of the last wicket, heavy rain fell at the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/west-indies-tour-of-sri-lanka-1st-test-day-5-match-report/ |title=Embuldeniya wipes out Windies tail minutes before rain arrives |work=The Papare |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> In the second Test, the West Indies were 65/2 at lunch on the final day, needing 232 more runs to win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2388768 |title=Spin magic from Embuldeniya, Mendis guide Sri Lanka to series win |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> However, they lost their last eight wickets for 40 runs, to be bowled out for 130. Sri Lanka won the match by 164 runs, winning the series 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2021-22-1288341/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-1288346/match-report-5 |title=Mendis, Embuldeniya spin out West Indies for 2-0 series win |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
|-
! {{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-test-squad-against-west-indies-2021/ |title=Three uncapped players to feature in squad to face West Indies |work=The Papare |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/west-indies-name-squad-for-test-tour-of-sri-lanka-november-14-to-december-3/ |title=West Indies name squad for test tour of Sri Lanka - November 14 to December 3 |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Charith Asalanka]]
* [[Minod Bhanuka]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Lasith Embuldeniya]]
* [[Asitha Fernando]]
* [[Oshada Fernando]]
* [[Vishwa Fernando]]
* [[Chamika Gunasekara]]
* [[Praveen Jayawickrama]]
* [[Chamika Karunaratne]]
* [[Lahiru Kumara]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Suminda Lakshan]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Ramesh Mendis]]
* [[Kamil Mishara]]
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]]
* [[Roshen Silva]]
|
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-Captain|vc]])
* [[Nkrumah Bonner]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]
* [[Joshua Da Silva]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Shai Hope]]
* [[Kyle Mayers]]
* [[Veerasammy Permaul]]
* [[Kemar Roach]]
* [[Jayden Seales]]
* [[Jeremy Solozano]]
* [[Jomel Warrican]]
|}

Ahead of the second Test, [[Dushmantha Chameera]], [[Asitha Fernando]], [[Suminda Lakshan]], [[Kamil Mishara]] and [[Roshen Silva]] were all released from the squad by the Sri Lankan selectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/five-players-released-from-sri-lanka-test-squad/ |title=Five players released from Sri Lanka Test squad |work=The Papare |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>

==Tour match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 14–17 November 2021
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL|name=Sri Lanka President's XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 =
| runs-team1-inns1 =
| wickets-team1-inns1 =

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match abandoned
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1288344.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = No play was possible due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==Test series==
{{main|Sobers–Tissera Trophy}}

===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 21–25 November 2021
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 386 (133.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 147 (300)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Roston Chase]] 5/83 (28.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 230 (85.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kyle Mayers]] 45 (62)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Praveen Jayawickrama]] 4/40 (19.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 191/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (40.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 83 (104)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 2/42 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 160 (79 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nkrumah Bonner]] 68[[not out|*]] (220)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Lasith Embuldeniya]] 5/46 (29 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 187 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1288345.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Only 38 overs of play was possible on day 3 due to rain.
| notes = [[Jeremy Solozano]] (WI) made his Test debut.
* [[Shai Hope]] replaced [[Jeremy Solozano]] as a [[Substitute (cricket)#Concussion substitute|concussion substitute]] for the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sl-vs-wi-1st-test-jeremy-solozano-suffers-concussion-shai-hope-replaces-him-as-concussion-substitute-1290335 |title=Jeremy Solozano suffers concussion after blow to head, Shai Hope replaces him as concussion substitute |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: Sri Lanka 12, West Indies 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 29 November – 3 December 2021
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 204 (61.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 73 (148)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Veerasammy Permaul]] 5/35 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 253 (104.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 72 (185)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ramesh Mendis]] 6/70 (34.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 345/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (121.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] 155[[not out|*]] (262)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Veerasammy Permaul]] 3/106 (40 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 132 (56.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nkrumah Bonner]] 44 (143)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Lasith Embuldeniya]] 5/35 (20.1 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 164 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1288346.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Only 34.4 overs and 56.3 overs of play were possible on day 1 and day 2 respectively due to rain.
| notes = [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL) made his Test debut.
* [[Veerasammy Permaul]] (WI) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2380092 |title=Permaul's five-for headlines brilliant day for the visitors |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ramesh Mendis]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/120076/west-indies-take-lead-after-ramesh-mendis-five-fer-cricbuzzcom |title=West Indies take lead after Ramesh Mendis five-fer |work=CricBuzz |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: Sri Lanka 12, West Indies 0.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-sri-lanka-2021-22-1288341 Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{International cricket in 2021–22}}
{{2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021-22}}
[[Category:2021 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]

Kirik Party (soundtrack)

2025-08-16T17:17:42Z

Babina: started new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Kirik Party
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover = Kirik Party Audio Cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 26 November 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=14}}
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = Paramvah Music [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| prev_title = [[Mummy: Save Me]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Sipaayi (2016 film)|Sipaayi]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc =
}}

'''''Kirik Party''''' is the soundtrack album composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], for the 2016 [[Kannada]] film [[Kirik Party|of the same name]]. The film has ten tracks, out of which only six were included in the soundtrack album which initially released on 26 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirik Party (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/kirik-party-original-motion/id1183250429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083249/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/kirik-party-original-motion/id1183250429|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2017|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref> The makers later released the remaining tracks as an extended album on 24 December 2016.<ref name=toi1>{{cite web|last1=Desai|first1=Dhwani|title=Meet the man behind the viral Thirboki Jeevana song from Kirik Party|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ajaneesh-loknath-on-the-songs-of-kirik-party/articleshow/56101160.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=21 January 2017|date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The soundtrack had lyrics written by [[Rakshit Shetty]], Dhananjay Ranjan, Kiran Kaverappa and Veeresh Shivamurthy. Deciding to not tie up with any music label, the producers released the album online under their own banner Paramvah Music, a subsidiary of [[Paramvah Studios]] and the digital partner [[Divo (record label)|Divo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rakshit shetty will take Kirik Party's audio online|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/14/rakshit-shetty-will-take-kirik-partys-audio-online-1538542.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 January 2017|date=14 November 2016}}</ref> The tracks received viral response from audiences.<ref name=toi1/>

== Reception ==
On 4 November 2016, the video for the track "Belageddu", sung by [[Vijay Prakash]], was released, and became chartbuster song for almost one year and also until date. "Belageddu" went on to become the most viewed Kannada song, achieving more than 94 million views on [[YouTube]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Belageddu from Kirik Party gets over 1 crore hits online|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/belageddu-from-kirik-party-gets-over-1-crore-hits-online/articleshow/56999500.cms|access-date=2025-04-14|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Dhwani|last=Desai|date=26 February 2017}}</ref> until its record was beaten by "Karabuu" (from ''[[Pogaru]]''). It crossed 100 million views in December 2020, thus becoming the second Kannada song to get 100 million views.<ref>{{Cite web|title=100 Million views for Belageddu song: All you need to know about the hit track from Kirik Party|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/100-million-views-for-belageddu-song-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-hit-track-from-kirik-party/698936|access-date=2021-01-13|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=25 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Belageddu' song bags 100M+ views on YouTube, entire team of 'Kirik Party' rejoices the feat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/belageddu-song-bags-100m-views-of-youtube-entire-team-of-kirik-party-rejoices-the-feat/articleshow/79951531.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Times of India|date=25 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 22:14
| title1 = Katheyonda Helide
| extra1 = Varun Ramachandra
| lyrics1 = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| length1 = 3:53
| title2 = Thirboki Jeevana
| extra2 = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| lyrics2 = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| length2 = 3:15
| title3 = Hey Who Are You
| extra3 = [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Bharath B. J.]]
| lyrics3 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| length3 = 4:54
| title4 = Neenire Saniha
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics4 = Kiran Kaverappa
| length4 = 3:38
| title5 = Last Benchina Party
| extra5 = [[Chintan Vikas]], Varun Ramachandra, [[Chandan Achar]],
B. Ajaneesh Loknath
| lyrics5 = Veeresh Shivamurthy
| length5 = 2:57
| title6 = Belageddu
| extra6 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Shruthi Prashanth
| lyrics6 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| length6 = 3:37
| all_writing =
}}

==Extended soundtrack==

Though the movie had a few additional tracks, they were not released as a part of the official soundtrack initially. Post the release of the movie, many fans requested the team to release other songs as well.
{{ track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 13:07
| title1 = Thoogu Manchadalli Koothu
| extra1 = Sangeetha Ravindranath
| length1 = 2:19
| lyrics1 = [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]]
| title2 = Neecha Sullu Sutto Naalige
| extra2 = [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
| length2 = 3:31
| lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| title3 = Kaagadada Doniyalli
| extra3 = Vasuki Vaibhav
| length3 = 5:08
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| title4 = Katheyoda Helide (Farewell Version)
| extra4 = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| length4 = 5:26
| lyrics4 = [[Rakshit Shetty]]
}}

==Controversy==
The track "Hey Who Are You", which had the music allegedly similar to the track,<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2016|first=Shyam S.|last=Prasad|title='Kirik Party' in trouble|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kirik-party-in-trouble/articleshow/56226092.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> "Madhyarathrili" of the 1991 Kannada film ''[[Shanti Kranti]]'', had to be deleted from the film, after [[Lahari Music]] had the release of the film stayed after it approached the court accusing the makers of violation of copyrights that it held.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal trouble for Kirik Party|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/legal-trouble-for-kirik-party/articleshow/56237635.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Big Trouble for Kirik Party|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/controversy/14169-big-trouble-for-kirik-party.html|publisher=chitraloka.com|accessdate=22 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122110740/http://www.chitraloka.com/controversy/14169-big-trouble-for-kirik-party.html|archivedate=22 January 2017}}</ref> Eventually court gave permissions to feature the song in the movie as it was stated to be inspired but not allegedly made to be similar. The matter has been amicably resolved after the producer Vijay Kirgandur got the trio Lahari Velu, director of Lahari Music, Rakshith Shetty and Ajaneesh Lokanath to share their perspectives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakshit Shetty, Velu end war over song |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rakshit-shetty-velu-end-war-over-song-1004224.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}{{B. Ajaneesh Loknath}}
[[Category:2016 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Kannada film soundtracks]]
[[Category:B. Ajaneesh Lokanath soundtracks]]

Sangita Narayana

2025-07-18T18:18:47Z

Babina: new

{{Short description|17th-century Indian classical musical treatise}}
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}

The '''Sangita Narayana''' ([[IAST]]: ''''Sangīta Nārāyana'''') is a 17th-century musical treatise belonging to the tradition of [[Odissi music]] (a genre of classical music in India), written by musician ''Kabiratna'' [[Purusottama Misra]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Purusottama |title=Sangitanarayana (A Seventeenth Century Text on Music and Dance from Orissa) |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2009 |isbn=9788120832886 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Prof. Mandakranta}}</ref> and attributed to Gajapati ''Sarbagya'' [[Jagannatha Narayana Deva]] of [[Paralakhemundi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kavi |first=M. Ramakrishna |title=Bharatakosa (A Dictionary to Technical Terms with definitions on Music and Dance Collected from the Works of Bharata and Others) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1999 |asin=B00GS1O0H4}}</ref> It is one of the most important musical treatises discovered from Odisha and is one of the fundamental texts followed in [[Odissi music]] till date.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Badajena Mahapatra |first=Krusnadasa |title=Geeta Prakash |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1983 |editor-last=Panigrahi |editor-first=Nilamadhab |location=Bhubaneswar |author-link=Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Pt. Gopal Chandra |title=Odisi Raga Ratnabali |year=2004 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=hi |script-title=hi:ओडिसी राग रत्नावली |oclc=225908458 |author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref> The treatise was first published by the [[Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1966,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deva |first=Gajapati Narayana |title=Sangita Narayana |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |year=1966 |editor-last=Acharya |editor-first=Pt. Banambara |location=Bhubaneswar |editor-last2=Patnaik |editor-first2=Kabichandra Dr. Kali Charan |editor-link2=Kalicharan Pattnaik |editor-last3=Mohapatra |editor-first3=Kedarnath |editor-link3=Kedarnath Mohapatra}}</ref> followed by a critical edition published by the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] in 2009.<ref name=":0" /> Manuscripts of the work are found across India, indicating its national circulation.<ref name=":0" /> In 1987, Jonathan Katz in his D. Phil. thesis extensively analysed the musicological portions of the Sangitanarayana.<ref name=":0" />

== Author ==
Purusottama Misra hailed from a family of musicians and litterateurs. He is known to have composed another musical treatise by the name of ''Talasangraha'', which is unavailable.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan |title=The Classicality of Orissi Music |publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2017 |isbn=9788193215128 |location=India |pages=383 |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref> In the ''Sangita Narayana'', several older treatises are cited, including ''[[Vishnu Purana]], Narada Samhita, [[Shiva Samhita]], Parshurama Samhita, [[Brihaddeshi]], Kohaliyam, [[Sangita Ratnakara]], Panchamasara Samhita, Sangita Ratnamala, Sangita Damodara, [[Sangita Kaumudi]], [[Gita Prakasa]]'' among others.<ref name=":12" /> The work is dated to 1646-50 AD by Dr. Mamata Mishra based on comparative study with the work of the Narayana Misra's ''[[Sangita Sarani]]'', Narayana being the son of Purusottama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Kabiratna Narayana |title=Sangita Sarani |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Dr. Mamata |location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref> Prof. Mandakranta Bose too dates it to the 17th century.<ref name=":0" />

The patron of the work Gajapati Jagannatha Narayana Deva was the erstwhile ruler of Paralakhemundi, one of the largest and most powerful kingdoms in ancient Odisha. The king identifies himself as a disciple of ''Kabiratna'' Purusottama Misra in a graceful tribute to his Guru.<ref name=":12" />

== Contents ==
The text deals with the conventional trio of ''gita, vadya, nrtya'' that form ''sangita'' and it does so in exemplary detail.<ref name=":12" /> The example songs given to illustrate points are mostly dedicated to Gajapati Narayana Deva.<ref name=":0" /> Like most Odia authors, Misra begins his treatise with a customary invocation to [[Jagannath|Jagannatha]], the venerable deity of Odisha.<ref name=":0" />

He cites certain musicologists preceding him, like [[Harinayaka]], author of ''[[Sangitasara]]'' and Krusnadasa Badajena Mahapatra, author of ''[[Gita Prakasa]].''<ref name=":1" />

The ragas described in the Sangita Narayana are ''Sri, Natta, Karnāta, Rebagupta, Basanta, Bhairaba, Bangāla, Soma, Āmrapanchama, Kāmoda, Megha, Drābidagouda, Turaska Gouda, Barādi, Drabida Barādi, Desi Barādi, Suddha Barādi, Gujjari, Sourastra Gujjari, Dakhina Gujjari, Todi, Mālabasri, Saindhabi, Debakiri, Rāmakiri, Prathama Manjari, Nattā, Belābali, Goudi, Gouda, Nāta, Ghantāraba, Nata Nārāyana, Bhupati, Sankarābharana, Madhyamādi, Mallāra, Desapāla, Mālaba, Andolita (Hindola), Nagadhwani, Gundakiri, Khambhābati, Madhyamādi, Mallāra, Desapāla, Mālaba, Megharanji, Manju Kalyānikā, Chhāyātodi, Pratāpabelābali, Pourabi, Nattamallārika, Ballabi, Gouri, Saranga, Āsābari'' and ''Mukhābari''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Kirtan Narayan |title=Perspectives on Orissa |publisher=Centre for study in civilizations |year=2009 |editor-last=Mohapatra |editor-first=PK |location=New Delhi |pages=613–626 |chapter=Odissi Music : Retrospect and Prospect |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref> Most of these ragas continue to be popular in present-day [[Odissi music]] repertoires.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

== Read more ==

* [[iarchive:sangita-narayana-600|''Sangita Narayana'' published by Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1966. Edited by Pt Banambara Acharya, Kabichandra Dr. Kalicharan Patnaik and Pt Kedarnath Mahapatra.]]
{{Odissi music}}{{Odia culture}}
[[Category:Odissi music]]
[[Category:Odia literature]]
[[Category:17th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]

Nannesvara Temple, Lakkundi

2025-07-06T22:42:41Z

Babina: general reworked citations per sources

{{Short description|11th century Hindu temple in Lakkundi, Gadag district, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Naneshvara temple in Lakkundi.JPG
| alt = Nannesvara temple in Lakkundi
| caption = Nannesvara temple
| map_type = India Karnataka#India
| map_alt = Saavira
| map_size = 180px
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| relief = yes
| location = [[Lakkundi]], [[Karnataka]]
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| established = 1020–30 CE
| architecture_style = [[Western Chalukya architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|15|23|14.6|N|75|42|59.4|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
}}
The '''Nannesvara Temple''', also referred to as the '''Nanneshvara''' temple, is an 11th century [[Hindu temple]] in [[Lakkundi]], Gadag district, Karnataka. It is notable for being the earliest known imperial-style temple of the [[Western Chalukya architecture|Kalyana Chalukyas]], one with significant influences from both North Indian and South Indian schools of Hindu architecture. It stands immediately west to the much larger and more ornate [[Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi|Kasivisvesvara twin Temple]] in a similar style.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|pages=92–94}}

The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="national">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka - Dharwad, Dharwad Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Nannesvara temple plan, Lakkundi Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|The floor plan of Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi.]]
Lakkundi is about 12 kilometers from the twin city of Gadag-Betageri, between [[Hampi]] and [[Goa]], connected by India's National Highway 67. A home to numerous ruins of historic Hindu and Jain temples, Lakkundi is geographically located in a region with many major temple groups from the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Seuna|Yadavas-Seunas]], [[Hoysalas]] and [[Vijayanagara]] era. For example, it is close to historic temples found in [[Dambal]], [[Kukkanur]], Gadag, Annigeri, Mulgund, Harti, Laksmesvara, Kalkeri, Savadi, Hooli, Rona, Sudi, Koppal, and [[Itagi]].{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|pages=3–4, Chapter 33}} The nearest Railway station is in Gadag city. The Nannesvara temple is located to the west of Kasivisvesvara temple, towards the south of the village.

==History==
Lakkundi is phonetically shortened name of the historic city of ''Lokkigundi'', a name found in inscriptions in the village and those quite far in southern Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/History-I/chapter_9.pdf|title= CHAPTER 9. THE CALUKYAS AND THE KALACURYAS OF KALYANI. HISTORY–ANCIENT PERIOD, Chalukya|access-date=2009-03-10}}</ref> Over 30 inscriptions from Lakkundi and other parts of Deccan region, in Kannada and Sanskrit, from the 8th to 13th century attest to the importance of Lakkundi as a historic city to both Hindu and Jain traditions.<ref name="Burgess1885">{{cite book|author=James Burgess|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xScXAAAAYAAJ |year=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=37–39}}</ref><ref name="Campbell1884">{{cite book|author=J.M. Campbell|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Dháwár |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxlBAQAAMAAJ |year=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=389–390}}</ref>

Though Lakkundi was an established town in the second half of the 1st millennium, its growth and wealth came after 973 CE when Taila II, a Chalukya of Vatapi descendant and chieftain appointed in 965 CE, organized a successful revolt against Karkka II of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. In regional texts, the reign that followed is called ''Cālukya'' (Later Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Kalyana) to distinguish them from the ''Calukya'' (Early Chalukyas). Lakkundi flowered and grew with the Shiva-tradition Hindu monarch Satyasraya Irivabedanga – the successor and son of Taila II who came to power in 997 or 998 CE. This is attested by both Jain and Hindu inscriptions of early 11th-century.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|pages=3–7}}<ref>G. S. Dikshit (1947), ''Satyasraya Chalukya'', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 10, pp. 241-244, {{JSTOR|44137139}}</ref>

Lakkundi grew to be a major city, prosperous and one with a mint. Lakkundi and several historic towns to its north – such as Rona, Sudi, Kradugu now known as Gadag, Hooli and others – attracted a burst of religious, cultural and literary flowering from the 11th to 13th century, with ever more sophisticated temple architectures, Vidyadana (charity supported schools) and public works such as step wells. These are largely in the context of Shaivism and Jainism, though a few major temples of Vaishnavism here are also from this period.<ref name="AlberyHartmann2021">{{cite book|author=Nupur Dasgupta|editor1=Henry Albery|editor2=Jens-Uwe Hartmann|editor3=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWHwDwAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-016880-8|pages=260–272}}</ref> In 1192 CE, after many of the remarkable temples of Lakkundi were already standing, a Sanskrit inscription of Hoysala king Ballala II re-affirms the continued importance of Lakkundi and it becoming his capital.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nupur Dasgupta|editor1=Henry Albery|editor2=Jens-Uwe Hartmann|editor3=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWHwDwAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-016880-8|pages=279–280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edith Tomory|title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-0-86131-321-1|page=120}}</ref> After the 13th-century, there is an abrupt end to all evidence of new public works, temples, inscriptions and other indirect signs of economic prosperity in Lakkundi.

===Date===
[[File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Nannesvara temple]]
There is no surviving foundation inscription at Nannesvara. All estimates are based on the secondary inscriptions that mention this temple, the architecture style and iconographic details in the context of the historic Lakkundi school, combined with the assumption that more complex and elaborate versions build upon and follow simpler versions. Dhaky and Meister, scholars with numerous articles and books on historic architecture on the Indian subcontinent, date this temple to the 1020s CE.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|pages=92–94}} The architecture scholar and historian of Indian temples Adam Hardy dates it a bit later, in the 2nd half of the 11th century.{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=336–337}}

==Temple plan==
The Nannesvara temple has a large, open pillared ranga-mandapa (devotee or pilgrim's reception hall), a closed gudha-mandapa (assembly hall{{refn|group=note|This is sometimes called ''navaranga'' in Kannada texts}}), and a garbhagriya (sanctum). The plan is similar to the bit earlier Brahma Jinalaya Jain temple in Lakkundi and the even earlier Shiva temple in Kukkanur, but the Nannesvara temple shows a series of innovations with grander execution and style than these older versions. Further, the relative proportions of the floor plan shows the architect welcoming ideas and integrating Nagara style from central and western parts of the subcontinent, particularly Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. This integration is not as extensive as the Kasivisvesvara temple nearby, yet the ''shilpins'' successfully execute and integrate a variety of ''stambha'' (pillar) styles and decorative elements at the Nannesvara temple with soapstone.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|pages=92–94}}

==Description==
The temple is built on a raised platform (''[[Jagati (temple)|jagati]]''). According to the historian Kamath, these features are standard in a typical Later Chalukya temples. The material used, [[soapstone]], is a Chalukyan architectural innovation that became popular in 12th and 13th century Chalukya and [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala constructions]].<ref name="hardy1">Hardy (1995), p.336</ref><ref name="cousens">Cousens (1926), p.82</ref><ref name="lathe">Kamath (2001), pp.115-118</ref>

[[File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 08.jpg|thumb|left|Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu) with salabhanjikas]]
The temple has a pitha styled after the earlier Hindu temples in western Indian (Gujarat and nearby regions). It has a ''jadyakumbha'', a ''karnali'' and the ''gajapitha'' (a band of standing elephants depicted as holding the pitha). Above this pitha is integrated the southern Indian, more particularly the Karnata-Dravidian style of ''adhisthana''.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|page=94}}

The square-plan rangamandapa is supported by pillars, and is more open than the Brahma Jinalaya Jain temple. The pillars are lathe-shaped, show different designs called Srikara, Vardhamana and Indrakanta styles in historic Sanskrit texts on architecture. On the base of one of the pillars is an inscription that says that a commoner lady named Devalabbe of the Hebbana family donated a series of pillars to this temple. It does not include the ''saka'' year.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|page=94}}

The vimana is a tritala (three storeyed), with ''karna'' and ''bhadra'' proliferations, along with a khattaka styled after a Shekhari-Nagara architecture. Framed recesses have torana canopies. The Shekhari-Nagara motif repeats around the superstructure, but remarkably integrates the deep trefoils found in eastern parts of India, particularly Kalinga architecture of Kosala region (now central Odisha). The second tala depicts a Nagara-shikhara, while the third tala a Latina-shikhara. Above the third level are ''phamsana'' courses and then a north Indian style ''kalasha''. Thus, the entire vimana superstructure is a composition that synthesizes forms and shapes found in the west, central, east and southern parts of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|page=94}}

The gudhamandapa is also of square plan just like the rangamandapa. It has a flight of steps for an entrance, with beautifully sized and carved dvarapalas (defaced, mutilated). Inside, the gudhamandapa has four pillars, more elaborately carved and polished than the pillars in the rangamandapa. The gudhamandapa walls feature a style similar to that found on the vimana but with ''pratiratha''-proliferation set between the pilasters. The sanctum is square and has a Shiva linga.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|Michael Meister|1996|page=94}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 10.jpg|Rangamandapa
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 74.jpg|One of the lathe-shaped pillars in the rangamandapa
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 22.jpg|Vimana superstructure with motifs from western, central and eastern India
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 27.jpg|The pitha in North Indian style
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 33.jpg|Pillars in South Indian style
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 07.jpg|Outer wall reliefs
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 37.jpg|Entrance doorframe carvings (sakhas)
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 75.jpg|A pillar in the gudhamandapa
File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 44.jpg|Sanctum with plain doorframe and Gaja-lakshmi at the lalitabimba
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-date= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|orig-date=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka - Dharwad, Dharwad Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=16 April 2013}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gadag district]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]